document_title: Culture of North Carolina

question_text: what type of food is north carolina known for

text: Culture of North Carolina

text: Urban culture[edit]

text:
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text: Due to the presence of several dense urban centers in North Carolina, several cities have very distinctive cultures and most have a melting pot of cultures. The Research Triangle Park, also known as RTP, area is chiefly composed of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill as well as several other smaller cities including Carrboro, Morrisvile, Cary and Apex. RTP serves as an anchor for many large businesses in the area, which has the effect of attracting many secondary and supporting businesses. This has created a high concentration of educated and affluent homes in and around RTP. This has created demand for independent, unique, and high quality restaurants and night life in the area as well as a high demand for craft beer.

text: Despite having several urban centers, these cities are smaller than many more well-known metropolitan areas across the United States. So while these urban centers have many similar amenities to larger cities, the options and variability can be limited. Due to this, there is a very high unmet demand for modern urban amenities and entertainment. This unmet demand has led to nearly constant construction and development in areas such as RTP and Charlotte for several decades. These construction projects include planned subdivisions, restaurants, strip malls, highway expansions, new schools, and business parks.

text: Rural culture[edit]

text: While there are several dense urban centers across North Carolina, much of North Carolina remains rural. Dense forests cover much of North Carolina as well as reclaimed land used for agricultural purposes. Rural North Carolina tends to lean towards traditional Southern culture. Some common recreational activities in rural North Carolina include horseback riding, swimming in rivers and lakes, target shooting and hunting, riding trails on ATVs and modified trucks (also called off-roading), extensive gardening (many families operate small scale farms). Many rural North Carolinians jokingly refer to themselves as rednecks.

text: Food[edit]

text: A nationally-famous cuisine from North Carolina is pork barbecue and bacon. In Eastern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar-based sauce and the "whole hog" is cooked, thus using both white and dark meat. While there is not one town in Eastern NC that can claim to be the indisputable "capital" of Eastern North Carolina barbecue, the medium-sized cities of Greenville and Goldsboro and their surrounding communities boast the highest concentrations of highly ranked establishments.[citation needed] The annual Newport Pig Pickin' (the largest whole pig cooking contest in North Carolina)[citation needed] is held featuring primarily eastern-style barbecue. Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato and vinegar based sauce and only the pork shoulder (dark meat) is used. The "capital" of western Carolina barbecue is indisputably the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington, home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival which brings in over 100,000 visitors each October.

text: Literature[edit]

text: Education[edit]

text: The University of North Carolina system encompasses 16 public universities including North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Central University, UNC-Pembroke, UNC-Chapel Hill, Elizabeth City State University, East Carolina University, Western Carolina University, Winston-Salem State University, UNC Charlotte, UNC Greensboro, Fayetteville State University and Appalachian State University. Along with its public universities, North Carolina has 58 public community colleges in its community college system. There are also a number of private colleges, for example Duke University in Durham, Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, Campbell University in Buies Creek, North Carolina and Elon University, in Elon, North Carolina.

text: Music[edit]

text: North Carolina is known particularly for its tradition of old-time music, and many recordings were made in the early 20th century by folk song collector Bascom Lamar Lunsford. Most influentially, North Carolina country musicians like the North Carolina Ramblers and Al Hopkins helped solidify the sound of country music in the late 1920s, while influential bluegrass musicians such as Earl Scruggs, Doc Watson and Del McCoury came from North Carolina. Arthur Smith is the most notable North Carolina musician/entertainer who had the first nationally syndicated television program which featured country music. Smith composed "Guitar Boogie", the all-time best selling guitar instrumental, and "Dueling Banjos", the all-time best selling banjo composition. Country rock star Eric Church from the Hickory area has had 2 #1 albums on the Billboard 200, including Chief in 2011. Both North and South Carolina are a hotbed for traditional country blues, especially the style known as the Piedmont blues. Elizabeth Cotten, from Chapel Hill, was active in the American folk music revival.

text: Because of their proximity to universities the areas of Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill area (collectively known as the Triangle), Asheville, Greensboro, Greenville, Charlotte, and Wilmington have long been a well-known center for indie rock, metal, punk, jazz, country and hip-hop. Bands from this popular music scene include The Avett Brothers, Corrosion of Conformity, Superchunk, The Rosebuds, The Love Language, Tift Merritt, Ben Folds Five, Squirrel Nut Zippers, Carolina Chocolate Drops, Lords of the Underground, Between the Buried and Me and Charlie Daniels.

text: Sports[edit]

text: North Carolina is home to professional-level sports teams, including basketball, football, and hockey:

text:
NBA: Charlotte Bobcats now called the Charlotte Hornets, which was the prior Basketball team's name that was sold.
NFL: Carolina Panthers (Charlotte)
NHL: Carolina Hurricanes (Raleigh)

text: NASCAR racing is also a popular sport in North Carolina. Sprint Cup Series races are frequently held at the Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, part of the Charlotte Metropolitan Area.


document_title: Queen's Club Championships

question_text: who won the queen's tennis tournament 2015

question_tokens: who won the queen 's tennis tournament 2015

root

text: Queen's Club Championships

text: History[edit]

text: Originally known as the London Grass Court Championships, the tournament traces back to 1884 when a tennis tournament was held at the London Athletic Club at Stamford Bridge, Fulham.[3] One year later the tournament was given the title of the London Championships, and it was on held outdoor grass courts. In 1890, the tournament moved to its current location, the Queen's Club and consisted of a men's and women's singles event. In 1903 a men's doubles event was added followed in 1905 by the mixed doubles competition. In 1915 the addition of a women's doubles event completed the programme. The two World Wars interrupted the tournament from 1915–1918 and 1940–1946. Between 1970 and 1989 the Championships were part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit. The women's tournament was discontinued after the 1973 edition and from 1974 until 1976 no men's tournament was held.[4] The event is currently an ATP World Tour 500 series tournament on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour and was upgraded from a ATP World Tour 250 series in 2015.[5][6]

tag: p

text: During the 2004 singles tournament, Andy Roddick set the then world record for the fastest serve, recorded at 153 mph (246.2 km/h) during a straight-set victory over Thailand's Paradorn Srichaphan in the quarter-finals.[7]

text: In 2016. Andy Murray won the singles title for a record fifth time. Seven men have won four singles titles; Major Ritchie, Anthony Wilding, Roy Emerson, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Lleyton Hewitt and Andy Roddick.

text: Schedule[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The Queen's Club Championships are held every year in June. They start one week after the clay-court French Open and conclude one week before the start of the grass court Wimbledon Championships, which are held just 4 miles (6 km) away. The equivalent warm-up event for women is the Eastbourne International, although this is held one week later.

text: Up to 2014, the break between the French Open and Wimbledon was just two weeks, and the Queen's Club Championships started the day after the French Open's men's final. This changed when Wimbledon moved back a week to expand the length of the grass court season.[8]

text: Grass courts are the least common playing surface for top-level events on the ATP World Tour. The 2009 schedule included only four grass court tournaments in the run-up to Wimbledon. They were the Queen's Club Championships, Gerry Weber Open, Eastbourne International, and the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships. An additional tournament is played on grass in Newport, Rhode Island, USA, in the week immediately after Wimbledon.

text: Coverage[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2013)

text: Queen's enjoys full coverage on the BBC in the UK, via BBC television, BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Sport online. It was shown in High Definition for the first time in 2009. Eurosport also broadcasts throughout each tournament.

text: The ball girls for the Aegon Championships are provided by Nonsuch High School and St Philomena's Catholic High School for Girls, two schools in the London Borough of Sutton.[9]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: From 1979 until 2008, the tournament was sponsored by Stella Artois, and thus called the Stella Artois Championships.[10] In 2009 the tournament was renamed the Aegon Championships following a comprehensive sponsorship deal between Lawn Tennis Association and Aegon, which also led to renaming of Birmingham and Eastbourne grass court events.[11] In 2014, Hackett London became the official clothing sponsors of the tournament.

