document_title: Treaty Clause

question_text: what kinds of treaties can the president make

text: Treaty Clause

text: Text[edit]

text: [The President] shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur...

text: One of three types of international accord[edit]

text: The body of law governing U.S. foreign policy recognizes three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international obligations. The term "treaty" is used in a more restricted legal sense than in international law. U.S. law distinguishes what it calls treaties from congressional-executive agreements and executive agreements.[1] All three classes are considered treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal United States law. Distinctions among the three concern their method of ratification: by two-thirds of the Senate, by normal legislative process, or by the President alone, respectively. The Treaty Clause empowers the President to make or enter into treaties with the "advice and consent" of two-thirds of the Senate. In contrast, normal legislation becomes law after approval by simple majorities in both the Senate and the House of Representatives and the signature of the President.

text: Throughout American history, presidents have also made international agreements through congressional-executive agreements, that are ratified with only a majority from both houses of Congress, or executive agreements, made by the President—in the exercise of his Constitutional executive powers—alone.[1] Though the Constitution does not expressly provide for any alternative to the Article II treaty procedure, Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution does distinguish between treaties (which states are forbidden to make) and agreements (which states may make with the consent of Congress).[2] The Supreme Court has considered congressional-executive and executive agreements to be valid, and they have been common throughout American history. Thomas Jefferson explained that the Article II treaty procedure is not necessary when there is no long-term commitment:

text: It is desirable, in many instances, to exchange mutual advantages by Legislative Acts rather than by treaty: because the former, though understood to be in consideration of each other, and therefore greatly respected, yet when they become too inconvenient, can be dropped at the will of either party: whereas stipulations by treaty are forever irrevocable but by joint consent....[3]

text: A further distinction embodied in U.S. law is between self-executing treaties, which do not require additional legislative action, and non-self-executing treaties which do require the enactment of new laws.[1][4] These various distinctions of procedure and terminology do not affect the binding status of accords under international law. Nevertheless, they do have major implications under U.S. domestic law. In Missouri v. Holland, the Supreme Court ruled that the power to make treaties under the U.S. Constitution is a power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government, and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of the states. By contrast, a congressional-executive agreement can only cover matters which the Constitution explicitly places within the powers of Congress and the President.[1] Likewise, a sole-executive agreement can only cover matters within the President's authority or matters in which Congress has delegated authority to the President.[1] For example, a treaty may prohibit states from imposing capital punishment on foreign nationals, but a congressional-executive agreement or sole-executive agreement cannot.

text: In general, arms control agreements are often ratified by the treaty mechanism.[5] At the same time, trade agreements (such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and United States accession to the World Trade Organization) are generally voted on as a CEA, and such agreements typically include an explicit right to withdraw after giving sufficient written notice to the other parties.[6] If an international commercial accord contains binding "treaty" commitments, then a two-thirds vote of the Senate may be required.[7]

text: Between 1946 and 1999, the United States completed nearly 16,000 international agreements. Only 912 of those agreements were treaties, submitted to the Senate for approval as outlined in Article II of the Constitution. Since the Franklin Roosevelt presidency, only 6% of international accords have been completed as Article II treaties.[1] Most of these executive agreements consist of congressional-executive agreements.

text: Repeal[edit]

text: American law is that international accords become part of the body of U.S. federal law.[1] Consequently, Congress can modify or repeal treaties by subsequent legislative action, even if this amounts to a violation of the treaty under international law. This was held, for instance, in the Head Money Cases. The most recent changes will be enforced by U.S. courts entirely independent of whether the international community still considers the old treaty obligations binding upon the U.S.[1]

text: Additionally, an international accord that is inconsistent with the U.S. Constitution is void under domestic U.S. law, the same as any other federal law in conflict with the Constitution. This principle was most clearly established in the case of Reid v. Covert.[8] The Supreme Court could rule an Article II treaty provision to be unconstitutional and void under domestic law, although it has not yet done so.

text: In Goldwater v. Carter,[9] Congress challenged the constitutionality of then-president Jimmy Carter's unilateral termination of a defense treaty. The case went before the Supreme Court and was never heard; a majority of six Justices ruled that the case should be dismissed without hearing an oral argument, holding that "The issue at hand ... was essentially a political question and could not be reviewed by the court, as Congress had not issued a formal opposition." In his opinion, Justice Brennan dissented, "The issue of decision making authority must be resolved as a matter of constitutional law, not political discretion; accordingly, it falls within the competence of the courts". Presently, there is no official Supreme Court ruling on whether the President has the power to break a treaty without the approval of Congress, and the courts also declined to interfere when President George W. Bush unilaterally withdrew the United States from the ABM Treaty in 2002, six months after giving the required notice of intent.[10]

text: Scope of presidential powers[edit]

text: Presidents have regarded the Article II treaty process as necessary where an international accord would bind a future president. For example, Theodore Roosevelt explained:

text: The Constitution did not explicitly give me power to bring about the necessary agreement with Santo Domingo. But the Constitution did not forbid my doing what I did. I put the agreement into effect, and I continued its execution for two years before the Senate acted; and I would have continued it until the end of my term, if necessary, without any action by Congress. But it was far preferable that there should be action by Congress, so that we might be proceeding under a treaty which was the law of the land and not merely by a direction of the Chief Executive which would lapse when that particular executive left office. I therefore did my best to get the Senate to ratify what I had done.[11]

text: A sole-executive agreement can only be negotiated and entered into through the president's authority (1) in foreign policy, (2) as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, (3) from a prior act of Congress, or (4) from a prior treaty.[1] Agreements beyond these competencies must have the approval of Congress (for congressional-executive agreements) or the Senate (for treaties).

text: In 1972, Congress passed legislation requiring the president to notify Congress of any executive agreements that are formed.[12]

text: Although the nondelegation doctrine prevents Congress from delegating its legislative authority to the executive branch, Congress has allowed the executive to act as Congress's "agent" in trade negotiations, such as by setting tariffs, and, in the case of Trade Promotion Authority, by solely authoring the implementing legislation for trade agreements. The constitutionality of this delegation was upheld by the Supreme Court in Field v. Clark (1892).


document_title: Chinese domination of Vietnam

question_text: when did vietnam free itself from chinese control

root

text: Chinese domination of Vietnam

text:
History of Vietnam

2879–258 BC
Hồng Bàng dynasty

2879–1913 BC
• Early Hồng Bàng

1912–1055 BC
• Mid Hồng Bàng

1054–258 BC
• Late Hồng Bàng

257–179 BC
Thục dynasty

207–111 BC
Triệu dynasty

111 BC–40 AD
1st Chinese domination

40–43
Trưng Sisters

43–544
2nd Chinese domination

544–602
Early Lý dynasty

602–938
3rd Chinese domination

939–967
Ngô dynasty

968–980
Đinh dynasty

980–1009
Early Lê dynasty

1009–1225
Later Lý dynasty

1225–1400
Trần dynasty

1400–1407
Hồ dynasty

1407–1427
4th Chinese domination

1407–1413
• Later Trần dynasty

1428–1788
Later Lê dynasty

1527–1592
• Mạc dynasty

1545–1787
• Trịnh lords

1558–1777
• Nguyễn lords

1778–1802
Tây Sơn dynasty

1802–1945
Nguyễn dynasty

1858–1954
French Indochina

1945
Empire of Vietnam

From 1945
Republic

1945–1976
• North Vietnam
(Democratic Republic of Vietnam)

1955–1975
• South Vietnam
(Republic of Vietnam)

1975–1976
• Viet Cong-occupied South Vietnam

From 1976
Unification of Vietnam

Further subjects[hide]

