document_title: Administration of Justice Act 1774

question_text: when was the administration of justice act passed

text: Administration of Justice Act 1774

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text:
Administration of Justice Act 1774
Parliament of  Great BritainLong title
An act for the impartial administration of justice in the cases of persons questioned for any acts done by them in the execution of the law, or for the suppression of riots and tumults, in the province of the Massachuset's Bay, in New England.Citation
14 Geo 3 c 39Territorial extent
Province of Massachusetts BayDatesCommencement
20 May 1774

text: The Administration of Justice Act, or Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice, also popularly called the Murdering Act or Murder Act, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain.[1] It became law on 20 May 1774. It is one of the measures (variously called the Intolerable Acts, the Punitive Acts or the Coercive Acts by many colonists) that were designed to secure Britain's jurisdiction over the American dominions. These Acts included the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, and the Quebec Act. The Act allowed the royally appointed governor to remove any acquisition placed on a royal official by a patriot, if the governor did not believe the official would have a fair trial. The Act was referred to as the "Murder Act" because the patriots believed that the official could get away with capital offences.

text: To assure trials more conducive to the Crown than the prejudices of local juries, the Act granted a change of venue to another British colony or Great Britain in trials of officials charged with a crime growing out of their enforcement of the law or suppression of riots. Witnesses for both sides were also required to attend the trial and were to be compensated for their expenses.


document_title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

question_text: who is in the cast of netflix lost in space

root

text: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the year 2048 the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute, an interstellar spacecraft which will carry selected families to colonize a new world. The Resolute was built after a celestial object, dubbed "The Christmas Star" by the media, crashed into Earth a few years earlier, threatening humanity's survival on Earth. Before they reach their destination, an alien robot breaches the Resolute's hull. Some of the families are forced to evacuate the mothership in their short range Jupiter spacecraft. The Robinsons and other colonists crash land on a nearby habitable planet where they battle the strange new environment and their own personal demons as they attempt to find a way back to the Resolute.[1]

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Molly Parker as Maureen Robinson, a fearless and brilliant aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri for a new life on a better world. She is a mission commander. She is married to John Robinson and is the mother of three children.[3]
Toby Stephens as John Robinson, a former U.S. Navy SEAL, and husband to Maureen. He is the biological father of Maureen's two youngest children.[4]
Maxwell Jenkins as Will Robinson, the 11-year-old son and youngest child of Maureen and John Robinson.[5]
Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson, Maureen's 18-year-old biracial daughter and eldest child. She is a mission doctor, having received accelerated medical training.[6][7]
Mina Sundwall as Penny Robinson, the 15-year old daughter and middle Robinson child.[7][8]
Ignacio Serricchio as Don West, a mechanic who also smuggles luxury goods. He has a chicken named Debbie, which he claims to be lucky.[9]
Parker Posey as Dr. Smith. She is a criminal and a sociopath who uses other people's identities to claim their belongings. Dr. Smith, whose real name is June Harris, stole her sister Jessica's identity and place on the colony ship. There she impersonates a Dr. Zachary Smith, to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship. After landing on the planet, Dr. Smith attempts to sabotage the Jupiters' chances of being rescued by the Resolute while manipulating and gaslighting the survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes.[10] The theft of the doctor's identity is a reference to the corresponding Dr. Smith character of the original TV series.[11]
Brian Steele as the Robot,[12] an alien mechanoid being that Will encounters on the planet that his family crash lands on. The robot has a different form from the ones on the previous series and movie.[13]

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"Impact"
Neil Marshall
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

The spacecraft Resolute, a large ferris wheel style ship, is carrying colonists, including the Robinson family, to Alpha Centauri. The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their “family home” Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole, crash-landing on an Earth-like planet. The Robinsons' craft, Jupiter 2, crashes into a glacial bed. The family evacuates with some supplies before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water. Eldest Robinson child, Judy, a doctor, dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment. She becomes encased in ice, and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy's suit, John and son, Will, set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice. Judy guides her sister, Penny, through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother, Maureen. Inside a cave, Will falls down a chasm, landing at the edge of a forest. John radios Will, saying he will return after saving Judy. Alone, Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self-repair. In return, it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them. The family attempt to free Judy, but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress. Will and the Robot arrive, and the Robot rescues Judy. In a flashback scene, a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing craft, along with Don West and Tam Roughneck.

2
"Diamonds In The Sky"
Neil Marshall
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Don West, Smith, and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing. While looking for other survivors, they find Angela Goddard, who is barely alive. When a storm approaches, Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out. Meanwhile, the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2. Maureen, John, Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot's ship. They leave Penny and Judy behind, instructing them how to carefully raise the ship out of the ice. Inside the alien ship, a holographic map of the planet is activated, showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy. Outside, the robot touches the ship's hull, creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute. He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision. When Penny sees the storm approaching and is unable to reach her parents to warn them, she raises the Jupiter 2 enough that the garage can be opened. She drives the ship's Chariot all-terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm. As they head back to Jupiter 2, they pass Don who sees them only to discover his flare gun is missing. The Robinsons see a flare and find Smith, who claims to be alone, returning with her to the Jupiter 2.

3
"Infestation"
Tim Southam
Zack Estrin
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

In a flashback, Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris, the older, ex-con sister of Jess Harris, a successful businesswoman. Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth, but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister's identity. Aboard the Resolute, she bumps into her sister's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock. June is arrested but escapes during the robot's attack. In the present, Maureen explains they are trillions of light years from Earth. At night, the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks, endangering the ship. They rush to complete repairs, but the engines are losing fuel. When Will and the robot discover large eel-like creatures in the conduits, the robot locks Will, along with Smith, in the storeroom for safety. The glacier shifts, which forces the crew to make an emergency take-off after flushing the eels from the engines. They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region. Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute, who are searching for survivors. Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun. Will finds it, and hides the gun under his mattress, unaware Smith is watching.

4
"The Robinsons Were Here"
Alice Troughton
Katherine Collins
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Stuck without fuel, the family initiates Jupiter 2’s colonization expansion protocol. Smith and Will discuss the robot, who does Will's bidding. Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela. She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute. The Robinsons learn none of the other surviving families can fly due to the giant eels consuming fuel. John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship. Maureen, John, and Don go there and discover the Resolute's comm dish. They realize the Resolute can't hear them. Maureen also discovers contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard. Judy confronts Will about the robot, and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute. They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave, unaware Smith is following them. On the way, they're spotted by Vijay Dhar, the son of another survivor group. Penny blackmails him to say nothing about the robot, having found and keeping an item he dropped. While away, Maureen and John discuss their marital problems. The next morning, the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive. Smith talks to the robot inside the cave, attempting to instill distrust in it about Will. When John and Maureen return home, the kids tell them that the robot wandered away.