text: Past finals[edit]

text: Singles[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text: Since 1890:

text:
Year
Champions
Runners-up
Score

1890
 Harry S. Barlow
 Wilfred Baddeley
3–6, 6–8, 6–1, 6–2, 6–2

1891
 Harry S. Barlow
 Joshua Pim
6–4, 2–6, 6–0, 7–5

1892
 Ernest W. Lewis
 Joshua Pim
6–4, 6–4, 3–6, 4–6, 6–1

1893
 Joshua Pim
 Harold Mahony
1–6, 6–1, 6–8, 6–3

1894
 Harold Mahony
 Harry S. Barlow
6–2, 6–3, 6–3

1895
 Harry S. Barlow
 Manliffe Goodbody
6–4, 7–5, 5–7, 5–7, 10–8

1896
 Harold Mahony
 Reginald Doherty
11–9, 6–4, 6–4

1897
 Laurence Doherty
 Major Ritchie
6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1898
 Laurence Doherty
 Harold Mahony
6–3, 6–4, 9–7

1899
 Harold Mahony
 Arthur Gore
8–10, 6–2, 7–5, 6–1

1900
 Arthur Gore
 Arthur W. Lavy
6–0, 6–2, 6–3

1901
 Charles Dixon
 George Greville
6–1, 6–0, 4–6, 6–4

1902
 Major Ritchie
 Charles Simond
6–3, 6–4, 6–0

1903
 George Greville
 Charles Simond
6–1, 6–4, 7–9, 5–7, 6–4

1904
 Major Ritchie
 Harold Mahony
6–3, 6–1, 6–1

1905
 Holcombe Ward
 Beals C. Wright
walkover

1906
 Major Ritchie
 John Flavelle
6–0, 6–1, 7–5

1907
 Anthony Wilding
 Major Ritchie
6–2, 6–1, 6–0

1908
 Hare William Powell
 Major Ritchie
6–4, 3–3 retired

1909
 Major Ritchie
 Harry Parker
11–13, 6–4 6–1, 6–0

1910
 Anthony Wilding
 Major Ritchie
6–4, 6–3, 2–0 retired

1911
 Anthony Wilding
 Alfred Beamish
7–5, 6–2, 6–3

1912
 Anthony Wilding
 Otto Froitzheim
walkover

1913
 Arthur Lowe
 Wallace F. Johnson
7–5, 6–4, 4–6, 4–6, 6–4

1914
 Arthur Lowe
 Percival Davson
6–2, 7–5, 6–4

1915
Not held (due to World War I)

1916

1917

1918

1919
 Pat O'Hara Wood
 Louis Raymond
6–4, 6–0, 2–6, 7–5

1920
 William Johnston
 Bill Tilden
4–6, 6–2, 6–4

1921
 Zenzo Shimizu
 Mohammed Sleem
6–2, 6–0

1922
 Henry Mayes
 Donald Greig
6–8, 6–2, 6–2, 6–1

1923
 Vincent Richards
 Sydney M. Jacob
6–2, 6–2

1924
 Algernon Kingscote
 Arthur Lowe
3–6, 8–6, 6–3, 6–2

1925
 Arthur Lowe
 Henry Mayes
6–2, 9–7

1926
 Henry Mayes
 Arthur Lowe
6–3, 6–2

1927
 Henry Mayes
 D.M. Evans
6–3, 6–3

1928
 Bill Tilden
 Francis Hunter
6–3, 6–2, 6–1

1929
 Bill Tilden /  Francis Hunter
title shared

1930
 Wilmer Allison
 Gregory Mangin
6–4, 8–6

1931
 John Olliff
 Edward Avory
3–6, 6–4, 6–2

1932
 Jack Crawford
 Hendrik Timmer
1–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–4

1933
 Ellsworth Vines /  Lester Stoefen
title shared

1934
 Sidney Wood
 Frank Shields
6–4, 6–3

1935
 Wilmer Allison /  Clarence Jones
title shared

1936
 Donald Budge
 David P. Jones
6–4, 6–3

1937
 Donald Budge
 Henry Austin
6–1, 6–2

1938
 Henry Austin
 Kho Sin-Kie
6–2, 6–0

1939
 Gottfried von Cramm
 Ghaus Mohammad
6–1, 6–3

1940
Not held (due to World War II)

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946
 Pancho Segura
 Colin Long
6–4, 7–5

1947
 Robert Falkenburg
 Colin Long
6–4, 7–5

1948
 Robert Falkenburg /  Eric Sturgess
title shared

1949
 Ted Schroeder
 Gardnar Mulloy
8–6, 6–0

1950
 John Bromwich
 Arthur Larsen
6–2, 6–4

1951
 Eric Sturgess
 Frank Sedgman
6–4 5–7 6–2

1952
 Frank Sedgman
 Mervyn Rose
10–8, 6–2

1953
 Lew Hoad
 Ken Rosewall
8–6, 10–8

1954
 Lew Hoad
 Mervyn Rose
8–6, 6–4

1955
 Ken Rosewall
 Lew Hoad
6–2, 6–3

1956
 Neale Fraser
 Ken Rosewall
7–5, 3–6, 9–7

1957
 Ashley Cooper
 Gerry Lafferty
6–8, 6–2, 6–3

1958
 Malcolm Anderson
 Robert Mark
1–6, 11–9, 6–3

1959
 Ramanathan Krishnan
 Neale Fraser
6–3, 6–0

1960
 Andrés Gimeno
 Roy Emerson
8–6,6–3

1961
 Bob Hewitt
 Robert McKinley
6–2 6–3

1962
 Rod Laver
 Roy Emerson
6–4 7–5

1963
 Roy Emerson
 Owen Davidson
6–1 6–2

1964
 Roy Emerson
 Toomas Leius
12–10, 6–4

1965
 Roy Emerson
 Dennis Ralston
walkover

1966
 Roy Emerson
 Tony Roche
walkover

1967
 John Newcombe
 Roger Taylor
7–5, 6–3

1968
 Clark Graebner /  Tom Okker
title shared (rainout)

Open Era

1969
 Fred Stolle
 John Newcombe
6–3, 22–20

1970
 Rod Laver
 John Newcombe
6–4, 6–3

1971
 Stan Smith
 John Newcombe
8–6, 6–3

1972
 Jimmy Connors
 John Paish
6–2, 6–3

1973
 Ilie Năstase
 Roger Taylor
10–8, 6–3

1974
Not held

1975

1976

1977
 Raúl Ramírez
 Mark Cox
9–7, 7–5

1978
 Tony Roche
 John McEnroe
8–6, 9–7

1979
 John McEnroe
 Víctor Pecci
6–7, 6–1, 6–1

1980
 John McEnroe
 Kim Warwick
6–3, 6–1

1981
 John McEnroe
 Brian Gottfried
7–6, 7–5

1982
 Jimmy Connors
 John McEnroe
7–5, 6–3

1983
 Jimmy Connors
 John McEnroe
6–3, 6–3

1984
 John McEnroe
 Leif Shiras
6–1, 3–6, 6–2

1985
 Boris Becker
 Johan Kriek
6–2, 6–3

1986
 Tim Mayotte
 Jimmy Connors
6–4, 2–1 (retired)

1987
 Boris Becker
 Jimmy Connors
6–7, 6–3, 6–4

1988
 Boris Becker
 Stefan Edberg
6–1, 3–6, 6–3

1989
 Ivan Lendl
 Christo van Rensburg
4–6, 6–3, 6–4

1990
 Ivan Lendl
 Boris Becker
6–3, 6–2

1991
 Stefan Edberg
 David Wheaton
6–2, 6–3

1992
 Wayne Ferreira
 Shuzo Matsuoka
6–3, 6–4

1993
 Michael Stich
 Wayne Ferreira
6–3, 6–4

1994
 Todd Martin
 Pete Sampras
7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–4)

1995
 Pete Sampras
 Guy Forget
7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6)

1996
 Boris Becker
 Stefan Edberg
6–4, 7–6(7–3)

1997
 Mark Philippoussis
 Goran Ivanišević
7–5, 6–3

1998
 Scott Draper
 Laurence Tieleman
7–6(7–5), 6–4

1999
 Pete Sampras
 Tim Henman
6–7(1–7), 6–4, 7–6(7–4)

2000
 Lleyton Hewitt
 Pete Sampras
6–4, 6–4

2001
 Lleyton Hewitt
 Tim Henman
7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–3)

2002
 Lleyton Hewitt
 Tim Henman
4–6, 6–1, 6–4

2003
 Andy Roddick
 Sébastien Grosjean
6–3, 6–3

2004
 Andy Roddick
 Sébastien Grosjean
7–6(7–4), 6–4

2005
 Andy Roddick
 Ivo Karlović
7–6(9–7), 7–6(7–4)

2006
 Lleyton Hewitt
 James Blake
6–4, 6–4

2007
 Andy Roddick
 Nicolas Mahut
4–6, 7–6(9–7), 7–6(7–2)

2008
 Rafael Nadal
 Novak Djokovic
7–6(8–6), 7–5

2009
 Andy Murray
 James Blake
7–5, 6–4

2010
 Sam Querrey
 Mardy Fish
7–6(7–3), 7–5

2011
 Andy Murray
 Jo-Wilfried Tsonga
3–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4

2012
 Marin Čilić
 David Nalbandian
6–7(3–7), 4–3 default

2013
 Andy Murray
 Marin Čilić
5–7, 7–5, 6–3

2014
 Grigor Dimitrov
 Feliciano López
6–7(8–10), 7–6(7–1), 7–6(8–6)

2015
 Andy Murray
 Kevin Anderson
6–3, 6–4

2016
 Andy Murray
 Milos Raonic
6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–3

2017
 Feliciano López
 Marin Čilić
4–6, 7–6(7–2), 7–6(10–8)

text: Women[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Runners-up
Score

