document_title: Permanent account number

question_text: which character of the pan number represents taxpayer category

text: Permanent account number

text: Structure of a PAN code[edit]

text: The PAN code is a 10-character long alpha-numeric unique identifier.

text: An example of a PAN code number would be in the form of AELPU5278H

text: The PAN is mandatory for a majority of financial transactions such as opening a bank account, receiving taxable salary or professional fees, sale or purchase of assets above specified limits etc.; especially high-value transactions.

text: The primary purpose of the PAN is to bring a universal identification to all financial transactions and to prevent tax evasion by keeping track of monetary transactions, especially those of high-net-worth individuals who can impact the economy.

text: The PAN is unique to each individual and is valid for the lifetime of the holder, throughout India. Since a PAN is linked to an individual, a point worth to mention is that the PAN code is therefore not affected by any change of address.

text: Structure[edit]

text:
Income Tax PAN card is issued under Section 139A of the Income Tax Act.
The PAN structure is as follows: AAAPL1234C: The five (5) first characters are letters, followed by four (4) numerals, and the last (10th) character is a letter.
The three (3) first characters of the code are 3 letters forming a sequence of alphabets letters from AAA to ZZZ
The fourth (4th) character informs about the holder of the card. Each holder is uniquely defined by a type of holder defined by a letter from the list below:

text:
The fifth (5th) character of the PAN is the first (1st) character of either:
(a) of the surname or last name of the person, in the case of a "Personal" PAN card, where the fourth (4th) character is "P" or
(b) of the name of the Entity, Trust, society, or organisation in the case of Company/ HUF/ Firm/ AOP/ Trust/ BOI/ Local Authority/ Artificial Judicial Person/ Govt, where the fourth character is "C","H","F","A","T","B","L","J","G".

text: The last (10th) character is an alphabetic digit used as a check-sum to verify the validity of that current code.

text: Provisions[edit]

text: In recent times, the DOI (date of issue) of the PAN card is mentioned at the right (vertical) hand side of the photo on the PAN card if issued by NSDL and will not be mentioned if issued by UTI-TSL.

text: The central government has introduced a new online service called "Know Your PAN"[3] to verify or validate new and existing PAN numbers.[4]

text: Failure to comply with the provisions of Section 139A of Income Tax Act, penalty of ₹10,000/- for each default is payable u/s.272B to the Assessing Officer.[5]

text: Use of PAN[edit]

text:
Quoting the PAN is mandatory when filing Income Tax returns, tax deduction at source, or any other communication with Income Tax Department.
PAN is also steadily becoming a mandatory document for opening a new bank account, a new landline telephone connection / a mobile phone connection, purchase of foreign currency, bank deposits above ₹50,000, purchase and sale of immovable properties, vehicles etc.[6]
'[7]

text: Obtaining PAN[edit]

text: Obtaining PAN is optional and voluntary like passport, driving license, Aadhaar etc. However, its use is mandatory at required places, like PAN for high-value financial transactions, Driving License for motor driving, passport for foreign travel etc..

text: One can apply for PAN by submitting the prescribed PAN application to the authorized PAN agency of the district or through online submission to NSDL Website, UTI along with 2 recent passport size color photographs, proof of ID, Address and Date of Birth and fee. In case of Re-print (re-issue), a photocopy of the old PAN is also required. It takes about 10–15 days to receive the card.[8]

text: User with Aadhaar Card can also submit e-KYC.[9]

text: Prescribed PAN application forms[edit]

text: There are two types of PAN applications:

text:
Application for allotment of PAN: - This application should be used when the applicant has never applied for a PAN or does not have PAN allotted to him.[10]FORM 49AA: - To be filled by foreign citizens.[11]
Application for new PAN Card or/and Changes or Corrections in PAN Data: - Those who have already obtained the PAN and wish to obtain the new PAN card or want to make some changes/corrections in their PAN data, are required to submit their applications in the following form prescribed by ITD:'REQUEST FOR NEW PAN CARD OR/AND CHANGES OR CORRECTION IN PAN DATA’:[12] - The same form(49A/49AA) can be used by Indian as well as foreign citizens. A new PAN card bearing the same PAN but updated information is issued to the applicant, in such a case.

tag: ol

text:
Pan card allocated date can be checked from official website of UTI.
You can even apply online through Pan Card Seva

text: Operating model[edit]

text: The issuance of PAN, verification, delivery and maintenance works on public-private partnership (PPP) model like Passport Seva Kendra (PSK) for reasons of economy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The reputed entities like NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited (formerly National Securities Depository Limited) [13] and UTI Infrastructure Technology Services Limited (UTIITSL) has been entrusted by Income Tax Department as managed service providers for  processing of applications, collecting, handling and verifying personal documents like proof of ID, age and  address, clarification with the applicants, printing the card and the letter and then mailing it. The processing agencies obtain the new PAN number online from the server of the income tax department after successful processing of the application documents. Some critics in India may call the handling, processing, and delivery of personal ID and financial documents by private contractors as violation of privacy.[14][15][16][17]

text: One should avail services from the authorised PAN Centres established by NSDL e-Governance and UTIITSL which have been entrusted by the Income Tax Department.

text: NSDL e-Gov centres can be located at TIN website.[18] It is now very easy to apply online using Aadhaar based eSignature at NSDL e-Gov's website. One can register first at NSDL e-Gov's website https://www.onlineservices.nsdl.com/paam/endUserRegisterContact.html. After registration, applicant receives a token number. One can continue with filling form. Applicant can save the details and complete the form at his convenience by logging using his/her registered details. One can upload photo/signature and supporting documents and finally eSign the application using Aadhaar and OTP. After successful eSign one can download and keep copy of signed form for his reference. Acknowledgment receipt & form is also received through e-mail at registered email ID.

text: UTIITSL centres can be located at its website [19]

text: PAN for Foreign Citizens[edit]

text: PAN is an important document for foreign citizens also, who wish to undertake business in India or wish to invest in India. Procedure to obtain PAN is same as applicable for Indian citizens. However, the application is required to be filled using Form 49AA meant for foreign citizens and submitted at any of the authorized PAN Service Centre through the authorized representative in India. List of documents applicable for foreign citizens are given below:

text: Individuals and HUF

text: Documents accepted as Proof of Identity

text:
Copy of passport, or Voter's ID card
Copy of Person of Indian Origin (PIO) card issued by Government of India,
Copy of Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) card issued by Government of India,
Copy of other national or citizenship Identification Number or Taxpayer Identification Number duly attested by “Apostille” (in respect of countries which are signatories to the Hague Convention of 1961) or by the Indian Embassy or High Commission or Consulate in the country where the applicant is located or authorised officials of overseas branches of Scheduled Banks registered in India (in prescribed format) .

text: Documents accepted as Proof of Address

text:
Proof of Identity documents mentioned above bearing address of the applicant or
Copy of Bank account statement in the country of residence, or
Copy of Non-resident External (NRE) bank account statement in India, or
Copy of Certificate of Residence in India or Residential permit issued by the State Police Authorities, or
Copy of Registration certificate issued by the Foreigner's Registration Office showing Indian address, or
Copy of Visa granted & Copy of appointment letter or contract from Indian Company & Certificate (in original) of Indian address issued by the employer.

text: For other than Individuals and HUF (Including those having no office of their own in India)

text: Documents accepted as Proof of Identity & Proof of Address

text:
Copy of Certificate of Registration issued in the country where the applicant is located, duly attested by “Apostille” (in respect of the countries which are signatories to the Hague Convention of 1961) or by the Indian Embassy or High Commission or Consulate in the country where the applicant is located or authorised officials of overseas branches of Scheduled Banks registered in India (in prescribed format) ; or
Copy of registration certificate issued in India or of approval granted to set up office in India by Indian Authorities.

text: At present, PAN Service Centres are located in India only. However, foreign citizens may find online mode of application more convenient when the klunky web user interface is working. The online facility allows payment of fees using credit card option for foreign citizens (but only if they have India based credit card as international credit cards are not always accepted by the third party fee collectors.) Unlike most countries, India charges a fee to issue a TIN (PAN ID). The fees charges are  ₹107 if the PAN card is to be received in India and ₹989 if the PAN Card is to be received at a foreign location. Note that online application only eliminates data entry errors. One still needs to mail the application with photographs to India-based centers. The application requires two photographs. One on the top right requires signature within the box below it. The other one on the top left requires signature across the photograph (such that part of signature is on the photograph and part on the form). There is anywhere from 2 to 20 days lag between your documents reaching the center and the initial processing/verification which only takes a day. The actual issue of PAN number by the tax department is within 48 hours.  The actual PAN card is sent to the overseas address by the registered/certified mail and may take additional 2 weeks after the issue of the PAN number which is initially conveyed by email.

text: Concerns with PAN Cards[edit]

text: Although there are only 30 million income tax payers in India, yet there are 170 million genuine PANs issued as of 2014.[20] While the alphanumeric PAN number is unique, individuals and corporate entities have been able to obtain multiple PAN cards fraudulently. It is illegal to obtain multiple PANs and there is a penalty of ₹10,000 (US$140) when caught. In addition, there are fake PAN cards due to ubiquitous plastic card printers.[21][22][23][24][25] Additionally, illegal immigrants have also got PAN cards issued to them; most have used the services of PAN card agents.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

text: One should take due care to refrain from using services of tout agents who claim to provide hand delivery of PAN cards and charge extra. Also, there are certain sites that have proliferated on the web that provide online PAN service at additional charge. However, there are only two authorised entities who are also authorised to host online PAN application services on behalf of ITD, i.e. NSDL e-Governance & UTIITSL.


document_title: List of largest banks

question_text: who are ranked the top 5 banks in the world

root

text: List of largest banks

text: By total assets[edit]

text: The list is based on the S&P Global Market Intelligence report 2018 of the 100 largest banks in the world.[1] Accounting treatment affects the assets reported. For example, the United States uses US GAAP (as opposed to IFRS), which only reports the net derivative position in most cases, leading to US banks having fewer derivative assets than comparable non-US banks.[2]

tag: p

text:
Rank

Bank name

Total assets(US$ billion)

1

 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China

4,009.26

2

 China Construction Bank Corporation

3,400.25

3

 Agricultural Bank of China

3,235.65

4

 Bank of China

2,991.90

5

 Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group

2,784.74

6

 JPMorgan Chase & Co.

