document_title: Walt Longmire

question_text: who does vic get pregnant by in longmire

root

text: Walt Longmire

text: Walt Longmire Mysteries[edit]

text:
Walt Longmire

Walt Longmire Mysteries character

First appearance
"The Cold Dish"
December 29, 2004

Created by
Craig Johnson

Information

Full name
Walter Longmire

Species
Human

Gender
Male

Occupation
Sheriff

Title
Sheriff of Absaroka County, WY

Spouse(s)
Martha Longmire (deceased)

Children
Unborn daughter† (miscarried)
Cady Longmire (daughter)

Relatives
Lola Longmire Moretti (granddaughter)
Michael Moretti† (son-in-law)

Nationality
American

Police career

Department
Absaroka County Sheriff's Department

Years of service
1972–Present

Rank
Sheriff

tag: table

text: History[edit]

text: A native of Durant, Wyoming (the county seat of Absaroka County), Walt attended the University of Southern California, where he played offensive lineman for the USC Trojans and graduated with a degree in English literature. He was then drafted by the Marine Corps and completed boot camp at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island and OCS at Marine Corps Base Quantico. He was assigned to the 1st Marine Division as a Military Police Officer, and served in country at Tan Son Nhut Air Base during the Vietnam War.[1] He served in the Marines for four years, and earned, among other decorations, the Navy Cross, Silver Star, Bronze Star, and Purple Heart.[2] After serving in Vietnam, Walt spent six weeks assigned as security at Johnston Atoll.[3]

tag: p

text: Upon his discharge from the Marines, Walt spent some time working at an oil rig in Anchorage, Alaska before returning home to Wyoming where he was hired by Sheriff Lucian Connally as a deputy sheriff in 1972.[4] Walt was elected as the Absaroka County Sheriff after Lucian all but threw the race and decided to retire.[5]

text: In the series[edit]

text: In the first book, "The Cold Dish", it is mentioned that Walt has been the Sheriff of Absaroka County and plans to run for reelection again the following year. He investigates the murders of two white teenagers who had been found not guilty of raping a local Indian girl, Melissa Little Bird.

text: In "Death Without Company", Walt investigates the death of a Basque woman who was, for a few hours in the 1940s, married to Lucian before her family had the marriage annulled. It is also mentioned that during his tenure as Sheriff "of the least populated county in the least populated state in the union", there have been five murders in Absaroka County with three of them taking place since 2004 (in "The Cold Dish" and "Death Without Company").[6]

text: In "Kindness Goes Unpunished", Walt visited Cady in Philadelphia, where he joined forces with the Philadelphia Police Department to investigate an assault on Cady that left her in a coma.[2]

text: In "Another Man's Moccasins", Walt investigates the murder of a young Vietnamese woman, which reminds him of his first murder investigation – the death of a prostitute outside of Tan Son Nhut Air Base by an American officer in 1968.[7]

text: In "The Dark Horse", Walt goes undercover as an insurance investigator from Billings, Montana, in Campbell County, Wyoming (at the unofficial request of the Campbell County Sheriff) to determine if a woman truly murdered her husband, a man with a dubious past and a gift for making enemies, after he allegedly burned down their barn and killed their horses for the insurance money.[8]

text: In "Hell is Empty", Walt became lost on the Big Horn Mountains with a federal prisoner/serial killer.[9] (This book was later adapted into the Longmire season 2 episode "Unquiet Mind".)

text: In "As the Crow Flies", Walt assists the newly-appointed Chief of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation Tribal Police, Iraq War veteran Lolo Long, with the investigation into the death of a young woman who fell from a cliff with her child in her arms, while simultaneously preparing for Cady's wedding.[10]

text: In "A Serpent's Tooth", Walt deals with a multi-state polygamous cult when he tries to help a Mormon "lost boy" that leads to Big Oil, the Central Intelligence Agency, and a Mexican drug cartel which ultimately costs the life of one of his deputies and the grievous injury of another.[11]

text: In "Spirit of Steamboat", Walt flashes back to Christmas Eve 1988 (his second month as Sheriff) when he and Lucian, a World War II veteran of the 38th Bombardment Group, transported an injured girl (the sole survivor of a car accident) from Durant to Denver during a snowstorm in a decommissioned North American B-25 Mitchell.[5]

text: In "Any Other Name", Walt investigates the suicide of a Campbell County Sheriff's Investigator at the request of Lucian and Sheriff Sandy Sandburg, which nearly causes him to miss the birth of his grandchild in Philadelphia.[3]

text: In "Dry Bones", Walt deals with the discovery of a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton on Native American land within his county and the subsequent death of the property's owner, resulting in a joint investigation with the FBI under the scrutiny of the newly-announced Deputy United States Attorney for the District of Wyoming. In the middle of the investigation, Walt learns that his son-in-law, Officer Michael Moretti, was killed in the line of duty in Philadelphia; although he desperately wants to fly east and assist in the investigation, he remains stuck in Durant to complete his own case (however, he does allow Vic–Michael's sister–to take a leave of absence).[12]

text: During his career, he has become well-respected by not only his county, but also by the Wyoming State Attorney General's Office (including the Attorney General, Joe Meyer, himself), the DCI, and even the Governor of Wyoming.[2] It is later mentioned, somewhat jokingly, that if a police officer is murdered in Wyoming, Walt Longmire is on the case.

text: As Sheriff, Walt carries a M1911A1 in .45 ACP (the same one he used in the Marine Corps) as his primary weapon, and drives a pickup truck that he calls the Silver Bullet (or just Bullet).[13]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Walt is a widower; Martha, his wife, died from cancer. With Martha he had a daughter, Cady, who is now an attorney in Philadelphia. In "As the Crow Flies", Walt mentions that he dated Martha before he was drafted, and that their relationship resumed after he came home from the War. The two eloped and were married by a justice of the peace in Miles City, Montana when her father refused to pay for a big church wedding. In the same book, Cady married Philadelphia Police Officer Michael Moretti, the brother of Walt's undersheriff, Vic Moretti, on the Rez; she and Michael had been seeing each other since "Kindness Goes Unpunished" and engaged since "The Dark Horse". In "Any Other Name", Cady gave birth to a daughter, Lola Longmire Moretti. In "The Western Star", it is revealed that Walt and Martha first got pregnant in 1972, but they lost the baby via a first-trimester miscarriage.[4]

text: Walt's closest friend and confidant is Henry Standing Bear. They have been friends since they were 12 years old, and both went to Vietnam (although Henry was a member of the United States Army Special Forces while Walt was a Marine MP) where they were both highly decorated. When Cady was born, Walt appointed Henry her godfather.

text: After Cady was assaulted in Philadelphia, he and Vic (who were assisting the police in the investigation) had sex. In the aftermath, Walt mentions that he has only had sex with six women in his life.[2] The two continued their relationship after returning to Durant; in "A Serpent's Tooth", Walt learns from the doctor that Vic was pregnant, but lost the baby after being stabbed during the confrontation with Tomás Bidarte. As of "Any Other Name", neither Walt nor Vic know that the other is aware of the pregnancy, but in "Dry Bones", Vic reveals that she knows Walt had been told.

text: Deputies[edit]

text: In the books, Walt is assisted in his duties by a number of deputy sheriffs.

text:
Undersheriff Victoria "Vic" Moretti, ACSD – Walt's second-in-command and named successor, she moved to Wyoming two years before "The Cold Dish" with her husband (whom she has since divorced) from South Philadelphia; she has a degree in Law enforcement from Temple University and is slowly-but-surely working on her Master's, and spent over four years as a patrol officer on the Philadelphia Police Department.
Deputy Sheriff Jim Ferguson, ACSD – Part-time deputy/head of search and rescue/volunteer fireman; Ferg has been on the job since at least 1988.
Deputy Sheriff Turk Connally, ACSD – Lucian's nephew who Walt hired as a favor to his old boss; he transferred from the Powder Junction Substation to the Wyoming Highway Patrol at the end of "The Cold Dish"
Deputy Sheriff Santiago "Sancho" Saizarbitoria, ACSD – A former corrections officer hired in "Death Without Company"
Deputy Sheriff Jess "Double Tough" Aliff, ACSD – Deputy-in-Charge of the Powder Junction Substation in the southern part of the county; he was badly injured in "A Serpent's Tooth"
Deputy Sheriff Chuck Frymyer, ACSD – Hired as a deputy for the Powder Junction Substation in the southern part of the county in "Kindness Goes Unpunished"; he was murdered in "A Serpent's Tooth"

tag: ul

text: Walt also frequently consults with T.J. "Little Lady" Sherwin, the director of the Wyoming Division of Criminal Investigation's lab unit.

text: In addition, Ruby (no family name given) runs the sheriff's office and serves as dispatcher, and retired Sheriff Lucian Connally works part-time as the dispatcher on the weekends.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: To date, Walt has appeared in the following books:

text:
The Cold Dish – December 29, 2004
Death Without Company – September 2006
Kindness Goes Unpunished – March 15, 2007
Another Man's Moccasins – May 26, 2009
The Dark Horse – May 25, 2010
Junkyard Dogs – October 22, 2010
Hell is Empty – October 7, 2011
"Divorce Horse" (eBook) – April 16, 2012
"Christmas in Absaroka County" (eBook) – December 4, 2012
"Messenger" (eBook) – April 23, 2013
As the Crow Flies – May 28, 2013
A Serpent's Tooth – June 4, 2013
Spirit of Steamboat – October 17, 2013
Any Other Name – May 13, 2014
Wait for Signs: Twelve Longmire Stories – October 21, 2014
Dry Bones – May 12, 2015
The Highwayman – May 17, 2016
An Obvious Fact – September 13, 2016
The Western Star – September 5, 2017

tag: ol

text: Longmire (TV series)[edit]

text:
Walt Longmire

Longmire character

First appearance
"Pilot" (Longmire)
June 3, 2012

Portrayed by
Robert Taylor

Information

Full name
Walter Longmire

Species
Human

Gender
Male

Occupation
Sheriff

Title
Sheriff of Absaroka County, WY

Spouse(s)
Martha Longmire (d. 2011)

