document_title: Visa policy of Thailand

question_text: what is the visa on arrival fee in thailand

text: Visa policy of Thailand

text: Thailand visa policy map[edit]

text: Visa exemption for normal passports[edit]

text: 90 days (5 nations)[edit]

text: The governments of the following countries have concluded bilateral visa waiver agreements with Thailand. Holders of normal passports from these countries are allowed to travel to Thailand without a visa for 90 days.[2]

text:
Argentina
 Brazil
 Chile

 South Korea
 Peru

text: 30 days waiver (6 nations)[edit]

text: Holders of normal passports issued by these countries which have bilateral agreements on visa waivers with Thailand are allowed to stay up to 30 days.[2]

text:
Hong Kong1
 Laos
 Macao

 Mongolia
 Russia
 Vietnam

text: 1 - for Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passport only.

text: 30 days exemption (44 nations)[edit]

text: Holders of normal passports of the following countries are granted visa-free travel to Thailand for a period of up to 30 days. The exemption is granted at most twice in a calendar year when entering overland or via a sea border but there is no limitation when entering by air.[5][2]

text:
Australia
 Austria
 Bahrain
 Belgium
 Brunei
 Canada
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Estonia
 Finland
 France

 Germany
 Greece
 Hungary
 Iceland
 Indonesia
 Ireland
 Israel
 Italy
 Japan
 Kuwait
 Liechtenstein

 Luxembourg
 Malaysia1
 Monaco
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Norway
 Oman
 Philippines
 Poland
 Portugal
 Qatar

 Singapore
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
 South Africa
 Spain
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 Turkey
 United Arab Emirates
 United Kingdom2
 United States

text: 1 - Malaysian nationals do not have a limitation on the number of visa exempt entries.[5]

text: 2 - for British citizens and British Nationals (Overseas) only.

text: Most of the visa-exempt nationalities listed above may apply to extend their stay for another 30 days since 29 August 2014.[6]

text: 14 days (2 nations)[edit]

text: Under bilateral agreements, holders of normal passports of the following 2 countries can stay without a visa for a maximum of 14 days:[2]

text:
Cambodia
 Myanmar (for air arrivals only)

text: Visa exemption for service category passports[edit]

text: Holders of diplomatic or service category passports issued by the following countries and territories are allowed to visit Thailand without a visa for visits up to 90 days (unless otherwise noted):[2]

text:
Albania
 Argentina
 Austria
 Belarus
 Belgium
 Bhutan
 Brazil
 Brunei (30 days)
 Cambodia (30 days)
 Canada (30 days)
 Chile
 China (30 days)
 Colombia
 Costa Rica
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Ecuador (30 days)
 Estonia D
 France D
 Germany
 Hong Kong (30 days)

 Hungary
 India
 Indonesia (30 days)
 Israel
 Italy
 Japan
 Kazakhstan (30 days)
 Laos (30 days)
 Liechtenstein
 Luxembourg
 Macau (30 days)
 Malaysia
 Mexico
 Mongolia (30 days)
 Montenegro
 Morocco
 Myanmar (30 days)
 Netherlands
   Nepal
 Oman (30 days)
 Pakistan D (30 days)

 Panama
 Peru
 Philippines
 Poland
 Romania
 Russia
 Serbia
 Singapore (30 days)
 Slovakia
 South Africa
 Spain D
 Sri Lanka
  Switzerland
 Tajikistan
 Tunisia
 Turkey
 United Kingdom (30 days)
 United States (30 days)
 Ukraine
 Uruguay
 Vietnam (30 days)

text: D — diplomatic passports only.

text: Visa-free agreements for holders of diplomatic, service and official passports was signed with  Georgia on 26 September 2018,[7]  Kosovo (diplomatic passports only) in September 2018,[8]  Latvia in June 2018[9] and they yet to enter into force.

text: Visa on arrival for normal passports[edit]

text:
External image
 Map of entry points with Visa on Arrival facility

text: Nationals from the following 21 countries may apply for a visa on Arrival which allows them to stay for up to 15 days at major entry points whether by air or by land. Visa on arrival may not be extended.[2]

text: The fee for visa on arrival was increased from 1,000 baht to 2,000 baht on 27 September 2016.[10] From 1 December 2016 to 31 August 2017 the fee for visa on arrival was decreased to 1,000 baht in order to encourage tourism.[11][12]. The fee for visa on arrival was increased from 1,000 baht to 2,000 baht on 1 September 2017.[13].

text:
Andorra
 Bhutan
 Bulgaria
 China
 Cyprus
 Ethiopia
 Fiji[14]

 India
 Kazakhstan
 Latvia
 Lithuania
 Maldives
 Malta
 Mauritius

 Papua New Guinea[15]
 Romania
 San Marino
 Saudi Arabia
 Taiwan
 Ukraine
 Uzbekistan

text: There are 48 Immigration checkpoints providing visa on arrival, including:[16]

text: International Airport

text:
Chiang Mai International Airport
Chiang Rai International Airport
Don Mueang International Airport
Hat Yai International Airport
Hua Hin Airport
Phuket International Airport

Samui Airport
Sukhothai Airport
Surat Thani Airport
Suvarnabhumi Airport
Trang Airport
U-Tapao International Airport

text: Land and harbor checkpoint

text:
Aranyaprathet Immigration Checkpoint
Ban Prakop Immigration Checkpoint
Bangkok Harbour Immigration Checkpoint
Betong Immigration Checkpoint
Bueng Kan Immigration Checkpoint
Buketa Immigration Checkpoint
Chiang Khong Immigration Checkpoint
Chiang Saen Immigration Checkpoint
Kanchanaburi Land Border Checkpoint
Khlong Yai Immigration Checkpoint
Khuan Don Immigration Checkpoint
Ko Lipe Marine Port Checkpoint
Krabi Immigration Checkpoint
Mae Sai Immigration Checkpoint
Map Ta Phut Immigration Checkpoint
Mukdahan Immigration Checkpoint
Nakhon Phanom Immigration Checkpoint
Nan Immigration Checkpoint

Nong Khai Immigration Checkpoint
Nong Khai Harbour Immigration Checkpoint
Padang Besar Immigration Checkpoint
Pattaya Immigration Checkpoint
Phibun Mangsahan Immigration Checkpoint
Phu Sing Land Border Checkpoint
Phuket Immigration Checkpoint
Pong Nam Ron Immigration Checkpoint
Sadao Immigration Checkpoint
Samui Immigration Checkpoint
Samut Prakan Immigration Checkpoint
Satun Immigration Checkpoint
Si Racha Immigration Checkpoint
Songkhla Harbour Immigration Checkpoint
Su-ngai Kolok Immigration Checkpoint
Tak Immigration Checkpoint
Tak Bai Immigration Checkpoint
Tha Li Immigration Checkpoint

text: Transit[edit]

text: Passengers transiting through Suvarnabhumi Airport for less than 12 hours do not require a visa, unless they are travelling on Angkor Air, Beijing Capital Airlines, Cebu Pacific, Eastar Jet, Golden Myanmar Airlines, Indigo, Intira Airlines, Jeju Air, Jet Asia Airways, Jetstar Asia Airways, Jetstar Pacific, Jin Air, Juneyao Airlines, Lao Central Airlines, Tigerair Mandala, Norwegian Air, Orient Thai Airlines, Regent Airways, Shandong Airlines, Sichuan Airlines, South East Asian Airlines, SpiceJet, Spring Airlines, T'way Airlines, Thai Smile, Tigerair or VietJet Air.[1]

text: Those transiting through Don Mueang International Airport for less than 12 hours do not require a visa only when travelling on Thai AirAsia or Thai AirAsia X.[1]

text: Citizens of Pakistan are required to obtain a visa when transiting through Thailand at all times.[17]

text: APEC Business Travel Card[edit]

text: Holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) containing "THA" on the back of the card can enter visa-free for business trips for up to 90 days.[1]

text: ABTCs are issued to nationals of:[18]

text:
Australia
 Brunei
 Chile
 China
 Hong Kong
 Indonesia
 Japan
 South Korea
 Malaysia