2,533.60

7

 HSBC Holdings PLC

2,521.77

8

 BNP Paribas

2,357.07

9

 Bank of America

2,281.23

10

 Crédit Agricole

2,117.16

11

 Wells Fargo & Co.

1,951.76

12

 Japan Post Bank

1,874.02

13

 Citigroup Inc.

1,842.47

14

 Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group

1,775.14

15

 Deutsche Bank

1,765.85

16

 Banco Santander

1,736.23

17

 Mizuho Financial Group

1,715.25

18

 Barclays PLC

1,531.73

19

 Société Générale

1,531.13

20

 Groupe BPCE

1,512.27

21

 Bank of Communications

1,389.07

22

 Postal Savings Bank of China

1,385.12

23

 Lloyds Banking Group

1,097.67

24

 Royal Bank of Canada

1,038.53

25

 Toronto-Dominion Bank

1,026.36

26

 ING Group

1,016.11

27

 Norinchukin Bank

1,006.98

28

 UniCredit

1,004.79

29

 Royal Bank of Scotland Group

997.58

30

 Industrial Bank (China)

986.55

31

 China Merchants Bank

967.87

32

 Intesa Sanpaolo

961.22

33

 Shanghai Pudong Development Bank

942.88

34

 UBS

939.54

35

 Goldman Sachs

916.78

36

 China Minsheng Bank

907.08

37

 China CITIC Bank

872.59

38

 Morgan Stanley

851.73

39

 Crédit Mutuel

836.87

40

 Credit Suisse

817.08

41

 Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria

805.74

42

 Scotiabank

773.37

43

 Commonwealth Bank

751.39

44

 Rabobank

724.05

45

 Australia and New Zealand Banking Group

703.84

46

 Nordea

698.38

47

 Westpac

668.19

48

 Standard Chartered

663.50

49

 China Everbright Bank

628.31

50

 National Australia Bank

618.34

51

 DZ Bank

607.11

52

 Bank of Montreal

592.32

53

 Danske Bank

570.83

54

 Commerzbank

543.34

55

 State Bank of India

535.04

56

 Resona Holdings

507.61

57

 Cassa Depositi e Prestiti

503.76

58

 Ping An Bank

499.25

59

 Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

477.60

60

 Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings

471.89

tag: table

text: Banks by country[edit]

text:
Rank
Country
Number of banks in the top 100 by total assets [1]

1
 China
18

2
 United States
12

3
 Japan
8

4
 France
6

 United Kingdom
6

6
 Canada
5

 Germany
5

 Spain
5

9
 Australia
4

 Brazil
4

 South Korea
4

13
 Italy
3

 Netherlands
3

 Singapore
3

 Sweden
3

16
 Belgium
2

  Switzerland
2

19
 Austria
1

 Denmark
1

 Finland
1

 India
1

 Norway
1

 Russia
1

 Taiwan
1

text: By market capitalization[edit]

text: The list is based on the Banks Daily 2018 ranking as at May 31, 2018; the top 50 biggest banks in the world have a combined market capitalization of more than US$ 4.6 trillion.[3]

text:
Rank

Bank name

Market cap(US$ billion)

1

 JPMorgan Chase & Co.

364.35

2

 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China

308.63

3

 Bank of America

294.45

4

 Wells Fargo & Co.

263.09

5

 China Construction Bank Corporation

253.30

6

 HSBC Holdings PLC

194.07

7

 Agricultural Bank of China

181.40

8

 Citigroup Inc.

170.06

9

 Bank of China

167.89

10

 China Merchants Bank

110.84

11

 Royal Bank of Canada

109.06

12

 Toronto-Dominion Bank

107.82

13

 Commonwealth Bank

91.61

14

 Morgan Stanley

88.76

15

 Goldman Sachs

88.62

16

 Banco Santander

86.79

17

 Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group

85.48

18

 U.S. Bancorp

82.11

19

 BNP Paribas

77.54

20

 Scotiabank

73.04

21

 Westpac

71.84

22

 Itau Unibanco

71.19

23

 PNC Financial Services Group

67.33

24

 Bank of Communications

64.54

25

 Lloyds Banking Group

60.58

26

 Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group

58.82

27

 UBS

58.66

28

 Australia and New Zealand Banking Group

58.56

29

 ING Group

57.97

30

 Bank of New York Mellon

55.34

31

 National Australia Bank

54.87

32

 Intesa Sanpaolo

51.96

33

 Banco Bradesco

49.84

34

 Bank of Montreal

49.66

35

 Capital One

45.73

36

 Barclays PLC

45.68

37

 Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria

45.53

38

 Mizuho Financial Group

44.60

39

 Royal Bank of Scotland Group

44.54

40

 China CITIC Bank

43.63

41

 China Minsheng Bank

42.10

42

 Credit Suisse

39.83

43

 Nordea Bank

39.31

44

 Crédit Agricole

39.07

45

 UniCredit

38.89

46

 CIBC

38.86

47

 Société Générale

34.82

48

 Standard Chartered

33.20

49

 KBC Group

32.93

50

 State Bank of India

32.91


document_title: Earth's magnetic field

question_text: where is the strength of the magnetic field the weakest

question_tokens: where is the strength of the magnetic field the weakest

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: Importance[edit]

text: The Earth's magnetic field serves to deflect most of the solar wind, whose charged particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.[4] One stripping mechanism is for gas to be caught in bubbles of magnetic field, which are ripped off by solar winds.[5] Calculations of the loss of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of Mars, resulting from scavenging of ions by the solar wind, indicate that the dissipation of the magnetic field of Mars caused a near total loss of its atmosphere.[6][7]

text: The study of past magnetic field of the Earth is known as paleomagnetism.[8] The polarity of the Earth's magnetic field is recorded in igneous rocks, and reversals of the field are thus detectable as "stripes" centered on mid-ocean ridges where the sea floor is spreading, while the stability of the geomagnetic poles between reversals has allowed paleomagnetists to track the past motion of continents. Reversals also provide the basis for magnetostratigraphy, a way of dating rocks and sediments.[9] The field also magnetizes the crust, and magnetic anomalies can be used to search for deposits of metal ores.[10]

text: Humans have used compasses for direction finding since the 11th century A.D. and for navigation since the 12th century.[11] Although the magnetic declination does shift with time, this wandering is slow enough that a simple compass remains useful for navigation. Using magnetoception various other organisms, ranging from some types of bacteria to pigeons, use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation.

text: Main characteristics[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: At any location, the Earth's magnetic field can be represented by a three-dimensional vector. A typical procedure for measuring its direction is to use a compass to determine the direction of magnetic North. Its angle relative to true North is the declination (D) or variation. Facing magnetic North, the angle the field makes with the horizontal is the inclination (I) or magnetic dip. The intensity (F) of the field is proportional to the force it exerts on a magnet. Another common representation is in X (North), Y (East) and Z (Down) coordinates.[12]

text: Intensity[edit]

text: The intensity of the field is often measured in gauss (G), but is generally reported in nanoteslas (nT), with 1 G = 100,000 nT. A nanotesla is also referred to as a gamma (γ).[13] The tesla is the SI unit of the Magnetic field, B. The Earth's field ranges between approximately 25,000 and 65,000 nT (0.25–0.65 G). By comparison, a strong refrigerator magnet has a field of about 10,000,000 nanoteslas (100 G).[14]

text: A map of intensity contours is called an isodynamic chart. As the World Magnetic Model shows, the intensity tends to decrease from the poles to the equator. A minimum intensity occurs in the South Atlantic Anomaly over South America while there are maxima over northern Canada, Siberia, and the coast of Antarctica south of Australia.[15]

text: Inclination[edit]

text: The inclination is given by an angle that can assume values between -90° (up) to 90° (down). In the northern hemisphere, the field points downwards. It is straight down at the North Magnetic Pole and rotates upwards as the latitude decreases until it is horizontal (0°) at the magnetic equator. It continues to rotate upwards until it is straight up at the South Magnetic Pole. Inclination can be measured with a dip circle.

text: An isoclinic chart (map of inclination contours) for the Earth's magnetic field is shown below.

text: Declination[edit]

text: Declination is positive for an eastward deviation of the field relative to true north. It can be estimated by comparing the magnetic north/south heading on a compass with the direction of a celestial pole. Maps typically include information on the declination as an angle or a small diagram showing the relationship between magnetic north and true north. Information on declination for a region can be represented by a chart with isogonic lines (contour lines with each line representing a fixed declination).

text: Geographical variation[edit]

text: Components of the Earth's magnetic field at the surface from the World Magnetic Model for 2015.[15]

text:
Intensity

Inclination

Declination

tag: ul

text: Dipolar approximation[edit]

text: Near the surface of the Earth, its magnetic field can be closely approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 11° with respect to the rotational axis of the Earth.[13] The dipole is roughly equivalent to a powerful bar magnet, with its south pole pointing towards the geomagnetic North Pole.[16] This may seem surprising, but the north pole of a magnet is so defined because, if allowed to rotate freely, it points roughly northward (in the geographic sense). Since the north pole of a magnet attracts the south poles of other magnets and repels the north poles, it must be attracted to the south pole of Earth's magnet. The dipolar field accounts for 80–90% of the field in most locations.[12]

text: Magnetic poles[edit]

text: The positions of the magnetic poles can be defined in at least two ways: locally or globally.[17]

text: One way to define a pole is as a point where the magnetic field is vertical.[18] This can be determined by measuring the inclination. The inclination of the Earth's field is 90° (downwards) at the North Magnetic Pole and -90° (upwards) at the South Magnetic Pole. The two poles wander independently of each other and are not directly opposite each other on the globe. They can migrate rapidly: movements of up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) per year have been observed for the North Magnetic Pole. Over the last 180 years, the North Magnetic Pole has been migrating northwestward, from Cape Adelaide in the Boothia Peninsula in 1831 to 600 kilometres (370 mi) from Resolute Bay in 2001.[19] The magnetic equator is the line where the inclination is zero (the magnetic field is horizontal).