1890
 May Jacks
 Maud Shackle
6–2, 6–1

1891
 Maud Shackle
 May Jacks
6–2, 4–6, 6–3

1892
 Maud Shackle
 Edith Austin
6–2, 6–3

1893
 Maud Shackle
 Edith Austin
6–2, 6–1

1894
 Edith Austin
 Charlotte Cooper
8–6, 11–9

1895
 Maud Shackle
 Edith Austin
6–2, 7–5

1896
 Charlotte Cooper
 Agatha Templeman

1897
 Charlotte Cooper
 Edith Austin
2–6, 6–2, 6–2

1898
 Charlotte Cooper
 Edith Austin
6–4, 3–6, 8–6

1899
 Edith Austin
 Charlotte Cooper
12–10, 2–6, 9–7

1900
 Charlotte Cooper
 Edith Greville

1901
 Edith Austin
 Ethel Thomson
6–1, 6–1

1902
 Charlotte Cooper Sterry
 Ruth Durlacher

1903
 Agnes Morton
 Edith Greville

1904
 Agnes Morton
 Ellen Stawell-Brown

1905
 Ethel Thomson
 Edith Greville

1906
 Ethel Thomson
 Mildred Coles

1907
 Violet Pinckney
 Dorothea Lambert Chambers
2–6, 6–3, 6–4

1908
 Violet Pinckney
 Dorothea Lambert Chambers
6–3, 6–2

1909
 Aurea Edgington
 Madeline Fisher O'Neill

1910
 Gladys Lamplough
 Edith Johnson

1911
 Mildred Coles
 Agnes Morton

1912
 Ethel Larcombe
 Dorothy Holman
6–1, 6–0

1913
 Ethel Larcombe
 Aurea Edgington

1914
 Ethel Larcombe
 Beryl Tulloch

1915
Not held (due to World War I)

1916

1917

1918

1919
 Ethel Larcombe
 Dorothy Holman
6–4, 8–6

1920
 Dorothy Holman
 Ethel Larcombe
w.o.

1921
 Mabel Clayton
 Dorothy Holman

1922
 Mabel Clayton
 W. Keays

1923
 Elizabeth Ryan
 Geraldine Beamish
6–2, 1–6, 6–2

1924
 Elizabeth Ryan
 Doris Covell Craddock

1925
 Elizabeth Ryan
 Ermyntrude Harvey
6–0, 6–1

1926
 Dorothy Kemmis-Betty
 Eileen Bennett
7–5, 6–2

1927
 Dorothy Kemmis-Betty
 Enid Head Broadbridge
6–0, 6–1

1928
 Joan Ridley
 Helene Contostavlos
4–6, 6–1, 6–0

1929
 Elizabeth Ryan
 Elsie Goldsack
6–2, 2–6, 6–2

1930
 Madge List
 Margaret McKane Stocks
6–1, 6–3

1931
 Elsie Goldsack Pittman
 Kitty McKane Godfree
9–7, 6–4

1932
 Dorothy Andrus
 Jadwiga Jędrzejowska
1–6, 7–5, 6–4

1933
 Elsie Goldsack Pittman /  Helen Wills Moody
title shared

1934
 Jacqueline Goldschmidt
 Dorothy Andrus
5–7, 6–2, 6–0

1935
 Anita Lizana /  Sylvie Jung Henrotin
title shared

1936
 Jadwiga Jędrzejowska
 Susan Noel
6–2, 6–4

1937
 Jadwiga Jędrzejowska
 Kay Stammers
6–3, 6–0

1938
 Jadwiga Jędrzejowska
 Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling
6–3, 6–0

1939
 Jadwiga Jędrzejowska
 Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling
6–1, 6–4

1940
Not held (due to World War II)

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946
 Doris Hart
 Margaret Osborne
6–8, 6–3, 6–3

1947
 Doris Hart
 Margaret Osborne
6–4, 6–0

1948
 Doris Hart
 Margaret Osborne duPont
title shared

1949
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
3–6, 6–1, 6–3

1950
 Doris Hart
 Margaret Osborne duPont
4–6, 6–4, 6–4

1951
 Shirley Fry
 Nancy Chaffee
6–3, 8–6

1952
 Hazel Redick-Smith
 Elizabeth Wilford
7–5, 6–1

1953
 Jean Rinkel-Quertier
 Heather Nicholls
6–1, 4–6, 6–2

1954
 Louise Brough
 Shirley Fry
6–1, 6–4

1955
 Louise Brough
 Jean Forbes
6–3, 6–1

1956
 Angela Buxton
 Patricia Ward
6–4, 6–0

1957
 Mimi Arnold
 Zsuzsa Körmöczy
6–1, 5–7, 6–3

1958
 Berenice Carr
 Margaret Varner
6–4, 5–7, 8–6

1959
 Yola Ramírez
 Christiane Mercelis
2–6, 6–1, 6–3

1960
 Christine Truman
 Karen Hantze Susman
6–4, 6–3

1961
 Margaret Smith
 Nancy Richey
6–0, 4–6, 6–2

1962
 Rita Bentley
 Lorna Cornell
7–5, 7–5

1963
 Robyn Ebbern
 Rita Bentley
6–3, 6–3

1964
 Margaret Smith
 Ann Haydon Jones
6–3, 6–2

1965
 Annette Van Zyl
 Christine Truman
6–3, 4–6, 6–4

1966
 Françoise Dürr
 Judy Tegart
4–6, 6–3, 7–5

1967
 Nancy Richey
 Kerry Melville
2–6, 6–2, 6–4

1968
 Ann Haydon Jones
 Nancy Richey
title divided

1969
 Ann Haydon Jones
 Winnie Shaw
6–0, 6–1

1970
 Margaret Court
 Winnie Shaw
2–6, 8–6, 6–2

1971
 Margaret Court
 Billie Jean King
6–3, 3–6, 6–3

1972
 Olga Morozova
 Evonne Goolagong
6–2, 6–3

1973
 Chris Evert
 Karen Krantzcke
6–4, 6–0

text: Doubles[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text: Since 1969:

text: (Note: Tournament dates back to 1890)

