document_title: Zones and divisions of Indian Railways

question_text: the number o f railway zones in india are

text: Zones and divisions of Indian Railways

text: List of zones and its divisions[edit]

text: The 18 zones and the 68 divisions are listed below:[2][3]

text:
List of IR Zones

Railway Zone
Code
Zone Headquarters
Operational Statistics[4](in FY2011-12)
Railway Divisions

Route length
(km)
Number of Stations
Revenue
Passenger Carried
(million)

01. Northern Railway
NR
Delhi
6,968
1142
₹89,246 million (US$1.4 billion)
685
Delhi,[5] Ambala,[6] Firozpur,[7] Lucknow NR,[8] Moradabad[9]

02. North Eastern Railway
NER
Gorakhpur
3,667
537
₹17,667 million (US$270 million)
250
Izzatnagar,[10] Lucknow NER,[11] Varanasi[12]

03. Northeast Frontier Railway
NFR
Guwahati
3,907
690
₹21,079 million (US$320 million)
88
Alipurduar, Katihar, Rangiya, Lumding, Tinsukia[13]

04. Eastern Railway
ER
Sealdah
2,414
576
₹37,254 million (US$570 million)
1,173
Howrah,[14] Sealdah,[15] Asansol,[16] Malda [17]

05. South Eastern Railway
SER
Howrah
2,631
353
₹73,721 million (US$1.1 billion)
263
Adra,[18] Chakradharpur,[19] Kharagpur,[20] Ranchi[21]

06. South Central Railway
SCR
Secunderabad
6,137
883
₹89,114 million (US$1.4 billion)
378
Secunderabad,[22] Hyderabad,[23] Vijayawada,[24]Guntakal,[25] Guntur,[26] Nanded[27]

07. Southern Railway
SR
Chennai
6,844
890
₹81,820 million (US$1.3 billion)
406
Chennai,[28] Tiruchirappalli,[29] Madurai,[30] Palakkad,[31] Salem,[32] Thiruvananthapuram[33]

08. Central Railway
CR
Mumbai
3,905
612
₹75,447 million (US$1.2 billion)
1,675
Mumbai,[34] Bhusawal,[35] Pune,[36] Solapur,[37] Nagpur[38]

09. Western Railway
WR
Mumbai
6,182
1046
₹82,167 million (US$1.3 billion)
1,654
Mumbai WR,[39] Ratlam,[40] Ahmedabad, Rajkot,[41] Bhavnagar,[42] Vadodara[43]

10. South Western Railway
SWR
Hubballi
3,177
456
₹26,384 million (US$400 million)
181
Hubballi,[44] Bengaluru,[45] Mysuru,[46]

11. North Western Railway
NWR
Jaipur
5,459
663
₹36,240 million (US$560 million)
157
Jaipur,[47] Ajmer,[48] Bikaner,[49] Jodhpur [50]

12. West Central Railway
WCR
Jabalpur
2,965
372
₹65,135 million (US$1.0 billion)
138
Jabalpur,[51] Bhopal,[52] Kota[53]

13. North Central Railway
NCR
Allahabad
3,151
435
₹87,796 million (US$1.3 billion)
182
Allahabad,[54] Agra,[55] Jhansi [56]

14. South East Central Railway
SECR
Bilaspur
2,447
358
₹63,402 million (US$970 million)
126
Bilaspur,[57] Raipur,[58] Nagpur SEC[59]

15. East Coast Railway
ECoR
Bhubaneswar
2,572
342
₹87,884 million (US$1.3 billion)
86
Khurda Road,[60] Sambalpur,[61] Waltair[62]

16. East Central Railway
ECR
Hajipur
3,628
800
₹59,386 million (US$910 million)
222
Danapur,[63] Dhanbad,[64] Mughalsarai,[65] Samastipur,[66] Sonpur[67]

17. Metro Railway
MTP
Kolkata
130
75
₹348 million (US$5.3 million)[68]
183[69]
NA

18. Konkan Railway
KR
Navi Mumbai

None

text: Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Railways.[70]

text: Organisation[edit]

text: A typical division has an average track length of about 1,000 km (620 mi) and staff strength of about 15,000. All the departments and services of the Indian Railways are represented in a Division.[71][72][73][74]

text:
Sl. No
Name of Department
Headed by
Abbre.
Role and function

1.
Engineering Department
Senior Divisional Engineer
Sr.DEN
Maintenance of all fixed assets of the Division, i.e. Track, Bridges, Buildings, Roads, Water supply etc.

2.
Mechanical Engineering & Power (Transportation) Department
Senior Divisional Mechanical Engineer
Sr.DME
Maintenance of all rolling stock of the Division (except electric locos and EMU/MEMUs), i.e. locomotives, passenger and freight cars; and technical super etc.

3.
Electrical Engineering Department
Senior Divisional Electrical Engineer
Sr.DEE
Maintenance of all electric locomotives, EMUs/MEMUs and fixed electrical assets of the Division, i.e. Overhead equipment, lighting and power for railway establishments etc.

4.
Signal & Telecommunication Engineering Department
Senior Divisional Signal & Telecommunication Engineer
Sr.DSTE
Management of the Signalling and Telecommunication (S&T) infrastructure of the division for Safe Train operations;

5.
Operating and Traffic (Transportation) Department
Senior Divisional Operations Manager
Sr.DOM
Train operations

6.
Commercial Department
Senior Divisional Commercial Manager
Sr.DCM
Passenger ticketing, ticket checking, booking of freight rakes and collecting fares

7.
Medical Department
Chief Medical Superintendent
CMS
Providing medical facilities to railway employees and their families

8.
Safety Department
Senior Divisional Safety Officer
Sr.DSO
Ensuring safety of train operations

9.
Stores Department
Senior Divisional Material Manager
Sr.DMM
Ensuring material for maintenance of trains (material for all departments except the Engineering Department)

10.
Accounts Department
Senior Divisional Finance Manager
Sr.DFM
Financial management of the division

11.
Personnel Department
Senior Divisional Personnel Officer
Sr.DPO
HR functions

12.
Security Department
Senior Divisional Security Commissioner
Sr.DSC
Security of railway material, passenger and passenger belongings

text: Control Room[edit]

text: Every division has a Control Room for train operations, where all the trains in the division are controlled and monitored. There are different types of control rooms such as engineering control, mechanical control etc. which coordinate with operating control and employees of the respective department.

text: Accident Relief Trains[edit]

text: Every division has Accident Relief Trains (ARTs), Accident Relief Medical Vans (ARMVs) and Breakdown Cranes for assisting in disaster management. These are under the supervision of the Senior Divisional Manager of Engineering (SrDME) of the Division, who is also the head of Division.

text: Locomotive Sheds[edit]

text: The Diesel Locomotive Sheds and Electric Locomotive Sheds on the division maintain diesel and electric locomotives respectively. Their administrative control is with the Divisional Railway Manager (DRM).

text: Coaching Depots and Sick Lines[edit]

text: Every division has some coaching depots to maintain its passenger cars and sick lines to maintain freight cars which are found unfit at the freight examination points.


document_title: Roland Georges Garros

question_text: who was the man the roland garros tennis tournament was named after

root

text: Roland Georges Garros

text: Biography[edit]

text: Eugène Adrien Roland Georges Garros[3] was born in Saint-Denis, Réunion, and studied at the Lycée Janson de Sailly and HEC Paris. He started his aviation career in 1909 flying a Demoiselle (Dragonfly) monoplane, an aircraft that only flew well with a small lightweight pilot. He gained Ae.C.F. licence no. 147 in July 1910. In 1911 Garros graduated to flying Blériot monoplanes and entered a number of European air races with this type of machine, including the 1911 Paris to Madrid air race and the Circuit of Europe (Paris-London-Paris), in which he came second.[4]

tag: p

text: On 4 September 1911, he set an altitude record of 3,950 m (12,960 ft). The following year, on 6 September 1912, after Austrian aviator Philipp von Blaschke had flown to 4,360 m (14,300 ft), he regained the height record by flying to 5,610 m (18,410 ft).[5][6][7]

text: By 1913 he had switched to flying the faster Morane-Saulnier monoplanes, and gained fame for making the first non-stop flight across the Mediterranean Sea from Fréjus in the south of France to Bizerte in Tunisia[8]in a Morane-Saulnier G. The following year, Garros joined the French army at the outbreak of World War I.

text: Myth of first air battle[edit]

text: Reports published in August 1914 claimed Garros was involved in the "first air battle in world history" and that he had flown his plane into a Zeppelin, destroying the airship and killing its pilots and himself. [9] This story was quickly contradicted by reports that Garros was alive and well in Paris. [10] Such early reports maintained that an unidentified French pilot had indeed rammed and destroyed a Zeppelin [11], however, German authorities refuted the story.[12] Later sources indicated the first aerial victory against a Zeppelin occurred in June 1915 and that earlier reports, including that of Garros, had been discredited. [13]

text: Development of interrupter gear[edit]

text: In the early stages of the air war in World War I the problem of mounting a forward-firing machine gun on combat aircraft was considered by a number of individuals. The so-called "interrupter gear" did not come into use until Anthony Fokker developed a synchronization device which had a large impact on air combat; however, Garros also had a significant role in the process of achieving this goal.

text: As a reconnaissance pilot with the Escadrille MS26, Garros visited the Morane-Saulnier Works[14] in December 1914. Saulnier's work on metal deflector wedges attached to propeller blades was taken forward by Garros; he eventually had a workable installation fitted to his Morane-Saulnier Type L aircraft. The Aero Club of America awarded him a medal for this invention three years later.[15] Garros achieved the first ever shooting-down of an aircraft by a fighter firing through a tractor propeller, on 1 April 1915; two more victories over German aircraft were achieved on 15 and 18 April 1915.[14]

text: On 18 April 1915, either Garros's fuel line clogged or, by other accounts, his aircraft was downed by ground fire,[14] and he glided to a landing on the German side of the lines. Garros failed to destroy his aircraft completely before being taken prisoner: most significantly, the gun and armoured propeller remained intact. Legend has it that after examining the plane, German aircraft engineers, led by Fokker, designed the improved interrupter gear system. In fact the work on Fokker's system had been going for at least six months before Garros's aircraft fell into their hands. With the advent of the interrupter gear the tables were turned on the Allies, with Fokker's planes shooting down many Allied aircraft, leading to what became known as the Fokker Scourge.

text: After internment in a POW camp[edit]

text: Garros finally managed to escape from a POW camp in Germany on 14 February 1918, after several attempts, and rejoined the French army.[16] He settled into Escadrille 26 to pilot a Spad, and claimed two victories on 2 October 1918, one of which was confirmed.