Champa dynasties (192–1832)
Funan (68–550)
Chenla (550–802)
Historical capitals
Prehistoric and ancient cultures
List of monarchs
Country's names
Economic history
Military history

v
t
e

tag: table

text: The Chinese domination of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Bắc thuộc, Hán tự: 北屬, "Belonging to the North (China)"[1][2][3]) began in 111 BC, and is usually considered to have ended in 938 AD. A fourth, relatively brief, 20-year punitive invasion by the Ming dynasty, 400 years later, is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese colonization from 111 BC to 938 AD, as is the brief occupation of northern Vietnam by Chinese forces at the end of the Second World War.

tag: p

text:
First Chinese domination of Vietnam (111 BC–39 AD) Chinese incursions, followed by Chinese victory in the Han-Nanyue War (111 BC), established Chinese rule in Vietnam. This was briefly interrupted by the revolt of the Trưng Sisters (40–43 AD).
Second Chinese domination of Vietnam (43–544) ended by the revolt of Lý Nam Đế who led a rebellion taking advantage of internal disorder in China and the weakness of the waning Liang dynasty. This secured 60 years of independence for Vietnam, but following regime change and consolidation of power in China, the new Sui dynasty sent an overwhelmingly large army south to reestablish control over northern Vietnam in 602.
Third Chinese domination of Vietnam (602–938) starting with the peaceful abdication by Lý's successor in the face of overwhelming Chinese numbers, and marked by entrenchment of mandarin administration. The period concluded with the internal collapse of China's Tang dynasty and Ngô Quyền's destruction of the Southern Han armada at the naval Battle of Bach Dang River (938).
Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam (1407–1427) a 20-year occupation by the Ming dynasty army, from Vietnamese defeat in the Ming–Hồ War (1406–1407) to Vietnamese rebellion and Lê Lợi's defeat of the Chinese at the Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động and Battle of Chi Lăng - Xương Giang (1427).

tag: ul

text: Geographical extent and impact[edit]

text: The four periods of Chinese colonization or occupation do not correspond to the modern borders of Vietnam but to Vietnam as a cultural entity. During the first three Chinese periods of domination, Vietnamese society was primarily in the northern part of modern Vietnam.[4][5] Ten centuries of Chinese colonization left a substantial demographic footprint, with settlement by large numbers of ethnic Chinese,[6][7] while opening up Vietnam for trade.[8] Against this the second period of Chinese colonization saw almost 500 years of revolt and war,[9] though the third period (603-939) was more harmonious.

text: In addition to administration, and making Chinese the language of administration, the long period of Chinese domination introduced Chinese techniques of dike construction, rice cultivation, and animal husbandry.[10][11] Chinese culture, having been established among the elite mandarin class, remained the dominant current among that elite for most of the next 1,000 years (939-1870s) until the loss of independence under French Indochina. This cultural affiliation to China remained true even when militarily defending Vietnam against attempted invasion, such as against the Mongol Kublai Khan. The only significant exceptions to this were the 7 years of the strongly anti-Chinese Hồ dynasty which banned the use of Chinese (among other actions triggering the fourth Chinese invasion), but then after the expulsion of the Ming the rise in vernacular chữ nôm literature.[12] Although 1,000 years of Chinese rule left many traces, the collective memory of the period reinforced Vietnam's cultural and later political independence.[13]


document_title: List of Seattle Seahawks starting quarterbacks

question_text: who are the quarterbacks for the seattle seahawks

text: Starting quarterbacks[edit]

text: The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right:

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Season(s)
Quarterback(s)
References

1976
Jim Zorn (14)
[1]

1977
Jim Zorn (10) / Steve Myer (4)
[2]

1978
Jim Zorn (16)
[3]

1979
Jim Zorn (16)
[4]

1980
Jim Zorn (16)
[5]

1981
Jim Zorn (13) / Dave Krieg (3)
[6]

1982
Jim Zorn (7) / Dave Krieg (2)
[7]

1983
Dave Krieg (8) / Jim Zorn (8)
[8]

1984
Dave Krieg (16)
[9]

1985
Dave Krieg (16)
[10]

1986
Dave Krieg (14) / Gale Gilbert (2)
[11]

1987
Dave Krieg (12) / Bruce Mathison (2) / Jeff Kemp (1)
[12]

1988
Dave Krieg (9) / Kelly Stouffer (6) / Jeff Kemp (1)
[13]

1989
Dave Krieg (14) / Kelly Stouffer (2)
[14]

1990
Dave Krieg (16)
[15]

1991
Dave Krieg (9) / Jeff Kemp (5) / Dan McGwire (1) / Kelly Stouffer (1)
[16]

1992
Stan Gelbaugh (8) / Kelly Stouffer (7) / Dan McGwire (1)
[17]

1993
Rick Mirer (16)
[18]

1994
Rick Mirer (13) / Dan McGwire (3)
[19]

1995
Rick Mirer (13) / John Friesz (3)
[20]

1996
Rick Mirer (9) / John Friesz (6) / Stan Gelbaugh (1)
[21]

1997
Warren Moon (14) / Jon Kitna (1) / John Friesz (1)
[22]

1998
Warren Moon (10) / Jon Kitna (5) / John Friesz (1)
[23]

1999
Jon Kitna (15) / Glenn Foley (1)
[24]

2000
Jon Kitna (12) / Brock Huard (4)
[25]

2001
Matt Hasselbeck (12) / Trent Dilfer (4)
[26]

2002
Matt Hasselbeck (10) / Trent Dilfer (6)
[27]

2003
Matt Hasselbeck (16)
[28]

2004
Matt Hasselbeck (14) / Trent Dilfer (2)
[29]

2005
Matt Hasselbeck (16)
[30]

2006
Matt Hasselbeck (12) / Seneca Wallace (4)
[31]

2007
Matt Hasselbeck (16)
[32]

2008
Seneca Wallace (8) / Matt Hasselbeck (7) / Charlie Frye (1)
[33]

2009
Matt Hasselbeck (14) / Seneca Wallace (2)
[34]

2010
Matt Hasselbeck (14) / Charlie Whitehurst (2)
[35]

2011
Tarvaris Jackson (14) / Charlie Whitehurst (2)
[36]

2012
Russell Wilson (16)
[37]

2013
Russell Wilson (16)
[38]

2014
Russell Wilson (16)
[39]

2015
Russell Wilson (16)
[40]

2016
Russell Wilson (16)
[41]

2017
Russell Wilson (16)
[42]

text: Post-season[edit]

text:
Season
Quarterback(s)
Ref(s)

1983
Krieg, Dave !Dave Krieg (2–1)
[43]

1984
Krieg, Dave !Dave Krieg (1–1)
[43]

1987
Krieg, Dave !Dave Krieg (0–1)
[43]

1988
Krieg, Dave !Dave Krieg (0–1)
[43]

1999
Kitna, Jon !Jon Kitna (0–1)
[44]

2003
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (0–1)
[45]

2004
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (0–1)
[45]

2005
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (2–1)
[45]

2006
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (1–1)
[45]

2007
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (1–1)
[45]

2010
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (1–1)
[45]

2012
Wilson, Russell !Russell Wilson (1–1)
[46]

2013
Wilson, Russell !Russell Wilson (3–0)
[46]

2014
Wilson, Russell !Russell Wilson (2–1)
[46]

2015
Wilson, Russell !Russell Wilson (1–1)
[46]

2016
Wilson, Russell !Russell Wilson (1–1)
[46]

text: Most games as starting quarterback[edit]

text: These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Seahawks in regular season games (through the 2017 season).

