document_title: Bustle

question_text: when did the bustle go out of style

question_tokens: when did the bustle go out of style

text: Bustle

text: History[edit]

text: Transition from crinoline (1867–1872)[edit]

text: As the fashion for crinolines wore on, their shape changed. Instead of the large bell-like silhouette previously in vogue, they began to flatten out at the front and sides, creating more fullness at the back of the skirts. One type of crinoline, the crinolette, created a shape very similar to the one produced by a bustle. The excess skirt fabric created by this alteration in shape was looped around to the back, again creating increased fullness

text: Early bustle (1869–1876)[edit]

text: The bustle later developed into a feature of fashion on its own after the overskirt of the late 1860s was draped up toward the back and some kind of support was needed for the new draped shape.[4] Fullness of some sort was still considered necessary to make the waist look smaller and the bustle eventually replaced the crinoline completely. The bustle was worn in different shapes for most of the 1870s and 1880s, with a short period of non-bustled, flat-backed dresses from 1878 to 1882.

text: In the early stages of the fashion for the bustle, the fullness to the back of the skirts was carried quite low and often fanned out to create a train.  The transition from the voluminous crinoline enhanced skirts of the 1850s and 1860s can be seen in the loops and gathers of fabric and trimmings worn during this period. The bustle later evolved into a much more pronounced humped shape on the back of the skirt immediately below the waist, with the fabric of the skirts falling quite sharply to the floor, changing the shape of the silhouette.

text: Late bustle (1881–1889)[edit]

text: The bustle reappeared in late 1881,[5] and was exaggerated to become a major fashion feature in the mid and late 1880s, in 1885 reaching preposterous proportions to modern eyes, as used in the play Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw. The fashion for large bustles ended in 1889.[6]

text: The bustle then survived into the 1890s and early 20th century as a skirt support was still needed and the stylish shape dictated a curve in the back of the skirt to balance the curve of the bust in front. The bustle had completely disappeared by 1905, as the long corset of the early 20th century was now successful in shaping the body to protrude behind.

text: Fashion[edit]

text: Bustles and bustle gowns are rarely worn in contemporary society. Notable exceptions occur in the realm of haute couture, bridal fashion and Lolita Fashion. A dress in the bustle style may be worn as a costume. For example, in 1993 Eiko Ishioka won an Academy Award for her costume designs from Bram Stoker's Dracula. The film features several extravagant bustle gowns created for female leads Winona Ryder and Sadie Frost. (though the film states it is 1897, a time when the large bustles depicted would have disappeared years ago. Films like "The Bostonians", "Topsy Turvy" or "Age of Innocence" depict a more realistic fashion)

text: Other usage[edit]

text:
'Bustle' was also the term used for an additional external space at the rear a tank's turret used for storing extra equipment, a notable usage being the added box at the rear of the turret on the Sherman Firefly variant. Its positioning on the vehicle resembling the similar placement of the bustle as used on the dress item.
In sailboat design, a 'bustle' stern refers to any kind of stern that has a large "bustle" or blister at the waterline below the stern to prevent the stern from "squatting" when getting underway[7], or to a similar shape produced by the IOR measuring system in the late '70, '80 and early '90s.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The crinolette

Bustle apparatus (1881)

Bustle dress from 1870

Mid-1880s fashion plate

A criticism of the bustle fashion

Satirical image comparing the look of a woman wearing a bustle to that of a snail wearing a dress

Caricature of Charles Darwin contemplating a bustle as a curiosity of natural history, from Fun, 16th Nov, 1872


document_title: Phi Beta Kappa

question_text: what are the qualifications for phi beta kappa

root

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: Membership[edit]

text: According to Phi Beta Kappa, the organization has chapters in about 10% of American higher learning institutions, and about 10% of these schools' Arts and Sciences graduates are invited to join the society.[9] Although most students are elected in their senior year, many colleges elect a very limited number of extremely select students in their junior year, generally less than 2% of the class.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Each chapter sets its own academic standards, but all inductees must have studied the liberal arts and sciences (Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree candidates), demonstrated "good moral character", and, usually, earned grades placing them in the top tenth of their class.[17] (However, at least one school, Princeton University, includes Bachelor of Science in Engineering (BSE) students in Phi Beta Kappa.[18]) There is a mandatory initiation fee (between US$50 and US$90, as of 2005), which is sometimes covered by the inductee's university.[17]

tag: p

text: Membership in Phi Beta Kappa is limited to undergraduates with very high GPAs, typically at least 3.8 or 3.9 out of a 4.0 scale. In 2001, a quorum of PBK alumni voted to raise the GPA cutoff: though all chapters set their own standards for induction, they were now instructed to be much more selective in terms of GPA. The higher cutoff was justified in reference to the historical phenomenon of grade inflation since the 1950s and 1960s.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: The Phi Beta Kappa Society was founded on December 5, 1776 at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia by five students, with John Heath as its first President. The society established the precedent for naming American college societies after the initial letters of a secret Greek motto.[19][20]

text: The group consisted of students who frequented the Raleigh Tavern as a common meeting area off the college campus (a persistent story maintains that a Masonic lodge also met at this tavern, but the Freemasons actually gathered at a different building in Williamsburg;[21] ten of the original members later did become Freemasons).[22]:5 Whether the students organized to meet more freely and discuss non-academic topics, or to discuss politics in a Revolutionary society is unknown; the earliest records indicate only that the students met to debate and engage in oratory, and on topics that would have been not far removed from the curriculum.[22]:83–85[23] In the Phi Beta Kappa Initiation of 1779, the new member was informed, "here then you may for a while disengage yourself from scholastic cares and communicate without reserve whatever reflections you have made upon various objects; remembering that every thing transacted within this room is transacted sub rosa, ...here, too, you are to indulge in matters of speculation that freedom of enquiry which ever dispels the clouds of falsehood by the radiant sunshine of truth...".[22]:5

text: There had been an earlier fraternal society established at William & Mary, the well-known F.H.C. Society (nicknamed "the Flat Hat Club"), which was founded in 1750. The F.H.C Society is the first recorded collegiate secret Society in North America, but unlike Phi Beta Kappa, it was a Latin-letter society. Its name was taken from  letters of a secret Latin motto with acronym F.H.C.  William & Mary alumnus and third U.S. President Thomas Jefferson was perhaps the most famous member of the F.H.C.;[24] other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe.[25] Jefferson noted that "When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, there existed a society called the F.H.C. society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists."[22]:5

text: A second Latin-letter fraternity at William & Mary was the P.D.A. Society (publicly known as "Please Don't Ask").[26] John Heath, chief organizer of Phi Beta Kappa, according to tradition earlier sought but was refused admission to the P.D.A., though he may instead have disdained to join it (Heath's friend and fellow student William Short later wrote that the P.D.A. "had lost all reputation for letters, and was noted only for the dissipation & conviviality of its members"[22]:84).

text: The new society was intended to be "purely of domestic manufacture, without any connexion whatever with anything European, either English or German."[22]:84  The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to promote good fellowship, with "friendship as its basis and benevolence and literature as its pillars."[22]

text: Like the older, Latin-letter fraternities, the Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society.  To protect its members and to instill a sense of solidarity, each had the essential attributes of most modern fraternities:  an oath of secrecy, a badge (or token) and a diploma (or certificate) of membership, mottoes (in the case of the Phi Beta Kappa, in Greek rather than in Latin), a ritual of initiation, a handclasp of recognition; to these, the Phi Beta Kappa would soon add another attribute, branches or "chapters" at other colleges.  The new society was given the motto, Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs, which means in English The Love for Knowledge be the Guide of Life. Greek was chosen, because Greek was in Roman times the language of science like Latin in medieval times.

text: One official historian of the society, William T. Hastings, and some others believe that the "S" and "P" on the badge, which stood for Societas Philosophiae, "Philosophical Society", was the original name of the Society and that "Phi Beta Kappa" came only over time to be taken as the name of the society.  The heading on the original list of members states, "A List of the members, who have been initiated into the S.P. alias Phi Beta Kappa Society."[22]:5

text: Later, in May 1777, a new sign of recognition was devised:  "a salutation of the clasp of the hands, together with an immediate stroke across the mouth with the back of the same hand, and a return with the hand used by the saluted".  This new complex of gestures was created to allow the mutual recognition of members "in any foreign country or place."[22]:10

text: Before the British invasion of Virginia forced the temporary closure of the College of William and Mary and disbandment of the Phi Beta Kappa there early in 1781, Elisha Parmelee, an alumnus of Yale College and Harvard College, passed through Williamsburg and took charters from the Phi Beta Kappa to establish branches of the society at these schools.  A second chapter was founded at Yale College in late 1780; a third, at Harvard College in 1781; and a fourth, at Dartmouth College in 1787.  From these new chapters, the Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement.  While the Phi Beta Kappa developed some of the characteristics which still distinguish Greek-letter fraternities, it was left to other students to fill the natural human need for fellowship with kindred students by extension of fraternity to a purely social context.

