document_title: A Star Is Born (1976 film)

question_text: who died in the original a star is born

question_tokens: who died in the original a star is born

text: A Star Is Born (1976 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: John Norman Howard, a famous and self-destructive singer/songwriter rock star, arrives late for a concert. He is drunk, sings a couple of songs, and walks off stage. John's entourage, including his manager Brian, takes him to a bar where Esther Hoffman is singing. One of John's fans find him there and starts a fight. Esther grabs John and helps him escape out a back door.

text: They go to Esther's, but she invites him to come back for breakfast. Over breakfast, she agrees to go to a concert with him. After arriving by helicopter, John rides a motorbike around the stage, snags a cable and crashes off the front of the stage. John is taken away by ambulance and his entourage leave in the helicopter forgetting Esther.

text: Afterwards, John is resting at home by his pool. A radio DJ, Bebe Jesus, hovers over the pool in a helicopter and invites John to his studio. John gets angry and shoots at the helicopter. Bebe Jesus then threatens to never play John's songs. Later, John goes to the radio station with a case of whiskey to make peace with Bebe Jesus. The disk jockey does not accept John's apology and calls John an alcoholic over the air. Esther happens to be at the radio station at the same time, taping a commercial, John takes Esther to his mansion and writes her name on the wall with a can of spray paint. There, they make love, have a bath together, and he listens to her playing his piano. She thinks no one would be able to sing to the tune she has written, but he makes up with some lyrics and starts singing.

text: At his next concert, John gets Esther on stage to sing. Although the audience boos when she starts to sing, she wins them over. Later, she tells John she wants them to get married. John replies that he's no good for her, but she persists, and they marry.  John takes Esther to a plot of land he has out west where they build a simple house. She wants a tour co-starring with him, but he thinks she should do the tour on her own. Esther's career takes off, eclipsing his.

text: John returns to the studio thinking of restarting his career. His band tells him they have gone on without him. At home alone, John begins to write a new song. As he records it, he is interrupted by the phone. Someone asks for Esther and wants to know whether he is her secretary.

text: At the Grammy Awards, Esther wins for best female performance. While she is giving her acceptance speech, John arrives drunk and makes a scene. Later, Esther tries to talk Brian into giving John a last chance. John is writing songs again but in a different way. Brian calls on John and likes the new songs, but suggests John release some of his old hits along with the new songs. However, John wants to go with the new work only, so he turns down the offer.

text: Back at his LA mansion, John finds Quentin, a magazine writer, swimming half-naked in his swimming pool. She says she would do anything to get an exclusive interview with Esther. When Esther arrives soon after, she finds them in bed together. Quentin tries to interview Esther, but John tells Quentin to get out.  Esther and John end up going back to their small home out west where they have been happiest. One morning, John drives to the airport to get Brian. He puts on some of Esther's songs, drives recklessly, and is killed in an accident. Afterwards, back at the LA mansion, Esther hears John's voice calling out for someone to answer the phone. But she discovers it's just a tape of the old songwriting session during which the phone had interrupted his singing.

text: At Esther's next concert, the audience raises candles as tribute to her lost husband. She sings	one of John's songs but begins it as a ballad and ends it as a rock song.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Barbra Streisand as Esther Hoffman Howard
Kris Kristofferson as John Norman Howard
Gary Busey as Bobbie Ritchie
Paul Mazursky as Brian Wexler
Joanne Linville as Freddie Lowenstein
Oliver Clark as Gary Danziger
Venetta Fields as One (of the Oreos)
Clydie King as Two (of the Oreos)
Sally Kirkland as Photographer
Marta Heflin as Quentin
Rita Coolidge as Herself
Tony Orlando as Himself
M. G. Kelly as DJ Bebe Jesus
Uncle Rudy as Mo
Susan Richardson as Groupie (uncredited)
Robert Englund  as Marty (uncredited)
Maidie Norman as Justice of the Peace (uncredited)
Martin Erlichman as Manager (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: Directed by Frank Pierson, the film updates the original story and screenplay of William A. Wellman and Robert Carson with additional contributions by Pierson, John Gregory Dunne and Joan Didion. It also features Gary Busey and Sally Kirkland. Venetta Fields and Clydie King perform as Streisand's backing vocalists "The Oreos". Kristofferson's then-wife Rita Coolidge and Tony Orlando appear briefly as themselves.

text: The earlier films had portrayed the behind-the-scenes world of Hollywood filmmaking. However, this version adapted the story to the music business. For example, the 1937 and 1954 films each portrayed the lead female character winning an Academy Award, while the 1976 and 2018 versions depicted the heroine winning a Grammy Award instead.

text: A Star Is Born was co-produced by Streisand and her then-partner Jon Peters for Barwood Films and Warner Brothers, with Peters as the main producer and Streisand as executive. Among actors considered for the male lead were Neil Diamond and Marlon Brando. Streisand and Peters wanted Elvis Presley for the role: they met with Elvis and discussed the film, and he was interested in taking the part, thinking it would revive his film career. Elvis' manager, Colonel Tom Parker, insisted Elvis have top billing and asked for a substantial sum of money for the role, even though he had not had an acting role since 1969, and people were unsure what kind of box office draw he would be. This effectively ended Elvis's involvement with the project. Parker also did not want to have Elvis portrayed as having a show business career in decline. This, in fact, was far from the truth, with Elvis playing to packed auditoriums wherever he toured in the States. Diamond, who knew Streisand and had attended high school with her at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, was also seriously considered but had to decline due to his extensive concert commitments, and Kristofferson got the part of John Norman Howard.

text: Kristofferson denied modelling his character on Jim Morrison: "That's a good idea but it's not true. I don't think I ever met Morrison. A lot of people said we looked alike – shirts off, beards – but that washed-up rock star was more about me."[2]

text: The film cost around $6 million to produce. Its soundtrack album was also an international success, reaching number 1 in many countries and selling nearly 15 million copies worldwide. It featured the ballad "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)", which became one of the biggest hits of Streisand's career, spending three weeks at number one in the United States, and peaking at number three in the United Kingdom.

text: The filming locations included many in Arizona such as downtown Tucson, Tucson Community Center, Sonoita and Tempe.[3]

text: The clothing of Streisand's character's (Esther Hoffman Howard) was from Streisand's own closet. The actual credit reads: "Miss Streisand's clothes from... her closet".

text: The film was choreographed by David Winters of West Side Story fame, who worked closely with Streisand to perfect the movie's dancing sequences.[4][5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film grossed $80 million at the U.S. box office,[1] making it the 3rd highest grossing picture of 1976.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 35% based on 23 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10.[6] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[7]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, writing in his review, "There is, to begin with, no denying Barbra Streisand's enormous talent. At the end of "A Star Is Born" the camera stays on her for one unbroken shot of seven or eight minutes, and she sings her heart out, and we concede that she's one of the great stars of the movies, one of the elemental presences...I thought Miss Streisand was distractingly miscast in the role, and yet I forgave her everything when she sang."[8] Paul Mavis, reviewing Warner's 2006 disc release of A Star is Born for DVD Talk, wrote, "There is something of value in A Star is Born – one thing – and that's Kris Kristofferson's amazingly adept, heartfelt performance as the doomed rock star, self-destructing despite the love of an up-and-coming singer (Streisand). There's not a wrong note in his performance.  Unfortunately, the remainder of A Star is Born is an unmitigated disaster that has the megalomaniac fingerprints of Barbra Streisand and her hairdresser/producer boyfriend, Jon Peters, all over it."[9] Conversely, Vincent Canby, in his review in  The New York Times, says Kristofferson "walks through the film looking very bored."

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Evergreen" with the award shared by its songwriters, Streisand and Paul Williams, and was also nominated in the categories of Best Cinematography (Robert Surtees), Best Sound (Robert Knudson, Dan Wallin, Robert Glass and Tom Overton) and Original Song Score (Roger Kellaway).[10]

text:
It won five Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Streisand), Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Kristofferson), Best Original Score (Paul Williams and Kenny Ascher) and Best Original Song, (Streisand and Williams for "Evergreen").[11]
The film's music score and theme song also won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards for Most Performed Feature Film Standards and nominated BAFTA Awards for Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music and Best Sound Track, Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score written for a Motion Picture or Television Special

text: In the two previous versions, Gaynor and Garland were each depicted on screen as winning an Oscar, yet neither won for their film in real life (though Gaynor had won an Oscar before, as had Streisand and Garland had won a Juvenile Oscar). In this film, Streisand is instead depicted as winning a Grammy, and, in real life, the film's song "Evergreen" won her both a Grammy (for Song of the Year) and an Oscar.

text: According to at least one Streisand biography[vague], unhappy with a few of Frank Pierson's scenes, Streisand later directed them herself (a claim also made for 1979's The Main Event), adding to the rumors that she and Pierson clashed constantly during production.