text: The global definition of the Earth's field is based on a mathematical model. If a line is drawn through the center of the Earth, parallel to the moment of the best-fitting magnetic dipole, the two positions where it intersects the Earth's surface are called the North and South geomagnetic poles. If the Earth's magnetic field were perfectly dipolar, the geomagnetic poles and magnetic dip poles would coincide and compasses would point towards them. However, the Earth's field has a significant non-dipolar contribution, so the poles do not coincide and compasses do not generally point at either.

text: Magnetosphere[edit]

text: Earth's magnetic field, predominantly dipolar at its surface, is distorted further out by the solar wind. This is a stream of charged particles leaving the Sun's corona and accelerating to a speed of 200 to 1000 kilometres per second. They carry with them a magnetic field, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF).[20]

text: The solar wind exerts a pressure, and if it could reach Earth's atmosphere it would erode it. However, it is kept away by the pressure of the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetopause, the area where the pressures balance, is the boundary of the magnetosphere. Despite its name, the magnetosphere is asymmetric, with the sunward side being about 10 Earth radii out but the other side stretching out in a magnetotail that extends beyond 200 Earth radii.[21] Sunward of the magnetopause is the bow shock, the area where the solar wind slows abruptly.[20]

text: Inside the magnetosphere is the plasmasphere, a donut-shaped region containing low-energy charged particles, or plasma. This region begins at a height of 60 km, extends up to 3 or 4 Earth radii, and includes the ionosphere. This region rotates with the Earth.[21] There are also two concentric tire-shaped regions, called the Van Allen radiation belts, with high-energy ions (energies from 0.1 to 10 million electron volts (MeV)). The inner belt is 1–2 Earth radii out while the outer belt is at 4–7 Earth radii. The plasmasphere and Van Allen belts have partial overlap, with the extent of overlap varying greatly with solar activity.[22]

text: As well as deflecting the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field deflects cosmic rays, high-energy charged particles that are mostly from outside the Solar system. (Many cosmic rays are kept out of the Solar system by the Sun's magnetosphere, or heliosphere.[23]) By contrast, astronauts on the Moon risk exposure to radiation. Anyone who had been on the Moon's surface during a particularly violent solar eruption in 2005 would have received a lethal dose.[20]

text: Some of the charged particles do get into the magnetosphere. These spiral around field lines, bouncing back and forth between the poles several times per second. In addition, positive ions slowly drift westward and negative ions drift eastward, giving rise to a ring current. This current reduces the magnetic field at the Earth's surface.[20] Particles that penetrate the ionosphere and collide with the atoms there give rise to the lights of the aurorae and also emit X-rays.[21]

text: The varying conditions in the magnetosphere, known as space weather, are largely driven by solar activity. If the solar wind is weak, the magnetosphere expands; while if it is strong, it compresses the magnetosphere and more of it gets in. Periods of particularly intense activity, called geomagnetic storms, can occur when a coronal mass ejection erupts above the Sun and sends a shock wave through the Solar System. Such a wave can take just two days to reach the Earth. Geomagnetic storms can cause a lot of disruption; the "Halloween" storm of 2003 damaged more than a third of NASA's satellites. The largest documented storm occurred in 1859. It induced currents strong enough to short out telegraph lines, and aurorae were reported as far south as Hawaii.[20][24]

text: Time dependence[edit]

text: Short-term variations[edit]

text: The geomagnetic field changes on time scales from milliseconds to millions of years. Shorter time scales mostly arise from currents in the ionosphere (ionospheric dynamo region) and magnetosphere, and some changes can be traced to geomagnetic storms or daily variations in currents. Changes over time scales of a year or more mostly reflect changes in the Earth's interior, particularly the iron-rich core.[12]

text: Frequently, the Earth's magnetosphere is hit by solar flares causing geomagnetic storms, provoking displays of aurorae. The short-term instability of the magnetic field is measured with the K-index.[25]

text: Data from THEMIS show that the magnetic field, which interacts with the solar wind, is reduced when the magnetic orientation is aligned between Sun and Earth – opposite to the previous hypothesis. During forthcoming solar storms, this could result in blackouts and disruptions in artificial satellites.[26]

text: Secular variation[edit]

text: Changes in Earth's magnetic field on a time scale of a year or more are referred to as secular variation. Over hundreds of years, magnetic declination is observed to vary over tens of degrees.[12] A movie on the right shows how global declinations have changed over the last few centuries.[27]

text: The direction and intensity of the dipole change over time. Over the last two centuries the dipole strength has been decreasing at a rate of about 6.3% per century.[12] At this rate of decrease, the field would be negligible in about 1600 years.[28] However, this strength is about average for the last 7 thousand years, and the current rate of change is not unusual.[29]

text: A prominent feature in the non-dipolar part of the secular variation is a westward drift at a rate of about 0.2 degrees per year.[28] This drift is not the same everywhere and has varied over time. The globally averaged drift has been westward since about 1400 AD but eastward between about 1000 AD and 1400 AD.[30]

text: Changes that predate magnetic observatories are recorded in archaeological and geological materials. Such changes are referred to as paleomagnetic secular variation or paleosecular variation (PSV). The records typically include long periods of small change with occasional large changes reflecting geomagnetic excursions and reversals.[31]

text: Magnetic field reversals[edit]

text: Although generally Earth's field is approximately dipolar, with an axis that is nearly aligned with the rotational axis, occasionally the North and South geomagnetic poles trade places. Evidence for these geomagnetic reversals can be found in basalts, sediment cores taken from the ocean floors, and seafloor magnetic anomalies.[32] Reversals occur nearly randomly in time, with intervals between reversals ranging from less than 0.1 million years to as much as 50 million years. The most recent geomagnetic reversal, called the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred about 780,000 years ago.[19][33] A related phenomenon, a geomagnetic excursion, amounts to an incomplete reversal, with no change in polarity.[34][35] The Laschamp event is an example of an excursion, it having occurred during the last ice age (41,000 years ago).

text: The past magnetic field is recorded mostly by strongly magnetic minerals, particularly iron oxides such as magnetite, that can carry a permanent magnetic moment. This remanent magnetization, or remanence, can be acquired in more than one way. In lava flows, the direction of the field is "frozen" in small minerals as they cool, giving rise to a thermoremanent magnetization. In sediments, the orientation of magnetic particles acquires a slight bias towards the magnetic field as they are deposited on an ocean floor or lake bottom. This is called detrital remanent magnetization.[8]

text: Thermoremanent magnetization is the main source of the magnetic anomalies around ocean ridges. As the seafloor spreads, magma wells up from the mantle, cools to form new basaltic crust on both sides of the ridge, and is carried away from it by seafloor spreading. As it cools, it records the direction of the Earth's field. When the Earth's field reverses, new basalt records the reversed direction. The result is a series of stripes that are symmetric about the ridge. A ship towing a magnetometer on the surface of the ocean can detect these stripes and infer the age of the ocean floor below. This provides information on the rate at which seafloor has spread in the past.[8]

text: Radiometric dating of lava flows has been used to establish a geomagnetic polarity time scale, part of which is shown in the image. This forms the basis of magnetostratigraphy, a geophysical correlation technique that can be used to date both sedimentary and volcanic sequences as well as the seafloor magnetic anomalies.[8]

text: Studies of lava flows on Steens Mountain, Oregon, indicate that the magnetic field could have shifted at a rate of up to 6 degrees per day at some time in Earth's history, which significantly challenges the popular understanding of how the Earth's magnetic field works.[36] This finding was later attributed to unusual rock magnetic properties of the lava flow under study, not rapid field change, by one of the original authors of the 1995 study.[37]

text: Temporary dipole tilt variations that take the dipole axis across the equator and then back to the original polarity are known as excursions.[35]

text: Earliest appearance[edit]

text: Paleomagnetic studies of Paleoarchean lava in Australia and conglomerate in South Africa have concluded that the magnetic field has been present since at least about 3,450 million years ago.[38][39][40]

text: Future[edit]

text: At present, the overall geomagnetic field is becoming weaker; the present strong deterioration corresponds to a 10–15% decline over the last 150 years and has accelerated in the past several years; geomagnetic intensity has declined almost continuously from a maximum 35% above the modern value achieved approximately 2,000 years ago. The rate of decrease and the current strength are within the normal range of variation, as shown by the record of past magnetic fields recorded in rocks.

text: The nature of Earth's magnetic field is one of heteroscedastic fluctuation. An instantaneous measurement of it, or several measurements of it across the span of decades or centuries, are not sufficient to extrapolate an overall trend in the field strength. It has gone up and down in the past for unknown reasons. Also, noting the local intensity of the dipole field (or its fluctuation) is insufficient to characterize Earth's magnetic field as a whole, as it is not strictly a dipole field. The dipole component of Earth's field can diminish even while the total magnetic field remains the same or increases.

text: The Earth's magnetic north pole is drifting from northern Canada towards Siberia with a presently accelerating rate—10 kilometres (6.2 mi) per year at the beginning of the 20th century, up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) per year in 2003,[19] and since then has only accelerated.[41]

text: Physical origin[edit]

text: The Earth's magnetic field is believed to be generated by electric currents in the conductive material of its core, created by convection currents due to heat escaping from the core. However the process is complex, and computer models that reproduce some of its features have only been developed in the last few decades.