Significant other(s)

Dr. Donna Monaghan
Victoria Moretti

Children
Cady Longmire (daughter)

Nationality
American

Police career

Department
Absaroka County Sheriff's Department

Rank
Sheriff

text: History[edit]

text: Absaroka County native Walt Longmire is the well-respected sheriff that resides there. When the series begins, it is believed by most that his wife, Martha Longmire, died of cancer.

text: His father was a rancher who managed the stables of Absaroka County's most wealthy family, the Van Blarcoms.[14] He is a graduate of Durant High School Class of '81, and his football jersey still hangs in the school's trophy case.

text: In their 20s, he and Henry worked at Prudhoe Bay Oil Field in Alaska.[15]

text: Walt has been the Sheriff of Absaroka County since at least 2005; his immediate predecessor is Sheriff Lucian Connally (Peter Weller), the uncle of Branch.

text: In 2010, Walt arrested Malachi Strand (Graham Greene), the Chief of the Cheyenne Reservation Tribal Police, for extortion; he also has an adversarial relationship with the current CRTP Chief, Mathias (Zahn McClarnon), although the two have a bond of mutual respect.

text: On the series[edit]

text: Laconic and introspective with a strong sense of duty and justice, Walt is a throwback to the iconic lone hero of classical Westerns. He is an able detective, who has a knack for finding the truth behind the various crimes that have been committed in his county.

text: As the series starts in 2012, Walt is slowly coming out of a deep grieving period where he delegated most of the day-to-day police duties to Deputies Branch Connally (Bailey Chase), "The Ferg" Ferguson (Adam Bartley), and Victoria "Vic" Moretti (Katee Sackhoff). This is complicated by Branch running against Walt in the upcoming Sheriff election.[16]

text: Walt is investigated by Denver PD Detective Fales (Charles S. Dutton) for the murder of Miller Beck, a meth-head who was suspected of murdering Walt's wife, Martha Longmire. It is revealed that Fales is pushing the case of Beck, a drug-using suspected mugger and killer, so hard because of Fales' own experience with a small-town sheriff, whose racism and abuse of authority left Fales with a deep distrust of those particular law enforcement officers.[17]

text: In 2015, after killing Barlow Connally (Gerald McRaney) on his own front porch, Walt spends six weeks on administrative leave while the death is investigated by the FBI.[15] A number of weeks later, Walt learns that he is being sued for wrongful death by Barlow's estate.[18]

text: As Sheriff, Walt carries a Colt Government Model in .45 ACP and a Winchester Model 1894 in .30-30 as his primary weapons, and drives a Ford Bronco as his duty vehicle. He does not own a cell phone (although he will on numerous occasions borrow one from his deputies or Henry) and takes his calls on a land line at home or in the office or over the radio in his vehicle.

text: Kill count[edit]

text: On the TV series, Walt has been forced to use deadly force on a number of occasions.

text:
Chance Gilbert’s brother – Shot[19]
Dan Estes – Shot ("Pilot")
Octavio Mora – Shot[20]
Wayne Durell – Beaten[21]
Zip – Shot[22]
David Ridges – Stabbed[23]
Barlow Connally – Shot[24]
One of Malachi Strand's Henchmen – Shot ("Goodbye Is Always Implied")
Brian O'Keane – Shot ("Goodbye Is Always Implied")
Malachi Strand – Shot ("Goodbye Is Always Implied")

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Walt was married for 25 years to Martha Longmire, with whom he has a daughter, Cady (Cassidy Freeman), an attorney. Martha was diagnosed with cancer in the late 2000s/early 2010s, and died in 2011. Although Walt let everybody (including Cady) assume it was the cancer that took her life, Martha was murdered in an apparent mugging in Denver, Colorado, by a man named Miller Beck. During his own investigation into his wife's death, Walt learned that Beck was hired to kill Martha, and then he was killed shortly thereafter to prevent him from talking to Walt. In "High Noon", Walt got a drunken confession out of Barlow Connally admitting to killing his own son and having Martha murdered; in the ensuing confrontation, Walt fatally shot Barlow and avenged his deputy and his wife.[24]

text: In "Highway Robbery", Walt asks out Dr. Donna Sue Monaghan (Ally Walker), a psychiatrist who works for the VA in Sheridan, Wyoming.[25]

text: Walt's closest friend and confidant is Henry Standing Bear. They have been friends since they were 12 years old. When Cady was born, Walt appointed Henry her godfather.

text: Recently prior to the date when the show starts, Walt hired Vic Moretti, a former Philadelphia PD homicide detective, as a Deputy Sheriff. The two are believed by many to be having an affair, including at one point Vic's husband, Sean Keegan (Michael Mosley). In the Season 6 finale Walt and Vic finally realise and admit their feelings for one another and begin a relationship.

text: Walt's relationship with the Cheyenne Nation is strained, but Walt is still liked by many members of its community.

text: Deputies[edit]

text: On the series, Walt is assisted with his duties by three deputy sheriffs. After Branch's death, Walt hires Zachary Heflin, but fires him after he assaults a rejected deputy applicant who was stalking him.

text:
Deputy Sheriff Branch Connally, ACSD (2008–2014, suspended; killed by Barlow Connally)
Deputy Sheriff Archie "The Ferg" Ferguson, ACSD (2011–present)
Deputy Sheriff Victoria "Vic" Moretti, ACSD (2011–present)
Deputy Sheriff Zachary "Zack" Heflin, ACSD (2015, fired; rehired, 2017)

text: In addition, Deputy Sheriff Eamonn O'Neill was on loan from Cumberland County to assist the office when both Walt and Branch were otherwise occupied, leaving Vic to run day to day affairs.

text: Also, Ruby (no last name specified) runs the sheriff's office and serves as dispatcher.

text: Differences between the books and TV series[edit]

text: Among the key differences between the books and the TV series are the character's age and backstory. In the books, it is established that Walt is a college graduate and Vietnam War veteran, and has been the Absaroka County Sheriff since the early 1980s. However, on the TV show, no mention have been made or alluded to of a college or a military career (although those haven't been ruled out, either), and Walt's age has been established multiple times, via his having graduated from high school in 1981 and having been friends with Henry since they were 12 years old, 38 years earlier.

text: In a significant departure from the books, on the show, Walt's wife Martha did not die from cancer. Although she was diagnosed with the disease, in the TV series she was murdered, and the associated details are slowly revealed over several seasons, significantly affecting Walt's relationships with his deputy Branch and the Connally family.

text: While the TV series portrays Vic as being interested in Walt, her feelings aren't reciprocated like they are in the books. Instead, the TV series has Walt slowly recovering from losing his wife, unable or unwilling to maintain a relationship with a woman called Lizzie Ambrose, before finally showing enough interest in a member of the opposite sex to actively court Dr. Donna Sue Monaghan. Only as the show draws to a close does Walt start a relationship with Vic.

text: In the books, Absaroka County sees five murders in 24 years. The TV series sees 27 confirmed murders in the two first seasons alone.[26]


document_title: Lady and the Tramp

question_text: what kind of dog is trusty in lady and the tramp

text: Lady and the Tramp

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Christmas morning, 1909, in a quaint Midwestern town, Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady. Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs, Jock, a Scottish terrier, and Trusty, a bloodhound. Meanwhile, across town, a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own, dining on scraps from Tony's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg (a Pekingese) and Bull (a bulldog) from the local dogcatcher. One day, Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly. Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby. While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is, Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter, making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard. As Tramp leaves, he reminds Lady that "when the baby moves in, the dog moves out."

text: Eventually, the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant, of whom Lady grows fond. Soon after, Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip, with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby and the house. Aunt Sarah's two trouble-making Siamese cats, Si and Am, deliberately mess up the house and trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them. Aunt Sarah then takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle. Terrifed, Lady flees, only to be pursued by a trio of stray dogs. Tramp rescues her, fighting off the vicious strays, and finds a beaver at the local zoo who can remove the muzzle. Later, Tramp shows Lady how he lives "footloose and collar-free", eventually leading into a candlelit dinner at Tony's. Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp, but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby. Tramp offers to escort Lady back home, but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun, Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound. While at the pound, the other dogs (including Peg and Bull, who have been caught) reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and feel it is unlikely he will ever settle down. Lady is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah, who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away.

text: Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady, but when Tramp arrives to apologize, Lady angrily confronts him about his past girlfriends and failure to rescue her from the pound. Tramp sadly leaves, but immediately thereafter a rat sneaks into the house. Lady sees the rat and barks frantically at it, but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet. Tramp hears her barking and rushes back, entering the house and cornering the rat in the nursery. Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery, where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the baby's crib before ultimately killing the rat. The commotion alerts Aunt Sarah, who sees both dogs in the room and thinks they are trying to harm the baby. She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement, then calls the pound to take Tramp away. Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs, and when they release Lady, she leads them to the dead rat. Overhearing everything, Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catcher's wagon. The dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses, causing the wagon to crash. Jim Dear arrives in a taxi with Lady, and she reunites with Tramp, but their joy is short-lived when they find Trusty pinned underneath the wagon's wheel, motionless, with Jock howling mournfully.