text: Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, and Brown University in 1830.  The original chapter at William & Mary was re-established.  In 1831, the Harvard chapter publicly disclosed the fraternity's secrets during a period of strong anti-Masonic sentiment.  The first chapter established after the Phi Beta Kappa became an "open" society was that at Trinity College (Connecticut), in 1845.

text: In the pre-Civil War period Society chapters frequently sponsored addresses by distinguished speakers.  Ralph Waldo Emerson's 1837 address at Harvard, "The American Scholar" is the best-known of those addresses, but there were dozens of others at schools such as Bowdoin, Brown, Harvard, Union, and Yale.[27]

text: As the first collegiate organization of its type to adopt a Greek-letter name, the Phi Beta Kappa is generally considered a forerunner of modern college fraternities as well as the model for later collegiate honorary societies.  Ironically, it was partly the rise of true "social" fraternities modelled after Phi Beta Kappa later in the nineteenth century which obviated the social aspects of membership in the organization, transforming it into the honorary society it is today.

text: By 1883, when the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa was established, there were 25 chapters. The first women were elected to the society at the University of Vermont in 1875, and the first African-American member was elected at the same institution two years later. In 1885, however, Phi Beta Kappa eliminated those majoring in engineering from eligibility. This practice continues today.

text: Each chapter is designated by its state and a Greek letter indicating its position in the order in which that state's chapters were founded. For example, Alpha of Pennsylvania refers to the chapter at Dickinson College, founded in 1887; Beta of Pennsylvania, the chapter at Lehigh University (founded later that same year); Gamma of Pennsylvania, the chapter at Lafayette College (1890); and Delta of Pennsylvania, the chapter at the University of Pennsylvania (1892).

text: By 1920, a total of 89 chapters existed at a variety of schools.  New chapters are continually added; as of 2007 there were 276.[28]

text: In the 1960s, Vanderbilt University professor Donald Davidson claimed that Phi Beta Kappa was under the influence of Communists.[29]

text: In 1988, the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa officially changed its name to The Phi Beta Kappa Society, recalling the name under which the organization had been established in 1776.[citation needed]

text: Key[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The symbol of the Phi Beta Kappa Society is a golden key engraved on the obverse with the image of a pointing finger, three stars, and the Greek letters from which the society takes its name. The stars are said today to show the ambition of young pupils and the three distinguishing principles of the Society: friendship, morality, and learning. On the reverse are found the initials "SP" in script, which stand for the Latin words Societas Philosophiae, or "Philosophical Society".

text: The "key" of Phi Beta Kappa did not begin as a copy of a watchkey. The first insignia was in fact a larger, cut-and-engraved silver medallion, essentially a square of metal with a loop cut integrally with the body of the square from the same sheet of silver, in order to allow for suspension from one or two ribbons worn around the member's neck in the manner in which the older fraternities (and the Freemasonic bodies on which the collegiate societies were in part patterned) wore their own insignia.[26]  Later, the size of the medallion was reduced and men took to wearing the insignia on their watch chains as fobs.  The post or stem, designed for the winding of pocket-watches, did not appear on fobs until the beginning of the 19th century. The fobs were not even gold at first; the earliest extant 18th-century models were made of silver or pewter, and again it was not until the first quarter of the 19th century that gold largely supplanted the use of silver or pewter.  Some notable exceptions did occur, as at Harvard, which until the first decade of the twentieth century continued the use of silver or pewter for some of its keys.

text: Though several stylistic details have survived since the earliest days—the use of the stars, pointing hand, and Greek letters on the obverse, for example—notable differences exist between older keys and current examples.  The name of the recipient was not engraved on the earliest fobs or keys, and was not until the first decade of the nineteenth century.  The name of the school from which the fob or key came was also not routinely included on the earliest models, and sometimes the only way to trace a key to a particular school's chapter is by researching the name of the recipient against surviving class records.  The number of stars on the obverse has also changed over the years, with never fewer than three, but on some known examples with as many as a dozen (the explanation as to the meaning of the stars in these early cases varies from chapter to chapter).  Also, the date of the awarding of the honor is only seen on keys from the second quarter of the nineteenth century onward (some people mistake the date that appears on the fob or key—December 5, 1776—as the date that a particular fob or key was awarded, when in fact it is merely the date of the founding of the society).  Only in 1912 was the key made to a uniform standard of size, golden appearance (some are plated), and engraving with the school's name, recipient's name, and date of the award.

text: Activities and publications[edit]

text: The Phi Beta Kappa Society publishes The Key Reporter,[30] a newsletter distributed quarterly to all contributing members and biannually to all other members, and The American Scholar, a quarterly subscription-based journal that accepts essays on literature, history, science, public affairs, and culture.[31]

text: Phi Beta Kappa also funds a number of awards, fellowships, and programs.

text: The Phi Beta Kappa Book Awards are the Ralph Waldo Emerson Award, the Christian Gauss Award, and the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science.[32] The Book Awards are given annually to outstanding scholarly books published in the United States.  Winning works, which are drawn from the fields of the humanities, the social sciences, the natural sciences and mathematics, must be of broad interest and accessible to the general reader. Each award carries a $10,000 prize.  The winners were selected from five short listed titles in each category.[33]

text: The Mary Isabel Sibley Fellowship is awarded annually, alternating in the fields of Greek and French. The award may be used for the study of Greek language, literature, history, or archaeology, or the study of French language or literature. Established in 1934 by Isabelle Stone (ΦΒΚ, Wellesley College) in honor of her mother, Mary Isabel Sibley, the fellowship was designed to reward the women in these two fields of study with the experience of studying and living abroad, which Miss Stone did in Greece during her studies. The fellowship carries a stipend of $20,000.[34]

text: The Walter J. Jensen Fellowship  for French Language, Literature, and Culture aims to help educators and researchers improve education in standard French language, literature and culture and in the study of standard French in the United States. Established in 2001 by Professor Walter J. Jensen (ΦΒΚ, UCLA), the fellowship is awarded for at least six continuous months of study in France and carries a stipend originally set in 1995 at $10,000, to be adjusted for inflation. The stipend for 2016 was $15,500.[35]

text: The Dr. Martin R. Lebowitz and Eve Lewellis Lebowitz Prize for Philosophical Achievement and Contribution is awarded by the Phi Beta Kappa Society in conjunction with the American Philosophical Association. The associated Lebowitz Symposium is presented annually at a divisional meeting of the American Philosophical Association. The prize was established in 2013 by Eve Lewellis Lebowitz in honor of her late husband, Martin R. Lebowitz, to provide a significant, tangible recognition for excellence in philosophical thought. The Symposium program consists of a pair of lectures to be delivered at an annual APA division meeting and a Phi Beta Kappa event. The topic of the lectures should be an important philosophical issue of current interest, and the lectures should offer contrasting (not necessarily opposing) views on that topic. Honoraria for the symposiasts are funded at an adjusted rate based on the current size of the endowment. Previous winners have won as much as $25,000 each.[36]

text: The Romanell-Phi Beta Kappa Professorship is awarded annually to scholars in the field of philosophy, without restriction to any one school of philosophical thought. The professorship recognizes not only distinguished achievement but also the recipient’s contribution or potential contribution to public understanding of philosophy.[37]

text: Since 1956, the Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar Program has offered undergraduates the opportunity to spend time with some of America's most distinguished scholars. The purpose of the program is to contribute to the intellectual life of the campus by making possible an exchange of ideas between the Visiting Scholars and the resident faculty and students.[38]

text: Phi Beta Kappa also sponsors a National Arts & Sciences Initiative, which taps into its cross-country network of members, chapters, and associations to connect with leaders, shares the value of the arts and sciences through all of life, and advocates for policies that strengthen an arts and sciences education.[39]

text: Chapters[edit]

text: Phi Beta Kappa has 286 chapters. Chapters are approved at the Triennial Conventions.