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – #16[12]

text: Remakes[edit]

text: A Star Is Born was the second remake of the original 1937 drama, the prior being the 1954 musical starring Judy Garland and James Mason. The story was also  adapted as the 2013 Bollywood film Aashiqui 2.  Bradley Cooper later starred, directed, and co-produced a 2018 retelling, with Lady Gaga co-starring and composing new music for the film.[13]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In 2006, the Region 1 DVD was released in North America in Dolby Digital 5.1 sound with extras including a full-length commentary by Barbra Streisand, 16 minutes of never before seen and additional footage and the original wardrobe test. In 2007 the Region 2 DVD with the same extras was released in Germany. In 2008 the Region 4 DVD was released in Australia, the content of which appears to be the same as the Region 1 edition. The DVD has yet to be released in any other region.

text: Warner Bros. released the film worldwide on the Blu-ray format on February 6, 2013.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album to the film was released by Columbia Records in 1976.


document_title: Mark Hamill

question_text: who does mark hamill play in the flash

question_tokens: who does mark hamill play in the flash

root

text: Mark Hamill

text: Early life[edit]

text: Hamill was born in Oakland, California, to Virginia Suzanne (née Johnson; 1927–1998) and U.S. Navy Captain William Thomas Hamill (1926–2014).[1] He is one of seven children, having two brothers, Will and Patrick, and four sisters, Terry, Jan, Jeanie, and Kim.[2] His father has English, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh ancestry and his mother was of half Swedish and half English descent.[3][4] His father's changes of station and attendant family moves led to the Hamill children changing schools often. In his elementary years, he went to Walsingham Academy and Poe Middle School.[5] At age 11, he moved to the 5900 block of Castleton Drive in San Diego, California, where he attended Hale Junior High School.[citation needed] During his first year at James Madison High School, his family moved to Virginia, and Hamill attended Annandale High School.[6] By his junior year, his father was stationed in Japan, where Hamill attended and was a member of the Drama Club at Nile C. Kinnick High School, from which he graduated in 1969.[citation needed][7] He later enrolled at Los Angeles City College, majoring in drama.[6]

tag: p

text: Hamill was raised as a Roman Catholic, and described his father as a "Nixon Republican".[8]

text: Career[edit]

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: Hamill's early career included a recurring role on the soap opera General Hospital,[9] and a starring role on the short-lived sitcom The Texas Wheelers.[10] He portrayed the oldest son, David, in the pilot episode of Eight Is Enough, though the role was later performed by Grant Goodeve.[11] He also had guest appearances on The Bill Cosby Show,[12] The Partridge Family,[citation needed], Room 222 and One Day at a Time.[citation needed] He appeared in multiple television films such as The City,[citation needed] and Sarah T. - Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic.[citation needed]

text: Star Wars[edit]

text: Robert Englund was auditioning for a role in Apocalypse Now when he walked across the hall where auditions were taking place for George Lucas's Star Wars. After watching the auditions for a while, he realized that Hamill, his friend, would be perfect for the role of Luke Skywalker.[12] He suggested to Hamill that he audition for the role; Hamill did and won the role.[13]

text: Released in May 1977, Star Wars was an enormous unexpected success and had a huge effect on the film industry. Hamill also appeared in the Star Wars Holiday Special in 1978[14] and later starred in the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. During the time between the first two films, Hamill was involved in a serious automobile accident, fracturing his nose and left cheekbone.[12] The injuries required plastic surgery on his face[12] which made him look different during the filming of The Empire Strikes Back. For both of the sequels, Hamill was honored with the Saturn Award for Best Actor given by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films.

text: Hamill reprised the role of Luke Skywalker for the radio dramatizations of both Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back. For the Return of the Jedi radio drama, the role was played by a different actor.

text: Editions of Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces (which influenced Lucas as he was developing the films) issued after the release of Star Wars in 1977 used the image of Hamill as Luke Skywalker on the cover.[15]

text: Hamill returned to the Star Wars universe in 2014, when he voiced the legendary ancient Sith Lord Darth Bane,[16] in the final episode of the animated series The Clone Wars. He was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for his performance.

text: With the acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, it was announced that there would be more Star Wars films starting with Star Wars: The Force Awakens, which was released on December 18, 2015. Hamill appeared in Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[17] Hamill will reprise his role in Star Wars: The Last Jedi which will be released on December 15, 2017.[18]

text: For over a year prior to the announcement, both Disney and Hamill were coy about whether he would be a cast member.[19][20] In September 2013, Robert Englund, actor and long-time friend of Hamill, said that Hamill was currently working out in the gym. Englund stated "Mark now – they've got Mark in the gym because Mark's coming back as Luke Skywalker. They've got him doing his sit-ups." It was previously reported that both Hamill and Fisher had been assigned nutritionists and personal trainers to work with ahead of production.[21]

text: Other work[edit]

text: After the success of Star Wars, Hamill found that audiences identified him very closely with the role of Luke Skywalker,[22] after which he became a teen idol and appeared on teen magazine covers such as Tiger Beat and others. He attempted to avoid typecasting by appearing in the 1978 film Corvette Summer[12] and the better known 1980 World War II film The Big Red One.[16] In 1980, he also made a guest appearance on The Muppet Show, both as himself and as Luke Skywalker in The Stars of Star Wars;[23] this episode also starred C-3PO and R2-D2 who were along with him on a search for Chewbacca.[24] Other film appearances around this time include The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia in 1981[25] and Britannia Hospital in 1982.[26] To further distance himself from his early blockbuster role, Hamill started acting on Broadway, starring in plays such as The Elephant Man in 1979,[27] Amadeus in 1983,[28] Harrigan 'N Hart in 1985 (for which he received a Drama Desk Award nomination),[29] Room Service in 1986[30] and The Nerd in 1987-88.[31] When Amadeus was adapted to film in 1984, Hamill auditioned to reprise the role for the big screen but lost the part to Tom Hulce.[16][32] A studio executive told the producers of the film, "I don't want Luke Skywalker in this film".[33] He made television appearances in a 1986 episode of Amazing Stories and a 1987 episode of The New Alfred Hitchcock Presents.

text: Hamill returned to film after a six-year hiatus with the 1989 science fiction film Slipstream.[34] He continued to star in films throughout the 1990s, including in such films as the thriller Midnight Ride,[citation needed] The Guyver in 1991,[35] the 1995 remake of Village of the Damned,[36] and the 1998 Swedish action film Hamilton.[37] Hamill appeared in the 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back as the supervillain Cocknocker, a role which parodies both himself and roles he has played in the past.[38]

text: He guest appeared in two episodes as the Trickster in the live-action 1990 television series of The Flash.[39] He has made cameo appearances on MADtv, where he played the estranged father of Ms. Swan,[citation needed] and appeared on Saturday Night Live playing himself being sold on a Star Wars themed home shopping sale.[40] Hamill appeared in single episodes of 3rd Rock from the Sun in 1997,[41] Just Shoot Me! in 1998[42] and in two episodes of seaQuest DSV in 1995 (as Tobias LeConte).[43] He also appeared in the episode "Mind over Matter" of the 1995 television series The Outer Limits.

text: When the Wing Commander series of computer games started using full motion video cut scenes, Hamill was cast as the series protagonist, Colonel Christopher Blair, a role he played in Wing Commander III: Heart of the Tiger, Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom and Wing Commander: Prophecy.[44] In the 1999 Wing Commander film, set earlier in the series, the character was played by Freddie Prinze, Jr., although Hamill had a voice cameo.[45] Hamill appears in Squadron 42, the single player campaign from the Star Citizen computer game universe as Lieutenant Commander Steve "Old Man" Colton.[46][47]

text: In 2003, Hamill starred in the two-hander play Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks as the acerbic dance instructor Michael Minetti. He played opposite Rue McClanahan for the season at the Coconut Grove Playhouse in Miami, and opposite Polly Bergen as the production moved on to Broadway.[48][49]

text: Hamill also directed and starred in the 2004 direct-to-DVD Comic Book: The Movie.[50] A comic book fan who attended science fiction and comic conventions before he became famous, Hamill stated that his character was based on an exaggerated version of himself. He and his crew shot most of the "mockumentary" film during the 2002 San Diego Comic-Con and enlisted Stan Lee, Kevin Smith, Bruce Campbell and Hugh Hefner in small roles. The movie won an award for Best Live-Action DVD Premiere Movie at the 2005 DVD Exclusive Awards.[citation needed]

text: In 2011, Hamill appeared as a villain in the fifth season of NBC's show Chuck.[51]

text: Hamill also appeared in the television series Criminal Minds in the last two episodes of season eight as John Curtis, aka "The Replicator", a serial killer who has been stalking the BAU team throughout the show's eighth season.[52] He also made a guest appearance alongside George Takei on the season one finale of the ABC sitcom The Neighbors as Commandant Bill.[53]

text: Hamill did not star in any live action films for a number of years until 2011 when he starred in the Hungarian film Thelomeris, on which he was a creative consultant. The film was the first mainstream science fiction film to be released in Hungary.[54]

text: The next year, Hamill starred in two more live action films, British horror film Airborne and the small independent film Sushi Girl. Airborne was met with a negative reception from critics and audiences.[55] Hamill said in an interview that Sushi Girl was a great challenge for him as it took him out of his comfort zone since it was such a dark film. He did not accept the role until he got encouragement from his daughter, who said he would be crazy not to accept it.[56]

text: In 2015, Hamill played James Arnold, an academic professor from Imperial College London and an expert in climate change, in the movie Kingsman: The Secret Service. In addition, he reprised his role as the Trickster on The CW's 2014 live-action series The Flash, in the seventeenth episode of the first season, the ninth episode of the second season, and the ninth episode of the third season. [57][58]

text: He will star in the upcoming 2016 film Minkow, an independent film about the life of Barry Minkow, the famous con man. Hamill plays Minkow's father, Robert Minkow.[citation needed]

text: Voice acting[edit]

text: General work[edit]

text: This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Hamill has gained a reputation as a prolific voice actor. He first did voice acting work in the early 1970s voicing the character Corey Anders on the Saturday morning cartoon Jeannie by Hanna-Barbera Productions. He later played Sean in the Ralph Bakshi film Wizards,[12] which was released just three months before Star Wars in 1977.

text: Though the voice role he is most known for is Batman's archenemy the Joker,[16] his success as The Joker has led him to portray a wide variety of characters in television, film, anime, and video games (mostly similar super-villains).