5
"Transmission"
Deborah Chow
Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

The surviving colonists build a light tower to try to signal the Resolute. Maureen, noticing strange weather phenomena, conducts an experiment using a weather balloon. She discovers the sun is paired with a deadly black hole, and that the disturbances will only get worse until the planet is entirely unhabitable. Will ignores Penny and Judy's advice to tell their father about the Robot. Penny develops a crush on Vijay, flirting with him as they move supplies. Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun, though she claims she took it by mistake. In a flashback, Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri. Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities. He also reveals his suspicions about Dr. Smith's identity. Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this, but she lies and instead casts doubt on Don. When the colonists activate the light signal, Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence, allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower. Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot. When another creature shows up, Dr. Smith tells Will to call the robot. It does save the survivors, but only after Will tells it to defend itself against the creatures. It assumes its original multi-limb form to do this. The colonists witness all of this and recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute.

6
"Eulogy"
Vincenzo Natali
Ed McCardie
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Maureen tells her family about the black hole but is afraid the other colonists might panic. John has a heated argument with the other survivors about the robot. In the end, despite an enraged Angela claiming it killed her husband, John convinces the community to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss Will's responsibility for the robot's actions. He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties. Don takes the community leader and Vijay's father, Victor Dhar, to his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel-like creatures, and wants money for its fuel. Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith, later showing Judy. Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying. Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy, and they share a kiss. Back at camp, Dr. Smith makes the distraught Angela recount the horrifying details of the robot attack. The emotional Angela enters the hub with the gun Dr. Smith has taken from Will's bunk and arranged for her to find. When she shoots at the robot it goes into attack mode and accidentally injures John before Will gets it to stop. Distraught, Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off. He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot.

7
"Pressurized"
Tim Southam
Vivian Lee
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

While driving back to Jupiter 2, Judy is about to tell Dr. Smith she knows the truth about her when Don stops her. When Will is confronted by his mother, he confirms the robot 3D-printed the gun and that he hid it. Anyone could've taken the gun, though. Dr. Smith refuses blame for Angela's attack, and suggests Victor Dhar might have taken the gun. John and Maureen's rover gets stuck in a tar pit. As they sink to the bottom, Maureen admits to doctoring Will's test results. To escape the vehicle, Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface. Meanwhile, Smith locates the destroyed robot, but cannot get it to reassemble. Don's group speeds through a dangerous geyser field but a tube shakes loose and when Evan fixes the problem, a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him. Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they'll lose most of the fuel. Despite this Don reluctantly sides with Judy and lifts the tanker, spilling the fuel, but Evan dies anyway. Back on Jupiter 2, Dr. Smith finally manages to reactivate the robot. When Victor returns home, Vijay tells him about the planet's coming demise. Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4.

8
"Trajectory"
Stephen Surjik
Katherine Collins & Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Maureen can't talk Victor out of launching, but John sneaks aboard the Dhar's Jupiter 4 and triggers the emergency shut down. Later, he explains to the gathered colonists how the planet is about to become inhabitable. Penny breaks off with Vijay for him telling his father. Maureen has a plan on how to launch despite the limited fuel, stripping out non-essential modules, and relying on old-school manual piloting. Judy tells Maureen the truth about the real Dr. Smith aboard Don's Jupiter. Returning to Jupiter 2, Maureen confines Dr. Smith to a holding cell. Dr. Smith now claims she is really Jessica Harris, a physicist. Maureen tells John about Smith, and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off. With life support also removed, the pilot now needs a spacesuit and will need to withstand extreme G-forces. They select John, but not even he can regain consciousness fast enough to make all the maneuvers alone. When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet's orbit within 24 hours, Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship. With his assistance the test run is a success. As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4, Dr. Smith tricks Will and escapes to knock out Maureen right when John needs her instructions. With everyone watching, the ship explodes mid-air and John and Don are presumed dead.

9
"Resurrection"
Tim Southam
Story by : Daniel McLellan
Teleplay by : Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Will tries to signal his father using simple radio, convinced he survived the explosion. Dr. Smith drives herself and Maureen to the alien wreck, and tells Maureen she didn't know Maureen was needed for the ship launch, and when she knocked her out, the ship exploded. She does promise helping Maureen get her kids off the planet, if she in return helps Dr. Smith with the alien ship. Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute. While the colonists gather to harvest the biomass, Judy leaves to find Maureen. The colonists find enough biomass to power all the Jupiters, but they must sneak it out quietly to not wake winged predators roosting in the cave. When John manages to send a signal, Penny and others are trapped inside when the blind creatures wake up Throughout the episode, flashbacks reveal the Christmas Star not to be a meteor but an alien craft, and that its engine was used to build The Resolute. The robot's attack was an attempt to retrieve the stolen engine. The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape. Judy uses GPS to track Smith and Maureen. She manages to disable Dr. Smith, but the robot reactivates and is revealed to obey the Doctor's commands.

10
"Danger, Will Robinson"
David Nutter
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit, with only a few hours of oxygen left. Will is upset to learn the robot now serves Dr. Smith. John responds to Will, confirming that he and Don are still alive. Will tries to bond with the robot again but is rejected. Victor Dhar hails them from the Resolute, telling them it will leave in just over an hour. Maureen traps Dr Smith and the robot in order to search for John and Don. Just as they're about to retrieve them, Dr Smith and the robot escape. Maureen leads the robot into the garage, as an alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine. When the alien robot is about to kill Will, his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot, saving Will. In the fight, both robots are flung out into space and the garage ramp is damaged. Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch. Afterwards, he loses his grip but is saved by his father, who was rescued by Dr. Smith. With everyone safely back on the Jupiter, Maureen is grateful to Dr. Smith, but still locks her up. Before they can dock with the Resolute, the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 sends it and the Robinsons to a different galaxy. Will recognizes its shape from the robot's sand drawing: Danger.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In October 2014, it was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes.[14] In November 2015, Netflix landed the project.[15][16] On June 29, 2016, Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space, with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner. Sazama, Sharpless, Kevin Burns, Jon Jashni, Neil Marshall, and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers.[17]

text: Toby Stephens, speaking about the distinction between the original series and the new show:

text: "It's a very clever, modern reworking of a great story. Lost in Space is Swiss Family Robinson in space, so it was a story that existed before Lost in Space. The fundamental story is that it's a family that is lost in a difficult, life-threatening situation and how it challenges them and brings them closer together. That is essentially what the story of this is, it's just the context is a lot more modern. It's a more modern take on the '60s version. If you look at it now, it's charming, but it seems so innocent. Whereas this is a version that is for our time. I'm hoping it will still have humour and humanity in it, but it has obviously gotta be for a modern audience."[18]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the first season began in January 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in June 2017.[19][20]

text: Release[edit]

text: The series was released on April 13, 2018, on Netflix.[1] On March 31, 2018, the pilot of the series was screened at Awesome Con in Washington, D.C., followed by a Q&A session with series executive producers and writers Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless.[21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 5.26/10, based on 49 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Lost in Space's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci-fi adventure fans, while the story's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring-do."[22] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[23]

text: David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5/10 calling it "an excellent sci-fi adventure with a slight villain problem," giving particular praise to the Robinson family, while criticizing Parker Posey's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one-dimensional character that lacks redeeming qualities.[24] In contrast, Jen Chaney of Vulture characterized Posey's performance as providing "understated, sly comedic touches".[25]


document_title: Politics of Iran

question_text: the authority of clerics in the iranian theocratic political system comes from

text: Politics of Iran

text: Current office holders[edit]

text:
Main office holders

Office
Name
Picture
Since

Supreme Leader
Ali Khamenei

4 June 1989; 28 years ago (1989-06-04)

President
Hassan Rouhani

3 August 2013; 4 years ago (2013-08-03)

Speaker of Parliament
Ali Larijani

2 May 2008; 10 years ago (2008-05-02)

Chief Justice
Sadeq Larijani

30 June 2009; 8 years ago (2009-06-30)

Secretary of the Guardian Council
Ahmad Jannati

29 August 1988; 29 years ago (1988-08-29)

Chairman of the Assembly of Experts
24 May 2016; 2 years ago (2016-05-24)