text: Notable members[edit]

text: Since inception, 17 U.S. Presidents, 40 U.S. Supreme Court Justices,[40] and 136 Nobel Laureates have been inducted members.[41]

text: Awards[edit]

text: In 2008, the Phi Beta Kappa Society was awarded the Arts and Sciences Advocacy Award from the Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences (CCAS). CCAS bestows this award upon an individual or organization demonstrating exemplary advocacy for the arts and sciences, flowing from a deep commitment to the intrinsic worth of liberal arts education.[42]


document_title: List of presidents of the United States by age

question_text: who was the youngest man to be elected president

text: Age of U.S. presidents

text: The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.

text: Assassinated three years into his term, John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office (46 years, 177 days); the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt (50 years, 128 days). The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan (77 years, 349 days).

text: Born on May 29, 1917, John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors, the greatest number to date: Lyndon Johnson (8 years, 9 months, and 2 days); Ronald Reagan (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); Richard Nixon (4 years, 4 months, and 16 days); and Gerald Ford (3 years, 10 months, and 15 days).

text: Born on February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors, the greatest number to date: Richard Nixon (1 year, 11 months, and 7 days); Gerald Ford (2 years, 5 months, and 8 days); John F. Kennedy (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); and Jimmy Carter (13 years, 7 months, and 25 days).

text: Three presidents—Donald Trump, George W. Bush, and Bill Clinton—were born in 1946 (all within the span of 9 weeks). This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born. Two presidents—James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding—were born on November 2 (70 years apart). This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents.[1]

text: The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 93 years, 346 days). On November 25, 2017, he also became the longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 93 years, 165 days. The second oldest living president, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 37 years, 124 days. He surpassed the previous record, held by Herbert Hoover (31 years, 230 days) on September 7, 2012. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 56 years, 293 days).

text: The shortest-lived president to have died by natural causes (thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield, who were both assassinated) was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of 53 years, 225 days; only 103 days after leaving office.

text: Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s, with two of them currently alive. They are (in order of birth):

text:
#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

1
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001732-02-22-0000Feb 22, 1732[a]
000000001789-04-30-0000Apr 30, 1789
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004237520000000000♠65 years, 10 days
01,0151,015 days
(7003101500000000000♠2 years, 285 days)
000000001799-12-14-0000Dec 14, 1799
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
(24,767 days)

2
Adams, John A.John Adams
000000001735-10-30-0000Oct 30, 1735[a]
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004224060000000000♠61 years, 125 days
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004238660000000000♠65 years, 125 days
09,2539,253 days
(7003925300000000000♠25 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
(33,119 days)

3
Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson
000000001743-04-13-0000Apr 13, 1743[a]
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004211440000000000♠57 years, 325 days
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004240660000000000♠65 years, 325 days
06,3316,331 days
(7003633100000000000♠17 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004303970000000000♠83 years, 82 days
(30,397 days)

4
Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001751-03-16-0000Mar 16, 1751[a]
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004211720000000000♠57 years, 353 days
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004240940000000000♠65 years, 353 days
07,0567,056 days
(7003705600000000000♠19 years, 116 days)
000000001836-06-28-0000Jun 28, 1836
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
(31,150 days)

5
Monroe, JamesJames Monroe
000000001758-04-28-0000Apr 28, 1758
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004214940000000000♠58 years, 310 days
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004244160000000000♠66 years, 310 days
02,3132,313 days
(7003231300000000000♠6 years, 122 days)
000000001831-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1831
7004267290000000000♠73 years, 67 days
(26,729 days)

6
Adams, John Q. John Q. Adams
000000001767-07-11-0000Jul 11, 1767
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004210550000000000♠57 years, 236 days
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004225160000000000♠61 years, 236 days
06,9306,930 days
(7003693000000000000♠18 years, 356 days)
000000001848-02-23-0000Feb 23, 1848
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
(29,446 days)

7
Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001767-03-15-0000Mar 15, 1767
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004226340000000000♠61 years, 354 days
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004255560000000000♠69 years, 354 days
03,0183,018 days
(7003301800000000000♠8 years, 96 days)
000000001845-06-08-0000Jun 8, 1845
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
(28,574 days)

8
Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001782-12-05-0000Dec 5, 1782
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004198120000000000♠54 years, 89 days
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004212730000000000♠58 years, 89 days
07,8127,812 days
(7003781200000000000♠21 years, 142 days)
000000001862-07-24-0000Jul 24, 1862
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
(29,085 days)

9
Harrison, William H.William H. Harrison
000000001773-02-09-0000Feb 9, 1773
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004248590000000000♠68 years, 23 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841[b]
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
00,0000 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
(24,890 days)

10
Tyler, JohnJohn Tyler
000000001790-03-29-0000Mar 29, 1790
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004186330000000000♠51 years, 6 days
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004200630000000000♠54 years, 340 days
06,1646,164 days
(7003616400000000000♠16 years, 320 days)
000000001862-01-18-0000Jan 18, 1862
7004262270000000000♠71 years, 295 days
(26,227 days)

11
Polk, James K.James K. Polk
000000001795-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1795
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004180190000000000♠49 years, 122 days
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004194800000000000♠53 years, 122 days
00,103103 days
000000001849-06-15-0000Jun 15, 1849
7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days
(19,583 days)

12
Taylor, ZacharyZachary Taylor
000000001784-11-24-0000Nov 24, 1784
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004234750000000000♠64 years, 100 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850[b]
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
00,0000 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
(23,967 days)

13
Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001800-01-07-0000Jan 7, 1800
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004184450000000000♠50 years, 183 days
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004194140000000000♠53 years, 56 days
07,6747,674 days
(7003767400000000000♠21 years, 4 days)
000000001874-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1874
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
(27,088 days)

14
Pierce, FranklinFranklin Pierce
000000001804-11-23-0000Nov 23, 1804
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004176330000000000♠48 years, 101 days
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004190940000000000♠52 years, 101 days
04,6014,601 days
(7003460100000000000♠12 years, 218 days)
000000001869-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1869
7004236950000000000♠64 years, 319 days
(23,695 days)

15
Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001791-04-23-0000Apr 23, 1791
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004240560000000000♠65 years, 315 days
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004255170000000000♠69 years, 315 days
02,6462,646 days
(7003264600000000000♠7 years, 89 days)
000000001868-06-01-0000Jun 1, 1868
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
(28,163 days)

16
Lincoln, AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
000000001809-02-12-0000Feb 12, 1809
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004190130000000000♠52 years, 20 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865[b]
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
00,0000 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
(20,516 days)

17
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001808-12-29-0000Dec 29, 1808
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205610000000000♠56 years, 107 days
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004219800000000000♠60 years, 65 days
02,3402,340 days
(7003234000000000000♠6 years, 149 days)
000000001875-07-31-0000Jul 31, 1875
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
(24,320 days)

18
Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001822-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1822
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004171130000000000♠46 years, 311 days
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004200350000000000♠54 years, 311 days
03,0633,063 days
(7003306300000000000♠8 years, 141 days)
000000001885-07-23-0000Jul 23, 1885
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
(23,098 days)

19
Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001822-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1822
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004198750000000000♠54 years, 151 days
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004213360000000000♠58 years, 151 days
04,3374,337 days
(7003433700000000000♠11 years, 319 days)
000000001893-01-17-0000Jan 17, 1893
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
(25,673 days)

20
Garfield, James A.James A. Garfield
000000001831-11-19-0000Nov 19, 1831
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004180030000000000♠49 years, 105 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881[b]
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
00,0000 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
(18,202 days)

21
Arthur, Chester A.Chester A. Arthur
000000001829-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1829
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004189770000000000♠51 years, 349 days
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004202390000000000♠55 years, 150 days
00,624624 days
(7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days)
000000001886-11-18-0000Nov 18, 1886
7004208630000000000♠57 years, 44 days
(20,863 days)

22
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004175180000000000♠47 years, 351 days
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004189790000000000♠51 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

23
Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001833-08-20-0000Aug 20, 1833
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004202850000000000♠55 years, 196 days
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004217460000000000♠59 years, 196 days
02,9302,930 days
(7003293000000000000♠8 years, 9 days)
000000001901-03-13-0000Mar 13, 1901
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
(24,676 days)