 Mexico
 New Zealand
 Papua New Guinea
 Peru
 Philippines
 Russia
 Singapore
 Taiwan
 Vietnam

text: Mandatory yellow fever vaccination[edit]

text: Nationals of the following countries or nationals arriving from the following countries require an International Certificate of Vaccination in order to enter Thailand, unless they produce evidence that they do not reside in the following areas. Failure to fulfill this requirement could result in refusal of entry into Thailand.[19]

text:
Angola
 Argentina
 Benin
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 Burkina Faso
 Burundi
 Cameroon
 Central African Republic
 Chad
 Colombia
 Congo
 Côte d'Ivoire
 Democratic Republic of Congo
 Ecuador

 Equatorial Guinea
 Ethiopia
 French Guiana
 Gabon
 Gambia
 Ghana
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Guyana
 Kenya
 Liberia
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Niger
 Nigeria

 Panama
 Paraguay
 Peru
 Rwanda
 Sao Tome and Principe
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Somalia
 Sudan
 Suriname
 Tanzania
 Togo
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Uganda
 Venezuela

text: E-visa[edit]

text: Thailand plans to introduce electronic visas in 2018.[20]

text: The Thai Government have announced that the electronic visa for Thailand will be available before the end of 2018. Citizens from France, the UK, the UAE and China will be able to process their travel visas for Thailand online.[21]

text: Visa types[edit]

text: General visa types[edit]

text:
Courtesy: Upon official request, the Royal Thai Embassy may grant courtesy visas/laissez-passer to diplomats/UN officials/others who wish to enter the Kingdom on official duty and/or other purposes
Permanent resident: To qualify for this visa, you must have stayed in Thailand for 3 consecutive with the one-year visa extensions. If married to a Thai for 5 years, one must be earning 30,000 baht/month. If single, your monthly income must be 80,000 baht minimum.
Tourist: If an individual wishes to remain in Thailand for more than 30 days, he/she may wish to obtain a tourist visa at a Royal Thai Embassy or Consulate prior to arriving in Thailand. The tourist visa must be used within validity date, that varies with the number of entries purchased, and allows an initial stay of 60 days. After arrival in Thailand, a tourist visa or a visa exempt entry may be extended once for an additional 30 days according to immigration Bureau order 327/2557. There is a 1,900 baht fee for each extension.
Transit: This type of visa is issued to applicants who wish to enter the Kingdom for the following purposes: to travel in transit through the Kingdom in order to proceed to the country of destination or to re-enter his/her own country (category "TS"); the person in charge of or crew of a conveyance coming to a port, station, or area in the Kingdom (category "C")

tag: ul

text: Non-Immigrant visa types[edit]

text:
Type B: to conduct business; work;  attend business conferences; teach school; attend scuba diving, muay Thai, and massage courses
Type D: diplomatic visa
Type ED: to study; to come on a work study tour or observation tour; to participate in projects or seminars; to attend a conference or training course; to study as a foreign Buddhist monk
Type EX: to undertake skilled work or to work as an expert or specialist
Type F: to perform official duties, e.g., military exercises or governmental assignments
Type IB: to invest or perform other activities relating to investment, subject to the provision of the established laws on investment promotion
Type IM: to invest with the concurrence of the Thai ministries and governmental departments concerned
Type M: to work as a film-producer, journalist, or reporter with permission from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Type O: to visit family; to perform duties for a state enterprise or social welfare organizations (NGOs);  to receive medical treatment; to be a sports coach as required by the Thai government; to be a contestant; to be a witness in a judicial process
Type O-A: retirement visa
Type R: to perform missionary work or other religious activities with the concurrence of the Thai ministries or government departments concerned
Type RS: to conduct scientific research or training or teaching in a research institute
Type S:to participate in an officially recognised sports event.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Most visitors arriving to Thailand on short term basis were from the following countries of nationality:[22][23]

text:
showRank
Country or territory
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006

1
 China
9,805,753
8,757,466
7,934,791
4,636,298
4,637,335
2,786,860
1,721,247
1,122,219
777,508
826,660
907,117
949,117

2
 Malaysia*
3,354,800
3,533,826
3,423,397
2,613,418
3,041,097
2,554,397
2,500,280
2,058,956
1,757,813
1,855,332
1,540,080
1,591,328

3
 South Korea
1,709,070
1,464,218
1,372,995
1,122,566
1,295,342
1,263,619
1,156,283
885,445
758,227
889,210
1,183,652
1,092,783

4
 Laos*
1,612,647
1,409,456
1,233,138
1,053,983
976,639
975,999
891,950
715,345
655,034
621,564
513,701
276,207

5
 Japan
1,544,328
1,439,629
1,381,690
1,267,886
1,586,425
1,373,716
1,277,893
993,674
1,004,453
1,153,868
1,277,638
1,311,987

6
 India
1,411,942
1,193,822
1,069,149
932,603
1,050,889
1,013,308
914,971
760,371
614,566
536,964
536,356
459,795

7
 Russia
1,346,219
1,089,992
884,085
1,606,430
1,746,565
1,316,564
1,054,187
644,678
336,965
324,120
277,503
187,658

8
 United States
1,056,124
974,632
867,520
763,520
823,486
768,638
681,748
611,792
627,074
669,097
681,972
694,258

9
 Singapore*
1,028,077
966,909
937,311
844,133
955,468
831,215
682,364
603,538
563,575
570,047
604,603
687,160

10
 United Kingdom
994,468
1,003,386
946,919
907,877
905,024
873,053
844,972
810,727
841,425
826,523
859,010
850,685

11
 Vietnam*
934,497
830,394
751,091
559,415
725,057
618,670
496,768
380,368
363,029
338,303
237,672
227,134

12
 Cambodia*
854,431
686,682
487,487
550,339
481,595
423,642
265,903
146,274
96,586
85,790
99,945
117,100

13
 Germany
849,283
835,506
760,604
715,240
737,658
682,419
619,133
606,874
573,473
542,726
544,495
516,659

14
 Hong Kong
820,894
749,694
669,165
483,131
588,335
473,666
411,834
316,476
318,762
337,827
367,862
376,636

15
 Australia
817,091
791,631
805,946
831,854
900,460
930,241
829,855
698,046
646,705
694,473
658,148
549,547

16
 France
739,853
738,763
681,097
635,073
611,582
576,106
515,572
461,670
427,067
398,407
373,090
321,278

17
 Indonesia*
574,764
535,625
469,226
497,592
594,251
447,820
370,795
286,072
227,205
247,930
237,592
219,783

18
 Taiwan
572,964
522,231
552,624
394,149
502,176
394,475
394,225
369,220
362,783
393,176
427,474
475,117

19
 Philippines*
380,886
339,486
310,975
304,813
321,571
289,566
268,375
246,430
217,705
221,506
205,266
198,443

20
 Myanmar*
365,590
341,641
259,678
206,794
172,383
129,385
110,671
90,179
79,279
71,902
72,205
62,769

21
 Sweden
323,669
332,866
321,663
324,865
341,398
364,681
373,856
355,214
350,819
392,274
378,387
306,085

22
 Italy
264,429
265,532
246,066
219,875
207,192
200,703
185,869
168,203
170,105
159,513
171,328
150,420

23
 Canada
258,392
244,268
227,306
211,059
229,897
219,354
194,356
168,393
169,482
180,900
183,440
183,094

24
 Netherlands
222,077
235,708
221,657
211,524
218,765
208,122
198,891
196,994
205,412
193,541
194,434
180,830

25
  Switzerland
209,434
208,967
206,454
201,271
199,923
191,147
170,044
155,761
148,269
143,065
146,511
140,741

ASEAN* total
9,119,941
8,658,051
7,886,136
6,641,772
7,282,266
6,281,153
5,594,577
4,534,235
3,968,579
3,971,429
3,520,051
3,389,342