text: Earth's core and the geodynamo[edit]

text: The Earth and most of the planets in the Solar System, as well as the Sun and other stars, all generate magnetic fields through the motion of electrically conducting fluids.[43] The Earth's field originates in its core. This is a region of iron alloys extending to about 3400 km (the radius of the Earth is 6370 km). It is divided into a solid inner core, with a radius of 1220 km, and a liquid outer core.[44] The motion of the liquid in the outer core is driven by heat flow from the inner core, which is about 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F), to the core-mantle boundary, which is about 3,800 K (3,530 °C; 6,380 °F).[45] The pattern of flow is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core.[46]

text: The mechanism by which the Earth generates a magnetic field is known as a dynamo.[43] The magnetic field is generated by a feedback loop: current loops generate magnetic fields (Ampère's circuital law); a changing magnetic field generates an electric field (Faraday's law); and the electric and magnetic fields exert a force on the charges that are flowing in currents (the Lorentz force).[47] These effects can be combined in a partial differential equation for the magnetic field called the magnetic induction equation:

text: ...where u is the velocity of the fluid; B is the magnetic B-field; and η=1/σμ is the magnetic diffusivity, which is inversely proportional to the product of the electrical conductivity σ and the permeability μ .[48] The term ∂B/∂t is the time derivative of the field; ∇2 is the Laplace operator and ∇× is the curl operator.

text: The first term on the right hand side of the induction equation is a diffusion term. In a stationary fluid, the magnetic field declines and any concentrations of field spread out. If the Earth's dynamo shut off, the dipole part would disappear in a few tens of thousands of years.[48]

text:
In a perfect conductor (

σ
=
∞

{\displaystyle \sigma =\infty \;}

), there would be no diffusion. By Lenz's law, any change in the magnetic field would be immediately opposed by currents, so the flux through a given volume of fluid could not change. As the fluid moved, the magnetic field would go with it. The theorem describing this effect is called the frozen-in-field theorem. Even in a fluid with a finite conductivity, new field is generated by stretching field lines as the fluid moves in ways that deform it. This process could go on generating new field indefinitely, were it not that as the magnetic field increases in strength, it resists fluid motion.[48]

text: The motion of the fluid is sustained by convection, motion driven by buoyancy. The temperature increases towards the center of the Earth, and the higher temperature of the fluid lower down makes it buoyant. This buoyancy is enhanced by chemical separation: As the core cools, some of the molten iron solidifies and is plated to the inner core. In the process, lighter elements are left behind in the fluid, making it lighter. This is called compositional convection. A Coriolis effect, caused by the overall planetary rotation, tends to organize the flow into rolls aligned along the north-south polar axis.[46][48]

text: A dynamo can amplify a magnetic field, but it needs a "seed" field to get it started.[48] For the Earth, this could have been an external magnetic field. Early in its history the Sun went through a T-Tauri phase in which the solar wind would have had a magnetic field orders of magnitude larger than the present solar wind.[49] However, much of the field may have been screened out by the Earth's mantle. An alternative source is currents in the core-mantle boundary driven by chemical reactions or variations in thermal or electric conductivity. Such effects may still provide a small bias that are part of the boundary conditions for the geodynamo.[50]

text: The average magnetic field in the Earth's outer core was calculated to be 25 gauss, 50 times stronger than the field at the surface.[51]

text: Numerical models[edit]

text: Simulating the geodynamo requires numerically solving a set of nonlinear partial differential equations for the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of the Earth's interior. Simulation of the MHD equations is performed on a 3D grid of points and the fineness of the grid, which in part determines the realism of the solutions, is limited mainly by computer power. For decades, theorists were confined to creating kinematic dynamo computer models in which the fluid motion is chosen in advance and the effect on the magnetic field calculated. Kinematic dynamo theory was mainly a matter of trying different flow geometries and testing whether such geometries could sustain a dynamo.[52]

text: The first self-consistent dynamo models, ones that determine both the fluid motions and the magnetic field, were developed by two groups in 1995, one in Japan[53] and one in the United States.[1][54] The latter received attention because it successfully reproduced some of the characteristics of the Earth's field, including geomagnetic reversals.[52]

text: Currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere[edit]

text: Electric currents induced in the ionosphere generate magnetic fields (ionospheric dynamo region). Such a field is always generated near where the atmosphere is closest to the Sun, causing daily alterations that can deflect surface magnetic fields by as much as one degree. Typical daily variations of field strength are about 25 nanoteslas (nT) (one part in 2000), with variations over a few seconds of typically around 1 nT (one part in 50,000).[55]

text: Measurement and analysis[edit]

text: Detection[edit]

text: The Earth's magnetic field strength was measured by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1832[56] and has been repeatedly measured since then, showing a relative decay of about 10% over the last 150 years.[57] The Magsat satellite and later satellites have used 3-axis vector magnetometers to probe the 3-D structure of the Earth's magnetic field. The later Ørsted satellite allowed a comparison indicating a dynamic geodynamo in action that appears to be giving rise to an alternate pole under the Atlantic Ocean west of S. Africa.[58]

text: Governments sometimes operate units that specialize in measurement of the Earth's magnetic field. These are geomagnetic observatories, typically part of a national Geological survey, for example the British Geological Survey's Eskdalemuir Observatory. Such observatories can measure and forecast magnetic conditions such as magnetic storms that sometimes affect communications, electric power, and other human activities.

text: The International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network, with over 100 interlinked geomagnetic observatories around the world has been recording the earths magnetic field since 1991.

text: The military determines local geomagnetic field characteristics, in order to detect anomalies in the natural background that might be caused by a significant metallic object such as a submerged submarine. Typically, these magnetic anomaly detectors are flown in aircraft like the UK's Nimrod or towed as an instrument or an array of instruments from surface ships.

text: Commercially, geophysical prospecting companies also use magnetic detectors to identify naturally occurring anomalies from ore bodies, such as the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly.

text: Crustal magnetic anomalies[edit]

text: Magnetometers detect minute deviations in the Earth's magnetic field caused by iron artifacts, kilns, some types of stone structures, and even ditches and middens in archaeological geophysics. Using magnetic instruments adapted from airborne magnetic anomaly detectors developed during World War II to detect submarines,[60] the magnetic variations across the ocean floor have been mapped. Basalt — the iron-rich, volcanic rock making up the ocean floor[61] — contains a strongly magnetic mineral (magnetite) and can locally distort compass readings. The distortion was recognized by Icelandic mariners as early as the late 18th century.[62] More important, because the presence of magnetite gives the basalt measurable magnetic properties, these magnetic variations have provided another means to study the deep ocean floor. When newly formed rock cools, such magnetic materials record the Earth's magnetic field.[62]

text: Statistical models[edit]

text: Each measurement of the magnetic field is at a particular place and time. If an accurate estimate of the field at some other place and time is needed, the measurements must be converted to a model and the model used to make predictions.

text: Spherical harmonics[edit]

text: The most common way of analyzing the global variations in the Earth's magnetic field is to fit the measurements to a set of spherical harmonics. This was first done by Carl Friedrich Gauss.[63] Spherical harmonics are functions that oscillate over the surface of a sphere. They are the product of two functions, one that depends on latitude and one on longitude. The function of longitude is zero along zero or more great circles passing through the North and South Poles; the number of such nodal lines is the absolute value of the order m. The function of latitude is zero along zero or more latitude circles; this plus the order is equal to the degree ℓ. Each harmonic is equivalent to a particular arrangement of magnetic charges at the center of the Earth. A monopole is an isolated magnetic charge, which has never been observed. A dipole is equivalent to two opposing charges brought close together and a quadrupole to two dipoles brought together. A quadrupole field is shown in the lower figure on the right.[12]

text: Spherical harmonics can represent any scalar field (function of position) that satisfies certain properties. A magnetic field is a vector field, but if it is expressed in Cartesian components X, Y, Z, each component is the derivative of the same scalar function called the magnetic potential. Analyses of the Earth's magnetic field use a modified version of the usual spherical harmonics that differ by a multiplicative factor. A least-squares fit to the magnetic field measurements gives the Earth's field as the sum of spherical harmonics, each multiplied by the best-fitting Gauss coefficient gmℓ or hmℓ.[12]

text: The lowest-degree Gauss coefficient, g00, gives the contribution of an isolated magnetic charge, so it is zero. The next three coefficients – g10, g11, and h11 – determine the direction and magnitude of the dipole contribution. The best fitting dipole is tilted at an angle of about 10° with respect to the rotational axis, as described earlier.[12]

text: Radial dependence[edit]

text: Spherical harmonic analysis can be used to distinguish internal from external sources if measurements are available at more than one height (for example, ground observatories and satellites). In that case, each term with coefficient gmℓ or hmℓ can be split into two terms: one that decreases with radius as 1/rℓ+1 and one that increases with radius as rℓ. The increasing terms fit the external sources (currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere). However, averaged over a few years the external contributions average to zero.[12]

text: The remaining terms predict that the potential of a dipole source (ℓ=1) drops off as 1/r2. The magnetic field, being a derivative of the potential, drops off as 1/r3. Quadrupole terms drop off as 1/r4, and higher order terms drop off increasingly rapidly with the radius. The radius of the outer core is about half of the radius of the Earth. If the field at the core-mantle boundary is fit to spherical harmonics, the dipole part is smaller by a factor of about 8 at the surface, the quadrupole part by a factor of 16, and so on. Thus, only the components with large wavelengths can be noticeable at the surface. From a variety of arguments, it is usually assumed that only terms up to degree 14 or less have their origin in the core. These have wavelengths of about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) or less. Smaller features are attributed to crustal anomalies.[12]

text: Global models[edit]

text: The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy maintains a standard global field model called the International Geomagnetic Reference Field. It is updated every 5 years. The 11th-generation model, IGRF11, was developed using data from satellites (Ørsted, CHAMP and SAC-C) and a world network of geomagnetic observatories.[64] The spherical harmonic expansion was truncated at degree 10, with 120 coefficients, until 2000. Subsequent models are truncated at degree 13 (195 coefficients).[65]

text: Another global field model, called World Magnetic Model, is produced jointly by the United States National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly the National Geophysical Data Center) and the British Geological Survey. This model truncates at degree 12 (168 coefficients) with an approximate spatial resolution of 3,000 kilometers. It is the model used by the United States Department of Defense, the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom), the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the International Hydrographic Office as well as in many civilian navigation systems.[66]

text: A third model, produced by the Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA and GSFC) and the Danish Space Research Institute, uses a "comprehensive modeling" approach that attempts to reconcile data with greatly varying temporal and spatial resolution from ground and satellite sources.[67]