24
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004204400000000000♠55 years, 351 days
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004219010000000000♠59 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

25
McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley
000000001843-01-29-0000Jan 29, 1843
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901[b]
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
00,0000 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
(21,412 days)

26
Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001858-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1858
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
03,5953,595 days
(7003359500000000000♠9 years, 308 days)
000000001919-01-06-0000Jan 6, 1919
7004219850000000000♠60 years, 71 days
(21,985 days)

27
Taft, William H.William H. Taft
000000001857-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1857
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
06,2136,213 days
(7003621300000000000♠17 years, 4 days)
000000001930-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1930
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
(26,471 days)

28
Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001856-12-28-0000Dec 28, 1856
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004234410000000000♠64 years, 66 days
01,0661,066 days
(7003106600000000000♠2 years, 336 days)
000000001924-02-03-0000Feb 3, 1924
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
(24,507 days)

29
Harding, Warren G.Warren G. Harding
000000001865-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1865
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004202100000000000♠55 years, 122 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923[b]
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
00,0000 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
(21,091 days)

30
Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001872-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1872
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004186550000000000♠51 years, 29 days
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004206960000000000♠56 years, 243 days
01,4031,403 days
(7003140300000000000♠3 years, 307 days)
000000001933-01-05-0000Jan 5, 1933
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
(22,099 days)

31
Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001874-08-10-0000Aug 10, 1874
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004199290000000000♠54 years, 206 days
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004213900000000000♠58 years, 206 days
11,55311,553 days
(7004115530000000000♠31 years, 230 days)
000000001964-10-20-0000Oct 20, 1964
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
(32,943 days)

32
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
000000001882-01-30-0000Jan 30, 1882
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004186600000000000♠51 years, 33 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945[b]
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
00,0000 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
(23,082 days)

33
Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001884-05-08-0000May 8, 1884
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004222530000000000♠60 years, 339 days
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004250930000000000♠68 years, 257 days
07,2807,280 days
(7003728000000000000♠19 years, 341 days)
000000001972-12-26-0000Dec 26, 1972
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
(32,373 days)

34
Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
000000001890-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1890
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004227430000000000♠62 years, 98 days
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004256650000000000♠70 years, 98 days
02,9892,989 days
(7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days)
000000001969-03-28-0000Mar 28, 1969
7004286540000000000♠78 years, 165 days
(28,654 days)

35
Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
000000001917-05-29-0000May 29, 1917
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963[b]
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
00,0000 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
(16,978 days)

36
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001908-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1908
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004201750000000000♠55 years, 87 days
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004220610000000000♠60 years, 146 days
01,4631,463 days
(7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days)
000000001973-01-22-0000Jan 22, 1973
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
(23,524 days)

37
Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001913-01-09-0000Jan 9, 1913
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004204650000000000♠56 years, 11 days
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974[d]
7004224920000000000♠61 years, 212 days
07,1967,196 days
(7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days)
000000001994-04-22-0000Apr 22, 1994
7004296880000000000♠81 years, 103 days
(29,688 days)

38
Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000001913-07-14-0000Jul 14, 1913
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974
7004223060000000000♠61 years, 26 days
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004232010000000000♠63 years, 190 days
10,93210,932 days
(7004109320000000000♠29 years, 340 days)
000000002006-12-26-0000Dec 26, 2006
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
(34,133 days)

39
Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
000000001924-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1924
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004191040000000000♠52 years, 111 days
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004205650000000000♠56 years, 111 days
13,63813,638 days[e]
(7004136380000000000♠37 years, 124 days)
2018-05-24
7004342030000000000♠93 years, 235 days(34,203 days)

40
Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001911-02-06-0000Feb 6, 1911
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days
05,6155,615 days
(7003561500000000000♠15 years, 137 days)
000000002004-06-05-0000Jun 5, 2004
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
(34,088 days)

41
Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000001924-06-12-0000Jun 12, 1924
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004235980000000000♠64 years, 222 days
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004250590000000000♠68 years, 222 days
09,2559,255 days[e]
(7003925500000000000♠25 years, 124 days)
2018-05-24
7004343140000000000♠93 years, 346 days(34,314 days)

42
Clinton, BillBill Clinton
000000001946-08-19-0000Aug 19, 1946
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004169560000000000♠46 years, 154 days
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004198780000000000♠54 years, 154 days
06,3336,333 days[e]
(7003633300000000000♠17 years, 124 days)
2018-05-24
7004262110000000000♠71 years, 278 days(26,211 days)

43
Bush, George W.George W. Bush
000000001946-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1946
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004199220000000000♠54 years, 198 days
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004228440000000000♠62 years, 198 days
03,4113,411 days[e]
(7003341100000000000♠9 years, 124 days)
2018-05-24
7004262550000000000♠71 years, 322 days(26,255 days)

44
Obama, BarackBarack Obama
000000001961-08-04-0000Aug 4, 1961
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004173360000000000♠47 years, 169 days
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 169 days
00,134489489 days[e]
(7002489000000000000♠1 year, 124 days)
2018-05-24
7004207470000000000♠56 years, 293 days(20,747 days)

45
Trump, DonaldDonald Trump
000000001946-06-14-0000Jun 14, 1946
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days
2018-05-24
7004288540000000000♠78 years, 364 days
24,980
2018-05-24
7004262770000000000♠71 years, 344 days(26,277 days)

#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

text: Notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Birthdate as changed to New Style.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms (1889–1893), and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term (1897) until his death (1908).
Jump up ^ Resigned from office.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e As of May 24, 2018.

tag: ol

text: Oldest living U.S. presidents

text: Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any, from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest, from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later.

text: On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the inauguration of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 49) and a former president (at age 50), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction, at the age of 90.

text: On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively). By contrast, the president who acquired this distinction furthest from his time in office was Gerald Ford, who had been retired for 7003999800000000000♠27 years, 137 days.

text:
President
Dates
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Length

Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789 – December 14, 1799
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days

Adams, JohnJohn Adams
000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799 – July 4, 1826
7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days

Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826 – June 28, 1836
7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days

Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836 – June 8, 1845
7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days

Adams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams
000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845 – February 23, 1848
7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days

Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848 – July 24, 1862
7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days

Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862 – June 1, 1868
7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days

Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868 – March 8, 1874
7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days

Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874 – July 31, 1875
7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days

Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875 – July 23, 1885
7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days

Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885 – January 17, 1893
7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days

Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893 – March 13, 1901
7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days

Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901 – June 24, 1908
7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days

Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908 – March 4, 1909
7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
7002253000000000000♠253 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days

Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913 – February 3, 1924
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924 – March 8, 1930
7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days

Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930 – January 5, 1933
7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days

Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933 – October 20, 1964
7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964 – December 26, 1972
7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972 – January 22, 1973
7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
7001270000000000000♠27 days

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973 – January 20, 1981
7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days
7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days
7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981 – June 5, 2004
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days

Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004 – December 26, 2006
7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days

Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006 – present
7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days
Current
7003416700000000000♠11 years, 149 days

President
Dates
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Length


document_title: Humphrey Goodman

question_text: who played humphrey goodman in death in paradise

text: Humphrey Goodman

text:
Humphrey Goodman

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Kris Marshall

Duration
2014–17

First appearance
14 January 2014

Last appearance
9 February 2017

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Detective Inspector

[show]Family

Father
Martin Goodman

Wife
Sally Goodman (divorced)

Aunts
Mary Goodman

text: Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series Death in Paradise, portrayed by Kris Marshall.

text: Goodman is assigned to Saint Marie after the murder of D.I. Richard Poole at the start of Series 3. Clues from Poole's investigation helped Goodman reveal the motive and the killer's identity; Goodman commented that Poole had 'solved his own murder.' Goodman stayed on in Saint Marie after his wife Sally announced she would not be joining him on the Caribbean island. He became the chief inspector on the island, and took to Poole's old habit of announcing the murderer in front of all the suspects and his police team. He is very clumsy, often forgetting things or finding himself with nothing to take notes on; he embraces Caribbean life much more than his predecessor. He has a knack at being able to solve murders instantly, looking at the meaning of small details, much like his predecessor. He fell in love with his detective sergeant, Camille Bordey, often coming close to revealing his feelings for her. He tried to stop her leaving when she requested a job in Paris, but conceded. He shared a passionate kiss with her just before she left the island. Her successor, Florence Cassell, also managed to get along with Goodman, often sharing jokes and they dedicate a drink to Camille after their first solved case.