Grand total
35,381,210
32,588,303
29,923,185
24,809,683
26,546,725
22,353,903
19,230,470
15,936,400
14,149,841
14,584,220
14,464,228
13,821,802

text: * ASEAN member state

text: Re-Entry Permit[edit]

text: If you have an extension of stay or simple permit to stay (of a tourist or non immigrant visa), but would like to travel outside Thailand for a short period then you will need to apply for a Re-Entry permit.[24].

text: Work Permit[edit]

text:
To legally work in Thailand, a foreigner must apply for a work permit. Work permit is a legal document that states a foreigner’s position, current occupation, or job description and the Thai company he is working with. It also serves as a license to perform a job or an occupation allowed for foreigners inside Thailand.
A foreigner is eligible to apply for a work permit as long as he has a non-immigrant visa or a resident visa, has an available employer who will provide documents for work permit, and the occupation he will perform is not prohibited to foreigners.[25]

text: One Stop Service Centre for Visas and Work Permits[edit]

text: The One Stop Service Centre for Visas and Work Permits was established on 1 July 1997 by authority of the Regulations of the Office of Prime Minister promulgated on 30 June 1997.  The objective of this centre is to simplify visa extension and permit issuance procedures to create a good investment environment.  It aims to facilitate applications of visa extension and work permits (e.g., stay permission, re-entry permit, work permit). The Centre is located on Chamchuree Square Building, Floor 18, Phatumwan, Bangkok.[26]

text: Foreigners who are eligible to apply for visa extension and work permits at the One Stop Service Centre[edit]

text: Foreigner who is an executive or expert with privileges accorded to them by the following laws:

text: Foreigner who is an investor.

text:
Foreigner who is an executive or expert.
Foreigner’s associated company should be registered with capital or possess asset of not less than 30 million Baht.
Foreigner who is a member of the foreign press must present a letter from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a copy of an ID Press Card issued by the Department of Public Relations.
Foreigner who is a researcher or developer on science and technology.
Foreigner who is employed in a branch office of an overseas bank, foreign banking office of an overseas bank, provincial foreign banking office of an overseas bank or a representative office of the foreign bank in which all offices are certified by the Bank of Thailand.
Foreigner who works on the necessary and urgent basis for a period of no longer than 15 days.
Foreigner who is an official of the representative office for foreign juristic persons concerning the International Trading Business and Regional Office of Transnational Corporation in accordance to the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 (1999).
Foreigner who is an expert on information technology.
Foreigner who works at regional operating headquarters.


document_title: Gun laws in Wisconsin

question_text: how old do you have to be to open carry a handgun in wisconsin

root

text: Gun laws in Wisconsin

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

Constitutional right to bear arms
Yes
1:25
"The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security, defense, hunting, recreation or any other lawful purpose."

State preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
66.0409

State permit required to purchase?
No
No
175.35

Concealed carry license required?
No
Yes
175.60
Permit is given on a shall-issue basis. Concealed carry of knives (not intended for use as weapons) is legal without a permit.
Campus carry is allowed, but buildings may be exempted if signs forbidding firearms are posted.

Owner license required?
No
No
941.29

Open carry permitted?
Yes
Yes
947.01 66.0409
Open carry of loaded handguns and long guns and knives is permitted without a license.

Castle Doctrine/Self Defense Statutes
Yes
895.62
Immunity from prosecution and civil damages in the home, with conditions and exceptions

939.48
No duty to retreat in the "dwelling" or owned/operated place of business. No deadly force solely to protect property. 3rd party protection. If attack is provoked, self defense may only be used if reasonable belief of imminent death or great bodily harm. If attack is provoked deadly force only allowed if all other reasonable means of avoidance exhausted.

940.01
"the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts constituting the defense did not exist in order to sustain a finding of guilt"

Firearm registration?
No
No

Assault weapon law?
No
No

Magazine capacity restrictions?
No
No

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
941.298
941.26

Machine guns allowed, but may not shoot pistol cartridges and may not be possessed aggressively or offensively. Suppressors, SBR, and SBS are allowed if NFA rules followed, otherwise felony.

Background checks required for private sales?
No

tag: table

text: Constitutional protection[edit]

text: The Constitution of Wisconsin protects the right to bear arms in Article 1, Section 25 - "The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security, defense, hunting, recreation or any other lawful purpose."[1]

tag: p

text: Preemption[edit]

text: Wisconsin has state preemption laws which generally forbid cities from passing firearms or knife ordinances stricter than that of state law. Localities may impose a sales or use tax, and may restrict the discharge of firearms (except for self-defense).[2]

text: On March 8, 2017, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that Madison's Metro Transit rule forbidding firearms on public buses violated the state's preemption law, and that people who are lawfully carrying arms must be allowed to carry on public buses.[3][4]

text: Concealed carry[edit]

text: Wisconsin is a shall-issue state for concealed carry licensing. As of November 1, 2011, Wisconsin residents may apply for a concealed carry license through the Wisconsin Department of Justice. The law allows Wisconsin to become the 49th state in the Union to make some provision for the concealed carry of firearms by normal citizens.[5][6][7]

text: Open carry[edit]

text: Open carry is legal anywhere concealed carry is legal. It is legal for all adults who are 18 years of age or older unless they are prohibited from possession of firearms. A license is not required unless in a taxpayer-owned building or within 1000 feet of school property and not on private property.[8]

text: In the past, some jurisdictions have tried to prosecute open-carry by equating the open carry of handguns with disorderly conduct. On April 20, 2009 the Wisconsin Attorney General's office released a memorandum to all law enforcement agencies stating that mere open carry of a firearm was not disorderly conduct, and instructed both law enforcement and the district attorneys to cease this practice.

text: In 2011 a subsection was added to the Disorderly Conduct statute (947.01 [9]) reading "Unless other facts and circumstances that indicate a criminal or malicious intent on the part of the person apply, a person is not in violation of, and may not be charged with a violation of, this section for loading, carrying, or going armed with a firearm, without regard to whether the firearm is loaded or is concealed or openly carried." This codified open carry, ending any debate as to its legality.

text: Loading, or having a loaded, uncased handgun inside a vehicle was legalized beginning November 1, 2011.[10] The firearm must not be "hidden from ordinary observation" while inside the vehicle unless the citizen has a license.[11] However, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that a license is required to have a concealed loaded handgun within reach in a vehicle, regardless of the Safe Transport Statue removing restrictions on transporting loaded handguns.[12]

text: Castle Doctrine[edit]

text: On December 7, 2011, Governor Walker signed a bill passing a Castle Doctrine for Wisconsin. The bill provides criminal immunity (WI statute 939.48(1m)[13]) and protection from civil suits (WI statute 895.62 [14]) for homeowners or business owners who use a gun in self-defense while on their property, with the presumption that any action is justified. The law is a "stand your ground" law, which does not contain a duty to retreat. This applies at the user's private vehicle, business, and at their home. Protection extends to improvements only (driveway, sidewalk, patio, fence, garage, house...), not bare ground. Also, the criminal must have forcibly entered, or be in the process of attempting to forcibly enter, and the defender must be present in the home, car, or business. The Washington County DA ruled that opening a door counts as forcible entry.[15]

text: The law does not apply if force is used against police while in the line of duty if the shooter knows or should have known that the victim was a police officer or other public safety worker.(WI statute 895.62(4)(b)[13]) The law also does not protect those who are engaged in criminal activity. (WI statute 939.48(1m)(b)(1)[13])

text: No duty to inform[edit]

text: Wisconsin is not a "must notify" state. If an officer is "acting in an official capacity and with lawful authority", and the citizen is carrying a concealed weapon, the citizen must show both a carry license and photographic identification upon demand.