text:
Name

GP
Games played

GS
Games started

W
Number of wins as starting quarterback

L
Number of losses as starting quarterback

T
Number of ties as starting quarterback

Pct
Winning Percentage as starting quarterback

text:
Name
Period
GP
GS
W
L
T
 %

Hasselbeck, Matt
2001–10
138
131
69
62
-
.527

Krieg, Dave
1980–91
129
119
70
49
-
.588

Zorn, Jim
1976–84
126
100
40
60
-
.400

Wilson, Russell
2012–present
96
96
65
30
1
.677

Mirer, Rick
1993–96
55
51
20
31
-
.392

Kitna, Jon
1997–2000
39
33
18
15
-
.545

text: Team career passing records[edit]

text: (Through the 2017 season)

text:
Name
Comp
Att
 %
Yds
TD
Int

Hasselbeck, Matt
2,559
4,250
60.2%
29,434
174
128

Krieg, Dave
2,096
3,576
58.6%
26,132
195
148

Wilson, Russell
1,815
2,834
64.0%
22,176
161
56

Zorn, Jim
1,593
2,990
53.3%
20,122
107
133

Mirer, Rick
814
1,523
53.4%
9,094
41
56

Kitna, Jon
658
1,130
58.2%
7,552
49
45


document_title: Loggerhead sea turtle

question_text: what is the classification of a loggerhead sea turtle

text: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Description[edit]

text: The loggerhead sea turtle is the world's largest hard-shelled turtle, slightly larger at average and maximum mature weights than the green sea turtle and the Galapagos tortoise. It is also the world's second largest extant turtle after the leatherback sea turtle.[6][7][8] Adults have an average weight range of 80 to 200 kg (180 to 440 lb) and a length range of 70 to 95 cm (28 to 37 in).[6] The maximum reported weight is 545 kg (1,202 lb) and the maximum carapace length is 213 cm (84 in).[6] The head and carapace (upper shell) range from a yellow-orange to a reddish brown, while the plastron (underside) is typically pale yellow.[9] The turtle's neck and sides are brown on the tops and yellow on the sides and bottom.[10]

text: The turtle's shell is divided into two sections: carapace and plastron. The carapace is further divided into large plates, or scutes.[9] Typically, 11 or 12 pairs of marginal scutes rim the carapace.[11] Five vertebral scutes run down the carapace's midline, while five pairs of costal scutes border them.[12] The nuchal scute is located at the base of the head.[12] The carapace connects to the plastron by three pairs of inframarginal scutes forming the bridge of the shell.[12] The plastron features paired gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal, femoral, and anal scutes.[11] The shell serves as external armor, although loggerhead sea turtles cannot retract their heads or flippers into their shells.[13]

text: Sexual dimorphism of the loggerhead sea turtle is only apparent in adults. Adult males have longer tails and claws than females. The males' plastrons are shorter than the females', presumably to accommodate the males' larger tails. The carapaces of males are wider and less domed than the females', and males typically have wider heads than females.[14] The sex of juveniles and subadults cannot be determined through external anatomy, but can be observed through dissection, laparoscopy (an operation performed on the abdomen), histological examination (cell anatomy), and radioimmunological assays (immune study dealing with radiolabeling).[14]

text: Lachrymal glands located behind each eye allow the loggerhead to maintain osmotic balance by eliminating the excess salt obtained from ingesting ocean water. On land, the excretion of excess salt gives the false impression that the turtle is crying.[15]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: The loggerhead sea turtle has a cosmopolitan distribution, nesting over the broadest geographical range of any sea turtle. It inhabits the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea.[16]

text: In the Atlantic Ocean, the greatest concentration of loggerheads is along the southeastern coast of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico. Very few loggerheads are found along the European and African coastlines.[17] Florida is the most popular nesting site, with more than 67,000 nests built per year. Nesting extends as far north as Virginia, as far south as Brazil, and as far east as the Cape Verde Islands. The Cape Verde Islands are the only significant nesting site on the eastern side of the Atlantic. Loggerheads found in the Atlantic Ocean feed from Canada to Brazil.[16]

text: In the Indian Ocean, loggerheads feed along the coastlines of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and in the Arabian Sea.[18] Along the African coastline, loggerheads nest from Mozambique's Bazaruto Archipelago to South Africa's St Lucia estuary.[19] The largest Indian Ocean nesting site is Oman, on the Arabian Peninsula, which hosts around 15,000 nests, giving it the second largest nesting population of loggerheads in the world. Western Australia is another notable nesting area, with 1,000–2,000 nests per year.[18]

text: Pacific loggerheads live in temperate to tropical regions.[19] They forage in the East China Sea, the southwestern Pacific, and along the Baja California Peninsula. Eastern Australia and Japan are the major nesting areas, with the Great Barrier Reef deemed an important nesting area.[20] Pacific loggerheads occasionally nest in Vanuatu and Tokelau. Yakushima Island is the most important site, with three nesting grounds visited by 40% of all nearby loggerheads.[18] After nesting, females often find homes in the East China Sea, while the Kuroshio Current Extension's Bifurcation region provides important juvenile foraging areas.[19] Eastern Pacific populations are concentrated off the coast of Baja California, where upwelling provides rich feeding grounds for juvenile turtles and subadults. Nesting sites along the eastern Pacific Basin are rare. mtDNA sequence polymorphism analysis and tracking studies suggest 95% of the population along the coast of the Americas hatch on the Japanese Islands in the western Pacific.[21] The turtles are transported by the prevailing currents across the full length of the northern Pacific, one of the longest migration routes of any marine animal.[21] The return journey to the natal beaches in Japan has been long suspected, although the trip would cross unproductive clear water with few feeding opportunities.[22] Evidence of a return journey came from an adult female loggerhead named Adelita, which in 1996, equipped with a satellite tracking device, made the 14,500 km (9,000 mi) trip from Mexico across the Pacific. Adelita was the first animal of any kind ever tracked across an ocean basin.[23]

text: The Mediterranean Sea is a nursery for juveniles, as well as a common place for adults in the spring and summer months.[17][24] Almost 45% of the Mediterranean juvenile population has migrated from the Atlantic.[17] Loggerheads feed in the Alboran Sea and the Adriatic Sea.[17] Greece is the most popular nesting site along the Mediterranean, with more than 3,000 nests per year.[18] Zakynthos hosts the largest Mediterranean nesting with the second one being in Kyparissia Bay.[25] Because of this, Greek authorities do not allow planes to take off or land at night in Zakynthos due to the nesting turtles.[26] In addition to the Greek coast, the coastlines of Cyprus and Turkey are also common nesting sites.[18]

text: One record of this turtle was made in Ireland when a specimen washed ashore on Ballyhealy Beach in Co. Wexford.[27]

text: Habitat[edit]

text: Loggerhead sea turtles spend most of their lives in the open ocean and in shallow coastal waters. They rarely come ashore besides the females' brief visits to construct nests and deposit eggs. Hatchling loggerhead turtles live in floating mats of Sargassum algae.[28] Adults and juveniles live along the continental shelf as well as in shallow coastal estuaries.[29] In the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, age plays a factor in habitat preference. Juveniles are more frequently found in shallow estuarine habitats with limited ocean access compared to non-nesting adults.[30] Loggerheads occupy waters with surface temperatures ranging from 13.3–28 °C (56–82 °F) during non-nesting season. Temperatures from 27–28 °C (81–82 °F) are most suitable for nesting females.[31]

text: Juvenile loggerheads share the Sargassum habitat with a variety of other organisms. The mats of Sargassum contain as many as 100 different species of animals on which the juveniles feed. Prey found in Sargassum mats may include barnacles, crab larvae, fish eggs, and hydrozoan colonies. Some prey, such as ants, flies, aphids, leafhoppers, and beetles, are carried by the wind to the mats.[28] Marine mammals and commercial fishes, including tuna and mahi-mahi, also inhabit the Sargassum mats.[32]

text: Ecology and behavior[edit]