text: During the fifth season, a running sub-plot involved Goodman attempting to get back into the dating game, but his results were various degrees of failure until he ran into Martha, a woman who once ran a sandwich shop he frequented when he worked in London, in the season finale. In the sixth season, Martha returns to the island for a few weeks, but while she and Goodman enjoy their time together, she eventually returns to London to start her dream job at a new restaurant. When a subsequent case sends Goodman and his team to London to track their suspects, he is inspired to stay with Martha, nominating the recently widowed DI Jack Mooney- the team's London liaison for their latest case- as his successor in Saint Marie.

text: Goodman is awkward and accident prone.[1] Michael Hogan argues that "his bumbling and stammering resemble a Hugh Grant impersonation."[2]


document_title: Fun, Fun, Fun

question_text: who played lead guitar on fun fun fun

question_tokens: who played lead guitar on fun fun fun

text: Fun, Fun, Fun

text: Composition[edit]

text: The song was written by Brian Wilson and Mike Love and was based upon real life occurrences in the life of Dennis Wilson.[6][7] In 1996, Russ Titelman recalled that he visited Brian while he was working on the song, and that its original lyric was "Run, Run, Run".[8] Then-manager Murry Wilson was dissatisfied with the song, and had engineer Chuck Britz cancel one of its recording sessions. However, Brian rescheduled the session after discovering what happened.[7]

text: The opening electric guitar introduction of the original version of the song was based on Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode", which in turn was based on the intro of Louis Jordan's "Ain't That Just Like a Woman (They'll Do It Every Time)".[9][10] The track's punctuated drum fills were inspired by the work of Phil Spector.[1] Philip Lambert noted that the song's verses follow the same chord progression as Spector's "Da Doo Ron Ron".[11]

text: Recording[edit]

text: The song was recorded on January 1, 1964, at United Western Recorders Studio 3. Vocals and additional overdubs followed on either January 8 or 9.[12]

text: The stereo and mono mixes stem from the same recording but have a significant difference: the fadeout on the stereo mix fades out early into the song's outro, with the instruments fading away before the vocals (and an overdubbed drum part). The mono mix, as heard on the 45 as well as mono copies of Shut Down Volume 2 has an extended outro.[citation needed]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Track details courtesy of session archivist Craig Slowinski.[12]

text: The Beach Boys

text:
Al Jardine – harmony and backing vocal, electric bass guitar
Mike Love – lead and bass vocal
Brian Wilson – harmony and backing vocal, producer, piano, Hammond B3 organ
Carl Wilson – harmony and backing vocal, electric lead and rhythm guitars
Dennis Wilson – harmony and backing vocal, drums

tag: ul

text: Additional musicians

text:
Hal Blaine – tambourine, drums
Steve Douglas – tenor saxophones
Jay Migliori – baritone saxophones
Ray Pohlman – 6-string electric bass guitar

text: Release history[edit]

text: The "Fun, Fun, Fun" single backed with "Why Do Fools Fall In Love?" was released in the United States in February 1964. The single peaked at the number 5 spot on the Billboard chart.[citation needed]

text: In the United Kingdom, the single was released in March 1964 through Capitol Records, but failed to chart. In Australia, the single peaked at the number 6 position, which was the band's highest charting single in Australia at that time. In West Germany, the single became their first single to chart in the country when it peaked at the number 49 position. According to various national charts published in Billboard through the 1960s, the single peaked at number 4 in The Philippines (February 1965) with thirteen weeks in its top 10, and spent four weeks at number 3 in Hong Kong (December 1965) with ten weeks in its top 10.[citation needed]

text: Variations[edit]

text: The instrumental track was released on the 2001 archival release Hawthorne, CA. A new stereo mix, more closely resembling the original single version, was released in 2013 on the Made in California box set. Alternate live versions appear on Beach Boys Concert (1964), The Beach Boys in Concert (1973), and Good Timin': Live at Knebworth England 1980 (2002).

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1964)
Peak
position

Australian Singles Chart[13][better source needed]
6

German Singles Chart[14][better source needed]
49

U.S. Billboard Hot 100[citation needed]
5

text: Cover versions[edit]

text:
1966 – Dino, Desi & Billy, Our Time's Coming[6]
1984 - Kids Incorporated, Season 1 - Funny Money
1988 - Kids Incorporated, Season 5 - Kahuna Kids
2005 - Caleigh Peters, Herbie: Fully Loaded starring Lindsay Lohan.

text: Status Quo version[edit]

text: The song was covered in 1996 by the then-current lineups of the Beach Boys and Status Quo (see Don't Stop), with a new verse written for the song. The Beach Boys sang mainly backing vocals, with Status Quo's Francis Rossi performing the lead vocal for the entire song, except the new verse, which was sung by Mike Love. It was released under PolyGram Records as a single in the United Kingdom. The single, featuring another artist on the B-side, peaked at the number 24 position on the charts.[citation needed]


document_title: List of districts of Bihar

question_text: which one is the largest district in bihar by area wise

text: List of districts of Bihar

text: Bihar, a state of India, has currently thirty-eight administrative districts.

text: A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a district magistrate or a deputy commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officials belonging to different wings of the administrative services of the state.

text: A superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues.

text: 3 to 5 districts comprise to form a division(प्रमंडल). Each district is divided into Sub-division(अनुमंडल), which are further sub-divided into C.D. Block(प्रखण्ड)

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Code
District
Headquarters
Population (2011)
Population (2001)[1]
Area (km²)
Density (/km²)
(2001)

AR
Araria
Araria
2,811,569
2,124,831
2,829
751

AR
Arwal
Arwal
699,000
589,476
637
918

AU
Aurangabad
Aurangabad
2,540,073
2,004,960
3,303
607

BA
Banka
Banka
2,034,763
1,608,778
3,018
533

BE
Begusarai
Begusarai
2,970,541
2,342,989
1,917
1,222

BG
Bhagalpur
Bhagalpur
3,037,766
2,430,331
2,569
946

BJ
Bhojpur
Arrah
2,728,407
2,233,415
2,473
903

BU
Buxar
Buxar
1,706,352
1,403,462
1,624
864

DA
Darbhanga
Darbhanga
3,937,385
3,285,473
2,278
1,442

EC
East Champaran
Motihari
5,099,371
3,933,636
3,969
991

GA
Gaya
Gaya
4,391,418
3,464,983
4,978
696

GO
Gopalganj
Gopalganj
2,562,012
2,149,343
2,033
1,057

JA
Jamui
Jamui
1,760,405
1,397,474
3,099
451

JE
Jehanabad
Jehanabad
1,125,313
924,839[2]
1,569
963

KH
Khagaria
Khagaria
1,666,886
1,276,677
1,486
859

KI
Kishanganj
Kishanganj
1,690,400
1,294,063
1,884
687

KM
Kaimur
Bhabua
1,626,384
1,284,575
3,363
382

KT
Katihar
Katihar
3,071,029
2,389,533
3,056
782

LA
Lakhisarai
Lakhisarai
1,000,912
801,173
1,229
652

MB
Madhubani
Madhubani
4,487,379
3,570,651
3,501
1,020

MG
Munger
Munger
1,367,765
1,135,499
1,419
800

MP
Madhepura
Madhepura
2,001,762
1,524,596
1,787
853

MZ
Muzaffarpur
Muzaffarpur
4,801,062
3,743,836
3,173
1,180

NL
Nalanda
Bihar Sharif
2,877,653
2,368,327
2,354
1,006

NW
Nawada
Nawada
2,219,146
1,809,425
2,492
726

PA
Patna
Patna
5,838,465
4,709,851
3,202
1,471

PU
Purnia
Purnia
3,264,619
2,540,788
3,228
787

RO
Rohtas
Sasaram
2,959,918
2,448,762
3,850
636

SH
Saharsa
Saharsa
1,900,661
1,506,418
1,702
885

SM
Samastipur
Samastipur
4,261,566
3,413,413
2,905
1,175

SO
Sheohar
Sheohar
656,916
514,288
443
1,161

SP
Sheikhpura
Sheikhpura
634,927
525,137
689
762

SR
Saran
Chhapra
3,951,862
3,251,474
2,641
1,231

ST
Sitamarhi
Dumra, Sitamarhi
3,423,574
2,669,887
2,199
1,214

SU
Supaul
Supaul
2,229,076
1,745,069
2,410
724

SW
Siwan
Siwan
3,330,464
2,708,840
2,219
1,221

VA
Vaishali
Hajipur
3,495,021
2,712,389
2,036
1,332

WC
West Champaran
Bettiah
3,935,042
3,043,044
5,229
582


question_text: where did they film 3 billboards outside ebbing missouri

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the town of Ebbing, Missouri, Mildred Hayes is grieving the rape and murder of her teenage daughter, Angela, seven months earlier. Angry over the lack of progress in the investigation, Mildred rents three abandoned billboards near her home, and posts on them: "Raped While Dying", "Still No Arrests?", and "How Come, Chief Willoughby?" The billboards upset the townspeople, including Chief Bill Willoughby and Officer Jason Dixon, the latter being a racist and a violent alcoholic. The open secret that Willoughby suffers from terminal pancreatic cancer adds to everyone's disapproval. Mildred and her son Robbie are harassed and threatened, but to Robbie's chagrin, she stays firm about keeping the billboards up.