text: Hamill was the voice of The Hobgoblin in the 1990s Spider-Man animated series, and his other Marvel superhero genre roles include the Gargoyle in the animated series of The Incredible Hulk, Maximus in Fantastic Four, Klaw in Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes and multiple characters in Ultimate Spider-Man. Hamill voiced Solomon Grundy and Trickster in the DC animated universe series Justice League and Justice League Unlimited, the murderous gangster Tony Zucco in The Batman, an animated series unrelated to the various DC animated universe series. He voiced Spectre in an episode of Batman: The Brave and the Bold.

text: Non-comic related television roles include the deranged shock jock anchorman Dr. Jak in Phantom 2040, Principal John Smith in Totally Spies episode Soul Collector, Christopher "Maverick" Blair in Wing Commander Academy, the classic Walter Lantz character Buzz Buzzard in The New Woody Woodpecker Show, the flamboyant robot Lawrance "Larry" 3000 in Time Squad, the pirate Captain Stickybeard in Codename: Kids Next Door, the ruler of the Fire Nation Fire Lord Ozai in Avatar: The Last Airbender, the evil Skeleton King in Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!, multiple roles in Metalocalypse and the groundskeeper Skips in Regular Show.

text: He guest starred in The Simpsons episode "Mayored to the Mob" as himself. On the audio commentary of the episode, he says that he has been a fan of the show since it debuted in 1987 on The Tracy Ullman Show and that it was a personal thrill to work with Dan Castellaneta, the voice of Homer Simpson. He has also guest starred in Family Guy and was also a recurring voice actor on Seth Green's Robot Chicken. He has also played himself in two episodes of the Disney Channel animated series Pepper Ann.

text: Aside from voice acting on television, Hamill has starred in multiple animated films. Some of these roles include The Captain of the Guard in Sinbad: Beyond the Veil of Mists, the biblical figure Judah in Joseph: King of Dreams, the evil wolf Niju in Balto II: Wolf Quest and Chanukah Zombie in Futurama: Bender's Big Score. Hamill has done voice acting in English dubs of two Studio Ghibli films. He voiced Colonel Muska in the second English language version of Castle in the Sky and the Mayor of Pejite in Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, both directed by Hayao Miyazaki and distributed by Disney.

text: Notable video game voice roles include Detective Mosely in Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers and Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned, Assistant Director Wilson in Soldier of Fortune II: Double Helix, Adrian Ripburger in the LucasArts game Full Throttle, two installments of Crash Bandicoot series, Wolverine in X2: Wolverine's Revenge, which was the tie-in game to the film X2, Goro Majima in Yakuza, Malefor The Dark Master in The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon, The Watcher in Darksiders, and Master Eraqus in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep. The creator of Kingdom Hearts, Tetsuya Nomura, is a big fan of all of Hamill's work. There is also another character, Master Xehanort, who was voiced by Leonard Nimoy, the actor of Spock. Tetsuya Nomura stated that they wanted the two for the roles, as the two characters are rivals, referencing the rivalry between fans of Star Wars and fans of Star Trek. He also narrated Call of Duty 2: Big Red One, the title being a reference to the 1980 war film he starred in.

text: Hamill is credited as the narrator in Ancient Voices, a 1999 series of documentaries on archaeology and ancient history produced by as a BBC/The Learning Channel co-production, and published by Time-Life as a DVD series. He also narrated the Medal of Honor and Silver Star citations of Tibor Rubin, Ralph E. Pomeroy, John Finnigan and Mitchell Red Cloud Jr. for the 2013 Korean War documentary Finnigan's War directed by Conor Timmis.

text: Hamill voiced the character of Todd Wainio in World War Z, a critically acclaimed audiobook based on Max Brooks' novel of the same name. He also provided the entire cast of voices for a 1983 audiobook version of Pinocchio with unique characteristics for each. Hamill also reads life into the characters of the popular juvenile fiction book series, The Spiderwick Chronicles Volumes I–III, by Holly Black and Tony DiTerlizzi.

text: He is also the narrator of the 2017 science-fiction TV series Dimension 404.[59][60]

text: As the Joker[edit]

text:
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text: Hamill's role as the Joker began in the 1992 series Batman: The Animated Series[16] and continued to many later spin-off series, video games and films. Hamill received critical acclaim for his performance, which put him in high demand as a voice over actor of cartoon villains.[61]

text: Hamill also voiced Joker in three episodes of Superman: The Animated Series, five episodes of The New Batman Adventures, five episodes of Justice League, an episode of Static Shock and a few segments in Robot Chicken. He also voiced the Joker in the 1993 theatrical film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm and the 2000 direct-to-video film Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker.[62]

text: The short-lived WB live-action series Birds of Prey, based on the comic book of the same title, featured a flashback sequence in which the Joker shoots Barbara Gordon and paralyzes her. This sequence featured Hamill voicing Joker, dubbed over actor/stuntman Roger Stoneburner whose facial structure more resembled the character.[citation needed] The actor's face was shot in the background so as to be slightly blurred.[relevant? – discuss]

text: Hamill voiced the Joker alongside his Batman: The Animated Series co-star Kevin Conroy as Batman and Jason Hillhouse as Dick Grayson in a feature of a storyboard scene included in the 2005 Special Edition DVD of Tim Burton's 1989 film Batman.[citation needed] This scene depicted the origin of Robin, which was not filmed because the producers felt it was out-of-place with the rest of the film.[citation needed]

text: Hamill has said that he has voiced the Joker for toys and amusement park rides. Although these jobs did not pay particularly well, he enjoyed even these small roles and admitted being protective of the character, expressing concern with others "sleeping in his sleeping bag;"[63] he also self-identifies as a "real comic book nerd".[64]

text: Hamill has portrayed the Joker in a few Batman-themed video games, notably Batman Vengeance,[citation needed] the Sega CD version of The Adventures of Batman & Robin,[citation needed] and in Batman: Arkham Asylum.[63][12] Hamill again reprised the role in the Arkham sequel, Batman: Arkham City.[65] In May 2010, Hamill declared to IGN UK that his role in Arkham City would be his last as the Joker.[64] Some months later, with the announcement of Arkham City, he clarified the rumors about him retiring the role by saying, via his Twitter account, "Only said Arkham Asylum would be hard to top, not that I was quitting."[66] On October 19, 2011, shortly after the release of the game, Hamill again announced his retirement on his Twitter account, saying "Hello/Goodbye Joker! I've enjoyed every minute behind the wheel of the Clown Prince's crazy car — I'm going to miss him more than I can say!!".[67] On June 2012, WB Games released the expansion pack titled "The Last Laugh" for the video game DC Universe Online, featuring Hamill as the Joker.[68][full citation needed][69] In 2015, Hamill yet again returned as the Joker in Batman: Arkham Knight with the character recurring through the game as a hallucination.[70]

text: During a 2011 Comic-Con, when asked about Heath Ledger's Oscar-winning portrayal of the character in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight, Hamill claims it was the most original performance he has ever seen since Anthony Hopkins' Oscar-winning portrayal of Hannibal Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs.[71][full citation needed]

text: Hamill has commented that if there would ever be an animated version of Batman: The Killing Joke, he would gladly voice the Joker again, encouraging fans to campaign for said adaptation.[72][73][full citation needed] On July 17, 2015, Hamill tweeted that he had his fingers crossed in hopes that he would be contacted to reprise his role as the Joker in the animated adaptation.[74] On July 27, Collider reported that Hamill will voice the Joker in the film.[75] The film was released in theaters for a two-day limited time. It was released on Digital HD on July 27, 2016. It was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on August 2. Positive reception was met for Mark Hamill's performance as the Joker, with some citing it as his best performance of the character.

text: Hamill reprised the Joker for the animated series Justice League Action. He also reprised the Trickster for the series, as well as voicing Swamp Thing.[76] In the animated short "Missing the Mark", Hamill voices a fictionalized version of himself, who appears alongside all three of his other characters.[77]

text: Hamill has been nominated for two Annie Awards for his portrayal of the character,[78] for an Interactive Achievement Award,[78] for a Spike Video Game Award,[78] and has won a British Academy Video Game Award for Best Performer.[78]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Hamill is the co-writer of The Black Pearl, a comic book miniseries published by Dark Horse Comics.[79] He wrote an introduction to the Trade Paperback Batman: Riddler Two-Face which reprints various stories involving the Riddler and Two-Face to tie in with Batman Forever. He has also written several stories for Simpsons Comics, including "Catastrophe in Substitute Springfields!", which parodies DC's Crisis on Infinite Earths and also references several other classic comics.[80]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: On December 17, 1978, Hamill married dental hygienist Marilou York in a private civil ceremony.[81] They have three children together: Nathan (born 1979), Griffin (born 1983), and Chelsea Elizabeth (born 1988).[82] He also has one grandchild by his son Nathan. Nathan was born during the production of The Empire Strikes Back and had a cameo appearance as one of the Royal Guards of Naboo in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[83] Mark Hamill was previously in a relationship with Anne Wyndham, who played his on-screen sister in General Hospital.[84]

text: On January 11, 1977, before shooting one of his scenes in Star Wars, Hamill was in a car accident in which he fractured his nose and left cheekbone,[85] requiring seven hours of surgery. As a result, a double was used for the landspeeder pickup shots.[86] According to Hamill in a recorded interview, he was driving his BMW on a freeway, became distracted, and seeing that he was missing his offramp, attempted to negotiate four lanes of traffic. Some real scars from the crash appear on Luke's face in The Empire Strikes Back.[87][88] Hamill later said that the stories surrounding his injuries had become exaggerated. Confirming that he had only broken his nose, Hamill observed that "over the years it's [been] built up into having my face reconstructed with plastic surgery."[89]

text: Hamill is an outspoken member of the Democratic Party. Prior to the 2012 election for the presidency of the United States, Hamill referred to Mitt Romney as a "snake oil salesman".[90] In 2016, he endorsed P.G. Sittenfeld's candidacy in the 2016 election for the United States Senate.[91] He has also criticized the tweets of Donald Trump by reading them out in his Joker voice.[92]

text: Hamill is a lifelong fan of Laurel and Hardy. In June 2016, he called into The Ross Owen Show on Black Sky Radio to talk for over an hour about his passion for Stan and Ollie.[93] He was also an early fan of David Letterman, having occasionally appeared on Late Night with David Letterman, as well as taping every episode and keeping a journal documenting the show. After encountering writer Chris Elliott, Hamill was asked for assistance in helping determine the 1000th Viewer Mail that Letterman had answered. His practice continued to Letterman's new show on CBS, but eventually stopped.[94]

text: He became a supporter of English football club Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. in 2017.[95]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Comics[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Notes