text: Death[edit]

text: On 5 October 1918, he was shot down and killed near Vouziers, Ardennes, a month before the end of the war and one day before his 30th birthday.[17][2] His adversary was probably German ace Hermann Habich from Jasta 49.[18]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Garros is erroneously called the world's first fighter ace. In fact, he shot down only four aircraft; the definition of "ace" is five or more victories. The honour of becoming the first ace went to another French airman, Adolphe Pégoud.[19]

text: Places named after Roland Garros[edit]

text: A tennis centre, which he attended religiously when he was studying in Paris, was named after him in the 1920s, the Stade de Roland Garros. The stadium accommodates the French Open, one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. Consequently, the tournament is officially called Les internationaux de France de Roland-Garros (the "French Internationals of Roland Garros").

text: According to Vũ Trọng Phụng's urban novel Dumb Luck (1936), during colonial times the Hanoi government named the city's main tennis stadium after Roland Garros.

text: The international airport of La Réunion, Roland Garros Airport, is also named after him. The place where he landed in Bizerte is called place of Roland Garros.

text: The French car manufacturer Peugeot commissioned a 'Roland Garros' limited edition version of its 205 model in celebration of the tennis tournament that bears his name. The model included special paint and leather interior. Because of the success of this special edition, Peugeot later created Roland Garros editions of its 106, 108, 206, 207, 208, 306, 307, 406, and 806 models.


document_title: Legends of the Fall

question_text: who played the young tristan in legends of the fall

text: Legends of the Fall

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sick of betrayals the United States government perpetrated on the Native Americans, Colonel William Ludlow leaves the army and moves to a remote part of Montana. Along with One Stab, a Cree friend, he builds a ranch and raises his family. Accompanying them are hired hand and former outlaw Decker, Decker's Cree wife Pet, and daughter Isabel Two. Ludlow has three sons: Alfred, the eldest, is responsible and cautious; Tristan, the Colonel's favorite son, is wild and well-versed in American Indian traditions; Samuel, the youngest, is educated but naive and constantly watched over by his brothers.

text: Ludlow's wife Isabel does not adapt to the harsh Montana winters and moves to the East Coast; Tristan vows never to speak of her again. At age 12, Tristan touches a sleeping grizzly bear. The bear awakens and injures him, but he stabs at the bear's paw and cuts off a claw.

text: Years later, Samuel returns from Harvard University with his fiancée, Susannah. Susannah talks with Isabel Two and learns of her fondness for Tristan. Susannah finds Tristan captivating but loves Samuel. Before they can marry, Samuel announces his intention to join the Canadian Expeditionary Force and aid Britain in the fight against Germany. Much to their father's displeasure, Alfred also joins. Although Tristan does not want to join, he does so to protect his brothers.

text: During World War I, the brothers find themselves in the 10th Battalion, CEF. Alfred, commissioned as an officer, leads a charge into no man's land. The attack results in heavy casualties and Alfred is wounded. While visiting Alfred in the field hospital, Tristan learns that Samuel has volunteered for a dangerous reconnaissance mission. He rushes off to protect his brother but arrives too late. A devastated Tristan holds Samuel until he dies, then cuts out his brother's heart and sends it home to be buried at the ranch. Tristan single-handedly raids the German lines. He returns to camp with the scalps of German soldiers hanging around his neck, horrifying his fellow soldiers. He is discharged but does not go home. Alfred returns to Montana and proposes to Susannah, but she declines.

text: Tristan returns home, where Susannah finds him weeping over Samuel's grave. She comforts him, and they become lovers. A jealous Alfred confronts Tristan and leaves to make his name in Helena. Tristan is plagued with guilt over Samuel's death and feels responsible for driving Alfred away; he leaves Montana for several years. Susannah waits for him, only to receive a letter telling her to marry someone else. Alfred comforts Susannah. Ludlow finds them together, which leads to a falling out between him and Alfred. Ludlow later suffers a stroke. He does not speak for years and the ranch deteriorates. Susannah marries Alfred, now a congressman. Alfred's business and politics cause him to get involved with the O'Banion brothers, bootleggers and gangsters.

text: Tristan returns during Prohibition, bringing life back to the ranch and his father. He falls in love with Isabel Two and they marry. They have two children, the elder being a boy named Samuel. Tristan becomes involved in small-scale rum-running, finding himself at odds with the O'Banion brothers. Isabel is accidentally killed by a police officer working for the O'Banions. In a fit of grief, Tristan beats the officer nearly to death and is jailed. Susannah visits Tristan, still having feelings for him, but he refuses her advances. After his release, Tristan and Decker kill those responsible for Isabel's death, including one of the O'Banion brothers.

text: Realizing she cannot live without Tristan, Susannah commits suicide. The remaining O'Banion brother, along with the corrupt sheriff and another police officer, comes after Tristan for revenge. At the ranch, Ludlow and Alfred kill the attackers. Alfred reconciles with his father and brother. The family realizes that Tristan is likely to be blamed for the deaths, which prompts Tristan to ask Alfred to take care of his children. However, One Stab's narration explains that later during the night they bury the bodies and dump the car in the Missouri River. One narrates that he always believed Tristan would die as a young man, but he instead lives to watch his children and grandchildren grow. One Stab narrates that it was the people he loved and wanted to protect most that died young. The last scene takes place in 1963. Tristan, now an old man living in the North Country investigates an animal carcass as he is confronted by a grizzly bear. He draws his knife and fights it. As they struggle, the image freeze-frames as One Stab narrates; "It was a good death".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brad Pitt as Tristan Ludlow

Keegan MacIntosh as Young Tristan Ludlow

Anthony Hopkins as Col. William Ludlow
Aidan Quinn as Alfred Ludlow
Julia Ormond as Susannah Fincannon-Ludlow
Henry Thomas as Samuel Ludlow
Karina Lombard as Isabel "Isabel II" Decker/Isabel Decker Ludlow

Sekwan Auger as Young Isabel II Decker

Gordon Tootoosis as One Stab
Christina Pickles as Isabel Ludlow
Paul Desmond as Roscoe Decker
Tantoo Cardinal as Pet Decker
Robert Wisden as John T. O'Banion
John Novak as James O'Banion
Kenneth Welsh as Sheriff Tynert
Bart the Bear as the Bear

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Legends of the Fall was primarily filmed on location in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Principal photography began in mid-September 1993.[4] The World War I battlefield scenes took two weeks to film and were shot near Morley, Alberta, with hundreds of locals and a few Canadian Forces soldiers recruited as extras.[5] The Ghost River Wilderness Area in Alberta served as the filming location for the Ludlow ranch; additional outdoor scenes, as well as the funeral and cemetery scenes, were shot at the Bow River near Banff National Park. A historic harbour area in Vancouver called Gastown was augmented with period building facades for the Helena, Montana street scenes. Hotel scenes were shot at the Hotel Europe at 43 Powell Street in Vancouver. Additional scenes were shot at Maple Leaf Square in Gastown, Vancouver, and Ocho Rios in Saint Ann, Jamaica. Filming wrapped up around January 1994.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in limited release on December 23, 1994, and expanded to a wide release on January 13, 1995. During its first weekend in wide release, which was a four-day weekend due to Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, the film reached number one at the domestic box office after grossing $14 million.[7] After its initial run, the film brought in a final box office total of $160,638,883.[8] Against its $30 million budget, the film was a financial success.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 56% of 54 film critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.8 out of 10.[9] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 45 based on 23 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[10] IMBD gave the film a score of 7.5/10 based on reviews from critics, indicating generally positive reviews.

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times described the film as "pretty good ... with full-blooded performances and heartfelt melodrama".[11] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone particularly praised Pitt's performance saying, "Though the admirable Quinn has the toughest role, Pitt carries the picture. The blue-eyed boy who seemed a bit lost in Interview with the Vampire proves himself a bona fide movie star, stealing every scene he's in."[12] Comparatively, Chris Hicks of Deseret News noted, "Pitt is the hunk of the moment, and Legends of the Fall will only further cement his big-screen, romantic leading-man status. And he is satisfying as the internalized, rebellious Tristan (look for that name to be given to more than a few babies over the next few years). Even if the character seems only a slight twist on the similar role he played in A River Runs Through It. (He even becomes a bootlegger!)"[13]

text: On the other hand, Rita Kempley of The Washington Post stated that the film's "yarn doesn't so much sweep as sprawl across the screen in all its panoramic idiocy".[14] Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented, "Before it turns exhaustingly hollow, this film shows the potential for bringing Mr. Harrison's tough, brooding tale to life. And the actors may have captured the spirit of the story, but that's impossible to know." She concluded, "These are performances that lost too much in the editing room, smothered by music and overshadowed by a picture-postcard vision of the American West."[15]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography (John Toll), Best Art Direction (Lilly Kilvert, Dorree Cooper), and Best Sound (Paul Massey, David E. Campbell, Chris David and Douglas Ganton), and won the category for Best Cinematography.[2][16] In addition, the film was nominated for the Golden Globes for Best Picture – Drama, Best Actor – Drama (Brad Pitt), Best Director (Edward Zwick), and Best Original Score (James Horner).[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Legends of the Fall was first released on DVD on April 29, 1997, and once again on October 17, 2000.[18] The film was later released on Blu-ray on February 8, 2011, with bonus content that includes two audio commentaries, deleted scenes with optional commentary and two behind-the-scenes featurettes.[19]


document_title: Top of the Pops

question_text: what was the first song ever played on top of the pops

question_tokens: what was the first song ever played on top of the pops

text: Top of the Pops

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Top of the Pops was created by BBC producer Johnnie Stewart, inspired by the popular Teen and Twenty Disc Club which aired on Radio Luxembourg. It was first aired in 1964 and was originally based on the Top 20. By 1970 the Top 30 was being used and the show was extended from 30 to 45 minutes duration. The show was also now shown in colour following the BBC1 upgrade in November 1969. A switch to the Top 40 was made in 1984. (Radio One also changed to the Top 30 in the early 70s and to the Top 40 in 1978).

text: The show saw many changes through the decades, in style, design, fashion and taste. It periodically had some aspect of its title sequence, logo and theme tune, format, or set design altered in some way, keeping the show looking modern despite its age. The programme had several executive producers during its run (although not all were billed as such), in charge of the overall production of the show, although specific content on individual shows was sometimes decided by other producers. When Stewart left the show in 1973, after nearly 10 years in charge, he was replaced by Robin Nash. Both Stewart and Nash made brief returns to the show as producer after they left, in 1976 and 1981 respectively.

text: Stewart devised the rules which governed how the show would operate: the programme would always end with the number one record, which was the only record that could appear in consecutive weeks. The show would include the highest new entry and (if not featured in the previous week) the highest climber on the charts, and omit any song going down in the chart.[7] Tracks could be featured in consecutive weeks in different formats. For example, if a song was played over the chart countdown or the closing credits, then it was acceptable for the act to appear in the studio the following week.

text: These rules were sometimes interpreted flexibly and were more formally relaxed from 1997 when records descending the charts were featured more regularly, possibly as a response to the changing nature of the Top 40 (in the late 1990s and early 2000s climbers in the charts were a rarity, with almost all singles peaking at their debut position).