Chairman of Expediency Discernment Council
Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi

14 August 2017; 9 months ago (2017-08-14)

text: Political conditions[edit]

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The early days of the revolutionary government were characterized by political tumult. In November 1979 the American embassy was seized and its occupants taken hostage and kept captive for 444 days because of support of the American Government to the King of Iran (Shah of Iran). The eight-year Iran–Iraq War killed hundreds of thousands and cost the country billions of dollars. By mid-1982, power struggles eliminated first the center of political spectrum and then the Republicans[2][3][4] leaving the revolutionary leader Ayatollah Khomeini and his supporters in power.

text: Iran's post-revolution challenges have included the imposition of economic sanctions and suspension of diplomatic relations with Iran by the United States because of the hostage crisis, political support to Iraq and other acts of terrorism that the U.S. government and some others have accused Iran of sponsoring. Emigration has lost Iran millions of entrepreneurs, professionals, technicians, and skilled craftspeople and their capital."[5][6] For this and other reasons Iran's economy has not prospered.[citation needed] Poverty rose in absolute terms by nearly 45% during the first 6 years since Iraqi invasion on Iran started[7] and per capita income has yet to reach pre-revolutionary levels when Iraqi invasion ended in 1988.[8][9]

text: The Islamic Republic Party was Iran's ruling political party and for years its only political party until its dissolution in 1987. After the war, new reformist/progressive parties had started to form. The country had no functioning political parties until the Executives of Construction Party formed in 1994 to run for the fifth parliamentary elections, mainly out of executive body of the government close to the then-president Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani. After the election of Mohammad Khatami in 1997, more parties started to work, mostly of the reformist movement and opposed by hard-liners. This led to incorporation and official activity of many other groups, including hard-liners. After the war ended in 1988, reformist and progressive candidates won four out of six presidential elections in Iran and Right-wing nationalist party of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won twice.

text: The Iranian Government is opposed by several Militias, including the Mojahedin-e-Khalq, the People's Fedayeen, and the Kurdish Democratic Party. For other political parties see List of political parties in Iran.

text: Supreme Leader[edit]

text: The Supreme Leader of Iran[10] is the head of state and highest ranking political and religious authority in the Islamic Republic of Iran (above the President). The armed forces, judicial system, state television, and other key governmental organizations are under the control of the Supreme Leader. There have been only two Supreme Leaders since the founding of the Islamic Republic, and the current leader (Ali Khamenei), has been in power since 1989. His powers extend to issuing decrees and making final decisions on the economy, environment, foreign policy, education, national planning of population growth,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] the amount of transparency in elections in Iran,[19] and who is to be fired and reinstated in the Presidential cabinet.[20][21]

text: The Supreme Leader is appointed and supervised by the Assembly of Experts. However, all candidates to the Assembly of Experts, the President and the Majlis (Parliament), are selected by the Guardian Council, half of whose members are selected by the Supreme Leader of Iran.[22] Also, all directly-elected members after the vetting process by the Guardian Council still have to be approved by the Supreme Leader.[23][24] As such, the Assembly has never questioned the Supreme Leader.[25]

text: Guardian Council[edit]

text: The Guardian Council is an appointed and constitutionally mandated 12-member council with considerable power. It approves or vetoes legislative bills from the Islamic Consultative Assembly (the Iranian Parliament), and approves or forbids candidates seeking office to the Assembly of Experts, the Presidency and the parliament,[26] Six of the twelve members are Islamic faqihs (expert in Islamic Law) selected by the Supreme Leader of Iran, and the other six are jurists nominated by the Head of the Judicial system (who is also appointed by the Supreme Leader),[27], and approved by the Iranian Parliament.[28]

text: Political parties and elections[edit]

text: These are the most recent elections that have taken place.

text: President[edit]

text:
Iranian presidential election, 2017

v
t
e

Candidate
Party
Votes
%

Hassan Rouhani
Moderation and Development Party
23,636,652
57.14

Ebrahim Raisi
Combatant Clergy Association
15,835,794
38.28

Mostafa Mir-Salim
Islamic Coalition Party
478,267
1.16

Mostafa Hashemitaba
Executives of Construction Party
214,441
0.52

Invalid/blank registered votes
1,200,931
2.90

Total registered votes
41,366,085
100

Registered voters/turnout
56,410,234
73.33

Source: Ministry of Interior

text: Local Councils[edit]

text: Islamic Consultative Assembly[edit]

text: Assembly of Experts[edit]

text: Political pressure groups and leaders[edit]

text: Active student groups include the pro-reform "Office for Strengthening Unity" and "the Union of Islamic Student Societies';

text:
Groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, The Iranian Islamic Students Association, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, Islam's Students, and the Islamic Coalition Association. The conservative power base has been said to be made up of a "web of Basiji militia members, families of war martyrs, some members of the Revolutionary Guard, some government employees, some members of the urban and rural poor, and conservative-linked foundations."[29]
opposition groups include the Freedom Movement of Iran and the Nation of Iran party;
armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan; the Society for the Defense of Freedom.

text: Military[edit]

text: The military and the Corps of the Guardians (often mistranslated as guards) of the Islamic Revolution (or Sepaah in Persian meaning the Corps) are charged with defending Iran's borders and Baseej (Persian for Mobilization) militia are charged with maintaining both external and internal security.

text: Public finance and fiscal policy[edit]

text:
Public finance

Policies[show]

Agricultural
Economic
Energy
Industrial
Investment
Social
Trade
Fiscal
Monetary
Policy mix

Fiscal policy[show]

Budget

policy

Debt

external
internal

Deficit / surplus
Finance ministry
Fiscal union
Revenue
Spending

deficit

Tax

Monetary policy[show]

Bank reserves

requirements

Discount window
Gold reserves
Interest rate
Monetary authority

central bank
currency board

Monetary base
Monetary (currency) union
Money supply

Trade policy[show]

Balance of trade
Free trade
Gains from trade
Non-tariff barrier
Protectionism
Tariff
Trade bloc
Trade creation
Trade diversion
Trade / commerce ministry

Revenue
Spending

[show]

Non-tax revenue
Tax revenue
Discretionary spending
Mandatory spending

Optimum[show]

Balanced budget
Economic growth
Price stability

Reform[show]

Fiscal adjustment
Monetary reform

v
t
e

text: Budget[edit]

text: Iran's fiscal year goes from 21 to 20 March of the following year.