text: Loggerhead sea turtles observed in captivity and in the wild are most active during the day. In captivity, the loggerheads' daily activities are divided between swimming and resting on the bottom. While resting, they spread their forelimbs to about midstroke swimming position. They remain motionless with eyes open or half-shut and are easily alerted during this state. At night, captives sleep in the same position with their eyes tightly shut, and are slow to react.[31] Loggerheads spend up to 85% of their day submerged, with males being the more active divers than females. The average duration of dives is 15–30 min, but they can stay submerged for up to four hours.[33] Juvenile loggerheads and adults differ in their swimming methods. A juvenile keeps its forelimbs pressed to the side of its carapace, and propels itself by kicking with its hind limbs. As the juvenile matures, its swimming method is progressively replaced with the adult's alternating-limb method. They depend entirely on this method of swimming by one year old.[34]

text: Water temperature affects the sea turtle's metabolic rate.[31] Lethargy is induced at temperatures between 13 and 15 °C (55 and 59 °F). The loggerhead takes on a floating, cold-stunned posture when temperatures drop to around 10 °C.[31] However, younger loggerheads are more resistant to cold and do not become stunned until temperatures drop below 9 °C. The loggerheads' migration helps to prevent instances of cold-stunning.[35] Higher water temperatures cause an increase in metabolism and heart rate. A loggerhead's body temperature increases in warmer waters more quickly than it decreases in colder water; their critical thermal maximum is currently unknown.[35] In February 2015, a live loggerhead turtle was found floating in British Columbian waters of 10.5 °C with extensive algal growth on its carapace.[36]

text: Female-female aggression, which is fairly rare in other marine vertebrates, is common among loggerheads. Ritualized aggression escalates from passive threat displays to combat. This conflict primarily occurs over access to feeding grounds. Escalation typically follows four steps.[37] First, initial contact is stimulated by visual or tactile cues. Second, confrontation occurs, beginning with passive confrontations characterized by wide head-tail circling. They begin aggressive confrontation when one turtle ceases to circle and directly faces the other. Third, sparring occurs with turtles snapping at each other’s jaws. The final stage, separation, is either mutual, with both turtles swimming away in opposite directions, or involves chasing one out of the immediate vicinity.[37] Escalation is determined by several factors, including hormone levels, energy expenditure, expected outcome, and importance of location. At all stages, an upright tail shows willingness to escalate, while a curled tail shows willingness to submit. Because higher aggression is metabolically costly and potentially debilitating, contact is much more likely to escalate when the conflict is over access to good foraging grounds.[37] Further aggression has also been reported in captive loggerheads. The turtles are seemingly territorial, and will fight with other loggerheads and sea turtles of different species.[33]

text: Feeding[edit]

text: The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates, such as gastropods, bivalves, and decapods. It has a greater list of known prey than any other sea turtle. Other food items include sponges, corals, sea pens, polychaete worms, sea anemones, cephalopods, barnacles, brachiopods, isopods, Portuguese men o' war, insects, bryozoans, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, starfish, fish (eggs, juveniles, and adults), hatchling turtles (including members of its own species), algae, and vascular plants.[38] During migration through the open sea, loggerheads eat jellyfish, floating molluscs, floating egg clusters, squid, and flying fish.[10]

text: Loggerheads crush prey with their large and powerful jaws.[10][39] Projecting scale points on the anterior margin of the forelimbs allow manipulation of the food. These points can be used as "pseudo-claws" to tear large pieces of food in the loggerhead's mouth. The loggerhead will turn its neck sideways to consume the torn food on the scale points.[39] Inward-pointing, mucus-covered papillae found in the fore region of the loggerhead's esophagus filter out foreign bodies, such as fish hooks. The next region of the esophagus is not papillated, with numerous mucosal folds. The digestion rate in loggerheads is temperature-dependent; it increases as temperature increases.[39]

text: Predators[edit]

text: Loggerheads have numerous predators, especially early in their lives. Egg and nestling predators include ghost crabs, oligochaete worms, beetles, fly larvae, ants, flesh flies, snakes, gulls, corvids, opossums, bears, rats, armadillos, mustelids, skunks, canids, procyonids, cats, pigs, and humans. During their migration from their nests to the sea, hatchlings are preyed on by dipteran larvae, crabs, toads, lizards, snakes, seabirds such as frigatebirds, and other assorted birds and mammals. In the ocean, predators of the loggerhead juveniles include portunid crabs and various fishes, such as parrotfishes and moray eels. Adults are more rarely attacked due to their large size, but may be preyed on by large sharks, seals, and killer whales. Nesting females are attacked by flesh flies, feral dogs, and humans. Salt marsh mosquitos can also pester nesting females.[39][43]

text: In Australia, the introduction of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) by British settlers in the 19th century led to significant reductions in loggerhead sea turtle populations. In one coastal section in eastern Australia during the 1970s, predation of turtle eggs destroyed up to 95% of all clutches laid.[44] Aggressive efforts to destroy foxes in the 1980s and 1990s has reduced this impact; however, it is estimated that it will be the year 2020 before populations will experience complete recovery from such dramatic losses.[45]

text: Along the southeastern coast of the United States, the raccoon (Procyon lotor) is the most destructive predator of nesting sites. Mortality rates of nearly 100% of all clutches laid in a season have been recorded on some Florida beaches.[44] This is attributed to an increase in raccoon populations, which have flourished in urban environments. Aggressive efforts to protect nesting sites by covering them with wire mesh has significantly reduced the impact of raccoon predation on loggerhead sea turtle eggs.[45] On Bald Head Island in North Carolina, wire mesh screens are used on every confirmed nest to prevent excavation by resident red foxes. A new concern with the steel cage technique is interference with the normal development of the nestlings' magnetic sense due to the use of ferrous wire, which may disrupt the turtles' ability to navigate properly. Efforts are underway to find a nonmagnetic material that will prevent predators gnawing through the barrier.

text: Up to 40% of nesting females around the world have wounds believed to come from shark attacks.[43]

text: Disease and parasites[edit]

text: Infectious bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Salmonella attack loggerhead hatchlings and eggs. Fungi such as Penicillium infect loggerhead sea turtle nests and cloacae.[43]

text: Fibropapillomatosis disease caused by a form of the herpes-type virus threatens loggerheads with internal and external tumors. These tumors disrupt essential behaviors and, if on the eyes, cause permanent blindness.[46] Trematodes of the family Spirorchiidae inhabit tissues throughout the body of the loggerhead, including vital organs, such as the heart and the brain.[47] Trematode infection can be highly debilitating. For example, inflammatory trematode lesions can cause endocarditis and neurological disease.[47] A nematode, Angiostoma carettae, also infects loggerheads,[48] causing histologic lesions in the respiratory tract.[48]

text: More than 100 species of animals from 13 phyla, as well as 37 kinds of algae, live on loggerheads' backs.[49] These parasitic organisms, which increase drag, offer no known benefit to the turtle, although the dulling effect of organisms on shell color may improve camouflage.[49]

text: Life history[edit]

text: Early life[edit]

text: Hatchlings range in color from light brown to almost black, lacking the adult's distinct yellows and reds.[9] Upon hatching, they measure about 4.6 cm (1.8 in) and weigh about 20 g (0.7 oz).[10] The eggs are typically laid on the beach in an area above the high-tide line. The eggs are laid near the water so the hatchlings can return to the sea.[50] The loggerhead's sex is dictated by the temperature of the underground nest. Incubation temperatures generally range from 26–32 °C (79–90 °F). Sea turtle eggs kept at a constant incubating temperature of 32 °C become females. Eggs incubating at 28 °C become males. An incubation temperature of 30 °C results in an equal ratio of male to female hatchlings.[51] Hatchlings from eggs in the middle of the clutch tend to be the largest, grow the fastest, and be the most active during the first few days of sea life.[44]

text: After incubating for around 80 days, hatchlings dig through the sand to the surface, usually at night, when darkness increases the chance of escaping predation and damage from extreme sand surface temperatures is reduced.[50] Hatchlings enter the ocean by navigating toward the brighter horizon created by the reflection of the moon and starlight off the water's surface.[52]