text: When the programme's format changed in November 2003, it concentrated increasingly on the top 10. Later, during the BBC Two era, the top 20 was regarded as the main cut-off point, with the exception made for up and coming bands below the top 20. Singles from below the top 40 (within the top 75) were shown if the band were up and coming or had a strong selling album. If a single being performed was below the top 40, just the words "New Entry" were shown and not the chart position.

text: The show was originally intended to run for only a few programmes but lasted over 42 years, reaching landmark episodes of 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 in the years 1973,[8] 1983,[9] 1992 and 2002[10] respectively.

text: The first show[edit]

text: Top of the Pops was first broadcast on Wednesday, 1 January 1964 at 6:35 pm. It was produced in Studio A on Dickenson Road in Rusholme, Manchester.

text: DJ Jimmy Savile presented the first show live from the Manchester studio (with a brief link to Alan Freeman in London to preview the following week's programme), which featured (in order) the Rolling Stones with "I Wanna Be Your Man", Dusty Springfield with "I Only Want to Be with You", the Dave Clark Five with "Glad All Over", the Hollies with "Stay", the Swinging Blue Jeans with "Hippy Hippy Shake" and the Beatles with "I Want to Hold Your Hand",[11] that week's number one – throughout its history, the programme proper always (with very few exceptions) finished with the best-selling single of the week, although there often was a separate play-out track.

text: 1960s and 1970s[edit]

text: Later in 1964, the broadcast time was moved to one hour later, at 7:35 pm, and the show moved from Wednesdays to what became its regular Thursday slot. Additionally its length was extended by 5 minutes to 30 minutes.

text: For the first three years Alan Freeman, David Jacobs, Pete Murray and Jimmy Savile rotated presenting duties, with the following week's presenter also appearing at the end of each show, although this practice ceased from October 1964 onwards. Neville Wortman filled in as director/producer on Johnnie Stewart's holiday break.

text: In the first few editions, Denise Sampey was the "disc girl", who would be seen to put the record on a turntable before the next act played their track.[12] However, a Mancunian model, Samantha Juste, became the regular disc girl after a few episodes, a role she performed until 1967.[13]

text: With the birth of BBC Radio 1 in 1967, new Radio 1 DJs were added to the roster – Stuart Henry, Emperor Rosko, Simon Dee and Kenny Everett.[14]

text: Local photographer Harry Goodwin was hired to provide shots of non-appearing artists, and also to provide backdrops for the chart run-down. He would continue in the role until 1973.[15]

text: After two years at the Manchester Dickenson Road Studios, the show moved to London (considered to be better located for bands to appear), initially for six months at BBC TV Centre Studio 2 and then to the larger Studio G at BBC Lime Grove Studios in mid-1966[16] to provide space for the Top of the Pops Orchestra, which was introduced at this time to provide live instrumentation on some performances (previously, acts had generally mimed to the records). In November 1969, with the introduction of colour, the show returned to BBC TV Centre, where it stayed until 1991, when it moved to Elstree Studios Studio C.[17]

text: For a while in the early 1970s, non-chart songs were played on a more regular basis, to reflect the perceived growing importance of album sales, as well as a New Release spot and a feature of a new act, dubbed Tip for the Top. These features were dropped after a while, although the programme continued to feature new releases on a regular basis for the rest of the decade.

text: During its heyday, it attracted 15 million viewers each week. The peak TV audience of 19 million was recorded in 1979, during the ITV strike, with only BBC1 and BBC2 on air.[18]

text: Christmas Top Of The Pops[edit]

text: A year end Christmas show featuring a 'review' of the year's biggest hits was inaugurated on 24 December 1964, and has continued every year since.[19] From 1965 onwards, the special edition was broadcast on Christmas Day[20] (although not in 1966[21]) and from the same year, a second edition was broadcast in the days after Christmas, varying depending on the schedule, but initially regularly on 26 December. The first was shown on 26 December 1965.[22] The second programme was discontinued after 1984. In 1973, there was just one show, airing on Christmas Day. In place of the traditional second show, Jimmy Savile hosted a look back at the first 10 years of TOTP, broadcast on 27 December.[23] In 1975, the first of the two shows was broadcast prior to Christmas Day, airing on 23 December, followed by the traditional Christmas Day show two days later.[24]

text: The 1978 Christmas Day show was disrupted due to industrial action at the BBC, requiring a change in format to the broadcast. The first show, due to be screened on 21 December, was not shown at all because BBC1 was off the air.[25] For Christmas Day, Noel Edmonds (presenting his last ever edition of TOTP) hosted the show from the 'TOTP Production Office' with clips taken from various editions of the show broadcast during the year and new studio footage performed without an audience. The format was slightly tweaked for the Christmas Day edition in 1981, with the Radio 1 DJs choosing their favourite tracks of the year[26] and the following edition on 31 December featuring the year's number 1 hits.[27]

text: In 1980, Nash was replaced by Michael Hurll, who introduced more of a "party" atmosphere to the show, with performances often accompanied by balloons and cheerleaders, and more audible audience noise and cheering. Guest co-presenters and a music news feature were introduced for a short while, but had ceased by the end of 1980. The chart rundown was split into three sections in the middle of the programme, with the final Top 10 section initially featuring clips of the songs' videos, although this became rarer over the next few years. An occasional feature showing the American music scene with Jonathan King was introduced in November 1981, and ran every few weeks until February 1985. In January 1985, a Breakers section, featuring short video clips of tracks in the lower end of the Top 40, was introduced, and this continued for most weeks until March 1994.

text: Although the programme had been broadcast live in its early editions, it had been recorded on the day before transmission for many years. However, from May 1981, the show was sometimes broadcast live for a few editions each year, and this practice continued on an occasional basis (often in the week of a bank holiday, when the release of the new chart was delayed, and for some special editions) for the rest of the decade.

text: The programme moved in September 1985 to a new regular half-hour timeslot of 7pm on Thursdays, where it would remain until June 1996.

text: The end of 1988 was marked by a special 70-minute edition of the show broadcast on 31 December 1988, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the first show. The pre-recorded programme featured the return of the original four presenters (Savile, Freeman, Murray and Jacobs) as well as numerous presenters from the show's history, anchored by Paul Gambaccini and Mike Read. Numerous clips from the history of the show were included in between acts performing in the studio, which included Cliff Richard, Engelbert Humperdinck, Lulu, The Four Tops, David Essex, Mud, Status Quo, Shakin' Stevens, The Tremeloes and from the very first edition, The Swinging Blue Jeans. Sandie Shaw, The Pet Shop Boys and Wet Wet Wet were billed in the Radio Times to appear, but none featured in the show other than Shaw in compilation clips.[28]

text: Paul Ciani took over as producer in 1988. The following year, in an attempt to fit more songs in the allocated half hour, he restricted the duration of studio performances to three minutes, and videos to two minutes, a practice which was largely continued until May 1997. In July 1990, he introduced a rundown of the Top 5 albums, which continued on a monthly basis until May 1991. Ciani had to step down due to illness in 1991, when Hurll returned as producer to cover for two months (and again for a brief time as holiday cover in 1992).

text: 1991: 'Year Zero' revamp[edit]

text: From 1967, the show had become closely associated with the BBC radio station Radio 1, usually being presented by DJs from the station, and between 1988 and 1991 the programme was simulcast on the radio station in FM stereo. However, during the last few years of the 1980s the association became less close, and was severed completely (although not permanently) in a radical shake-up known as the 'Year Zero' revamp.

text: Following a fall in viewing figures and a general perception that the show had become 'uncool' (acts like The Clash had refused to appear in the show in previous years), a radical new format was introduced by incoming executive producer Stanley Appel (who had worked on the programme since 1966 as cameraman, production assistant, director and stand-in producer[29]) in October 1991, when the Radio 1 DJs were replaced by a team of relative unknowns, such as Claudia Simon and Tony Dortie who had previously worked for Children's BBC, 17-year-old local radio DJ Mark Franklin, Steve Anderson, Adrian Rose and Elayne Smith, who was replaced by Femi Oke in 1992. A brand new theme tune ('Now Get Out Of That'), title sequence and logo were introduced, and the entire programme moved from BBC Television Centre in London to BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood.

text: The new presenting team would take turns hosting (initially usually in pairs but sometimes solo), and would often introduce acts in an out-of-vision voiceover over the song's instrumental introduction. They would sometimes even conduct short informal interviews with the performers, and initially the Top 10 countdown was run without any voiceover. Rules relating to performance were also altered meaning acts had to sing live as opposed to the backing tracks for instruments and mimed vocals for which the show was known. To incorporate the shift of dominance towards American artists, more use was made of out-of-studio performances, with acts in America able to transmit their song to the Top of the Pops audience "via satellite". These changes were widely unpopular and much of the presenting team were axed within a year, leaving the show hosted solely by Dortie and Franklin (apart from the Christmas Day editions, when both presenters appeared) from October 1992, on a week-by-week rotation.

text: By 1994, much of the 'Year Zero' revamp was quickly undone and the arrival of Ric Blaxill as producer in February 1994 signalled a return to presentation from established Radio 1 DJs Simon Mayo, Mark Goodier, Nicky Campbell and Bruno Brookes. Blaxill expanded the use of "via satellite" performances, taking the acts out of studios and concert halls and setting them against landmark backdrops. As a consequence, Bon Jovi performed Always from Niagara Falls and Celine Dion beamed in Think Twice from Miami Beach.

text: The last remnants of the Year Zero revamp were replaced in 1995, when a new title sequence, logo and theme tune were introduced (the logo having first been introduced on the new programme Top of the Pops 2 some months previous), coinciding with the introduction of a new set. Blaxill also increasingly experimented with handing presenting duties to celebrities, commonly contemporary comedians and pop stars who were not in the charts at that time. In an attempt to keep the links between acts as fresh as the performances themselves, the so-called "golden mic" was used by, amongst others, Kylie Minogue, Meat Loaf, Julian Cope, Chris Eubank, Damon Albarn, Harry Hill, Jack Dee, Lulu and Jarvis Cocker. Radio 1 DJs still presented occasionally, notably Lisa I'Anson, Steve Lamacq, Jo Whiley and Chris Evans.

text: TOTP was traditionally shown on a Thursday night, but was moved to a Friday starting on 14 June 1996,[30] originally at 7 pm, but then shifted to 7.30 pm, a change which placed the programme up against the soap opera Coronation Street on ITV. This began a major decline in audience figures as fans were forced to choose between Top of the Pops and an episode of the soap.[31]

text: In 1997, incoming producer Chris Cowey phased out the use of celebrities and established a rotating team (similar to the 1991 revamp, although much more warmly received) of former presenters of youth music magazine The O-Zone Jayne Middlemiss and Jamie Theakston as well as Radio 1 DJs Jo Whiley and Zoë Ball. The team was later augmented by Kate Thornton and Gail Porter.