text: Iran has two types of budget:

text:
Public or "General" Government Budget
Overall or "Total" Government Budget; which includes state-owned companies

tag: ol

text: Iran's budget is established by the Management and Planning Organization of Iran and then proposed by the government to the parliament/Majlis. Once approved by Majlis, the bill still needs to be ratified by the Guardian Council. The bill will be sent back to the parliament for amendments if it is voted down by the Guardian Council. The Expediency Council acts as final arbiter in any dispute.[15]

text: Following annual approval of the government’s budget by Majlis, the central bank presents a detailed monetary and credit policy to the Money and Credit Council (MCC) for approval. Thereafter, major elements of these policies are incorporated into the five-year economic development plan.[31] The 5-year plan is part of "Vision 2025", a strategy for long-term sustainable growth.[32]

text: A unique feature of Iran's economy is the large size of the religious foundations (called Bonyads) whose combined budgets make up more than 30% that of the central government.[33][34][35]

text: Setad, another organization worth more than $95 billion, has been described as "secretive" and "little known".[36] It is not overseen by the Iranian Parliament, as that body voted in 2008 to "prohibit itself from monitoring organizations that the supreme leader controls, except with his permission". It is, however, an important factor in the Supreme Leader's power, giving him financial independence from parliament and the national budget.[36]

text: The National Development Fund of Iran (NDFI) does not depend on Iran's budget.[37] But according to the Santiago Principles, NDFI must coordinate its investment decisions and actions with the macro-economic and monetary policies of the government of Iran.

text: Revenues[edit]

text: Officials in Iran estimate that Iran's annual oil and gas revenues could reach $250 billion by 2015 once the current projects come on stream.[38]

text: In 2004, about 45 percent of the government's budget came from exports of oil and natural gas revenues, although this varies with the fluctuations in world petroleum markets and 31 percent came from taxes and fees.[30] Overall, an estimated 50 percent of Iran's GDP was exempt from taxes in FY 2004.[39]

text: As of 2010, oil income accounts for 80% of Iran's foreign currency revenues and 60% of the nation's overall budget.[40] Any surplus revenues from the sale of crude oil and gas are to be paid into the Oil Stabilization Fund (OSF). The approved "total budget", including state owned commercial companies, was $295 billion for the same period.[41]

text: The Government seeks to increase the share of tax revenue in the budget through the implementation of the economic reform plan through more effective tax collection from businesses.

text: As of 2016, the formula set by law is that, for sales of oil at or below the budget's price assumption, 14.5% remains with the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), 20% goes to the National Development Fund (NDF), 2% goes to deprived and oil-producing provinces, and 63.5% goes to the government treasury.[42]

text: Expenditures[edit]

text: Because of changes in the classification of budgetary figures, comparison of categories among different years is not possible. However, since the Revolution the government's general budget payments have averaged:[39]

text:
59 percent for social affairs,
17 percent for economic affairs,
15 percent for national defense, and
13 percent for general affairs.

text: For a breakdown of expenditures for social and economic purposes, see attached chart.

text: In FY 2004, central government expenditures were divided as follows:[39]

text:
current expenditures, 59 percent, and
capital expenditures, 32 percent.
Other items (earmarked expenditures, foreign-exchange losses, coverage of liabilities of letters of credit, and net lending) accounted for the remainder.

text: Among current expenditures, wages and salaries accounted for 36 percent; subsidies and transfers to households accounted for 22 percent (not including indirect subsidies). Earmarked expenditures totaled 13 percent of the central government total. Between FY 2000 and FY 2004, total expenditures and net lending accounted for about 26 percent of GDP.[39] According to the Vice President for Parliamentary Affairs, Iran's subsidy reforms would save 20 percent of the country's budget.[43]

text: According to the head of the Department of Statistics of Iran, if the rules of budgeting were observed in this structure, the government could save at least 30 to 35 percent on its expenses.[44]

text: External debts[edit]

text: In 2013 Iran's external debts stood at $7.2 billion compared with $17.3 billion in 2012.[45] Meanwhile, Iran's banks and financial institutions total claims on the public sector (government and governmental institutions) amounted to 929 trillion IRR ($34.8 billion) in 2014, which must be reduced according to the IMF.[46][47][48] IMF estimates that public debt could be as high as 40% of GDP once government arrears to the private sector are recognized.[49]

text:
Money flow chart.

Iran's balance of payment (2003-2007)

Iran's total debt service as percent of exports of goods services and income increased sixfold between 1990 and 1997

Iran's oil vs non-oil real GDP growth projections.

Military expenditures (% GDP)

US dollar/Iranian rial exchange rate (2003-2014 est.)

Oil and gas production (1970-2030 est.)

Iranian budget process.

text:
Financial situation of the Government[50][51][52][53]
2007-2009 (In billion Iranian rials)1)3)4)5)6)7)

Year 1386 (2007–08)
(realized)

% of nominal GDP
(2007–08)[51][54]

Year 1387 (2008–09)
(approved budget)

Year 1387 (2008–09)
(realized)

Year 1391 (2012–13)
(realized)

Revenues and payments

191,815.3
11.4%
217,155
239,741.4
395,166.7
Tax revenues (i.e. Income tax, Corporate tax, VAT, Customs fees etc.)

106,387.8

121,598.1
139,597.1
173,036.5
(+) Other revenues (i.e. Public corporations' dividend, Government services & other fees)

298,203.1

338,753.1
379,338.5
568,203.2
= Revenues

(-) 421,334.1
16.1%
(-) 621,126
(-) 564,290.0
(-) 889,993.2
(–) Expenditure payments/current (i.e. Government wages) (see also: Iranian targeted subsidy plan)

-123,131
4.7%
-282,372.9
-184,951.5
-321,790.0
= (+/-) Operational balance*

173,519.1

298,865.6
215,650.3
425,526.5
Sale of oil and oil products (see also: Ministry of Petroleum of Iran & National Iranian Oil Company)

1,272.7

3,095
986.5
2,994.9
(+) Others (Value of movable and immovable properties)

174,791.8

301,960.6
216,636.7
428,521.4
= Transfer of capital assets

- 147,715.8 (-157,215.8)(2)
5.6%
(-) 251,573.8
(-) 213,495.8
(-) 152,277.4
(–) Acquisition of capital assets/development expenditures (in Transport, Urban and Rural Development and Housing Provision Plans in the Framework of Welfare and Social Security System)

27,076.1 (17,576.1)(2)

50,386.8
3,140.9
276,244.0
= Net transfer of capital assets

-123,131
4.7%
-282,372.9
-184,951.5
-321,790.0
+ Operational balance (see above for details*)

-96,054.9 (-105,554.9)(2)
3.7%
-231,986.1
-181,810.6
-45,546.0
= Operational and capital balance (Operational balance + Net transfer of capital assets)

156,614.1 (166,114.0)(2)

267,771.6
218,260.0
67,696.1
Transfer of financial assets (i.e. Privatization proceeds, World Bank facilities, Sale of participation papers & Oil Stabilization Fund utilization)