text: Hatchlings can lose up to 20% of their body mass due to evaporation of water as they journey from nest to ocean.[53] They initially use the undertow to push them five to 10 m away from the shore.[53] Once in the ocean, they swim for about 20 hours, taking them far offshore.[9] An iron compound, magnetite, in their brains allows the turtles to perceive the Earth's magnetic field,[54] for navigation. Many hatchlings use Sargassum in the open ocean as protection until they reach 45 cm (18 in).[9] Hatchling loggerheads live in this pelagic environment until they reach juvenile age, and then they migrate to nearshore waters.[9]

text: Maturation[edit]

text: When ocean waters cool, loggerheads must migrate to warmer areas or hibernate to some degree. In the coldest months, they submerge for up to seven hours at a time, emerging for only seven minutes to breathe. Although outdone by freshwater turtles, these are among the longest recorded dives for any air-breathing marine vertebrate.[55] During their seasonal migration, juvenile loggerheads have the ability to use both magnetic and visual cues.[56] When both aids are available, they are used in conjunction; if one aid is not available, the other suffices.[56] The turtles swim at about 1.6 km/h (0.9 kn; 0.4 m/s) during migration.[57]

text: Like all marine turtles, the loggerhead prepares for reproduction in its foraging area. This takes place several years before the loggerhead migrates to a mating area.[58] Female loggerheads first reproduce at ages 28–33 in Southeastern United States and Australia, and at ages 17–30 in South Africa. Age at first reproduction in the Mediterranean, Oman, Japan, and Brazil are unknown.[59] Nesting loggerheads have a straight carapace length of 70–109 cm (28–43 in). Because of the large range, carapace length is not a reliable indicator of sexual maturity.[60] Their estimated maximum lifespan is 47–67 years in the wild.[38]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Female loggerheads first reproduce between the ages of 17 and 33,[59] and their mating period may last more than six weeks.[58] They court their mates, but these behaviors have not been thoroughly examined.[61] Male forms of courtship behavior include nuzzling, biting, and head and flipper movements.[61] Studies suggest females produce cloacal pheromones to indicate reproductive ability.[61] Before mating, the male approaches a female and attempts to mount her, while she resists. Next, the male and female begin to circle each other. If the male has competitors, the female may let the males struggle with each other. The winner then mounts the female; the male's curved claws usually damage the shoulders of the female's shell during this process. Other courting males bite the male while he is attempting to copulate, damaging his flippers and tail, possibly exposing bones. Such damage can cause the male to dismount and may require weeks to heal.[61] While nesting, females produce an average of 3.9 egg clutches, and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for two to three years.[58][62] Unlike other sea turtles, courtship and mating usually do not take place near the nesting beach, but rather along migration routes between feeding and breeding grounds.[61] Recent evidence indicates ovulation in loggerheads is mating-induced.[63] Through the act of mating, the female ovulates eggs which are fertilized by the male. This is unique, as mating-induced ovulation is rare outside of mammals.[63] In the Northern Hemisphere, loggerheads mate from late March to early June. The nesting season is short, between May and August in the Northern Hemisphere and between October and March in the Southern Hemisphere.[60]

text: Loggerheads may display multiple paternity.[64] Multiple paternity is possible due to sperm storage. The female can store sperm from multiple males in her oviducts until ovulation.[65] A single clutch may have as many as seven fathers, each contributing sperm to a portion of the clutch.[66] Multiple paternity and female size are positively correlated.[64][66] Two hypotheses explain this correlation. One posits that males favor large females because of their perceived higher fecundity (ability to reproduce).[64] The other states, because larger females are able to swim more quickly to mating grounds, they have longer mating periods.[64]

text: All sea turtles have similar basic nesting behaviors. Females return to lay eggs at intervals of 12–17 days during the nesting season, on or near the beach where they hatched.[61][62] They exit the water, climb the beach, and scrape away the surface sand to form a body pit. With their hind limbs, they excavate an egg chamber in which the eggs are deposited. The females then cover the egg chamber and body pit with sand, and finally return to the sea.[67] This process takes one to two hours, and occurs in open sand areas or on top of sand dunes, preferably near dune grasses that the females can use to camouflage the nest.[62] The nesting area must be selected carefully because it affects characteristics such as fitness, emergence ratio, and vulnerability to nest predators.[50] Loggerheads have an average clutch size of 112.4 eggs.[68]

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: Carl Linnaeus gave the loggerhead its first binomial name, Testudo caretta, in 1758.[3][11] Thirty-five other names emerged over the following two centuries, with the combination Caretta caretta first introduced in 1902 by Leonhard Stejneger.[4] The English common name "loggerhead" refers to the animal's large head.[10][69] The loggerhead sea turtle belongs to the family Cheloniidae, which includes all extant sea turtles except the leatherback sea turtle.[70] The subspecific classification of the loggerhead sea turtle is debated, but most authors consider it a single polymorphic species.[71] Molecular genetics has confirmed hybridization of the loggerhead sea turtle with the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, and green sea turtles. The extent of natural hybridization is not yet determined; however, second-generation hybrids have been reported, suggesting some hybrids are fertile.[72]

text: Evolutionary history[edit]

text: Although evidence is lacking,[73] modern sea turtles probably descended from a single common ancestor during the Cretaceous period. Like all other sea turtles except the leatherback, loggerheads are members of the ancient family Cheloniidae, and appeared about 40 million years ago.[1] Of the six species of living Cheloniidae, loggerheads are more closely related to the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, and the hawksbill turtle than they are to the flatback turtle and the green turtle.

text: Around three million years ago, during the Pliocene epoch, Central America emerged from the sea, effectively cutting off currents between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. The rerouting of ocean currents led to climatic changes as the Earth entered a glacial cycle. Cold water upwelling around the Cape of Good Hope and reduction in water temperature at Cape Horn formed coldwater barriers to migrating turtles. The result was a complete isolation of the Atlantic and Pacific populations of loggerheads.[74] During the most recent ice age, the beaches of southeastern North America were too cold for sea turtle eggs. As the Earth began to warm, loggerheads moved farther north, colonizing the northern beaches. Because of this, turtles nesting between North Carolina and northern Florida represent a different genetic population from those in southern Florida.[74]

text: The distinct populations of loggerheads have unique characteristics and genetic differences. For example, Mediterranean loggerheads are smaller, on average, than Atlantic Ocean loggerheads.[18] North Atlantic and Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles are descendants of colonizing loggerheads from Tongaland, South Africa. South African loggerhead genes are still present in these populations today.[74]

text: Conservation[edit]

text: Many human activities have negative effects on loggerhead sea turtle populations. The prolonged time required for loggerheads to reach sexual maturity and the high mortality rates of eggs and young turtles from natural phenomena compound the problems of population reduction as a consequence of human activities.[75]

text: Threats[edit]

text: Loggerhead sea turtles were once intensively hunted for their meat and eggs; consumption has decreased, however, due to worldwide legislation. Despite this, turtle meat and eggs are still consumed in countries where regulations are not strictly enforced.[76] In Mexico, turtle eggs are a common meal; locals claim the egg is an aphrodisiac.[77] Eating turtle eggs or meat can cause serious illness due to harmful bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens, and high levels of toxic metals that build up through bioaccumulation.[76][78]

text: The US West Coast is a critical migratory corridor for the Pacific loggerheads, in which these turtles swim across the Pacific to California’s coast from breeding grounds in Japan. Important foraging habitats for juveniles in the central North Pacific have been revealed through telemetry studies.[79] Along with these foraging habitats, high levels of bycatch from industrial-scale fisheries have been found to overlap; with drift gillnets in the past and longline fisheries presently.[79] Many juvenile loggerheads aggregate off the coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, where small coastal fisheries increase these turtles' mortality risk; fishers have reported catching dozens of loggerheads with bottom-set gear per day per boat.[79] The most common commercial fishery that accidentally takes loggerheads are bottom trawls used for shrimp vessels in the Gulf of California.[80] In 2000, between 2,600 and 6,000 loggerheads were estimated to have been killed by pelagic longlining in the Pacific.[79]

text: Fishing gear is the biggest threat to loggerheads in the open ocean. They often become entangled in longlines or gillnets. According to the 2009 status review of loggerheads by the Fisheries Service, drowning from entanglement in longline and gillnet fishing gear is the turtles’ primary threat in the North Pacific.[80] They also become stuck in traps, pots, trawls, and dredges.[10] Caught in this unattended equipment, loggerheads risk serious injury or drowning. Turtle excluder devices for nets and other traps reduce the number being accidentally caught.