text: WI statute 175.60(2g)(c)[16]

text: Guns in vehicles[edit]

text: The Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that a license is required to have a concealed loaded handgun within reach in a vehicle, regardless of the Safe Transport Statue removing restrictions on transporting loaded handguns.[12]

text: Beginning November 1, 2011, it is legal to load a handgun, or to transport a loaded handgun cased or uncased, in a vehicle without a license. NOTE: This does NOT apply to long guns; they still must be unloaded, but now may be uncased. There is still some confusion as to whether or not an encased gun is concealed, so if it is cased, best practice is to keep the long gun out of reach. Long guns must be "discernable to ordinary observation", since a conceal carry license does not apply. Previously all firearms had to be unloaded & encased (per the transport statute), & out of reach (derived from the concealed carry statute). Those with a concealed carry license may conceal a pistol in a vehicle.

text: WI statute 167.31[17]

text: Boats[edit]

text: Pistols may be carried openly without a license, and concealed. Long guns must be unloaded while the motor is running; they are not required to be encased, but must be in plain sight.

text: Aircraft[edit]

text: Firearms are prohibited on commercial aircraft except in checked baggage. A discussion of federal laws is in this [18] blog post, with links to and quotes from the statutes.

text: Carry is legal on a private aircraft. With a license a user may carry openly or concealed. Without a license, only open carry is legal.

text: Exceptions[edit]

text: Anyone on their own property, on-duty law enforcement officers, military personnel on active duty, landowners and their family and employees on farm tractors inside CWD eradication zones, and disabled hunters with special permits meeting all the requirements.

text: Buying and selling[edit]

text: Private sales are legal. No background check or governmental permission / registration are necessary. A sales receipt is recommended in case the buyer needs to prove ownership (as when retrieving firearms which have been confiscated by police).

text: As of July 24, 2015, there is no longer a 48-hour waiting period on handgun purchases from an FFL (does not apply to private sales).

text: WI statute 175.35 [19]

text: Rifles and shotguns can be purchased in another state as long as the purchase complies with Federal law and the laws of both states. There is no longer a requirement that the other state be contiguous.[20]

text: WI statute 175.30 [21]

text: Title II firearms[edit]

text: Machine guns (fully automatic firearms) are legal if the firearm is registered with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives (BATFE), and the owner has received permission from the local sheriff or chief of police (941.26), or the weapon is exempted per statute 941.27.

text: Short-barrel rifles and shotguns are legal if they are registered with ATF, state statute 941.28

text: Suppressors are legal if they are registered with ATF, statute 941.298

text: State parks, fish hatcheries, and wildlife refuges[edit]

text: Statute 29.091[22] and 29.089[23] used to require firearms to be encased and unloaded in state wildlife refuges and fish hatcheries. Those who have a concealed carry permit were not subject to these restrictions on handguns.

text: As of January 2013, anyone who is legal to possess a firearm may openly carry a pistol in a state park without a license. (The law used to say that to possess in a state park, one must be a licensee. That law was removed.) The restriction still applies to fish hatcheries & long guns, and in order to enter a taxpayer-owned building anywhere (including a park) one must be a licensee.

text: Other laws[edit]

text: Possession of a firearm while intoxicated, or "materially impaired", shooting within 100 yards of a home without permission, pointing a weapon at anyone except in self-defense, and negligent handling of a weapon are all crimes.[24]

text: Carrying a concealed weapon without a valid license is a class A misdemeanor. This is any "weapon", not just firearms. This restriction does not apply in one's own home or business. A concealed carry license only covers handguns, tasers, billy clubs, and knives.

text: WI statute 941.23[7]

text: Carrying a handgun without a concealed carry license where alcohol is sold AND consumed (the class B establishment - a "tavern", a place which sells alcohol for on-premises consumption) is generally a class A misdemeanor unless you have permission from the owner, manager, or agent of the establishment.

text: Exceptions are having a license, and that the owner or manager of can give permission for someone (without a license) to carry openly. When carrying (openly or concealed) on a license, alcohol may not be consumed on the premises. When carrying openly with permission of the owner or manager, it is legal to consume alcohol as long as you do not become "materially impaired". It is legal to carry a handgun into a store that sells alcohol for the express purpose of being consumed elsewhere (a liquor or grocery store).

text: WI statute 941.237[25]

text: Armor-piercing ammunition when committing a crime upgrades the crime to a Class H felony.

text: WI statute 941.296 [26]

text: "No person may carry or display a facsimile firearm in a manner that could reasonably be expected to alarm, intimidate, threaten or terrify another person", unless on your own property or business, or that of another person with their consent.

text: WI statute 941.2965 [27]

text: Committing a crime while possessing a dangerous weapon is a penalty enhancer.

text: WI statute 939.63 [28]

text: It is a felony to possess a firearm or ammunition if one:

text:
Has been convicted of a felony
Adjudicated delinquent for an act committed on or after April 21, 1994, that if committed by an adult would be a felony
Has been found not guilty of a felony by reason of mental disease or defect
Has been committed under mental health laws and ordered not to possess a firearm
Is the subject of a restraining order
Is ordered not to possess firearms as a subject of a restraining order or as a condition of bond or parole

text: Any person who knowingly provides a firearm to a prohibited person is party to a felony crime.[29]

text: It is a class I felony to possess a firearm on school grounds.[30]

text: This statute does not apply to:

text:
unloaded and encased firearms
individuals with firearms for use in a school-approved program
individuals with school contract to possess firearm
on-duty law enforcement acting in official capacity
off-duty officers or retired law enforcement who maintain their certification per Federal Law HR218.
unloaded firearms when traversing school grounds to gain access to hunting land, if the entry is approved by the school.

text: It is a forfeiture (fine) to possess a usable firearm on public property within 1000 feet of a school unless the carrier is a licensee. (If the gun is unloaded & encased, it is not a crime.) Wisconsin only issues resident licenses, and the ATF has interpreted federal law to mean that only licenses issued by the state in which the school is located are sufficient to void the "gun-free" school zone.

text: It is a class G felony to discharge or attempt to discharge a firearm in a school zone. Exceptions for self-defense, private property not part of school grounds, school programs, and on-duty law enforcement.[31]

text: Firearms and minors[edit]

text: Leaving a firearm within reach of a child under 14 is generally a misdemeanor if that child points it at anyone, harms anyone, or shows it to anyone in a public place. Defenses include having the gun locked in a safe or container, having it holstered on their person, having a trigger lock on the gun, removal of a key operating part, illegal entry by anyone to obtain the firearm, or a reasonable belief a juvenile could not access the firearm.

text: WI statute 948.55[32]

text: Firearms retailers are required to provide every buyer with a written warning stating, "If you leave a loaded firearm within the reach or easy access of a child, you may be fined or imprisoned or both if the child improperly discharges, possesses or exhibits the firearm."

text: WI statute 175.37[33]

text: Possession of a dangerous weapon by anyone under 18 is a class A misdemeanor. Giving/loaning/selling a dangerous weapon to someone under 18 is a class I felony.

text: WI statute 948.60[34]

text: Defenses to prosecution under this statute:

text:
Target practice under the supervision of an adult
Members of armed forces or police under 18 in the line of duty
Hunting (either with an adult or having passed hunter's safety)

text: For hunting purposes, the following exceptions to the age limit apply, as specified in statute 29.304[35] for firearms with barrels 12" or longer.

