document_title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

question_text: where did they film lost in space netflix

text: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the aftermath of an impact event that threatens the survival of humanity, the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute, an interstellar spacecraft carrying selected families to colonize the Alpha Centauri star system.

text: Before they reach their destination, an alien robot breaches the Resolute's hull. Forced to evacuate the mothership in short-range Jupiter spacecraft, scores of colonists, among them the Robinsons, crash on a nearby habitable planet. There they must contend with a strange environment and battle their own personal demons as they search for a way back to the Resolute.[1]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Molly Parker as mission commander Maureen Robinson, an aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri in hopes of building a new life on a better world. Married to John Robinson, she is the biological mother of Judy, Penny, and Will Robinson.[3]
Toby Stephens as John Robinson, former U.S. Navy SEAL and husband to Maureen. He is adoptive father to Judy and biological father to Penny and Will.[4]
Maxwell Jenkins as 11-year-old Will Robinson, who forms a tight bond with the Robot, which he saves from destruction during a forest fire.[5]
Taylor Russell as 18-year-old Judy Robinson, who serves as mission doctor, having received accelerated medical training.[6][7]
Mina Sundwall as 15-year-old Penny Robinson.[7][8]
Ignacio Serricchio as Don West, ship's mechanic and smuggler of luxury goods. He is accompanied by Debbie, which he calls his lucky chicken.[9]
Parker Posey as June Harris, a criminal and psychopath who assumes the identity of her sister Jessica to take her place on the colony ship and subsequently impersonates Dr. Zachary Smith during the attack to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship. After landing on the planet, Harris attempts to sabotage the colonists' chances of rescue by the Resolute, all the while manipulating and gaslighting other survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes.[10] The theft of the doctor's identity is a reference to the corresponding character of Dr. Smith in the original television series.[11]
Brian Steele as the Robot,[12] an alien robot being that Will encounters following the crash. The robot has a different form from the ones that appeared in the previous series and film.[13]
Sibongile Mlambo as Angela Goddard,[14], a fellow survivor struggling with post traumatic stress disorder in the wake of her husband's death during the attack on the Resolute.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Raza Jaffrey as Victor Dhar, an officious politician whose arrogance and impatience mask an underlying sense of insecurity.[15]
Ajay Friese as Vijay Dhar, Victor's son and Penny's love interest
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Hiroki Watanabe, scientist and friend of Maureen
Kiki Sukezane as Aiko Watanabe, Hiroki's daughter
Yukari Komatsu as Naoko Watanabe, Hiroki's wife
Veenu Sandhu as Prisha Dhar, Victor's wife
Adam Greydon Reid as Peter Beckert
Amelia Burstyn as Diane
Iain Belcher as Evan
Shaun Parkes as Captain Radic, commander of the Resolute

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Selma Blair as Jessica Harris, June's wealthy younger sister
Bill Mumy as Dr. Zachary Smith, the real Dr. Smith, whose identity June steals