(-) 60,559.2

(-) 35,785.5
(-) 36,449.4
(-) 22,150.1
(–) Acquisition of financial assets (i.e. Repayment of external debts and obligations)

96,054.9 (105,554.9)(2)
3.7%
231,986.1
181,810.6
45,546.0
= Net transfer of financial assets (Transfer of financial assets – Acquisition of financial assets)

text:
Notes:
1) Since 2002, the latest International Monetary Fund Guidelines on government financial statistics have been used as a model to prepare annual budgetary acts. Accordingly, revenues are classified into “taxes and other revenues”, and “oil sales” which had earlier been classified as revenue are now referred to as "transfer of capital assets".
2) In 2007/08, it includes budget supplement at Rls. 9,500 billion.
3) The government budget does not include state revenues and expenses derived from state owned commercial entreprises.[55]
4) The government budget does not account for subsidies paid to state owned commercial enterprise. See also Subsidy reform plan.[55]
5) Excluding special revenues and expenditures and the figure for transparency in the price (subsidy) of energy bearers.[51]
6) For "Total Government Budget" (including state owned commercial companies), see Statistical Center of Iran.
7) Hidden spending and liability not included.

text: In Iran's state budget for the Iranian calendar year 1388 (2009–2010), of the $102 billion earmarked for government spending,[41]

text:
53% will be funded through revenues from the sale of crude oil and gas,
28% will come from taxes and the remaining
19% from other sources such as the privatization program.[41]

text: Oil revenues are calculated based on the average price of $37.50 per barrel at the US Dollar conversion rate of 9,500 Rials.[56] Iran balances its external accounts around $75 per barrel.[57]

text: The budget for Iranian year 1389 (2010–2011), which starts on 21 March, amounts to $368.4bn, representing an increase of 31 per cent on the previous year and is based on a projected oil price of $60 a barrel compared with just $37.50 last year.[56]

text: The public budget was $165 billion (1,770 trillion rials) in Iranian year 2011-2012. The Iranian Parliament also approved a total budget of $500 billion (5,170 trillion rials) that factors in $54 billion from price hikes and subsidy cuts and aside from the government (or public budget) also includes spending for state-owned companies.[58][59] The budget is based on an oil price of $80 per barrel. The value of the US dollar is estimated at IRR 10,500 for the same period. the 2011-total budget shows a 45-percent increase compared with that of 2011 which stood at $368 billion.[60]

text: The proposed budget for 2011–2012 amounts to 5.1 quadrillion rials (approximately $416 billion).[61] The funding for running the government has been decreased by 5.6 percent and the government's tax revenues have been envisaged to rise by 20 percent.[61] The defense budget shows an increase of 127 percent. The government also is seeking higher sums for development, research, and health projects.[62] Approved budget of 5,660 trillion Rials $477 billion is based on an oil price of $85 per barrel and the average value of the U.S. dollar for the fiscal year has been projected to be 12,260 rials, allowing the government to gain $53.8 billion from subsidy cut.[63] The approved total state budget figure shows an 11% increase in Rial terms, in comparison to the previous year's budget. Of this amount, $134 billion relates to the government's general budget and the remaining $343 billion relates to state-owned companies and organizations. Of the $134 billion for the government's general budget, $117 billion relates to operating expenditure and $17 billion is for infrastructure developments. The government's general budget for 2012–13 shows a 3.5% decline in comparison to the previous year, while the budget for state-owned companies and organisations has risen by 18.5%. Revenues from crude oil make up 37% of the state's total revenues in the budget. Revenues from taxes have been projected at 458 trillion Rials ($37 billion), which shows a 10% increase year-on-year.[64] In the first half of 2012, Iran announced in Majlis that it has taken in only 25% of its budgeted annual revenue.[65] According to Apicorp, Iran needs oil to average $127 a barrel in 2012 for its fiscal budget to break even.[66]

text: In May 2013, the Iranian parliament approved a 7.27-quadrillion-rial (about $593 billion) national budget bill for 2013–14. The new national budget has forecast a 40% drop in oil revenues compared to the previous year's projected figure. The bill has set the price of oil at $95 per barrel, based on the official exchange rate of 12,260 rials for a U.S. dollar, which has been fixed by the Central Bank of Iran.[67] The budget law also includes income of 500 trillion Rials from the subsidies reform plan. Out of this amount, 410 trillion Rials is allocated for direct cash handouts to those eligible who have registered and for social funds.[68]

text: Iran's earmarked government spending for the year starting in March 2014 at $75 billion, calculated on an open-market exchange rate, with an overall/"total" budget ceiling estimated at about $265 billion. The draft budget estimates oil exports at about 1.1 million barrels per day (bpd). The 2014 budget assumes an average oil price of $100 per barrel, inflation at 21%, GDP growth at 3% and the official USD/IRR exchange rate at 26,000 Iranian rials.[69][70][71][72] The budget bill permits the government to use more than $35 billion in foreign finance.[73] Capital expenditure is set to rise by 9.7%.[74] The administration has set the goal of 519 trillion rials, (about $20.9 billion) government's income from implementation of the subsidy reform plan in budget bill and will be likely forced to double fuel prices.[75] In February 2014, Parliament approved a total budget bill worth 7,930 trillion rials ($319 billion at the official exchange rate).[76] The International Monetary Fund has estimated Iran needs an oil price above $130 a barrel to balance its 2015-state budget; Brent crude was below $80 a barrel in November 2014. The IMF estimated in October 2014 that Iran would run a general government deficit of $8.6 billion in 2015, at the official exchange rate, to be compensated by drawing on the National Development Fund.[77]

text: Iran's 2015 proposed budget is nearly $300 billion. The overall/"total" budget shows a 4% growth compared with the 2014 budget. The budget assumes that the country exports 1 million barrels per day of crude oil and 0.3 million barrels per day of gas condensates at an average price of $72 per barrel of crude.[78] The official exchange rate is projected to be on average 28,500 USD/IRR.[79] Dependency on oil exports in this overall budget bill has dropped to 25% (down from over 30% of government revenues in 2014.)[15] The plan is to increase taxation on large organizations by reducing tax evasion/exemption. The Iranian state is the biggest player in the economy, and the annual budget strongly influences the outlook of local industries and the stock market. The 2015 budget is not expected to bring much growth for many of the domestic industries.[79][80] An average oil price of $50 for the coming year would result in a deficit of $7.5 billion. The government can lower this deficit by increasing the official exchange rate but this will trigger higher inflation.[81] The proposed expenses are $58 billion including $39 billion is salary and pension payments to government employees. Proposed development expenditure amounts to $17 billion.[81] R&D’s share in the GNP is at 0.06% (where it should be 2.5% of GDP)[82][83] and industry-driven R&D is almost non‑existent.[79]

text: Proposed government budget is 9.52-quadrillion Iranian rials (about 262 billion US dollars).[84] Assumptions made in the budget are $50 billion in foreign investment and foreign loans, 5-6% GDP growth and 11% inflation.[84] Sixty-five percent of the budget is to be financed through taxation and the remaining 35% from oil sales, based on 2.25 million barrels of oil sales per day, an average oil price of 40 dollars a barrel and US dollar-Iranian rial exchange rate at 29,970.[84]

text: According to the sixth five-year development plan (2016-2021), the subsidy reform plan is to continue until 2021.[84]

text: An amendment to the budget was passed in August 2016. This amendment allows the government to issue debt based instruments and the use of forex reserves in an attempt to clear its debt to the private sector, including contractors, banks and insurers.[85]

text: Complexity of the system[edit]

text: According to the constitution, the Guardian Council oversees and approves electoral candidates for most national elections in Iran. The Guardian Council has 12 members, six clerics, appointed by the Supreme Leader and six jurists, elected by the Majlis from among the Muslim jurists nominated by the Head of the Judicial System, who is appointed by the Supreme Leader. According to the current law, the Guardian Council approves the Assembly of Experts candidates, who in turn supervise and elect the Supreme Leader.

