document_title: Constituent Assembly of India

question_text: who acted as the provisional president of the constituent assembly

text: Constituent Assembly of India

text: Description [edit]

text: The Constituent Assembly, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). It existed for almost three years, the first parliament of India after independence in 1947. The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation. Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one-party environment, the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions—from conservative industrialists and radical Marxists to Hindu revivalists—all of whom participated in the process.

text: The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950.[1] During this period (two years, eleven months and eighteen days) the Assembly held eleven sessions, sitting for a total of 166 days.[2] The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru:

text: The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution, to feed the starving people, and to clothe the naked masses, and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity. This is certainly a great task. Look at India today. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places, and unrest in many cities. The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving. Wherever we turn, we are confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless. Keeping this aspect in view, who could suggest to us to postpone and wait?

text: Background and election[edit]

text: The Constituent Assembly was established while India was still under British rule, following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom. Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946. Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces which formed part of Pakistan (some of which are now in Bangladesh). The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives, including nine women.

text: The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly. The Congress held a large majority in the Assembly (69 percent of the seats), and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims. There were also members of smaller parties, such as the Scheduled Caste Federation, the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party.

text: In June 1947 delegations from Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in Karachi. On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations, and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India's Parliament. Twenty-eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly, and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent.

text: Constitution and elections[edit]

text: At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 208 members attending. By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).

text: Organization[edit]

text: Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.

text: The assembly's work had five stages:

text:
Committees presented reports on issues.
B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations.
The drafting committee, chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion.
The draft constitution was discussed, and amendments proposed and enacted.
The constitution was adopted, with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party (known as the Congress Assembly Party) played a pivotal role.[3]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
9 December 1946: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly, in accordance with French practice.
11 December 1946: Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H. C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly. B. N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser.
13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. It finally became the Preamble of the constitution.
22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.
22 July 1947: National flag adopted.
15 August 1947: Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India.
29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman.
16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V. T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.
26 November 1949: Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly.
24 January 1950: "Jana Gana Mana" adopted as the national anthem, with the first two verses of "Vande Mataram" the national song. Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India.

text: The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body, and by G. V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body. It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years, eleven months and eighteen days, at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million.

text: Committees of the Constituent Assembly[edit]

text: The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, eight were major committees and the others were minor committees.

text: Major Committees

text:
Drafting Committee – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Union Powers Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee – Sardar Patel
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – Sardar Patel. This committee had the following subcommittees:

Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee – J.B. Kripalani
Minorities Sub-Committee – Harendra Coomar Mookerjee,
North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee – Gopinath Bardoloi
Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee – A.V. Thakkar

Rules of Procedure Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) – Jawaharlal Nehru
Steering Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad

tag: ol

text: Prominent members[edit]

text:
B. R. Ambedkar, Minister for Law; Chairman of Drafting Committee
B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor
Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Minister for Education
Rajendra Prasad, President of Constituent Assembly
C. Rajagopalachari, Governor-General of India
Sarat Chandra Bose, Barrister and Indian independence activist
Krishna Sinha, first Chief Minister, Bihar
Binodanand Jha, Minister, Bihar
Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister, Bihar
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Asaf Ali
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Industries Minister, President, Hindu Mahasabha
Moturi Satyanarayana, Freedom Fighter
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Health Minister
Hansa Mehta, President, All India Women's Conference
N. G. Ranga
Deep Narayan Singh, Minister, Bihar
Gopinath Bordoloi, Prime Minister of Assam[4]
Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla, Assam
P. Subbarayan
Kailashnath Katju
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
T. T. Krishnamachari
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
Durgabai Deshmukh
K. M. Munshi
Krishana Ballabh Sahay
Frank Anthony, Anglo-Indian representative
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
John Mathai,first railway minister of India
Pratap Singh Kairon
L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province
Chidambaram Subramaniam
Jaipal Singh Munda, Former Indian Hockey captain, and Tribal leader

text: Members (by province/state)[edit]

text: Madras: Annie Mascarene, O. V. Alagesan, Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan, M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar, Moturi Satyanarayana, Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan, Mrs. G. Durgabai, Kala Venkatarao, N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, D. Govinda Das, Revd. Jerome D'Souza, P. Kakkan, T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder, K. Kamaraj, V. C. Kesava Rao, T. T. Krishnamachari, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer L. Krishnaswami Bharathi, P. Kunhiraman, Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao, V. I. Munuswamy Pillai, M. A. Muthiah Chettiar, V. Nadimuthu Pillai, S. Nagappa, P. L. Narasimha Raju, B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, C. Perumalswamy Reddy, T. Prakasam, S. H. Prater, Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar, Ramnath Goenka, O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiar, N. G. Ranga, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Sheik Galib Sahib, K. Santhanam, B. Shiva Rao, Kallur Subba Rao, U. Srinivasa Mallya, P. Subbarayan, C. Subramaniam, V Subramaniam, M. C. Veerabahu Pillai, P. M. Velayudapani, A. K. Menon, T. J. M. Wilson, Mohamed Ismail Sahib, K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim, Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur, B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur, pattam Tanupillai

text: Bombay: Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte, Hansa Mehta, Hari Vinayak Pataskar, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Joseph Alban D'Souza, Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai, Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe, Khandubhai Kasanji Desai, Bal Gangadhar Kher, M.R. Masani, K.M. Munshi, Narahar Vishnu Gadgil, S. Nijalingappa, S. K. Patil, Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade, R. R. Diwakar, Shankarrao Deo, G. V. Mavalankar, Vallabhbhai Patel, Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh, A. A. Khan

text: West Bengal: Monomohan Das, Arun Chandra Guha, Lakshmi Kanta Maitra, Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay, Satis Chandra Samanta, Suresh Chandra Majumdar, Upendranath Barman, Prabhudayal Himatsingka, Basanta Kumar Das, Renuka Ray, H. C. Mukherjee, Surendra Mohan Ghose, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Ari Bahadur Gurung, R. E. Platel, K. C. Neogy, Raghib Ahsan, Somnath Lahiri, Jasimuddin Ahmad, Naziruddin Ahmad, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Halim Ghuznavi

text: United Provinces: Ajit Prasad Jain, Algu Rai Shastri, Balkrishna Sharma, Banshi Dhar Misra, Bhagwan Din, Damodar Swarup Seth, Dayal Das Bhagat, Dharam Prakash, A. Dharam Dass, R. V. Dhulekar, Feroz Gandhi, Gopal Narain, Krishna Chandra Sharma, Govind Ballabh Pant, Govind Malviya, Har Govind Pant, Harihar Nath Shastri, Hriday Nath Kunzru, Jaspat Roy Kapoor, Jagannath Baksh Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru, Jogendra Singh, Jugal Kishore, Jwala Prasad Srivastava, B. V. Keskar, Kamala Chaudhry, Kamalapati Tripathi, J. B. Kripalani, Mahavir Tyagi, Khurshed Lal, Masurya Din, Mohan Lal Saksena, Padampat Singhania, Phool Singh, Paragi Lal, Purnima Banerjee, Purushottam Das Tandon, Hira Vallabha Tripathi, Ram Chandra Gupta, Shibban Lal Saxena, Satish Chandra, John Matthai, Sucheta Kripalani, Sunder Lall, Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari, Mohanlal Gautam, Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi, Vishnu Sharan Dublish, Begum Aizaz Rasul, Hyder Hussain, Hasrat Mohani, Abul Kalam Azad, Muhammad Ismail Khan, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Mohd. Hifzur Rahman, Z H Lari

text: East Punjab: Bakshi Tek Chand, Jairamdas Daulatram, Thakurdas Bhargava, Bikramlal Sondhi, Yashwant Rai, Ranbir Singh Hooda, Lala Achint Ram, Nand Lal, Baldev Singh, Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir, Sardar Hukam Singh, Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann, Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal

text: Bihar: Nasif Arafat, Amiyo Kumar Ghosh, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala, Bhagwat Prasad, Boniface Lakra, Brajeshwar Prasad, Chandika Ram, K. T. Shah, Devendra Nath Samanta, Dip Narain Sinha, Guptanath Singh, Jadubans Sahay, Jagat Narain Lal, Jagjivan Ram, Jaipal Singh Munda, Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga, Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav, Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishna Ballabh Sahay, Raghunandan Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Rameshwar Prasad Sinha, Ramnarayan Singh, Sachchidananda Sinha, Sarangdhar Sinha, Satyanarayan Sinha, Binodanand Jha, P. K. Sen, Sri Krishna Sinha, Sri Narayan Mahtha, Syamanandan Sahaya, Hussain Imam, Syed Jafar Imam, Latifur Rahman, Mohammad Tahir, Tajamul Hussain, Choudhry Abid Hussain. Hargovind Mishra

text: Central Provinces and Berar: Ambica Charan Shukla, Raghu Vira, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, B.A. Mandloi, Brijlal Nandlal Biyani, Thakur Cheedilal, Seth Govind Das, Hari Singh Gour, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar, Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh, Ravi Shankar Shukla, R. K. Sidhva, Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari, Frank Anthony, Kazi Syed Karimuddin, Ganpatrao Dani

text: Assam: Nibaran Chandra Laskar, Dharanidhar Basu-Matari, Gopinath Bardoloi, J. J. M. Nichols-Roy, Kuladhar Chaliha, Rohini Kumar Chaudhury, Muhammad Saadulla, Abdur Rouf

text: Orissa: Biswanath Das, Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev, Harekrushna Mahatab, Laxminarayan Sahu Lokanath Mishra, Nandkishore Das, Rajkrishna Bose, Santanu Kumar Das, Yudhishir Mishra

text: Delhi: Deshbhandhu Gupta

text: Ajmer-Merwara: Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava

text: Coorg: C. M. Poonacha

text: Mysore: K.C. Reddy, T. Siddalingaiya, H. R. Guruv Reddy, S. V. Krishnamurthy Rao, K. Hanumanthaiya, H. Siddaveerappa, T. Channiah

text: Jammu and Kashmir: Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah, Motiram Baigra, Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg, Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi

text: Travancore-Cochin: Pattom A. Thanu Pillai, R. Sankar, P. T. Chacko, Panampilly Govinda Menon, Annie Mascarene, P.S.Nataraja Pillai, K.A. Mohamed

text: Madhya Bharat: Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate, Brijraj Narain, Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya, Ram Sahai, Kusum Kant Jain, Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya, Sitaram S. Jajoo

text: Saurashtra: Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta, Jaisukhlal Hathi, Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah, Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi

text: Rajasthan: V. T. Krishnamachari, Hiralal Shastri, Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri, Jaswant Singhji, Raj Bhadur, Manikya Lal Varma, Gokul Lal Asava, Ramchandra Upadhyaya, Balwant Sinha Mehta, Dalel Singh, Jainarain Vyas

text: Patiala and East Punjab States Union: Ranjit Singh, Sochet Singh, Bhagwant Roy

text: Bombay States: Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya, B. N. Munavalli, Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt, Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Gopaldas A. Desai, Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi, B. H. Khardekar, Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar

text: Orissa States: Lal Mohan Pati, N. Madhava Rau, Raj Kunwar, Sarangadhar Das, Yudhishthir Mishra

text: Central Provinces States: R. L. Malaviya, Kishorimohan Tripathi, Ramprasad Potai

text: United Provinces States: B. H. Zaidi, Krishna Singh

text: Madras States: V. Ramaiah, Ramakrishna Ranga Rao

text: Vindhya Pradesh: Avdesh Pratap Singh, Shambu Nath Shukla, Ram Sahai Tiwari, Mannulalji Dwidedi

text: Cooch Behar: Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari

text: Tripura and Manipur: Girja Shankar Guha

text: Bhopal: Lal Singh

text: Kutch: Bhawani Arjun Khimji

text: Himachal Pradesh: Yashwant Singh Parmar

text: Members who later withdrew after partition[edit]

text: East Bengal: Abdullah al Mahmood, Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Kasem Khan, Mohammad Akram Khan, A. Hamid, Azizuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Habibullah Bahar, Prem Hari Barma, Raj Kumar Chakraverty, Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya, Abdul Matin Chaudhary, Murtaza Raza Choudhry, Hamidul Haq Chowdhury, Akhay Kumar Das, Dhirendra Nath Datta, Bhupendra Kumar Datta, Ebrahim Khan, Fazlul Huq, Fazlur Rahman, Ghayasuddin Pathan, Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Mafizuddin Ahmad, Mahmud Hussain, Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar, A. M. Malik, Birat Chandra Mandal, Jogendra Nath Mandal, Mohammed Ali, Khwaja Nazimuddin, M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed, Nurul Amin, Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Sri Dhananjoy M.A. B.L. Roy, Maudi Bhakesh Chanda, B.L. Serajul Islam, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani, Shahabudin Khwaja, H.S. Suhrawardy, Harendra Kumar Sur, Tamizuddin Khan, Kawivi Kerwar Datta, Ghulam Mohammed

text: West Punjab: Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana, Ganga Saran, Zafarullah Khan, Iftikhar Hussain Khan, Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sheikh Karamat Ali, Nazir Ahmad Khan, Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar, Feroz Khan Noon, Omar Hayat Malik, Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara, Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan,

text: Northwest Frontier Province: Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan, Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan, Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan

text: Sindh: Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman, Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder, M.A. Khuhro

text: Balochistan: S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.

B. R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India.

Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.


document_title: Twelfth grade

question_text: what age do students graduate high school in usa

question_tokens: what age do students graduate high school in usa

root

text: Twelfth grade

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, the twelfth grade is referred to as Year 12. In New South Wales, students are usually 16 or 17 years old when they enter Year 12 and 17–18 years during graduation (end of year). All students in Year 12 work towards getting an ATAR (Australian Tertiary Admission Rank) or OP (Overall Position, which applies only to students in the state of Queensland), which will allow them access to courses at university. In South Australia, this is achieved by completing the SACE; in Victoria, this is achieved by completing the VCE; in the Australian Capital Territory, this is achieved by completing the AST[1] and in New South Wales this is achieved by completing the HSC.[2]

tag: p

text: In New South Wales, when completing the [HSC], students are required to satisfactorily complete at least 10 units of study in ATAR courses which must include:

text:
eight units from Category A courses
two units of English
three Board Developed courses of two units or greater
four subjects

tag: ul

text: Some Year 12s may receive a Year 12 Jersey. Schools choose the design, colours and writing which are printed or stitched onto the jersey. Sometimes the last two digits of the year they are graduating are printed on the back (for example, "12" for 2012 school leavers) along with a personalised nickname. The front may show the school emblem and the student's name, which is occasionally stitched in.

text: Many schools conduct end of year "formals" (similar to a senior prom). They are held from any time between graduation in September to November.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: In Belgium, the 12th grade is called 6de middelbaar or laatste jaar in Dutch, rétho or 6e année in French. In the General Education, this year guides and prepares students for their first year in University by recalling everything learned during the past six years of secondary school. In the Skills Education, this year prepares the students for the professional life with an Intership in the chosen domain.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In Brazil, the 12th grade is called terceiro ano do ensino médio, also informally called terceiro colegial, meaning literally third grade of high school. It is typically attended by 17–18 years old students. During this grade, most students apply to what is called Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM), the Brazilian equivalent of the SATs in the US, and vestibular, the individual entrance examination particular to each university.

text: As in many countries, Grade 12 students attend Graduation, which involves a formal official ceremony, a party where students, relatives and friends are invited and another party just for the students.

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: In Bulgaria the twelfth grade is the last year of school. Twelfth-grade students tend to be 18–19 years old.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, the twelfth grade is referred to as Grade 12. Grade 12 is the 12th year after kindergarten. Students generally enter their Grade 12 year when they are 16 or 17 years old. If they are 16 years old, they will be turning 17 by December 31 of that year. In many Canadian high schools, student during their year, hold a series of fundraisers, grade-class trips, and other social events. Grade 12 Canadian students attend Graduation which usually involves an official ceremony and a dinner dance.

text: Ontario previously had Grade 13, which was briefly renamed Ontario Academic Credit (OAC), before being phased out, leaving Grade 12 as the final year. Grades 12 and 13 were similar to sixth form in England.

text: Quebec is the lone province that does not have Grade 12; their students finish secondary school at the equivalent of Grade 11 and then do two years of college before going to university. Thus, when a student is in Grade 12 in Ontario, for instance, the student in Quebec is in his first year of college.

text: Newfoundland and Labrador did not introduce Grade 12 until 1983.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: In Denmark, the twelfth grade is the 3rd G, which is the final year of secondary school. 3.g is equivalent to 3rd grade of secondary school, or gymnasium. This is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory through 9th grade. Students are often 18-19 or older when they finish secondary school. The age of graduation is caused by the fact that Danish children first start school at 6. The reason that many students will be at the age of 20 when they graduate is because some people choose to have one-year gap between the 9th grade and gymnasium's 1st G (the first year of secondary school), where students typically go to special art- or sport-oriented boarding schools or become exchange students all over the world. This is optional though; you can go directly to the first year of secondary school after 9th grade.

text: Finland[edit]

text: The twelfth grade is the third and usually last year (a fourth year is possible) of High School or secondary school (or Gymnasium) The students graduate from High School the year they turn 19. The twelfth grade is shorter than the previous ones because the twelfth graders lessons end in February and they go on to take their final exams shortly afterwards. Compulsory education ends after the ninth grade, so the upper grades are optional.

text: France[edit]

text: The equivalent grade in this country is Terminale, it is the third year of lycée which is equivalent to High-School, upon completion of which students sit for a test, the Baccalauréat. French-language schools that teach the French government curriculum (i.e. are part of the AEFE network) use the same system of grades as their counterparts in France. This is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory until students turn 16.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, students wishing to take the Abitur usually had to attend a thirteenth grade, but most states are shortening the Gymnasium (the university-bound secondary school system in Germany) from nine to eight years.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong, 12th grade is called Form 6. Students in Form 6 are required to take the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (DSE)

text: India[edit]

text: In India, the equivalent grade is referred to as the "HSC", or "plus 2" or in some regions "second year junior college" (SYJC) or PreUniversity Course (PUC). Most students who pass out of class 12 are 16-18 years old. With the introduction of separate entrance examinations for entry into medicine, engineering and law courses. Entrance exams usually comprise multiple-choice-questions on physics, chemistry and biology (or mathematics) and are conducted separately on national and state levels. Additionally some highly coveted institutions hold their own entrance tests. These competitive exams are among the toughest in the world with JEE MAIN, administered by CBSE being the second most competitive entrance exam. Over 14,00,000 students also appear for the IIT-JEE exam, competing for 9,800 odd seats at the IITs. From this year, NEET exam has been introduced for all medical admissions barring a few and is considered tougher than JEE MAIN due to lesser seats. The AIIMS entrance test is also one of the toughest exams for admission to undergraduate courses in medicine. Around 80,000 students compete for 50 seats. The CBSE and ICSE boards conduct twelfth standard courses nationally, while state boards operate at the state-level.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In the Republic of Ireland, it is the sixth and final year of Secondary School, referred to as Sixth Year (for 17-18 year olds), in which students take the Leaving Certificate Examinations. Students usually attend a dance or formal party at the end of this year before they move on to third level education or start their adult lives: this is known as a Debs or Grad and is similar to prom in the United States.

text: In Northern Ireland there is a 7th year of primary school and a 7th year of secondary school.

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel, the twelfth grade is the third and last year of High School. Students typically begin this grade when they are about 17 years old, and in order to graduate, they have to pass and get a Bagrut certificate. Once finished, student are required to either serve in the Israeli military or do the Israeli community service for a time period (the number of years may vary).