text: That Christmas, Tramp has been adopted into the family, and he and Lady have started their own family, with three daughters who look like Lady and a son who looks similar to Tramp. Jock comes to see the family along with Trusty, who is still alive and merely suffered a broken leg, which is still healing. Thanks to the puppies, Trusty has a fresh audience for his old stories about his Grandpappy Old Reliable, but he has forgotten them.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Barbara Luddy as Lady, an American Cocker Spaniel.
Larry Roberts as Tramp, a mongrel with a knack for dodging dog-catchers and the ability to pick locks with his nose. He calls Lady "Pidge", short for Pigeon, which he calls her due to her naivety. He never refers to himself by name, although most of the film's canine cast refer to him as the Tramp. It is not until the sequel in which any humans call him Tramp, and it is never explained why they "name" him with the very name he was known by on the streets. Tramp had other names in the film, and when asked by Lady about having a family, Tramp states that he has, "One for every day of the week. Point is, none of them have me." Each family mentioned called him a different name (such as Mike or Fritzi). The families also had different nationalities (such as Irish or German). As he did not belong to a single family, Tramp implied that it was easier than the baby problems Lady was going through at the time.
Bill Thompson as Jock, a Scottish Terrier who is one of Lady's neighbors. Thompson also voiced Joe, Tony's assistant chef; Bull, a stray male bulldog from the dog pound who speaks with a slight Cockney-Australian accent; Dachsie, a stray male dachshund at the dog pound who speaks with a German accent; and a policeman.
Bill Baucom as Trusty, a bloodhound who used to track criminals with his Grandpappy, Old Reliable, until he lost his sense of smell.
Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah, Darling's aunt (revealed to be the sister of Darling's mother in the Greene novelization of the film) who comes to take care of the baby when Jim Dear and Darling leave for a few days. She is a well-meaning busybody of a maiden aunt who adores her Siamese cats, but does not believe that dogs should be around babies. She blames both Lady and Tramp for the baby's crib being knocked over, not knowing that they were actually protecting the baby from a vicious rat. However, she sends a box of dog biscuits for Christmas in the final scene of the film in a presumed attempt to make amends for her mistreatment of the two dogs.
George Givot as Tony, owner and chef of Tony's Italian restaurant. He and Joe both have great affection for Tramp.
Lee Millar as Jim Dear, the fatherly human figure and Darling's husband. Millar also voiced the Dogcatcher.
Peggy Lee as Darling, the motherly human figure and Jim Dear's wife. Lee also voiced Si and Am, Aunt's Sarah's twin Siamese cats with a knack for mischief and never-ending trouble; and Peg, a stray female Pekingese whom Lady meets at the pound (along with the other dog inmates she was put in a cage with). The names of Si and Am are a play on the country of Siam and the idea of "Siamese twins", the terminology of the time for conjoined twins. It is implied that Peg had a relationship with Tramp in the past, through the lyrics of the song she sings (He's a Tramp). Peg was formerly from the "Dog and Pony Follies" (dog and pony show); either the show ended or she was left behind. Peg has a Brooklyn Accent.
Stan Freberg as the beaver, a clever, hard-working beaver at the zoo who speaks with a lisp. He gnaws off the muzzle that Aunt Sarah had placed upon Lady after Tramp realizes that the muzzle is just what the beaver needs for pulling logs. This character would later serve as the inspiration for Gopher from Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966), down to the speech pattern (a whistling sound when he makes the "S" sound). Stan Freberg, who voiced the beaver in the film, had an extensive background in commercial and comedy recording voice overs and soundtracks. On the 2-Disc Platinum Edition DVD he demonstrates how it was done and that a whistle was eventually used because it was hard to continue repeating the effect.
Alan Reed as Boris, a stray male Borzoi from the dog pound. He speaks with a Russian accent.
Thurl Ravenscroft as Al the alligator
Dallas McKennon as Toughy, a stray male mutt from the dog pound. He speaks with a slight Brooklyn accent, like Peg. McKennon also voiced Pedro, a stray male Chihuahua from the dog pound who speaks with a Mexican accent; a professor, and a laughing hyena.
The Mellomen (Thurl Ravenscroft, Bill Lee, Max Smith, Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens) as Dog Chorus

text: Production[edit]

text: Story development[edit]

text: In 1937, Disney story man Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady, and how she got "shoved aside" by Joe's new baby. He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady. Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature titled Lady.[4] Through the late 1930s and early 1940s, Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story, taking a variety of approaches, but Disney was not pleased with any of them, primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet, and there was not enough action.[4]

text: Walt Disney read the short story written by Ward Greene, "Happy Dan The Cynical Dog", in Cosmopolitan magazine, published in 1945.[5][6] He thought that Grant's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene's story, and bought the rights to it.[7] The cynical dog had various names during development, including Homer, Rags, and Bozo, before "Tramp" was chosen.[5]

text: The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned. Lady was to have only one next-door neighbor, a Ralph Bellamy-type canine named Hubert. Hubert was later replaced with Jock and Trusty. Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother-in-law. In the final film, she is softened to a busybody who, though antagonistic towards Lady and Tramp, is well-meaning (she sends a packet of dog biscuits to the dogs at Christmas to apologize for mistreating them). Aunt Sarah's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am.[5] Originally, Lady's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth. These were changed to highlight Lady's point of view. They were briefly referred to as "Mister" and "Missis" before settling on the names "Jim Dear" and "Darling". To maintain a dog's perspective, Darling and Jim's faces are rarely shown, similar to Mammy Two Shoes in the Tom and Jerry cartoons. The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches, but became a great deal more frightening, due to the need to raise dramatic tension. A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says "Everybody knows, a dog's best friend is his human", Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched; the dogs are the masters and vice versa.[4] There was a love triangle among Lady, Tramp, and a Russian wolfhound named Boris (who appears in the dog pound in the final version).[8]

text: The film's opening sequence, in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside, is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box to make up for having previously forgotten a dinner date with her.[9]

text: In 1949, Grant left the studio, yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool.[4] A solid story began taking shape in 1953,[7] based on Grant's storyboards and Greene's short story.[4] Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself, at Walt Disney's insistence, so that audiences would be familiar with the story.[10] Grant did not receive film credit for his story work, an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition's behind-the-scenes vignette that explained Grant's role.[4]

text: Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the film.[11]

text: Animation[edit]

text: As they had done with deer on Bambi, the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs. Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best known scene from the film, Walt Disney was prepared to cut it, thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly. Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay-outs. Walt was impressed by Thomas's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept the scene in.[4] On viewing the first take of the scene, the animators felt that the action should be slowed down, so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create "half numbers" in between many of the original frames.[12]

text: Originally, the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film. However, she left the studio to become a children's book illustrator in 1953. Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist. Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling's house, and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog's view.[10] Eyvind Earle (who later became the art director of Disney's Sleeping Beauty) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the Bella Notte sequence and was a key contributor to the film.[10]

text: CinemaScope[edit]

text: Originally, Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio. However, due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie-goers, Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process.[5] This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators: the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups.[7] It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse.[5] Longer takes become necessary since constant jump-cutting would seem too busy or annoying.[3] Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique. Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them.[7] Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes, such as Tramp killing the rat.[3]

text: More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time. Upon learning this, Walt issued two versions of the film: one in widescreen, and another in the Academy ratio. This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen.[13]

text: Release[edit]

text: Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22, 1955. An episode of Disneyland called "A Story of Dogs" aired before the film's release.[14] The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962, 1972, 1980, and 1986. Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16–18, 2013.[15]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the United Kingdom in 1990. At the end of its initial home video release, it was reported to have sold more than three million copies becoming the best-selling videocassette at the time.[16] It went into moratorium on March 31, 1988.[17] It was released on VHS in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series. A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23, 1999 for a limited sixty-day time period.[18]

text: After the first release on video tapes, Peggy Lee sought performance and song royalties on the video sales. Disney CEO Michael Eisner refused, thus she filed suit in 1988. Eventually in 1992, the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about a 4% on the video sales.[11]

text: Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28, 2006, as the seventh installment of Disney's Platinum Editions series.[19] On its first day, one million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold.[20] The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31, 2007, along with the 2006 DVD re-issue of the film's sequel Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure.[21]

text: Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu-ray on February 7, 2012 as a part of Disney's Diamond Editions series.[22] A standalone 1-disc DVD edition was released on March 20, 2012.[23][24]

text: Lady and the Tramp was re-released on Digital HD on February 20, 2018 and on Blu-ray February 27, 2018 as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection Line.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: During its initial release, the film was initially panned by critics.[26] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times claimed the film was "not the best [Disney] has done in this line. The sentimentality is mighty, and the CinemaScope size does not make for any less aware of the thickness of the goo. It also magnifies the animation, so that the flaws and poor foreshortening are more plain. Unfortunately, and surprisingly, the artists' work is below par in this film."[27] Time wrote "Walt Disney has for so long parlayed gooey sentiment and stark horror into profitable cartoons that most moviegoers are apt to be more surprised than disappointed to discover that the combination somehow does not work this time."[28] However, Variety deemed the film "a delight for the juveniles and a joy for adults".[29]

text: However, the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic. Dave Kehr, writing for The Chicago Tribune gave the film four stars.[30] Animation historian Charles Solomon praised the film.[31] The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti — climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti — is considered an iconic scene in American film history.[32] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 90% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.7/10, based on 40 reviews. The website's consensus states, "A nostalgic charmer, Lady and the Tramp's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience."[33]

text: Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the "100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time" by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years...100 Passions special, as one of only two animated films to appear on the list, along with Disney's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th.[34] In 2010, Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all-time great Disney and Pixar soundtracks.[35] In June 2011, TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".[36]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its initial release, the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,[37] earning an estimated $6.5 million in domestic box office rentals.[38]

text: Lady and the Tramp has had a domestic lifetime gross of $93.6 million,[1][39] and a lifetime international gross of $187 million.[2]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Ceremony

Award

Result

1956

BAFTA Awards[40]

Best Animated Film

Nominated

David di Donatello Awards[41]

Best Foreign Producer(Walt Disney)