1996–97
The Black Pearl
Written with Eric Johnson

September 2001
Simpsons Comics: Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror #7
"Catastrophe in Substitute Springfields!" written with Bongo Comics

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Forewords[edit]

text: Hamill, Mark (2003). Foreword. Animation on DVD: The Ultimate Guide. By Mangels, Andy. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1880656686.

tag: ul

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section about a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result

1978
Saturn Awards
Best Actor
Star Wars
Nominated

1981
The Empire Strikes Back
Won

1984
Return of the Jedi
Won

1985
Drama Desk Awards
Outstanding Actor in a Musical
Harrigan 'N Hart
Nominated

1988
CableACE Awards
Actor in a Dramatic Series
Alfred Hitchcock Presents
Nominated

1994
Annie Awards
Voice Acting in a Television Production
Batman: The Animated Series
Nominated

2001
Voice Acting in a Feature Production
Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker
Nominated

2006
DVD Exclusive Awards
Best Animated Character Performance[96]
Won

2010
Interactive Achievement Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Character Performance
Batman: Arkham Asylum
Won

2010
NAVGTR Awards
Supporting Performance in a Drama
Won

2012
Spike Video Game Awards
Best Performance by a Human Male
Batman: Arkham City
Nominated

2012
British Academy Games Awards
Best Performer
Won

2014
Annie Awards
Voice Acting in a Television Production
Regular Show
Nominated

2015
Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program
Star Wars: The Clone Wars
Nominated

2015
The Game Awards
Best Performance
Batman: Arkham Knight
Nominated

2016
British Academy Games Awards
Best Performer
Nominated

2016
NAVGTR Awards
Supporting Performance in a Drama
Won

2017
Disney Legends
Film
Star Wars
Won


document_title: Aladdin

question_text: where does the story of aladdin take place

text: Aladdin

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Aladdin is an impoverished young ne'er-do-well, dwelling in "one of the cities of China". He is recruited by a sorcerer from the Maghreb, who passes himself off as the brother of Aladdin's late father, Mustapha the tailor, convincing Aladdin and his mother of his good will by pretending to set up the lad as a wealthy merchant. The sorcerer's real motive is to persuade young Aladdin to retrieve a wonderful oil lamp from a booby-trapped magic cave. After the sorcerer attempts to double-cross him, Aladdin finds himself trapped in the cave. Fortunately, Aladdin is still wearing a magic ring the sorcerer has lent him. When he rubs his hands in despair, he inadvertently rubs the ring and a jinnī (or "genie") appears who releases him from the cave so that he can return to his mother, fortunately still carrying the lamp. When his mother tries to clean the lamp, so they can sell it to buy food for their supper, a second far more powerful genie appears who is bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp.

text: With the aid of the genie of the lamp, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries Princess Badroulbadour, the sultan's daughter (after magically foiling her marriage to the vizier's son). The genie builds Aladdin and his bride a wonderful palace, far more magnificent than the sultan's.

text: The sorcerer hears of Aladdin's good fortune, and returns; he gets his hands on the lamp by tricking Aladdin's wife (who is unaware of the lamp's importance) by offering to exchange "new lamps for old". He orders the genie of the lamp to take the palace, along with all its contents, to his home in the Maghreb. Fortunately, Aladdin still has the magic ring and is able to summon the lesser genie. The genie of the ring cannot directly undo any of the magic of the genie of the lamp, but he is able to transport Aladdin to the Maghreb where, with the help of the "woman's wiles" of the princess he recovers the lamp and slays the sorcerer, returning the palace to its proper place.

text: The sorcerer's more powerful and evil brother plots to destroy Aladdin for killing his brother by disguising himself as an old woman known for her healing powers. Badroulbadour falls for his disguise and commands the "woman" to stay in her palace in case of any illnesses. Aladdin is warned of this danger by the genie of the lamp and slays the imposter. Everyone lives happily ever after, Aladdin eventually succeeding to his father-in-law's throne.

text: Sources and setting[edit]

text: No Arabic source has been traced for the tale, which was incorporated into the book Les Mille et Une Nuits by its French translator, Antoine Galland, who heard it from a Syrian storyteller from Aleppo. Galland's diary (March 25, 1709) records that he met the Maronite scholar, by name Youhenna Diab ("Hanna"), who had been brought from Aleppo to Paris by Paul Lucas, a celebrated French traveller. Galland's diary also tells that his translation of "Aladdin" was made in the winter of 1709–10. It was included in his volumes ix and x of the Nights, published in 1710.

text: John Payne, in Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp and Other Stories (London 1901), gives details of Galland's encounter with the man he referred to as "Hanna" and the discovery in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris of two Arabic manuscripts containing Aladdin (with two more of the "interpolated" tales). One was written by a Syrian Christian priest living in Paris, named Dionysios Shawish, alias Dom Denis Chavis. The other is supposed to be a copy Mikhail Sabbagh made of a manuscript written in Baghdad in 1703. It was purchased by the Bibliothèque Nationale at the end of the nineteenth century. However, modern scholars such as Muhsin Mahdi[2] and Husain Haddawy[3] claim that both manuscripts are forgeries—"back-translations" of Galland's text into Arabic.

text: The opening sentences of the story, in both the Galland and the Burton versions, set it in China and imply, at least, that Aladdin is Chinese.[4] On the other hand, there is practically nothing in the rest of the story that is inconsistent with a Persian or Arabian setting. For instance, the Sultan is referred to as such rather being called the "Emperor", as in some re-tellings, and the people we meet in the story are Muslims: their conversation is larded with devout Muslim platitudes. A Jewish merchant buys Aladdin's wares (and incidentally cheats him), but there is no mention of Buddhists or Confucians (or other distinctively Han Chinese people).

text: China's ethnic makeup has long included Muslim groups, including large populations of the Hui people whose origins go back to Silk Road travellers. In addition, large communities of Muslim Chinese have been known since the Tang Dynasty, as well as Jewish communities. Some commentators have even suggested that the story might be set in Turkestan (encompassing Central Asia and the modern Chinese province of Xinjiang).[5]

text: For all this, speculation about a "real" Chinese setting depends on a knowledge of China that the teller of a folk tale (as opposed to a geographic expert) might well not possess.[6]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Adaptations vary in their faithfulness to the original story. In particular, difficulties with the "Chinese" setting are sometimes resolved by giving the story a more typical Arabian Nights background.

text: Books[edit]

text:
In 1962 the Italian branch of Walt Disney Productions published the story Paperino e la grotta di Aladino (Donald and Aladdin's Cave), written by Osvaldo Pavese and drawn by Pier Lorenzo De Vita. As in many pantomimes, the plot is combined with elements of the Ali Baba story: Uncle Scrooge leads Donald Duck and their nephews on an expedition to find the treasure of Aladdin and they encounter the Middle Eastern counterparts of the Beagle Boys. Scrooge describes Aladdin as a brigand who used the legend of the lamp to cover the origins of his ill-gotten gains. They find the cave holding the treasure - blocked by a huge rock requiring a magic password ("Open sesame") to open.[7]
One of the many literary retellings of the tale appears in A Book of Wizards (1966) and A Choice of Magic (1971), by Ruth Manning-Sanders.
"The Nobility of Faith" by Jonathan Clements in the anthology Doctor Who Short Trips: The Ghosts of Christmas (2007) is a retelling of the Aladdin story in the style of the Arabian Nights, but featuring the Doctor in the role of the genie.

text: Pantomimes[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, the story of Aladdin was dramatised in 1788 by John O'Keefe for the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden.[8] It has been a popular subject for pantomime for over 200 years.[9]

text: The traditional Aladdin pantomime is the source of the well-known pantomime character Widow Twankey (Aladdin's mother). In pantomime versions, changes in the setting and story are often made to fit it better into "China" (albeit a China situated in the East End of London rather than Medieval Baghdad), and elements of other Arabian Nights tales (in particular Ali Baba) are often introduced into the plot. One version of the "pantomime Aladdin" is Sandy Wilson's musical Aladdin, from 1979.

text: Since the early 1990s Aladdin pantomimes have tended to be influenced by the Disney animation. For instance, the 2007/8 production at the Birmingham Hippodrome starring John Barrowman featured songs from the Disney movies Aladdin and Mulan. Disney Theatricals itself produced a Broadway-style musical in Seattle in 2011, and another musical premiered in Toronto in 2013 and then opened on Broadway in 2014.