text: Chris Cowey in particular instigated a set of 'back to basics' changes when he took over the show. In 1998, a remixed version of the classic 'Whole Lotta Love' theme tune previously used in the 1970s was introduced, accompanied by a new 1960s-inspired logo and title sequence. Cowey also began to export the brand overseas with localised versions of the show on air in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Italy by 2003.[32] Finally, the programme returned to its previous home of BBC Television Centre in 2001, where it remained until its cancellation in 2006.

text: 2003: All New Top of the Pops[edit]

text: On 28 November 2003 (three months after the appointment of Andi Peters as executive producer), the show saw one of its most radical overhauls since the ill-fated 1991 'Year Zero' revamp in what was widely reported as a make-or-break attempt to revitalise the long-running series. In a break with the previous format, the show played more up-and-coming tracks ahead of any chart success, and also featured interviews with artists and a music news feature called "24/7". Most editions of the show were now broadcast live, for the first time since 1991 (apart from a couple of editions in 1994). The launch show, which was an hour long, was notable for a performance of "Flip Reverse" by Blazin' Squad, featuring hordes of hooded teenagers choreographed to dance around the outside of BBC Television Centre.

text: Although the first edition premièred to improved ratings, the All New format, hosted by MTV presenter Tim Kash, quickly returned to low ratings and brought about scathing reviews.[33][34] Kash continued to host the show, but Radio 1 DJs Reggie Yates and Fearne Cotton (who had each presented a few shows in 2003, before the revamp) were brought back to co-host alongside him, before Kash was completely dropped by the BBC, later taking up a new contract at MTV. The show continued to be hosted by Reggie Yates and Fearne Cotton (usually together, but occasionally solo) on Friday evenings until 8 July 2005.

text: On 30 July 2004, the show took place outside a studio environment for the first time by broadcasting outside in Gateshead. Girls Aloud, Busted, Will Young and Jamelia were among the performers that night.[35]

text: 2004–2005: Move to BBC Two[edit]

text: By November 2004, viewing figures had plummeted to below three million, prompting an announcement by the BBC that the show was going to move, again, to Sunday evenings on BBC Two, thus losing the prime-time slot on BBC One that it had maintained for more than forty years.[36]

text: This move was widely reported as a final "sidelining" of the show, and perhaps signalled its likely cancellation. At the time, it was insisted that this was so that the show would air immediately after the official announcement of the new top 40 chart on Radio 1, as it was thought that by the following Friday, the chart seemed out-of-date. The final Top of the Pops to be shown on BBC One (barring Christmas and New Year specials) was broadcast on Monday 11 July 2005, which was edition number 2,166.

text: The first edition on BBC Two was broadcast on 17 July 2005 at 7.00pm with presenter Fearne Cotton. After the move to Sundays, Cotton continued to host with a different guest presenter each week, such as Rufus Hound or Richard Bacon. On a number of occasions, however, Reggie Yates would step in, joined by female guest presenters such as Lulu and Anastacia. Viewing figures during this period averaged around 1½ million. Shortly after the move to BBC Two, Peters resigned as executive producer.[37] He was replaced by the BBC's Creative Head of Music Entertainment Mark Cooper, while producer Sally Wood remained to oversee the show on a weekly basis.

text: 2006: Cancellation[edit]

text: On 20 June 2006, the show was formally cancelled and it was announced that the last edition would be broadcast on 30 July 2006. Edith Bowman co-presented its hour-long swansong, along with Jimmy Savile (who was the main presenter on the first show), Reggie Yates, Mike Read, Pat Sharp, Sarah Cawood, Dave Lee Travis, Rufus Hound, Tony Blackburn and Janice Long.

text: The final day of recording was 26 July 2006[38] and featured archive footage and tributes, including the Rolling Stones – the very first band to appear on Top of the Pops – opening with "The Last Time", the Spice Girls, David Bowie, Wham!, Madonna, Beyoncé, Gnarls Barkley, the Jackson 5, Sonny and Cher and Robbie Williams. The show closed with a final countdown, topped by Shakira, as her track "Hips Don't Lie" (featuring Wyclef Jean) had climbed back up to number one on the UK Singles Chart earlier in the day. The show ended with Savile ultimately turning the lights off in the empty studio.

text: Fearne Cotton, who was the current presenter, was unavailable to co-host for the final edition due to her filming of ITV's Love Island in Fiji but kicked off the show with a quick introduction recorded on location, saying "It's still number one, it's Top of the Pops". BARB reported the final show's viewing figures as 3.98 million.[39]

text: Since the last episode featured no live acts in the studio, the honour of being the last act to actually perform on a weekly episode of TOTP goes to Snow Patrol with "Chasing Cars" in the penultimate edition; the last act ever featured visually on a weekly Top of the Pops was Girls Aloud, as part of the closing sequence of bands performing on the show throughout the years. They were shown performing "Love Machine".

text: 2006–present: After the end[edit]

text: The magazine and TOTP2 have both survived despite the show's axing, and the Christmas editions also continue after returning to BBC One. However, the TOTP website, which the BBC had originally promised would continue, is now no longer updated, although many of the old features of the site – interviews, music news, reviews – have remained, now in the form of the Radio 1-affiliated TOTP ChartBlog accessible via the remains of the old website.

text: Calls for return[edit]

text: In October 2008, British Culture Secretary Andy Burnham and Manchester indie band the Ting Tings called for the show to return.[40]

text: On 29 October 2008, Simon Cowell stated in an interview that he would be willing to buy the rights to Top of the Pops from the BBC. The corporation responded that they had not been formally approached by Cowell,[41] and that in any case the format was not "up for sale".[5] In November 2008, it was reported by The Times and other newspapers that the weekly programme was to be revived in 2009, but the BBC said there were no such plans.[42]

text: In July 2009, Pet Shop Boys singer Neil Tennant criticised the BBC for ending the programme, stating that new acts were missing out on "that great moment of being crowned that week's Kings of Pop".[43]

text: In early 2015 there was increased speculation of a return of the show including rumours that Dermot O'Leary might present alongside Fearne Cotton. According to a report in the Daily Mirror, a BBC insider stated that ″some at the highest level are massive supporters of the plan [of a return] and have given the go-ahead."[44] The move of the UK charts to a Friday due to take place in summer 2015[45] was also said to favour the possibility of a return, making it ″the perfect tie-in″[44] and a ″perfect start to the weekend″,[44] but no weekly return has occurred.

text: BBC Four reruns[edit]

text: In April 2011, the BBC began to reshow Top of the Pops on Thursday nights on BBC Four beginning with the equivalent show from 35 years earlier in a 7:30pm–8:00pm slot approximating to the time the programme was traditionally shown. The first programme shown, 1 April 1976, was chosen because it was from approximately this episode onwards that most editions remain in the BBC archive. The repeat programmes come in two versions; the first is edited down to fit in the 30 minute 7:30 slot, the second is shown normally twice overnight in the following weekend, and is usually complete. However both the short and longer editions can be edited for a number of reasons. Potentially offensive content to modern audiences is cut (for example the Barron Knights' in-studio performance of "Food For Thought" on the 13 December 1979 edition including a segment parodying Chinese takeaways using mannerisms that may now be viewed as offensive), and cinematic film footage can be truncated, replaced or removed entirely due to the costs to the BBC of reshowing such footage. The BBC also makes the repeats available on BBC iPlayer. The repeats are continuing as of July 2017 with episodes from 1984.[46]

text: Following the Jimmy Savile allegations, from October 2012, episodes featuring Jimmy Savile ceased to be broadcast.[47] Following the arrest of Dave Lee Travis by Operation Yewtree officers, and the subsequent prosecution, acquittal, retrial, further acquittal on all but one minor charge and failed appeal, episodes featuring Travis were also omitted.[48] Episodes featuring Mike Smith are also not included in the run due to the presenter declining to sign licence extensions to permit rebroadcast. Smith died in August 2014 and the BBC continues to honour his wishes.[49] Due to these broadcasting restrictions and the occasional missed weeks in the original run due to strikes and other reasons (an episode was not made for 1 June 1978 due to the BBC showing the 1978 FIFA World Cup[50]), other programmes are shown on some Thursday nights to make up the shortfall in the number of programmes in a given year, in particular The Sky At Night and The BBC Proms.

text: "Story of" Specials[edit]

text: Prior to the 1976 BBC reruns shown in 2011, the BBC produced a special programme, "The Story Of 1976".[51] This comprised excerpts from the 1976 programmes, interspersed with new interviews with people discussing the time period. They have produced similar programmes prior to subsequent annual reruns for 1977 in 2012,[52] 1978 in 2013,[53] 1979 in 2014,[18] 1980 in 2015,[54] 1981 on 8 January and 1982 in 17 June 2016 and 1983 and 1984 on 6 January 2017 and 4th June 2017 etc.[55]

text: "Big Hits" compilation[edit]

text: A series of compilation of big hits with captions on the screen about artist, people and songs from 1964–1975 and 1976 in 2011, 1977 in 2012, 1978 in 2013, 1979 in 2014, 1980 in 2015 and both 1981 in 8 January 2016 and 1982 in 17 June 2016 etc.

text: Christmas and New Year specials[edit]

text: Although the weekly Top of the Pops has been cancelled, the Christmas Specials have continued, hosted by Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates. The Christmas specials are broadcast on Christmas Day afternoon on BBC One. Since 2008[56] (apart from 2010 and 2011), a New Year special has also been broadcast. The most recent festive editions of Top of the Pops were at the end of 2016, on Christmas Day and New Year's Eve.[57] A new logo and title sequence were introduced from 2013, although earlier versions of the logo still appear on the studio set. The BBC's Head of Music Television, Mark Cooper, continues to oversee the programme as executive producer, while Stephanie McWhinnie replaced Wood as producer with effect from Christmas 2011.

text: Comic Relief specials[edit]

text: The show was given a one-off revival (of sorts) for Comic Relief 2007 in the form of Top Gear of the Pops, presented by Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May. It was filmed at the Top Gear aerodrome studio in Surrey on Sunday, 11 March 2007, although it bore little resemblance to the usual Top of the Pops format.

text: On 13 March 2009, Top of The Pops was once again revived, this time in its usual format, for a special live Comic Relief edition, airing on BBC Two while the main telethon took a break for the BBC News at Ten on BBC One. As with the Christmas specials the show was presented by Radio 1 duo Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates with special guest presenter Noel Fielding and appearances from Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders, Claudia Winkleman, Jonathan Ross, Davina McCall (dancing in the audience and later as a Flo Rida dancer with Claudia Winkleman and French and Saunders) and David Tennant.

text: Live performances – interspersed with Comic Relief appeal films – included acts such as Franz Ferdinand, Oasis, Take That, U2, James Morrison and Flo Rida (that week's Number 1). Kicking off the show was a performance from Rob Brydon and Ruth Jones in their Gavin & Stacey guises, feat. Tom Jones and Robin Gibb with "(Barry) Islands in the Stream", the Comic Relief single.