text:
under 10 may not hunt with a firearm or bow under any circumstances
under 10 can only possess firearm/bow in Hunter Safety class, or while cased/unloaded and under adult supervision while going to/from Hunter Safety class, or while under adult supervision while at a target range.
anyone age 10 or over may hunt when accompanied by an adult (within arms reach, both must be licensed, only _one_ firearm/bow between the adult and mentor (no hunter safety course requirement for the mentored hunter).
12-13 may hunt when accompanied by an adult and the child has successfully completed a Hunter Safety class.
12-13 may possess firearm when accompanied by an adult, or while transporting cased/unloaded firearm to/from Hunter Safety class, or in Hunter Safety class
14-17 is the same as 12-13, except Hunter Safety graduates can hunt and possess firearms (rifles/shotguns) without adult supervision.

text: School students shall be suspended until their expulsion hearing if they possess a firearm in school or during a school event (except if the student is participating in a Hunter Safety class). State law requires a minimum one-year expulsion for this offense. Statute 120.13(1)(bm)[36] and 120.13(1)(c)2m. In addition, the student's driver's license may be suspended for two years under Statute 938.34(14q).[37] This suspension also applies to students who make bomb threats or having CCW violations in taxpayer-owned buildings.

text: School zones[edit]

text: “School” means a public, parochial or private school which provides an educational program for one or more grades between grades 1 and 12 and which is commonly known as an elementary school, middle school, junior high school, senior high school or high school.

text: “School zone” means any of the following: 1. In or on the grounds of a school. 2. Within 1000' from the grounds of a school.

text: WI statute 948.605(1)(c)[38]

text: Any individual who knowingly possesses a firearm at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is in or on the grounds of a school is guilty of a Class I felony unless one of the exemptions applies.

text: WI statute 948.605(2)(a)[39]

text: Possession in the 1000' zone is a forfeiture (ticket), unless an exception applies. The most common of those are: private property, licensee, unloaded & encased.

text: WI statute 948.605(2)(b)[40] references 18USC922(q)(2)(b) (i), (iv), (v), (vi), & (vii).[41]

text: Additional Wisconsin laws table[edit]

text:
Subject

Long gun

Handgun

Reference

Remarks

Permit required to purchase a firearm?
No
No

Permit required to open carry?
No
No
175.60(2)(c)

Permit required to conceal carry?

Yes
175.60(2g)(a)

Are permits issued to non-residents?

No
175.60(3)(f)
No, BUT active duty military assigned within WI may apply with their assignment orders

What is the permit cost?

$40 - Adjusted periodically by WI Dept of Justice rule

How long is permit processing time?

175.60(9)(b)
Within 21 Days

How many years is the permit valid?

175.60(15)(a)
5 years

Firearm registration required?
No
No
175.35(2k)(ar)2.
If the transfer is cleared by the WI DOJ the department shall destroy all records regarding that firearms restrictions record search within 30 days after receiving the notification form.

State requirement to issue permit

Yes
175.60(2)(a)
Shall issue

Castle Doctrine?
Yes
Yes
939.48(1m)(ar)1
No requirement to retreat in home of place of residence, business or vehicle.

Stand Your Ground law?
No
No

WI law does not address this outside of the "Castle Doctrine." However, jury instruction can include consideration of the opportunity to retreat.

Required to carry permit and ID while carrying?

Yes
175.60(2g)(b)1 & 2
WI statute defines photographic ID as an operator's (driver's) license or a state-issued identification card.

Must you inform an officer that you are carrying upon contact?
No
No
175.60(2g)(c)
No, only if asked, then must answer truthfully

Does the permit cover weapons other than firearms?

Yes
175.60(1)(j)
Handguns, electric weapons & "billy clubs" are included.

Can you carry in restaurants that serve alcohol?

Yes
941.237(3)(cx)
Yes, BUT you may not consume alcohol.

Carrying on snowmobiles and ATV
Yes
Yes

Long guns must be unloaded when in or on a vehicle, but no longer need to be cased. Handguns may be carried loaded & uncased without a permit if on your own property. If NOT on your own property you must have a permit to carry concealed.

State preemption of local restrictions
Yes
Yes
66.0409(2)
No political subdivision may enact or enforce an ordinance or adopt a resolution that regulates the sale, purchase..., ownership, use, keeping, possession, bearing, ... of any firearm..., unless the ordinance or resolution is the same as or similar to, and no more stringent than, a state statute. However, 943.13 does allow private owners & government entities to restrict carry on their properties.

Assault Weapons law?
No
No

Magazine capacity restriction?
No
No

Owner license required
No
No

National Firearms Act (NFA) Restrictions?
Yes
Yes
941.26,941.298

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No

Does this state recognize other state's carry permits?

Yes
175.60(1)(f)
Wisconsin recognizes other states based on their qualification requirements, primarily background checks. WI DOJ is designated to maintain a list of states with which WI maintains reciprocity.

Do private business "No Guns Allowed" signs have force of law?

Yes
175.60(17)(b)
Violation of those locations specified as prohibited by WI law carry a $500 fine &/or up to 30 days in jail, and need no sign, but some do. (Class C Misdemeanor)

943.13(1m)
Those not specified by law must prominently display a sign at least 5X7 inches (no graphics or verbiage are specified). Violation of these locations carries a fine of up to $1,000 (Class B Forfeiture).

The following are places you cannot carry a firearm based on Wisconsin statutes

Schools & school grounds
No
No/Yes
948.605(2)
School means public, private, parochial or tribal, 1st through 12th grade. NO when IN school building or on the grounds. Very limited exceptions. (Class I Felony) YES within 1,000 feet of the school grounds (not ON grounds) IF in possession of the CCW license. (Class B Forfeiture)

Law enforcement stations/offices (Police, Sheriff, State Patrol, etc.)
No
No
175.60(16)(a)1.
No licensee may knowingly carry a weapon, openly or concealed, or a firearm that is not a weapon, in any of these places. (Class C Misdemeanor)

Prisons, jails, houses of correction, etc.
No
No
175.60(16)(a)2.

Secure mental health facilities
No
No
175.60(16)(a)5.

Federal, state, county courthouses & municipal courtrooms when court in session
No
No
175.60(16)(a)6.&7.

Beyond TSA security checkpoints in airports (State offense vs Federal)
No
No
175.60(16)(a)8.

Trespass to Land (includes residences, businesses, government buildings, universities & colleges, churches, special events (State Fair, Summer Fest, etc.), grounds/land (if separately posted)
No
No
943.13(2)(bm)2.
No person may enter or remain on any land (includes structures) of another after having been notified by the owner, occupant, manager or organizer not to enter or remain on the premises when in possession of a weapon. A person has received notice from the owner or occupant if he or she has been notified personally, either orally or in writing, or if the property is posted. Property is considered to be posted with a sign that states a restriction imposed, that is at least 5 inches by 7 inches. No specific verbiage or graphics are specified in WI statute. (Class I Misdemeanor)

Parking Lots
Yes*
Yes
175.60(16)(b)1.
The prohibitions listed in this section do not apply to a weapon in a vehicle driven or parked in a parking facility. (*Long guns must be unloaded.) HOWEVER, this parking lot exception does NOT apply to FEDERAL facilities.