text: Films[edit]

text: Animated

text:
The 1926 animated film The Adventures of Prince Achmed (the earliest surviving animated feature film) combined the story of Aladdin with that of the prince. In this version the princess Aladdin pursues is Achmed's sister and the sorcerer is his rival for her hand. The sorcerer steals the castle and the princess through his own magic and then sets a monster to attack Aladdin, from which Achmed rescues him. Achmed then informs Aladdin he requires the lamp to rescue his own intended wife, Princess Pari Banou, from the demons of the Island of Wak Wak. They convince the Witch of the Fiery Mountain to defeat the sorcerer, and then all three heroes join forces to battle the demons.
Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp is a 1939 Popeye the Sailor cartoon.
The 1959 animated film 1001 Arabian Nights starring Mr. Magoo as Aladdin's uncle and produced by UPA.
The animated feature Aladdin et la lampe merveilleuse by Film Jean Image was released in 1970 in France.[10] The story contains many of the original elements of the story as compared to the Disney version.
Aladdin and the Magic Lamp was a rendition in Japanese directed by Yoshikatsu Kasai, produced in Japan by Toei Animation and released in United States by The Samuel Goldwyn Company in 1982.
Aladdin, the 1992 animated feature by Walt Disney Feature Animation (possibly currently the best known re-telling of the story). In this version several characters are renamed or amalgamated (for instance the Sorcerer and the Sultan's vizier become the same person, named "Jafar", while the Princess is re-named "Jasmine"), have new motivations for their actions (the Lamp Genie now desires freedom from his role) or are simply replaced (a magic carpet fills the place of the Ring Genie in the plot, while a royal "magic ring" is used by Jafar to find Aladdin). Names from and elements of the 1940 live-action The Thief of Bagdad are borrowed (for instance, the names "Jafar" and "Abu" and the Sultan's delight in toys. Also, the physical appearances of the Sultan and Jafar greatly resemble their counterparts in the 1940 film). The setting is moved from China to the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah, and the structure of the plot is simplified.
Also in 1992 came Aladdin by Golden Films, released directly on video.

text: Live action

text:
Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1917), directed by Chester M. Franklin and Sidney A. Franklin and released by the Fox Film Corporation, told the story using child actors.[11][12][13]
The 1940 British movie The Thief of Bagdad borrows elements of the Aladdin story, although it also departs from the original story fairly freely: for instance the genie grants only three wishes and the minor character of the Emperor's vizier is renamed Jaffar and becomes the main villain, replacing the sorcerer from the original plot.
A Thousand and One Nights (1945) is a tongue-in-cheek Technicolor fantasy film set in the Baghdad of the One Thousand and One Nights, starring Cornel Wilde as Aladdin, Evelyn Keyes as the genie of the magic lamp, Phil Silvers as Aladdin's larcenous sidekick, and Adele Jergens as the princess Aladdin loves.
In 1957, the story of Aladdin was produced as a movie in Telugu entitled Allauddin Adhbhuta Deepam,[14] Tamil Allavudeenum Arputha Vilakkum[15] and Hindi Alladdin Ka Chirag.[16] They were directed by T. R. Raghunath and produced by T. S. Balaiah.
In the 1960s Bollywood produced Aladdin and Sinbad, very loosely based on the original, in which the two named heroes get to meet and share in each other's adventures. In this version, the lamp's jinni (genie) is female and Aladdin marries her rather than the princess (she becomes a mortal woman for his sake).
A Soviet film Volshebnaia Lampa Aladdina ("Aladdin's Magic Lamp") was released in 1966.
A Malayalam film Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum was made in 1979. This film was remade in Tamil as Allaudinaum Arputha Vilakkum the same year.
Gary Wong and Rob Robson produced Aladdin the Rock Panto in 1985.
In 1986, an Italian-American co-production (under supervision of Golan-Globus) of a modern-day Aladdin was filmed in Miami under the title Superfantagenio, starring actor Bud Spencer as the genie and his daughter Diamante as the daughter of a police sergeant.
2009 saw the release of the Hindi Bollywood retelling in the film Aladin.
Aschorjo Prodip, a 2013 Bengali film based on the same story of a middle class man (played by Saswata Chatterjee) who accidentally finds a magic lamp containing a Jinn (played by Rajatava Dutta). This Anik Dutta film is based on a Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay novel of the same name and deals with the issues of consumerism.
Syfy released a made-for-TV horror adaptation called Aladdin and the Death Lamp on September 15, 2012.[17]
Aladdin, a Disney live-action remake of the 1992 animated film.

text: Television[edit]

text:
Aladdin appeared in Episode 297 of Sesame Street performed by Frank Oz. This version was made from a large lavender live-hand Anything Muppet.
A segment of the Marty Feldman episode of The Muppet Show retells the story of Aladdin with The Great Gonzo in the role of Aladdin and Marty Feldman playing the Genie of the Lamp.
In 1986, the program Faerie Tale Theatre based an episode on the story called "Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp", directed by Tim Burton and starring Robert Carradine
Aladdin featured in an episode of Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child the story was set in "Ancient China" but otherwise had a very tenuous connection with the original plot.
Aladdin features as one of five stories in the Hallmark Entertainment TV miniseries Arabian Nights from 2000.
An adaptation of the Disney's animated film was featured in the 6th season of ABC's hit TV show Once Upon a Time and on its spin-off, Once Upon a Time in Wonderland

text: Musical theatre[edit]

text:
The New Aladdin was a successful Edwardian musical comedy in 1906.
Adam Oehlenschläger wrote his verse drama Aladdin in 1805. Carl Nielsen wrote incidental music for this play in 1918–19. Ferruccio Busoni set some verses from the last scene of Oehlenschläger's Aladdin in the last movement of his Piano Concerto, Op. 39.
In 1958, a musical comedy version of Aladdin was written especially for US television with a book by S.J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter. A London stage production followed in 1959 in which a 30-year-old Bob Monkhouse played the part of Aladdin at the Coliseum Theatre.[18]
Broadway Junior has released Aladdin, Jr., a children's musical based on the music and screenplay of the Disney animation.
The Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular musical stage show has been running in Disney California Adventure since January 2003.
Starkid Productions released the musical "Twisted" on YouTube in 2013, an Aladdin spin-off that is told from the royal vizier's point of view.
A Disney Theatrical production of Aladdin debuted in 2011 in Seattle, and opened on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theatre on March 20, 2014.
Aladdin; book by Jim Eiler; Music by Jim Eiler and Jeanne Bargy; Lyrics by Jim Eiler[19]

text: Comics[edit]

text: The ongoing Japanese comic series Magi is not a direct adaptation, but features Aladdin as the main character of the story and includes many characters from other One Thousand and One Nights stories. An adaptation of this comic to animation was made in October 2012.

text: Video games[edit]

text:
The video game Sonic and the Secret Rings is heavily based on the story of Aladdin, and both genies appear in the story. The genie of the lamp is the main antagonist, known in the game as the Erazor Djinn, and the genie of the ring, known in the game as Shahra, appears as Sonic's sidekick and guide through the game. Furthermore, the ring genie is notably lesser than the lamp genie in the story.
The Disney version of Aladdin appears throughout the Disney/Square Enix crossover series Kingdom Hearts, with Agrabah being a visitable world.
In 2010, Anuman Interactive launched Aladin and the Enchanted Lamp, a hidden object game on PC and MAC.[20]
In 2016 Saturn Animation Studio has produced an interactive adaptation of The Magical Lamp of Aladdin for mobile devices.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Aladdin trades the silver plates to a Jew for a piece of gold

The Sorcerer tricks a handmaiden and offers "new lamps for old lamps".

Aladdin in Disney's stage show.


document_title: Eloise at Christmastime

question_text: who plays the nanny in eloise at christmastime

text: Eloise at Christmastime

text: Plot[edit]

text: The movie begins with a shot of the Hotel Lobby, with a large pink gift box leaning on the display table, in the middle of the room. The hotel manager, Mr. Salamone, asks one of the staff to take the box to the package room. Two of the staff take the gift box to the package room. When they leave, the box is opened and we see Eloise crawling out. Eloise is on a mission to find any presents in the package room from her mother, who has taken a trip to Paris.

text: When Eloise does not find any packages from her mother, she then leaves the room in a large mess. She skips towards the lobby, and pushes into a long line at the check-in desk and interrupts a conversation between Mr. Salamone and two patrons, wishing to upgrade their current hotel suite to a park-side view room.

text: Eloise asks Mr. Salamone if there have been any packages from her mother in Paris, and he replies that there hasn't. He pushes her away, telling Eloise that he is currently very busy. Eloise pushes in the line again, offering Mr. Salamone some unnecessary assistance. Mr. Salamone declines, pushing Eloise away from the hectic line.

text: Eloise leaves, but is instantly back in a flash, when she notices a suspicious man waiting in the queue. She thinks that this patron is a spy, but Mr. Salamone declines, and instantly changes the subject so that Eloise can leave the line. He requests Eloise to look out for the hotel's Christmas Tree Delivery, which is due to be at the Plaza any moment. He tells Eloise to inform him when the delivery arrives.

text: Eloise leaves the line, and tells the "spy" that she is keeping her eye on him.

text: The main focal point of the story deals with the impending marriage between Rachel Peabody, the hotel owner's daughter, and a bachelor named Brooks Oliver, who was chosen by Rachel's family to be her husband.

text: Eloise eventually learned that Oliver is into doing something suspicious. She also found out that Rachel had taken a liking to Bill, a room service waiter and one of her friends, four years earlier. When Mr. Peabody became aware of his daughter's relationship with Bill, he then sent his daughter to a university, hoping to break his daughter's ties with the waiter. Eloise then intervened with the relationship, much to the disappointment of Rachel's father.

text: She then succeeded at restoring Bill and Rachel's romance with each other; Oliver is then arrested for forgery, and Mrs. Thornton, who was in danger of being evicted, is granted a permanent stay at the Plaza. And to top it off, Eloise's mom arrives and they rejoice.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sofia Vassilieva as Eloise
Julie Andrews as Nanny
Kenneth Welsh as Sir Wilkes
Debra Monk as Maggie
Gavin Creel as Bill
Rick Roberts as Brooks
Sara Topham as Rachel Peabody
Corinne Conley as Mrs. Thornton
Christine Baranski as Prunella Stickler
Jeffrey Tambor as Mr. Salomone
Araxi Arslanian as Head of Housekeeping
Tannis Burnett as Miss Thompson
Neil Crone as Agent Kringle
Arlene Duncan as Lily
Sean Gallagher as Rick
Graham Harley as Walter
Colm Magner as Thomas the Maitre'd
Debra McGrath as Cornelia
Gerry Quigley as Jerry
Julian Richings as Patrice
Cliff Saunders as Max
Tony Sciara as Assistant Chef Marco
David Sparrow as Charlie, the 59th Street Doorman
Victor A. Young as Mr. Peabody


document_title: B vitamins

question_text: what is the scientific name of vitamin b6

text: B vitamins

text: List of B vitamins[edit]

text:
B number
Name
Thumbnail description

Vitamin B1
thiamine
A coenzyme in the catabolism of sugars and amino acids.