text: Nearly 24,000 metric tons of plastic are dumped into the ocean each year. Turtles ingest a wide array of this floating debris, including bags, sheets, pellets, balloons and abandoned fishing line.[81] Loggerheads may mistake the floating plastic for jellyfish, a common food item. The ingested plastic causes numerous health concerns, including intestinal blockage, reduced nutrient absorption and malnutrition, suffocation, ulcerations, or starvation. Ingested plastics release toxic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls, which may accumulate in internal tissues. Such toxins may lead to a thinning of eggshells, tissue damage, or deviation from natural behaviors.[82]

text: Artificial lighting discourages nesting and interferes with the hatchlings' ability to navigate to the water's edge. Females prefer nesting on beaches free of artificial lighting. On developed beaches, nests are often clustered around tall buildings, perhaps because they block out the man-made light sources.[50] Loggerhead hatchlings are drawn toward the brighter area over the water which is the consequence of the reflection of moon and star light. Confused by the brighter artificial light, they navigate inland, away from the protective waters, which exposes them to dehydration and predation as the sun rises.[52] Artificial lighting causes tens of thousands of hatchling deaths per year.[83]

text: Destruction and encroachment of habitat by humans is another threat to loggerhead sea turtles. Optimum nesting beaches are open-sand beaches above the high-tide line. However, beach development deprives them of suitable nesting areas, forcing them to nest closer to the surf.[62] Urbanization often leads to the siltation of sandy beaches, decreasing their viability.[62] Construction of docks and marinas can destroy near-shore habitats. Boat traffic and dredging degrades habitat and can also injure or kill turtles when boats collide with turtles at or near the surface.[46]

text: Annual variations in climatic temperatures can affect sex ratios, since loggerheads have temperature-dependent sex determination. High sand temperatures may skew gender ratios in favor of females. Nesting sites exposed to unseasonably warm temperatures over a three-year period produced 87–99% females.[84] This raises concern over the connection between rapid global temperature changes and the possibility of population extinction.[85] A more localized effect on gender skewing comes from the construction of tall buildings, which reduce sun exposure, lowering the average sand temperature, which results in a shift in gender ratios to favor the emergence of male turtles.[62]

text: Conservation efforts[edit]

text: Since the loggerhead occupies such a broad range, successful conservation requires efforts from multiple countries.[10]

text: Loggerhead sea turtles are classified as vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and are listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, making international trade illegal.[10] In the United States, the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service classify them as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act.[10] Loggerheads are listed as endangered under both Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992. The Convention on Migratory Species works for the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles on the Atlantic coast of Africa, as well as in the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia.[86][87] Throughout Japan, the Sea Turtle Association of Japan aids in the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles.[88] Greece's ARCHELON works for their conservation.[89] The Marine Research Foundation works for loggerhead conservation in Oman.[90] Annex 2 of the Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol of the Cartagena Convention, which deals with pollution that could harm marine ecosystems, also protects them.[10][91] Conservation organizations worldwide have worked with the shrimp trawling industry to develop turtle exclusion devices (TEDs) to exclude even the largest turtles. TEDs are mandatory for all shrimp trawlers.[10]

text: In many places during the nesting season, workers and volunteers search the coastline for nests,[92] and researchers may also go out during the evening to look for nesting females for tagging studies and gather barnacles and tissues samples. Volunteers may, if necessary, relocate the nests for protection from threats, such as high spring tides and predators, and monitor the nests daily for disturbances. After the eggs hatch, volunteers uncover and tally hatched eggs, undeveloped eggs, and dead hatchlings. Any remaining live hatchlings are released or taken to research facilities. Typically, those that lack the vitality to hatch and climb to the surface die.[93] Hatchlings use the journey from nest to ocean to build strength for the coming swim. Helping them to reach the ocean bypasses this strength-building exercise and lowers their chances of survival.[94]

text: Symbols[edit]

text: The loggerhead sea turtle appears on the $1000 Colombian Peso coin. In the United States, the loggerhead sea turtle is the official state reptile of South Carolina and also the state saltwater reptile of Florida.[95][96]


document_title: Rick and Morty (season 3)

question_text: when does season three of rick and morty come out on dvd

text: Rick and Morty (season 3)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"The Rickshank Rickdemption"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
0.68[2][b]

Rick is interrogated via a mind-computer link, inside a galactic federal prison. Summer and Morty attempt to rescue him, but they are captured by SEAL Team Ricks, who take them to the Citadel of Ricks and decide to assassinate Rick. Back at the prison, Rick tricks both the federal agents and his aspiring assassins by switching bodies with them. He then teleports the entire Citadel into the federal prison, prompting a massive battle. Amid the confusion, Rick rescues Morty and Summer and uses the Galactic Federation's mainframe to make its currency worthless. The Federation falls into chaos and collapses as a result, with the aliens leaving Earth. Rick, Morty, and Summer return home, where Jerry gives Beth an ultimatum to choose between him and Rick. Beth chooses Rick and they decide to get a divorce. After the new status quo is established, Rick reveals to Morty that his ulterior motive was to become his de facto male influence. This escalates into a nonsensical angry rant, centered around Rick's desire to find more of the discontinued McDonald's Szechuan sauce, a promotional product for the 1998 film Mulan.

Post-credit scene: Tammy observes Bird Person's resurrection as a cyborg dubbed "Phoenix Person".

23
2
"Rickmancing the Stone"
Dominic Polcino
Jane Becker
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
2.86[3]

Rick takes Morty and Summer to a Mad Max-esque version of Earth, where they are chased by a group of scavengers, known as Death Stalkers. Rick notices that the group is carrying a valuable rock of Isotope 322, so he and the kids join them in hope of stealing it. Summer falls in love with the Death Stalkers' leader, while Morty is given the strength of a giant arm, which takes him in search of its previous owner's killer. Rick leaves and replaces the kids with androids to fool Beth. When he returns, he helps the Death Stalkers use the Isotope to power a more advanced civilization. Summer doesn't like how the change softens the Death Stalkers, and she decides to follow Rick and Morty back home. Before leaving, Rick steals the isotope. The experience helps the kids overcome their parents' divorce. Summer reconciles with Jerry, and Morty realizes he must live his own life.

Post-credit scene: As Jerry receives his unemployment check, a growling wolf appears and bullies him into handing it over. The wolf eats the check and regurgitates it, thus further ruining Jerry's new life.

24
3
"Pickle Rick"
Anthony Chun
Jessica Gao
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
2.31[4]

Rick turns himself into a pickle to get out of attending school-ordered family therapy, but Beth takes Rick's serum which would revert the transformation. Left alone, Rick eventually rolls down into an open sewer drain, where he manages to manipulate the nervous systems of dead roaches and rats to build himself a mobile exoskeleton, with added weapons such as razors and drills. He unwittingly escapes into a foreign government agency. The guards try to kill Rick, under orders from the agency director, but Rick kills them all. In the process, Rick battles and ultimately befriends a prisoner named Jaguar. Rick changes his mind and decides to attend the therapy session, arriving towards the end. Dr. Wong gives her diagnosis, observing that Rick crafts relationships that punish emotions and vulnerability. On their way home, Rick apologizes to Beth for deceiving her and uses the serum to turn human again. Morty and Summer wish to continue seeing Dr. Wong, but Rick and Beth ignore them.