text: For users with higher accuracy needs, the United States National Centers for Environmental Information developed the Enhanced Magnetic Model (EMM), which extends to degree and order 720 and resolves magnetic anomalies down to a wavelength of 56 kilometers. It was compiled from satellite, marine, aeromagnetic and ground magnetic surveys. The latest version, EMM2015, includes data from The European Space Agency's Swarm satellite mission.[68]

text: Biomagnetism[edit]

text: Animals including birds and turtles can detect the Earth's magnetic field, and use the field to navigate during migration.[69] Some researchers have found that cows and wild deer tend to align their bodies north-south while relaxing, but not when the animals are under high-voltage power lines, suggesting that magnetism is responsible.[70][71] Other researchers reported in 2011 that they could not replicate those findings using different Google Earth images.[72]

text: Researchers found out that very weak electromagnetic fields disrupt the magnetic compass used by European robins and other songbirds to navigate using the Earth's magnetic field. Neither power lines nor cellphone signals are to blame for the electromagnetic field effect on the birds, according to the new study published in the 8 May 2014 edition of the journal Nature. Instead, the culprits consist of frequencies between 2 kHz and 5 MHz, such as AM radio signals and ordinary electronic equipment that might be found in businesses or private homes.[73]


document_title: Basic Principles Committee

question_text: when did the second basic principles committee presents its final report

text: Basic Principles Committee

text: Formation[edit]

text: Before the first constituent assembly of Pakistan could formulate any constitution or legislature, it was necessary to put in order the basic principles that would determine how the constitution should be framed. On 7 March 1949, the Objectives Resolution was passed, which serves to this day as the ground norm for constitutional process in Pakistan. The resolution was adopted by the constituent assembly on 12 March 1949.[2]

text: The Basic Principles Committee (BPC) was formed on the same day by the constituent assembly. The committee was set up by governor-general Khawaja Nazimuddin upon advice from prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan. It was presided over by Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan with Liaquat Ali Khan serving also as its vice-president. The committee had 24 other members, though not all were members of the constituent assembly as well.[3]

text: The purpose of the BPC was to formulate the basic principles based on the Objectives Resolution using which the future constitutions of Pakistan would be framed. The committee was asked to propose basic principles and concerned recommendations that would help the constituent assembly with their constitutional and legislative tasks. In order to do so, the committee had its initial two meetings in April 1949 where three distinct sub-committees were formed to deal with specialised tasks:

text:
A sub-committee to deal with matters of federal and provincial constitution and distribution of powers;
A sub-committee to deal with matters of adult franchise; and,
A sub-committee to deal with matters of judiciary.

text: First proposal[edit]

text: On 28 September 1950, the BPC presented its initial report to the constituent assembly. The main features presented in the report were also simultaneously published in an article in the Dawn newspaper a day later,[4] ushering strong criticism from the public, particularly from critics in East Pakistan.[5]

text: Salient features[edit]

text: The report called for the state of Pakistan to be a federation where Urdu was to be the state language. It also formally recognised the Objectives Resolution as an integral part of the constitution of Pakistan and the legislative process, suggesting that the resolution should be incorporated into the constitution as "a directive principle of [state] policy".[6]

text: The report also presented a suggestion for the central legislature was to be a bicameral with an upper house consisting of 100 members, and a lower house consisting of 400 members. The upper house was to be elected by the provincial legislature serving as the representative institution of the provinces, while the lower house was to be elected by the people on the basis of adult franchise. The tenure of both houses was to be five years with both enjoying equal power. The decisions regarding budget or monetary bills were to be decided in joint sessions of the two houses.

text: The head of state was to be elected by a joint session of the two houses for a term of five years working on the advice of the prime minister. Federal legislature would have the authority to remove the head of state. The head of state was given added powers like the authority to abrogate the constitution and issue ordinances.

text: Each province would have its own legislature elected on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. The head of the provincial legislature was to be elected by the head of state for term of five years working on the advice of the chief minister.

text: The Supreme Court was to be the head of judiciary consisting of a chief justice and 2 to 6 judges. It was suggested to establish High Courts for each province.

text: It was also the first time that the establishment of a religious oversight board was suggested. A board of ulema (religious scholars) was suggested to be appointed by the head of state and provincial governors to examine the processes of law making ensuring those laws to be in accordance with the Quran and the Sunnah.

text: Legislative power was to be divided in three lists:

text:
Federal list, comprising 67 subjects on which the central legislature would legislate;
Provincial list, comprising 35 items on which the provincial legislature would legislate; and,
Concurrent list, comprising 37 items on which both the central and provincial legislatures had the authority to legislate.

text: The residuary powers were vested in the centre.

text: The procedure to amend the constitution was made very rigid. It required a majority approval from the central and provincial legislatures. In case of any dispute, the Supreme Court would have the authority to interpret the constitution.

text: Reaction and criticism[edit]

text: These initial recommendations raised a fire-storm of protest. It was called reactionary, undemocratic, an insult to Islam, smacking of fascist approach, subversive of the ideology of Pakistan and a gross betrayal of the solemn pledges made to the people.[7] In particular, the report was highly criticised by Sris Chandra Chattopadhyay who observed that East Pakistan, being more populous than West Pakistan, would be under-represented if both were given equal number of seats in the upper house. This would have effectively rendered the eastern province a minority.[8] Bengali critics also voiced concern over making Urdu the national language while thoroughly neglecting the Bengali language from the constitutional arena. There was also criticism on the proposals for a strong centre with vast powers on financial matters.

text: On October 4, 1950, in an editorial published in the Nawa-i-Waqt, the report was called a "charter of people’s slavery".

text: Amidst furious criticisms, Liaquat Ali Khan refrained from considering the report and invited the committee to present revised proposals and suggestions. He also called for general suggestions and comments from the public in order to incorporate public opinion. Another special sub-committee was formed therein to facilitate such measures. This sub-committee was headed by Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar and later presented a revised report in the constituent assembly in July 1952.

text: Second proposal[edit]

text: In light of the criticism received for the first proposal, the committee moved towards including a greater participation of public opinion into their successive report to the constituent assembly. An interim draft for a second report of the BPC had been finalised by the third week of November and was to be presented to the Constituent Assembly on 23 November 1952. Its presentation was however postponed at the very last minute due to reservations held by some members of the committee.[9]

text: The BPC held a meeting on 19 December 1952 where the final draft for the second proposal was signed. But, in the conspicuous absence of Mumtaz Daultana, Nurul Amin, Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz, A.H. Gardezi, Justice Abdul Rashid and Maulana Mohammad Akram Khan, the report was signed by Malik Shaukat Ali signed it conditionally. The report was presented to the assembly on 22 December 1952.

text: Salient features[edit]

text: The main features of the committee’s second report focused prominently on the place of Islam in the future constitution of Pakistan. The Objective Resolution was adopted as a preamble to the proposed constitution and the principles defined therein were to guide the state.

text: With Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar at the helm of the committee, the second proposal adopted a more Islamic stance. Some suggest it merely contained "religious rhetoric".[6] A specific clause was added to the proposal which laid down procedures to prevent any legislation that is made outside the limits prescribed in the Quran and the Sunnah. It was suggested that existing laws be also brought in conformity with the Islamic principles.[10] The report emphasised the importance of a board of ulema that would vet legislation to make sure that it was in keeping with the teachings of Islam.[3] The committee also recommended that the head of state be a Muslim, and that separate electorates be maintained for Muslims and non-Muslims.

text: During the debate concerning the proposition of the head of state being a Muslim, Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan observed that the provision was undeniably against fundamental rights. He said, "I presume the country’s population to be 85 percent Muslim and if a Muslim cannot be returned as a Head of State with a 85% Muslim population where a Hindu is returned with a minority of only 15%, then that Hindu must be a saint."[11]

text: Reaction and criticism[edit]

text: The modernists denounced the suggestion to create boards of ulemas as a "surrender to mullahism" and a "statutory recognition of priesthood [designed to create a] medieval theocracy in the twentieth century." In a series of letters appearing in The Pakistan Times, critics condemned such proposals stating the boards would become "super legislatures" where "regular priestly class [would be] eager to take part in politics by virtue of their being members of that class [alone]".[7]

text: There was even more criticism surrounding the inclusion of religious rhetoric in the committee’s proposals especially in the formation of the board of ulema; critics called such initiatives "undemocratic [and] an insult to Islam". Nawa-i-Waqt defended the suggestion of creating the board as being "utterly democratic".[12] On 31 December 1952, Dawn newspaper expressed concern that the committee may have exceeded the limits prescribed in the Objectives Resolution.[13]


document_title: Georgina Sparks

question_text: who's baby is georgina on gossip girl

question_tokens: who 's baby is georgina on gossip girl

text: Georgina Sparks

text: Novel series[edit]

text: Georgina "Georgie" Spark (Sparks in the television series), a wealthy girl and New York City Celebutante, as well as a drug addict who has blood red lips and long glossy dark hair, meets Nate Archibald in rehab. The two date for a while, and one night, Nate comes over to her mansion. While he is there, Georgina overdoses on various pills, and Nate saves her life by calling their drug counselor. Afterwards, Nate and Georgina go to Sun Valley for spring break, and Georgie briefly meets Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf (it is hinted that Georgina and Serena previously met in boarding school). Georgina's relationship with Nate ends when she and Chuck are arrested for having sex on a public highway. She then goes back to rehab, this time in Switzerland. A noticeable difference between the characters in the book and television is that in the book, Georgina has no cruel intentions towards anyone and never really gets involved with the main characters.

text: Television series[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly reported that Michelle Trachtenberg took on the role that actress Mischa Barton had been previously offered.[1] The Buffy alumna was cast into the role of Georgina Sparks, described by Michael Ausiello as "an adolescent Cruella".[2][3] Creator Josh Schwartz states that, "Georgina was [Serena's] enabler, her best friend, and her id."[1] The actress stated that the character is "basically the evil bitch from hell" and that "She's been part of the Gossip kids' lives for a long time, and she's coming back around to make her presence known." [4] She describes the role as "the best character I have ever played," saying "It's awesome playing the bad girl," and compared her previous role on Buffy as something very different from her current role as Georgina. She has stated that the character is "incredibly evil, manipulative and pretty much just takes no prisoners, and she doesn't care about the consequences."[5] Trachtenberg also draws her on her "own painful teen experience in her L.A. private school," citing her work on Harriet the Spy as an inspiration for her portrayal of the character.[6]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Georgina Sparks, a girl from Serena van der Woodsen's past who used to party with her, returns to New York from Switzerland. Georgina is first mentioned in "The Blair Bitch Project" when Serena discovers that it was she (and not Chuck as previously suspected) who was the one who had been sending her packages of champagne, porn, sex toys and drugs. Serena apologises to Chuck and shows him Georgina's letter. However, he later reassures her that Georgina is still in Switzerland.