text: Performers, performances and presenters[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In its extensive history, Top of the Pops has featured many artists, many of whom have appeared more than once on the show to promote many of their records.

text: Green Day hold the record for the longest Top of the Pops performance: "Jesus of Suburbia" broadcast on 6 November 2005, lasted 9 minutes and 10 seconds. There is uncertainty about what was the shortest performance. In 2005, presenter Reggie Yates announced on the show that it was Super Furry Animals with "Do or Die", broadcast on 28 January 2000, clocking in at 95 seconds. However, "It's My Turn" by Angelic was 91 seconds on 16 June 2000 and, according to an August 2012 edition of TOTP2, "Here Comes the Summer" by the Undertones was just 84 seconds on 26 July 1979. Cliff Richard appeared the most times on the show, with almost 160 performances. Status Quo were the most frequent group with 106 performances.[58]

text: Miming[edit]

text: Initially acts performing on the show mimed to the commercially released record, but in 1966 after discussions with the Musicians' Union, miming was banned.[59] After a few weeks during which some bands' attempts to play as well as on their records were somewhat lacking, a compromise was reached whereby a specially recorded backing track was permitted – as long as all the musicians on the track were present in the studio.[60][61] The TOTP Orchestra, led by Johnny Pearson, augmented the tracks when necessary. This set-up continued until 1980, when a protracted Musicians' Union strike resulted in the dropping of the live orchestra altogether and the use of pre-recorded tracks only.[62] This accounts for a number of acts who never appeared on the show due to their reluctance to perform in this way. Highlights have included Jimi Hendrix who, on hearing someone else's track being played by mistake (in the days of live broadcast), mumbled "I don't know the words to that one, man", Shane MacGowan of The Pogues' drunken performance of "Fairytale of New York", a performance of "Roll with It" by Oasis in which Noel and Liam Gallagher exchanged roles with Noel miming to Liam's singing track and Liam pretending to play guitar, and John Peel's appearance as the mandolin soloist for Rod Stewart on "Maggie May".

text: The miming policy also led to the occasional technical hitch. A famous example of this is the performance of "Martha's Harbour" in 1988 by All About Eve where the television audience at home could hear the song but the band and studio audience and personnel could not. As the opening verse of the song beamed out of the nation's television sets, the unknowing lead singer Julianne Regan remained silent on a stool on stage while Tim Bricheno (the only other band member present) did not play his guitar. An unseen stagehand apparently prompted them that something was wrong in time to mime along to the second verse. The band were invited back the following week, and chose to sing live.[citation needed]

text: Occasionally bands played live, examples in the 1970s being The Four Seasons, The Who, John Otway, Sham 69, Eddie and the Hot Rods, Jimmy James and the Vagabonds, Heavy Metal Kids, Elton John, Typically Tropical, New Order, and David Bowie. In 1980, heavy metal band Iron Maiden played live on the show when they refused to mime to their single "Running Free". Solo artists and vocal groups were supposed to sing live to the Top Of The Pops Orchestra. Billy Ocean, Brotherhood Of Man, Hylda Baker and The Nolans all performed in this way.

text: For a few years from 1991, the show adopted a live vocal to pre-recorded backing track policy. Performing "Smells Like Teen Spirit", Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain dropped his voice an octave and changed the opening line to "Load up on drugs, kill your friends"; the band also made it very clear that they were not playing their instruments. (Cobain later said during an interview that he wanted to sound more like Morrissey during the performance.) It also exposed a number of poor live singers, and was dropped as a general rule.[63] It was not helped by the fact that it coincided with a sudden upsurge of chart success for dance tracks which were heavily sample-based and whose sound could not easily be reproduced in a TV studio – sampled vocals from other tracks had to be sung live.[citation needed]

text: In its final few years miming had become less and less common, especially for bands, as studio technology became more reliable and artists were given the freedom to choose their performance style. Former Executive Producer Andi Peters stated that there was no policy on miming and said that it was entirely up to the performer if they wanted to sing live or mime.[64]

text: Dance troupes[edit]

text: January to October 1964 – no dance troupes[edit]

text: In the era before promotional videos were routinely produced for every charting single, the BBC would frequently have neither the band themselves nor alternative footage available for a song selected for the programme. In the first few months of the show in 1964, the director would just scan across the audience dancing in the absence of any other footage, but by October 1964 a decision was made to at least occasionally bring in a dance troupe with a choreographed routine to some of the tracks[65] as a third option, and also to encourage the audience to dance in the show "otherwise they'd just stand around looking gormless".[66]

text: November 1964 to April 1968 – The Go-Jos[edit]

text: An initial candidate troupe was the existing BBC TV Beat Girls, but an ex-dancer from the Beat Girls, Jo Cook, was eventually engaged to create a troupe, the all-female Go-Jos.,[67][68] with Cook as choreographer. The Go-Jos also worked outside of Top of the Pops, notably for two years on the Val Doonican show[69] – Doonican said in 1968 "I thought the Gojos were fabulous, something really new. When I got my own television series I just had to have them with me."[70]

text: They were initially a three-piece (Pat Hughes for the first edition only, Linda Hotchkin and Jane Bartlett), but their number eventually grew to six (Hotchkin, Bartlett, Lesley Larbey, Wendy Hilhouse, Barbara van der Heyde and Thelma Bignell) with Cook as full-time choreographer. Lulu remembered of their costumes "They mostly wore white boots to the knee and short skirts and the camera would go up the skirt and it was all very risqué." [71]

text: Their Top of the Pops dancing style was critically described by a later performer as "very typical of the 1960s: hands on your hips, wiggle from side to side, wave your arms in the air and shake your head madly till it almost comes off",[72] though Cook herself said of working on the Doonican show (of which she was dance director) comparing to Top of the Pops, "Pop steps are limited...With Val we have more scope, and we can work to get more of the feel of ballet into our numbers."[70]

text: May to June 1968 – Go-Jos/Pan's People transition[edit]

text: In April 1968, a Top of the Pops choreographer, Virginia Mason,[73] auditioned for dancers for a routine on Top of The Pops (Simon Says by the 1910 Fruitgum Company); two of whom that were successful (Ruth Pearson and Patricia "Dee Dee" Wilde) were part of the existing six-female dance troupe, Pan's People.[74] Like the Go-Jos, this group was also partly drawn from ex-members of the Beat Girls.[75]

text: Although this routine did not make it onto the programme itself, in subsequent weeks, members of Pan's People (Louise Clarke, Felicity "Flick" Colby, Barbara "Babs" Lord, Pearson, Andrea "Andi" Rutherford and Wilde) started to appear on the programme separately to the Go-Jos. Pan's People were then selected by the BBC over the Go-Jos when they chose a group to be the resident troupe.[76] The Go-Jos' final Top Of The Pops performance was in June 1968 dancing to "Jumping Jack Flash" by The Rolling Stones.

text: July 1968 to April 1976 – Pan's People[edit]

text: As with the Go-Jos, in the first eighteen months of the Pan's People era the dancers were not a weekly fixture on the programme.[77] However, due to group fan mail and good viewing figures, by 1970 the group was on nearly every week.[78] Their profile was raised to such a degree they were "transformed from jobbing dancers to Thursday-night superstars".[79] Pay was not high, they were paid the minimum equity rate of £56 per week.[80]

text: One of the original Pan's People dancers, Colby, became the full-time choreographer in 1971.[81] Colby spoke of the dancing – "They weren't Broadway-standard routines...we were definitely doing watercolours, not oil paintings."[82]

text: May to October 1976 – Ruby Flipper[edit]

text: In early 1976, the last remaining of the early members of Pan's People, Ruth Pearson announced her retirement, leaving just four members all of whom who had joined within the last four years; Cherry Gillespie, Mary Corpe, Lee Ward and Sue Menhenick. Rather than continue with this line up or add additional members, it was decided by Colby and BBC production staff to replace this group[83] with a male and female group created for the programme, Ruby Flipper, choreographed by Colby and managed by Colby with Pearson. Lee Ward left shortly after this decision was made, reportedly saying regarding the change "It's a big mistake. Men rush home to watch sexy ladies. They do not want to see other men.".[84]

text: Rehearsals for this new group started in March 1976, and the group began appearing on Top Of The Pops in May 1976. Whilst producers were aware of the switch to the new group, Bill Cotton, the then head of the light entertainment unit of which Top Of The Pops was part, was not. This group started as a seven-piece with three men (Gavin Trace, Floyd Pearce and Phil Steggles) and four women (Menhenick, Gillespie, Patti Hammond and Lulu Cartwright). Corpe was not invited to join the new troupe. Trace, Pearce, Steggles and Cartwright joined following open auditions, Hammond, an established dancer, was invited to join to complete the "look" following a later individual audition.[85] Colby viewed this gender-mixed group as an opportunity to develop more physical routines including lifts.,[86] more duets and generally not have the whole group at each performance.

text: However, by August the BBC had decided to terminate the group due to perceived unpopularity and being "... out of step with viewers".[87] Their final appearance was in October 1976 (by this time Trace and Gillespie had already left, reducing Ruby Flipper to five members), with the senior management insisting on a replacement all-female grouping. Flick Colby recalled of this time "Bill Cotton called me in and said the British public didn’t want to see black men dancing with white women...I argued, but he told me to form another all-girl group or I was out."[88]

text: November 1976 to October 1981 – Legs & Co[edit]

text: The group created to replace Ruby Flipper was Legs & Co, reverting to an all-female line-up, and once more choreographed by Colby. Three of the six in the initial line-up (Menhenick, Cartwight and Hammond) were taken from Ruby Flipper.[89] with Rosie Hetherington, Gill Clarke and Pauline Peters making up the six. Despite being an all-female group, on occasion one or more male dancers were brought in, notably Pearce several times.

text: During their run, the group covered the transition from Disco to Punk, Electronic and Modern Romantic music. Notably, they danced to two Sex Pistols tracks, as the Sex Pistols never did a studio performance in this period.[90]

text: December 1981 to September 1983 – Zoo[edit]

text: By late 1981, Legs & Co (by this time Anita Chellamah had replaced Peters) had become more integrated into the studio audience, rather than performing set-piece routines, as a result of the 'party atmosphere' brought in by Michael Hurll. Also by this time Colby was particularly keen to work once more with male dancers; feeling it time for a change, Legs & Co's stint was ended, and a twenty-member dance troupe (ten male, ten female), named Zoo was created, with a set of performers drawn from the pool of twenty each week.[91] Colby was now credited as "Dance Director".[86] Three members of previous troupes, Menhenick, Corpe and Chellamah, made at least one appearance each during the Zoo period. The dancers now chose their own clothes, moving away from the synchronised appearance of previous troupes.[92]

text: October 1983 to 2006 – After Zoo[edit]

text: By the early 1980s, record companies were offering the BBC free promotional videos, meaning dance troupes no longer fulfilled their original purpose.[93] Zoo's run ended in 1983, and with it the use of dance troupes on Top Of The Pops.