text: While Willoughby is sympathetic to Mildred's frustration, he finds the billboards an unfair attack on his character. Angered by Mildred's lack of respect for his authority, Dixon threatens businessman Red Welby, who rented Mildred the billboards, and he arrests her friend and coworker, Denise, on trivial marijuana possession charges. Mildred is also visited by her abusive ex-husband Charlie, who blames her for their daughter's death.

text: Willoughby brings Mildred in for questioning after she drills a hole in her dentist's thumb when he threatens her. During the interview, Willoughby coughs up blood. He leaves the hospital against medical advice and spends an idyllic day with his wife Anne and their two daughters, then commits suicide due to his illness. He leaves suicide notes for several people, including Mildred, in which he explains that she was not a factor in his suicide and that he secretly paid to keep the billboards up for another month, amused at the trouble this will bring her and hope that they will keep attention on the murder. Dixon reacts to the news of Willoughby's death by assaulting Welby and throwing him out of a window. This is witnessed by Willoughby's replacement, Abercrombie, who fires Dixon. In the meanwhile, Mildred is threatened by a crop-haired stranger in her store.

text: The billboards are destroyed by arson. Mildred retaliates by tossing Molotov cocktails at the police station, which she believes is unoccupied for the night. However, Dixon is there to read Willoughby's letter to him, which advises him to let go of hate and learn to love, as the only way to realize his wish to become a detective. Dixon escapes with Angela's case file but suffers severe burns. Mildred's acquaintance James witnesses the incident and provides Mildred with an alibi, claiming they were on a date. Dixon is treated for his burns, and he is temporarily confined in the same hospital room as Welby, to whom he apologizes.

text: Discharged from the hospital, Dixon overhears the man who threatened Mildred bragging in a bar of an incident similar to Angela's murder. He notes the Idaho license plate number of the man's vehicle, then provokes a fight by scratching the man's face. At home later, he removes a sample of the man's DNA from under his fingernails. Meanwhile, Mildred goes on a date with James to thank him for the alibi. Charlie enters with his 19-year-old girlfriend Penelope and admits to burning the billboards while intoxicated. After accidentally causing James to leave, Mildred tells Charlie to treat Penelope well and leaves.

text: Though commending him, Abercrombie informs Dixon that the DNA sample does not match DNA found on Angela's body, and that the man was overseas on military duty at the time of the murder. Dixon concludes that the man must be guilty of some other rape, and joins Mildred on a trip to Idaho in order to kill him. On the way, Mildred confesses to Dixon that she set the police station on fire. He indicates that he knew already. They express reservations about their mission but agree to decide what to do along the way.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Frances McDormand as Mildred Hayes
Woody Harrelson as William 'Bill' Willoughby
Sam Rockwell as Jason Dixon
Abbie Cornish as Anne Willoughby
John Hawkes as Charlie Hayes
Peter Dinklage as James
Caleb Landry Jones as Red Welby
Kerry Condon as Pamela
Darrell Britt-Gibson as Jerome
Lucas Hedges as Robbie Hayes
Željko Ivanek as Desk Sergeant
Amanda Warren as Denise
Kathryn Newton as Angela Hayes
Samara Weaving as Penelope
Clarke Peters as Chief Abercrombie

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: While traveling through the Southern United States in around 1998, Martin McDonagh came across a couple of accusatory billboards about an unsolved crime, which he described as "raging and painful and tragic [sic]". The billboards highlighted the incompetence of police work and deeply affected McDonagh; he said that the image "stayed in my mind [...] kept gnawing at me" and presumed that they were put up by the victim's mother.[5][a] This incident, combined with his desire to create strong female characters, inspired him to write the story for Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri.[5] McDonagh discussed the creative process, saying that it took him about ten years to "[decide] that it was a mother who had taken these things out. It all became fiction [...] based on a couple of actual billboards".[7][8]

text: Casting and filming[edit]

text: The character of Mildred was written with Frances McDormand in mind, and likewise the character of Dixon was written specifically for Rockwell.[9] McDormand initially felt that she was older than the character as it was written, and suggested that Mildred instead be Angela's grandmother; McDonagh disagreed, feeling that it would change the story too much.[9][10] McDormand's husband Joel Coen persuaded her to take the part regardless.[9] McDormand took inspiration for her character from John Wayne; and Rockwell, wanting to make his character "the exact opposite" of Mildred, took inspiration for his character in part from Wayne's co-star in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, Lee Marvin.[9]

text: Principal photography began on May 2, 2016, in Sylva, North Carolina,[11] and ran for 33 days.[12] Allison Outdoor Advertising of Sylva built the actual billboards, which were put in a pasture near Black Mountain, North Carolina because that location was better. Most of the time the billboards were covered because people in the area found them upsetting. David Penix of Arden, North Carolina bought the billboards and used the wood for a roof in Douglas Lake in Tennessee, though the messages are no longer in order.[13] Town Pump Tavern in Black Mountain, which had appeared in The World Made Straight, was used as a set and was closed for three days during filming. A pool table and booths were added. The bar's actual sign appeared in the movie.[14]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score was written by Carter Burwell, who had also supplied the score for McDonagh's films In Bruges and Seven Psychopaths. As well as Burwell's score, the film features songs by ABBA, Joan Baez, The Felice Brothers, the Four Tops, Monsters of Folk and Townes Van Zandt. [15]

text: Release[edit]

text: Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri premiered in competition at the 74th Venice International Film Festival on September 4, 2017.[16] It also had screenings at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival,[17] the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival (where it won the Audience Award),[18] the BFI London Film Festival,[19] and the 2017 Zurich Film Festival.[20] It was also screened at the Mar del Plata International Film Festival.[21]

text: In the United States, the film was released, by Fox Searchlight Pictures, on November 10, 2017, beginning with a limited release, before "going wide" on December 1.[4] The film was released on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray and DVD on February 27, 2018.[22] Six Shooter, McDonagh's Academy Award-winning short film, is included as a bonus.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri grossed $54.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $104.1 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $158.6 million.[4]

text: In its limited opening weekend, the film made $322,168 from four theaters for a per-theater average of $80,542, the fourth best of 2017.[23] The film made $1.1 million from 53 theaters in its second weekend and $4.4 million from 614 in its third, finishing a respective 9th and 10th at the box office.[24] In the weekend following its four Golden Globe wins the film was added to 712 theaters (for a total of 1,022) and grossed $2.3 million, and increase of 226% from the previous week's $706,188.[25] The weekend of January 27, 2018, following the announcement of the film's seven Oscar nominations, it made $3.6 million (an increase of 87% over the previous week's $1.9 million), finishing 13th.[26] The weekend of March 9–11, following its two Oscar wins, the film made $705,000, down 45% from the previous week's $1.3 million.[27]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 317 reviews, and an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri deftly balances black comedy against searing drama – and draws unforgettable performances from its veteran cast along the way."[28] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film had a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[29] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[30]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the film's performances, stating "It's Mildred's glowering refusal to back down that defines her, and McDormand brilliantly spotlights the conflicted humanity beneath the stony façade," and called Rockwell's performance a "revelation."[31] Steve Pond, writing for TheWrap, praised McDonagh's writing, calling it "Very funny, very violent and surprisingly moving."[32]