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, the twelfth grade is the fourth year of the high school (which is called Scuola media superiore or Scuola secondaria di secondo grado). There are five years of high school total, sometimes grouped in different ways (2+3, 2+1+2), depending on the type of high school the student is attending. Students get the "Maturità", when they are at the fifth year of high school, de facto the thirteenth grade.

text: Lebanon[edit]

text: In Lebanon, the twelfth grade is the third year of high school, also referred to as The Third Year Of Higher Secondary Education. It can be called the class of seniors or the last class of school. People in the twelfth grade are between the ages of 17 and 18.[3]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: In Malaysia, the 12th grade is also known as Form 6 in secondary school which is further divided into Lower 6 and Upper 6. The students at this stage are 18 years old and will usually complete their schooling at 19 years old.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, the twelfth grade is the last year of high school, where students are normally aged 17–18. As in Mexico the education is divided in "primaria" (6 years), "secundaria" (3 years) and "preparatoria" or "bachillerato" (3 years), the twelfth grade is usually called "tercero de preparatoria" (third grade of preparatoria) or "Quinto y Sexto Semestre" (Fifth and Sixth Semester)

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, 12th grade is known as Year 13 (New Zealand students attend 13 years of school, starting at the age of 5). Students in Year 13 are usually 17–18 years old. This is the last year of secondary school. In Year 13, students complete NCEA Level 3, which involves getting a certain number of 'credits' from different external exams and other internal assessments. Students must gain 80 achieved credits or higher (20 of which are taken from Level 2) to pass the year.[³]

text: The Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, 12th grade is named by school level. From low to high: "MAVO", "HAVO" and "VWO". MAVO is composed of four years, with 12th grade being the fourth (4th) and final year. A higher school level is the HAVO, which lasts for five (5) years. The highest school level is VWO, which lasts for six (6) years. So at the HAVO, students are considered senior if they are in "5th class", whereas at VWO, in "6th class" respectively. The last year mainly focuses on preparing for the final exams, after which students should be ready to go to college or university. Usually, 4th and 5th grade students are aged 16 to 17 and those who are in 6th grade usually are aged 17 to 18.[4]

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, 12th grade does not officially exist, but its equivalent is the 2nd grade of secondary school, or gymnasium. This is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory until 10th grade.

text: Courses vary as students choose a specific programme in 1st grade of secondary school, or gymnasium. Examples of programmes are: General Studies, Media and Communication, Health and Care, Industrial work, Design and craftmanship, agriculture. There are 12 national programmes, where 9 will get the students ready for work, and 3 will prepare the students for more advanced studies. Two of the vocational programs (media and communication, and agriculture) may also prepare the students for more advanced studies if taken a third year.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: In Pakistan, the twelfth grade is the second and final year of college (the first being the eleventh grade) and is equivalently called the "second year." Students who graduate from the second year are normally between seventeen and eighteen years old. For entrance into universities and postgraduate education, students undergo standardised academic exams conducted by the National Testing Service.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: From 1945 until 2011, the basic education system was composed of six years of elementary education starting at the age of 6, and four years of high school education starting at the age of 12 (in which the fourth year was the equivalent of tenth grade/Grade 10). Further education was provided by technical or vocational schools, or in higher education institutions such as universities. Although the 1987 Constitution stated that elementary education was compulsory, this was never enforced.[citation needed]

text: In 2011, the country started to transition from its old 10-year basic educational system to a K to 12 educational system as mandated by the Department of Education; the department stated that the 10-year basic educational system was congested and designed for twelve years of teaching, not ten. Thus, the K to 12 system was introduced in order to establish educational continuity not just integrated with the ASEAN region system of basic education but aligned with the rest of the world.[5] The 12-year system is currently compulsory, along with the adoption of an improved, decongested curriculum for all schools (see 2010s and the K–12 program). The transition period will end with the 2017–2018 school year, which is the first graduation year for the first group of students who entered the new educational system. Grade 12 is the second year of Senior High School and is now the new final year of high school prior to employment, entrepreneurship, or college/university in the country. Students are usually 17 – 18 years old.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal, the 12th grade is considered the last year of compulsory education and the last year of high school. Students choose 5 out of a wide range of subjects, one of which being mandatorily physical education. Out of the other four, two of them are the subjects that will be evaluated in their final exams or national exams (exames nacionais), one must be considered a branch of one of the two subjects that have been already evaluated in the 11th grade national exams and the last can be a broadening of an already studied subject or a whole new one. The obligatory subjects (submitted to nacional exams)depend on the field the student chose to study in the 10th grade:arts; science and technologies (best known as science);socioeconomic sciences (economy); humanistic and linguistic sciences (humanities) or a professional/technical course. Even inside a field, you can opt between speciefics (subjects, whose exam is compulsory to a certain college course application), depending on what the student intends to study in college and on which university he plans to attend.

text: Scotland[edit]

text: In Scotland, this is sixth year (or S6). Sufficiently good marks in 5th year may be adequate for entry into higher education. Highers are the entry qualifications to university which can be sat in S5, S6 and college, with Advanced Highers being the equivalent to year one of university[6] which can be sat following higher exams.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, Grade 12 is the final year of high school. It is more commonly referred to as matric, which is itself short for matriculation. (See Matriculation in South Africa).

text: At the end of Grade 12, students are said to be matriculated. This also refers to the minimum requirement for progressing to University. On average, Grade 12 students are between the ages of 17 and 19.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, the twelfth grade does not officially exist, but its equivalent is the 3rd grade of secondary school, or gymnasium. This is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory until 9th grade.

text: Courses vary as students choose a specific programme in 1st grade of secondary school, or gymnasium. Examples of programmes are: Nature and science, Arts, Economics, Health and care, Industry. There are 18 national programmes, where 12 of them will get the students ready for work, and 6 will prepare the students for more advanced studies.

text: Students graduate the same year they'll turn 19, depending on if you are born early or late in the year you are either 19 or 18 at the day of your graduation.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: In Turkey, 12th grade is the last year of high school and compulsory education. In March, students who are interested to go to college take a test named Transition to Higher Education Examination (YGS). In this exam, students have to answer 160 questions (40 Turkish, 31 Maths, 9 Geometry, 15 History, 12 Geography, 8 Philosophy, 5 Religious Knowledge, 13 Biology, 14 Physics, 13 Chemistry) in 160 minutes. Those who answer correct at least 25% of this questions are allowed to take the Undergraduate Placement Examination (LYS). This exam also has different sessions for different branches, which include Mathematics, Geometry, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Turkish Literature, History, Geography, Philosophy, Religious Knowledge and Foreign Languages. It is not compulsory to take all of the subjects. Students usually are at the age of 18 at the end of the year.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In England and Wales, "Year 13" (or "upper Sixth") is the last year of A-Level certifications, which are completed at the end of the year. Students are usually 16-17 in Year 12 and 17-18 in Year 13. In Northern Ireland this takes place in Years 13 and 14. In England, these two years are now compulsory as of 2015 and are generally required for entry into higher education. There exist specific sixth form colleges dedicated to these years of education, sometimes known as "further education" to distinguish it from both secondary education, which is compulsory, and higher education, which implies university studies.

text: In Scotland, this is sixth year (or S6). Sufficiently good marks in 5th year may be adequate for entry into higher education. Highers are the entry qualifications to university which can be sat in S5, S6 and college, with Advanced Highers being the equivalent to year one of university[3] which can be sat following higher exams.

text: United States[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The twelfth grade is the twelfth school year after kindergarten. It is also the last year of compulsory secondary education, or "high school". Students often enter the grade as 17- and 18-year-olds and graduate as mostly 17 or 18-year-olds. Twelfth graders are referred to as Seniors.[citation needed]

text: Many students consider the twelfth grade a year to relax and prepare for transition out of their old lives into college/university or the workplace. Others take advantage of the opportunity to complete additional higher level courses, such as Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate, to earn credits for college/university.

text: Mathematics courses normally include Pre-Calculus, Trigonometry, College Prep Math, Advanced Placement Calculus, Advanced Placement Statistics, Probability and Statistics, or SUPA Calculus.

text: Science courses include Advanced Placement Chemistry, Advanced Placement Biology, Advanced Placement Environmental Science, Astronomy/Meteorology, CSI Forensic Science, Marine Biology or Advanced Placement Physics B, Advanced Placement Physics C: Mechanics, or Advanced Placement Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism.

text: Social Studies courses include Government Law, Economics, Advanced Placement United States Government and Politics, Advanced Placement Comparative Government and Politics, Advanced Placement Psychology, Advanced Placement European History, Advanced Placement Microeconomics, or Advanced Placement Macroeconomics.

text: English classes include Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition, Film and Literature, Sports and Literature, or Contemporary Lit. Popular works include Beowulf, The Canterbury Tales, Pygmalion, The Handmaid's Tale, Frankenstein, Othello, Inferno, Goethe's Faust, Hamlet, and Brave New World, as well as works of Romantic poets such as Edgar Allan Poe, John Keats, William Wordsworth, and Emily Dickinson.

text: Art classes include Advanced Placement Art History, Advanced Placement Studio Art, Advanced Placement Music Theory, Applied art in Theatre, Music Theory For Garage Band Musicians, IB Musical Analysis, IB Theatre Arts, Advanced Technical Theatre, Advanced Photography, Advanced Cyramics, Fashion Design and Illustration, Theatre Dance, Jazz Dance, IB Dance Studies Madrigal Singers, Jazz Singers, or Wind Ensemble.

text: Technology classes include Advanced Placement Computer Science, Java, Advanced Web Design, and C++ Programming.

text: Business classes include College Marketing, College Entrepreneurship, Sports and Entertainment Marketing, College Preparatory Interview Classes, and Advanced Fundamentals in Business.

text: Wellness classes include Physical Education, Health (if not yet taken), Weightlifting, and Advanced Training in First Aid.

text: Traditions associated with senior year[edit]

text: In the United States and some other countries, there is a graduation event near to the end of the school year (typically in May or June) more formally referred to as commencement, where "seniors" formally graduate from high school and receive their diplomas.

text: In many schools, seniors sit for formal senior portraits at the beginning of the school year or the summer prior to their senior year. These portraits are used in the upcoming graduating class' yearbook. The senior portraits in the yearbook are either in full color or black and white, but bigger than the smaller black and white pictures typically used for lower grades. Many modern yearbooks are in full color. Some may have a caption other than the student's name, or a quote from the student.

text: There is a formal dance for this year's students, called senior prom. Some schools hold a combined prom for juniors and seniors, while others segregate the two grades into separate dances.