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1"Impact"Neil MarshallMatt Sazama & Burk SharplessApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
The spacecraft Resolute, a large ferris wheel style ship, is carrying colonists, including the Robinson family, to Alpha Centauri. The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their “family home” Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole, crash-landing on an Earth-like planet. The Robinsons' craft, Jupiter 2, crashes into a glacial bed. The family evacuates with some supplies before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water. Eldest Robinson child, Judy, a doctor, dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment. She becomes encased in ice, and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy's suit, John and son, Will, set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice. Judy guides her sister, Penny, through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother, Maureen. Inside a cave, Will falls down a chasm, landing at the edge of a forest. John radios Will, saying he will return after saving Judy. Alone, Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self-repair. In return, it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them. The family attempt to free Judy, but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress. Will and the Robot arrive, and the Robot rescues Judy. In a flashback scene, a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing craft, along with Don West and Tam Roughneck.
2"Diamonds in the Sky"Neil MarshallMatt Sazama & Burk SharplessApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Don West, Smith, and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing. While looking for other survivors, they find Angela Goddard, who is barely alive. When a storm approaches, Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out. Meanwhile, the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2. Maureen, John, Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot's ship. They leave Penny and Judy behind, instructing them how to carefully raise the ship out of the ice. Inside the alien ship, a holographic map of the planet is activated, showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy. Outside, the robot touches the ship's hull, creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute. He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision. When Penny sees the storm approaching and is unable to reach her parents to warn them, she raises the Jupiter 2 enough that the garage can be opened. She drives the ship's Chariot  all-terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm. As they head back to Jupiter 2, they pass Don who sees them only to discover his flare gun is missing. The Robinsons see a flare and find Smith, who claims to be alone, returning with her to the Jupiter 2.
3"Infestation"Tim SouthamZack EstrinApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
In a flashback, Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris, the older, ex-con sister of Jess Harris, a successful businesswoman. Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth, but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister's identity. Aboard the Resolute, she bumps into her sister's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock. June is arrested but escapes during the robot's attack. In the present, Maureen explains they are trillions of light years from Earth. At night, the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks, endangering the ship. They rush to complete repairs, but the engines are losing fuel. When Will and the robot discover large eel-like creatures in the conduits, the robot locks Will, along with Smith, in the storeroom for safety. The glacier shifts, which forces the crew to make an emergency take-off after flushing the eels from the engines. They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region. Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute, who are searching for survivors. Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun. Will finds it, and hides the gun under his mattress, unaware Smith is watching.
4"The Robinsons Were Here"Alice TroughtonKatherine CollinsApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Stuck without fuel, the family initiates Jupiter 2's colonization expansion protocol. Smith and Will discuss the robot, who does Will's bidding. Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela. She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute. The Robinsons learn none of the other surviving families can fly due to the giant eels consuming fuel. John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship. Maureen, John, and Don go there and discover the Resolute's comm dish. They realize the Resolute cannot hear them. Maureen also discovers contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard. Judy confronts Will about the robot, and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute. They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave, unaware Smith is following them. On the way, they are spotted by Vijay Dhar, the son of another survivor group. Penny blackmails him to say nothing about the robot, having found and keeping an item he dropped. While away, Maureen and John discuss their marital problems. The next morning, the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive. Smith talks to the robot inside the cave, attempting to instill distrust in it about Will. When John and Maureen return home, the kids tell them that the robot wandered away.
5"Transmission"Deborah ChowKari DrakeApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
The surviving colonists build a light tower to try to signal the Resolute. Maureen, noticing strange weather phenomena, conducts an experiment using a weather balloon. She discovers the sun is paired with a deadly black hole, and that the disturbances will only get worse until the planet is entirely unhabitable. Will ignores Penny and Judy's advice to tell their father about the Robot. Penny develops a crush on Vijay, flirting with him as they move supplies. Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun, though she claims she took it by mistake. In a flashback, Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri. Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities. He also reveals his suspicions about Dr. Smith's identity. Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this, but she lies and instead casts doubt on Don. When the colonists activate the light signal, Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence, allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower. Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot.  When another creature shows up, Dr. Smith tells Will to call the robot. It does save the survivors, but only after Will tells it to defend itself against the creatures. It assumes its original multi-limb form to do this. The colonists witness all of this and recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute.
6"Eulogy"Vincenzo NataliEd McCardieApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Maureen tells her family about the black hole but is afraid the other colonists might panic. John has a heated argument with the other survivors about the robot. In the end, despite an enraged Angela claiming it killed her husband, John convinces the community to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss Will's responsibility for the robot's actions. He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties. Don takes the community leader and Vijay's father, Victor Dhar, to his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel-like creatures, and wants money for its fuel. Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith, later showing Judy. Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying. Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy, and they share a kiss. Back at camp, Dr. Smith makes the distraught Angela recount the horrifying details of the robot attack. The emotional Angela enters the hub with the gun Dr. Smith has taken from Will's bunk and arranged for her to find. When she shoots at the robot it goes into attack mode and accidentally injures John before Will gets it to stop. Distraught, Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off. He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot.
7"Pressurized"Tim SouthamVivian LeeApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
While driving back to Jupiter 2, Judy is about to tell Dr. Smith she knows the truth about her when Don stops her. When Will is confronted by his mother, he confirms the robot 3D-printed the gun and that he hid it. Anyone could have taken the gun, though. Dr. Smith refuses blame for Angela's attack, and suggests Victor Dhar might have taken the gun. John and Maureen's rover gets stuck in a tar pit. As they sink to the bottom, Maureen admits to doctoring Will's test results. To escape the vehicle, Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface. Meanwhile, Smith locates the destroyed robot, but cannot get it to reassemble. Don's group speeds through a dangerous geyser field but a tube shakes loose and when Evan fixes the problem, a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him. Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they'll lose most of the fuel. Despite this Don reluctantly sides with Judy and lifts the tanker, spilling the fuel, but Evan dies anyway. Back on Jupiter 2, Dr. Smith finally manages to reactivate the robot. When Victor returns home, Vijay tells him about the planet's coming demise. Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4.
8"Trajectory"Stephen SurjikKatherine Collins & Kari DrakeApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Maureen cannot talk Victor out of launching, but John sneaks aboard the Dhar's Jupiter 4 and triggers the emergency shut down. Later, he explains to the gathered colonists how the planet is about to become uninhabitable. Penny breaks off with Vijay for him telling his father. Maureen has a plan on how to launch despite the limited fuel, stripping out non-essential modules, and relying on old-school manual piloting. Judy tells Maureen the truth about the real Dr. Smith aboard Don's Jupiter. Returning to Jupiter 2, Maureen confines Dr. Smith to a holding cell. Dr. Smith now claims she is really Jessica Harris, a physicist. Maureen tells John about Smith, and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off. With life support also removed, the pilot now needs a spacesuit and will need to withstand extreme G-forces. They select John, but not even he can regain consciousness fast enough to make all the maneuvers alone. When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet's orbit within 24 hours, Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship. With his assistance the test run is a success. As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4, Dr. Smith tricks Will and escapes to knock out Maureen right when John needs her instructions. With everyone watching, the ship explodes mid-air and John and Don are presumed dead.
9"Resurrection"Tim SouthamStory by : Daniel McLellan Teleplay by : Kari DrakeApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Will tries to signal his father using his radio, convinced he survived the explosion. Dr. Smith drives Maureen to the alien wreck, where she tells Maureen she did not know Maureen was needed for the ship launch, and when she knocked her out, the ship exploded. She does promise to help Maureen get her children off the planet, if she in return helps Dr. Smith with the alien ship. Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute. While the colonists gather to harvest the biomass, Judy leaves to find Maureen. The colonists find enough biomass to power all the Jupiters, but they must sneak it out quietly so as to not wake winged predators roosting in the cave. When John manages to send a signal, Penny and others are trapped inside the cave after the creatures wake up. Throughout the episode, flashbacks reveal the Christmas Star not to be a meteor but an alien craft, and that its engine was used to build The Resolute. The robot's attack was an attempt to retrieve the stolen engine. The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape. Judy tracks Smith and Maureen. She manages to disable Dr. Smith, but the robot reactivates and is revealed to obey the Doctor's commands.
10"Danger, Will Robinson"David NutterMatt Sazama & Burk SharplessApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit, with only a few hours of oxygen left. Will is upset to learn the robot now serves Dr. Smith. John responds to Will, confirming that he and Don are still alive. Will tries to bond with the robot again but is rejected. Victor Dhar hails them from the Resolute, telling them it will leave in just over an hour. Maureen traps Dr Smith and the robot in order to search for John and Don. Just as they are about to retrieve them, Dr Smith and the robot escape. Maureen leads the robot into the garage, as an alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine. When the alien robot is about to kill Will, his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot, saving Will. In the fight, both robots are flung out into space and the garage ramp is damaged. Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch. Afterwards, he loses his grip but is saved by his father, who was rescued by Dr. Smith. With everyone safely back on the Jupiter, Maureen is grateful to Dr. Smith, but still locks her up. Before they can dock with the Resolute, the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 sends it and the Robinsons to a different galaxy. Will recognizes its shape from the robot's sand drawing: Danger.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In October 2014, it was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes.[16] In November 2015, Netflix landed the project.[17][18] On June 29, 2016, Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space, with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner. Sazama, Sharpless, Kevin Burns, Jon Jashni, Neil Marshall, and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the first season began in February 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in July 2017.[20][21]