text: Some criticized the script for McDonagh's insincere or incorrect portrayal of small town America. The New York Times columnist Wesley Morris called McDonagh's portrayal of America a caricature: "a set of postcards from a Martian lured to America by a cable news ticker and by rumors of how easily flattered and provoked we are."[33] Tim Parks in The New Yorker praised the “magnificently photographed images” but wrote that the plot contained “a thousand cheap coincidences”. He concluded that the film is "empty of emotional intelligence" and "devoid of any remotely honest observation of the society it purports to serve." [34] In her review for The New York Times, Manohla Dargis wrote "[McDonagh's] jokes can be uninterestingly glib with tiny, bloodless pricks that are less about challenging the audience than about obscuring the material's clichés and overriding theatricality."[35]

text: The film was also controversial for its insensitive handling of racial themes, particularly surrounding the redemptive arc of Officer Dixon. In The Daily Beast, blogger Ira Madison III called the treatment of Rockwell's character "altogether offensive...McDonagh's attempts to script the black experience in America are often fumbling and backward and full of outdated tropes."[36] Alyssa Rosenberg noted in The Washington Post that "[Dixon's] redemption doesn’t merely defang his previous venomous bigotry; it softens Mildred’s character development."[37]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri won for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actress – Drama (McDormand), Best Supporting Actor (Rockwell), and Best Screenplay, and was nominated for Best Director and Best Original Score.[38] At the 71st British Academy Film Awards, it received nine nominations, including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Actress in a Leading Role (McDormand), and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for both Rockwell and Harrelson.[39][40] It won five awards, including Best Film and Outstanding British Film (making it the only film along with The King's Speech to win both awards since the latter category was reintroduced in 1992)[41] while both McDormand and Rockwell won the Lead Actress and Supporting Actor awards respectively.[42] It was nominated for four awards at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards, winning three, including Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. At the 90th Academy Awards it received seven nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actress for Frances McDormand, Best Original Screenplay for Martin McDonagh and two Best Supporting Actor nominations for both Sam Rockwell and Woody Harrelson. McDormand and Rockwell took home their respective awards.

text: It was named one of the top 10 films of the year by the American Film Institute.[43] At the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival,[17] the film won its top prize, the People's Choice Award.[44] At the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival, it won the Audience Award.[18]

text: Impact[edit]

text: On February 15, 2018, Justice4Grenfell, an advocacy group created in response to the Grenfell Tower fire, hired three vans with electronic screens in a protest against perceived inaction in response to the fire.[45] The vans were driven around London, and displayed messages in the style of the billboards in the film: '71 Dead', 'And Still No Arrests?', 'How Come?'[46]

text: In response to the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting that took place on February 14, 2018, in Parkland, Florida, activist group Avaaz had three vans circle Florida senator Marco Rubio's offices displaying 'Slaughtered in School', 'And Still No Gun Control?', 'How Come, Marco Rubio?'[47][48]

text: On the night of February 15, 2018, the movement #OccupyJustice set up three billboards and a number of banners in Malta, marking the four-month anniversary of the murder of the journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia. The billboards bore the text 'A Journalist Killed. No Justice.', 'A Country Robbed. No Justice.', and 'No Resignations. No Justice.'[49][50] The authorities removed the billboards the following day,[51] stating that they were illegal.[52] The government was criticized for this move,[53][54] and a day after their removal, activists laid down banners with similar text near Auberge de Castille, the Office of the Prime Minister.[52]

text: Outside the Bristol city centre on February 3, 2018, a mural was erected depicting three billboards reading 'Our NHS is dying', 'And still no more funding', and 'How come, Mrs May'. It was installed by the groups People’s Republic of Stokes Croft and Protect Our NHS in response to the alleged privatization of the National Health Service (NHS) and the death of a 15-year-old girl attributed by some to a purported lack of resources by the NHS.[55]

text: On February 22, 2018, the Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations, protesting the inaction of the UN's role within the Syrian Civil War, set up three billboards outside the United Nations building in New York that read '500,000 Dead in Syria', 'And still no action?', and 'How come, Security Council'.[56][57]

text: On or around March 1, around the time of the 2018 Oscars, three billboards were taken out in Los Angeles, stating "WE ALL KNEW AND STILL NO ARRESTS", "AND THE OSCAR FOR BIGGEST PEDOPHILE GOES TO..." and "NAME NAMES ON STAGE OR SHUT THE HELL UP!", as an attempt to protest both the Oscars and the #MeToo movement.[58]

text: On March 8, on International Women's Day, three billboards were put in downtown Pristina, Kosovo,[59] to protest the death of two women as a result of domestic violence.[60]

text: Both McDormand and McDonagh have responded positively to the protests, with McDonagh saying "You couldn't ask for anything more than for an angry film to be adopted by protests,"[61][62] and McDormand saying she is “thrilled that activists all over the world have been inspired by the set decoration of the three billboards in Martin’s film.”[63]

text: On March 24, 2018, signs inspired by Three Billboards appeared at March for Our Lives gun safety rallies across the US and around the world.[64][65]

text: Explanatory notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The billboards were later found along the Interstate 10, and had been put by James Fulton, whose daughter Kathy Page was assaulted and killed in 1991.[6]


document_title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

question_text: when was the star spangled banner flag made

text: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: History[edit]

text: In Baltimore's preparation for an expected attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the city's harbor. When Major George Armistead expressed the desire for a very large flag to fly over the fort, General John S. Stricker and Commodore Joshua Barney placed an order with a prominent Baltimorean flagmaker for two oversized American Flags. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time.[2] The smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather.

text: Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90 (equivalent to $5,147 in 2017).[3][4] George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified "a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance".[5][6]

text: Design[edit]

text: Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, two nieces, and an African American indentured servant. (Her elderly mother may also have helped.)[7] The flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congress's Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont and Kentucky's entrance into the Union. The stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes (in addition to stars) with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued.

text: The flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet (9.1 by 12.8 m). Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet (0.61 m) wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet (0.61 m) in diameter. After the battle, the Armistead family occasionally gave away pieces of the flag as souvenirs and gifts;[8] this cutting, along with deterioration from continued use, removed several feet of fabric from the flag's fly end, and it now measures 30 by 34 feet (9.1 by 10.4 m). The flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown.[9]

text: Battle[edit]

text: The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers and a fleet of 19 ships attacked Baltimore on September 12, 1814. The bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. When the British ships were unable to pass the fort and penetrate the harbor, the attack was ended, and on the morning of September 14, when the battered flag still flew above the ramparts, it was clear that Fort McHenry remained in American hands. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, and amateur poet. Being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at the dawn of the morning of the 14th, he composed a poem he originally titled "Defence of Fort M'Henry". The poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled "The Star-Spangled Banner", and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts.

text: Scrap sold at auction, November 2011[edit]

text: A 2-inch by 5-inch scrap of the flag - white and red, with a seam down the middle - was sold at auction in Dallas, TX on November 30, 2011, for $38,837: the snippet was, presumably, cut from the famous flag as a souvenir in the mid-19th century.[10] The framed remnant came with a faded, hand-written note attesting it was "A piece of the Flag which floated over Fort McHenry at the time of the bombardment when Key's (sic) composed the Song of the Star Spangled Banner, presented by Sam Beth Cohen."[11]

text: Smithsonian National Museum of American History[edit]

text: The flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel, and his family for many years. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armistead's grandson, inherited the flag in 1878. In 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is permanently housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts[12] after being originally restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914.