text: Senior skip day (also known as senior ditch day) is a day during which the seniors do not attend school and skip all their classes. This event/tradition is often not recognized by school administrations and teachers. In some areas it is countered with an officially recognized senior day off, or by allowing graduating seniors to skip their final tests ("final exams"). This official senior day can also be used to sponsor a "senior field trip" or "senior class trip" where the class would, for example, go to a theme park, a lake, a resort, the beach, or some other vacation-type activity. Following graduation, many seniors go on Senior Week, where they spend a week at the beach with their friends.[7] Many seniors that are in the arts (but sometimes other areas), such as band or choir, will have the opportunity to go on an extended vacation following graduation. The students, faculty, parents, and other people may fund the trip through fundraisers, donations, etc. Travel usually involves going out of the local state, and possibly overseas.

text: In some schools, Seniors receive a class ring at the beginning of their senior year.[citation needed] A "senior prank" is another common tradition in which the class may contribute towards a practical joke on the school, administration, or local community. A related tradition is the senior class either raising money or contributing money for equipment or other things to the school as a token of gratitude and respect for the school's support of the seniors. An example of this could be a senior class contributing money for a new weight room for the school or a state-of-the-art telescope for the science department. A similar project could involve the outside local community as well.

text: Latin America[edit]

text: In Latin America —except in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Uruguay— there is no grade 12; secondary education terminates with the 11th grade.

text: Mexico's 12th grade is called "tercero de preparatoria" (3rd grade of preparatory school), or 5th & 6th semesters.

text: Panama's 12th grade is called "Senior Year" which is also 11th grade.

text: In Chile the 12th grade is called 4to (cuarto) medio, meaning "fourth secondary".[8]

text: Dominican Republic's 12th grade is called "cuarto de bachillerato" or "doceavo"

text: In Guatemala is called "quinto bachillerato".

text: In Argentina it is called quinto año, sexto año or tercero polimodal (Provinces have different curriculums). Students usually rent a saloon and organize a dinner and a party for themselves, their friends and families. They have an entrance with specially chosen music and they are often accompanied with one of their parents.

text: In Ecuador it is the final year of high school and it is called Tercero de Bachillerato (formerly, Sexto Curso) because secondary education consists of three years of Educación Basica (basic education) and three years of Bachillerato (baccalaureate). This follows the Escuela Primaria (primary school) which consists of 7 years of basic education, beginning from Primero de Educación Básica (First) until Séptimo (Seventh).

text: In Brazil, the 12th grade is called terceiro ano and is the third and last grade of the secondary education.

text: In Colombia there are some schools that use the 12th grade, so it can be called "senior year" in some of them.

text: In Venezuela it is only available in technical schools, called as "sexto año". In the rest of the country, the secondary education terminates with the 11th year.


document_title: The Annoying Orange

question_text: who does the voice of pear in annoying orange

question_tokens: who does the voice of pear in annoying orange

text: The Annoying Orange

text: Plot[edit]

text: The show is centered on Orange (voiced by Dane Boedigheimer), who resides on a fruit cart display in a kitchen with other objects such as his best friend, Pear, an irritable Bartlett pear (also voiced by Boedigheimer). Other fruits include Passion, a sensible passion fruit and Orange's love interest played by iJustine, an arrogant grapefruit (voiced by Robert Jennings), a tiny miserable and frustrated but hot-blooded apple known as Midget Apple (though he prefers the name Little Apple), a happy-go-lucky and slightly eccentric marshmallow of ambiguous gender, and an elderly lemon named Grandpa Lemon, all of whom were not main characters until later episodes.

text: Most episodes consist of Orange heckling other characters until they meet a sudden and gruesome end, usually by evisceration with a chef's knife (although the implements used to cut them up range from a blender to a toy pinwheel). Usually, Orange tries to "warn" them before it happens, blurting out the weapon-in-use, such as "Knife!" [2]

text: Orange has several recurring mannerisms. He often begins an episode by repeatedly yelling "Hey, (name of character)!" until the character responds. Orange also often refers to the character as something that plays on the object's name or appearance (such as calling Grapefruit "Apefruit"). If he does not like an object, he will often say "You're an apple!", even if the object is not (e.g., a tomato). Orange uses various tactics, such as telling rude and offensive jokes, burping and making childish noises with his tongue, to get attention.

text: Despite what other fruits and objects think, Orange often cannot control his tendency to be "annoying," and rarely intentionally tries to spite others; he usually means well for most fruits and objects. In one episode of the web series, a "life coach," Mango, suggests that Orange uses his annoying nature to try to cope with the destruction of the fruits he tries to make friends with.

text: Regardless of his seemingly anti-social behavior, Orange can almost always find comfort in the company of his friends and sometimes makes new ones.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main Characters[edit]

text: Orange: The main character who is an orange and is incredibly annoying, he appears in every episode and has died in only 1 vid called 2014 Kills/Control Freak

text: Pear: A pear who is the only fruit who puts up with Orange, and is arguably his best friend.

text: Midget Apple: A miniature apple who prefers to be called "Little Apple". He is Marshmallow's best friend.

text: Marshmallow: A marshmallow who talks in a squeaky voice and is always happy. Though having been referred as male in multiple occasions, a running gag has many fruits asking if Marshmallow is a boy or a girl. He/She is often seen with Midget Apple.

text: Passion Fruit: A passion fruit who Orange is in love with though she is oblivious to this.

text: Grapefruit: A jock who is in love with Passion. He died in his first appearance but was brought back to life in "Frankenfruit".

text: Grandpa Lemon: An elderly lemon who constantly falls asleep. He died in his first appearance but was brought back to life in "Frankenfruit".

text: Minor Characters[edit]

text: Knife: A knife who often kills the fruits (only when Orange says "Knife!") even though he doesn't want to.

text: Liam the Leprechaun: An angry leprechaun.

text: ZOOM: An energy drink.

text: Squash: A nervous squash who always ends up inadvertently killing the fruits.

text: Copper Lincoln: A penny of Abraham Lincoln.

text: Dr. Bananas: An insane mad scientist banana.

text: Nude Dude: A naked apple. It is revealed in "Barewolf" that he is a werewolf.

text: Captain Obvious: An onion who always points out the obvious.

text: Lou the Tick: A tick who lives in a shelter, always worrying about aliens possibly taking over Earth.

text: Sissy: Orange's sister who is just as annoying as him.

text: Gaming Grape: A grape who loves to play videogames on his PS4 and other game consoles.

text: Videos[edit]

text: The first Annoying Orange episode was aired on October 9, 2009. Since then the Annoying Orange YouTube channel has uploaded 2-3 videos per week.

text: Spoofs[edit]

text: The Annoying Orange has spoofed many popular web shows, viral videos and memes. These include:

text:
Epic Peel Time (Epic Meal Time)
Talking Twin Baby Oranges (Talking Twin Babies)
Epic Rap Battles of Kitchenry[3] (Epic Rap Battles of History)
Orange After Dentist (David After Dentist)
Nyan Nya Orange (Nyan Cat)
Sneezing Marshmallow (Sneezing Baby Panda)
Charlie The Unicorn: Annoying Orange (Charlie the Unicorn)
Equals Annoying Orange (Equals Three)
The Eggspendables (The Expendables)
Man Of Peel (Man Of Steel)
Too Many Fruits (Too Many Cooks)
Donald Trunk (Donald Trump)
Sailor Spoon (Sailor Moon)
Watch Me Whip/Nya Nya (Watch Me Whip)
Orange Nya Nya Style (Gangnam Style)
Annoying Ways To Die (Dumb Ways To Die)
WWEat (WWE)
Ask Orange #30: Super Annoying Orange! (Superman)

text: Other channels[edit]

text: All of the main characters in Annoying Orange have their own Facebook profile.

text: Annoying Orange Gaming[edit]

text: On Annoying Orange's Gaming channel, everybody else does gaming videos. (original launch: Midget Apple)

text: AO Kids[edit]

text: An Annoying Orange channel made for young kids who want to learn things. (original launch: Passion Fruit)

text: Pear[edit]

text: On Pear's channel, he does extreme challenges that end in failure, disaster or horror.

text: Marshmallow[edit]

text: On Marshmallow's channel, he/she shows 10 min. videos and outtakes from "The Marshmallow Show".

text: Grapefruit[edit]

text: On Grapefruit's channel, he shows art and now he shows gaming videos.

text: Grandpa Lemon[edit]

text: On Grandpa Lemon's channel, he does a show called "Grinds My Rind", and he also does some gaming videos.

text: Squash[edit]

text: On Squash's channel, he shows himself squashing things called "Squashing Things with Squash".

text: Other series[edit]

text: The Juice[edit]

text: The Juice is a series of four shows that ran from July 8, 2013 to December 9, 2013. A special show of The Juice was aired October 14, 2013. In each show, Orange, Midget Apple, Marshmallow, Pear and Grapefruit discussed a question sent in from the audience. The questions were:

text:
Episode 1 - What do you want to be? Vampire, Werewolf, or Ghost?
Episode 2 - If everyone from the kitchen was on a deserted island and there was nothing to eat, who would you eat first?
Episode 3 - Which of your fruit friends would you like to be for a day?
Episode 4 - If you could be any supper hero, who would you be? Note that a supper hero is a food version of a super hero.
Halloween Special - What is your biggest fear?

text: Foodsplosion[edit]

text: Foodsplosion is a parody game show that lasted for nine shows that ran from September 2, 2013 to March 13, 2015. In the game, a fruit is a contestant and Orange, who is the host, asks him/her a question and they have ten seconds to answer. Regardless if the contestant gets the question right or wrong, (although the contestant usually gets it wrong,) they still win the game. The prizes on the show are typically hazardous materials to fruits such as knives, blenders, and chainsaws. In the end, the contestant gets shredded, cut, or exploded by his/her "prize". Then, there is an instant slow motion replay of the destruction.