Won

2006

Satellite Awards[42]

Best Youth DVD

Nominated

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated[43]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – No. 95
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
He's a Tramp – Nominated[44]
AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[45]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Animated Film[46]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Lady and the TrampSoundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
9 September 1997Genre
ClassicalLength
48:00Label
Walt DisneyProducer
Ted Kryczko (executive)

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[47]

text: The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace. Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well.[5] In the film, she sings "La La Lu", "The Siamese Cat Song", and "He's a Tramp".[48] She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series, explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film's numbers.[5] These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set.

text: On November 16, 1988, Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract, claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music, arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions.[49] After a protracted legal battle, she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991.[50]

text: The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9, 1997, and was released as a digital download on September 26, 2006.[51]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleLength1."Main Title (Bella Notte) / The Wag of a Dog's Tail"2:032."Peace on Earth (Silent Night)"1:013."It Has a Ribbon / Lady to Bed / A Few Mornings Later"3:534."Sunday / The Rat / Morning Paper"1:445."A New Blue Collar / Lady Talks To Jock & Trusty / It's Jim Dear"3:176."What a Day! / Breakfast at Tony's"1:057."Warning / Breakout / Snob Hill / A Wee Bairn"2:448."Countdown to B-Day"2:059."Baby's First Morning / What Is a Baby / La La Lu"3:1110."Going Away / Aunt Sarah"1:5111."The Siamese Cat Song / What's Going on Down There?"2:3512."The Muzzle / Wrong Side of the Tracks"1:5413."You Poor Kid / He's Not My Dog"1:2314."Through the Zoo / A Log Puller"1:5915."Footloose and Collar-Free / A Night at the Restaurant / Bella Notte"4:2216."It's Morning / Ever Chase Chickens / Caught"2:5117."Home Sweet Home"1:3018."The Pound"1:2719."What a Dog / He's a Tramp"2:2420."In the Doghouse / The Rat Returns / Falsely Accused / We've Got to Stop That Wagon / Trusty's Sacrifice"6:0521."Watch the Birdie / Visitors"2:0522."Finale (Peace on Earth)"0:31Total length:48:00

text: Other media[edit]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On February 27, 2001, Disney Television Animation released a direct-to-video sequel to the film entitled Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure. Produced 46 years after its predecessor, the film centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp's only son, Scamp, who desires to be a wild dog. He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules. Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative, with critics panning its plot.

text: Live-action adaptation[edit]

text: A live-action remake of Lady and the Tramp is in active development for Disney's planned streaming service.[52] Charlie Bean will direct the film from a screenplay by Andrew Bujalski.[53][54] The film is set to begin shooting in Atlanta, Georgia and Savannah, Georgia in September 2018.[55] In July 2018, Ashley Jensen joined the cast as Jackie, a gender swapped version of Jock,[56] while Justin Theroux joined to voice Tramp.[57] By the end of the month Kiersey Clemons entered talks to portray Darling, Lady's owner.[58]


document_title: Lord Protector

question_text: the second lord protector of england scotland and ireland crossword

text: Lord Protector

text: Feudal Royal Regent[edit]

text: The title of "The Lord Protector" was originally used by royal princes or other nobles exercising an individual regency (i.e. not merely as a member of a collegial regency council) while the English monarch was still a minor or otherwise unable to rule.

text: Notable cases in England are:

text:
John, Duke of Bedford, and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, were (5 December 1422 – 6 November 1429) jointly Lords Protector for Henry VI (1421–1471);
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, was thrice (3 April 1454 – February 1455; 19 November 1455 – 25 February 1456; and 31 October – 30 December 1460) Lord Protector for Henry VI;
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was "Lord Protector of the Realm" (10 May 1483 – 26 June 1483), during the nominal reign of Edward V (one of the Princes in the Tower) before claiming the throne for himself as Richard III;
Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, was Lord Protector (4 February 1547 – 11 October 1549), during the early years of the reign of the young Edward VI;

text: and in Scotland:

text:
John Stuart, Duke of Albany, was "Governor and Protector of the Realm" (12 July 1515 – 16 November 1524) for James V of Scotland (1512–1542);
James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, was "Governor and Protector of the Kingdom" (3 January 1543 – 12 April 1554) for Mary, Queen of Scots.

text: Cromwellian Commonwealth[edit]

text:
Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland

Coat of arms

Richard Cromwell

Style
His Highness

Residence
Palace of Whitehall

Appointer
Hereditary

Formation
16 December 1653

First holder
Oliver Cromwell

Final holder
Richard Cromwell

Abolished
25 May 1659

text: The Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland was the title of the head of state during the Commonwealth[1] (or, to monarchists, the Interregnum), following the first period when a Council of State held executive power. The title was held by Oliver Cromwell[1] (December 1653 – September 1658) and subsequently his son and designated successor Richard Cromwell (September 1658 – May 1659) during what is now known as The Protectorate.

text: The 1653 Instrument of Government (republican constitution) stated that—

text: Oliver Cromwell, Captain-General of the forces of England, Scotland and Ireland, shall be, and is hereby declared to be, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the dominions thereto belonging, for his life.

text: The replacement constitution of 1657, the Humble Petition and Advice,[1] gave "His Highness the Lord Protector" the power to nominate his successor. Cromwell chose his eldest surviving son, the politically inexperienced Richard. This was a non-representative and de facto dynastic mode of succession, with royal connotations in both styles awarded, (even a double invocation 16 December 1653 – 3 September 1658 "By the Grace of God and Republic Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland") and many other monarchic prerogatives, such as that of awarding knighthoods.

text: The younger Cromwell, who succeeded on his father's death in September 1658, held the position for only eight months before resigning in May 1659, being followed by the second period of Commonwealth rule until the Restoration of the exiled heir to the Stuart throne Charles II in May 1660.

text: Lords Protector (1653–59)[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Lifespan
Term began
Term ended
Political affiliation(s)

Oliver Cromwell
Old Ironsides
(1599-04-25)25 April 1599 –
3 September 1658(1658-09-03) (aged 59)
16 December 1653
3 September 1658
New Model Army

Richard Cromwell
Tumbledown Dick
(1626-10-04)4 October 1626 –
12 July 1712(1712-07-12) (aged 85)
3 September 1658
25 May 1659
(Resigned)
New Model Army

text: Post-Cromwell[edit]

text: Since the Restoration the title has not been used in either of the above manners. George, Prince of Wales, appointed to the regency in 1811, was referred to as "His Royal Highness the Prince Regent". George exercised the powers of the monarchy, just as Lords Protector had, but the title's republican associations had rendered it distasteful.

text: Protector of the church[edit]

text: Lord Protector has also been used as a rendering of the Latin Advocatus in the sense of a temporal Lord (such as a Monarch) who acted as the protector of the mainly secular interests of a part of the church; compare vidame.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c  Holland, Arthur William (1911). "Instrument of Government". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 655–656.

text: Sources and references[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Look up lord protector in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: United Kingdom at WorldStatesmen.org

text:
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document_title: Friday the 13th (1980 film)

question_text: where did they film the original friday the 13th

text: Friday the 13th (1980 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 1958 at Camp Crystal Lake, two counselors named Barry and Claudette sneak away from a campfire and into a storage barn. They prepare to have sex before an unseen assailant enters and murders them.

text: Over twenty years later, on Friday June 13, newly hired counselor Annie Phillips asks for directions to the reopened Camp Crystal Lake. A friendly truck driver named Enos agrees to drive Annie halfway, but an elderly man, Crazy Ralph, warns her against going, believing that the camp has a "death curse". During the drive, Enos tells Annie about a young boy that drowned at Crystal Lake in 1957 and about the two murders the following year. After Enos drops her off, Annie hitches another ride from an unseen assailant, who chases her into the woods and slashes her throat.

text: At the camp, counselors Ned, Jack, Bill, Marcie, Brenda, and Alice, along with the owner Steve Christy, refurbish the cabins and facilities. As a thunderstorm approaches, Steve leaves the campground to stock supplies. Soon after, Ned sees someone walk into one of the cabins, and follows. As Jack and Marcie have sex in one of the cabin's bunk beds, they are unaware of Ned's body directly above them, his throat slit. Soon after, Jack is killed when his throat is pierced by an arrow from beneath the bed, and the killer murders Marcie by slamming an axe into her face. Brenda hears a child's voice calling for help and ventures outside her cabin to the archery range, only for the range lights to turn on as she is attacked off-screen. Eventually, Steve returns to the camp and is killed.

text: Alice and Bill are worried by their friends' disappearances, and they leave the main cabin to investigate, only to discover a bloody axe in Brenda's bed, the phones disconnected, and the cars inoperable. When the power goes out, Bill goes to check on the generator. Alice then heads out to look for him. Upon finding Bill's body impaled with arrows to the generator room's door, she flees back to the main cabin to hide only to be traumatized further when Brenda's body is thrown through the window.

text: Alice sees a vehicle pull up; thinking it is Steve, she rushes outside. Instead, she is greeted by a middle-aged woman named Mrs. Voorhees, who says she is an old friend of Steve's. As Alice brings her inside, Voorhees reveals that her son Jason was the boy who drowned in 1957; she blames his death on the counselors who were supposed to be watching him but instead were having sex, not paying attention to Jason's drowning. Revealing herself as the killer, Mrs. Voorhees turns violent and rushes toward Alice with a bowie knife. A chase ensues, in which Mrs. Voorhees attempts to kill Alice. Alice finds Annie's body inside Mrs. Voorhees's car and Steve's body hanging from the roof. Following a confrontation in which Mrs. Voorhees is knocked out, Alice escapes to the shore. Just as she begins to relax, Mrs. Voorhees finds her and attempts to kill her again. During the final struggle, Alice decapitates her with a machete. Afterward, a traumatized Alice boards and falls asleep inside a canoe, which floats out on Crystal Lake.