The following are places you cannot carry a firearm based on federal law

Post offices
No
No
39 C.F.R. § 232.1(l)
This includes the parking lot and the facility

Any federal facility
No
No
18 USC § 930
This means a building or any part of one whether owned or leased by the Federal Government where Federal employees are regularly present for the purpose of performing their official duties

IRS offices
No
No
18 USC § 930
See above

Federal court houses
No
No
18 USC § 930
See above

Ranger stations
No
No
18 USC § 930
See above

Federal buildings in federal parks
No
No
18 USC § 930
See above

Airports behind the secure area
No
No
18 USC § 930
Wisconsin has its own state statute covering this, as well. See above.


document_title: Wellness Recovery Action Plan

question_text: when was the wellness recovery action plan developed

text: Wellness Recovery Action Plan

text: This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints. Please improve the article or discuss the issue. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP) is a recovery model developed by a group of people in northern Vermont in 1997 in a workshop on mental health recovery led by Mary Ellen Copeland. It has been extensively studied and is now an evidence-based practice, listed in the SAMSHA National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices (NREPP).[1]

text: WRAP focuses on a person's strengths, rather than perceived deficits. WRAP is voluntary and trauma informed. People develop their own WRAP.[2]


document_title: Indian painting

question_text: name the ancient text which has discussed the six canons of indian art

text: Indian painting

text: Shadanga of Indian painting[edit]

text: Around the 1st century BC the Shadanga or Six Limbs of Indian Painting, were evolved, a series of canons laying down the main principles of the art.[2] Vatsyayana, who lived during the third century A.D., enumerates these in his Kamasutra having extracted them from still more ancient works.

text: These 'Six Limbs' have been translated as follows:[2]

text:
Rupabheda The knowledge of appearances.
Pramanam Correct perception, measure and structure.
Bhava Action of feelings on forms.
Lavanya Yojanam Infusion of grace, artistic representation.
Sadrisyam Similitude.
Varnikabhanga Artistic manner of using the brush and colours. (Tagore.)

tag: ol

text: The subsequent development of painting by the Buddhists indicates that these ' Six Limbs ' were put into practice by Indian artists, and are the basic principles on which their art was founded.

text: Genres of Indian painting[edit]

text: Indian paintings can be broadly classified as murals and miniatures. Murals are large works executed on the walls of solid structures, as in the Ajanta Caves and the Kailashnath temple. Miniature paintings are executed on a very small scale for books or albums on perishable material such as paper and cloth. The Palas of Bengal were the pioneers of miniature painting in India. The art of miniature painting reached its glory during the Mughal period. The tradition of miniature paintings was carried forward by the painters of different Rajasthani schools of painting like the Bundi, Kishangarh, Jaipur, Marwar and Mewar. The Ragamala paintings also belong to this school, as does the Company painting produced for British clients under the British Raj.

text: Ancient Indian art has seen the rise of the Bengal School of art in 1930s followed by many forms of experimentations in European and Indian styles. In the aftermath of India's independence, many new genres of art developed by important artists like Jamini Roy, M. F. Husain, Francis Newton Souza, and Vasudeo S. Gaitonde. With the progress of the economy the forms and styles of art also underwent many changes. In the 1990s, Indian economy was liberalised and integrated to the world economy leading to the free flow of cultural information within and without. Artists include Subodh Gupta, Atul Dodiya, Devajyoti Ray, Bose Krishnamachari and Jitish Kahllat whose works went for auction in international markets. Bharti Dayal has chosen to handle the traditional Mithila painting in most contemporary way and created her own style through the exercises of her own imagination, they appear fresh and unusual.

text: Murals[edit]

text: The history of Indian murals starts in ancient and early medieval times, from the 2nd century BC to 8th – 10th century AD. There are known more than 20 locations around India containing murals from this period, mainly natural caves and rock-cut chambers. The highest achievements of this time are the caves of Ajanta, Bagh, Sittanavasal, Armamalai Cave (Tamil Nadu), Ravan Chhaya rock shelter, Kailasanatha temple in Ellora Caves.

text: Murals from this period depict mainly religious themes of Buddhist, Jain and Hindu religions. There are though also locations where paintings were made to adorn mundane premises, like the ancient theatre room in Jogimara Cave and possible royal hunting lodge circa 7th-century AD – Ravan Chhaya rock shelter.

text: The pattern of large scale wall painting which had dominated the scene, witnessed the advent of miniature paintings during the 11th and 12th centuries. This new style figured first in the form of illustrations etched on palm-leaf manuscripts. The contents of these manuscripts included literature on Buddhism and Jainism. In eastern India, the principal centres of artistic and intellectual activities of the Buddhist religion were Nalanda, Odantapuri, Vikramshila and Somarpura situated in the Pala kingdom (Bengal and Bihar).

text: Eastern India painting[edit]

text: In eastern India miniature painting developed in the 10th century. These miniatures, depicting Buddhist divinities and scenes from the life of Buddha were painted on the leaves (about 2.25 by 3 inches) of the palm-leaf manuscripts as well as their wooden covers. Most common Buddhist illustrated manuscripts include the texts Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita,[3] Pancharaksa, Karandavyuha and Kalachakra Tantra. The earliest extant miniatures are found in a manuscript of the Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita dated in the sixth regnal year of Mahipala (c. 993), presently the possession of The Asiatic Society, Kolkata. This style disappeared from India in the late 12th century.

text: Western Indian Miniature Painting[edit]

text: Miniatures paintings are beautiful handmade paintings, which are quite colorful but small in size. The highlight of these paintings is the intricate and delicate brushwork, which lends them a unique identity. The colors are handmade, from minerals, vegetables, precious stones, indigo, conch shells, pure gold and silver. The evolution of Indian Miniatures paintings started in the Western Himalayas, around the 17th centuryMiniatures paintings are beautiful handmade paintings, which are quite colorful but small in size. The highlight of these paintings is the intricate and delicate brushwork, which lends them a unique identity. The colors are handmade, from minerals, vegetables, precious stones, indigo, conch shells, pure gold and silver. The evolution of Indian Miniatures paintings started in the Western Himalayas, around the 17th century

text: The subjects of these miniature paintings are in relation to the subjects of the manuscripts mostly religious and literary. Many paintings are from Sanskrit and folk literature. It is on the subject of love stories. Some paintings from Vaishnav sect of Hindu religion and some are from Jain sect. The Paintings of Vaishnav sect are regarding various occasions of the life of Lord Krishna and Gopies. Vaishnav paintings of "Gita Govinda" is about Lord Krishna. The paintings of Jain sect is concerning to Jain Lords and religious subjects.

text: These paintings were created on "Taadpatra" that means the leaf of the palm tree, and Paper. During that period earlier manuscripts were created from the leaf of the palm tree and later on from the paper.

text: In these paintings there are very few human characters with front face are seen. Most of the human characters are seen with side profile. Big eyes, pointed nose and slim waist are the features of these paintings. The skin colours of human being are Brown and fair. The skin colour of the Lord Krishna is Blue. The colour of the hair and eyes is black. Women characters have long hair. Human characters have worn jewellery on the hand, nose, neck, hair, waist and ankles. Men and women wear the traditional Indian dress, slippers and shoes. Men wear turbans on their head. In these paintings trees, rivers, flowers, birds, the land, the sky, houses, traditional chairs, cushions, curtains, lamps, and human characters have been painted.

text: Mostly Natural colours have been used in these paintings. Black, red, white, brown, blue, and yellow colours are used to decorate the paintings.

text: The Kings, Courtiers of the kings, wealthy businessmen, and religious leaders of the time were the promoters of these miniature paintings.

text: Painters of these pictures were from the local society." Vaachhak " was the famous painter of the time.Painters tried to make the subject of the manuscript live by these pictures so that the readers of the manuscript can enjoy reading.

text: Malwa, Deccan and Jaunpur schools of painting[edit]

text: A new trend in manuscript illustration was set by a manuscript of the Nimatnama painted at Mandu, during the reign of Nasir Shah (1500–1510). This represent a synthesis of the indigenous and the patronized Persian style, though it was the latter which dominated the Mandu manuscripts.[citation needed] There was another style of painting known as Lodi Khuladar that flourished in the Sultanate's dominion of North India extending from Delhi to Jaunpur.[citation needed]

text: The miniature painting style, which flourished initially in the Bahmani court and later in the courts of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golkonda is popularly known as the Deccan school of Painting.[citation needed] One of the earliest surviving paintings are found as the illustrations of a manuscript Tarif-i-Hussain Shahi (c.1565), which is now in Bharata Itihasa Samshodhaka Mandala, Pune. About 400 miniature paintings are found in the manuscript of Nujum-ul-Ulum (Stars of Science) (1570), kept in Chester Beatty Library, Dublin.