text:
Year
Champions
Runners-up
Score

1969
 Owen Davidson
 Dennis Ralston
 Ove Nils Bengtson
 Thomaz Koch
8–6, 6–3

1970
 Tom Okker
 Marty Riessen
 Arthur Ashe
 Charlie Pasarell
7–9, 6–4, 9–7

1971
 Tom Okker
 Marty Riessen
 Stan Smith
 Erik Van Dillen
8–6, 4–6, 15–13

1972
 Jim McManus
 Jim Osborne
 Jürgen Fassbender
 Karl Meiler
4–6, 6–3, 7–5

1973
 Tom Okker
 Marty Riessen
 Ray Keldie
 Raymond Moore
6–4, 7–5

1974–1976
Not Held

1977
 Anand Amritraj
 Vijay Amritraj
 John Lloyd
 David Lloyd
6–1, 6–2

1978
 Bob Hewitt
 Frew McMillan
 Fred McNair
 Raúl Ramírez
6–2, 7–5

1979
 Tim Gullikson
 Tom Gullikson
 Marty Riessen
 Sherwood Stewart
6–4, 6–4

1980
 Rod Frawley
 Geoff Masters
 Paul McNamee
 Sherwood Stewart
6–2, 4–6, 11–9

1981
 Pat Du Pré
 Brian Teacher
 Kevin Curren
 Steve Denton
3–6, 7–6, 11–9

1982
 John McEnroe
 Peter Rennert
 Victor Amaya
 Hank Pfister
7–6, 7–5

1983
 Brian Gottfried
 Paul McNamee
 Kevin Curren
 Steve Denton
6–4, 6–3

1984
 Pat Cash
 Paul McNamee
 Bernard Mitton
 Butch Walts
6–4, 6–3

1985
 Ken Flach
 Robert Seguso
 Pat Cash
 John Fitzgerald
3–6, 6–3, 16–14

1986
 Kevin Curren
 Guy Forget
 Darren Cahill
 Mark Kratzmann
6–2, 7–6

1987
 Guy Forget
 Yannick Noah
 Rick Leach
 Tim Pawsat
6–4, 6–4

1988
 Ken Flach
 Robert Seguso
 Pieter Aldrich
 Danie Visser
6–2, 7–6

1989
 Darren Cahill
 Mark Kratzmann
 Tim Pawsat
 Laurie Warder
7–6, 6–3

1990
 Jeremy Bates
 Kevin Curren
 Henri Leconte
 Ivan Lendl
7–6, 6–4

1991
 Todd Woodbridge
 Mark Woodforde
 Grant Connell
 Glenn Michibata
7–6, 6–4

1992
 John Fitzgerald
 Anders Järryd
 Goran Ivanišević
 Diego Nargiso
6–4, 7–6

1993
 Todd Woodbridge
 Mark Woodforde
 Neil Broad
 Gary Muller
6–4, 6–7, 6–3

1994
 Jan Apell
 Jonas Björkman
 Todd Woodbridge
 Mark Woodforde
5–7, 7–6, 6–4

1995
 Todd Martin
 Pete Sampras
 Jan Apell
 Jonas Björkman
6–4, 6–2

1996
 Todd Woodbridge
 Mark Woodforde
 Sébastien Lareau
 Alex O'Brien
6–2, 6–7, 6–3

1997
 Mark Philippoussis
 Patrick Rafter
 Sandon Stolle
 Cyril Suk
6–2, 4–6, 7–5

1998
 Todd Woodbridge &  Mark Woodforde
                   vs
 Jonas Björkman &  Patrick Rafter
title shared (rainout)

1999
 Sébastien Lareau
 Alex O'Brien
 Todd Woodbridge
 Mark Woodforde
6–3, 7–6

2000
 Todd Woodbridge
 Mark Woodforde
 Jonathan Stark
 Eric Taino
7–6, 6–4

2001
 Bob Bryan
 Mike Bryan
 Eric Taino
 David Wheaton
6–3, 6–2

2002
 Wayne Black
 Kevin Ullyett
 Mahesh Bhupathi
 Max Mirnyi
7–6, 3–6, 6–3

2003
 Mark Knowles
 Daniel Nestor
 Mahesh Bhupathi
 Max Mirnyi
6–3, 6–4

2004
 Bob Bryan
 Mike Bryan
 Mark Knowles
 Daniel Nestor
6–3, 6–4

2005
 Bob Bryan
 Mike Bryan
 Jonas Björkman
 Max Mirnyi
7–6(11–9), 7–6(7–4)

2006
 Paul Hanley
 Kevin Ullyett
 Jonas Björkman
 Max Mirnyi
6–4, 7–6

2007
 Mark Knowles
 Daniel Nestor
 Bob Bryan
 Mike Bryan
7–5, 6–4

2008
 Daniel Nestor
 Nenad Zimonjić
 Marcelo Melo
 André Sá
6–4, 7–6 (7–3)

2009
 Wesley Moodie
 Mikhail Youzhny
 Marcelo Melo
 André Sá
6–4, 4–6, [10–6]

2010
 Novak Djokovic
 Jonathan Erlich
 Karol Beck
 David Škoch
7–6(8–6), 2–6, [10–3]

2011
 Bob Bryan
 Mike Bryan
 Mahesh Bhupathi
 Leander Paes
6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–4), [10–6]

2012
 Max Mirnyi
 Daniel Nestor
 Bob Bryan
 Mike Bryan
6–3, 6–4

2013
 Bob Bryan
 Mike Bryan
 Alexander Peya
 Bruno Soares
4–6, 7–5, [10–3]

2014
 Alexander Peya
 Bruno Soares
 Jamie Murray
 John Peers
4–6, 7–6, [10–4]

2015
 Pierre-Hugues Herbert
 Nicolas Mahut
 Nenad Zimonjić
 Marcin Matkowski
6–2, 6–2

2016
 Pierre-Hugues Herbert
 Nicolas Mahut
 Chris Guccione
 André Sá
6–3, 7–6(7–5)

2017
 Jamie Murray
 Bruno Soares
 Julien Benneteau
 Édouard Roger-Vasselin
6–2, 6–3

text: Women[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Runners-up
Score

1971
 Rosie Casals
 Billie Jean King
 Mary–Ann Curtis
 Valerie Ziegenfuss
6–2, 8–6

1972
 Rosie Casals
 Billie Jean King
 Brenda Kirk
 Pat Walkden
5–7, 6–0, 6–2

1973
 Rosie Casals
 Billie Jean King
 Françoise Dürr
 Betty Stöve
4–6, 6–3, 7–5

text: Junior championship finals[edit]

text:
Year
Champion
Runner-up

The Junior Championship

2007
 Uladzimir Ignatik
 Gastão Elias

2006
Iain Atkinson
 Nicolas Santos

2003
 Florin Mergea
 Chris Guccione

2002
 Alex Bogdanović
 Dudi Sela

The HSBC Junior Invitation Cup

2001
 Santiago González
Andrew Banks

The David Lloyd Leisure Cup

2000
 Lee Childs
Arnaud Segoda

1999
 Jarkko Nieminen
 Lee Childs

1998
 Edgardo Massa
Wei-Jen Chang

The Sam Whitbread Cup

1997
 Nicolás Massú
 Xavier Malisse

1996
 Jaymon Crabb
 Arvind Parmar

1995
 Alejandro Hernández
 Jamie Delgado

1994
 Jamie Delgado
 Nicolás Lapentti

1993
 Neville Godwin
 David Škoch

1992
 Grant Doyle
 Lucas Arnold

1991
 Leander Paes
 Nicolas Kischewitz

1990
 Andrew Foster
 Dirk Dier

text: Statistics[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Champions by country[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Country
Winner
First title
Last title

 United States (USA)
33
1905
2010

 Great Britain (GBR)
31
1890
2016

 Australia (AUS)
26
1919
2006

 New Zealand (NZL)
4
1907
1912

 Germany (GER)
3
1939
1996

 Spain (SPA)
3
1960
2017

 West Germany (FRG)
3
1985
1988

 South Africa (RSA)
2
1951
1992

 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
2
1989
1990

 Japan (JPN)
1
1921
1921

 Canada (CAN)
1
1927
1927

 India (IND)
1
1959
1959

 Romania (ROU)
1
1973
1973

 Mexico (MEX)
1
1977
1977

 Sweden (SWE)
1
1991
1991

 Croatia (CRO)
1
2012
2012

 Bulgaria (BUL)
1
2014
2014

text: Men's doubles[edit]

text:
Country
Winner
First title
Last title

 United States (USA)
32
1969
2013

 Australia (AUS)
23
1969
2006

 Canada (CAN)
5
1999
2012

 Sweden (SWE)
4
1992
1998

 France (FRA)
4
1986
2016

 Netherlands (NED)
3
1970
1973

 South Africa (RSA)
3
1978
2009

 Zimbabwe (ZIM)
3
2002
2006

 India (IND)
2
1977
1977

 Bahamas (BAH)
2
2003
2007

 Serbia (SER)
2
2008
2010

 Great Britain (GBR)
2
1990
2017

 Brazil (BRA)
2
2014
2017

 Russia (RUS)
1
2009
2009

 Israel (ISR)
1
2010
2010

 Belarus (BLR)
1
2012
2012

 Austria (AUT)
1
2014
2014

text: Players and winners[edit]

text:
Most titles – Andy Murray (5 singles), John McEnroe (4 singles and 1 doubles)
Most Singles titles 5 – Andy Murray.
Most Singles finals – Major Ritchie (8).
Youngest winner – Boris Becker, 17 years 207 days in 1985.
Oldest winner – Major Ritchie, 38 years old in 1909 (Open era oldest winner was Jimmy Connors at 30 years old in 1983)
Lowest-ranked champion – Scott Draper, ranked 108 in the world in 1998.
Lowest-ranked finalist – Laurence Tieleman, ranked 253 in the world in 1998.
Winners of both events – Pete Sampras in 1995 (doubles with Todd Martin), and Mark Philippoussis in 1997 (doubles with Patrick Rafter).
Most prize money received – Andy Murray €1,064,565 + $15,275 (£850,007 at 19/06/16 exchange rates)
22 of the last 25 Wimbledon champions have played at the Queen's Club Championships.
Several players have completed the Queen's/Wimbledon double, winning both events back to back, including Don Budge, Roy Emerson, John McEnroe, Jimmy Connors, Boris Becker, Pete Sampras, Lleyton Hewitt, Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray.