text: Just as Alice awakens and sees police arriving, Jason's decomposing body suddenly emerges and drags her underwater. She then awakens in a hospital, where a police officer and medical staff tend to her. When she asks about Jason, the officer says that there was no sign of any boy; Alice says, "He's still there", as the lake is shown at peace.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Betsy Palmer as Mrs. Voorhees
Adrienne King as Alice Hardy
Harry Crosby as Bill Brown
Kevin Bacon as Jack Burrell/Marand
Jeannine Taylor as Marcie Cunningham/Stanler
Laurie Bartram as Brenda Jones
Mark Nelson as Ned Rubenstein
Robbi Morgan as Annie Phillips
Peter Brouwer as Steve Christy
Rex Everhart as Enos
Walt Gorney as Crazy Ralph
Willie Adams as Barry Jackson
Debra S. Hayes as Claudette Hayes
Ari Lehman as Jason Voorhees

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Friday the 13th was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham, who had previously worked with filmmaker Wes Craven on the film The Last House on the Left. Cunningham, inspired by John Carpenter's Halloween, wanted Friday the 13th to be shocking, visually stunning and "[make] you jump out of your seat". Wanting to distance himself from The Last House on the Left, Cunningham wanted Friday the 13th to be more of a "roller-coaster ride".[1]

text: Friday the 13th began its life as nothing more than a title. Initially, A Long Night at Camp Blood was the working title during the writing process, but Cunningham believed in his "Friday the 13th" moniker, and quickly rushed out to place an advertisement in Variety. Worried that someone else owned the rights to the title and wanting to avoid potential lawsuits, Cunningham thought it would be best to find out immediately. He commissioned a New York advertising agency to develop his concept of the Friday the 13th logo, which consisted of big block letters bursting through a pane of glass.[5] In the end, Cunningham believed there were "no problems" with the title, but distributor George Mansour stated, "There was a movie before ours called Friday the 13th: The Orphan. It was moderately successful. But someone still threatened to sue. Either Phil Scuderi paid them off, but it was finally resolved."[6]

text: The film was shot in and around the townships of Hardwick, Blairstown and Hope, New Jersey in September 1979. The camp scenes were shot on a working Boy Scout camp, Camp No-Be-Bo-Sco which is located in Hardwick, NJ. The camp is still standing and still works as a summer camp.[7][8]

text: Writing[edit]

text: The script was written by Victor Miller, who later went on to write for several television soap operas, including Guiding Light, One Life to Live and All My Children. Miller delighted in inventing a serial killer who turned out to be somebody's mother, a murderer whose only motivation was her love for her child. "I took motherhood and turned it on its head and I think that was great fun. Mrs. Voorhees was the mother I'd always wanted—a mother who would have killed for her kids." Miller was unhappy about the filmmakers' decision to make Jason Voorhees the killer in the sequels. "Jason was dead from the very beginning. He was a victim, not a villain."[9] The idea of Jason appearing at the end of the film was initially not used in the original script, and was actually suggested by makeup designer Tom Savini. Savini stated that "The whole reason for the cliffhanger at the end was I had just seen Carrie, so we thought that we need a 'chair jumper' like that, and I said, 'let's bring in Jason'".[10]

text: Casting[edit]

text: A New York-based firm, headed by Julie Hughes and Barry Moss, was hired to find eight young actors to play the camp's staff members. Cunningham admits that he was not looking for "great actors", but anyone that was likable, and appeared to be a responsible camp counselor. The way Cunningham saw it, the actors would need to look good, read the dialogue somewhat well, and work cheap. Moss and Hughes were happy to find four actors, Kevin Bacon, Laurie Bartram, Peter Brouwer, and Adrienne King, who had previously appeared on soap operas.[11] The role of "Alice" was set up as an open casting call, a publicity stunt used to attract more attention to the film. King earned an audition primarily because she was the friend of someone working in Moss and Hughes’s office. After she auditioned, Moss recalls Cunningham commenting that they saved the best actress for last. As Cunningham explains, he was looking for people that could behave naturally, and King was able to show that to him in the audition.[12]

text:
I didn't even really think of this movie as a horror film. "To me, this was a small independent film about carefree teenagers who are having a rip-roaring time at a summer camp where they happen to be working as counselors. Then they just happen to get killed."

—Jeannine Taylor on how she viewed Friday the 13th.[12]

tag: div

text: With King cast in the role of lead heroine Alice, Laurie Bartram was hired to play Brenda. Kevin Bacon, Mark Nelson and Jeannine Taylor, who had known each other prior to the film, were cast as Jack, Ned, and Marcie respectively. It is Bacon and Nelson's contention that, because the three already knew each other, they already had the specific chemistry the casting director was looking for in the roles of Jack, Ned, and Marcie.[11] Taylor has stated that Hughes and Moss were highly regarded while she was an actress, so when they offered her an audition she felt that, whatever the part, it would "be a good opportunity".[12]

text: Friday the 13th was Nelson's first feature film, and when he went in for his first audition the only thing he was given to read were some comedic scenes. Nelson received a call back for a second audition, which required him to wear a bathing suit, which Nelson acknowledges made him start to wonder if something was off about this film. He did not fully realize what was going on until he got the part and was given the full script to read. Nelson explains, "It certainly was not a straight dramatic role, and it was only after they offered me the part that they gave me the full script to read and I realized how much blood was in it."[12] Nelson believes that Ned used humor to hide his insecurities, especially around Brenda, whom the actor believes Ned was attracted to. Nelson recalls an early draft of the script stating that Ned suffered from polio, and his legs were deformed while his upper body was muscular.[13] Ned is believed to have given birth to the "practical joker victim" of horror films. According to author David Grove, there was no equivalent character in John Carpenter's Halloween, or Bob Clark's Black Christmas before that. He served as a model for the slasher films that would follow Friday the 13th.[14]

text:
I went in to audition for [Moss and Hughes] for something else. They said, "you know, Robbi, you're not really right for this, but there's a movie called Friday the 13th and they need an adorable camp counselor."

—Robbi Morgan on how she landed the role of Annie.[12]

text: The part of Bill was handed over to Harry Crosby, son of Bing Crosby. Robbi Morgan, who plays Annie, was not auditioning for the film when she was offered the role. While in her office, Hughes just looked at Morgan and proclaimed "you're a camp counselor". The next day Morgan was on the set.[11] Morgan only appeared on-set for a day to shoot all her scenes. Rex Everhart, who portrays Enos, did not film the truck scenes with Morgan, so she had to either act with an imaginary Enos, or exchange dialogue with Taso Stavrakis—Savini's assistant—who would sit in the truck with her.[15] It was Peter Brouwer's girlfriend that helped him land a role on Friday the 13th. After recently being written off the show Love of Life, Brouwer moved back to Connecticut to look for work. Learning that his girlfriend was working as an assistant director for Friday the 13th, Brouwer asked about any openings. Initially told casting was looking for big stars to fill the role of Steve Christy, it was not until Sean Cunningham dropped by to deliver a message to Brouwer's girlfriend, and saw him working in a garden, that Brouwer was hired.[11]

text: Estelle Parsons was initially asked to portray the film's killer, Mrs. Voorhees, but eventually declined. Her agent cited that the film was too violent, and did not know what kind of actress would play such a part. Hughes and Moss sent a copy of the script to Betsy Palmer, in hopes that she would accept the part. Palmer could not understand why someone would want her for a part in a horror film, as she had previously starred in films such as Mister Roberts, The Angry Man, and The Tin Star. Palmer only agreed to play the role because she needed to buy a new car, even when she believed the film to "be a piece of shit."[11] Stavrakis subbed for Betsy Palmer as well, which involved Morgan's character being chased through the woods by Mrs. Voorhees, although the audience only sees a pair of legs running after Morgan. Palmer had just arrived in town when those scenes were about to be filmed, and was not in the physical shape necessary to chase Morgan around the woods. Morgan's training as an acrobat assisted her in these scenes, as her character was required to leap out of a moving jeep when she discovers that Mrs. Voorhees does not intend to take her to the camp.[15] Betsy Palmer explains how she developed the character of Mrs. Voorhees:

text: "Being an actress who uses the Stanislavsky method, I always try to find details about my character. With Pamela... I began with a class ring that I remember reading in the script that she'd worn. Starting with that, I traced Pamela back to my own high school days in the early 1940s. So it's 1944, a very conservative time, and Pamela has a steady boyfriend. They have sex—which is very bad of course—and Pamela soon gets pregnant with Jason. The father takes off and when Pamela tells her parents, they disown her because having... babies out of wedlock isn't something that good girls do. I think she took Jason and raised him the best she could, but he turned out to be a very strange boy. [She took] lots of odd jobs and one of those jobs was as a cook at a summer camp. Then Jason drowns and her whole world collapses. What were the counselors doing instead of watching Jason? They were having sex, which is the way that she got into trouble. From that point on, Pamela became very psychotic and puritanical in her attitudes as she was determined to kill all of the immoral camp counselors."[16]

text: Cunningham wanted to make the Mrs. Voorhees character "terrifying", and to that end he believed it was important that Palmer not act "over the top". There was also the fear that Palmer's past credits, as more of a wholesome character, would make it difficult to believe she could be scary.[17] Ari Lehman, who had previously auditioned for Cunningham's Manny's Orphans, failing to get the part, was determined to land the role of Jason Voorhees. According to Lehman, he went in very intense and afterward Cunningham told him he was perfect for the part.[11] In addition to the main cast, Walt Gorney came on as "Crazy Ralph", the town's soothsayer. The character of Crazy Ralph was meant to establish two functions: foreshadow the events to come, and insinuate that he could actually be the murderer. Cunningham has stated that he was apprehensive about including the character, and is not sure if he accomplished his goal of creating a new suspect.[12]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Friday the 13th