text: Mughal painting[edit]

text: Mughal painting is a particular style of Indian painting, generally confined to illustrations on the book and done in miniatures, and which emerged, developed and took shape during the period of the Mughal Empire 16th −19th centuries.

text: Mughal paintings were a unique blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. Because the Mughal kings wanted visual records of their deeds as hunters and conquerors, their artists accompanied them on military expeditions or missions of state, or recorded their prowess as animal slayers, or depicted them in the great dynastic ceremonies of marriages.

text: Akbar's reign (1556–1605) ushered a new era in Indian miniature painting. After he had consolidated his political power, he built a new capital at Fatehpur Sikri where he collected artists from India and Persia. He was the first monarch who established in India an atelier under the supervision of two Persian master artists, Mir Sayyed Ali and Abdus Samad. Earlier, both of them had served under the patronage of Humayun in Kabul and accompanied him to India when he regained his throne in 1555. More than a hundred painters were employed, most of whom were Hindus from Gujarat, Gwalior and Kashmir, who gave a birth to a new school of painting, popularly known as the Mughal School of miniature Paintings.

text: One of the first productions of that school of miniature painting was the Hamzanama series, which according to the court historian, Badayuni, was started in 1567 and completed in 1582. The Hamzanama, stories of Amir Hamza, an uncle of the Prophet, were illustrated by Mir Sayyid Ali. The paintings of the Hamzanama are of large size, 20 x 27" and were painted on cloth. They are in the Persian safavi style. Brilliant red, blue and green colours predominate; the pink, eroded rocks and the vegetation, planes and blossoming plum and peach trees are reminiscent of Persia. However, Indian tones appear in later work, when Indian artists were employed.

text: After him, Jahangir encouraged artists to paint portraits and durbar scenes. His most talented portrait painters were Ustad Mansur, Abul Hasan and Bishandas.

text: Shah Jahan (1627–1658) continued the patronage of painting. Some of the famous artists of the period were Mohammad Faqirullah Khan, Mir Hashim, Muhammad Nadir, Bichitr, Chitarman, Anupchhatar, Manohar and Honhar.

text: Aurangzeb had no taste for fine arts. Due to lack of patronage artists migrated to Hyderabad in the Deccan and to the Hindu states of Rajasthan in search of new patrons.

text: Rajput painting[edit]

text: Rajput painting, a style of Indian painting, evolved and flourished, during the 18th century, in the royal courts of Rajputana, India. Each Rajput kingdom evolved a distinct style, but with certain common features. Rajput paintings depict a number of themes, events of epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, Krishna's life, beautiful landscapes, and humans. Miniatures were the preferred medium of Rajput painting, but several manuscripts also contain Rajput paintings, and paintings were even done on the walls of palaces, inner chambers of the forts, havelies, particularly, the havelis of Shekhawati.

text: The colours extracted from certain minerals, plant sources, conch shells, and were even derived by processing precious stones, gold and silver were used. The preparation of desired colours was a lengthy process, sometimes taking weeks. Brushes used were very fine.

text: Mysore painting[edit]

text: Mysore painting is an important form of classical South Indian painting that originated in the town of Mysore in Karnataka. These paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are Hindu Gods and Goddesses and scenes from Hindu mythology. In modern times, these paintings have become a much sought-after souvenir during festive occasions in South India.

text: The process of making a Mysore painting involves many stages. The first stage involves the making of the preliminary sketch of the image on the base. The base consists of cartridge paper pasted on a wooden base. A paste made of zinc oxide and arabic gum is made called "gesso paste". With the help of a thin brush all the jewellery and parts of throne or the arch which have some relief are painted over to give a slightly raised effect of carving. This is allowed to dry. On this thin gold foil is pasted. The rest of the drawing is then painted using watercolours. Only muted colours are used.

text: Tanjore painting[edit]

text: Tanjore painting is an important form of classical South Indian painting native to the town of Tanjore in Tamil Nadu. The art form dates back to the early 9th century, a period dominated by the Chola rulers, who encouraged art and literature. These paintings are known for their elegance, rich colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are Hindu Gods and Goddesses and scenes from Hindu mythology. In modern times, these paintings have become a much sought-after souvenir during festive occasions in South India.

text: The process of making a Tanjore painting involves many stages. The first stage involves the making of the preliminary sketch of the image on the base. The base consists of a cloth pasted over a wooden base. Then chalk powder or zinc oxide is mixed with water-soluble adhesive and apply it on the base. To make the base smoother, a mild abrasive is sometimes used. After the drawing is made, decoration of the jewelry and the apparels in the image is done with semi-precious stones. Laces or threads are also used to decorate the jewelry. On top of this, the gold foils are pasted. Finally, dyes are used to add colours to the figures in the paintings.

text: Kangra painting[edit]

text: This style originated in Guler State, in the first half of the 18th century and reached its zenith during the reign of Maharaja Sansar Chand Katoch.

text: Madhubani painting[edit]

text: Madhubani painting is a style of painting, practised in the Mithila region of Bihar state[4]. Themes revolve around Hindu Gods and mythology, along with scenes from the royal court and social events like weddings. Generally no space is left empty; the gaps are filled by paintings of flowers, animals, birds, and even geometric designs.In this paintings, artists use leaves, herbs, and flowers to make the colour which is used to draw the paintings.

text: Pattachitra[edit]

text: Pattachitra refers to the Classical painting of Odisha, in the eastern region of India.'Patta' in Sanskrit means 'Vastra' or 'clothings' and 'chitra' means paintings.The tradition of Pattachitra is closely linked with the worship of Lord Jagannath. Apart from the fragmentary evidence of paintings on the caves of Khandagiri and Udayagiri and Sitabhinji murals of the Sixth century A.D., the earliest indigenous paintings from Odisha are the Pattachitra done by the Chitrakars (the painters are called Chitrakars).[5] The theme of Oriya painting centres round the Vaishnava sect. Since beginning of Pattachitra culture Lord Jagannath who was an incarnation of Lord Krishna was the major source of inspiration. The subject matter of Patta Chitra is mostly mythological, religious stories and folk lore. Themes are chiefly on Lord Jagannath and Radha-Krishna, different "Vesas" of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra, temple activities, the ten incarnations of Vishnu basing on the 'Gita Govinda' of Jayadev, Kama Kujara Naba Gunjara, Ramayana, Mahabharata. The individual paintings of gods and goddesses are also being painted.The painters use vegetable and mineral colours without going for factory made poster colours. They prepare their own colours. White colour is made from the conch-shells by powdering, boiling and filtering in a very hazardous process. It requires a lot of patience. But this process gives brilliance and premanence to the hue. 'Hingula', a mineral colour, is used for red. 'Haritala', king of stone ingredients for yellow, 'Ramaraja' a sort of indigo for blue are being used. Pure lamp-black or black prepared from the burning of cocoanut shells are used.The brushes that are used by these 'Chitrakaras' are also indigenous and are made of hair of domestic animals. A bunch of hair tied to the end of a bamboo stick make the brush. It is really a matter of wonder as to how these painters bring out lines of such precision and finish with the help of these crude brushes. That old tradition of Oriya painting still survives to-day in the skilled hands of Chitrakaras (traditional painters) in Puri, Raghurajpur, Paralakhemundi, Chikiti and Sonepur.

text: Bengal school[edit]

text: The Bengal School of Art was an influential style of art that flourished in India during the British Raj in the early 20th century. It was associated with Indian nationalism, but was also promoted and supported by many British arts administrators.