text: Release[edit]

text: The series was released on April 13, 2018, on Netflix.[1] On March 31, 2018, the series pilot was screened at Awesome Con in Washington, D.C..[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 6.21/10, based on 65 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: "Lost in Space's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci-fi adventure fans, while the story's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring-do."[23] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[24]

text: David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5/10, calling it "an excellent sci-fi adventure with a slight villain problem," giving particular praise to the Robinson family, while criticizing Parker Posey's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one-dimensional character who lacks redeeming qualities.[25] In contrast, Jen Chaney of Vulture characterized Posey's performance as providing "understated, sly comedic touches".[26]


document_title: James Kirkup

question_text: who was the first resident university poet in the uk

root

text: James Kirkup

text: Early life[edit]

text: James Kirkup was brought up in South Shields, educated at Westoe Secondary School, and then at King's College, Durham University.[3] In World War II he was a conscientious objector, and worked for the Forestry Commission and on the land in the Yorkshire Dales and at the Lansbury Gate Farm, Clavering, Essex. He taught at The Downs School in Colwall, Malvern, where W.H. Auden had earlier been a master. Kirkup wrote his first book of poetry, The Drowned Sailor at the Downs, which was published in 1947. From 1950 to 1952 he was the first Gregory Poetry Fellow at Leeds University, making him the first resident university poet in the United Kingdom.[4][5]

tag: p

text: In 1952 he moved south with his partner Derek to Gloucestershire and became visiting poet at Bath Academy of Art for the next three years. Moving on from Bath, he taught in a London grammar school before leaving England in 1956 to live and work in Europe, the Americas and the Far East. In Japan, he found acceptance and appreciation of his work, and he settled there for 30 years, lecturing in English literature at several universities.

text: Blasphemy case[edit]

text: Kirkup came to public attention in 1977, after the newspaper Gay News published his poem The Love That Dares to Speak Its Name, in which a Roman centurion describes his lust for and attraction to the crucified Jesus. The paper was successfully prosecuted in the Whitehouse v Lemon case, along with the editor, Dennis Lemon, for blasphemous libel under the Blasphemy Act 1697,[6]  by Mary Whitehouse, then Secretary of the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association.

text: Poetry[edit]

text: After writing simple verses and rhymes from the age of six and the publication of his first poetry book, 'The Drowned Sailor' in 1947, Kirkup's published works encompassed several dozen collections of poetry, six volumes of autobiography, over a hundred monographs of original work and translations and thousands of shorter pieces in journals and periodicals.  His skilled writing of haiku and tanka is acknowledged internationally. Many of his poems recalled his childhood days in the North East, and are featured in such publications as The Sense of the Visit, To the Ancestral North, Throwback, and Shields Sketches.

text: In 1995 James Hogg and Wolfgang Görtschacher (University of Salzburg Press / Poetry Salzburg) received a letter from Andorra signed by James Kirkup, who had just returned from Japan. Kirkup suggested the republication of some of his early books that had been out of print for quite a while. At the same time he wanted to offer new manuscripts that would establish the Salzburg imprint as his principal publisher. What started in 1995 with the collection Strange Attractors and A Certain State of Mind – the latter an anthology of classic, modern and contemporary Japanese haiku – ended after more than a dozen publications with the epic poem Pikadon in 1997.

text: His home town of South Shields now holds a growing collection of his works in the Central Library, and artefacts from his time in Japan are housed in the nearby Museum. His last volume of poetry was published during the summer of 2008 by Red Squirrel Press, and was launched at a special event at Central Library in South Shields.

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Poetry[edit]

text:
The Drowned Sailor (1947)
The Submerged Village and Other Poems (1951)
A Correct Passion and Other Poems (1952)
A Spring Journey and Other Poems 1952-1953 (1954)
The Descent into the Cave and Other Poems (1957)
The Prodigal Son, Poems 1956 - 1959 (1959)
Refusal to Confirm Last and First Poems (1963)
No Men Are Foreign  (1966) (though was composed in 1966 but was the first in his collections of poetry)
For Old Time's Sake: A Tree Speaks
The Caged Bird in Springtime (1967)
White Shadows, Black Shadows: Poems of Peace & War (1970)
The Body Servant: Poems of Exile (1971)
A Bewick Bestiary (1971; 2009)
The Sand Artist (1978)
The Haunted Lift (1982)
The Lonely Scarecrow (1983)
To the Ancestral North: Poems for an Autobiography (1983)
The Sense of the Visit (1984)
The House at Night (1988)
Throwback: Poems towards an Autobiography (1988)
Strange Attractors (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1995)
A Certain State of Mind – An Anthology of Classic, Modern and Contemporary Japanese Haiku in Translation with Essays and Reviews (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1995)
Broad Daylight: Poems East and West (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1996)
The Patient Obituarist (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1996)
How to Cook Women (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1996)
Tanka Tales (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1996)
Collected Shorter Poems: Omens of Disaster (Vol. 1) and Once and for All (Vol. 2) (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1996)
An Extended Breath (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1996)
Burning Giraffes (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1996)
Measures of Time (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1996)
Tanka Tales (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1996)
Pikadon: An Epic Poem (University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1997)
He Dreamed He was a Butterfly (1997)
Marsden Bay (2008)
Home Thoughts (2011)

tag: ul

text: Plays[edit]

text:
True Mystery of the Nativity (First published 1956)
The Prince of Homburg (First published 1959)
The Physicists (First produced 1963, first published 1963)
The Meteor (First produced 1966, first published 1973)
Play Strindberg (First produced 1992)
Two German Drama Classics (Heinrich von Kleist: The Prince of Homburg; Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller: Don Carlos. Transl. James Kirkup. University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg, 1996)
True Misteries and A Chronicle Play of Peterborough Cathedral (1 vol. Transl. James Kirkup. University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg, 1996)

text: Autobiography[edit]

text:
The Only Child: An Autobiography of Infancy (1957)
Sorrows, Passions and Alarms: An Autobiography of Childhood (1959)
What is English Poetry? (1968)[7]
I, of All People: An Autobiography of Youth (1990)
A Poet Could Not But be Gay (1991)
Me All Over (1993)
A Child of the Tyne (incl. The Only Child: An Autobiography of Infancy and Sorrow, Passions and Alarms: An Autobiography of Childhood; University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1996)