text: The reformists say this system creates a closed circle of power.[86] Iranian reformists, such as Mohammad-Ali Abtahi have considered this to be the core legal obstacle for the reform movement in Iran.[87][88][89][90][91]


document_title: The Breakfast Club

question_text: what is the principal's name in the breakfast club

question_tokens: what is the principal 's name in the breakfast club

text: The Breakfast Club

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Saturday, March 24, 1984, five students report at 7:00 a.m. for all-day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer, Illinois. While not complete strangers, each of them comes from a different clique, and they seem to have nothing in common: the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish, the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark, the geekish intellect Brian Johnson, the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds, and the rebellious delinquent John Bender.

text: They gather in the high school library, where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak, move from their seats, or sleep until they are released at 3:00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand-word essay, in which each must describe "who you think you are." He then leaves, returning only occasionally to check on them. Bender, who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon, ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students, teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire. Allison is initially quiet, except for an occasional random outburst. Over the course of the day, Vernon gives Bender several weekends' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet, but he escapes and returns to the library.

text: The students pass the hours by talking, arguing, and, at one point, smoking marijuana that Bender retrieves from his locker. Gradually, they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets: Allison is a compulsive liar; Andrew cannot easily think for himself; Bender comes from an abusive household; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way. They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents, which are a key cause for their personal issues as well: Allison's parents ignore her due to their own problems; Andrew's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible; Bender's father verbally and physically abuses him; Brian's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades; and Claire's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments. The students realize that, even with their differences, they face similar pressures and complications in their lives.

text: Despite their differences in social status, the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses. Claire gives Allison a makeover, to reveal just how pretty she really is, which sparks romantic interest in Andrew. Claire decides to break her "pristine" virgin appearance by kissing Bender in the closet and giving him a hickey. Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention, their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards.

text: As the detention nears its end, the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left. Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave. As the students part ways outside the school, Allison and Andrew kiss, as do Claire and Bender. Allison rips Andrew's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep, and Claire gives Bender one of her diamond earrings, which he attaches to his earlobe. Vernon reads the essay (read by Brian in voice-over), in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are, using simple definitions and stereotypes. One by one, the five students' voices add, "But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain, and an athlete, and a basket case, a princess, and a criminal." Brian signs the letter as "The Breakfast Club." Bender raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Judd Nelson as John Bender
Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish
Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark
Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson
Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds
Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon
John Kapelos as Carl Reed
Ron Dean as Mr. Clark

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes' 1984 film Sixteen Candles. Towards the end of filming, Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club. Hall became the first to be cast, agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson. Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds, but she was "really upset" because she wanted to play Claire Standish. She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part.[5] The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy.

text: Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender. However, when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke, Estevez was recast. Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender, which was the last role to be cast, though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson. Hughes eventually cast Cusack, but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began, because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role. At one point, Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off-camera, and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him.[5][6]

text: Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos.[7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In 1999, Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience.[8] Hughes ultimately convinced the film's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot, he could greatly minimize their risk. Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut. Hughes opted for an insular, largely one room set and wrote it about high school students, who would be played by younger actors.[9]

text: Principal photography began on March 28, 1984, and ended in May. Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines, Illinois, shuttered in 1981. The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes' 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School. The library at Maine North High School, considered too small for the film, prompted the crew to build the set in the school's gymnasium.[10] The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence.[11] On the Ferris Bueller's Day Off DVD commentary (featured on the 2004 DVD version), Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money, and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film. The first print was 150 minutes in length.[12]

text: During a cast reunion in honor of the film's 25th anniversary, Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director's Cut existed but Hughes' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts.[6]

text: In 2015 the first draft of the film's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building.[13]

text: Poster[edit]

text: The film's poster, featuring the five characters huddled together, was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting. The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on.[14] The poster refers to the five "types" of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film, and in a different sequence, stating "They were five total strangers with nothing in common, meeting for the first time. A brain, a beauty, a jock, a rebel and a recluse." The poster itself was so influential, it was parodied in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 a year later.

text: Themes[edit]

text: The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood, by adults and by themselves. It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs, as well as the lofty expectations of their parents, teachers, and other authority figures. On the surface, the students have little in common with each other. However, as the day rolls on, they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations.[15][16] Stereotyping is another theme. Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down, the characters "empathize with each other's struggles, dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions, and discover that they are more similar than different."[17]

text: The main adult character, Mr. Vernon, is not portrayed in a positive light. He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film. Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7, 1985. Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15, 1985 in the United States. On February 18, 1985 it was released in the Soviet Union, making it one of the rare west films to be shown. [18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In 2003, the film was released on DVD as part of the "High School Reunion Collection".[19] In 2008, a "Flashback Edition" DVD was released with several special features, including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson.[20] A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray was released in 2010,[21] and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal's 100th Anniversary series.[22][23] On March 10, 2015, the 30th Anniversary Edition was released. This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD, Digital HD and Blu-ray.[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received high critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 89% approval rating based on 56 reviews with a critical consensus states "The Breakfast Club is a warm, insightful, and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers".[25] Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62% based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable reviews".[26]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In February 1985, the film debuted at #3 at the box office (behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford).[27] Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide, the film is a box office success, given its alleged $1 million budget.[28]

text: Award[edit]

text: Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005.

text:
Award
Nominee
Result

Silver Bucket of Excellence Award
Anthony Michael Hall
Judd Nelson
Paul Gleason
Molly Ringwald
Ally Sheedy
Won

text: American Film Institute lists[edit]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Don't You (Forget About Me)" – Nominated[29]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers - Nominated[30]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) — Nominated[31]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Principal Richard Vernon: "Don't mess with the bull, young man. You'll get the horns!" – Nominated

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The Breakfast Club is known as the "quintessential 1980s film" and is considered as one of the best films of the decade.[32] In 2008, Empire magazine ranked it #369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list.[33] It then rose 331 places to rank at #38 on their 2014 list.[34] Similarly, The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list[35] and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[36] In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie, Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club.[37]

text: In 2005, the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards. For the event, MTV attempted to reunite the original cast. Sheedy, Ringwald, and Hall appeared together on stage, with Kapelos in the audience; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates. Estevez could not attend because of other commitments, and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on-stage reunion, prompting Hall to joke that the two were "in Africa with Dave Chappelle". Yellowcard performed Simple Minds' anthem for the film, "Don't You (Forget About Me)", at the awards. At the 82nd Academy Awards (March 7, 2010), Sheedy, Hall, Ringwald, and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes — who had died a few months prior — along with other actors who had worked with him, including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink, Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
February 19, 1985