text: The Bengal school arose as an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the academic art styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as Ravi Varma and in British art schools. Following the widespread influence of Indian spiritual ideas in the West, the British art teacher Ernest Binfield Havel attempted to reform the teaching methods at the Calcutta School of Art by encouraging students to imitate Mughal miniatures. This caused immense controversy, leading to a strike by students and complaints from the local press, including from nationalists who considered it to be a retrogressive move. Havel was supported by the artist Abanindranath Tagore, a nephew of the poet Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore painted a number of works influenced by Mughal art, a style that he and Havel believed to be expressive of India's distinct spiritual qualities, as opposed to the "materialism" of the West. Abanindranath Tagore's best-known painting, Bharat Mata (Mother India), depicted a young woman, portrayed with four arms in the manner of Hindu deities, holding objects symbolic of India's national aspirations. Tagore later attempted to develop links with Far-Eastern artists as part of an aspiration to construct a pan-Asianist model of art. Those associated with this Indo-FarEastern model included Nandalal Bose, Mukul Dey, Kalipada Ghoshal, Benode Behari Mukherjee, Vinayak Shivaram Masoji, B.C. Sanyal, Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, and subsequently their students A. Ramachandran, Tan Yuan Chameli, Ramananda Bandopadhyay and a few others.

text: The Bengal school's influence on Indian art scene gradually started alleviating with the spread of modernist ideas post-independence.K. G. Subramanyan's role in this movement is significant. Today The Rednova Art Academy of Bankura, India is also notable art academy established by Artist Abirlal.

text: Contextual Modernism[edit]

text: The term Contextual Modernism that Siva Kumar used in the catalogue of the exhibition has emerged as a postcolonial critical tool in the understanding of the art the Santiniketan artists had practised.

text: Several terms including Paul Gilroy’s counter culture of modernity and Tani Barlow's Colonial modernity have been used to describe the kind of alternative modernity that emerged in non-European contexts. Professor Gall argues that ‘Contextual Modernism’ is a more suited term because “the colonial in colonial modernity does not accommodate the refusal of many in colonised situations to internalise inferiority. Santiniketan’s artist teachers’ refusal of subordination incorporated a counter vision of modernity, which sought to correct the racial and cultural essentialism that drove and characterised imperial Western modernity and modernism. Those European modernities, projected through a triumphant British colonial power, provoked nationalist responses, equally problematic when they incorporated similar essentialisms.”[6]

text: According to R. Siva Kumar "The Santiniketan artists were one of the first who consciously challenged this idea of modernism by opting out of both internationalist modernism and historicist indigenousness and tried to create a context sensitive modernism."[7] He had been studying the work of the Santiniketan masters and thinking about their approach to art since the early 80s. The practice of subsuming Nandalal Bose, Rabindranath Tagore, Ram Kinker Baij and Benode Behari Mukherjee under the Bengal School of Art was, according to Siva Kumar, misleading. This happened because early writers were guided by genealogies of apprenticeship rather than their styles, worldviews, and perspectives on art practice.[7]

text: The literary critic Ranjit Hoskote while reviewing the works of contemporary artist Atul Dodiya writes, "The exposure to Santinketan, through a literary detour, opened Dodiya’s eyes to the historical circumstances of what the art historian R Siva Kumar has called a “contextual modernism” developed in eastern India in the 1930s and ’40s during the turbulent decades of the global Depression, the Gandhian liberation struggle, the Tagorean cultural renaissance and World War II."[8]

text: Contextual Modernism in the recent past has found its usage in other related fields of studies, specially in Architecture.[9]

text: Vernacular Indian Painting[edit]

text: Vernacular art is an art alive (contemporary art), based on the past (the mythes, the traditions and the religion) and made by defined groups. Vernacular art is based on the collective memory of this group.

text: Examples of Vernacular Indian Painting:

text: Tribal Painting:

text:
Bhil painting
Warli painting
Gond painting
Santhal painting
Saora painting
Kurumba painting

text: Rural Painting:

text:
Pattachitra painting
Madhubani painting
Kalamkari painting
Kolam painting
Kalam painting
Mandana Paintings

text: Modern Indian Painting[edit]

text: During the colonial era, Western influences started to make an impact on Indian art. Some artists developed a style that used Western ideas of composition, perspective and realism to illustrate Indian themes. Others, like Jamini Roy, consciously drew inspiration from folk art.Bharti Dayal has chosen to handle the traditional Mithila Painting in most contemporary way and uses both realism as well abstractionism in her work with a lot of fantasy mixed in to both .Her work has an impeccable sense of balance, harmony and grace.

text: By the time of Independence in 1947, several schools of art in India provided access to modern techniques and ideas. Galleries were established to showcase these artists. Modern Indian art typically shows the influence of Western styles, but is often inspired by Indian themes and images. Major artists are beginning to gain international recognition, initially among the Indian diaspora, but also among non-Indian audiences.

text: The Progressive Artists' Group, established shortly after India became independent in 1947, was intended to establish new ways of expressing India in the post-colonial era. The founders were six eminent artists – K. H. Ara, S. K. Bakre, H. A. Gade, M.F. Husain, S.H. Raza and F. N. Souza, though the group was dissolved in 1956, it was profoundly influential in changing the idiom of Indian art. Almost all India's major artists in the 1950s were associated with the group. Some of those who are well-known today are Bal Chabda, Manishi Dey, V. S. Gaitonde, Krishen Khanna, Ram Kumar, Tyeb Mehta, Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Akbar Padamsee. Other famous painters like Jahar Dasgupta, Prokash Karmakar, John Wilkins, and Bijon Choudhuri enriched the art culture of India. They have become the icon of modern Indian art. Art historians like Prof. Rai Anand Krishna have also referred to those works of modern artistes that reflect Indian ethos.

text: Also, the increase in the discourse about Indian art, in English as well as vernacular Indian languages, appropriated the way art was perceived in the art schools. Critical approach became rigorous, critics like Geeta Kapur,[10][11] R . Siva Kumar,[12][13][14][15] contributed to re-thinking contemporary art practice in India.Their voices represented Indian art not only in India but across the world. The critics also had an important role as curators of important exhibitions, re-defining modernism and Indian-art.

text: Indian Art got a boost with the economic liberalisation of the country since the early 1990s. Artists from various fields now started bringing in varied styles of work. Post-liberalisation Indian art thus works not only within the confines of academic traditions but also outside it. In this phase, artists have introduced even newer concepts which have hitherto not been seen in Indian art. Devajyoti Ray has introduced a new genre of art called Pseudorealism. Pseudorealist Art is an original art style that has been developed entirely on the Indian soil. Pseudorealism takes into account the Indian concept of abstraction and uses it to transform regular scenes of Indian life into a fantastic images.

text: In post-liberalisation India, many artists have established themselves in the international art market like Anish Kapoor and Chintan whose mammoth artworks have acquired attention for their sheer size. Many art houses and galleries have also opened in USA and Europe to showcase Indian artworks.Some artists like chiman dangi(painter, printmaker) Bhupat Dudi, Subodh Gupta, Piu Sarkar, Vagaram Choudhary, Amitava Sengupta and many others have done magic worldwide.Chhaya Ghosh is a gifted painter, and is pretty active in Triveni Art Gallery, New Delhi.

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Some notable Indian paintings[edit]

text:
Hemen Majumdar's "Lady with the Lamp"
Sudip Roy's "Charulata Series"
Rabindranath Tagore's "Self portrait"
Abanindranath Tagore's Bharat Mata
Raja Ravi Varma's Shakuntala
Ramkinkar Baij's "Jakkha 0 Jakkhi"
Bikash Bhattacharjee's "Doll-series"
Geeta Vadhera's Jogia "Dhoop series"
Jahar Dasgupta's "Confrontation"
MF Hussain's "Horses-series"
Jamini Roy's "Jesus"
John Wilkins's "Gossip",
Rakesh Vijay "Persian and Mogul styles"
Jainul Abedin's "Series on Bengal Famine"
Sunil Das's "Bull Series"
Devajyoti Ray's "In Despair"
Tyeb Mehta's "Mahisasur"
B. G. Sharma's Krishna miniatures
ShakthiDass's
Amrita-Sher-Gil
M. Narayan's "Indian Ethnic" "Horses" Mother Teresa"