text: Despite Chuck’s assurance, Georgina steals her father's jet and arrives in Manhattan in "Desperately Seeking Serena" and surprises Serena with a visit to Constance.[7] Serena's plans to study with Dan Humphrey for the SATs are cut short when Georgina persuades her to go out and have drinks to catch up with each other. Serena reluctantly agrees, but after a few cocktails, Serena's wild-child persona returns. Serena reverts to her good girl persona however when she answers a call meant for Georgina that reveals she is still in contact with drug dealers and leaves, realizing that Georgina hasn't changed and that she missed her study date with Dan, which she and Chuck cover up with food poisoning. Serena apologises for the missed study plans and says she will meet Dan and Blair at the SATs the next day. Georgina calls her again, asking her to go to dinner with her. Serena declines the offer at first but Georgina assures that there won't be any wild partying and tells her how she has been inspired to turn her life around after seeing Serena the other day. Impressed, Serena meets Georgina for dinner, who compliments her on how much she's changed. When Serena gets up from the table to call Dan, Georgina drugs Serena's Diet Coke. Serena wakes up frantic the next morning in Georgina's apartment, and ends up missing her SATs. Georgina packs her bags to leave Manhattan until Serena confronts her, seeking to end their friendship, having realized that she makes too many mistakes when she's around her. Georgina recounts an incident which Serena quickly dismisses before it is revealed. Unfortunately for Serena, Georgina changes her mind, unpacks her bags and ends up meeting Dan in Central Park, introducing herself as Sarah.

text: Under the guise of Sarah, Georgina becomes friends with Dan and Vanessa determined to impose her presence in Serena’s life. Georgina sends Serena a video of what appears to be Serena in a sex tape and then invites herself in to the van der Woodsen’s home subsequently outing Eric during dinner. Distressed, Serena runs to Dan, he introduces her to Sarah who Serena is shocked to discover is Georgina in disguise. Georgina then proceeds to blackmail Serena with the video threatening to reveal all the dark secrets from her past.[8]

text: Serena has a breakdown and eventually confesses to Blair, Nate and Chuck. It is revealed that after Serena had sex with Nate at a wedding, Serena went to join Georgina and a boy named Pete Fairman at a hotel, who hid a video camera in the room to tape him and Serena having sex. Serena wasn't in the mood, though, and instead passed Pete a line of cocaine which he subsequently overdosed on. Panicked Serena called the emergency services and she and Georgina fled the hotel. After learning that Pete had died Serena ran away to boarding school.[9]

text: It is learned that Chuck lost his virginity to Georgina in the 6th grade and he remembers her partying attitude before Serena went to boarding school. Serena tells them that Georgina is blackmailing her into continuing the lifestyle they used to have.

text: At Rufus’s concert, Dan and Vanessa learn that Sarah is in fact Georgina. Vanessa is told the truth by Nate but Georgina successfully deceives Dan by concocting a story about an abusive ex-boyfriend. In light of Dan and Serena’s break-up over her constant lies to cover-up her secrets, Georgina tells Dan that she is falling in love with him, she then phones Serena on Dan’s phone and tells her “all bets are off” implying she’ll be having sex with him that night.[10][11]

text: The next morning Serena confronts Georgina at Dan’s apartment and furiously tries to attack her. After Georgina leaves Serena eventually tells Dan the truth which he believes and with the help of Blair, Dan devises a plan to get rid of Georgina. Dan calls Georgina up and has her meet him in Central Park;[12] he consequently leaves her after she confesses her feelings for him and is met by Blair who has tracked down Georgina's parents. Blair reveals that Georgina was supposed to be at an equestrian circuit but sold her show pony for cocaine.[13] Georgina was in fact in a rehabilitation center in Utah where she escaped, hitchhiked into a town, stole a credit card and booked a ticket to Ibiza. Georgina is left with her parents who decide her fate by sending her to a boot camp for troubled young girls, upon Blair's suggestion.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Georgina Sparks returns in the second season [14] but is transformed into a sweet woman believing in the power of Jesus.[15][16] Although she appears to have genuinely changed, she is rejected by Blair, Chuck, Dan and Serena who all do not take her seriously. Blair eventually uses her in a scheme that would have Poppy Lifton arrested after a Ponzi scheme she had concocted with Gabriel compromised Serena's reputation. Georgina unfortunately loses the money that she intended to buy Bibles for Christian children to Poppy, Blair accuses her of sabotaging the plan and that she will never be forgiven by Jesus as well as herself. Georgina, upset and adamant that she didn't do anything wrong, reverts to her old self at the end of the episode, with the intent of getting her money back. She calls Blair, scolding her for being unable to get rid of Poppy and confirming her return to her old habits by telling her, "You can tell Jesus that the bitch is back." [17]

text: In the second season finale, Georgina returns and informs Dan that Poppy Lifton has been taken care of and that the money has been returned. In a twist, she also reveals that she will be attending NYU the following year, where she is enrolled at the Gallatin School of Individualized Study. She also requests to be Blair Waldorf's roommate.[18]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Georgina appears in the third season of the show as Blair's roommate.[19] She convinces Dan and Vanessa that she has changed, even though she is plotting revenge against Blair. She starts a relationship with Dan, not realizing that he was not interested in anything serious. Georgina is still up to her old ways by sending Blair on a wild goose chase for entering a secret society. After Serena discovers this scheme tells Dan that Georgina created a scheme that threatened to ruin Chuck and Blair's relationship, he decides to end things with her. It is then revealed that she has grown very attached to Dan. Because he broke things off with her, she plans to find another way to cause more damage. At the end of the third episode in the season, Georgina plans to make a trip to Boston after she overhears Scott bidding farewell to Vanessa, with that Scott Adler is in fact Rufus and Lily's son.[20]

text: Georgina returns from Boston only to learn that Dan is dating Olivia Burke. Georgina then blackmails Vanessa to get Dan to dump Olivia or she'll reveal to everyone that she knows about Scott's secret, knowing that Vanessa's friendship with the Humphreys could be jeopardized if they found out that she had been hiding secrets from them. Vanessa later confesses to Dan about her own knowledge of Scott's true identity and the fact that Georgina is using this to blackmail her. Georgina crashes Rufus' wedding where Dan and Georgina share a conversation that reveals that Poppy Lifton had been deported. Georgina arrives at the wedding and reveals to Rufus and Lily that Scott (whom Lily cruelly dismissed) is their lovechild and leaves, taking a slice of the wedding cake and driving Blair to get rid of her. Georgina is last seen in a bar with Vanya, disguised as a prince, who leaves with her, stating that he'll be taking her to Belarus.[5] Dorota is shown looking on, hinting that it was Blair behind the entire scenario to get rid of Georgina.[21]

text: The third season finale has Georgina return from Belarus wearing a blond wig and large coat, desperately seeking the help of various Upper-East Siders with her "problem." However, they all dismiss Georgina, as Blair is too worried about Chuck to listen to her, and Dan and Serena do not notice her new disguise while at the hospital. In the season finale, Georgina arrives at the loft with "something" of Dan's. It is revealed that Georgina is pregnant with what she says is Dan's child.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In the season premiere "Belles de Jour" it is revealed Georgina had a son, Milo, born on July 7, 2010, but it is unknown if Dan Humphrey is the father, because they never did a DNA test. It is later revealed to be another one of her schemes when she abruptly leaves New York, leaving Dan alone with Milo. She left a note saying that she went to the "spa". In the episode "The Undergraduates", Georgina returns from the "spa" (she was in fact in St. Barts) to tell Dan about Serge, Milo's real father, and to say that she and Milo are going to live with Georgina's parents. Georgina returns in the season finale attending a Constance Billiard alumni dance. She reveals to Serena that she living in Bedford, New York and is now married, but bored, from the lifestyle she sought to raise her son in. Georgina seeks to maintain her need to scheme as she offers her aid in catching Charlie, finding out later that Charlie has her own agenda, one that Georgina takes interest in. She offers her home phone number to Charlie and tells her to give her a call in case she ever needs her.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Georgina returns to the Upper East Side with her husband, Phil, for the royal wedding of Blair and Louis in order to ruin Blair's happy ending as revenge for the many things Blair has done to her. She is caught inside the church by Rufus and Lily who have her thrown out, but not before she ends up recording Blair's confession of love to Chuck before the wedding commences. Georgina leaves the video in Chuck's hands. After 'Gossip Girl' plays the video, Georgina is confronted by Dan, Nate and Serena, but Georgina denies any involvement and accuses each of them of sending the video, before promptly leaving. Georgina is seen to be posting a blast on the Gossip Girl website.

text: After Blair's wedding, Georgina locks Dorota in Blair's closet in an attempt to find Blair and destroy what she thinks is Blair's "happily ever after". When Chuck and Serena free Dorota, she follows them to the hotel in which Dan and Blair are hiding out and takes a photo while framing Serena for sending the video to Gossip Girl. After taking her camera back from Serena, Georgina is seen putting up a video of Blair and Louis leaving for their honeymoon. Georgina reveals to her Phil, her husband/accomplice, that the real 'Gossip Girl' abandoned her post following Chuck and Blair's accident. Phil appears to love Georgina and knows all about her past and of her agenda against everyone she knows on the Upper East Side and he assists her in times of need despite the fact that she often treats him badly and ignores their baby, Milo, leaving Phil as the parental caregiver at home while she goes out to work her ways.