Soundtrack album by Harry Manfredini

Released
January 13, 2012

Genre
Film score

Length
43:54

Label
Gramavision Records
La-La Land Records

text: When Harry Manfredini began working on the musical score, the decision was made to only play music when the killer was actually present so as to not "manipulate the audience".[18] Manfredini pointed out the lack of music for certain scenes: "There's a scene where one of the girls... is setting up the archery area... One of the guys shoots an arrow into the target and just misses her. It's a huge scare, but if you notice, there's no music. That was a choice."[18] Manfredini also noted that when something was going to happen, the music would cut off so that the audience would relax a bit, and the scare would be that much more effective.

text: Because the killer, Mrs. Voorhees, appears onscreen only during the final scenes of the film, Manfredini had the job of creating a score that would represent the killer in her absence.[18] Manfredini borrows from the 1975 film Jaws, where the shark is likewise not seen for the majority of the film but the motif created by John Williams cued the audience to the shark's invisible menace.[19] Sean S. Cunningham sought a chorus, but the budget would not allow it. While listening to a Krzysztof Penderecki piece of music, which contained a chorus with "striking pronunciations", Manfredini was inspired to recreate a similar sound. He came up with the sound "ki ki ki, ma ma ma" from the final reel when Mrs. Voorhees arrives and is reciting "Kill her, mommy!" The "ki" comes from "kill", and the "ma" from "mommy". To achieve the unique sound he wanted for the film, Manfredini spoke the two words "harshly, distinctly and rhythmically into a microphone" and ran them into an echo reverberation machine.[18] Manfredini finished the original score after a couple of weeks, and then recorded the score in a friend's basement.[19] Victor Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on how memorable the music is, with Keuper describing it as "iconographic". Manfredini says, "Everybody thinks it's cha, cha, cha. I'm like, 'Cha, cha, cha? What are you talking about?'"[20]

text: In 1982, Gramavision Records released a LP record of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini's scores from the first three Friday the 13th films.[21] On 13 January 2012, La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfredini's scores from the first six films. It sold out in less than 24 hours.[22]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Harry Manfredini, except where noted.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Overlay of Evil / Main Title"
3:33

2.
"Banjo Travelin'"
1:12

3.
"Alice Goes to the Lake (Parts 1 and 2)"
0:36

4.
"Back Up to Annie Alone"
1:34

5.
"Mrs. V Watches"
1:09

6.
"Ralph in the Pantry"
1:30

7.
"Don't Smoke in Bed"
1:02

8.
"Not Tonight, I've Got a Headache"
2:52

9.
"Brenda in Lights"
4:33

10.
"The Bed Axe"
1:58

11.
"Alice Runs to Cabin"
5:04

12.
"Mrs. V Comes Clean"
5:57

13.
"Alice Runs to Light"
2:09

14.
"The Last Fight / The Chop to the End"
1:26

15.
"The Boat on the Water - Closing Theme 1 / Jason in the Lake"
2:26

16.
"Closing Theme"
2:42

17.
"Sail Away Tiny Sparrow (by Manfredini, John R. Briggs)"
2:42

Total length:
43:54

text: Box office[edit]

text: Paramount bought Friday the 13th's distribution rights for $1.5 million, after seeing a screening of the film. They spent approximately $500,000 in advertisements for the film, and then an additional $500,000 when the film began performing well at the box office.[23] Friday the 13th opened theatrically on 9 May 1980 across the United States, ultimately expanding its release to 1,100 theaters. It took in $5,816,321 in its opening weekend, before finishing domestically with $39,754,601. It was the 18th highest-grossing film that year, facing stiff horror film competition from such high-profile releases as The Shining, Dressed To Kill, The Fog and Prom Night. The worldwide gross was $59,754,601.[24][25] Friday the 13th was released internationally, which was unusual for an independent film with, at the time, no well-recognized or bankable actors; aside from well-known television and movie actress Betsy Palmer.[26] The film would take in approximately $20 million in international box office receipts.[27] Not factoring in international sales, or the cross-over film with A Nightmare on Elm Street 's Freddy Krueger, the original Friday the 13th is the highest-grossing film of the film series.[28]

text: To provide context with the box office gross of films in 2014, the cost of making and promoting Friday the 13th—which includes the $550,000 budget and the $1 million in advertisement—is approximately $4.5 million. With regard to the US box office gross, the film would have made $177.72 million in adjusted 2017 dollars.[29] On 13 July 2007, Friday the 13th was screened for the first time on Blairstown's Main Street in the very theater which appears shortly after the opening credits.[8] Overflowing crowds forced the Blairstown Theater Festival, the sponsoring organization, to add an extra screening. The event was covered by local media and New York City's Channel 11, WPIX.[30] A 30th Anniversary Edition was released on March 10, 2010.[31] A 35th-anniversary screening was held in the Griffith Park Zoo as part of the Great Horror Campout on March 13, 2015.[32]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes reports that 59% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 50 reviews.[33] Its most vocal detractor was Gene Siskel, who in his review called Cunningham "one of the most despicable creatures ever to infest the movie business".[34] He also published the address for Charles Bluhdorn, the chairman of the board of Gulf+Western, which owned Paramount, as well as Betsy Palmer's home city and encouraged fellow detractors to write to them and express their contempt for the film.[35] Siskel and Roger Ebert spent an entire episode of their TV show berating the film (and other slasher films of the time) because they felt it would make audiences root for the killer.[36] Leonard Maltin initially awarded the film one star, or 'BOMB', but later changed his mind and awarded the film a star and-a-half "simply because it's slightly better than Part 2" and called it a "gory, cardboard thriller".[37] Variety claimed the film was "low budget in the worst sense—with no apparent talent or intelligence to offset its technical inadequacies—Friday the 13th has nothing to exploit but its title."[38]

text: Later on, retrospective reviews were much more positive regarding the film, with praise mainly towards its score, make-up effects, and Betsy Palmer's role, while it drew criticism for its script and lack of character development. Dave Kehr said that "For all its shoddiness, the film manages, just barely, to achieve its ignoble goals -- it delivers what it promises". James Kendrick gave the film a 3 out of 4, calling it "a campfire boogeyman story designed to do little more than build tension and deliver a few well-timed shocks, which it does with precision and even a bit of artistry". Kevin Carr said that "what makes the movie work is that the slasher genre hadn't been set in stone yet, and some choices that director Sean S. Cunningham makes in the film that work against type". The film was nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills.[39]

text: The film was nominated twice at the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture and Worst Supporting Actress for Betsy Palmer, winning neither[40].

text: Home media[edit]

text: On 3 February 2009, Paramount Home Entertainment released Friday the 13th on an unrated uncut home video version for the first time in the United States (all previous VHS Laserdisc and DVD releases were the rated theatrical version). It is available on both DVD and Blu-ray Disc. The uncut version of the film contains approximately 10 seconds of previously unreleased footage. In 2011, the uncut version of Friday the 13th was released in a 4-disc DVD collection with the first three sequels.[41] The Australia DVD/Blu-ray release was July 1, 2009, and features commentary by Sean S. Cunningham, among several other bonuses.

text: Related works[edit]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: As of 2009, Friday the 13th has spawned nine sequels, including a crossover film with A Nightmare on Elm Street villain Freddy Krueger. Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981) introduced Jason Voorhees, the son of Mrs. Voorhees, as the primary antagonist, which would continue for the remaining sequels (with exception of the fifth movie) and related works. Most of the sequels were filmed on larger budgets than the original. In comparison, Friday the 13th had a budget of $550,000, while the first sequel was given a budget of $1.25 million.[42] At the time of its release, Freddy vs. Jason had the largest budget, at $25 million.[43] All of the sequels repeated the premise of the original, so the filmmakers made tweaks to provide freshness. Changes involved an addition to the title—as opposed to a number attached to the end—like "The Final Chapter" and "Jason Takes Manhattan", or filming the movie in 3-D, as Miner did for Friday the 13th Part III (1982).[44] One major addition that would affect the entire film series was the addition of Jason's hockey mask in the third film; this mask would become one of the most recognizable images in popular culture.[45]

text: A reboot to Friday the 13th came to theaters in February 2009, with Freddy vs. Jason writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift hired to script the new film.[46] The film focused on Jason Voorhees, along with his trademark hockey mask.[47] The film was produced by Michael Bay, Andrew Form and Brad Fuller through Bay's production company Platinum Dunes, for New Line Cinema.[46] In November 2007, Marcus Nispel, director of the 2003 remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, was hired to direct.[48] The film had its United States release on 13 February 2009.[49]

text: Adaptions and literature[edit]

text: In 1987, seven years after the release of the motion picture, Simon Hawke produced a novelization of Friday the 13th. One of the few additions to the book was Mrs. Voorhees begging the Christy family to take her back after the loss of her son; they agreed.[50] Another addition in the novel is more understanding in Mrs. Voorhees' actions. Hawke felt the character had attempted to move on when Jason died, but her psychosis got the best of her. When Steve Christy reopened the camp, Mrs. Voorhees saw it as a chance that what happened to her son could happen again. Her murders were against the counselors, because she saw them all as responsible for Jason's death.[51]

text: A number of scenes from the film were recreated in Friday the 13th: Pamela's Tale, a two-issue comic book prequel released by WildStorm in 2007. In 2016, the book On Location in Blairstown: The Making of Friday the 13th was released detailing the planning and filming of the movie.[52]


document_title: Continental crust

question_text: why is the oceanic crust subducted under continental crust

text: Continental crust

text: Importance[edit]

text: Because the surface of continental crust mainly lies above sea level, its existence allowed land life to evolve from marine life. Its existence also provides broad expanses of shallow water known as epeiric seas and continental shelves where complex metazoan life could become established during early Paleozoic time, in what is now called the Cambrian explosion.[3]

text: Origin[edit]

text: There is little evidence of continental crust prior to 3.5 Ga, and there was relatively rapid development on shield areas consisting of continental crust between 3.0 and 2.5 Ga.[4] All continental crust ultimately derives from the fractional differentiation of oceanic crust over many eons.[4] This process has been and continues today primarily as a result of the volcanism associated with subduction.