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Diversions: A Celebration for James Kirkup on His Eightieth Birthday (ed. James Hogg; University of Salzburg / Poetry Salzburg 1998)

text: Awards[edit]

text: Amongst his honours, Kirkup held the Atlantic Award for Literature from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1950; he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1962; he won the Japan P.E.N. Club Prize for Poetry in 1965; and was awarded the Scott Moncrieff Prize for Translation in 1992.

text: In 1997 he was presented with the Japan Festival Foundation Award[8] and invited by the Emperor and Empress to the Imperial New Year Poetry Reading at the Palace in Tokyo.

text: In the early 1990s Kirkup settled in Andorra.  He continued his prolific work and correspondence, notably becoming a frequent contributor to the obituary section of the British newspaper The Independent until 2008.  He also had several virtual books published on the Internet by Brindin Press.  A great encourager of young talent in all aspects of the arts, he was the Honorary President of Switch Drama Company youth theatre.

text: Kirkup died in Andorra on 10 May 2009.[9]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Kirkup's papers are held at Yale and South Shields.


document_title: Buck Owens

question_text: who sang i got a tiger by the tail

question_tokens: who sang i got a tiger by the tail

text: Buck Owens

text: Biography[edit]

text: Owens was born on a farm in Sherman, Texas, to Alvis Edgar Owens Sr. and his wife, Maicie Azel née Ellington.[3] The stretch of US Highway 82 in Sherman is named the Buck Owens Freeway in remembrance.

text: "'Buck' was a donkey on the Owens farm," Rich Kienzle wrote in the biography About Buck.[4] "When Alvis Jr. was three or four years old, he walked into the house and announced that his name also was "Buck." That was fine with the family, and the boy's name was Buck from then on."[5] He attended public school for grades 1–3 in Garland, Texas.[6]

text: His family moved to Mesa, Arizona, in 1937 during the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression.[7]

text: Early career[edit]

text: Owens co-hosted a radio show called Buck and Britt in 1945. In the late 1940s he became a truck driver and drove through the San Joaquin Valley of California. He was impressed by Bakersfield, where he and his wife settled in 1951.[8] Soon, Owens was frequently traveling to Hollywood for session recording jobs at Capitol Records, playing backup for Tennessee Ernie Ford, Wanda Jackson, Tommy Collins, Tommy Duncan, and many others.[9]

text: Owens recorded a rockabilly record called "Hot Dog" for the Pep label, using the pseudonym Corky Jones because he did not want the fact he recorded a rock n' roll tune to hurt his country music career.[10] Sometime in the 1950s, he lived with his second wife and children in Fife, Washington, where he sang with the Dusty Rhodes band.

text: In 1958 Owens met Don Rich in Steve's Gay 90's restaurant in South Tacoma, Washington.[11] Owens had observed one of Rich's shows, and immediately went to speak with him. Rich started to play fiddle with Owens at local venues. They were featured on the weekly BAR-K Jamboree on KTNT-TV 11. Owens' career took off in 1959, when his song "Second Fiddle" hit No. 24 on the Billboard country chart. Soon after, "Under Your Spell Again" made it to No. 4 on the charts and Capitol Records wanted Owens to return to Bakersfield, California.

text: Owens tried to convince Rich to go with him to Bakersfield, but to no avail. Rich opted to go to Centralia College so that he could become a music teacher while tutoring and playing local venues, but after a year of college, he decided to drop out and join Owens in Bakersfield in December 1960.

text: "Above and Beyond" hit No. 3. On April 2, 1960 he performed the song on ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee.[12]

text: Career peak[edit]

text: In early 1963, the Johnny Russell song "Act Naturally" was pitched to Owens, who initially didn't like it, but his guitarist and long time collaborator, Don Rich, enjoyed it and convinced Owens to record it, which he did with the Buckaroos, on February 12, 1963. It was released on March 11 and entered the charts of April 13. By June 15 the single began its first of four non-consecutive weeks at the No. 1 position. It was Owens' first No. 1 hit. The Beatles later recorded a cover of it in 1965, with Ringo Starr as lead singer. Ringo Starr later re-recorded the song as a duet with Owens in 1988.[13]

text: The 1966 album Carnegie Hall Concert was a smash hit and further cemented Buck Owens and the Buckaroos as more than just another honky tonk country band. They achieved crossover success on to the pop charts.[citation needed] During that year, R&B singer Ray Charles released cover versions of two of Owens' songs that became pop hits: "Crying Time" and "Together Again".[14]

text: In 1967, Owens and the Buckaroos toured Japan, a then-rare occurrence for a country musician.[15] The subsequent live album, appropriately named Buck Owens and His Buckaroos in Japan, was an early example of country music recorded outside the US.[16]

text: In 1968 Owens and the Buckaroos performed for President Lyndon Baines Johnson at the White House, which was later released as a live album.

text: Between 1968–1969, pedal steel guitar player Tom Brumley and drummer Willie Cantu left the band and drummer Jerry Wiggins and pedal steel guitar player Jay Dee Maness were added. Owens and the Buckaroos had two songs reach No. 1 on the country music charts in 1969, "Tall Dark Stranger" and "Who's Gonna Mow Your Grass". In 1969, they recorded a live album, Live in London, where they premiered their rock song "A Happening In London Town" and their version of Chuck Berry's song "Johnny B. Goode".

text: During this time Hee Haw, starring Owens and the Buckaroos, was at its height of popularity. The series, originally envisioned as country music's answer to Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, outlived that show and ran for 231 episodes over 24 seasons. Creedence Clearwater Revival mentioned Owens by name in their 1970 single "Lookin' Out My Back Door".

text: Also between 1968–70, Owens made guest appearances on top TV variety programs including The Dean Martin Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, The Jackie Gleason Show and seven times on The Jimmy Dean Show.

text: In the early 1970s, Owens and the Buckaroos enjoyed a string of hit duets with his protege Susan Raye, who subsequently became a popular solo artist with recordings produced by Owens.