text: Ask Orange[edit]

text: Ask Orange is a series of thirty-six Annoying Orange episodes where people got to ask questions which were answered by Annoying Orange. The show originally ran for eight months, with an episode coming out every month. Four additional Ask Orange videos were also aired. The first aired on September 26, 2011, with Ask Orange #10 being aired on January 24, 2014; Ask Orange #11 on May 31, 2014; and Ask Orange #12 on August 1, 2014. There was also a special episode of Ask Orange called Ask President Marshmallow #1, which aired on November 19, 2012. There are currently 36 episodes of Ask Orange as of November 2017. 3 Christmas episodes were aired in December 2014 – 2016. There are even two Halloween episode in October 2016 - 2017.

text: The Misfortune of Being Ned[edit]

text: The Misfortune of Being Ned is based on a character called Ned, voiced by Steve Zaragoza, who repeatedly finds himself in misfortunate situations. The show debuted on October 9, 2013 as part of Annoying Orange "Shocktober". 20 episodes have been produced, spanning 2 seasons. The main characters are Ned, Greg, voiced by Kevin Brueck, and Wendy, voiced by Megan Camarena.

text: Season one of the series ran from October 9, 2013 to December 18, 2013 with ten episodes in the season. On December 18, 2013 Daneboe announced that The Misfortune of Being Ned would be renewed for a second season. Season 2 premiered February 19, 2014, with the series finale being on April 23, 2014. Season 2 also had ten episodes in total. At the end of the final episode, Ned was rubbed out and Orange announced that the Marshmallow Show would replace The Misfortune of Being Ned.

text: The Marshmallow Show[edit]

text: The Marshmallow Show was on the Annoying Orange channel and has Internet celebrities on it. Released on June 4, 2014, and ended on August 27, 2014, it airs every Wednesday. Marshmallow is the main character of the show. Other characters that appear in the show are Mushroom (aka Shroom) and Joe the Coffee Mug. The guests who have appeared on The Marshmallow Show are:

text:
Episode 1 - Steve Zaragoza
Episode 2 - Felicia Day
Episode 3 - Miranda Sings
Episode 4 - Flula
Episode 5 - Mikey Bolts
Episode 6 - Weird Al
Episode 7 - Chester See
Episode 8 - Brittani Louise Taylor
Episode 9 - Hannah Hart
Episode 10 - Rhett and Link
Episode 11 - iJustine
Episode 12 - The Eh Bee Family
Episode 13 - Daneboe

text: In the final episode, Daneboe revealed that the show would be ending but Marshmallow would also be going on an intergalactic mission back to his/her home planet.

text: Trailer Trashed[edit]

text: Annoying Orange Trailer Trashed is a series of many episodes in which Orange, Pear, Midget Apple, Marshmallow, and Grapefruit watch a movie trailer and comment on it: all in the style of Mystery Science Theater 3000. This is generally regarded as them trashing the trailer, hence the name Trailer Trashed.

text: Movie trailers:

text:
Annabelle
Dracula Untold
Ouija
Interstellar
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 1
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
The Divergent Series: Insurgent
Furious 7
Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2
Avengers: Age of Ultron
Mad Max: Fury Road
Poltergeist
Tomorrowland
Jurassic World
Inside Out
Terminator Genisys
Minions
Ant-Man
Pixels
Smosh: The Movie
Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation
Fantastic Four
Sinister 2
The Visit
Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials
The Martian
Crimson Peak
Spectre
The Peanuts Movie
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2
The Good Dinosaur
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
The Divergent Series: Allegiant
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
The Jungle Book
The Angry Birds Movie
Finding Dory
Independence Day: Resurgence
The BFG
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
Rogue One
It
Thor: Ragnarok
The Emoji Movie
Justice League
Avengers: Infinity War
Slender Man

text: Video game trailers:

text:
Clash of Clans: Flight of the Barbarian
Five Nights at Freddy's 3
Five Nights at Freddy's 4
Minecraft: Story Mode
FNaF World
Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location

text: Orange Through Time[edit]

text: Orange Through Time is a series of four episodes in which Orange travels in time at the older years. The series started on March 4, 2011 and ended on October 10, 2011.

text: HOW2 is a series of many episodes in which Orange and Pear teach everyone to do anything, which is both education and comedy. It was released on January 27, 2016 (2016-01-27) with How To Tie a Tie, and despite that Orange ends so many videos by surviving an explosion of TNT - in How to Make a Halloween Costume on October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11), Pear ended the video with TNT due to Orange going overboard with terms of cows, which has become a running gag since How to be a Rapper on August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02). As of February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14), there have been 100 HOW2 episodes. There were 3 Christmas/New Year specials in 2016, 4 in 2017 and 8 Halloween/Shocktober-themed episodes, four in 2016/2017 each.

text: Emoji Raps[edit]

text: The Emoji Raps star Orange rapping about several things using emojis, including himself. The first rap was released on July 3, 2017 (2017-07-03). As of December 18, 2017 (2017-12-18), there have been eleven raps. The eighth rap was a Halloween-themed rap, which was on October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12), the ninth rap was Marshmallow rapping instead, which was on November 6, 2017 (2017-11-06) and the eleventh one was Christmas-themed, which was on December 18, 2017 (2017-12-18).

text: Annoying Orange Challenges[edit]

text: On September 18, 2017 (2017-09-18), Orange released a series of challenges from the fans' comments and made a series about it that are very extreme, such as the 3am challenges. As of February 4, 2018 (2018-02-04), there are seven challenges.

text: X-Massacre[edit]

text: From November 24, 2017 (2017-11-24) until December 22 2017, the X-Massacre series was released. The series is about different types of food being killed and served for a Christmas dinner.

text:
Limp Biscuit (November 24, 2017 (2017-11-24)) (Item Crossed Out: Crescent Rolls)
Orange Beans (December 1) (Item Crossed Out: Green Bean Casserole)
Nutcracking the Code (December 8) (Items Crossed Out: Chestnuts and Egg Nog)
Figgy Pudding (December 15) (Item Crossed Out: Figgy Pudding)
Pig Out (December 22) (Items Crossed Out: Ham and Carrots)

text: Storytime[edit]

text: On September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22), a new series was released where Pear tries to read classical children stories, only for Orange to destroy his books and make up his own versions, much to Pear's chagrin, which started with the second episode on January 5, 2018 (2018-01-05).

text: Annoying Orange Gaming channel[edit]

text: The Annoying Orange has his own gaming channel, simply known as Annoying Orange Gaming. The Annoying Orange gang upload Let's Play videos to this YouTube channel.

text: Minecraft[edit]

text: Annoying Orange has his own Minecraft server, mc.orangecraft.net (Orangecraft). The Annoying Orange uploads one video per week documenting the happenings on the server. Most of the main characters on Annoying Orange have visited the server.

text: Annoying Orange has also uploaded other videos about Minecraft, including:

text:
Wazzup Minecraft
Block Party (Song)

text: Minecraft has also been revealed to be one of the Annoying Orange's favorite video games.

text: Background[edit]

text: Before The Annoying Orange, Boedigheimer had done many talking food videos for his channel and other sites including JibJab. He said in an interview that the idea for The Annoying Orange was a combination of the talking food videos, puns and special effects he came up with and did before.[4] The original video was planned to be titled The Annoying Apple, but when he started animating the video he found it easier to put features on an orange than an apple and make it clear.[5]

text: The first Annoying Orange video was initially meant to be the only one on YouTube. However, many viewers requested more videos,[2][6] and after the 4th one, Boedigheimer decided to make a full-time series. Following the success of the series, he created a channel dedicated to The Annoying Orange under the name "Annoying Orange" on January 11, 2010.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series was rated as the most viewed web series of February and March 2010 by Mashable, with over 52 million views.[7][8] On April 26, 2010, the series had over 108 million views on YouTube.[2][9][10] In June 2010, the channel had received 137 million views.[6] By August 13, 2010, it had received 1 million subscribers. In June 2011, the channel was ranked as the eighth most subscribed and 30th most viewed, with more than 2,000,000 subscribers.[11][12] On January 13, 2012, the series hit 1 billion channel views and 2.3 million subscribers.[13][14] The Annoying Orange YouTube channel currently has over 6 million subscribers.

text: Despite the show's popularity with sections of the public, it has received generally unfavorable reviews from critics. Liz Shannon Miller considered the show to be "annoying for many reasons."[15] In the web series column Pass the Mustard, Ned Hepburn called the show "pure, pure unfunny, highly concentrated, in droplet form, just purely nonsensical riffing from an Annoying Orange." Hepburn concluded, "the Annoying Orange series is one of the few that I had a physically bad reaction to. It was horrible."[16] 411mania.com called the show "idiotic" and "creepy as hell",[17] while other publications have referred to it as "third grade humor."[2]

text: In 2014 The Annoying Orange YouTube Channel was listed on New Media Rockstars Top 100 Channels, ranked at #32.[18]

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: The success of the series had received attention of Fargo advertising agency H2M, who, in 2006, created its own “Talking Orange”, which is the spokesman for an ad campaign for the North Dakota Department of Transportation. Both of the two characters were two anthropomorphic oranges with ties to the Fargo-Moorhead area. Despite only slightly resembling the “Talking Orange”, the Annoying Orange was looked into by H2M’s attorneys as an intellectual property matter. Boedigheimer stated he had not watched the “Talking Orange” videos before he was told about the disagreement, also believing that the characters weren’t very similar.[19] Boedigheimer and Grove were later sued by H2M in May 2013 for allegedly copying the character.[20] No source has been released stating whether the case has been disclosed or is still going on.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Since late 2011, The Collective has produced many accessories, toys and clothing with toymaker The Bridge Direct and clothing retailers such as JCPenney, Shopko and rue21.[21] On November 10, 2011, GeekDad announced a giveaway for an Annoying Orange T-shirt from JCPenney and a toy from Toys R Us. GeekDad started taking entries through Friday at 11:59 PM.[22] The Collective also announced a partnership in December of that year with costume manufacturer Rubie's Costume Company to produce children and adult Halloween costumes and accessories featuring characters such as Orange, Pear, Marshmallow, and Midget Apple from the web series.[23]

text: Comics[edit]

text: Annoying Orange comics are published by Papercutz.