text: Forces at work[edit]

text: In contrast to the persistence of continental crust, the size, shape, and number of continents are constantly changing through geologic time. Different tracts rift apart, collide and recoalesce as part of a grand supercontinent cycle.[5] There are currently about 7 billion cubic kilometers of continental crust, but this quantity varies because of the nature of the forces involved. The relative permanence of continental crust contrasts with the short life of oceanic crust. Because continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust, when active margins of the two meet in subduction zones, the oceanic crust is typically subducted back into the mantle. Continental crust is rarely subducted (this may occur where continental crustal blocks collide and overthicken, causing deep melting under mountain belts such as the Himalayas or the Alps). For this reason the oldest rocks on Earth are within the cratons or cores of the continents, rather than in repeatedly recycled oceanic crust; the oldest intact crustal fragment is the Acasta Gneiss at 4.01 Ga, whereas the oldest oceanic crust (located on the Pacific Plate offshore of Kamchatka) is from the Jurassic (~180 Ma). Continental crust and the rock layers that lie on and within it are thus the best archive of Earth's history.[1][6]

text: The height of mountain ranges is usually related to the thickness of crust. This results from the isostasy associated with orogeny (mountain formation). The crust is thickened by the compressive forces related to subduction or continental collision. The buoyancy of the crust forces it upwards, the forces of the collisional stress balanced by gravity and erosion. This forms a keel or mountain root beneath the mountain range, which is where the thickest crust is found.[7] The thinnest continental crust is found in rift zones, where the crust is thinned by detachment faulting and eventually severed, replaced by oceanic crust. The edges of continental fragments formed this way (both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, for example) are termed passive margins.

text: The high temperatures and pressures at depth, often combined with a long history of complex distortion, cause much of the lower continental crust to be metamorphic - the main exception to this being recent igneous intrusions. Igneous rock may also be "underplated" to the underside of the crust, i.e. adding to the crust by forming a layer immediately beneath it.

text: Continental crust is produced and (far less often) destroyed mostly by plate tectonic processes, especially at convergent plate boundaries. Additionally, continental crustal material is transferred to oceanic crust by sedimentation. New material can be added to the continents by the partial melting of oceanic crust at subduction zones, causing the lighter material to rise as magma, forming volcanoes. Also, material can be accreted horizontally when volcanic island arcs, seamounts or similar structures collide with the side of the continent as a result of plate tectonic movements. Continental crust is also lost through erosion and sediment subduction, tectonic erosion of forearcs, delamination, and deep subduction of continental crust in collision zones.[8] Many theories of crustal growth are controversial, including rates of crustal growth and recycling, whether the lower crust is recycled differently from the upper crust, and over how much of Earth history plate tectonics has operated and so could be the dominant mode of continental crust formation and destruction.[9]

text: It is a matter of debate whether the amount of continental crust has been increasing, decreasing, or remaining constant over geological time. One model indicates that at prior to 3.7 Ga ago continental crust constituted less than 10% of the present amount.[10] By 3.0 Ga ago the amount was about 25%, and following a period of rapid crustal evolution it was about 60% of the current amount by 2.6 Ga ago.[11] The growth of continental crust appears to have occurred in spurts of increased activity corresponding to five episodes of increased production through geologic time.[12]


document_title: Blood sugar regulation

question_text: the hormone that helps release more glucose into the blood is called

text: Blood sugar regulation

text: Mechanisms[edit]

text: Blood sugar levels are regulated by negative feedback in order to keep the body in balance. The levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by many tissues, but the cells in the pancreatic islets are among the most well understood and important.

text: Glucagon[edit]

text: If the blood glucose level falls to dangerous levels (as during very heavy exercise or lack of food for extended periods), the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon, a hormone whose effects on liver cells act to increase blood glucose levels. They convert glycogen into glucose (this process is called glycogenolysis). The glucose is released into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar. Hypoglycemia, the state of having low blood sugar, is treated by restoring the blood glucose level to normal by the ingestion or administration of dextrose or carbohydrate foods. It is often self-diagnosed and self-medicated orally by the ingestion of balanced meals. In more severe circumstances, it is treated by injection or infusion of glucagon.

text: Insulin[edit]

text: When levels of blood sugar rise, whether as a result of glycogen conversion, or from digestion of a meal, a different hormone is released from beta cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. This hormone, insulin, causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen (this process is called glycogenesis), and to force about 2/3 of body cells (primarily muscle and fat tissue cells) to take up glucose from the blood through the GLUT4 transporter, thus decreasing blood sugar. When insulin binds to the receptors on the cell surface, vesicles containing the GLUT4 transporters come to the plasma membrane and fuse together by the process of endocytosis, thus enabling a facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cell. As soon as the glucose enters the cell, it is phosphorylated into Glucose-6-Phosphate in order to preserve the concentration gradient so glucose will continue to enter the cell.[2] Insulin also provides signals to several other body systems, and is the chief regulator of metabolic control in humans.

text: There are also several other causes for an increase in blood sugar levels. Among them are the 'stress' hormones such as epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), several of the steroids, infections, trauma, and of course, the ingestion of food.

text: Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by insufficient or non-existent production of insulin, while type 2 is primarily due to a decreased response to insulin in the tissues of the body (insulin resistance). Both types of diabetes, if untreated, result in too much glucose remaining in the blood (hyperglycemia) and many of the same complications. Also, too much insulin and/or exercise without enough corresponding food intake in diabetics can result in low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

text: Hormones that influence blood glucose level[edit]

text:
Hormone
Tissue of Origin
Metabolic Effect
Effect on Blood Glucose

Insulin
Pancreatic β Cells
1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.
Lowers

Amylin[1]
Pancreatic β Cells
1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.
Lowers

GLP-1[1]
Intestinal L cells
1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)
Lowers

Glucagon
Pancreatic α Cells
1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.
Raises

Asprosin[3]
White adipose tissue
1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.
Raises

Somatostatin
Pancreatic δ Cells
1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.
Lowers

Epinephrine
Adrenal medulla
1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Raises

Cortisol
Adrenal cortex
1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.
Raises

ACTH
Anterior pituitary
1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Raises

Growth Hormone
Anterior pituitary
Antagonizes Insulin
Raises

Thyroxine
Thyroid
1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine
Raises

text: Food[edit]

text: Some edible mushrooms are noted for the ability to lower blood sugar levels including reishi,[4][5] maitake[6][7][8][9][10][11] Agaricus blazei[12][13][14][15] as well as some others.

text: Some minerals play roles in glucose regulation: see Chromium in glucose metabolism for example.


document_title: Middle age

question_text: what is considered middle age in the united states

text: Middle age

text: Definitions

text: According to the Oxford English Dictionary middle age is between 45 and 65:[2] "The period between early adulthood and old age, usually considered as the years from about 45 to 65." The US Census lists the category middle age from 45 to 65. Merriam-Webster list middle age from 45 to 64,[3] while prominent psychologist Erik Erikson saw it starting a little earlier and defines middle adulthood as between 40 and 65. The Collins English Dictionary, list it between the ages of 40 and 60.[4] and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - the standard diagnostic manual of the American Psychiatric Association - used to define middle age as 40 to 60, but as of DSM-IV (1994) revised the definition upwards to 45 to 65.

text: Young adulthood

text: This time in the lifespan is considered to be the developmental stage of those who are between 20 years old and 40 years old. Recent developmental theories have recognized that development occurs across the entire life of a person as they experience changes cognitively, physically, socially, and in personality.[1][5]

text: Middle adulthood

text: This time period in the life of a person can be referred to as middle age. This time span has been defined as the time between ages 45 to 65 years old.[1][2] Many changes may occur between young adulthood and this stage.[6][7] The body may slow down and the middle aged might become more sensitive to diet, substance abuse, stress, and rest. Chronic health problems can become an issue along with disability or disease. Approximately one centimeter of height may be lost per decade.[6] Emotional responses and retrospection vary from person to person. Experiencing a sense of mortality, sadness, or loss is common at this age.[8]

text: Those in middle adulthood or middle age continue to develop relationships and adapt to the changes in relationships. Changes can be the interacting with growing and grown children and aging parents. Community involvement is fairly typical of this stage of adulthood,[8] as well as continued career development.

text: Physical characteristics

text: Middle-aged adults may begin to show visible signs of aging.[6] This process can be more rapid in women who have osteoporosis. Changes might occur in the nervous system. The ability to perform complex tasks remains intact. Women between 48 and 55 experience menopause, which ends natural fertility.[9] Menopause can have many side effects, some welcome and some not so welcome. Men may also experience physical changes. Changes can occur to skin and other changes may include decline in physical fitness including a reduction in aerobic performance and a decrease in maximal heart rate. These measurements are generalities and people may exhibit these changes at different rates and times.

text: The mortality rate can begin to increase from 45 and onwards, mainly due to health problems like heart problems, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes.[8][10] Still, the majority of middle-aged people in industrialized nations can expect to live into old age.