text: Due to environmental and light damage, a four-phase restoration project began in May 1999. In the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration. The second phase consisted of the most comprehensive, detailed examination of the condition and construction of the Star-Spangled Banner to date, which provided critical information for later work. This included scientific studies with infrared spectrometry, electron microscopy, mechanical testing, and determination of amino acid content by a New Zealand scientist, and infrared imaging by a NASA scientist.[13] Planning and executing a cleaning treatment for the flag following scientific analysis was the third phase. In the fourth and final phase of the project, curators, scientists, and conservators developed a long-term preservation plan. The restoration was completed in 2008 at a total cost in excess of $21 million.[14]

text: Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a two-story display chamber that allows it to lie at a 10-degree angle in dim light. The Smithsonian has created a permanent exhibition to document the flag's history and significance, called "The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem". Visitors are allowed a clear view of the flag, while it remains protected in a controlled environment.[15][16][17]

text: The National Museum of American History produced an online exhibition in conjunction with the reopening of Flag Hall in 2008. An interactive component allows site visitors to closely explore features of the flag in detail, download an audio-descriptive tour of the exhibition for the visually-impaired, and hear the song performed on original instruments from the National Museum of American History's collection.[18]


document_title: O Tannenbaum

question_text: when was the song oh christmas tree written

text: O Tannenbaum

text: History[edit]

text: The modern lyrics were written in 1824, by the Leipzig organist, teacher and composer Ernst Anschütz. A Tannenbaum is a fir tree. The lyrics do not actually refer to Christmas, or describe a decorated Christmas tree. Instead, they refer to the fir's evergreen qualities as a symbol of constancy and faithfulness.[1]

text: Anschütz based his text on a 16th-century Silesian folk song by Melchior Franck, "Ach Tannenbaum". Joachim August Zarnack (1777–1827) in 1819 wrote a tragic love song inspired by this folk song, taking the evergreen, "faithful" fir tree as contrasting with a faithless lover. The folk song first became associated with Christmas with Anschütz, who added two verses of his own to the first, traditional verse. The custom of the Christmas tree developed in the course of the 19th century, and the song came to be seen as a Christmas carol. Anschütz's version still had treu (true, faithful) as the adjective describing the fir's leaves (needles), harking back to the contrast to the faithless maiden of the folk song. This was changed to grün (green) at some point in the 20th century, after the song had come to be associated with Christmas.[year needed]

text: Melody[edit]

text: The tune is an old folk tune attested in the 16th century. It is also known as the tune of Es lebe hoch der Zimmermannsgeselle and of Lauriger Horatius.

text:
O Tannenbaum

Bilingual performance of the first verse by the U.S. Army Band Chorus

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
Anschütz (1824)[2]
One English version[3]
Another version[4]

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,
Wie treu[N 1] sind deine Blätter!
Du grünst nicht nur zur Sommerzeit,
Nein, auch im Winter, wenn es schneit.
O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,
Wie treu sind deine Blätter!

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,
Du kannst mir sehr gefallen!
Wie oft hat nicht zur Weihnachtszeit[N 2]
Ein Baum von dir mich hoch erfreut!
O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,
Du kannst mir sehr gefallen!

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,
Dein Kleid will mich was lehren:
Die Hoffnung und Beständigkeit
Gibt Mut und Kraft zu jeder Zeit!
O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,
Dein Kleid will mich was lehren!

Jump up ^ A common variation replaces
the word "treu" (faithful)
with "grün" (green).
Jump up ^ Or "Wie oft hat schon zur
Winterzeit"

O Christmas Tree, O Christmas Tree,
Your branches green delight us!
They are green when summer days are bright,
They are green when winter snow is white.
O Christmas Tree, O Christmas Tree,
Your branches green delight us!

O Christmas Tree, O Christmas Tree,
You give us so much pleasure!
How oft at Christmas tide the sight,
O green fir tree, gives us delight!
O Christmas Tree, O Christmas Tree,
You give us so much pleasure!

O Christmas Tree, O Christmas Tree
Forever true your colour.
Your boughs so green in summertime
Stay bravely green in wintertime.
O Christmas Tree, O Christmas Tree
Forever true your colour.

O Christmas Tree, O Christmas Tree
You fill my heart with music.
Reminding me on Christmas Day
To think of you and then be gay.
O Christmas Tree, O Christmas Tree
You fill my heart with music.

O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree!
How are thy leaves so verdant!
Not only in the summertime,
But even in winter is thy prime.
O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree,
How are thy leaves so verdant!

O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree,
Much pleasure dost thou bring me!
For ev'ry year the Christmas tree,
Brings to us all both joy and glee.
O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree,
Much pleasure dost thou bring me!

O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree,
How lovely are thy branches!
Not only green when summer's here
But in the coldest time of year.
O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree,
How lovely are thy branches!

O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree,
How sturdy God hath made thee!
Thou bidd'st us all place faithfully
Our trust in God, unchangingly!
O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree,
How sturdy God hath made thee!

O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree,
Thy candles shine out brightly!
Each bough doth hold its tiny light,
That makes each toy to sparkle bright.
O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree,
Thy candles shine out brightly!

text: Other uses[edit]

text: This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (February 2017)

text: The tune has also been used (as a contrafactum) to carry other texts on many occasions. Some notable uses include:

text:
"The Red Flag", anthem of the British and Irish Labour Parties
Florida—"Florida, My Florida" – former state song[5]
Maryland—"Maryland, My Maryland" – official state song
Michigan—"Michigan, My Michigan" – widely believed to be the official state song
Iowa—"The Song of Iowa" – official state song[6]
The tune was used for the national anthem ("O Parador") of the fictional country Parador in the 1988 film Moon over Parador.
Cornell University's Evening Song is sung to the tune of "O Tannenbaum" and is played nightly at the end of the evening chimes concert.
The College of the Holy Cross's alma mater is sung to the tune of "O Tannenbaum"
The school songs of Nankai schools, including Tianjin Nankai High School, Nankai University and Chongqing Nankai Secondary School[citation needed]
The school song of Punahou School in Honolulu, Hawaii
"Oh Holy Name", the corps song of The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps uses a variation of the tune.
The students of Trinity College in the University of Toronto sing their school song to the tune of "O Tannenbaum"
When traveling by bus, schoolchildren in Sweden sing "En busschaufför" (Swedish: "a bus driver") or "Vår busschaufför" ("Our bus driver") to the melody.[7]
Albany—"Albany, O Albany" song for the city of Albany, New York
St. Bonaventure University—Bonaventure Alma Mater, "With Myrtle Wreath We'll Deck Thy Brow"[8]
The Scout Vespers, used by the Boy Scouts of America, is sung to the melody.[9]
"Opening Ode" of the Knights of Columbus.

text: They Might Be Giants version[edit]

text:
"O Tannenbaum"

Single by They Might Be Giants

B-side
"Christmas Cards"

Released
1993

Recorded

Fairfax High School, 1992
Excello, New York City, 1993

Genre
Alternative

Length
4:37

Label
Elektra

Producer(s)
They Might Be Giants

They Might Be Giants singles chronology

"I Palindrome I"
(1992)
"O Tannenbaum"
(1993)
"Snail Shell"
(1994)

"I Palindrome I"
(1992)
"O Tannenbaum"
(1993)
"Snail Shell"
(1994)

text: The song was recorded by They Might Be Giants and released on a transparent green 7-inch record to celebrate Christmas of 1993. The title track later appeared on their 2001 compilation EP, Holidayland.

text: Recording history[edit]

text: "O Tannenbaum" is the first recording by They Might Be Giants to utilise their live touring outfit. The duo had recently expanded to include a live bass player, drummer, and horn section for their Don't Tread on the Cut-Up Snake World Tour 1992 to promote Apollo 18.[10] The song was recorded during a soundcheck at Fairfax High School on 20 November 1992. "Christmas Cards", which also utilises a live drummer and bassist, was recorded on 5 July 1993 at Excello Studio in Brooklyn.[11]

text: "O Tannenbaum" is sung entirely in German by John Linnell. The recording only includes the first verse. According to John Flansburgh, the band was provided with a phonetic transliteration from a German-speaking friend.[12]

text: Packaging[edit]

text: The cover artwork for the EP was illustrated by Amy Sillman.[11] The songs are pressed on either side of a transparent green 7" record. The labels use an Elektra Records logo recreated by John Flansburgh and Barbara Lipp for the Apollo 18 album.[13]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length

1.
"O Tannenbaum"
Traditional
2:05

2.
"Christmas Cards"
They Might Be Giants
2:32

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
They Might Be Giants:[11] John Flansburgh – electric guitar, vocals; John Linnell – accordion, vocals
Additional musicians:[11] Brian Doherty – drums on track 2; Jonathan Feinberg – drums on track 1; Graham Maby – bass
Production:[11] Paul Angelli – recording and mixing, track 1; Pat Dillett – recording and mixing, track 2

text: Other notable recordings[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
An early recording of the song was by the Nebe Quartett in August 1905.[14]
The English version of this song is renditioned in the Disney film, Swiss Family Robinson.
A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965) – instrumental, arranged by Vince Guaraldi.