text:
Secret Agent Orange (December 11, 2012)- Note: Reference to James Bond. Parody of Special Agent Oso.
Orange You Glad You're Not Me? (May 28, 2013)- Note: This is a reference to the joke that ends in the punchline orange you glad... ? and has other endings depending on the joke, like "that I didn't say 'apple'?".
Pulped Fiction (August 27, 2013)- Note: Parody of Pulp Fiction.
Tales of the Crisper (January 14, 2014)- Note: Parody of Tales from the Crypt.
Fifty Shades of Orange (April 8, 2014)- Note: Parody of Fifty Shades of Grey.
My Little Baloney (August 5, 2014)- Note: Parody of My Little Pony.

text: Television series[edit]

text: The Annoying Orange got a TV series on Cartoon Network, that ran from 2012 to 2014.

text: Movie[edit]

text: Annoying Orange: Movie Fruitacular is a compilation of The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange as it follows Orange and his pals as they travel in their magical fruit cart through adventures straight off the silver screen.

text: Games[edit]

text: Kitchen Carnage[edit]

text: A video game developed by Bottle Rocket Apps named Kitchen Carnage was released for the iPod Touch and iPhone on April 7, 2011. The game was later released in HD for the iPad on May 6, 2011, and for Android devices on October 14, 2011. The Christmas version of the game was released in December 2011 and the free version of the game, Kitchen Carnage Lite, was released March 2, 2012.

text: The aim of the game is to throw a different items across the kitchen into a series of blenders before the time runs out. The player is given apples and bananas at the start. When the second level is reached, tomatoes are added. Level 3 adds cantaloupes, level 4 pineapples, level 5 strawberries and level 6 adds Fred FiggleCorns.

text: Splatter Up[edit]

text: Annoying Orange: Splatter Up is the second game by the Annoying Orange, after Kitchen Carnage. The game is based on baseball, and the player slides a finger while a fruit enters the home plate. The faster the player slides, the farther he gets. The game sprites are the same as the Kitchen Carnage game, the only ones that don't appear in this game but appear in Kitchen Carnage are Red Raspberry and Fred Figglecorn.

text: Pay withdrawal lawsuit[edit]

text: On December 23, 2014, Dane Boedigheimer announced that The Annoying Orange has not been funded by Collective Digital Studios since November 2014. This has led Daneboe to take legal action to get paid. The outcome of the web series because of this is unknown.

text: TV series[edit]

text:
Country / region
Series premiere
Network

 United States
May 28, 2012
Cartoon Network

 Australia
July 15, 2013
Cartoon Network

 Canada
September 5, 2013
Teletoon

 Brazil
September 9, 2013
Cartoon Network

 United Kingdom
September 7, 2015
Pop Max

 Malaysia
November 30, 2013
Cartoon Network

 Israel
December 2013
Comedy Central Israel

 England
January 2, 2018
MTV

 Poland
January 2, 2018
MTV


document_title: Calico Acts

question_text: when was the calico act passed in england what did it say

text: Calico Acts

text: The Calico Acts (1700, 1721) banned the import of most cotton textiles into England, followed by the restriction of sale of most cotton textiles. It was a form of economic protectionism, largely in response to India (particularly Bengal), which dominated world cotton textile markets at the time. The Acts were a precursor to the Industrial Revolution, when Britain eventually surpassed India as the world's leading textile manufacturer in the 19th century.[1]

text: The English East India Company introduced Britain to cheap calico and chintz cloth after the restoration of the monarchy in the 1660s. Initially imported as a novelty side line, from its spice trading posts in Asia, the cheap colourful cloth proved popular and overtook the EIC's spice trade by value in the late 17th century. The EIC embraced the demand, particularly for calico, by expanding its factories in Asia and producing and importing cloth in bulk, creating competition for domestic woollen and linen textile producers. The impacted weavers, spinners, dyers, shepherds and farmers objected, with parliament petitioned, the EIC offices stormed by a mob, the fashion conscious assaulted for wearing imported cloth, making the calico question one of the major issues of National politics between the 1680s and the 1730s. Parliament began to see a decline in domestic textile sales, and an increase in imported textiles from places like China and India. Seeing the East India Company and their textile importation as a threat to domestic textile businesses, Parliament passed the 1700 Calico Act, blocking the importation of cotton cloth. As there was no punishment for continuing to sell cotton cloth, smuggling of the popular material became commonplace. So, dissatisfied with the outcome of the first act, in 1721 Parliament passed a stricter addition, this time, prohibiting the sale of most cottons, imported and domestic (exempting only thread Fustian and raw cotton). The exemption of raw cotton from the prohibition initially saw 2 thousand bales of raw cotton imported annually, to become the basis of a new indigenous industry, initially producing Fustian for the domestic market, though more importantly triggering the development of a series of mechanised spinning and weaving technologies, to process the material. This mechanised production was concentrated in new cotton mills, which slowly expanded till by the beginning of the 1770s seven thousand bales of cotton were imported annually, and pressure was put on Parliament, by the new mill owners, to remove the prohibition on the production and sale of pure cotton cloth, as they wished to compete with the EIC for the British cotton market.

text: The acts were repealed in 1774, triggering a wave of investment in mill based cotton spinning and production, doubling the demand for raw cotton within a couple of years, and doubling it again every decade, till the 1840s.[2]

text: Acts[edit]

text:
1685 – 10% tariff on import of East Indian goods[1]
1690 – The Impost of 1690 - upon East India Goods, wrought silk, and other foreign commodities, in all 55 in number - 20% tariff on import of East Indian goods[1]
1700 (11th and 12th of King William)- An act for the more effectual employing the poor, by encouraging the Manufacturers of this Kingdom.[3] - banned most imports

"that from Michaelmas 1701, all wrought silks, Bengals and stuffs, mixed with silk or herba, of the manufacture of Persia, China or East India; and also all printed calicoes, and all painted, dyed or stained there, shall be locked up in warehouses appointed by the commissioners of the customs, till re-exported; so none of the said goods should be worn or used, in either apparel or furniture, in England, on forfeiture thereof, and also of two hundred pound penalty on th persons having or selling any of them"[4]

1700 - 15% duty on Muslins, a duty on East India Goods, laid on in.
1700 - export duty on English woolen produce abolished.
1707 - 50% tariff on Indian goods[1]
1721 - Calico Act - banned the sale of most cotton textiles.

“An Act to Preserve and Encourage the Woollen and Silk Manufactures of this Kingdom, and for more Effectual Employing the Poor, by Prohibiting the Use and Wear of all Printed, Painted, Stained or Dyed Callicoes in Apparel, Household Stuff, Furniture, or otherwise, after the twenty fifth Day of December one thousand seven hundred and seventy two"

1730's - modified, with an exemption to the sale of British printed fabrics
1774 - repealed


document_title: Colman Domingo

question_text: who plays victor on fear the walking dead

text: Colman Domingo

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Domingo was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and attended Overbrook High School and then later, Temple University,[2][3] where he majored in journalism. Soon thereafter he moved to San Francisco, California, where he started acting, mainly in theatre productions.[3]

text: Domingo starred as Mr. Franklin Jones, Joop, and Mr. Venus, in the critically acclaimed rock musical Passing Strange,[4] which, after a successful 2007 run at The Public Theater, opened on Broadway on February 28, 2008. He received an Obie Award[5] in spring 2008 as part of the ensemble of Passing Strange Off-Broadway and reprised his roles in the film version of Passing Strange, directed by Spike Lee, which made its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2009. In 2010, Domingo's self-penned, one-man autobiographical play A Boy and His Soul premiered Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theater, for which he won a GLAAD Award: Outstanding New York Theater: Broadway & Off–Broadway[6] and a Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Solo Show.[7] He was also nominated for a Drama Desk Award[8] and a Drama League Award.[9]

text: Domingo starred as Billy Flynn in Chicago, the longest running revival on Broadway,[10] and in the final collaboration by Kander and Ebb of The Scottsboro Boys,[11] directed by Susan Stroman on Broadway in Fall 2010. For the latter role, he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical, in May 2011.[12] When The Scottsboro Boys[13] opened in London in Fall 2013, Domingo was nominated[14] for the Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical in April 2014. He was nominated for the Fred Astaire Award for Best Principal Dancer on Broadway in 2011.

text: In 2015, Domingo began appearing in a recurring role on AMC's post-apocalyptic, zombie series Fear the Walking Dead, as a character named Victor Strand. In December 2015, it was announced that Domingo was promoted to series regular for Season 2 of the series.[15]

text: In 2017, Domingo joined Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as a member in the Actors' Branch.[16]

text: Domingo has taught at the O'Neill National Theater Institute,[17] University of Texas at Austin,[18] University of Wisconsin at Madison.[19]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
1997: Dean Goodman Choice Award – Blues for an Alabama Sky by Pearl Cleage at TheatreWorks (Silicon Valley) [20]
2006: Bay Area Critics Circle Award Performance – Passing Strange by Stew at The Berkeley Repertory Theater [21]
2008: Connecticut Critics Circle Award, Outstanding Actor in a Play – Coming Home by Athol Fugard at Long Wharf Theatre [22]
2008: Obie Award Performance – Passing Strange by Stew at The Public Theatre [23]
2010: Lucille Lortel Award, Outstanding Solo Show – A Boy and His Soul by Colman Domingo at Vineyard Theatre [23]
2010: ITBA Award, Outstanding Solo Show – A Boy and His Soul by Colman Domingo at Vineyard Theatre [23]
2015: Black Reel Award, Best Ensemble – Selma directed by Ava DuVernay
2017: StageSceneLA Best of 2016-2017: Best Production (Play), Outstanding Direction (Comedy, Larger Theater) [24]

text:
2010: Drama Desk Award Nomination, Outstanding Solo Performance – A Boy and His Soul by Colman Domingo at Vineyard Theatre [23]
2010: Drama League Award Nomination, Distinguished Performance – A Boy and His Soul by Colman Domingo at Vineyard Theatre [23]
2010: Black Reel Award, Best Ensemble – Passing Strange directed by Spike Lee
2011: Fred and Adele Astaire Award Nomination, Outstanding Male Dancer – The Scottsboro Boys by Fred Ebb, John Kander and David Thompson [25]
2011: Tony Award, Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical – The Scottsboro Boys by Fred Ebb, John Kander and David Thompson [26]
2014: Whatsonstage.com Awards, Best Supporting Actor in a Musical – The Scottsboro Boys by Fred Ebb, John Kander and David Thompson[27]
2014: Olivier Award, Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical - The Scottsboro Boys by Fred Ebb, John Kander and David Thompson [28]
2014: San Diego Film Critics Society, Best Ensemble - Selma
2014: Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association, Best Ensemble - Selma
2017: NAACP Theatre Award for Best Director - Larger Theatre [29]

text: Works[edit]

text: As writer[edit]

text:
1998 Up Jumped Springtime [30]
2009 A Boy and His Soul [31]
2012 Wild With Happy [32]
2016 Dot [33]
2017 SUMMER: The Donna Summer Musical (book co-written with Robert Cary, and Des McAnuff) [34]
2017 Lights Out: Nat “King” Cole (co-written with Patricia McGregor) [35]
2017 In the Middle of the Street (developed with Alisa Tager of Collider Entertainment and AMC Networks for television) [36]

text: As director[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Playwright
Venue
Notes