text: In 1971, the Buckaroos' bass guitarist Doyle Holly left the band to pursue a solo career. Holly was known for his solo ballads with his trademark booming deep voice on Buck Owens and the Buckaroos albums. His departure was a setback to the band, as Doyle had received the Bass Player of the Year award from the Academy of Country Music the year before in 1970 and served as co-lead vocalist (along with Don Rich) of the Buckaroos.[citation needed] Holly went on to record two solo records in the early 1970s, both were top 20 hits.

text: Owens and Rich were the only original members left of Buck Owens and the Buckaroos, and in the 1970s they struggled to top the country music charts. However, the popularity of Hee Haw was allowing them to enjoy large crowds at indoor arenas.

text: In 1972, Owens and the Buckaroos finally had another No. 1 hit, "Made in Japan", after three years of not having a number one song. In April, he added pedal steel guitarist, Jerry Brightman. The band had been without pedal steel since late in 1969 when Maness departed, and Owens returned to his grass roots sound of fiddle, steel, and electric guitars releasing a string of singles including "Arms Full of Empty", "Ain't it Amazing Gracie" and "Ain't Gonna Have Ole Buck (to Kick Around no More)". Owens' original release of "Streets of Bakersfield" was released in 1972.

text: On July 17, 1974, Owens' best friend and Buckaroos guitarist Don Rich was killed when he lost control of his motorcycle and struck a guard rail on Highway 1 in Morro Bay, where he was to have joined his family for vacation. Owens was devastated. "He was like a brother, a son and a best friend," he said in the late 1990s. "Something I never said before, maybe I couldn't, but I think my music life ended when he died. Oh yeah, I carried on and I existed, but the real joy and love, the real lightning and thunder is gone forever."[17] Owens would never fully recover from the tragedy, neither emotionally nor professionally.

text: Before the 1960s were done, Owens—with the help of manager Jack McFadden—began to concentrate on his financial future. He bought several radio stations, including KNIX-AM (later KCWW) and KNIX-FM in Phoenix and KUZZ-FM in Bakersfield. During the 1990s, Owens was co-owner of the country music network Real Country, which Owens owned station KCWW was the flagship station of.[18][19] In 1998, Owens sold KCWW to ABC/Disney for $8,850,000[20] and sold KNIX-FM to Clear Channel Communications, but he maintained ownership of KUZZ until his death.

text: Owens established Buck Owens Enterprises and produced records by several artists. He recorded for Warner Bros. Records, but by the 1980s he was no longer recording, instead devoting his time to overseeing his business empire from Bakersfield. He left Hee Haw in 1986.

text: Later career[edit]

text: Dwight Yoakam was largely influenced by Owens' style of music and eventually teamed up with him for a duet of "Streets of Bakersfield" in 1988. Their duet was Owens' first No. 1 single in 16 years. In an interview, Yoakam described the first time he met with Owens:

text: We sat there that day in 1987 and talked about my music to that point, my short career, and what I'd been doing and how he'd been watching me. I was really flattered and thrilled to know that this legend had been keeping an eye on me.[21]

text: Owens also collaborated with Cledus T. Judd in the song "The First Redneck On The Internet" in 1998, in which Owens also appears in the music video.

text: The 1990s saw a flood of reissues of his Capitol recordings on compact disc. In 1974, Owens had bought back publishing rights to all of his Capitol recordings, as part of his final contract with the label. His albums had been out of print for nearly 15 years, when he released a retrospective box set in 1990. Encouraged by brisk sales, Owens struck a distribution deal with Sundazed Records of New York, which specializes in reissuing obscure recordings. The bulk of his Capitol catalog was reissued on CD in 1995, 1997 and in 2005. Sometime in the 1970s, Owens had also purchased the remaining copies of his original LP albums from Capitol's distribution warehouses across the country. Many of those records (still in the shrinkwrap) were stored by Owens for decades. He often gave them away as gifts and sold them at his nightclub for a premium price some 35 years later.

text: In August 1999, Owens brought back together the remaining members of his original Buckaroo Band to help him celebrate his 70th birthday at Owens' Crystal Palace in Bakersfield. All the original surviving Buckaroos were there: Owens, Doyle Holly, Tom Brumley, and Wille Cantu performed old hits from their heyday including "Tiger by the Tail" and "Act Naturally."

text: Owens was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1996. He was ranked No. 12 in CMT's 40 Greatest Men of Country Music in 2003. In addition, CMT also ranked the Buckaroos No. 2 in the network's 20 Greatest Bands in 2005.[citation needed]

text: Long before Owens became the famous co-host of Hee Haw, his band became known for their signature Bakersfield sound, later emulated by artists such as Merle Haggard, Dwight Yoakam and Brad Paisley. Buck inspired indie country songwriter and friend Terry Fraley whose band "The Nudie Cowboys" with a similar sound. This sound was originally made possible with two trademark silver-sparkle Fender Telecaster guitars, often played simultaneously by Owens and longtime wing-man Don Rich; Fender had made a "Buck Owens signature Telecaster," and after his death paid tribute to him.[22] In 2003, Paisley blended creative styles with this guitar and his own famous Paisley Telecaster, creating what became known as the Buck-O-Caster. Initially, only two were made; one for Paisley himself and the other presented to Owens during a New Year's celebration that Paisley attended in 2004.

text: Following the death of Rich, Owens' latter trademark was a red, white and blue acoustic guitar, along with a 1974 Pontiac convertible "Nudiemobile", adorned with pistols and silver dollars. A similar car, created by Nudie Cohn for Elvis Presley and later won by Owens in a bet, is now enshrined behind the bar at Owens' Crystal Palace Nightclub in Bakersfield.

text: Owens would hand out replicas of his trademark acoustic guitar to friends, acquaintances and fans. Each would contain a gold plaque with the name of the recipient. Some of these guitars cost $1000 and up.

text: Death[edit]

text: Buck Owens died in his sleep of an apparent heart attack on March 25, 2006, only hours after performing at his Crystal Palace restaurant, club and museum in Bakersfield. He had successfully recovered from oral cancer in the early 1990s, but had additional health problems near the end of the 1990s and the early 2000s, including pneumonia and a minor stroke suffered in 2004. These health problems had forced him to curtail his regular weekly performances with the Buckaroos at his Crystal Palace.