text: After the demise of Zoo, the audience took a more active role, often dancing in more prominent areas such as behind performing acts on the back of the stage, and on podiums. However, in addition the show also employed so-called cheerleaders to lead the dancing.

text: Dance Troupe chronology[edit]

text: Go-Jos' first performance: 19 November 1964 – Dancing to "Baby Love" by The Supremes[94]

text: Pan's People first performance (three of the dancers, independently contracted): April 1968 – Dancing to "Young Girl" by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap[95] or "Respect" by Aretha Franklin[96]

text: Pan's People's first performance (as the six-piece group of early 1968): 30 May 1968 – Dancing to "U.S. Male" by Elvis Presley[96]

text: Go-Jos' final performance: 27 June 1968 – Dancing to "Jumping Jack Flash" by The Rolling Stones[97]

text: Pan's People's final performance: 29 April 1976 – Dancing to "Silver Star" by The Four Seasons[98]

text: Ruby Flipper's first performance: 6 May 1976 – Dancing to "Can't Help Falling In Love" by The Stylistics[99]

text: Ruby Flipper's final performance: 14 October 1976 – Dancing to "Play That Funky Music" by Wild Cherry

text: Legs & Co's first performance (credited as ??????): 21 October 1976 – Dancing to "Queen Of My Soul" by Average White Band[91]

text: Legs & Co's first performance (credited as Legs & Co): 11 November 1976 – Dancing to "Spinning Rock Boogie" by Hank C. Burnette

text: Legs & Co's final performance: 29 October 1981 – Dancing to "Favourite Shirts (Boy Meets Girl)" by Haircut 100

text: Zoo's first performance: 5 November 1981 – Dancing to "Twilight" by E.L.O.

text: Zoo's final performance: 29 September 1983 – Dancing to "What I Got Is What You Need" by Unique

text: Theme music[edit]

text: For much of the 1960s the show's theme music was an organ-based instrumental track, also called "Top of the Pops", by the Dave Davani Four.

text:
1 January 1964 to ?: Instrumental percussion piece written by Johnnie Stewart and Harry Rabinowitz and performed by drummer Bobby Midgly.
1965 to 1966: Dave Davani Four's "Top of the Pops" with the Ladybirds on backing vocal harmonies. Originally the opening theme, this was later played as a closing theme from 1966 up until 1970.
20 January 1966 to 13 November 1969: Unknown instrumental guitar track.
27 November 1969 to 29 October 1970: Unknown brass track played over colour titles with a voiceover proclaiming, "Yes! It's number one! It's Top of the Pops!" There was no TOTP on 20 November 1969 due to the Apollo 12 Moon landing.
5 November 1970 to 14 July 1977: Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love" based on the CCS release, but specially re-recorded by CCS with the same personnel from their first album, playing a 40-second version.
21 July 1977 to 31 July 1980: No opening theme tune: A contemporary chart song was played over the countdown stills. "Whole Lotta Love" featured only in Christmas editions, the 800th edition from 26 July 1979 and the voice-over only edition from 22 November 1979.
7 August 1980 to 2 July 1981: No opening theme tune: The CCS version of "Whole Lotta Love" was played over some of the images of the featured artists and during the countdown stills in the Top 30 and Top 20 sections which were moved later on in the programme. From the edition of 7 August 1980 to the edition of 2 July 1981, "Whole Lotta Love" was only heard during the chart rundowns.
9 July 1981 to 27 March 1986: "Yellow Pearl" by Phil Lynott was commissioned as the new theme music. From 1983 to 1984, a re-recording of "Yellow Pearl" was played over the chart rundown and a soft rock version from 1984 to 1986.
3 April 1986 to 26 September 1991: "The Wizard", a composition by Paul Hardcastle.
3 October 1991 to 26 January 1995: "Now Get Out of That" composed by Tony Gibber.
2 February 1995 to 8 August 1997 (except 27 June & 25 July 1997) and 10 October 1997: the theme was a track called "Red Hot Pop" composed by Vince Clarke of Erasure.
27 June and 25 July 1997 then 15 August 1997 to 24 April 1998 (Except 10 October 1997): No theme tune: The opening of the first song of the episode was played under the titles and a song from the top 20 was played under the chart rundown.
1 May 1998 to 21 November 2003, updated, drum and bass version of Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love" by Ben Chapman.
28 November 2003 to 30 July 2006 and until 2012 for TOTP2 and Xmas specials: A remixed version of "Now Get Out Of That" by Tony Gibber.
25 December 2013 to present for Top of the Pops Christmas and New Year Specials – A mix of both the 1970s 'Whole Lotta Love' theme and the 1998 remix.

text: Missing episodes[edit]

text: Due to the BBC's former policy of deleting old programmes, the vast majority of the episodes from the programme's history prior to 1976 have been lost, including the only live appearance by the Beatles.[100]

text: Of the first 500 episodes (1964–73), only about 20 complete recordings remain in the BBC archives, and the majority of these are from 1969 onwards. The earliest surviving footage dates from 26 February 1964, and consists of performances by Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas and the Dave Clark Five. Some programmes exist only partially (largely performances that were either pre-recorded or re-used in later editions). There are also two examples of rehearsal footage, which are both from 1965, one which includes Alan Freeman introducing the Seekers,[101] and another with Sandie Shaw rehearsing "Long Live Love"[102]—both believed to be for the end-of-year Christmas Special. There are also cases of shows that only exist in their raw, unedited form. The oldest complete episode in existence was originally transmitted on Boxing Day in 1967 (only four complete recordings from the 1960s survive, two of which have mute presenter links). The most recent that is not held is dated 8 September 1977. All editions after this date exist in full.

text: Some off-air recordings, made by fans at home with a microphone in front of the TV speaker, exist in varying quality, including The Jimi Hendrix Experience performing a live version of "Hey Joe" in December 1966.

text: Some segments of TOTP which have been wiped by the BBC do survive in some form owing to having been included in other programmes, either by the BBC itself or by foreign broadcasters. The only surviving footage of The Beatles on the programme, for instance, comes from its re-use in episode one of 1965 Doctor Who serial The Chase.[103] Additionally a number of recordings are believed to exist in private collections.[104]

text: The programme was forced off the air for several weeks by industrial action by the Musicians' Union in both 1974 and 1980.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Top of the Pops has a sister show called TOTP2 which uses archive footage from as early as the late 1960s. It began on 17 September 1994. The early series were narrated by Johnnie Walker, before Steve Wright took over as narrator. In summer 2004 BBC Two's controller, Roly Keating, announced that it was being "rested". Shortly after UKTV G2 began showing re-edited versions of earlier programmes with re-recorded dialogue. Finally after a two-year break TOTP2 returned to the BBC Two schedules for a new series on Saturday, 30 September 2006, in an evening timeslot. It was still narrated by Steve Wright and featured a mixture of performances from the TOTP archive and newly recorded performances. The first edition of this series featured new performances by Razorlight and Nelly Furtado recorded after the final episode of Top of the Pops. In 2009 Mark Radcliffe took over as narrator.

text: Aired on BBC Radio 1 between the mid-1990s and late 2001 was Top of the Pops: The Radio Show which went out every Sunday at 3 pm just before the singles chart, and was presented by Jayne Middlemiss and Scott Mills. It later reappeared on the BBC World Service in May 2003 originally presented by Emma B, where it continues to be broadcast weekly in an hourly format, now presented by Kim Robson and produced by former BBC World Service producer Alan Rowett.

text: The defunct channel Play UK created two spin offs; TOTP+ Plus and TOTP@Play (2000–2001) (until mid-2000, this show was called The Phone Zone and was a spin-off from BBC Two music series The O-Zone). BBC Choice featured a show called TOTP The New Chart (5 December 1999 – 26 March 2000) and on BBC Two TOTP+ (8 October 2000 – 26 August 2001) which featured the TOTP @ Play studio and presenters. This is not to be confused with the UK Play version of the same name. A more recent spin-off (now ended) was Top of the Pops Saturday hosted originally by Fearne Cotton and Simon Grant, and its successor Top of the Pops Reloaded. This was shown on Saturday mornings on BBC One and featured competitions, star interviews, video reviews and some Top of the Pops performances. This was aimed at a younger audience and was part of the CBBC Saturday morning line-up. This was to rival CD:UK at the same time on ITV.

text: Send-ups[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A number of performers have sent up the format in various ways. Mainly this has been performers who disliked the mime format of the show, often as a more effective protest against this rather than just refusing to appear.