1998
Pieces of the Quilt - 3
Erin Cressida Wilson, Maria Irene Fornes, Herbert Siguenza, Greg Sarris, John Steppling, Migdalia Cruz, Rhodessa Jones
Solo Mio at Bayfront Theater [37]

1999
Single Black Female
Lisa B. Thompson
Theatre Rhinoceros [38]

2001
Rhinoceros
Eugène Ionesco
Theatre Rhinoceros [39]

2004
Single Black Female
Lisa B. Thompson
Flight Theatre at the Complex Hollywood [40]

2004
Once on This Island
book and lyrics by Lynn Ahrens and music by Stephen Flaherty
The College at Brockport, State University of New York at Geva Theatre Center [41]

2006
Single Black Female
Lisa B. Thompson
New Professional Theatre at Peter JaySharp Theater Playwrights Horizons [42]

2008
Single Black Female
Lisa B. Thompson
New Professional Theatre at The Duke on 42nd St New 42nd Street [43]

2009
Exit Cuckoo
Lisa Ramirez
Working Theater at Clurman Theater at Theatre Row [44]

2015
A Band of Angels
Myla Churchill
New York City Children's Theater [45]
The 2015 Off Broadway Alliance Award for BEST FAMILY SHOW [46]

2015
Seven Guitars
August Wilson
Actors Theatre of Louisville [47]

2016
Barbecue
Robert O'Hara
Geffen Playhouse [48]
StageSceneLA Best of 2016-2017: Best Production (Play), Outstanding Direction (Comedy, Larger Theater),[24] Nominated- 2017 NAACP Theatre Award for Best Director - Larger Theatre [29]

2017
A Guide for the Homesick
Ken Urban
Huntington Theatre Company [49]

text: As actor[edit]

text: Stage[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Venue

1995
Desk Set
Sadel
Theater Rhinoceros [50]

1996
Journey to the West
Dragon King
Berkeley Repertory Theatre/Huntington Theatre Company [51] [52]

1997
Blade to the Heat
Garnet
Thick Description [53]

1997
Hurricane
Ray
Campo Santo at New Langton Arts [54]

1997
Blues for an Alabama Sky
Guy
TheatreWorks [55]

1997
Midsummer Night's Dream
Oberon, Theseus
San Francisco Shakespeare Festival

1998
Maleta Mulata
Barbarito
Campo Santo, Intersection for the Arts [56]

1999
Romeo and Juliet
Mercutio
Shakespeare Santa Cruz [57]

1999
Two Gentlemen of Verona
Speed
Shakespeare Santa Cruz [58]

2000
Fences
Gabriel
TheatreWorks [59]

2000
Taming of the Shrew
Lucentio
California Shakespeare Theater [60]

2000
Sons of Don Juan
Fernandito
San Jose Repertory Theatre [61]

2000
Love's Labour's Lost
Costard
California Shakespeare Theater [60]

2001
Two Gentlemen of Verona
Speed
Geva Theatre Center [62]

2001
A Christmas Carol
Mr. Fezziwig
American Conservatory Theater [63]

2002
Midsummer Night's Dream
Lysander
California Shakespeare Theater [60]

2002
Haroun and the Sea of Stories
Mr. Sengupta, Khatham Shud the Cultmaster of Bezaban
Berkeley Repertory Theatre [64]

2002
Winter's Tale
Autolycus
California Shakespeare Theater [60]

2003
Henry V
Duke of Bourbon
Delacorte Theater [65]

2004
All's Well That Ends Well
Lavatch
California Shakespeare Theater [60]

2005
People's Temple
Eugene Smith and others
Berkeley Repertory Theatre

2006
People's Temple
Eugene Smith and others
Guthrie Theater

2006
Passing Strange
Mr. Franklin/Mr. Venus
Berkeley Repertory Theatre

2007
Passing Strange
Mr. Franklin/Mr. Venus
Joseph Papp Public Theater, Anspacher Theater

2007
Well
Jim and others
Huntington Theatre [66]

2008
Passing Strange
Mr. Franklin/Mr. Venus
Broadway, Belasco Theatre

2009
Coming Home
Alfred Witbooy
Long Wharf Theatre [67]

2009
Wiz, TheThe Wiz
WizThe Wiz
New York City Center Encores!

2009
A Boy and His Soul
Self, also *playwright
Vineyard Theatre

2010
Scottsboro Boys, TheThe Scottsboro Boys
Mr. Bones
Vineyard Theatre

2010
Scottsboro Boys, TheThe Scottsboro Boys
Mr. Bones
Guthrie Theater

2010
Scottsboro Boys, TheThe Scottsboro Boys
Mr. Bones
Broadway, Lyceum Theatre

2010, 2011
Chicago
Billy Flynn
Broadway, Ambassador Theatre

2011
Blood Knot
Zachariah Pietersen
Signature Theatre

2012
Wild with Happy
Gil, also *playwright
Joseph Papp Public Theater, LuEsther Hall

2013
Wild with Happy
Gil, also *playwright
TheatreWorks, Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts

2013
A Boy and His Soul
Self
Tricycle Theatre

2013
Scottsboro Boys, TheThe Scottsboro Boys
Mr. Bones
The Young Vic

2014
A Boy and His Soul
Self
Brisbane Powerhouse

2014
Guys and Dolls
Rusty Charlie
Carnegie Hall

2014
Nothing Personal
James Baldwin
Live Ideas Festival at the New York Live Arts

2014
Scottsboro Boys, TheThe Scottsboro Boys
Mr. Bones
West End theatre, Garrick Theatre

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1995
Timepiece
Khris

1998
Around the Fire
Trace

1999
King of the Bingo Game
Sonny

1999
True Crime
Wally Cartwright

2000
Desi's Looking for a New Girl
Mother

2003
Kung Phooey!
Roy Lee

2006
Freedomland
Male Patient

2008
Miracle at St. Anna
West Indian Postal Customer

2012
Lincoln
Private Harold Green

2012
Red Hook Summer
Blessing Rowe

2013
All Is Bright
Nzomo

2013
42
Lawson Bowman

2013
HairBrained
Finals Moderator

2013
Butler, TheThe Butler
Freddie Fallows

2014
400 Boys
Talon

2014
Selma
Ralph Abernathy

2015
Time Out of Mind
Mr. Oyello

2016
Beautiful Something
Drew

2016
The Birth of a Nation
Hark Turner

2018
Assassination Nation
Principal Turrell
In post-production

2018
If Beale Street Could Talk

Filming

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Show
Role
Episode name
Notes

1997
Nash Bridges
Reggie Harell
"Dirty Tricks"
04 episodes total

1999
Nash Bridges
Hassam
Desmond Kenner
"Power Play"
"Girl Trouble"
04 episodes total

2000
Nash Bridges
Trumpet Player
"Skin Trade"
04 episodes total

2004
Law & Order
Ronald Gumer
"Hands Free"
02 episodes total

2006
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
Sergeant Ev Sides
"To the Bone"
02 episodes total

2006
Law & Order: Trial by Jury
Gus
"Eros in the Upper Eighties"

2008
Big Gay Sketch Show, TheThe Big Gay Sketch Show

08 episodes; 16 episodes total

2008
Law & Order
Donnie
"Sweetie"
02 episodes total

2009
Great Performances
Mr. Franklin/Mr. Venus/Joop
"Passing Strange"
musical telecast

2010
Big Gay Sketch Show, TheThe Big Gay Sketch Show

08 episodes; 16 episodes total

2010
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
Andre Lanier
"Love Sick"
02 episodes total

2015–present
Fear the Walking Dead
Victor Strand

0Season 1 (Recurring role; 2 episodes)
Season 2-present (Starring; 24 episodes)

2015
The Knick
Dr. Russell Daniels

0Season 2 (Recurring role)

2016
Lucifer
Father Frank Lawrence
"Priest Walks Into a Bar"

2016
Horace and Pete
Dr. Evers
"Episode 8"

2017
Timeless
Bass Reeves
"The Murder of Jesse James"

2017
BoJack Horseman
Eddie (Dragonfly)
"The Old Sugarman House"
Voice role

2017
Miles From Tomorrowland
Cember

Voice role


document_title: History of Indian football

question_text: where did india made her debut in olympic football

text: History of Indian football

text: Football was introduced to India by British soldiers in the mid-nineteenth century. It spread because of the efforts of Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari. In 1888 the Durand Cup was founded by then India's Foreign Secretary, Mortimer Durand at Simla, India. The Durand Cup is the third oldest football competition behind the FA Cup and the Scottish Cup. It was initiated, as a recreation for British troops stationed in India. Royal Scots Fusiliers won the first edition of the cup by beating Highland Light Infantry 2–1 in the Final. In 1893 the IFA Shield was founded as the fourth oldest trophy in the world. Calcutta, then capital of British India, soon became the hub of Indian football. Sarada FC was the oldest Indian football club.