tag: ul

text: Matches[edit]

text:
Longest final – Sampras beat Henman in 151 minutes in 1999.
Shortest final – Stich beat Ferreira in 57 minutes in 1993.
Longest match (time) – Ashe beat Mitten in 6 hours and 16 minutes in 1979.
Longest match (games) – Odizor beat Forget in a match containing 65 games in 1987.

text: Attendance[edit]

text: Centre Court holds 6,479 spectators. The highest total attendance for the week was in 2003, when 52,553 people attended the event; The highest attendance for one day was 8,362 on 11 June 2003.


document_title: Pokémon

question_text: when did pokemon come out in the usa

question_tokens: when did pokemon come out in the usa

text: Pokémon

text: Name

text: The name Pokémon is the romanized contraction of the Japanese brand Pocket Monsters (ポケットモンスター, Poketto Monsutā).[18] The term Pokémon, in addition to referring to the Pokémon franchise itself, also collectively refers to the 805 fictional species that have made appearances in Pokémon media as of the release of the seventh generation titles Pokémon Sun and Moon. "Pokémon" is identical in both the singular and plural, as is each individual species name; it is grammatically correct to say "one Pokémon" and "many Pokémon", as well as "one Pikachu" and "many Pikachu".[19]

text: Concept

text: Tajiri first thought of Pokémon, albeit with a different concept and name, around 1989, when the Game Boy was first released. The concept of the Pokémon universe, in both the video games and the general fictional world of Pokémon, stems from the hobby of insect collecting, a popular pastime which Pokémon executive director Satoshi Tajiri enjoyed as a child.[20] Players are designated as Pokémon Trainers and have three general goals: to complete the regional Pokédex by collecting all of the available Pokémon species found in the fictional region where a game takes place, to complete the national Pokédex by transferring Pokémon from other regions, and to train a team of powerful Pokémon from those they have caught to compete against teams owned by other Trainers so they may eventually win the Pokémon League and become the regional Champion. These themes of collecting, training, and battling are present in almost every version of the Pokémon franchise, including the video games, the anime and manga series, and the Pokémon Trading Card Game.

text: In most incarnations of the Pokémon universe, a Trainer who encounters a wild Pokémon is able to capture that Pokémon by throwing a specially designed, mass-producible spherical tool called a Poké Ball at it. If the Pokémon is unable to escape the confines of the Poké Ball, it is officially considered to be under the ownership of that Trainer. Afterwards, it will obey whatever commands it receives from its new Trainer, unless the Trainer demonstrates such a lack of experience that the Pokémon would rather act on its own accord. Trainers can send out any of their Pokémon to wage non-lethal battles against other Pokémon; if the opposing Pokémon is wild, the Trainer can capture that Pokémon with a Poké Ball, increasing his or her collection of creatures. Pokémon already owned by other Trainers cannot be captured, except under special circumstances in certain side games. If a Pokémon fully defeats an opponent in battle so that the opponent is knocked out ("faints"), the winning Pokémon gains experience points and may level up. When leveling up, the Pokémon's battling aptitude statistics ("stats, such as Attack and Speed") increase. At certain levels, the Pokémon may also learn new moves, which are techniques used in battle. In addition, many species of Pokémon can undergo a form of metamorphosis and transform into a similar but stronger species of Pokémon, a process called evolution.

text: In the main series, each game's single-player mode requires the Trainer to raise a team of Pokémon to defeat many non-player character (NPC) Trainers and their Pokémon. Each game lays out a somewhat linear path through a specific region of the Pokémon world for the Trainer to journey through, completing events and battling opponents along the way (including foiling the plans of an 'evil' team of Pokémon Trainers who serve as antagonists to the player). Each game (excluding Sun and Moon) features eight especially powerful Trainers, referred to as Gym Leaders, that the Trainer must defeat in order to progress. As a reward, the Trainer receives a Gym Badge, and once all eight badges are collected, that Trainer is eligible to challenge the region's Pokémon League, where four immensely talented trainers (referred to collectively as the "Elite Four") challenge the Trainer to four Pokémon battles in succession. If the trainer can overcome this gauntlet, he or she must then challenge the Regional Champion, the master Trainer who had previously defeated the Elite Four. Any Trainer who wins this last battle becomes the new champion.

text: In Sun and Moon, however, the Gym Leaders are not present, and are instead replaced with "Trial Captains", a NPC who gives the Trainer a challenge to complete so as to earn a special item. Once the player completes all of these on an island, the Trainer must take on the Island Kahuna, the strongest Trainer on the island. Once the player beats all the Kahunas, he must travel to the recently built Pokémon League, where he must re-defeat two of the Kahunas and two strong Trainers, who now form the Elite Four, and then defend his newly received title against challengers.

text: It is implied by Takeshi Shudo, the initial writer for the anime, that the creators of Pokémon had not anticipated the franchise would become so popular, and there were plans to end the series by the Gold and Silver era. In his blog, Shudo reveals he even had an ending drafted for the anime, in which the last episode reveals an elderly Ash Ketchum hallucinated the entire events of the show.[21] This is supported in an interview with president of The Pokémon Company, Tsunekazu Ishihara, who predicted the anime would end by 1998. He also stated he initially did not intend on making "any more Pokémon titles" after Gold and Silver and would have moved on to other projects. However the games' success following their release prompted Ishinhara to continue work on the series.[22]

text: Video games

text: Generations

text: The original Pokémon games were role-playing games (RPGs) with an element of strategy, and were created by Satoshi Tajiri for the Game Boy. These RPGs, and their sequels, remakes, and English language translations, are still considered the "main" Pokémon games, and the games which most fans of the series are referring to when they use the term "Pokémon games". All of the licensed Pokémon properties overseen by The Pokémon Company International are divided roughly by generation. These generations are roughly chronological divisions by release; every several years, when an official sequel in the main RPG series is released that features new Pokémon, characters, and gameplay concepts, that sequel is considered the start of a new generation of the franchise. The main games and their spin-offs, the anime, manga, and trading card game are all updated with the new Pokémon properties each time a new generation begins. The franchise began the seventh generation on November 18, 2016.

text: Generation 1

text: The Pokémon franchise started off in its first generation with its initial release of Pocket Monsters Aka and Midori ("Red" and "Green", respectively) for the Game Boy in Japan on February 27, 1996. When these games proved extremely popular, an enhanced Ao ("Blue") version was released sometime after, and the Ao version was reprogrammed as Pokémon Red and Blue for international release. The games launched in the United States on September 30, 1998. The original Aka and Midori versions were never released outside Japan.[24] Afterwards, a further enhanced version titled Pokémon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition was released to partially take advantage of the color palette of the Game Boy Color, as well as to feature more elements from the popular Pokémon anime. This first generation of games introduced the original 151 species of Pokémon, in National Pokédex order, encompassing all Pokémon from Bulbasaur to Mew. It also introduced the basic game concepts of capturing, training, battling, and trading Pokémon with both computer and human players. These versions of the games take place within the fictional Kanto region, inspired by the real world Kantō region of Japan, though the name "Kanto" was not used until the second generation.