text: The Los Angeles Times interviewed longtime Owens spokesman (and Buckaroos keyboard player) Jim Shaw, who said Owens "had come to the club early and had a chicken fried steak dinner and bragged that it's his favorite meal." Afterward, Owens told band members that he wasn't feeling well and was going to skip that night's performance. Shaw said a group of fans introduced themselves while Owens was preparing to drive home; when they told him that they had traveled from Oregon to hear him perform, Owens changed his mind and took the stage anyway.

text: Shaw recalled Owens telling the audience, "If somebody's come all that way, I'm gonna do the show and give it my best shot. I might groan and squeak, but I'll see what I can do." Shaw added, "So, he had his favorite meal, played a show and died in his sleep. We thought, that's not too bad."[23]

text: The front of the mausoleum where Owens is interred is inscribed "The Buck Owens Family" with the words "Buck's Place" beneath.

text: Family[edit]

text: Owens was married four times, three ending in divorce and one in annulment. He and his first wife, country singer Bonnie Campbell Owens, were married in 1948 and had two sons. They separated in 1951 and later divorced.[24]

text: He later married Phyllis Buford in 1956, with whom he had a third son.[24] His third marriage, in 1977, was to fiddle player Jana Jae Greif, who was a member of the Buckaroos. They were married for only a few days before he filed for annulment.[25] His fourth marriage, in 1979, was to Jennifer Smith.[24]

text: Owens had three sons: Buddy Alan (who charted several hits as a Capitol recording artist in the early 1970s and appeared with his father numerous times on Hee Haw), Johnny, and Michael Owens.

text: Books[edit]

text: In November 2013, Buck Owens' posthumous autobiography, "Buck 'Em! The Autobiography of Buck Owens" by Buck Owens with Randy Poe, was released. The book has a foreword by Brad Paisley and a preface by Dwight Yoakam.

text: In her 2010 book, Buck Owens: The Biography, investigative journalist Eileen Sisk offers a critical account of Owens and the shortcomings in his private life.[26]

text: In her 2007 authorized biography, Buck, historian Kathryn Burke gives a positive account of Owens.[27]

text: Discography[edit]

text: People who have covered Owens songs[edit]

text:
Vocalist–guitarist Johnny Rivers performed a rock version of Owens's "Under Your Spell Again", for his album Meanwhile Back at the Whiskey A GoGo, in 1965.
Country music singer Emmylou Harris recorded a version of Owens's "Together Again", which was released on her 1976 album Elite Hotel.
The Beatles and, later, Ringo Starr recorded versions of "Act Naturally". The Beatles recorded the song in 1965, two years after Owens released it. Starr recorded it as a duet with Owens which received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Collaboration in 1989.
After his death in 2006, a medley was played by the Buck Owens All Star Tribute, which included Billy Gibbons, Chris Hillman, Brad Paisley and Travis Barker.
Country artist Dwight Yoakam has cited Owens as an early influence in his career, and recorded several of Owens's songs for himself. He was also collaborator and duet artist with Owens on the song "Streets of Bakersfield", originally recorded by Owens in 1973. In 2007, Yoakam released a tribute album, Dwight Sings Buck.
Mark Lanegan included a cover of "Together Again" on his 1999 cover album, I'll Take Care of You.
Cake covered "Excuse Me (I Think I've Got a Heartache)" on its album B-Sides and Rarities.
In 2007, Austin-San Marcos, Texas band The Derailers released Under The Influence of Buck, which featured 12 covers of Owens songs, including "Under the Influence of Love".
In 2011, Ben Gibbard covered "Love's Gonna Live Here".[28]
In 2011, German punk-rock band Broilers released the Loco Hasta La Muerte EP collection, which includes a recorded version of "Cigarettes & Whiskey". The band, whose own songs are all in German language, occasionally performs the song live too.

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Risling, Greg (March 25, 2006). "Country Music Star Buck Owens Dies at 76". Associated Press. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Full List of Inductees". Country Music Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ancestry of Buck Owens". Wargs.com. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ the biography at Owens' official website adapted from Kienzle's notes for Rhino Records' 1992 "The Buck Owens Collection" box set
Jump up ^ "buckowens.com". Buck Owens' Crystal Palace: About Buck. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived August 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "About Buck Owens". Country Music Television. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Burke, Kathryn. Buck. BookSurge, 2007, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Burke, Kathryn. Buck. BookSurge, 2007, p. 42-43.
Jump up ^ Burke, Kathryn. Buck. BookSurge, 2007, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Fenster, The Encyclopedia of Country Music
Jump up ^ [2] Archived January 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Ringo & Buck - 'Act Naturally' on YouTube
Jump up ^ Burke, Kathryn. Buck. BookSurge, 2007, p. 64-68.
Jump up ^ Burke, Kathryn. Buck. BookSurge, 2007, p. 80.
Jump up ^ "buckowens.com". Buck Owens Collection. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved March 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ [3] Archived December 10, 2003, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "West, Nicholson Join KNIX, Real Country Network", Radio & Records, Issue Number 990. April 30, 1993. p. 3. Accessed July 17, 2015
Jump up ^ "Buck Owens - From the Streets of Bakersfield", The Mix, Volume 22, Issues 7-12, 1998. p. 64
Jump up ^ J. Duncan, "American Radio, Volume 23, Issue 1", (1998) p. 12
Jump up ^ Back to Buck by Chris Neal, Country Weekly, Nov. 19, 2007, p. 43.
Jump up ^ "Buck Owens, 1929-2006; Farewell to a legend, an innovator and a dear friend..." Fender. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Randy (March 26, 2006). "Singer Found Gold and Inspiration in California". Los Angeles Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c Price, Robert, Bakersfield Californian Article On Buck Owens, Fresno Barn Dance, retrieved January 29, 2011
Jump up ^ Demaret, Kent, Buck Owens Roamed While His Fiddler Burned, but Now He's Back on Bended Knee, People Magazine, retrieved January 29, 2011
Jump up ^ Gillis, Charlie Review of Eileen Sisk, Buck Owens: The Biography, Maclean's magazine, August 19, 2010; 2.macleans.ca
Jump up ^ Buck - Kathryn Burke - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ben Gibbard Brings Out Bob Mould, Covers Buck Owens at Noise Pop". Spinner. February 28, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2013.