Vitamin B2
riboflavin
A precursor of cofactors called FAD and FMN, which are needed for flavoprotein enzyme reactions, including activation of other vitamins

Vitamin B3
niacin (nicotinic acid), nicotinamide riboside
A precursor of coenzymes called NAD and NADP, which are needed in many metabolic processes.

Vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
A precursor of coenzyme A and therefore needed to metabolize many molecules.

Vitamin B6
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
A coenzyme in many enzymatic reactions in metabolism.

Vitamin B7
biotin
A coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, needed for synthesis of fatty acids and in gluconeogenesis.

Vitamin B9
folate
A precursor needed to make, repair, and methylate DNA; a cofactor in various reactions; especially important in aiding rapid cell division and growth, such as in infancy and pregnancy. Synthetic folate is known as folic acid.

Vitamin B12
various cobalamins; commonly cyanocobalamin or methylcobalamin in vitamin supplements
A coenzyme involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body, especially affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism.

text: Note: other substances once thought to be vitamins were given numbers in the B-vitamin numbering scheme, but were subsequently discovered to be either not essential for life or manufactured by the body, thus not meeting the two essential qualifiers for a vitamin. See section #Related compounds for numbers 4, 8, 10, 11, and others.

text: B vitamin molecular functions[edit]

text:
Vitamin
Name
Structure
Molecular Function

Vitamin B1
thiamine

Thiamine plays a central role in the release of energy from carbohydrates. It is involved in RNA and DNA production, as well as nerve function. Its active form is a coenzyme called thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which takes part in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) in metabolism.[1]

Vitamin B2
riboflavin

Riboflavin is involved in release of energy in the electron transport chain, the citric acid cycle, as well as the catabolism of fatty acids (beta oxidation).[2][unreliable medical source?]

Vitamin B3
niacin

Niacin is composed of two structures: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. There are two co-enzyme forms of niacin: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Both play an important role in energy transfer reactions in the metabolism of glucose, fat and alcohol.[3]
NAD carries hydrogens and their electrons during metabolic reactions, including the pathway from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain. NADP is a coenzyme in lipid and nucleic acid synthesis.[4]

Vitamin B5
pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids and carbohydrates. Coenzyme A, which can be synthesised from pantothenic acid, is involved in the synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, ketone bodies, cholesterol,[5] phospholipids, steroid hormones, neurotransmitters (such as acetylcholine), and antibodies.[6]

Vitamin B6
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

The active form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) (depicted) serves as a cofactor in many enzyme reactions mainly in amino acid metabolism including biosynthesis of neurotransmitters.

Vitamin B7
biotin

Biotin plays a key role in the metabolism of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. It is a critical co-enzyme of four carboxylases: acetyl CoA carboxylase, which is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids from acetate; pyruvate CoA carboxylase, involved in gluconeogenesis; β-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase, involved in the metabolism of leucine; and propionyl CoA carboxylase, which is involved in the metabolism of energy, amino acids and cholesterol.[7]

Vitamin B9
folate

Folate acts as a co-enzyme in the form of tetrahydrofolate (THF), which is involved in the transfer of single-carbon units in the metabolism of nucleic acids and amino acids. THF is involved in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis, so is needed for normal cell division, especially during pregnancy and infancy, which are times of rapid growth. Folate also aids in erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells.[8]

Vitamin B12
cobalamin

Vitamin B12 is involved in the cellular metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. It is essential in the production of blood cells in bone marrow, and for nerve sheaths and proteins.[9] Vitamin B12 functions as a co-enzyme in intermediary metabolism for the methionine synthase reaction with methylcobalamin, and the methylmalonyl CoA mutase reaction with adenosylcobalamin.[10][not in citation given]

text: B vitamin deficiency[edit]

text: Several named vitamin deficiency diseases may result from the lack of sufficient B vitamins. Deficiencies of other B vitamins result in symptoms that are not part of a named deficiency disease.

text:
Vitamin
Name
Deficiency effects

Vitamin B1
thiamine
Deficiency causes beriberi. Symptoms of this disease of the nervous system include weight loss, emotional disturbances, Wernicke's encephalopathy (impaired sensory perception), weakness and pain in the limbs, periods of irregular heartbeat, and edema (swelling of bodily tissues). Heart failure and death may occur in advanced cases. Chronic thiamin deficiency can also cause Korsakoff's syndrome, an irreversible dementia characterized by amnesia and compensatory confabulation.

Vitamin B2
riboflavin

Main article: Riboflavin § Deficiency
Deficiency causes ariboflavinosis. Symptoms may include cheilosis (cracks in the lips), high sensitivity to sunlight, angular cheilitis, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), seborrheic dermatitis or pseudo-syphilis (particularly affecting the scrotum or labia majora and the mouth), pharyngitis (sore throat), hyperemia, and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucosa.

Vitamin B3
niacin
Deficiency, along with a deficiency of tryptophan causes pellagra. Symptoms include aggression, dermatitis, insomnia, weakness, mental confusion, and diarrhea. In advanced cases, pellagra may lead to dementia and death (the 3(+1) D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death).

Vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
Deficiency can result in acne and paresthesia, although it is uncommon.

Vitamin B6
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

Main article: Vitamin B6 § Deficiency
seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruptions, pink eye, neurological symptoms (e.g. epilepsy)

Vitamin B7
biotin
Deficiency does not typically cause symptoms in adults but may lead to impaired growth and neurological disorders in infants. Multiple carboxylase deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism, can lead to biotin deficiency even when dietary biotin intake is normal.

Vitamin B9
folic acid
Deficiency results in a macrocytic anemia, and elevated levels of homocysteine. Deficiency in pregnant women can lead to birth defects.

Vitamin B12
cobalamin
Deficiency results in a macrocytic anemia, elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine, peripheral neuropathy, memory loss and other cognitive deficits. It is most likely to occur among elderly people, as absorption through the gut declines with age; the autoimmune disease pernicious anemia is another common cause. It can also cause symptoms of mania and psychosis. In rare extreme cases, paralysis can result.

text: B vitamin side effects[edit]

text: Because water-soluble B vitamins are eliminated in the urine, taking large doses of certain B vitamins usually only produces transient side-effects. General side effects may include restlessness, nausea and insomnia. These side-effects are almost always caused by dietary supplements and not foodstuffs.

text:
Vitamin
Name
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Harmful effects

Vitamin B1
thiamine
None[11]
No known toxicity from oral intake. There are some reports of anaphylaxis caused by high-dose thiamin injections into the vein or muscle. However, the doses were greater than the quantity humans can physically absorb from oral intake.[11]

Vitamin B2
riboflavin
None.[12]
No evidence of toxicity based on limited human and animal studies. The only evidence of adverse effects associated with riboflavin comes from in vitro studies showing the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) when riboflavin was exposed to intense visible and UV light.[12]

Vitamin B3
niacin
U.S. UL = 35 mg as a dieatry supplement[13]
Intake of 3000 mg/day of nicotinamide and 1500 mg/day of nicotinic acid are associated with nausea, vomiting, and signs and symptoms of liver toxicity. Other effects may include glucose intolerance, and (reversible) ocular effects. Additionally, the nicotinic acid form may cause vasodilatory effects, also known as flushing, including redness of the skin, often accompanied by an itching, tingling, or mild burning sensation, which is also often accompanied by pruritus, headaches, and increased intracranial blood flow, and occasionally accompanied by pain.[13] Medical practitioners prescribe recommended doses up to 2000 mg per day of niacin in either immediate-release or slow-release formats, to lower plasma triglycerides and low-density lipiprotein cholesterol.[14]

Vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
None
No toxicity known

Vitamin B6
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
U.S. UL = 100 mg/day; EU UL = 25 mg/day
Main article: vitamin B6 § Side effects

Main article: vitamin B6 § Side effects

Vitamin B7
biotin
None
No toxicity known

Vitamin B9
folic acid
1 mg/day[15]
Masks B12 deficiency, which can lead to permanent neurological damage[15]