text: Calcutta FC was the first club to be established in 1872. Other early clubs include Dalhousie Club, Traders Club and Naval Volunteers Club.[1]

text: In 1889 India's oldest current team Mohun Bagan A.C. was founded as "Mohun Bagan Sporting Club". This was the first club to be under the rule of the army. Both Hindus and Muslims players played in it.Several football clubs like Calcutta FC, Sovabazar and Aryan Club were established in Calcutta during the 1890s. Tournaments like the Gladstone Cup, Trades Cup and Coocbehar Cup also started around this time.

text: R B Ferguson Football Club was established in February 20, 1899 in Thrissur, Kerala (Kingdom of kochin) and it was the oldest football club in the southern part of India. The club was named after the Kochi Police Superintendent, R B Ferguson.The club was famed by the nickname Young Men's Football Club and played a huge role in promoting football in Kerala during early 1900's.

text: The first Indian Federation, the Indian Football Association, was founded in 1893 but did not have a single Indian on its board.

text: Several clubs were founded, more Cup competitions were introduced and Indian players became more common. The major event that showed a rise in Indian Football was in 1911 when Mohun Bagan AC defeated East Yorkshire Regiment 2–1 in the final of the IFA Shield. This was the first time an Indian team won a major national tournament. The Durand Cup, first held in Shimla in 1888, was the first Indian football competition and is incidentally the third oldest surviving competition the World over. It was started by Sir Mortimer Durand.[1]

text: In 1940's "Aurora Football Club" the second oldest club in southern India is formed in Kerala.It was formed by the football loving fans of Ollur,Thrissur. Which is started its football journey from Thrissur.

text: Indian teams started touring Australia, Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand in the late 1930s. The All India Football Federation (AIFF) was formed in 1937. The 1948 London Olympics was India's first major international tournament, where a predominately barefooted Indian team lost 2–1 to France in the opening match, failing to convert two penalties. Sarangapani Raman scored the only goal for India in that match and thus the first Indian international goal ever in the Olympics.

text: The 1950 World Cup[edit]

text: India qualified by default for the 1950 FIFA World Cup finals as a result of the withdrawal of all of their scheduled opponents. But the governing body AIFF decided against going to the World Cup, being unable to understand the importance of the event at that time. Reason shown by AIFF was that there was the cost of travel, although FIFA agreed to bear a major part of the travel expenses, lack of practice time, team selection issues and valuing Olympics over FIFA World cup.

text: Although FIFA imposed a rule banning barefoot play following 1948 Olympics where India had played barefoot, the suggestion that the Indian team refused to play because they were not allowed to play barefoot is not entirely true; according to the then-Indian captain Sailen Manna, it was invented to cover up. The team had not made it past the first round of the FIFA World Cup Qualifiers until 2018, when they defeated Nepal 2–0 over the course of two home-and-away games.

text: 1951–1962: The Golden Era of Indian Football[edit]

text: The period from 1951 to 1962 is considered the golden era in Indian football. Under the tutelage of legendary Syed Abdul Rahim India became the best team in Asia. The Indian team started the 1950s with victory in the 1951 Asian Games which they hosted. India beat both Indonesia and Afghanistan 3–0 to reach the final where they beat Iran 1–0. In 1952, India continued their form by winning the Colombo Quadrangular Cup held in Sri Lanka. This is called as the Golden time of Indian football. As four years earlier, many of the team played without boots but after the result in the Olympics AIFF immediately made it mandatory to wear boots.

text: India also won three further editions of the Quadrangular Cup, which were held in Burma, Calcutta and Dhaka in 1953, 1954 and 1955 respectively. India then went on to finish eighth in the 1954 Asian Games held in Manila.

text: At the 1956 Olympics they finished fourth, this is the second time India made second history in the world of football. India first met hosts Australia, winning 4–2 with Neville D'Souza becoming the first Asian to score a hatrick in the Olympics and also making India the first Asian team to reach the Olympic semi-finals. They lost 4–1 to Yugoslavia, and lost the third place play-off match 3–0 to Bulgaria.

text: India participated in the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo, Japan where they finished fourth, and the Merdeka Cup 1959 in Malaysia finishing second. The side started off 1960 with Asian Cup qualifiers in which they failed to qualify. India went on to win the 1962 Asian Games where they beat South Korea 2–1 in the final, and two years later finished second in the 1964 Asian Cup which was held in round-robin format. India played in the Merdeka Cup in 1964, 1965 and 1966 where they finished 2nd, 3rd and 3rd .

text: 1963–1984: Post-Golden Era[edit]

text: Rahim's death in early 60s pegged Indian football back after a successful period. India played in the 1966 Asian Games in Bangkok but were eliminated in first round. India then took third place in the 1970 Asian Games, beating Japan 1–0 in the third place, play-off. In mid-70s, Indian youth team jointly won the Youth Asian Cup with Iran. Indian football would go through a barren phase in 70s, 80s and 90s, gradually losing its foothold as a top Asian team.

text: In 1984 India qualified for the 1984 Asian Cup. The team were placed in Group B but ended in last place after losing all but 1 match (which was a draw). India also failed to score during the Asian Cup as well which brought up questions about team selection.

text: Mohun Bagan AC created history again when they went on to win the IFA Shield in 1978 after a 2–2 draw against FC Ararat Yerevan from Soviet Union. The club became the first Indian side, post-independence, to win the title while competing with a non-Asian side.

text: East Bengal F.C. club went on to win the 1973 IFA Shield against Pyongyang City Sports Club of North Korea.

text: In the 90's, FC Kochin was formed in Kochi, Kerala. In the 1990s, it was the only football club from Kerala in the National Football League. FC Kochin had contributed substantially to the advancement of Kerala football within its short span.

text: India won gold medals in the SAF Games of both 1984 (in Dhaka) and 1987 (Calcutta). They won the inaugural SAARC Cup in 1993 in Lahore, and finished runner-up in Colombo two years later. By 1997 the competition had been renamed as the SAFF Cup, and India won it in both 1997 and 1999 edition, when they hosted it in Goa.

text: India also got a major boost when the All India Football Federation created the National Football League in 1996. This was India's first ever national domestic league.

text: 2000–2010: The rebirth of Indian Football[edit]

text: Although India failed to qualify for the 2004 Asian Cup, the senior team gained the silver medal in the inaugural Afro Asian Games, with victories over Rwanda and Zimbabwe (then 85 places ahead of India in the world rankings), losing the final 1–0 to Uzbekistan. As a result, Indian football has steadily earned greater recognition and respect, both within the country and abroad. In November 2003 then-India coach Stephen Constantine was named AFC Manager of the Month.

text: India lost to Pakistan and Bangladesh in the 2003 SAFF Cup, and defeats in the 2006 World Cup qualifiers meant Stephen Constantine was sacked. The LG Cup win in Vietnam under Stephen Constantine was one of the few bright spots in the early part of the 2000s. It was India's first victory in a football tournament outside the subcontinent since 1974. India defeated hosts Vietnam 3–2 in the final despite trailing 2–0 after 30 minutes.

text: In 2005 Syed Nayeemuddin was appointed as India coach but he was immediately sacked the following year after heavy defeats in 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers. Much traveled and experienced coach Bob Houghton was later appointed coach of team in 2006. Under Houghton India saw a huge revival in World Football. In August 2007, the Indian national team won the Nehru Cup for the first time in its history beating Syria 1–0. In August the following year, India defeated Tajikistan 4–1 to lift the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup and in turn qualified for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar. In 2009 August, India again won the Nehru Cup beating Syria again but this time in penalties (6–5).

text: Club wise Indian Football took a turn for the better as the National Football League folded in 2006 and in 2007 the brand new I-League was started. The first I-League season was won by Goa club Dempo. During the 2008 AFC Cup Dempo made history when they made it all the way to the semi-finals of the AFC Cup before losing out to Safa Beirut SC.

text: East Bengal F.C. club of Kolkata won now-defunct ASEAN Club Championship in 2003.

text: 2011: The 2011 AFC Asian Cup[edit]

text: In the beginning of 2011 India took part in the AFC Asian Cup for the first time in 27 years. India were placed in Group C with Australia, Bahrain, and South Korea. On 10 January 2011 India played their first match against Australia where they lost 4–0. Then on 14 January 2011 India played Bahrain where again they lost 5–2 with Sunil Chhetri and Gouramangi Singh scoring. Then on 18 January 2011 India played their final match of the tournament against South Korea where they again lost 4–1. Sunil Chhetri was the goal scorer for India which meant that he scored the most goals for India in the tournament with two goals in three matches.

text: 2011: A new beginning[edit]

text: Since the 2011 Asian Cup the All India Football Federation has been working very hard on Indian Football. They allowed former coach Bob Houghton to coach the Indian side in the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers. India played its first match in 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification on 21 March winning 3–0 against Chinese Taipei, with Jewel Raja Shaikh, Sunil Chhetri and Jeje Lalpekhlua scoring the goals. On 23 March they faced Pakistan. India came from behind and defeated Pakistan 3–1 with Jeje Lalpekhlua scoring 2 goals and Steven Dias scoring one. On 25 March they faced Turkmenistan their last 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualifying game and India drew the game 1–1. The result meant that they finished on top of Group B and qualified for the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup.

text: In April 2011 Houghton was resigned as India coach after reports of racial abuse to an Indian referee during a match against Vietnam. In May 2011 the AIFF appointed Armando Colaco as Indian head coach. The Indian senior team defeated Qatar 2–1 in an historic international friendly before the start of the world cup qualifier against UAE (United Arab Emirates). India went on to lose the qualifying encounter by 5–2 on aggregate over two legs, having contentiously suffered two red cards and two converted penalties in the first 23 minutes of the opening leg, which the UAE won by 3–0. The Indian national team went on a friendly tour to the Caribbean Islands, which turned out to be very unsuccessful. Recently they were beaten 2–1 by Guyana.

text: In 2016, Mohun Bagan AC of Kolkata became the first Indian club to qualify for the second round of AFC Champions League Qualifier, when they defeated Tampine Rovers FC of Singapore on 27 January 2016. In addition, they created another history by defeating South China AA of Hong Kong with a margin of 4 goals in 2016 AFC Cup on 9 March 2016. This is, till date, the highest margin of victory by any Indian club side on foreign soil. In 2017, The FIFA under -17 world cup was hosted by India.