tag: ol


document_title: Advanced Placement

question_text: how many ap courses are there to choose from

text: Advanced Placement

text: History[edit]

text: After the end of World War II, the Ford Foundation created a fund that supported committees studying education.[2] The program, which was then referred to as the "Kenyon Plan",[3] was founded and pioneered at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then-college president Gordon Chalmers. The first study was conducted by three prep schools—the Lawrenceville School, Phillips Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy—and three universities—Harvard University, Princeton University and Yale University. In 1952 they issued the report General Education in School and College: A Committee Report which recommended allowing high school seniors to study college level material and to take achievement exams that allowed them to attain college credit for this work.[4] The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and implemented the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. In the 1955-56 school year, it was nationally implemented in ten subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English, History, French, German, Spanish, and Latin.

text: The College Board, a non-profit organization[5] based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955.[6] From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program.[7] It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities.[8] These activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams.

text: In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations.[9] Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses,[10] though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its respective course.[11] Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take AP exams.

text: As of the 2015 testing season, exams cost $91 each,[12] though the cost may be subsidized by local or state programs. Financial aid is available for students who qualify for it; the exam reduction is $26 or $28 per exam from College Board plus an additional $8 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further reductions depending on the state. Out of the $91, $8 goes directly to the school to pay for the administration of the test, which some schools will reduce to lower the cost to the student.[citation needed]

text: On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses—French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture—would be discontinued after the 2008–2009 school year due to lack of funding.[13][14] However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011.

text: Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to both view and send their scores online.[15]

text: The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with the AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. In 2017, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 579,426 students and the least taken AP exam was Japanese Language and Culture with 2,429 students.[16]

text: The AP exams begin on the first Monday in May and last ten school days (two weeks).

text: Scoring[edit]

text: AP tests are scored on a 1 to 5 scale as follows:[17]

text:
5 – Extremely well qualified
4 – Well qualified
3 – Qualified
2 – Possibly qualified
1 – No recommendation

text: The multiple choice component of the exam is scored by computer, while the free response and essay portions are scored by trained Readers at the AP Reading each June. The scores on various components are weighted and combined into a raw Composite Score. The Chief Reader for each exam then decides on the grade cutoffs for that year's exam, which determine how the Composite Scores are converted into the final grades. During the process a number of reviews and statistical analyses are performed to ensure that the grading is reliable. The overall goal is for the grades to reflect an absolute scale of performance which can be compared from year to year.[18]

text: Some colleges use AP test scores to exempt students from introductory coursework, others use them to place students in higher designated courses, and some do both. Each college's policy is different, but most require a minimum score of 3 or 4 to receive college credit.[19] Typically, this appears as a "CR" grade on the college transcript, although some colleges and universities will award an A grade for a 5 score.[20] Some countries, such as Germany, that do not offer general admission to their universities and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed a specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there.

text: In addition, completing AP courses help students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions.[21]

text: Beginning with the May 2011 AP Exam administration, the College Board changed the scoring method of AP Exams.[22][23] Total scores on the multiple-choice section are now based on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are no longer deducted for incorrect answers and, as was the case before, no points are awarded for unanswered questions. However, scoring requirements have also been increased.

text: Score reporting[edit]

text: Starting with the May 2013 AP Examination Administration, the College Board launched an Internet-based score reporting service.[24] Students can use their 2013 AP Number or Student Number (if one was indicated) along with a College Board Account,[25] to access current and previous years' exam scores. This system can also be used to send scores to colleges and universities for which a 4-digit institutional code[26] is assigned.

text: Exam subsidies[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Recognizing that the cost could be an impediment to students of limited means, a number of states and municipalities independent of the College Board have partially or fully subsidized the cost. For example, the state of Florida reimburses schools districts for the exam costs of students enrolled in Advanced Placement courses. The Los Angeles Unified School District, the Montebello Unified School District, the Hawaii Department of Education, New York City Department of Education, and the state of Indiana subsidize all AP Examination fees in subjects of math and science, and the Edmonds School District in suburban Seattle currently subsidizes Advanced Placement fees of students who enroll in the free school lunch program. In addition, some school districts offer free tests to all students enrolled in any Advanced Placement class.

text: Advanced Placement courses[edit]

text: There are currently 38 courses and exams available through the AP Program.[27] A complete list of courses can be found below:

text:
AP Art History
AP Biology
AP Calculus AB
AP Calculus BC
AP Chemistry
AP Chinese Language and Culture
AP Computer Science A
AP Computer Science Principles
AP English Language and Composition
AP English Literature and Composition
AP Environmental Science
AP European History
AP French Language and Culture
AP German Language and Culture

AP Government and Politics: Comparative
AP Government and Politics: United States
AP Human Geography
AP Italian Language and Culture
AP Japanese Language and Culture
AP Latin
AP Macroeconomics
AP Microeconomics
AP Music Theory
AP Physics 1
AP Physics 2
AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism
AP Physics C: Mechanics

AP Psychology
AP Research (Second part of the AP Capstone program)
AP Seminar (First part of the AP Capstone program)
AP Statistics
AP Spanish Language and Culture
AP Spanish Literature and Culture
AP Studio Art: 2-D Design
AP Studio Art: 3-D Design
AP Studio Art: Drawing
AP United States History
AP World History

text: Upcoming exam changes[edit]

text:
AP World History

This exam will also undergo the same basic changes to the 2014-2015 United States History and 2015-2016 European History exams.[28]

Shortened multiple-choice section with 55 questions, accounting for 40% of the total exam score. These are reduced from 70 questions and 50% in previous years, respectively.
Four short-answer questions in place of one of the long essays, accounting for 20% of the total exam score. These questions are given a 50-minute writing period.
Document-based question (DBQ) and the remaining long essay now account for 25% and 15% of the exam score respectively. New writing periods of 55 minutes and 35 minutes respectively are given instead of the combined 120-minute writing period for all three essays in previous exams.