Vitamin B12
cyanocobalamin
None established.[16]
Skin and spinal lesions. Acne-like rash [causality is not conclusively established].[16][17]

text: B vitamin sources[edit]

text: B vitamins are found in whole unprocessed foods. Processed carbohydrates such as sugar and white flour tend to have lower B vitamin than their unprocessed counterparts. For this reason, it is required by law in many countries (including the United States) that the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid be added back to white flour after processing. This is sometimes called "Enriched Flour" on food labels. B vitamins are particularly concentrated in meat such as turkey, tuna and liver.[18] Good sources for B vitamins include legumes (pulses or beans), whole grains, potatoes, bananas, chili peppers, tempeh, nutritional yeast, brewer's yeast, and molasses. Although the yeast used to make beer results in beers being a source of B vitamins,[19] their bioavailability ranges from poor to negative as drinking ethanol inhibits absorption of thiamine (B1),[20][21] riboflavin (B2),[22] niacin (B3),[23] biotin (B7),[24] and folic acid (B9).[25][26] In addition, each of the preceding studies further emphasizes that elevated consumption of beer and other alcoholic beverages results in a net deficit of those B vitamins and the health risks associated with such deficiencies.

text: The B12 vitamin is not available from plant products, making B12 deficiency a legitimate concern for vegans.[citation needed] Manufacturers of plant-based foods will sometimes report B12 content, leading to confusion about what sources yield B12. The confusion arises because the standard US Pharmacopeia (USP) method for measuring the B12 content does not measure the B12 directly. Instead, it measures a bacterial response to the food. Chemical variants of the B12 vitamin found in plant sources are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body. This same phenomenon can cause significant over-reporting of B12 content in other types of foods as well.[27]

text: A popular way of increasing one's vitamin B intake is through the use of dietary supplements. B vitamins are commonly added to energy drinks, many of which have been marketed with large amounts of B vitamins[28] with claims that this will cause the consumer to "sail through your day without feeling jittery or tense."[28] Some nutritionists have been critical of these claims, pointing out for instance that while B vitamins do "help unlock the energy in foods," most Americans acquire the necessary amounts easily in their diets.[28]

text: Because they are soluble in water, excess B vitamins are generally readily excreted, although individual absorption, use and metabolism may vary…"[28] The elderly and athletes may need to supplement their intake of B12 and other B vitamins due to problems in absorption and increased needs for energy production.[medical citation needed] In cases of severe deficiency, B vitamins, especially B12, may also be delivered by injection to reverse deficiencies.[29][unreliable medical source?] Both type 1 and type 2 diabetics may also be advised to supplement thiamine based on high prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration and increased thiamine clearance associated with diabetes.[30] Also, Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency in early embryo development has been linked to neural tube defects. Thus, women planning to become pregnant are usually encouraged to increase daily dietary folic acid intake and/or take a supplement.[31]

text: B vitamin discovery dates[edit]

text:
B number
Name
Thumbnail description

Vitamin B1
thiamine
Casimir Funk discovered thiamine in 1912.

Vitamin B2
riboflavin
D.T. Smith and E.G. Hendrick discovered riboflavin in 1926. Max Tishler invented methods for synthesizing it.

Vitamin B3
niacin or nicotinic acid
Conrad Elvehjem discovered niacin in 1937.

Vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
Roger J. Williams discovered pantothenic acid in 1933.

Vitamin B6
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
Paul Gyorgy discovered vitamin B6 in 1934.

Vitamin B7
biotin
Dean Burk was a codiscoverer of biotin.

Vitamin B9
folic acid
Lucy Wills discovered folic acid in 1933.

Vitamin B12
various cobalamins; commonly cyanocobalamin or methylcobalamin in vitamin supplements
Various scientists over several decades developed our knowledge of vitamin B12.

text: Related compounds[edit]

text: Many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins as they were once believed to be vitamins. They are no longer considered as such, and the numbers that were assigned to them now form the "gaps" in the true series of B-complex vitamins described above (e.g., there is no vitamin B4). Some of them, though not essential to humans, are essential in the diets of other organisms; others have no known nutritional value and may even be toxic under certain conditions.

text:
Vitamin B4: can refer to the distinct chemicals choline, adenine, or carnitine.[32][33] Choline is synthesized by the human body, but not sufficiently to maintain good health, and is now considered an essential dietary nutrient.[34] Adenine is a nucleobase synthesized by the human body.[35] Carnitine is an essential dietary nutrient for certain worms, but not for humans.[36]
Vitamin B8: adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as adenylic acid.[37] Vitamin B8 may also refer to inositol.[38]
Vitamin B10: para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA or PABA), a chemical component of the folate molecule produced by plants and bacteria, and found in many foods.[39][40] It is best known as a UV-blocking sunscreen applied to the skin, and is sometimes taken orally for certain medical conditions.[39][41]
Vitamin B11: pteryl-hepta-glutamic acid (PHGA; chick growth factor). Vitamin Bc-conjugate was also found to be identical to PHGA.[citation needed]
Vitamin B13: orotic acid.[42]
Vitamin B14: cell proliferant, anti-anemia, rat growth factor, and antitumor pterin phosphate named by Earl R. Norris. Isolated from human urine at 0.33ppm (later in blood), but later abandoned by him as further evidence did not confirm this. He also claimed this was not xanthopterin.
Vitamin B15: pangamic acid,[42] also known as pangamate. Promoted in various forms as a dietary supplement and drug; considered unsafe and subject to seizure by the US Food and Drug Administration.[43]
Vitamin B16: dimethylglycine (DMG)[44] is synthesized by the human body from choline.
Vitamin B17: pseudoscientific name for the poisonous compound amygdalin, also known as the equally pseudoscientific name "nitrilosides" despite the fact that it is a single compound. Amygdalin can be found in various plants, but is most commonly extracted from apricot pits and other similar fruit kernels. Amygdalin is hydrolyzed by various intestinal enzymes to form, among other things, hydrogen cyanide, which is toxic to human beings when exposed to a high enough dosage. Some proponents claim that amygdalin is effective in cancer treatment and prevention, despite its toxicity and a severe lack of scientific evidence.[45]
Vitamin B20: L-carnitine.[44]
Vitamin Bf: carnitine.[37]
Vitamin Bm: myo-inositol, also called "mouse antialopaecia factor".[46]
Vitamin Bp: "antiperosis factor", which prevents perosis, a leg disorder, in chicks; can be replaced by choline and manganese salts.[36][37][47]
Vitamin BT: carnitine.[48][36]
Vitamin Bv: a type of B6 other than pyridoxine.
Vitamin BW: a type of biotin other than d-biotin.
Vitamin Bx: an alternative name for both pABA (see vitamin B10) and pantothenic acid.[36][41]


document_title: List of countries bordering on two or more oceans

question_text: what south american country is bordered by two oceans

text: This is a list of countries which border two or more oceans, including both sovereign states and dependencies, provided the same contiguous territory borders on more than one of the five named oceans, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic.[1] Countries which border on multiple oceans because of discontiguous regions are excluded here but included in the list of transcontinental countries.

text: List[edit]

text:
Continent
Country
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Polar Oceans
Oceans
Transit

10 !Africa
 South Africa

South Atlantic
Indian Ocean
Southern Ocean
2 or 3[a]
Cape of Good Hope

25 !Africa &
Asia
 Egypt

Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea

2
isthmus-canal !Suez Canal

30 !Asia
 Israel

Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea

2

30 !Asia
 Thailand
Gulf of Thailand

Andaman Sea

2
isthmus-canal !Kra Canal (proposed)

30 !Asia
 Malaysia
South China Sea

Andaman Sea

2
Strait of Malacca

30 !Asia
 Indonesia
Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean

2
Strait of Malacca

30 !Asia
 East Timor
Savu Sea, Flores Sea

Timor Sea

2

35 !Asia &
Europe
 Russia
North Pacific
Black Sea
Baltic Sea

Arctic Ocean
3
Trans-Siberian Railway

40 !Europe
 Norway

Norwegian Sea

Barents Sea
2

50 !North America
 Greenland[b]

North Atlantic

Arctic Ocean
2

50 !North America
 Canada
North Pacific
North Atlantic

Arctic Ocean
3
Canadian Pacific Railway

50 !North America
 United States
North Pacific

Arctic Ocean
2[c]

50 !North America
 United States
North Pacific
North Atlantic

2[c]
First Transcontinental Railroad

50 !North America
 Mexico
Pacific Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
Caribbean Sea

2
isthmus !Tehuantepec route

50 !North America
 Guatemala
Pacific Ocean
Gulf of Honduras

2

50 !North America
 Honduras
Gulf of Fonseca
Caribbean Sea

2

50 !North America
 Nicaragua
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea

2
isthmus-canal !Nicaragua Canal (proposed)

50 !North America
 Costa Rica
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea

2

55 !North America &
South America[d]
 Panama
Gulf of Panama
Caribbean Sea

2
isthmus-canal !Panama Canal

60 !South America
 Colombia
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea

2

60 !South America
 Chile
South Pacific
Straits of Magellan

Southern Ocean
2 or 3[e]

60 !South America
 Argentina

South Atlantic

Drake Passage
1 or 2[f]

70 !Australia
 Australia
South Pacific

Indian Ocean
Southern Ocean
2 or 3[g]