Post-credit scene: Jaguar saves Rick and Morty from being killed in an elaborate piano death machine by a villain named "Concerto".

25
4
"Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender"
Bryan Newton
Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
2.66[5]

At Morty's insistence, Rick agrees to join the Vindicators, a group of intergalactic superheroes, to fight their arch-nemesis, Worldender. Rick cannot hide his disdain for the superheroes, while Morty is thrilled. The next morning, the Vindicators enter Worldender's base, only to find that, the previous night, Rick had killed him and set up a variety of puzzles that the Vindicators must solve to survive while he was blackout drunk. They start arguing and kill one another, while Morty solves all the puzzles, as he knows what Rick had in mind when he put them up. After all puzzles are solved, the only ones left alive are Rick, Morty and Supernova, a member of the Vindicators. Supernova tries to kill Rick and Morty, but before she can do so, the three of them are transported to a party that Rick also set up while blackout drunk, where she gets away.

Post-credit scene: Gearhead tries to use a Vindicators vest to pick up some young girls, but when an alien terrorist attack strikes, he runs away eventually tripping and falling, breaking into pieces.

26
5
"The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy"
Juan Meza-León
Ryan Ridley
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
2.29[6]

To bolster Jerry's self-esteem, Rick takes him on an adventure at Morty's request. They visit an otherworldly resort within an immortality field so Jerry won't be harmed while away. Jerry encounters Risotto Groupon, an alien who blames Rick for his kingdom being usurped. Risotto enlists Jerry in a plot to kill Rick, but Jerry backs out after Rick apologizes for ruining his marriage. Meanwhile, Summer deals with self-esteem issues as well. Her boyfriend, Ethan, leaves her for a larger-breasted girlfriend, and Summer attempts to enlarge her own breasts using one of Rick's devices. Her aim is off, and she grows to freakish proportions. Morty wants to call Rick for assistance, but Beth refuses. Arrogantly trying to prove her own self-worth, Beth repeatedly fails to fix the problem and is tricked into releasing three tiny technical support workers that were trapped inside the machine. Once Morty figures out how the machine works, he restores Summer's size and spitefully uses it to deform Ethan in an act of vengeance.

Post-credit scene: The three tiny workers are enjoying their retirement next to a river. As an extremely deformed Ethan walks by, one of them is snatched by an eagle.

27
6
"Rest and Ricklaxation"
Anthony Chun
Tom Kauffman
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
2.47[7]

After a six-day outer space adventure that leaves them on the verge of psychological collapse, Rick and Morty decide to spend some time at an alien spa. There, they use a machine that extracts a person's negative personality traits. However, without Rick and Morty knowing, those traits are transposed into toxic physical counterparts, characterized by Rick's arrogance and Morty's self-loathing. On the other hand, the true Rick becomes more considerate, and Morty's confidence soars, which allows him to start dating girls. Toxic Rick uses a moonlight tower to remake the whole Earth in his own image, but the true Rick reverts the situation by merging back with him. Morty avoids merging back with his toxic counterpart and goes on to live a life as a stockbroker in New York City. Rick tracks him down with the help of Jessica, Morty's classmate, and restores order by re-injecting the negative personality traits into him.

Post-credit scene: A tour of the same moonlight tower releases Stacy, one of the girls Morty dated in the episode, who had been inadvertently trapped inside the toxin machine.

28
7
"The Ricklantis Mixup"[c]
Dominic Polcino
Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
2.38[8]

As Rick and Morty adventure to Atlantis, the episode shifts focus towards the Citadel, a secret society populated by numerous versions of Ricks and Mortys. There, a group of Mortys journey to a portal to have their wishes granted, a rookie cop Rick starts working with an experienced Morty cop to take down drug dealers and a worker Rick revolts at a wafer factory, where the key ingredient is extracted from a Rick hooked up to a machine to re-experience his best memories. Meanwhile, an election is held for the new president of the Citadel. Despite being the underdog, the Morty Party candidate manages to secure the presidency. When his campaign manager receives information that the new president is in fact Evil Morty from the first-season episode "Close Rick-counters of the Rick Kind", he attempts to assassinate him but he fails. Evil Morty orders the execution of a shadow council of Ricks and anybody else he considers a potential threat to his rule.

Post-credit scene: Rick and Morty return home from Atlantis, satisfied with their trip. Morty wonders what happened at the Citadel, but Rick tells him it will likely have no effect on their lives.

29
8
"Morty's Mind Blowers"
Bryan Newton
Mike McMahan, James Siciliano, Ryan Ridley,
Dan Guterman, Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
2.51[9]

After Morty requests to have a traumatic memory deleted, Rick reveals a room where he has been storing a number of memories he has removed from Morty's mind. However, as it turns out, besides the memories that Morty didn't want to keep from their adventures, the room also contains memories in which Rick was made to look foolish, so he had them forcibly removed from Morty. This revelation prompts a fight, during which Rick and Morty have their memories accidentally erased. Morty scours the memories to replace the ones he lost, but he is displeased with the truth he finds, and convinces Rick that they should kill themselves. Summer enters the room moments before they commit suicide. At this point, it is revealed that Rick has a contingency plan should this happen. Summer, following written instructions, tranquilizes Rick and Morty, restores their memories and drags them to the living room. Rick and Morty wake up on the couch, believing that they slept through an entire "Interdimensional Cable" episode.

Post-credit scene: Jerry discovers a box labeled "Jerry's Mind Blowers", which contains a memory of him being accidentally responsible for the death of an alien.

30
9
"The ABC's of Beth"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
2.49[10]

Rick and Beth enter Froopyland, a fantasy world created by Rick for young Beth. Their goal is to recover Tommy, Beth's childhood friend who's been trapped in Froopyland, and prevent the execution of his father, who is being falsely accused of eating him. Tommy, who has survived all these years by resorting to bestiality, incest and cannibalism, refuses to return to the real world. Rick and Beth manage to save his father's life by creating a clone of Tommy. Back at home, Beth is presented with the option of having a replacement clone of her created, so that she will be free to travel the world. Meanwhile, Jerry dates an alien hunter named Kiara, to Morty and Summer's dismay. When he decides to get out of the relationship, Kiara is enraged and tries to kill the kids, whom she holds responsible. The situation is resolved following the revelation that Kiara was using Jerry to get over her previous boyfriend, much like Jerry was doing with her.

Post-credit scene: Jerry's answering machine plays messages warning him that Kiara's boyfriend is coming to kill him, and Rick saying that he has killed Kiara's boyfriend, but also had sex with her.

31
10
"The Rickchurian Mortydate"
Anthony Chun
Dan Harmon
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
2.60[11]

The President calls on Rick and Morty to defeat a monster in the tunnels underneath the White House, which they do with little effort. Annoyed that he constantly calls on them without any gratitude, they go back home, with the President quickly finding out. The resulting argument leads to a battle of egos that culminates in a fight in the White House between Rick and the President's security. Meanwhile, fearing she might be a clone made by Rick, Beth reunites with Jerry to figure out the truth. Shortly after, the entire family gets together to hide from Rick, but he tracks them down. Rick eventually submits to Jerry once again being a family member. Rick ends his conflict with the President by pretending to be Fly Fishing Rick, a Rick from a different reality, and calling a truce. The episode ends with the family happy to be together again, except for Rick who is disappointed about losing his dominant position.