AP Calculus AB

Time format changed
Addition of L'Hôpital's rule

AP Calculus BC

Addition of limit comparison tests, absolute and conditional convergence, and the alternating series.

text:
AP United States Government and Politics[29]

Section I (MCQ) will be extended from 60 questions in 45 minutes to 55 questions in 80 minutes. It will still count towards 50% of the total exam score.

The questions will feature a greater use of scenarios and stimulus material.
The number of answer choices for each question will be reduced from five to four.

Section II (FRQ) will include five questions (instead of four) in 100 minutes (the same amount of time as the current exam).

Two will be short answer concept application questions, one with a scenario and one without.
One will be a quantitative analysis and interpretation question with a visual stimulus.
One will be a qualitative analysis and interpretation question with text and/or visual excerpts.
One will be an argumentation essay requiring supporting evidence and reasoning.

text: Recent exam information[edit]

text: Below are statistics from the 2014 year of exams showing the number of participants, the percentage who obtained a score of three (3) or higher, and the average score. (Students generally need a score of three (3) or higher to receive credit or benefit.)

text:
2014 scoring results

Exam name
Number administered
Scored ≥3 (%)
Mean score

Art History
23,213
59.6
2.82

Biology
213,294
64.2
2.91

Calculus AB
294,072
58.9
2.94

Calculus BC
93,180
84.6
4.02

Chemistry
148,554
52.8
2.68

Chinese Language
10,728
94.5
4.43

Computer Science
39,278
61.2
2.96

English Language
505,244
55.8
2.79

English Literature
397,477
55.0
2.76

Environmental Science
130,321
47.3
2.60

European History
110,297
59.5
2.65

French Language
21,268
78.0
3.36

German Language
5,111
73.3
3.34

United States Government
271,043
50.7
2.62

Comparative Government
20,361
62.0
3.09

Human Geography
136,448
52.0
2.64

Italian Language
2,331
69.6
3.23

Japanese Language
2,311
75.9
3.56

Latin
6,542
65.8
3.05

Macroeconomics
117,209
57.8
2.89

Microeconomics
74,049
65.6
3.07

Music Theory
17,176
62.7
3.07

Physics B
93,574
60.7
2.89

Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism
20,765
70.8
3.51

Physics C: Mechanics
47,000
76.7
3.56

Psychology
259,789
65.5
3.09

Spanish Language
135,341
89.3
3.72

Spanish Literature
20,118
74.5
3.14

Statistics
184,173
59.6
2.86

Studio Art: 2-D Design
26,811
78.5
3.33

Studio Art: 3-D Design
4,256
67.5
3.04

Studio Art: Drawing
16,928
77.5
3.27

United States History
462,766
52.4
2.76

World History
245,699
54.5
2.66

Total
4,135,962

text: One issue to consider is the fact that not all AP students take their course's test. The College Board estimates that about 2/3 of students enrolled in an AP course take the course's AP test.[30] On the other hand, a study of University of California system students found that only about 55% to 60% of AP students took their course's exam.[31]

text: However, "It has recently become clear . . . that these estimations of overall participation rates mask the variability in participation rates across AP examinations."[32] For example, one study of math and science AP courses showed that participation rates were 52.7% for AP Chemistry, 53.6% for AP Physics, 57.7% for AP Biology, and 77.4% for AP Calculus.[33] The largest study on this topic found similar participation rates (49.5% for AP Chemistry, 52.3% for AP Physics, 54.5% for Biology, and 68.9% for Calculus).[34] History exams tend to have slightly higher participation rates (57.9% for AP European History, 58.5% for AP World History, and 62.8% for AP U.S. History), and 65.4% of AP English students took either the AP English Language or AP English Literature exam.[32] This same study found that for "core AP subjects (i.e., no arts or language subjects)", the overall test participation rate was 60.8%.[32]

text: In February 2014 College Board released data from the previous ten years of AP exams. College Board found that 33.2% of public high school graduates from the class of 2013 had taken an AP exam, compared to 18.9% in 2003. In 2013 20.1% of graduates who had taken an AP test achieved a 3 or higher compared to 12.2% in 2003.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Decreasing quality[edit]

text: In the 21st century, independent educational researchers began to question whether AP could maintain high academic standards while experiencing explosive growth.[35] Research has shown that the most popular AP tests tend to have the lowest passing rates, a possible indication that less academically prepared students are enrolling in AP classes.[36] Whether the AP program can serve large numbers of students without decreasing academic rigor is a matter of debate within the education field.[35][37]

text: Passing scores and university credit[edit]

text: University faculty, such as former professor and high school teacher John Tierney, have expressed doubts about the value of a passing AP score.[38] Students who receive scores of 3 or 4 are being given college credit at fewer universities.[when?] Academic departments also criticise the increasing proportion of students who take and pass AP courses but are not ready for college-level work.[39]

text: Academic achievement[edit]

text: Independent researchers in education have since 2010 studied the impact of the Advanced Placement program on students' academic achievement. An early study published in AP: A critical examination of the Advanced Placement program found that students who took AP courses in the sciences but failed the AP exam performed no better in college science courses than students without any AP course at all. Referring to students who complete the course but fail the exam, the head researcher, Phillip M. Sadler, stated in an interview that "research shows that they don’t appear to have learned anything during the year, so there is probably a better course for them".[40]

text: Two other studies compared non-AP students with AP students who had not taken their course's AP exam, had taken the AP exam but did not pass it, or had passed the AP exam. Like Sadler's study, both found that AP students who passed their exam scored highest in other measures of academic achievement.[41] The largest study of this sort, with a sample size of over 90,000, replicated these results and also showed that non-AP students performed with equal levels of academic achievement as AP students who did not take their course's AP exam—even after controlling for over 70 intervening variables.[42] This led the authors to state that AP participation "... is not beneficial to students who merely enroll in the courses ..."[42]:p. 414

text: School quality[edit]

text: Several states use Advanced Placement data for accountability purposes, and U.S. News and World Report use data on Advanced Placement course offerings and participation to rank high schools.[43] However, studies of local school districts[44] and the United States as a whole[45] show that increasing AP participation does not increase the overall academic achievement or school quality at the group (e.g., high school, racial/ethnic group, nation) level. This led one researcher to state, "Clearly, offering AP alone will not magically turn a failing school into a successful one."[46]