80 !Antarctica

South Pacific
South Atlantic
Indian Ocean
Southern Ocean
2.5 !3 or 1[h]

text:
Jump up ^ South Africa borders on three oceans if the Southern Ocean is considered to extend to its shores, but only on two otherwise.
Jump up ^ Greenland is part of Denmark.
^ Jump up to: a b Although Alaska and the Lower 48 each border on two oceans, no single contiguous US territory borders on three oceans.
Jump up ^ The boundary between North and South America is somewhat arbitrary. Although atlases today generally show Panama entirely within North America, some 19th century atlases showed the continental boundary along the border between Costa Rica and Panama, which was then part of Colombia.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ Chile borders on three oceans if the Southern and Atlantic Oceans are considered to meet in its territory, but only on two otherwise.
Jump up ^ Argentina borders on two oceans if the Drake Passage is counted as part of the Southern Ocean, but only on one if it is considered part of the South Atlantic.
Jump up ^ Australia borders on three oceans if the Southern Ocean is considered to extend that far north, but only on two otherwise.
Jump up ^ Antarctica is included on this list although not a country. If the Southern ocean is considered a separate ocean, it borders on only that one ocean. If, however, the Southern Ocean is considered to be merely part of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, Antarctica borders on all three.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Cricket World Cup finals

question_text: which team won first world cup in cricket

text: List of Cricket World Cup finals

text: History[edit]

text: The inaugural ICC Cricket World Cup final was held on 21 June 1975 at Lord's, contested by Australia and the West Indies.  A man of the match performance,[11] including a century from West Indian captain Clive Lloyd coming in to bat at number five with his team 50/3,[12] formed the basis of a 149-run fourth-wicket partnership with Rohan Kanhai.[13] Keith Boyce added a quick 34 and the Australians were set a target of 292 to win in a 60-over encounter.  In reply, Alan Turner hit 40 from 54 deliveries and Australian captain Ian Chappell scored 62 from 93 balls.  Australia "contributed to their own destruction" in an innings with five run outs, and the West Indies were crowned the first cricket world champions, winning by 17 runs.[14]  Four years later, the West Indies qualified for the final, this time facing England, hosted at Lord's for the second consecutive tournament. An unbeaten 138 from Viv Richards, and support from Collis King in a 139-run partnership for the fifth wicket,[15] saw the West Indies set England a target of 287 runs to win in 60 overs.[16]  A profitable yet slow opening partnership between Mike Brearley and Geoffrey Boycott (the latter taking 17 overs to reach double figures)[17] saw England to 129.  However, following Brearley's dismissal, only Graham Gooch and Derek Randall made a "brief assault" on the West Indian bowling,[17] before a batting collapse, Joel Garner taking five wickets in eleven balls.[18] England ended 194 all out, and presented the West Indies with their second consecutive title, winning by 92 runs.[17]

text: Lord's re-hosted the third World Cup final in June 1983, and was West Indies' third consecutive final. On this occasion, they faced India in front of 24,609 spectators.[19] Sunil Gavaskar was dismissed early in the innings for two runs, and only Kris Srikkanth scored more than thirty;[20] Andy Roberts took three wickets for the West Indies leaving India all out for 183.[20]  Following the dismissals of Viv Richards, Desmond Haynes and Larry Gomes by  Madan Lal for six runs between them, the West Indies collapsed to 140 all out, handing the title to India by 43 runs.[19]  India and Pakistan co-hosted the 1987 tournament; the final was held at Eden Gardens in Kolkata between Australia and England, both appearing for the second time and vying for their first title. Australia won the toss and elected to bat first; David Boon scored 75 runs from 125 deliveries, while Mike Veletta made a rapid 45 from 31 deliveries taking Australia to a total of 253/5 by the close of play, this time after 50 overs.[21]  In front of around 70,000 spectators, England's middle order of Bill Athey, Mike Gatting and Allan Lamb provided some resistance, but with 17 runs required in the final over to win, England fell short and lost by 7 runs.[22]

text: The 1992 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand, with the first ever day/night final being held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia between England and Pakistan.  In their first final appearance, Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat first.  Despite two early wickets from Derek Pringle, Pakistani batsmen Imran Khan and Javed Miandad shared a third-wicket partnership of 139.  Both Inzamam-ul-Haq and Wasim Akram added over thirty runs each at more than a run-a-ball, leading Pakistan to a total of 249/6 in 50 overs.[23] A crowd of over 87,000 saw man-of-the-match Wasim Akram take three of England's wickets, including that of all-rounder Ian Botham for a duck, after Graeme Hick was "baffled by the googly".[24] England were bowled out for 227, and Pakistan won by 22 runs.[23]  India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka hosted the tournament in 1996. Sri Lanka was making their first appearance in the final, and faced 1987 champions Australia in another day/night contest.  After winning the toss, Arjuna Ranatunga sent Australia in to bat at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore. Captain Mark Taylor and Ricky Ponting added 101 in their second-wicket partnership as Australia completed their 50 overs 241/7.[25]  Man of the match Aravinda de Silva's century, assisted by partnerships with Asanka Gurusinha and Ranatunga led Sri Lanka to the total with 22 balls and 7 wickets to spare, and their first win in the final. This was the first time a host won the title, though the final was played in Pakistan. It was also the first time that the team batting second emerged victorious.[25]

text: Australia's "12-year era of World Cup dominance" began with the 1999 tournament,[26] hosted for the fourth time by England. In a "one-sided" final,[27] Shane Warne's four wickets helped to restrict Pakistan to 132 runs, all out with 11 overs yet to bat.[28]  A rapid fifty from Adam Gilchrist, and support from Mark Waugh, Ponting and Darren Lehmann, saw Australia reach the total in just over 20 overs, winning by eight wickets.[28]  The 2003 tournament had three co-hosts: South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe, the final being a day/night match contested between Australia and India at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg.  Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden opened the batting, making a century partnership before Ponting and Damien Martin went on to score the highest partnership in any World Cup final with an unbeaten 234.[29]  Australia batted out their fifty overs, and ended on the highest score in World Cup final history: 359/2.[30]  Player of the tournament Sachin Tendulkar was dismissed in the first over of India's reply but Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid combined to score 88 in their fourth wicket partnership.  However, following Dravid's dismissal, India's batting collapsed, and they finished on 234 all out with nearly eleven overs remaining, handing Australia a 125-run victory.[30]

text: The 2007 final, held at the Kensington Oval in Barbados, was reduced to 38 overs a side following a two-hour rain delay.[31]  Australia's Gilchrist hit the fastest century in a World Cup final at a strike rate of over 143 and his opening stand with Hayden became the largest first-wicket partnership in World Cup history.[29] Australia ended on 281/4, an average of 7.39 runs per over.[32]  In reply, Sanath Jayasuriya and Kumar Sangakkara accumulated 116 runs for the second wicket, but with Chamara Silva the only other batsman to score over 20, Sri Lanka capitulated.  Despite a revised target, due to a further rain break, calculated using the Duckworth–Lewis method, Sri Lanka scored 215–8 from their allotted overs. With a 53-run victory, Australia won their third consecutive World Cup.[32]  Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka co-hosted the 2011 tournament,[33] with the latter pair meeting in the final in the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai.  Scoring 91 runs in their final 10 overs,[34] Sri Lanka's innings ended on 274/6, Mahela Jayawardene top-scoring with an unbeaten 103.[35]  Sehwag was out leg before wicket to Lasith Malinga in the second ball of the Indian innings, Tendulkar soon followed him, but 97 from Gautam Gambhir and an unbeaten 91 from MS Dhoni saw India home with 10 balls to spare. By winning the match, India became the first team to win the finals on home soil.[35]

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key to list of finals

The final was played as a day/night game.

The final was decided by the Duckworth–Lewis method.

text:
The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and links to the article about that tournament.
The links in the "Result" column point to the article about that tournament's final game.
Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national cricket teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.

text:
List of finals, along with the host nation and location and result of the final

Year

Winner

Result

Runner-up

Final venue

Host nation(s)[2]

Crowd

1975

 West Indies291/8 (60 overs)

West Indies won by 17 runs[11]

 Australia274 all out (58.4 overs)

Lord's, London

England
24,000

1979

 West Indies286/9 (60 overs)

West Indies won by 92 runs[16]

 England194 all out (51 overs)

Lord's, London

England
32,000

1983

 India183 all out (54.4 overs)

India won by 43 runs[20]

 West Indies140 all out (52 overs)

Lord's, London

England
30,000

1987

 Australia253/5 (50 overs)

Australia won by 7 runs[21]

 England246/8 (50 overs)

Eden Gardens, Kolkata, India

India, Pakistan
95,000

1992

 Pakistan249/6 (50 overs)

Pakistan won by 22 runs[23]

 England227 all out (49.2 overs)

MCG, Melbourne, Australia

Australia, New Zealand
87,182

1996

 Sri Lanka245/3 (46.2 overs)

Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets[25]

 Australia241/7 (50 overs)

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore, Pakistan

India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
62,645

1999

 Australia133/2 (20.1 overs)

Australia won by 8 wickets[28]

 Pakistan132 all out (39 overs)

Lord's, London

England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands
30,000

2003

 Australia359/2 (50 overs)

Australia won by 125 runs[30]

 India234 all out (39.2 overs)

Wanderers, Johannesburg, South Africa

Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe
32,827

2007

 Australia281/4 (38 overs)

Australia won by 53 runs [32]

 Sri Lanka215/8 (36 overs)

Kensington Oval, Bridgetown

West Indies
28,108

2011

 India277/4 (48.2 overs)

India won by 6 wickets[35]

 Sri Lanka274/6 (50 overs)

Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India

Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka
65,000

2015

 Australia186/3 (33.1 overs)

Australia won by 7 wickets

 New Zealand183 all out (45 overs)

MCG, Melbourne, Australia

Australia, New Zealand
93,013

text: Results by country[edit]

text:
National team

Final appearances

Winners

Runners-up

Years won

Years runners-up

 Australia

7

5

2

1987, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015

1975, 1996

 India

3

2

1

1983, 2011,

2003

 West Indies

3

2

1

1975, 1979

1983

 Sri Lanka

3

1

2

1996

2007, 2011

 Pakistan

2

1

1

1992

1999

 England

3

0

3

–

1979, 1987, 1992

 New Zealand

1

0

1

–

2015