Recorded
1984

Genre
Rock, new wave

Length
38:02

Label
A&M Records

Producer
various artists

Singles from The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

"Don't You"
Released: February 20, 1985 (US), April 8, 1985 (UK)

Audio sample

Simple Minds—Don't You (Forget About Me)

file
help

text: The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19, 1985 by A&M Records. The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart. The song "Don't You (Forget About Me)" performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20, 1985 in the United States and on April 8, 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Don't You (Forget About Me)" – Simple Minds
"Waiting" – E.G. Daily
"Fire in the Twilight" – Wang Chung
"I'm the Dude" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Heart Too Hot to Hold" – Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill
"Dream Montage" (instrumental) – Gary Chang
"We Are Not Alone" – Karla DeVito
"Reggae" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Didn't I Tell You?" – Joyce Kennedy
"Love Theme" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: In a June 25, 1985 review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "D-" and said that it has "utterly negligible" songs, and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song, "Don't You (Forget About Me)," best known for being played during the film's opening and closing credits.[38] In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that, apart from Simple Minds' "undisputed masterpiece," the album is largely "disposable" and marred by "'80s artifacts" and "forgettable instrumentals".[39]


document_title: Return to Oz

question_text: who played dorothy gale in return to oz

question_tokens: who played dorothy gale in return to oz

text: Return to Oz

text: Plot[edit]

text: In October 1899, six months after returning home from the Land of Oz, Dorothy Gale is melancholic. Her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry take her to Dr. Worley, known for his electrotherapy treatments, and leave her under the care of Nurse Wilson. During a thunderstorm, the lab suffers a blackout and Dorothy is saved by a mysterious girl. They escape with Nurse Wilson in pursuit, and fall into a river. Dorothy clambers aboard a chicken coop, but the other girl appears to have vanished underwater.

text: Upon awakening, Dorothy finds herself back in Oz with her chicken Billina, who can now talk. They find the Emerald City in ruins and its citizens (including the Tin Woodman and Cowardly Lion) turned to stone. Pursued by Wheelers (humans who have wheels instead of hands and feet), Dorothy and Billina hide in a room accessed by a glyph key Billina earlier had found. They meet a mechanical man, Tik-Tok, who explains that King Scarecrow has been captured by the Nome King, a subterranean demon who is responsible for the Emerald City's destruction. The three visit princess Mombi in hopes of getting more information, but she is working with the Nome King and imprisons them.

text: Dorothy, Billina, and Tik-Tok meet Jack Pumpkinhead, who explains he was brought to life via Mombi's Powder of Life. Dorothy uses the powder to vivify the Gump, the head of a moose-like animal whose body they put together using two sofas, palm leaves, a broom, and rope. Using the Gump as transport, the group escapes and flies across the Deadly Desert to reach the Nome King's mountain. In his underground domain, the Nome King tells Dorothy that the Scarecrow stole the emeralds from him to build the Emerald City, and should be punished. He does not listen when Dorothy protests that the emeralds preceded the Scarecrow at the city. The Scarecrow has been turned into an ornament, and the group has three guesses each to identify which one he is, or they will be turned into ornaments themselves. The Gump, Jack and Tik-Tok each fail and are turned into ornaments. The Nome King gives Dorothy the chance to go home unscathed since he has her discarded ruby slippers, but Dorothy refuses to use them to leave her companions.

text: On Dorothy's last guess, she locates the Scarecrow, having deduced that people from Oz turn into green ornaments. The hunt for green ornaments yields Jack and Gump, but the enraged Nome King, who has trapped Mombi in a cage, confronts Dorothy and company and transforms in a monstrous form where he eats the Gump's couch body. He tries to eat Jack, but Billina, hiding in Jack's head, lays an egg in fright and it falls into the Nome King's mouth. Due to eggs being toxic to Nomes, the Nome King and his subterranean kingdom crumble to pieces all around Dorothy and her friends. Dorothy finds the ruby slippers and wishes she and her friends be returned to a restored Emerald City. There, they mourn the loss of Tik-Tok until Billina notices a green medal stuck to one of the Gump's antlers; Dorothy uses one more "guess" and Tik-Tok materializes.

text: At a celebration, Dorothy is asked to be Queen of Oz but refuses, realizing she must return to Kansas eventually. She learns that the girl who helped her escape the hospital is Princess Ozma, Jack's long-lost creator, and the rightful ruler of Oz, who had been enchanted by Mombi at the Nome King's request. Ozma forgives the no-longer-magical Mombi. She takes her place on the throne and Dorothy hands over the ruby slippers. Billina opts to stay in Oz. Ozma sends Dorothy home, promising that Dorothy is welcome to return.

text: Back in Kansas, Dorothy's family finds her on a riverbank. Aunt Em reveals that Worley's hospital was struck by lightning and burned down, and Worley died trying to save his machines. They see Nurse Wilson, arrested and locked in a cage on a horse buggy. Upon returning to the farmhouse, Dorothy sees Billina and Ozma peering at her through her bedroom mirror. When Dorothy entreats Aunt Em to come to her room to see Ozma, Ozma silently instructs her to keep her and Oz a secret.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Fairuza Balk as Dorothy Gale
Nicol Williamson as Dr. Worley/Nome King
Jean Marsh as Nurse Wilson/Mombi
Piper Laurie as Aunt Em
Matt Clark as Uncle Henry
Michael Sundin & Tim Rose as Tik-Tok (puppeteers)

Sean Barrett as Tik-Tok (voice)

Mak Wilson as Billina(puppeteer)

Denise Bryer as Billina (voice)

Brian Henson & Stewart Larange as Jack Pumpkinhead (puppeteers)

Brian Henson as Jack Pumpkinhead (voice)

Lyle Conway & Steve Norrington as The Gump (puppeteer)

Lyle Conway as the Gump (voice)