text: Generation 2

text: The second generation of Pokémon began in 1999 with the release of Pokémon Gold and Silver for Game Boy Color. Like the previous generation, an enhanced version titled Pokémon Crystal was later released. The second generation introduced 100 new species of Pokémon, starting with Chikorita and ending with Celebi. The Pokédex totaled 251 Pokémon to collect, train, and battle, set in Johto, inspired by Japan's Kansai region. The Pokémon mini is a handheld game console released in November 2001 in North America, December 2001 in Japan, and 2002 in Europe.

text: Generation 3

text: Pokémon entered its third generation with the 2002 release of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire for Game Boy Advance and continued with the Game Boy Advance remakes of Pokémon Red and Blue, Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen, and an enhanced version of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire titled Pokémon Emerald. The third generation introduced 135 new Pokémon, starting with Treecko and ending with Deoxys, for a total of 386 species. Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire and Emerald are set in Hoenn, inspired by Japan's Kyushu region. However, this generation also garnered some criticism for leaving out several gameplay features, including the day-and-night system introduced in the previous generation. It was also the first installment that encouraged the player to collect merely a selected assortment of the total number of Pokémon rather than every existing species. By contrast, 202 out of 386 species are catchable in the Ruby and Sapphire versions.

text: Generation 4

text: In 2006, Japan began the fourth generation of the franchise with the release of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl for Nintendo DS. The fourth generation introduced another 107 new species of Pokémon, starting with Turtwig and ending with Arceus, bringing the total of Pokémon species to 493.[25] The Nintendo DS "touch screen" allows new features to the game such as cooking poffins with the stylus and using the "Pokétch". New gameplay concepts include a restructured move-classification system, online multiplayer trading and battling via Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, the return and expansion of the second generation's day-and-night system, the expansion of the third generation's Pokémon Contests into "Super Contests", and the new region of Sinnoh. This region was inspired by Japan's Hokkaido region and part of Russia's Sakhalin, and has an underground component for multiplayer gameplay in addition to the main overworld. Pokémon Platinum, the enhanced version of Diamond and Pearl—much like Pokémon Yellow, Crystal, and Emerald—was released in September 2008 in Japan, March 2009 in North America, and May 2009 in Australia and Europe. Spin-off titles in the fourth generation include the Pokémon Stadium follow-up Pokémon Battle Revolution for Wii, which has Wi-Fi connectivity as well.[26] Nintendo announced in May 2009 that enhanced remakes of Pokémon Gold and Silver, entitled Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver, would be released for the Nintendo DS system. HeartGold and SoulSilver are set in the Johto region and were released in September 2009 in Japan[27] and March 2010 in North America.[28]

text: Generation 5

text: The fifth generation of Pokémon began on September 18, 2010, with the release of Pokémon Black and White in Japan for Nintendo DS.[29] The games were originally announced by the Pokémon Company on January 29, 2010, with a tentative release later that year.[30][31] The final release date of September 18 was announced on June 27, 2010.[32] This version is set in the Unova region (イッシュ地方, Isshu-chihō, Isshu region), inspired by New York City, and utilizes the Nintendo DS's 3-D rendering capabilities to a greater extent than Platinum, HeartGold, and SoulSilver, as shown in game footage of the player walking through the Castelia City (ヒウンシティ, Hiun Shiti) metropolis. A total of 156 new Pokémon were introduced, starting with Victini and ending with Genesect, bringing the franchise's total to 649. This is currently the only time that the number of Pokémon introduced surpasses the number introduced in the first generation.[33] It also deployed new game mechanics such as the C Gear (Cギア, C Gia) wireless interactivity features[34] and the ability to upload game data to the Internet and to the player's own computer.[35] Pokémon Black and White was released in Europe on March 4, 2011, in North America on March 6, 2011, and in Australia on March 10, 2011. On June 23, 2012, Nintendo released Pokémon Black 2 and Pokémon White 2 in Japan for Nintendo DS, with early October releases in North America and Europe. Black 2 and White 2 are sequels to Black and White, with several events in the second games referencing events in the first; they also allow players to link their previous Black or White with their Black 2 or White 2, introducing several events based on how they played their previous game.

text: Generation 6

text: Officially announced on January 8, 2013, and released simultaneously worldwide on October 12, 2013, Pokémon X and Pokémon Y for the Nintendo 3DS are part of the sixth generation of games.[36] Introducing the France-inspired Kalos region, these are the first Pokémon games rendered in 3D, and the first released worldwide together.[37] A total of 72 new Pokémon were introduced, starting with Chespin and ending with Volcanion, bringing the franchise's total to 721. The fewest new Pokémon in a single generation so far; however, the new Mega Evolution feature was added to the games to balance out the lack of new characters. Another addition was the Fairy typing, the first new type since Dark and Steel in the second generation. On May 7, 2014, Nintendo announced remakes of the third generation games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire titled Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire which were released in Japan, North America, Australia, and South Korea on November 21, 2014, and in Europe on November 28, 2014.

text: Generation 7

text: Officially announced on February 26, 2016, Pokémon Sun and Moon for the Nintendo 3DS are part of the seventh generation of games, and the celebrations for the 20th anniversary of the franchise, introducing the Hawaii-inspired Alola region. Both games were released worldwide on November 18, 2016, in nine languages; Japanese, English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Korean, and, for the first time, Chinese (Traditional and Simplified).[38] A total of 81 new Pokémon were introduced, bringing the total to 802. Though no new mega evolutions were added, a new type of form was added for specific Pokémon, called Alola Form, changing their types and move sets. A new type of move was added as well, called the Z-move. Usable by any Pokémon, Z-moves are extremely powerful and as such can only be used once per battle.

text: Game mechanics

text: The main staple of the Pokémon video game series revolves around the catching and battling of Pokémon. Starting with a starter Pokémon, the player can catch wild Pokémon by weakening them and catching them with Poké Balls. Conversely, they can choose to defeat them in battle in order to gain experience for their Pokémon, raising their levels and teaching them new moves. Most Pokémon have 'evolution families', a term which refers to the Pokémon to evolve into or be evolved into more powerful forms by raising their levels or using certain items. Throughout the game, players will have to battle other trainers in order to progress, with the main goal to defeat various Gym Leaders/Trials and earn the right to become the regional champion. Subsequent games in the series have introduced various side games and side quests, including the Battle Frontiers that display unique battle types and the Pokémon Contests where visual appearance is put on display.

text: Starter Pokémon

text: One of the consistent aspects of the Pokémon games—spanning from Pokémon Red and Blue on the Game Boy to the Nintendo 3DS games Pokémon Sun and Moon—is the choice of one of three different Pokémon at the start of the player's adventures; these three are often labeled "starter Pokémon". Players can choose a Grass-type, a Fire-type, or a Water-type.[39] For example, in Pokémon Red and Blue (and their respective remakes, Pokémon FireRed and Pokémon LeafGreen), the player has the choice of starting with Bulbasaur, Charmander, or Squirtle. The exception to this rule is Pokémon Yellow (a remake of the original games that loosely follows the story of the Pokémon anime), where players are given a Pikachu, an Electric-type mouse Pokémon, famous for being the mascot of the Pokémon media franchise; in this game, however, the three starter Pokémon from Red and Blue can be obtained by meeting certain requirements in game, such as Pikachu having full happiness.[40] Another consistent aspect is that the player's rival will always choose as his or her starter Pokémon the one that has a type advantage over the player's Pokémon. For instance, if the player picks a Grass-type Pokémon, the rival will always pick the Fire-type starter. An exception to this is again Pokémon Yellow, in which the rival picks an Eevee, but whether this Eevee evolves into Vaporeon, Jolteon, or Flareon is decided by when the player wins and loses to the rival through the journey. Pokémon Sun and Moon are also an exception where the rival will pick the starter weak toward the players, with the remaining starter used elsewhere. The GameCube games Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness also contain an exception; whereas in most games the player's initial Pokémon starts at Level 5, in these two games the player's initial Pokémon starts at Levels 10 and 25, respectively. In Colosseum the player's starter Pokémon are Espeon and Umbreon, while in Gale of Darkness the player's starter is Eevee.