text: Following Blair's return from her honeymoon, Georgina learns that Ivy is back in town and goes to the Van der Woodsens' to confront her. While at a party thrown by Nate, Dan discovers that she is Gossip Girl and he blackmails her with this information as she is trying to get Blair to default on her marriage to Louis, thereby effectively ruining her family's financial security. Georgina and Serena witness a kiss between Dan and Blair that Georgina manages to get a photo of.

text: Georgina appears briefly in the season finale. Dan, having seemingly been dumped by Blair, alienated and betrayed by Serena, Lily, Chuck, Nate and everyone that he knows, approaches Georgina, asking for help to publish the sequel to "Inside", pledging to write the novel "he should have written from the beginning". Georgina, with her own personal score to settle with all of the characters of the Upper East side, is happy to help.

text: Reception[edit]

text: CNN included the introduction of Georgina in the list of the series' "OMG" moments, writing that she is "the kind of insane yet hilarious character that can make any episode better."[22] Chicago Tribune described her as "one of the series' all-time best troublemakers."[23] BuddyTV found Georgina "amazing" in the 100th episode, "you can't even take your eyes off her because she's so great in every scene."[24] Sparks was included in TV Guide's list of the best TV bitches.[25] However, Entertainment Weekly named her one of the "21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever".[26] Trachtenberg was nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards under the category "Choice TV Villain" for her portrayal of Sparks.[27]


document_title: List of Rosario + Vampire: Season II chapters

question_text: what chapter does tsukune turn into a vampire

text: Volume list[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Japanese release
English release

1
Monster Fruit
June 4, 2008[5]
ISBN 978-4-08-874506-0
April 6, 2010[6]
ISBN 978-1-4215-3136-6

"A Brand-New Season" (あたらしい季節, Atarashii Kisetsu)
"Self-Study Class" (はじめての特別実習, Hajimete no Tokubetsu Jisshū)
"Superglue Girl" (粘着質少女, Nenchaku-shitsu Shōjo)
"Pride" (プライド, Puraido)

Tsukune Aono and the monster girls that like him start their second year at Yokai Academy as classmates. Yukari Sendo fashions an object that frees Moka Akashiya's inhibitions towards Tsukune. During the class self-study periods, Shizuka Nekonome takes Tsukune and the girls to a nearby area where they hunt monster durians. Tsukune meets new student Koko Shuzen, who is Moka's younger sister and who wants to fight the real Moka. When the News Club investigates a series of attacks on students, the trail leads to an underground dungeon area where Tsukune and Moka are ambushed by bandits.

2
Magical Candy
October 3, 2008[7]
ISBN 978-4-08-874586-2
August 3, 2010[8]
ISBN 978-1-4215-3137-3

"The Fake" (ニセモノ, Nisemono)
"Doppelgänger" (ドッペルゲンガー, Dopperugengā)
"Gro-Gro Drops" (すくすくドロップ, Sukusuku Doroppu)
"The Fearsome Kids" (恐るべき子供たち, Osorubeki Kodomo-tachi)

The bandit leader copies Tsukune's form and tries to impersonate him to fool his rescuers, but discovers they are all girls. As a doppelgänger, he copies Kurumu's abilities and fights them off until Tsukune unleashes his ghoul ability. As Ruby Tojo and Yukari quickly seal Tsukune's powers, the doppelgänger assumes Moka's inner form, but is no match for the real Moka. The News Club try to attract new members in the midst of club recruiting season. With Yukari's help, Koko tries out for different clubs, but is physically too little to be taken seriously. Yukari gives Koko a Gro-Gro Drop that turns her to adult size where she is able to show off against the Karate Club; however, the effects are brief and she reverts to a little kid. The other News Club girls come to her rescue by transforming themselves in the same manner.

3
Snow Oracle
February 4, 2009[9]
ISBN 978-4-08-874637-1
December 7, 2010[10]
ISBN 978-1-4215-3268-4

"Dance With Werewolves" (ダンスウィズウィアウルフ, Dansu Wizu Wiaurufu)
"Snow White" (スノウホフイト, Sunō Howaito)
"The Snow Oracle" (雪の巫女, Yuki no Miko, "Snow Priestess")
"The Offering of the Flower" (花納め, Hana Osame)

Koko follows the trail of a mysterious prankster monster that has been terrorizing the girls on campus. She suspects Ginei Morioka the werewolf, but Gin reveals the true culprit. Mizore takes the gang to her Snow Fairy world where she is to participate in a coming-of-age ceremony. She isolates Tsukune and tells him that she wants to be with him, but is carried away by the Snow Oracle where she is arranged to be married to Miyabi Fujisaki, who couldn't care less about her feelings and wants. Tsukune and the other girls try to rescue her with Mizore's mother's help.

4
Inner Ghoul
June 4, 2009[11]
ISBN 978-4-08-874679-1
April 5, 2011[12]
ISBN 978-1-4215-3544-9

"Fairy Tale" (フェアリーテイル, Fearī Teiru)
"Something Important" (大切なもの, Taisetsu na Mono)
"Paradise" (楽園, Rakuen)
"The True Inner Self" (うらがわの素顔, Uragawa no Sugao)
"Dream of a Butterfly" (胡蝶の夢, Kochō no Yume)

Kahlua Shuzen arrives to enforce alliance negotiations between Fairy Tale and the Snow Fairy world, but as things do not go as intended, she goes into her crying tantrum and beats down everyone, including the News Club girls. She fights Moka but sustains heavy damage; Miyabi arrives and cancels her "kill everyone" orders and they retreat. Ruby takes Tsukune to another dimension where Tsukune trains in controlling his ghoul power, fighting with a special magic-cancelling whip while Ruby uses a chain to absorb his excess power. Moka steals the whip and, as her inner personality, goes on a date with Tsukune where the latter learns how to sense monsters. Tsukune and Moka have more sparring sessions. Koko helps Kurumu try to win Tsukune's affections by egging her to use her charm ability. Kurumu charms some boys, but Tsukune is inadvertently affected and Kurumu and Tsukune find themselves alone in Kurumu's dorm room.

5
Siren Song
October 2, 2009[13]
ISBN 978-4-08-874745-3
July 5, 2011[14]
ISBN 978-1-4215-3691-0

"Prelude" (年目の夏合宿, Nenme no Natsu Gasshuku, "Second-year Summer Camp")
"How to Grow Up" (希望, Kibō, "Hope")
"The Angel's Song" (天使のうた, Tenshi no Uta)
"Resonance" (想いを貫け, Omoi o Tsuranuke, "See Your Feelings Through")
"A Midsummer Night's Dream" (いつかきっと, Itsuka Kitto, "Someday, for Sure")

When Tsukune's training with Moka seems to go nowhere, the Headmaster gives the News Club a summer break by sending them to the human world. Moka and a mute girl named San Otonashi are kidnapped by yakuza, but Tsukune defeats the mobsters by using his improved fighting abilities. San, a former News Club president, works at the hotel where they are staying. The hotel's other employee (who was secretly working for the kidnappers) is ordered to burn the hotel, but steals the owner's bankbook and cash instead and flees. The News Club girls use their swimsuits and feminine charms to draw new customers to raise money. Meanwhile, Gin confronts the thieving employee as he is being punished by Rokuro Tsubaki, a Fairy Tale recruiter, who stuns Gin with a recording of a siren song. The 7th branch's boss, Kanade Kamiya, arrives to take San, but San's employer recognizes him as the one who killed her husband. The News Club tries to fight Kamiya but are held back by his siren song. As Gin and Haji raid the 7th Branch Office, San reveals that she is a siren too, and counters Kamiya's song with her own.

6
Gangstah
February 4, 2010[15]
ISBN 978-4-08-870008-3
October 4, 2011[16]
ISBN 978-1-4215-3831-0

"Mafia Boy" (マフィアの少年, Mafia no Shōnen)
"Sports Day" (平和な体育祭, Heiwa na Taīkusai, "A Peaceful Athletics Festival")
"Heart to Heart" (イシンデンシン, Ishin-denshin, "Telepathy")
"Weak Point" (ウイークポイント, Uīku Pointo)

With the start of the second trimester, Tsukune wonders about his future, but freshman transfer student Fangfang Huang, the son of a Chinese Mafia boss, tries to recruit him to join his family, having heard that Tsukune had destroyed the offices of both yakuza and Fairy Tale. Challenging Tsukune, he summons a phoenix that proves uncontrollable. At the school's sports day, Fangfang's jiangshi (hopping zombie) sister, Lingling, baits the News Club girls into wagering Tsukune's recruitment over which team wins, and brings her own jiangshi to compete in the events. Yukari makes a "heart-to-heart" device that enables people to share feelings, but when Fangfang plays with it they end up swapping bodies. Moka has been conversing with her inner self more often and agrees to let her spend a day out as a student. Although her academics and physical education classes are no problem, Moka's inner personality learns to cook for the first time, but afterwards they discover that she is unable to transform back.

7
Vanishing Acts
June 4, 2010[17]
ISBN 978-4-08-870057-1
January 3, 2012[18]
ISBN 978-1-4215-4026-9

"Reverse" (リバース, Ribāsu)
"Sweet Home" (スウィートホーム, Suwīto Hōmu)
"Fixing The Seal" (封印修復, Fūin Shūfuku)
"Eldest Daughter" (朱染家の長女, Shuzen-ke no Chōjo, "The Eldest Daughter of the Shuzen Family")

With the rosario broken, Moka agrees to travel to Hong Kong to meet with Fangfang and Lingling's great-great grandfather, Tohofuhai, one of the Three Dark Lords, in order to get her rosario repaired. During the flight, Tsukune and the gang must deal with a gremlin assassin from Fairy Tale that multiples itself to chew up the plane, causing it to crash. At the Huang manor, the girls are kidnapped, but it turns out to be a ruse to welcome Fangfang and his "new friends". Tohofuhai examines the rosario, but as he tries to crack its protection scheme, the seal rebounds and sucks in his soul, as well as Tsukune's and Mizore's. They end up inside Moka's mind, where they see memories that the seal is keeping from her. The memories include when Moka meets her eldest sister Aqua Shuzen for the first time, as well as Moka's mother, Akasha Bloodriver, who looks just like Moka's outer personality.