Justin Case as the Scarecrow
John Alexander as the Cowardly Lion, Wheeler
Deep Roy as the Tin Woodman
Emma Ridley as the Girl at the hospital/Princess Ozma
Pons Maar as Lead Wheeler, Nome Messenger, and one of Nurse Wilson's assistants
Sophie Ward as Mombi II
Fiona Victory as Mombi III
Bruce Boa as Policeman
Tansy as Toto

text: Production[edit]

text: Walter Murch began development on the film in 1980, during a brainstorming session with Walt Disney Productions production chief Tom Wilhite. "It was just a fishing expedition on both of our parts," Murch remembered. "But one of the questions he asked was, 'What are you interested in that you think we might also be interested in?', and I said, 'Another Oz story.'... And Tom sort of straightened up in his chair because it turned out, unbeknownst to me, that Disney owned the rights to all of the Oz stories. And they were particularly interested in doing something with them because the copyright was going to run out in the next five years."[4]

text: The film is based on the second and third Oz books, The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) and Ozma of Oz (1907). The element about Tik-Tok being "The Royal Army of Oz" derives from Tik-Tok of Oz (1914), in which he is made the Royal Army of Oogaboo, and also makes frequent cries of "Pick me up!" That book was itself based on a dramatic production, The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913). Murch also used the book Wisconsin Death Trip as a historical source for the film.[5]

text: Murch took a decidedly darker take on Baum's source material than the 1939 adaptation, which he knew starting out would be a gamble. Between the development period and actual shooting, there was a change of leadership at the Walt Disney studios (with Wilhite being replaced by Richard Berger), and the movie's budget increased.[6] Once shooting began, Murch began to fall behind schedule, and there was further pressure from the studio, leading to Murch being fired as director for a short period.[6] George Lucas and other high-profile filmmakers including Francis Ford Coppola supported Murch in discussions with the studio, and Murch was reinstated and finished the film.[4][6]

text: The film was developed and produced without the involvement of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the studio behind the 1939 film. No approval was necessary, because by 1985, the Oz books on which it was based were in the public domain, and the subsequent Oz books had been optioned to Disney many years earlier. A large fee was paid, however, to use the ruby slippers, which were still the intellectual property of MGM at the time (as they had been created specifically for the 1939 film to replace the Silver Shoes of the original stories).

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews upon its release. The film-critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes records 55% positive reviews based on 22 reviews. Those who were familiar with the Oz books praised its faithfulness to the source material of L. Frank Baum. However, many critics described its tone and overall content as slightly too dark and intense for young children. "Children are sure to be startled by its bleakness," said The New York Times' Janet Maslin.[7] Canadian film critic Jay Scott felt the protagonists were too creepy and weird for viewers to relate or sympathize with: "Dorothy's friends are as weird as her enemies, which is faithful to the original Oz books but turns out not to be a virtue on film, where the eerie has a tendency to remain eerie no matter how often we're told it's not."[8] "It's bleak, creepy, and occasionally terrifying," added Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader.[9] It earned $2,844,895 in its opening weekend, finishing in seventh place.[10] It ultimately grossed $11,137,801 in North America.[11]

text: The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects, but lost to Cocoon. Fairuza Balk and Emma Ridley were nominated for Young Artist Awards. It received two Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film (lost to Ladyhawke) and Best Younger Actor for Fairuza Balk (who lost to Barret Oliver for D.A.R.Y.L.).

text: The film's interpretation of Oz is featured in the Storybook Land Canal Boats attraction at Disneyland Paris. Amelie Gillette of The A.V. Club frequently refers to its dark nature as unsuitable for its intended audience of young children[12] despite it being one of her favorite movies growing up.

text: Family Films Productions is producing a documentary about the movie, Remembering Return to Oz.[13][14] The film features cast and crew sharing memories about the film. The film features the director Walter Murch, alongside Gary Kurtz, Paul Maslansky, David Shire, and other crew members. Fairuza Balk, Emma Ridley, Pons Maar, and other cast from the 1985 are also being featured. A short film, "Reflections in the Mirror" which is being labeled as a "spin-off" to Disney's Return to Oz was produced in August of 2017. A young man named Randy (Randy Bruce) knows that the Land of Oz is calling his name as he has a big obsession with the 1985 film, Return to Oz. After he goes to sleep - he goes on a journey and mysteriously finds different objects from the Land of Oz throughout a park. Later in the dream, we meet (older Randy) (Jason Smither) it is about 15 years later and Randy (now older) still enjoys the Return to Oz film. During the dream, he encounters even a headless witch. The film stars Randy Bruce as young Randy and Jason Smither as Randy 15 years later. Michael Williams, Producer of Ozland & The Atoning has praised the film saying, "Reflections in the Mirror" is an affectionate look at "Return to Oz" from the perspective of a true fan. It makes you want to revisit the original cult classic. [14]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film has been released to VHS, beta, laserdisc, DVD, and Blu-Ray over the years. The initial release, to VHS, laserdisc, and Beta, occurred in December 1985 shortly after the theatrical release, with the VHS initially priced with a list price of $79.95. Disney reissued it in 1992 with alternate cover art. In 1999, Anchor Bay Entertainment, who had obtained the home video rights to several titles from Disney's live-action catalogue, issued the film on full-screen and letterbox VHS, as well as a DVD release featuring both versions. All three releases featured an intro by Fairuza Balk before the film and an interview featurette with her after it. All three versions went out of print shortly after their release.

text: In 2004, Disney released their own DVD, which dropped the Anchor Bay disc's fullscreen version and added anamorphic enhancement for 16:9 TV's for the widescreen version, upgraded the audio to 5.1 surround, retained the Anchor Bay disc's extras, and added four TV spots and a theatrical trailer. In 2015, Disney released a 30th Anniversary Edition of the film on Blu-Ray exclusively through the Disney Movie Club, featuring a newly remastered and cleaned up transfer and DTS Master Audio 5.1 sound, but none of the bonus features from the 2004 DVD.


document_title: Mr. Noodle

question_text: who plays mr noodle on sesame street 2010

text: Mr. Noodle

text:
Mr. Noodle

Sesame Street character

Mr. Noodle in Elmo's World

Portrayed by
Bill Irwin

Information

Gender
Male

text: Mr. Noodle and his siblings—Mr. Noodle's brother Mister Noodle, Ms Noodle, and Miss Noodle—are characters who appear in the "Elmo's World" segments during the educational children's television program Sesame Street. Mr. Noodle was played by Broadway actor Bill Irwin, who had previously worked with Arlene Sherman, executive producer of Sesame Street and co-creator of "Elmo's World", in short films for the program.[1]

text: When Irwin became unavailable, Sherman asked Michael Jeter, who was her friend, to replace Irwin as Mr. Noodle's brother Mister Noodle, which he accepted enthusiastically,[2] calling it his favorite role in twenty years.[3] Jeter was in the role beginning in 2000, until his death in 2003.[4] Kristin Chenoweth played Mr. Noodle's sister Ms. Noodle,[4] and Sarah Jones played Mr. Noodle's other sister Miss Noodle. As of January 2017, Daveed Diggs and comedian Daniel Koren, have played two more of Mr. Noodle's brothers.[5] Five actors playing members of the Noodle family have won Tonys.

text: Writer Louise A. Gikow calls the Noodles "a dynasty of mimes,...in the tradition of great silent film comedians like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and Harold Lloyd".[4] They made mistakes, but solved them with the help of "enthusiastic kid voice overs",[4] which empowered children and helped them feel smarter than the adults.

text: They were silent in order to allow Elmo to do all the talking, and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen. They would physically and humorously act out their replies to Elmo's questions.[4][6]

text: According to writer and "Elmo's World" co creator Judy Freudberg, "Mr. Noodle, who never speaks, is all about trial and error. When you throw him a hat, he acts like he's never seen one before. Kids feel empowered watching him because they can do what he can't".[7] According to Sesame Street researcher Lewis Bernstein, the characters, whom he called "bungling", gave young viewers "the opportunity to figure it out" before the adults did.[4]