text: Pokédex

text: The Pokédex is an electronic device featured in the Pokémon video game, anime, and manga series. In the games, whenever a Pokémon is first captured, its data will be added to a player's Pokédex, but in the anime, the Pokédex is a comprehensive electronic reference encyclopedia, usually referred to in order to deliver exposition. "Pokédex" is also used to refer to a list of Pokémon, usually a list of Pokémon by number. In the video games, a Pokémon Trainer is issued a blank device at the start of the journey. A trainer must then attempt to fill the Pokédex by encountering and at least briefly obtaining each of the different species of Pokémon. A player will receive the name and image of a Pokémon after encountering one that was not previously in the Pokédex, typically after battling said Pokémon either in the wild or in a trainer battle (with the exceptions of link battles and tournament battles, such as in the Battle Frontier). In Pokémon Red and Blue, some Pokémon's data is added to the Pokédex simply by viewing the Pokémon, such as in the zoo outside the Safari Zone. Also, certain NPC characters may add to the Pokédex by explaining what a Pokémon looks like during conversation.

text: More detailed information is available after the player obtains a member of the species, either through capturing the Pokémon in the wild, evolving a previously captured Pokémon, hatching a Pokémon egg (from the second generation onwards), or through a trade with another trainer (either an NPC or another player). This information includes height, weight, species type, typing, and a short description of the Pokémon. Later versions of the Pokédex have more detailed information, like the size of a certain Pokémon compared to the player character, or Pokémon being sorted by their habitat (so far, the latter feature is only in the FireRed and LeafGreen versions). The most current forms of Pokédex are capable of containing information on all Pokémon currently known. The GameCube games, Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness, have a Pokémon Digital Assistant (P★DA) which is similar to the Pokédex, but also tells what types are effective against a Pokémon and gives a description of its abilities.[41]

text: In other media

text: Anime series

text: The Pokémon anime series and films are a meta-series of adventures usually separate from the canon that most of the Pokémon video games follow (with the exception of Pokémon Yellow, a game based loosely on the anime storyline). The anime follows the quest of the main character, Ash Ketchum (known as Satoshi in Japan), a Pokémon Master in training, as he and a small group of friends travel around the world of Pokémon along with their Pokémon partners.[42]

text: The original series, titled Pocket Monsters, or simply Pokémon in Western countries (often referred to as Pokémon: Gotta Catch 'Em All to distinguish it from the later series), begins with Ash's first day as a Pokémon trainer. His first (and signature) Pokémon is a Pikachu, differing from the games, where only Bulbasaur, Charmander, or Squirtle could be chosen.[43] The series follows the storyline of the original games, Pokémon Red and Blue, in the region of Kanto. Accompanying Ash on his journeys are Brock, the Pewter City Gym Leader, and Misty, the youngest of the Gym Leader sisters from Cerulean City. Pokémon: Adventures in the Orange Islands follows Ash's adventures in the Orange Islands, a place unique to the anime, and replaces Brock with Tracey Sketchit, an artist and "Pokémon watcher". The next series, based on the second generation of games, include Pokémon: Johto Journeys, Pokémon: Johto League Champions, and Pokémon: Master Quest, following the original trio of Ash, Brock, and Misty in the western Johto region.

text: The saga continues in Pokémon: Advanced, based on the third generation games. Ash and company travel to Hoenn, a southern region in the Pokémon World. Ash takes on the role of a teacher and mentor for a novice Pokémon trainer named May. Her brother Max accompanies them, and though he isn't a trainer, he knows large amounts of handy information. Brock (from the original series) soon catches up with Ash, but Misty has returned to Cerulean City to tend to her duties as a gym leader (Misty, along with other recurring characters, appears in the spin-off series Pokémon Chronicles). The Advanced series concludes with the Battle Frontier saga, based on the Emerald version and including aspects of FireRed and LeafGreen. It ended with Max leaving to pick his starter Pokémon and May going to the Grand Festival in Johto.

text: In the Diamond and Pearl series, based on the fourth generation games, Ash, Brock, and a new companion, an aspiring Pokémon coordinator named Dawn, travel through the region of Sinnoh. At the end of the series, Ash and Brock return to Kanto where Brock begins to follow his newfound dream of becoming a Pokémon doctor himself.

text: Pocket Monsters: Best Wishes!, based on the fifth generation games, features Ash and Pikachu traveling through the region of Unova (Isshu in Japan) alongside two new companions, Iris and Cilan (Dent in Japan) who part ways with them after returning to Kanto.

text: Pocket Monsters: XY (ポケットモンスターXY, Poketo Monsutā Ekkusu Wai), is the current airing series based on the sixth generation games, following Ash and Pikachu's journey through the region of Kalos, accompanied by Ash's childhood friend Serena and the siblings Clemont and Bonnie.[44][45][46]

text: In addition to the TV series, nineteen Pokémon films have been made, with the pair of films, Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom considered together as one. A twentieth is also in production. Collectible bonuses, such as promotional trading cards, have been available with some of the films. Various children's books, collectively known as Pokémon Junior, are also based on the anime.[47]

text: Films

text: Given release years are the original Japanese release years. The twentieth addition on this list is yet to be released.

text:
Pokémon: The First Movie—Mewtwo Strikes Back (1998)
Pokémon: The Movie 2000—The Power of One (1999)
Pokémon 3: The Movie—Spell of the Unown (2000)
Pokémon 4Ever—Celebi: Voice of the Forest (2001)
Pokémon Heroes—Latios and Latias (2002)
Pokémon: Jirachi Wish Maker (2003)
Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys (2004)
Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew (2005)
Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea (2006)
Pokémon: The Rise of Darkrai (2007)
Pokémon: Giratina and the Sky Warrior (2008)
Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life (2009)
Pokémon: Zoroark: Master of Illusions (2010)
Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram &
Pokémon the Movie: White—Victini and Zekrom (2011)
Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice (2012)
Pokémon the Movie: Genesect and the Legend Awakened (2013)
Pokémon the Movie: Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction (2014)
Pokémon the Movie: Hoopa and the Clash of Ages (2015)
Pokémon the Movie: Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel (2016)
Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! (2017)

tag: ol

text: It was announced by The Hollywood Reporter that Warner Bros. Pictures, Sony Pictures, and Legendary Pictures are in negotiations for a live action Pokémon movie.[48] Deadline reports that Legendary are closing a deal for the film after Pokémon Go's success and will also make a live Detective Pikachu movie as well with Universal Pictures distributing outside Japan.[49][50] Nicole Perlman and Alex Hirsch are penning the script.[15] Dean Israelite, Robert Rodriguez, Tim Miller, Mark A.Z. Dippé, Shane Acker and Chris Wedge were being considered as potential directors. Toho will distribute the film in Japan, while Universal Pictures will distribute it outside Japan. On November 30, 2016, Deadline reveals that Legendary Entertainment has chosen Rob Letterman to direct the film.[51] It was announced that the film's titled will be called Pokémon's Detective Pikachu.[52]

text: Soundtracks

text: Pokémon CDs have been released in North America, most of them in conjunction with the theatrical releases of the first three Pokémon films. These releases were commonplace until late 2001. On March 27, 2007, a tenth anniversary CD was released containing 18 tracks from the English dub; this was the first English-language release in over five years. Soundtracks of the Pokémon feature films have been released in Japan each year in conjunction with the theatrical releases.

text:
Year
Title

June 29, 1999[53]
Pokémon 2.B.A. Master

November 9, 1999[54]
Pokémon: The First Movie

February 8, 2000
Pokémon World

May 9, 2000
Pokémon: The First Movie Original Motion Picture Score

July 18, 2000
Pokémon: The Movie 2000

Unknown1
Pokémon: The Movie 2000 Original Motion Picture Score

January 23, 2001
Totally Pokémon

April 3, 2001
Pokémon 3: The Ultimate Soundtrack

October 9, 2001
Pokémon Christmas Bash

March 27, 2007
Pokémon X: Ten Years of Pokémon

November 12, 2013
Pokémon X & Pokémon Y: Super Music Collection

December 10, 2013
Pokémon FireRed & Pokémon LeafGreen: Super Music Collection

January 14, 2014
Pokémon HeartGold & Pokémon SoulSilver: Super Music Collection

February 11, 2014
Pokémon Ruby & Pokémon Sapphire: Super Music Collection

March 11, 2014
Pokémon Diamond & Pokémon Pearl: Super Music Collection

April 8, 2014
Pokémon Black & Pokémon White: Super Music Collection

May 13, 2014
Pokémon Black 2 & Pokémon White 2: Super Music Collection

December 21, 2014
Pokémon Omega Ruby & Pokémon Alpha Sapphire: Super Music Collection