Post-credit scene: Mr. Poopybutthole returns to apologize for not appearing in Season 3, but he has gotten married and has a wife and son. He ends the scene by saying that it will be a long wait until Season 4.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Justin Roiland as Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith, the two main characters of the show; Rick is an eccentric mad scientist and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson.[12]
Chris Parnell as Jerry Smith, Rick's son-in-law and Morty's father; a simple-minded and insecure person, who disapproves of Rick's influence over his family.[12]
Spencer Grammer as Summer Smith, Rick's granddaughter and Morty's sister; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers.[12]
Sarah Chalke as Beth Smith, Rick's daughter and Morty's mother; a generally level-headed person, who is dissatisfied with her marriage.[12]

text: Guest cast[edit]

text:
Nathan Fillion as Cornvelious Daniel, an agent of the Galactic Federation.[13]
Tony Hale as Eli, Summer's neighbor in a post-apocalyptic version of Earth.[14]
Joel McHale as Hemorrhage, the leader of a post-apocalyptic scavenger group.[14]
Susan Sarandon as Dr. Wong, a family therapist.[15]
Danny Trejo as Jaguar, a human held prisoner by foreign government agents.[15]
Peter Serafinowicz as a foreign government agency director.[15]
Christian Slater as Vance Maximus Renegade Star Soldier, an intergalactic superhero.[16]
Gillian Jacobs as Supernova, an intergalactic superhero.[16]
Logic (Bobby Hall) as himself, a performer at a party.[16]
Lance Reddick as Alan Rails, an intergalactic superhero.[16]
Thomas Middleditch as King Tommy, a childhood friend of Beth.[17]
Keith David as President of the United States.[18]

text: Other cast members[edit]

text: Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise.

text: Production[edit]

text: On August 12, 2015, shortly after a successful second-season premiere, Adult Swim renewed the series for a third season.[19] Talking about the show's renewal, co-creator Dan Harmon said that it is "an honor to see Rick and Morty join the exclusive club of shows with over nineteen episodes."[20]

text: Female writers were added to the staff for the first time, and—counting out the co-creators of the show, Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon—the writing room was gender-balanced.[21] Sarah Carbiener, one of the new female writers, said that she managed to learn many things from her experience as a member of the writing team. Carbiener explained that she had to "learn how to come up with a lot of story, fast, and how to make it all turn and tie up right," because a story that for other shows would have been an entire episode, for Rick and Morty it will be only its first few minutes.[22] Dan Harmon, talking about the writing process, said that the episodes were written collectively by the staff, and that the name of the writer that appears in the credits of an episode is usually that of the person who has been assigned to prepare the episode's outline.[23] Writing began on November 2, 2015,[24] and the first episode was recorded on February 18, 2016.[25]

text: In July 2016, already behind on schedule, the production team admitted that the success of the series has increased pressure to meet the expectations of the viewers. Creative freedom provided by Adult Swim entails taking responsibility for product quality. As the bar rises higher, work becomes harder, improvements are constantly being sought, and this often results in delays.[26] Writing was finally completed in November 2016.[27] On February 5, 2017, Dan Harmon, answering questions regarding the delayed release, announced on his podcast, Harmontown, that the show was in the animation process, after a long period of writing.[28]

text: On June 24, 2017, when production of the season had been completed, Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter, explaining that the writing process took that long to complete because of his perfectionism.[29] As a result, the third season of the show consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended.[30]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Following the conclusion of the show's third season, Adult Swim has made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions,[31] hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams.[32] The third season will be released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 15, 2018, with special features including exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, "inside the episode", the origins of Rick and Morty, and an exclusive "inside the recording booth” session.[33] Uncensored versions of the season are also available to purchase on various digital platforms, including iTunes, Amazon and Microsoft Store.[34][35] The digital release also includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland.[36] The season is also available to watch on Netflix, in a number of countries outside the United States, including the United Kingdom.[37]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The season currently holds a 97% approval rating from review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 8.76 out of 10.[38]

text: Jesse Schedeen of IGN described the third season of the show as darker and more unpredictable than the first two, and praised its high-concept storytelling and character development. Schedeen gave the season an 8.8 out of 10 rating, saying that it "didn't quite reach the heights of Season 2, but it is the series' most consistently entertaining and ambitious season yet."[39]

text: Julia Alexander of Polygon highlighted the philosophical conflict between nihilist realism and life in ignorant bliss as the season's main theme, and noted that "after an introspective season built on the importance of self-realization and reflection, Rick and Morty’s third year ended on a total reset", with Beth and the kids seeking comfort through escapism and ignoring the realities of their lives.[40] Kayla Cobb of Decider focused on the dynamism displayed by Beth and Summer, as the characters broke the stereotypical conventions of the first two seasons. Cobb stated that "Season 3 is the first time Rick and Morty really handed over the reigns [sic] to its leading ladies, and it was a horrifying delight."[41]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Rick and Morty completed its third season with overall viewership numbers increased by 81% over the previous season,[42] and delivered the highest ratings in Adult Swim's history.[43] Rick and Morty was the most popular television comedy within the 18–24 and 18-34 age ranges in the United States, based on "Live+7" ratings data spanning from December 2016 to September 2017.[44] This rating system tracks live viewership plus streaming and on-demand viewing over an initial week-long period, and provides a more accurate picture of delayed viewing as compared to "Live+Same Day" ratings.[45] Considering that episodes of the third season originally aired at 11:30 p.m. on Sundays, it is very likely that people would have watched them on-demand the next day or several days later.[44]

text: Christina Miller, the president of Adult Swim, told Fortune that Rick and Morty "goes beyond just appealing to millennials," as numbers suggest that people of all ages are watching the show.[42] The second episode of the season, which aired nearly four months after the unannounced premiere, was the season's most-watched episode with 2.86 million viewers, and the second-best on cable for the day it aired in adults 18-49, behind the weekly episode of Game of Thrones.[3] The season finale was watched by 2.6 million live plus same day viewers and it was the most-watched telecast across all age groups.[46]

text:
Rick and Morty (season 3) : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)

Source: Nielsen Media Research.

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: The Szechuan sauce reference in the season premiere brought huge online attention for McDonald's discontinued promotional product.[47] Internet memes spread rapidly on Reddit and Twitter,[48] more than 40,000 people signed a petition at Change.org, asking for the return of the sauce,[49] while an eBay auction resulted in a 20-year-old packet of this teriyaki sauce being sold for $14,700.[50] On October 7, 2017, McDonald's served limited quantities of Szechuan sauce, with the company calling it "the year’s most talked-about dipping sauce."[51]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Animated TV Show
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[52]

IGN Awards
TV Series of the Year
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[53]

Best TV Episode
"The Ricklantis Mixup"
Nominated
[54]

Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[55]

Best Comedy Series
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[56]

Best Comedic TV Performance
Justin Roiland
Won
[57]

IGN People's Choice Award
TV Series of the Year
Rick and Morty
Won
[53]

Best TV Episode
"The Ricklantis Mixup"
Nominated
[54]

Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[55]

Best Comedy Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[56]

Best Comedic TV Performance
Justin Roiland
Won
[57]

2018
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[58]

Annie Awards
Best General Audience Animated Television/Broadcast Production
"Pickle Rick"
Won
[59]

Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Ryan Ridley, Dan Guterman (for "The Ricklantis Mixup")
Won

Golden Reel Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Animation Short Form
Hunter Curra, Kailand Reily, Andrew Twite, Joy Elett, Jeff Halbert, Konrad Pinon (for "Pickle Rick")
Nominated
[60]

Saturn Awards
Best Animated Series or Film on Television
Rick and Morty
Pending
[61]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The third season of Rick and Morty premiered unannounced on April 1, 2017. The remaining episodes began airing weekly on July 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Rickshank Rickdemption" premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings. This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode.
Jump up ^ An alternate title used for this episode is "Tales from the Citadel".

tag: ol