text: Cognitive characteristics

text: Erik Erikson refers to this period of adulthood as the generatitivity-versus-stagnation stage. Persons in middle adulthood or middle age may have some cognitive loss. This loss usually remains unnoticeable because life experiences and strategies are developed to compensate for any decrease in mental abilities.[7]

text: Social and personality characteristics

text: Marital satisfaction remains but other family relationships can be more difficult. Career satisfaction focuses more on inner satisfaction and contentedness and less on ambition and the desire to 'advance'.[8] Even so, career changes often can occur. Middle adulthood or middle age can be a time when a person re-examines their life by taking stock, and evaluating their accomplishments. Morality may change and become more conscious. The perception that those in this stage of development or life undergo a 'mid-life' crisis is largely false. This period in life is usually satisfying, tranquil. Personality characteristics remain stable throughout this period.[1] This may make the issue of mortality irrefutable. The relationships in middle adulthood may continue to evolve into connections that are stable.[8]


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by date of death

question_text: who was the last american president to die

text: Presidents in order of death[edit]

text:
Order
President
Date[a]
Age
Cause
Place
In office

1
George Washington
36 !December 14, 1799
7001670000000000000♠67
acute epiglottitis[1]
Mount Vernon, Virginia
01 !(1st) April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797

2
Thomas Jefferson
22 !July 4, 1826
7001830000000000000♠83
toxemia from a kidney infection,
uremia from kidney damage, and pneumonia[2]
Charlottesville, Virginia
03 !(3rd) March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809

3
John Adams
23 !July 4, 1826
7001900000000000000♠90
heart failure
Quincy, Massachusetts
02 !(2nd) March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801

4
James Monroe
24 !July 4, 1831
7001730000000000000♠73
tuberculosis
New York City, New York
05 !(5th) March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825

5
James Madison
21 !June 28, 1836
7001850000000000000♠85
heart failure
Orange, Virginia
04 !(4th) March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817

6
William Henry Harrison[b]
12 !April 4, 1841
7001680000000000000♠68
enteric fever[3]
Washington, D.C.
09 !(9th) March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841

7
Andrew Jackson
18 !June 8, 1845
7001780000000000000♠78
chronic dropsy, and heart failure[4]
Nashville, Tennessee
07 !(7th) March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837

8
John Quincy Adams
07 !February 23, 1848
7001800000000000000♠80
stroke[5]
Washington, D.C.
06 !(6th) March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829

9
James K. Polk
19 !June 15, 1849
7001530000000000000♠53
cholera [6]
Nashville, Tennessee
11 !(11th) March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849

10
Zachary Taylor[b]
25 !July 9, 1850
7001650000000000000♠65
gastroenteritis[7]
Washington, D.C.
12 !(12th) March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850

11
John Tyler
04 !January 18, 1862
7001710000000000000♠71
stroke [8]
Richmond, Virginia
10 !(10th) April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845

12
Martin Van Buren
27 !July 24, 1862
7001790000000000000♠79
asthma
Kinderhook, New York
08 !(8th) March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841

13
Abraham Lincoln[b]
14 !April 15, 1865
7001560000000000000♠56
gunshot wound[9][c]
Washington, D.C.
16 !(16th) March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865

14
James Buchanan
16 !June 1, 1868
7001770000000000000♠77
respiratory failure, rheumatic gout
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
15 !(15th) March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861

15
Franklin Pierce
32 !October 8, 1869
7001640000000000000♠64
inflammation of the stomach
Concord, New Hampshire
14 !(14th) March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857

16
Millard Fillmore
08 !March 8, 1874
7001740000000000000♠74
stroke[8]
Buffalo, New York
13 !(13th) July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853

17
Andrew Johnson
28 !July 31, 1875
7001660000000000000♠66
stroke[8]
Carter's Station, Tennessee
17 !(17th) April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869

18
James A. Garfield[b]
31 !September 19, 1881
7001490000000000000♠49
septic shock resulting from gunshot wound[d]
Elberon, New Jersey
20 !(20th) March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881

19
Ulysses S. Grant
26 !July 23, 1885
7001630000000000000♠63
throat cancer[10]
Wilton, New York
18 !(18th) March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877

20
Chester A. Arthur
34 !November 18, 1886
7001570000000000000♠57
stroke[8]
New York City, New York
21 !(21st) September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885

21
Rutherford B. Hayes
03 !January 17, 1893
7001700000000000000♠70
heart disease
Fremont, Ohio
19 !(19th) March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881

22
Benjamin Harrison
10 !March 13, 1901
7001670000000000000♠67
pneumonia
Indianapolis, Indiana
23 !(23rd) March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893

23
William McKinley[b]
30 !September 14, 1901
7001580000000000000♠58
gangrene within gunshot wound[e]
Buffalo, New York
25 !(25th) March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901

24
Grover Cleveland
20 !June 24, 1908
7001710000000000000♠71
coronary sclerosis; paralysis; or
intestinal obstruction
Princeton, New Jersey
22 !(22nd) March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889

24 !(24th) March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897

25
Theodore Roosevelt
02 !January 6, 1919
7001600000000000000♠60
coronary occlusion by a blood clot (assumed)[11]
Oyster Bay, New York
26 !(26th) September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909

26
Warren G. Harding[b]
29 !August 2, 1923
7001570000000000000♠57
congestive heart failure (likely)
San Francisco, California
29 !(29th) March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923

27
Woodrow Wilson
06 !February 3, 1924
7001670000000000000♠67
apoplexy, paralysis
Washington, D.C.
28 !(28th) March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921

28
William Howard Taft
09 !March 8, 1930
7001720000000000000♠72
heart disease
Washington, D.C.
27 !(27th) March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913

29
Calvin Coolidge
01 !January 5, 1933
7001600000000000000♠60
heart attack
Northampton, Massachusetts
30 !(30th) August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929

30
Franklin D. Roosevelt[b]
13 !April 12, 1945
7001630000000000000♠63
cerebral hemorrhage or stroke
Warm Springs, Georgia
32 !(32nd) March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945

31
John F. Kennedy[b]
35 !November 22, 1963
7001460000000000000♠46
gunshot wound[f]
Dallas, Texas
35 !(35th) January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963

32
Herbert Hoover
33 !October 20, 1964
7001900000000000000♠90
internal hemorrhage,
upper gastrointestinal bleeding,
strained vascular systems
New York City, New York
31 !(31st) March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933

33
Dwight D. Eisenhower
11 !March 28, 1969
7001780000000000000♠78
coronary thrombosis, heart failure
Washington, D.C.
34 !(34th) January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961

34
Harry S. Truman
37 !December 26, 1972
7001880000000000000♠88
minor lung congestion; organ failures;
cardiovascular system collapse, hypotension
Kansas City, Missouri
33 !(33rd) April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953

35
Lyndon B. Johnson
05 !January 22, 1973
7001640000000000000♠64
heart attack
Johnson City, Texas
36 !(36th) November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969

36
Richard Nixon
15 !April 22, 1994
7001810000000000000♠81
stroke, paralysis, swelling of the brain
New York City, New York
37 !(37th) January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974[g]

37
Ronald Reagan
17 !June 5, 2004
7001930000000000000♠93
Alzheimer's disease, pneumonia
Los Angeles, California
40 !(40th) January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989

38
Gerald Ford
38 !December 26, 2006
7001930000000000000♠93
arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular disease
and diffuse arteriosclerosis
Rancho Mirage, California
38 !(38th) August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977

text: Living presidents as of February 11, 2018 (in order of service) are: Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Dates of death sort by month and day
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office
Jump up ^ For further information, see Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Jump up ^ For further information, see Assassination of James A. Garfield
Jump up ^ For further information, see Assassination of William McKinley
Jump up ^ For further information, see Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Jump up ^ Resigned from office

text: Died same day, date, year, age.[edit]

text: Same day[edit]

text: July 4, 1826: Thomas Jefferson at 12:30 p.m.,[12] and John Adams at 6:20 p.m.[12]

text: Same date[edit]

text:
March 8: Millard Fillmore in 1874 and William Howard Taft in 1930
July 4: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in 1826, and James Monroe in 1831[13]
December 26: Harry Truman in 1972 and Gerald Ford in 2006

text: Same year[edit]

text:
1826: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, both on July 4
1862: John Tyler and Martin Van Buren, on January 18 and July 24 respectively
1901: Benjamin Harrison and William McKinley, on March 13 and September 14 respectively

text: Harry S. Truman (left) and Gerald Ford (right) died latest in the calendar year, December 26

text: Same age[edit]

text:
93: Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan
90: John Adams and Herbert Hoover
78: Andrew Jackson and Dwight D. Eisenhower
71: John Tyler and Grover Cleveland
67: George Washington, Benjamin Harrison and Woodrow Wilson
64: Franklin Pierce and Lyndon B. Johnson
63: Ulysses Grant and Franklin D. Roosevelt
60: Theodore Roosevelt and Calvin Coolidge
57: Chester A. Arthur and Warren G. Harding

text: Died before predecessor(s)[edit]

text: 3rd President Thomas Jefferson (July 4, 1826)

text: 5th President James Monroe (died July 4, 1831)

text: 7th President Andrew Jackson (died June 8, 1845)

text: 9th President William Henry Harrison (died April 4, 1841)

text: 10th President John Tyler (died January 18, 1862)

text: 11th President James K. Polk (died June 15, 1849)

text: 12th President Zachary Taylor (died July 9, 1850)

text: 14th President Franklin Pierce (died October 8, 1869)

text: 15th President James Buchanan (died June 1, 1868)

text: 16th President Abraham Lincoln (died April 15, 1865)

text: 20th President James A. Garfield (died September 19, 1881)

text: 21st President Chester A. Arthur (died November 19, 1886)

text: 25th President William McKinley (died September 14, 1901)

text: 28th President Woodrow Wilson (died February 3, 1924)

text: 29th President Warren Harding (died August 2, 1923)

text: 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt (died April 12, 1945)

text: 34th President Dwight D. Eisenhower (died March 28, 1969)

text: 35th President John F. Kennedy (died November 22, 1963)

text: 40th President Ronald Reagan (died June 5, 2004)