text:
When Fairport Convention appeared to promote their 1969 hit "Si Tu Dois Partir", drummer Dave Mattacks wore a T-shirt printed "MIMING".
When The Smiths appeared on the show to perform their single "This Charming Man", lead singer Morrissey was unhappy about having to lip-sync and so held a bunch of gladioli on the stage instead of a microphone.
In 1977, Australian punk band the Saints appeared when their minor hit "This Perfect Day" made the lower reaches of the chart. Singer Chris Bailey deliberately mimed the lyrics out of time before continuing to sing after allowing the microphone to fall out of his hand. Meanwhile, guitarist Ed Kuepper stood stock still, staring blankly away from the camera whilst strumming intermittently at a fraction of the fast pace of the guitar on the record.
During their performance of "Tom Hark" in 1980, the drummer for the Piranhas used plastic fish instead of drum sticks.
Northern Irish punk band Stiff Little Fingers appeared a few times on the show and each time didn't take it seriously. Normally singer Jake Burns would pull silly faces and flirt with the camera while playing. Drummer Jim Reilly would purposely hit the drums in a repetitive manner that didn't match up with the song and at times would pull the drum kit apart before the song was finished. And once, while playing the song "Just Fade Away", Reilly played a bodhrán rather than drums.
While performing their 1982 hit "Jackie Wilson Said (I'm in Heaven When You Smile)", the band Dexy's Midnight Runners were seen performing in front of a projection of the darts player Jocky Wilson instead of soul singer Jackie Wilson.[105] Dexy's frontman Kevin Rowland later said in an interview that the use of the Jocky Wilson picture was his idea and not a mistake by the programme makers as is sometimes stated.[106][107]
Frankie Goes To Hollywood performed one of the many 1984 performances of their hit "Two Tribes" with bassist Mark O'Toole playing drums whilst drummer Ped Gill played bass.
After The Bluebells' hit "Young at Heart" unexpectedly reached number one in 1993, nine years after the song's original release, the band reunited after having spent many years disbanded to play the song several times on the show where they parodied various other famous acts of the time such as Shabba Ranks and 2 Unlimited, one performance including lead singer Ken McCluskey pretending to play or scratch records on a "Bluebells Disco" DJ deck erected in front of the stage. The performance from 25 March is also remembered for an unusual camera technique where a camera was fixed to the bow of the violinist, Bobby Valentino, leading to several fast and humorous shots of the bow being used.
When Oasis mimed to "Whatever" on Top of the Pops in 1994, one of the cello players from the symphony was replaced by rhythm guitarist Bonehead, who clearly had no idea how the instrument should be played. Towards the end of the song, he gave up the pretence and started using the bow to conduct. A woman plays his rhythm guitar.[108] On another occasion Liam walked away from the microphone and chewed gum during a 2005 performance of "Lyla".
Faith No More lead singer Mike Patton also showed he was obviously miming a performance by sticking his tongue out of the side of his mouth during close-up shots. Also, their 1997 performance of "Ashes to Ashes" on the show featured Robin Guy (of the band Sack Trick) on drums instead of their actual drummer. He apparently wore a "Puffy" mask as a joke in reference to Faith No More's actual drummer, Mike "Puffy" Bordin. Mike Patton can be seen giving Guy the finger during the performance, supposedly because the mask fell off (or was taken off on purpose) as soon as the performance started.
Singer Les Gray of Mud went on stage to perform with a ventriloquist dummy during the performance of "Lonely This Christmas" and had the dummy lip-synch to the voice-over in the middle of the song.
During Mott the Hoople's performance of their single "Roll Away the Stone" in 1973, drummer Dale Griffin plays with oversized drumsticks.
For Orbital's debut TOTP performance they just stood around, occasionally leaning forward to press a button on their sequencers. One of their machines had its power plug deliberately draped across it, to show the equipment wasn't even plugged in.
EMF appeared on the show with one of the guitarists strumming along while wearing boxing gloves.
In Blur's performance of "Charmless Man" in 1996, Dave Rowntree decided to play with oversized drumsticks, while Graham Coxon played a mini guitar.[109]
In Green Day's first Top of the Pops appearance in 1994, the band played the song "Welcome to Paradise". Frontman Billie Joe Armstrong wore an otherwise plain white T-shirt with the phrase "Who am I fooling anyway?" handwritten on it, most likely a reference to his own miming during the performance. He could also be seen not playing his guitar during the instrumental bridge in the song.
The performance of "Maggie May" by Rod Stewart and the Faces featured John Peel miming on mandolin. Near the end of the song, Rod and the Faces begin to kick around a football. This is despite the fact that the music can be still heard playing in the background.[110]
Eels performed "Novocaine for the Soul" playing on toy instruments, which they then trashed.
The Cure were known for their abhorrence for miming their songs whilst on TOTP and on several occasions made it obvious they were not playing their parts – using such stunts as playing guitar left-handed, miming very badly out of synch and dressing their instruments up in clothes.
During "Sing" by Travis, a pie fight broke out which aped the music video of the song. Even though the members of the band got involved, the music still played in the background.
Ambient house group The Orb notably sat and played chess while an edited version of their 39:57-minute single "Blue Room" played in the background.
Depeche Mode's performance of "Barrel of a Gun" in 1997 featured famous Dutch photographer and director Anton Corbijn who mimed playing the drums. Also Tim Simenon (who produced the album the song appeared on) mimed playing keyboards along with Andy Fletcher.
When The Cuban Boys performed "Cognoscenti vs. Intelligentsia" at the end of 1999, a performance which was reportedly unbroadcast, the band wearing labcoats, covered in cobwebs.[111] The performance came during the song's peak in popularity, which grew extreme reactions, both positive and negative.
In Nirvana's only appearance on the show, Kurt Cobain deliberately sang their 1991 hit "Smells like Teen Spirit" in a low monotonous voice (he later claimed to be impersonating Morrissey) and the guitarists waved their guitars around above their heads during the famous guitar intro of the song.
When the Boomtown Rats performed "Rat Trap" on the show, Bob Geldof mimed playing a candelabra with a saxophone mouthpiece over the opening saxophone part, rather than pretend to play an actual instrument, and seems to be deliberately over-exaggerating his movements. During the same performance the band ripped up pictures of John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John at the beginning of the song to celebrate having replaced "Summer Nights" (from the soundtrack of Grease) at number one.

text: International versions[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: The TOTP format was sold to RTL in Germany in the 1990s, and aired on Saturday afternoons. It was very successful for a long time, with a compilation album series and magazine. However, in 2006 it was announced that the German show would be ending. The Italian version (first broadcast on Rai 2 and later on Italia 1) also ended in 2006. In February 2010 the show returned on Rai 2, and was broadcast for two seasons before being cancelled again in October 2011. The French version of the show ended by September 2006. The Dutch version of the show continued to run on BNN until the end of December 2006.[112] BBC Prime used to broadcast re-edited episodes of the BBC version, the weekend after it was transmitted in the UK. Ireland began transmitting Top of the Pops in November 1978 on RTÉ2. This was the UK version being transmitted at the same time as on BBC. The broadcasts ceased in late 1993.

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: Top of the Pops had short-lived fame in the United States. In 1987, the CBS television network decided to try an American version of the show. It was hosted by Nia Peeples and even showed performances from the BBC version of the programme. The show was presented on late Friday nights as part of CBS Late Night, and lasted almost a year.

text: In 2002, BBC America presented the BBC version of Top of the Pops as part of their weekend schedule. The network would get the episodes one week after they were transmitted in the UK. BBC America then tinkered with the show by cutting a few minutes out of each show and moving it to a weekday time slot.

text: On 23 January 2006, Lou Pearlman made a deal to bring Top of the Pops back to the airwaves in the United States. It was expected to be similar to the 1987 version, but it would also utilise the Billboard magazine music charts, most notably the Hot 100 chart. It was supposed to be planned for a possible 2006 or 2007 launch, but with several lawsuits against Lou and his companies (which resulted in his conviction in 2008), as well as the cancellation of the UK version, the proposed US project never went forward. On 19 August 2006, VH1 aired the UK series' final episode.

text: The United States had its own similar series, American Bandstand, which aired nationally on ABC from 1957 to 1987 (although it would continue in first-run syndication until 1988 and end its run on USA in 1989). Similar series also included Soul Train (1970–2006, featuring R&B artists), Club MTV (1986–92, featuring Dance Music acts; hosted by Downtown Julie Brown, an alumnus of TOTP as part of the show's last dance troupe Zoo) and Solid Gold (1980–88; like the early TOTP, it also used dance troupes).

text: Canada's version of this (mostly of American Bandstand and Soul Train) was Electric Circus (1988–2003) on MuchMusic, which was also seen in the USA through MuchMusic USA. It had a national chart (mostly of dance music and some pop) as well as live performances, and was based on a local late '70s programme in Toronto called CITY-TV Boogie.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The Top of the Pops brand has also been exported to New Zealand which for many years had to rely on music-video only shows to demonstrate its Top 20 (as well as the occasional season of the UK version of TOTP) as the world's top acts found New Zealand just too far away from the major markets to visit regularly. This all changed in 2002 when the New Zealand government suggested a voluntary New Zealand music quota on radio[113] (basically a threat that if the stations did not impose a quota themselves then one would be imposed on them). This worked and suddenly the amount of indigenous music played on radio stations increased, as did the number of New Zealand hits in the top 20. Therefore, a new version of a show like Top of the Pops became feasible for the first time, and the show was commissioned by Television New Zealand. The show was Executive Produced by David Rose, managing director and owner of Satellite Media and began in early 2004 with host Alex Behan. The hour-long show (as opposed to the 30-minute UK version) which is broadcast at 5 pm on Saturdays on TV2 (New Zealand) contains a mixture of songs recorded on a sound stage in the Auckland CBD, as well as performances from the international versions of the show. The New Zealand Top 20 singles and Top 10 albums are also featured. Alex stayed as host for two years before Bede Skinner took over. Despite a popular fan base in early 2006 TVNZ announced that Top of the Pops has been axed and ideas for new music shows are currently being considered.

text: Free-to-air music channel C4 then picked up the UK version of 'Top of the Pops and aired it on Saturdays at 8 pm with a repeat screening on Thursdays. However, since the UK version has recently been axed itself, this arrangement has obviously now ended.

text: Africa, Asia and the Middle East[edit]

text: An edited version of the UK show was shown on BBC Prime, the weekend after UK transmission.

text: In addition, a licensed version was shown on the United Arab Emirates-based MBC 2 television channel. This version consisted of parts of the UK version, including the Top 10 charts, as well as live performances by Arabic pop singers.

text: Latin America[edit]

text: A complete version of the UK show was shown on People+Arts, two weeks after the UK transmission.

text: Compilation albums[edit]

text: A number of compilation albums using the Top of the Pops brand have been issued over the years. The first one to reach the charts was BBC TV's The Best of Top of the Pops on the Super Beeb record label in 1975, which reached number 21.

text: Starting in 1968 and carrying on through the 1970s a rival series of Top of the Pops albums were produced, however these had no connection with the television series except for its name. They were a series of budget cover albums of current chart hits recorded by anonymous session singers and musicians released on the Hallmark record label. They had initially reached the charts but were later disallowed due to a change in the criteria for entering the charts. These albums continued to be produced until the early 1980s, when the advent of compilation albums featuring the original versions of hits, such as the Now That's What I Call Music! series, led to a steep decline in their popularity.

text: In the 1990s, the BBC Top of the Pops brand was again licensed for use in a tie-in compilation series. Starting in 1995 with Sony Music's Columbia Records label, these double disc collections moved to the special marketing arm of PolyGram / Universal Music Group TV, before becoming a sister brand of the Now That's What I Call Music! range in the EMI / Virgin / Universal joint venture.

text: Similarly to the roles of Top of the Pops on BBC One and BBC Two in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the compilation albums range featured current hits for the main series and classic hits (such as '70s Rock) for the "Top of the Pops 2" spin-offs.

text: The Top of the Pops brand has now been licensed by EMI who released a compilation series in 2007–08, with one CD for each year that Top of the Pops was running. The boxset for the entire series of 43 discs was released 7 July 2008. A podcast supporting the release of the boxset featuring interviews with Mark Goodier, Miles Leonard, Malcolm McLaren and David Hepworth is available.

text: Number One in the Compilation Charts[edit]

text: These albums in the series reached No. 1:

text:
Top of the Pops 1 (Columbia Records, 1995)
Top of the Pops '99 – Volume 2 (Universal Music TV, 1999)
Top of the Pops 2000 – Volume Two (BBC Music / Universal Music TV, 2000)

text: Top of the Pops magazine[edit]

text: Top of the Pops magazine has been running since February 1995, and filled the void in the BBC magazine portfolio where Number One magazine used to be. It began much in the mould of Q magazine, then changed its editorial policy to directly compete with popular teen celebrity magazines such as Smash Hits and Big, with free sticker giveaways replacing Brett Anderson covers.

text: A July 1996 feature on the Spice Girls coined the famous "Spice" nicknames for each member (Baby, Ginger, Posh, Scary and Sporty) that stayed with them throughout their career as a group and beyond.[114]

text: The BBC announced that the magazine would continue in publication despite the end of the television series, and is still running.