8
The Secret of the Rosario
November 4, 2010[19]
ISBN 978-4-08-870122-6
April 3, 2012[20]
ISBN 978-1-4215-4050-4

"Truth" (真祖, Shinso)
"Darkness Falls, a Star Is Born" (闇がおちて, 星うまれる, Yami ga Ochite, Hoshi Umareru)
"Treasure" (たからもの, Takaramono)
"The Secret of the Seal" (封印の秘密, Fūin no Himitsu)
"Confession" (告白, Kokuhaku)

Tohofuhai, Tsukune and Mizore continue to observe Moka's memories. On Moka's tenth birthday, Aqua reveals to Moka a monstrosity called Alucard, the First Ancestor vampire, who lies dormant beneath their manor. Akasha sends Moka away, and fights Aqua, who wants to drain all her First Ancestor blood to claim its powers. But when Moka returns and sees Aqua slice Akasha in half, she is enraged, but her subsequent power awakens Alucard, who attempts to absorb Moka. Akasha saves Moka by sacrificing herself to fuse with Alucard; she further protects her with the rosary which gives her a new pseudo-personality. Meanwhile, the Huang manor is visited by the rival Miao family led by Aqua; Kurumu uses her succubus powers to enter Moka's dream world to rescue Tsukune, Mizoe and Tohofuhai. Aqua faces Fangfang and Lingling's parents, but Lingling stands up to Aqua to try to buy some time while Kurumu extracts Tsukune and the others.

9
Fairy Tale
June 3, 2011[21]
ISBN 978-4-08-870213-1
July 3, 2012[22]
ISBN 978-1-4215-4209-6

"The Wounded" (傷ついてゆく者たち, Kizutsuite Yuku Mono-tachi)
"Reunion" (邂逅, Kaikō)
"Alliance" (同盟協定, Dōmei Kyōtei)
"Scenes #1" (それぞれの景色#1, Sorezore no Keichi #1)
"Scenes #2" (それぞれの景色#2, Sorezore no Keichi #2)
"Bond" (契り, Chigiri)

Lingling faces Aqua in a battle of Dimension Sword users. After Aqua evades Lingling's sacrificial attack, she is challenged by Tohofuhai, but when Fangfang and Lingling's parents are captured, Moka arrives and gives herself up to spare everyone from further harm. Hokuto and Kiria offer a temporary alliance with the News Club and provide information about Fairy Tale's headquarters. While the News Club members train, Tsukune undergoes a body alteration spell where he must endure 109 needle piercings so he can be powerful enough to defend against the Dimension Sword. Kurumu feels extremely weak and heartbroken due to her unrequited love for Tsukune. When Tsukune goes out of control and attacks Tohofuhai, Kurumu breaks through the shielding to finally kiss Tsukune, which restores him and allows Tohofuhai to insert the final needle.

10
Kidnapped
December 2, 2011[23]
ISBN 978-4-08-870349-7
November 6, 2012[24]
ISBN 978-1-4215-4879-1

"The Hanging Garden" (空中庭園, Kūchū Teien)
"Declaration of War" (宣戦布告, Sensen Fukoku)
"Executives" (the executive)
"Sorcerers" (M-agi)
"If My Love Reaches Him" (いつか伝わるといいな, Itsuka Tsutawaru to Ii na)
"Rear Guard"

The News Club enters Fairy Tale headquarters, known as the Hanging Garden, disguised as members of the organization. At a Fairy Tale gathering, they see Moka inside a magic seal, and that Fairy Tale plans to use her to awaken Alucard. Fairy Tale's leader, Gyokuro Shuzen, Moka's step-mother, senses them, and reveals the "moles" in front of everyone. Hokuto advises them to retreat, but they refuse, so Hokuto flees on his own. Gyokuro sends the division leaders after the infiltrators; the group encounters Raika, who specializes in lightning attacks, first. Ruby fights him and gets electrocuted; however, she enjoys it, and counters with some summonnings and an explosive spell. Raika changes into his monster form, causing Ruby to resort to her ultimate Iron Maiden attack. Fangfang separates from the group, taking on deputy division leader Ludie, who attacks him with a chainsaw. Yukari helps Fangfang and he is able to defeat Ludie. However, Xilong Miao, Ludie's boss and leader of the Miao family, then arrives on the scene.

11
Rescue Mission
June 4, 2012[25]
ISBN 978-4-08-870425-8
March 5, 2013 [26]
ISBN 978-1-4215-5240-8

"Talent"
"Puppet Master"
"Dark Reunion"
"Curse"
"Transformation"
"Replica"

Xilong uses his flower-based attacks against Fangfang, but Yukari protects him with summonings. When Yukari begins to tire, Fangfang uses his martial arts skills to defeat Xilong, who then reveals that his father was killed by the Masked King, who forced the Miao family to align with Fairy Tale. Tsukune and the gang encounter Miyabi, but Kiria arrives and sends Tsukune and Ruby to another dimension where they must face Kuyo, who is now a Fairy Tale leader. In the meantime, Miyabi holds off Kiria, allowing Kurumu and Mizore to reach Moka; however, Aqua blocks their path. Despite their ultimate anti-vampire joint attack, Kurumu and Mizore are badly wounded by Aqua, shocking Moka to the point where the seal breaks and frees her inner personality.

12
Awakening
February 4, 2013[27]
ISBN 978-4-08-870570-5
October 1, 2013 [28]
ISBN 978-1-42-155702-1

"His Goal"
"Battling the Dimension Sword"
"Lost"
"Rock n' Roll #1"
"Rock n' Roll #2"
"The Black Parade"

Moka's inner personality awakens but attacks Aqua for both hurting her friends and assuming that Tsukune has been using her for protection. Alucard starts to wake, destroying much of the Hanging Garden and devouring members of Fairy Tale. Tsukune successfully counters Aqua’s Dimension Sword, and he and Moka knock Aqua out. When Gyokuro and Kahlua arrive, Gyokuro grabs Moka's rosario and attaches it to a device to control Alucard. As Tsukune’s allies arrive (along with Hokuto), Koko fights Kahlua, but Gyokuro summons the Shuzen family assassination squad to fight the others. Issa Shuzen faces Master Tohofuhai as Gin and Haiji (now revealed to be a Crow Tengu) battle the Shuzen family. Gyokuro reveals that she has infected the Shuzen family members with bits of Alucard, turning them into ghouls after they are defeated by Gin and Haiji. Moka learns that her blood is in sync with Alucard as Tsukune begins to transform into a ghoul, but Tsukune unleashes his second spirit lock as he wipes out the ghouls and prepares to confront Gyokuro.

13
Alter Egos
September 4, 2013[29]
ISBN 978-4-08-870812-6
August 5, 2014[30]
ISBN 978-1-42-156949-9

"Dark Side of the Moon"
"Countdown"
"We're Not Alone"
"Last Waltz"
"If Only We Could Start Over Again"
"Behind-the-Scenes Story" / "The End of the World"

Tsukune is resolved that he must defeat Gyokuro, even at the cost of his humanity. Despite her Enemy Zero ability, which allows her to duplicate any kind of attack, Gyokuro is defeated by Tsukune and fuses with Alucard in an attempt to become stronger. Gyokuro then reveals that she has set the Hanging Garden on course to crash into the human world. When she attempts to kill Moka, Gyokuro finds herself frozen and unable to act. Tohofuhai reveals that the rosario links to Akasha's essence within Alucard and that a mother protects her daughter. Moka retrieves her rosario from Gyokuro, who is then consumed by Alucard. In her battle against Koko, Kahlua removes her second limiter to become malleable as liquid, but a Black-and-White Duet attack by Kurumu and Mizore using Holy Water freezes her powers, allowing Koko to fatally stab her. Kahlua reveals her and Gyokuro's motivations and asks for forgiveness. Bus Driver stops the Hanging Garden from falling, and Outer Moka is restored. The Masked King appears and reveals himself to be Miyabi and a clone of Alucard. He also reveals that Aqua had a best friend, Jasmine, also a vampire, who was killed by humans and whose death sparked Aqua's hatred of humanity. As a result, Aqua allied with him since they shared a common goal of eradicating all humans, but she decides to side with Moka. Aqua slices Miyabi to pieces, but he reforms since a clone can't die unless the original Alucard is destroyed. Miyabi summons impaling spikes, piercing Moka in the process, and the Hanging Garden continues its descent into the human world.

14
Transfusion
May 2, 2014[31]
ISBN 978-4-08-880049-3
May 5, 2015[32]
ISBN 978-1-42-157967-2

"Dawn of the Dark"

 66.6. "Epilogue"

When Aqua is unable to save Moka, Tsukune breaks off his Spirit Lock and becomes a true vampire to infuse his blood with Moka's. Alucard's true form proves too strong for human armed forces to overcome, but San Otanashi's Siren Song is able to hold him back, providing time for Mikogami and Tohofuhai to launch an attack. Using a magic circle created by Aqua (who now respects Tsukune), Kurumu, Mizore and the others are able to reach Tsukune and Moka in the vortex created by Tsukune's unleashing his vampire power. Tsukune, now a full True First Ancestor vampire, and Moka, fully restored, lead a combined attack against Alucard, but Alucard's master plan and victory seem inevitable as the eggs he planted all over Japan begin to hatch. With the human world watching, Tsukune leads the gang (now joined by Gin, Haiji, Lingling, Xilong Miao and Ludie) in another attack as all of the monsters of Yokai Academy (and Mrs. Kurono, Shiryaku and Sendo) destroy the hatchlings. Tsukune plants Moka's rosario on Alucard's chest, awakening and releasing Moka's mother Akasha Bloodriver, who convinces Alucard to end the destruction; after Akasha bids farewell to Tsukune, she and Alucard cast a Self-Disintegration Spell aided by Tohofuhai and Mikogami, which destroys all four of them. With the world now aware of the existence of monsters, Tsukune chooses to return to Yokai Academy with his friends, where he will train (under Moka's father Issa Shuzen) to someday become the new headmaster and see the dream of a co-existing human-monster world fulfilled.