text: An earlier Top of the Pops magazine appeared briefly in the mid-1970s. Mud drummer Dave Mount sat reading an edition throughout a 1975 appearance on the show.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The Scottish punk band the Rezillos lampooned the show as a vehicle for vapid commercialism and for paying little or no attention to talented, unknown bands, in their song "Top of the Pops." The band performed the song on the programme twice when it entered the charts.
The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (who later became the KLF) sampled nearly three minutes of Top of the Pops on their album 1987.
A 2001 episode of Tweenies featured a parody of Top of the Pops, complete with Max imitating Jimmy Savile. The episode was unintententionally repeated in January 2013, and received 216 complaints. [115]
The #6 track of The Kinks' eighth studio album Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround, Part One is called "Top of the Pops" and narrates the path to stardom by reaching #1 in the music charts.
The Goodies episode Superstar contained a spoof edition of Top of the Pops. Entrance to the show was protected by barbed wire and machine guns with a poster declaring Tonight Girls Only. Must be over 16 and under 17. With Big Knockers. It also featured an impersonation of Jimmy Savile by John Peel.

text: Licensing[edit]

text: In May 2006, following a special Red Hot Chili Peppers concert recorded in the car park of BBC Television Centre, Hammersmith and Fulham Council (which governs the area the centre is located) informed the BBC that in order to legally conform to an Act of Parliament which came into force in 2004 they needed to have a special licence to continue to admit members of the public to any future performances. Before the matter was resolved the BBC requested the assistance of their own staff members to fill-in as audience members for this and other music shows.[116]

text: DVDs[edit]

text: In 2004 there was a DVD released called Top of the Pops 40th Anniversary 1964–2004 DVD. It features live performances, containing one song for each year, except 1966. (Two tracks from 1965 are featured instead). Also included as extras are seven opening titles, most notably the one with the flying coloured LP's from 1981. This title sequence had Phil Lynott's song Yellow Pearl as the theme. The 1986 and 1989 titles are also featured, with Paul Hardcastle's hit The Wizard as the theme. This DVD was to celebrate 40 years since the show started.

text: There was also a DVD quiz released in 2007 called The Essential Music Quiz. There was also a DVD in 2001 called Summer 2001, a sister DVD to the album of the same name.


document_title: List of Chief Justices of India

question_text: who is was tha 45 chief justice of india

text: List of Chief Justices of India

text: List of Chief Justices[edit]

text: Federal Court of India (1937-1950)[edit]

text: The Federal Court came into being on 1 September 1937. The seat of the court was the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building in Delhi. It began with a Chief Justice and two puisne judges. The first Chief Justice was Sir Maurice Gwyer and the other two judges were Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman and M. R. Jayakar. It functioned until the establishment of the Supreme Court of India on 28 January 1950.

text:
Number
Name
Period of office
Length of term (days)
Bar
Appointed by

1
Sir Maurice Gwyer
000000001937-10-01-00001 October 1937
000000001943-04-25-000025 April 1943‡
2,032
Inner Temple
The Marquess of Linlithgow

Acting
Sir Srinivas Vardachariar
000000001943-04-25-000025 April 1943
000000001943-06-07-00007 June 1943
43

2
Sir Patrick Spens
000000001943-06-07-00007 June 1943
000000001947-08-14-000014 August 1947
1,529
Inner Temple

3
Sir H. J. Kania
000000001947-08-14-000014 August 1947
000000001950-01-26-000026 January 1950
896
Bombay High Court
The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma

text: ‡ – Date of Resignation

text: Supreme Court of India[edit]

text: Since the birth of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950, 45 people have served as the Chief Justice of India (CJI).[1] While H. J. Kania is the inaugural CJI, the current incumbent is Dipak Misra who was appointed as Chief Justice of India on 28 August 2017. Justice Y. V. Chandrachud is the longest serving Chief Justice (000000001978-02-01-0000February 1978 - 000000001985-07-01-0000July 1985).

text:
Number
Name
Period of office
Length of term (days)
Bar
Appointed by

1
H J Kania
000000001950-01-26-000026 January 1950
000000001951-11-06-00006 November 1951‡‡
649
Bombay High Court
Rajendra Prasad

2
M. Patanjali Sastri
000000001951-11-07-00007 November 1951
000000001954-01-03-00003 January 1954
788
Madras High Court

3
Mehr Chand Mahajan
000000001954-01-04-00004 January 1954
000000001954-12-22-000022 December 1954
352
Punjab and Haryana High Court

4
Bijan Kumar Mukherjea
000000001954-12-23-000023 December 1954
000000001956-01-31-000031 January 1956‡
404
Calcutta High Court

5
Sudhi Ranjan Das
000000001956-02-01-00001 February 1956
000000001959-09-30-000030 September 1959
1337
Calcutta High Court

6
Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha
000000001959-10-01-00001 October 1959
000000001964-01-31-000031 January 1964
1583
Patna High Court

7
P. B. Gajendragadkar
000000001964-02-01-00001 February 1964
000000001966-03-15-000015 March 1966
773
Bombay High Court
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

8
Amal Kumar Sarkar
000000001966-03-16-000016 March 1966
000000001966-06-29-000029 June 1966
105
Calcutta High Court

9
Koka Subba Rao
000000001966-06-30-000030 June 1966
000000001967-04-11-000011 April 1967‡
285
Madras High Court

10
Kailas Nath Wanchoo
000000001967-04-12-000012 April 1967
000000001968-02-24-000024 February 1968
318
Allahabad High Court

11
Mohammad Hidayatullah[2]
000000001968-02-25-000025 February 1968
000000001970-12-16-000016 December 1970
1025
Bombay High Court
Zakir Hussain

12
Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah
000000001970-12-17-000017 December 1970
000000001971-01-21-000021 January 1971
35
Bombay High Court
Varahagiri Venkata Giri

13
Sarv Mittra Sikri
000000001971-01-22-000022 January 1971
000000001973-04-25-000025 April 1973
824
Lahore High Court

14
Ajit Nath Ray
000000001973-04-26-000026 April 1973
000000001977-01-27-000027 January 1977
1372
Calcutta High Court

15
Mirza Hameedullah Beg
000000001977-01-28-000028 January 1977
000000001978-02-21-000021 February 1978
389
Allahabad High Court
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

16
Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud
000000001978-02-22-000022 February 1978
000000001985-07-11-000011 July 1985
2696
Bombay High Court
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

17
Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati
000000001985-07-12-000012 July 1985
000000001986-12-20-000020 December 1986
526
Gujarat High Court
Gyani Zail Singh

18
Raghunandan Swarup Pathak
000000001986-12-21-000021 December 1986
000000001989-06-18-000018 June 1989‡
940
Allahabad High Court

19
Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah
000000001989-06-19-000019 June 1989
000000001989-12-17-000017 December 1989
181
Karnataka High Court
Ramaswamy Venkataraman

20
Sabyasachi Mukharji
000000001989-12-18-000018 December 1989
000000001990-09-25-000025 September 1990‡‡
281
Calcutta High Court

21
Ranganath Misra
000000001990-09-26-000026 September 1990
000000001991-11-24-000024 November 1991
424
Odisha High Court

22
Kamal Narain Singh
000000001991-11-25-000025 November 1991
000000001991-12-12-000012 December 1991
17
Allahabad High Court

23
Madhukar Hiralal Kania
000000001991-12-13-000013 December 1991
000000001992-11-17-000017 November 1992
340
Bombay High Court

24
Lalit Mohan Sharma
000000001992-11-18-000018 November 1992
000000001993-02-11-000011 February 1993
85
Patna High Court
Shankar Dayal Sharma

25
Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah
000000001993-02-12-000012 February 1993
000000001994-10-24-000024 October 1994
619
Karnataka High Court

26
Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi
000000001994-10-25-000025 October 1994
000000001997-03-24-000024 March 1997
881
Gujarat High Court

27
Jagdish Sharan Verma
000000001997-03-25-000025 March 1997
000000001998-01-17-000017 January 1998
298
Madhya Pradesh High Court

28
Madan Mohan Punchhi
000000001998-01-18-000018 January 1998
000000001998-10-09-00009 October 1998
264
Punjab and Haryana High Court
Kocheril Raman Narayanan

29
Adarsh Sein Anand
000000001998-10-10-000010 October 1998
000000002001-10-31-000031 October 2001
1,117
Jammu and Kashmir High Court

30
Sam Piroj Bharucha
000000002001-11-01-00001 November 2001
000000002002-05-05-00005 May 2002
185
Bombay High Court

31
Bhupinder Nath Kirpal
000000002002-05-06-00006 May 2002
000000002002-11-07-00007 November 2002
185
Delhi High Court

32
Gopal Ballav Pattanaik
000000002002-11-08-00008 November 2002
000000002002-12-18-000018 December 2002
40
Odisha High Court
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

33
V. N. Khare
000000002002-12-19-000019 December 2002
000000002004-05-01-00001 May 2004
499
Allahabad High Court

34
S. Rajendra Babu
000000002004-05-02-00002 May 2004
000000002004-05-31-000031 May 2004
29
Karnataka High Court

35
Ramesh Chandra Lahoti
000000002004-06-01-00001 June 2004
000000002005-10-31-000031 October 2005
517
Madhya Pradesh High Court

36
Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal
000000002005-11-01-00001 November 2005
000000002007-01-13-000013 January 2007
438
Delhi High Court

37
K. G. Balakrishnan
000000002007-01-14-000014 January 2007
000000002010-05-12-000012 May 2010
1,214
Kerala High Court

38
S. H. Kapadia
000000002010-05-12-000012 May 2010
000000002012-09-28-000028 September 2012
870
Bombay High Court
Pratibha Patil

39
Altamas Kabir
000000002012-09-29-000029 September 2012
000000002013-07-18-000018 July 2013
292
Calcutta High Court
Pranab Mukherjee

40
P. Sathasivam
000000002013-07-19-000019 July 2013
000000002014-04-26-000026 April 2014
281
Madras High Court

41
Rajendra Mal Lodha
000000002014-04-27-000027 April 2014
000000002014-09-27-000027 September 2014
153
Rajasthan High Court

42
H. L. Dattu
000000002014-09-28-000028 September 2014
000000002015-12-02-00002 December 2015
430
Karnataka High Court

43
T. S. Thakur
000000002015-12-03-00003 December 2015
000000002017-01-03-00003 January 2017
397
Jammu and Kashmir High Court

44
Jagdish Singh Khehar
000000002017-01-04-00004 January 2017
000000002017-08-27-000027 August 2017
236
Punjab and Haryana High Court

45
Dipak Misra
000000002017-08-28-000028 August 2017
Incumbent
140
Odisha High Court
Ram Nath Kovind

text: Notes[edit]

text:
‡ - Date of Resignation
‡‡ - Date of Death