April 27, 2016
Pokémon Red and Green Super Music Collection

November 30, 2016
Pokémon Sun & Pokémon Moon: Super Music Collection

text: ^1 The exact date of release is unknown.

text: Pokémon Trading Card Game

text: The Pokémon Trading Card Game (TCG) is a collectible card game with a goal similar to a Pokémon battle in the video game series. Players use Pokémon cards, with individual strengths and weaknesses, in an attempt to defeat their opponent by "knocking out" his or her Pokémon cards.[55] The game was first published in North America by Wizards of the Coast in 1999.[56] However, with the release of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire Game Boy Advance video games, The Pokémon Company took back the card game from Wizards of the Coast and started publishing the cards themselves.[56] The Expedition expansion introduced the Pokémon-e Trading Card Game, where the cards (for the most part) were compatible with the Nintendo e-Reader. Nintendo discontinued its production of e-Reader compatible cards with the release of 'ex' FireRed & LeafGreen. In 1998, Nintendo released a Game Boy Color version of the trading card game in Japan; Pokémon Trading Card Game was subsequently released to the US and Europe in 2000. The game included digital versions cards from the original set of cards and the first two expansions (Jungle and Fossil), as well as several cards exclusive to the game. A Japan-exclusive sequel was released in 2001.[57]

text: Manga

text: There are various Pokémon manga series, four of which were released in English by Viz Media, and seven of them released in English by Chuang Yi. The manga series vary from game-based series to being based on the anime and the Trading Card Game. Original stories have also been published. As there are several series created by different authors most Pokémon manga series differ greatly from each other and other media, such as the anime. Pokémon Pocket Monsters and Pokémon Adventures are the only two manga never stopped since the first generation.

text:
The Electric Tale of Pikachu (a.k.a. Dengeki Pikachu), a shōnen manga created by Toshihiro Ono. It was divided into four tankōbon, each given a separate title in the North American and English Singapore versions: The Electric Tale of Pikachu, Pikachu Shocks Back, Electric Pikachu Boogaloo, and Surf's Up, Pikachu. The series is based loosely on the anime.
Pokémon Adventures (Pocket Monsters SPECIAL in Japan) by Hidenori Kusaka (story), Mato (art formerly), and Satoshi Yamamoto (art currently), the most popular Pokémon manga based on the video games. The story series around the Pokémon Trainers who called "Pokédex holders".
Magical Pokémon Journey (a.k.a. Pocket Monsters PiPiPi ★ Adventures), a shōjo manga
Pikachu Meets the Press (newspaper style comics, not released by Chuang Yi)
Ash & Pikachu (a.k.a. Satoshi to Pikachu, not released by Viz)
Pokémon Gold & Silver (not released by Viz)
Pokémon Ruby-Sapphire and Pokémon Pocket Monsters (not released by Viz)
Pokémon: Jirachi Wish Maker (not released by Viz)
Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys (not released by Viz)
Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew (the third movie-to-comic adaptation)
Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea[58] (the fourth movie-to-comic adaption)
Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure!
Pokémon Adventures: Diamond and Pearl / Platinum[59]
Pokémon: The Rise of Darkrai[60] (the fifth movie-to-comic adaption)
Pokémon: Giratina and the Sky Warrior[61] (the sixth movie-to-comic adaption)
Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life[62] (the seventh movie-to-comic adaption)
Pokémon: Zoroark: Master of Illusions[63] (the eighth movie-to-comic adaption)
Pokémon The Movie: White: Victini and Zekrom[64] (the ninth movie-to-comic adaption)
Pokémon Black and White[65][66][67][68][69][70][71]

text:
Pokémon Pocket Monsters by Kosaku Anakubo, the first Pokémon manga. It is chiefly a gag manga series stars a Pokémon Trainer named Red, his rude Clefairy, and Pikachu.
Pokémon Card ni Natta Wake (How I Became a Pokémon Card) by Kagemaru Himeno, an artist for the Trading Card Game. There are six volumes and each includes a special promotional card. The stories tell the tales of the art behind some of Himeno's cards.
Pokémon Get aa ze! by Miho Asada
Pocket Monsters Chamo-Chamo ★ Pretty ♪ by Yumi Tsukirino, who also made Magical Pokémon Journey.
Pokémon Card Master
Pocket Monsters Emerald Chōsen!! Battle Frontier by Ihara Shigekatsu
Pocket Monsters Zensho by Satomi Nakamura

text: Monopoly

text: A Monopoly board game was released in August 2014.[72]

text: Criticism and controversy

text: Morality and religious beliefs

text: Pokémon has been criticized by some Christians over perceived occult and violent themes and the concept of "Pokémon evolution", which they feel goes against the Biblical creation account in Genesis.[73] However, Sat2000, a satellite television station based in Vatican City, has countered that the Pokémon Trading Card Game and video games are "full of inventive imagination" and have no "harmful moral side effects".[74][75] In the United Kingdom, the "Christian Power Cards" game was introduced in 1999 by David Tate who stated, "Some people aren't happy with Pokémon and want an alternative, others just want Christian games." The game was similar to the Pokémon Trading Card Game but used Biblical figures.[76]

text: In 1999, Nintendo stopped manufacturing the Japanese version of the "Koga's Ninja Trick" trading card because it depicted a manji, a traditionally Buddhist symbol with no negative connotations. The Jewish civil rights group Anti-Defamation League complained because the symbol is the reverse of a swastika, which is considered offensive to Jewish people. The cards were intended for sale in Japan only, but the popularity of Pokémon led to importation into the United States with approval from Nintendo. The Anti-Defamation League understood that the issue symbol was not intended to offend and acknowledged the sensitivity that Nintendo showed by removing the product.[77]

text: In 1999, two nine-year-old boys from Merrick, New York sued Nintendo because they claimed the Pokémon Trading Card Game caused their problematic gambling.[78]

text: In 2001, Saudi Arabia banned Pokémon games and cards, alleging that the franchise promoted Zionism by displaying the Star of David in the trading cards (a six-pointed star is featured in the card game) as well as other religious symbols such as crosses they associated with Christianity and triangles they associated with Freemasonry; the games also involved gambling, which is in violation of Muslim doctrine.[79][80]

text: Pokémon has also been accused of promoting materialism.[81]

text: Animal cruelty

text: In 2012, PETA publicly criticized the concept of Pokémon as supporting cruelty to animals. PETA compared the game's concept, of capturing animals and forcing them to fight, to cockfights, dog fighting rings and circuses, all events frequently criticized for cruelty to animals. PETA released a game spoofing Pokémon where the Pokémon battle their trainers to win their freedom.[82] PETA reaffirmed their objections in 2016 with the release of Pokémon Go, promoting the hashtag #GottaFreeThemAll.[83]

text: Health

text: On December 16, 1997, more than 635 Japanese children were admitted to hospitals with epileptic seizures.[84] It was determined the seizures were caused by watching an episode of Pokémon "Dennō Senshi Porygon", (most commonly translated "Electric Soldier Porygon", season 1, episode 38); as a result, this episode has not been aired since. In this particular episode, there were bright explosions with rapidly alternating blue and red color patterns.[85] It was determined in subsequent research that these strobing light effects cause some individuals to have epileptic seizures, even if the person had no previous history of epilepsy.[86] This incident is a common focus of Pokémon-related parodies in other media, and was lampooned by the Simpsons episode "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo"[87] and the South Park episode "Chinpokomon",[88] among others.

text: Monster in My Pocket

text: In March 2000, Morrison Entertainment Group, a small toy developer based at Manhattan Beach, California, sued Nintendo over claims that Pokémon infringed on its own Monster in My Pocket characters. A judge ruled there was no infringement, so Morrison appealed the ruling. On February 4, 2003, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the decision by the District Court to dismiss the suit.[89]

text: Pokémon Go

text: Within its first two days of release, Pokémon Go raised safety concerns among players. Multiple people also suffered minor injuries from falling while playing the game due to being distracted.[90]

text: Multiple police departments in various countries have issued warnings, some tongue-in-cheek, regarding inattentive driving, trespassing, and being targeted by criminals due to being unaware of one's surroundings.[91][92] People have suffered various injuries from accidents related to the game,[93][94][95][96] and Bosnian players have been warned to stay out of minefields left over from the 1990s Bosnian War.[97] On July 20, 2016, it was reported that an 18-year-old boy in Chiquimula, Guatemala was shot and killed while playing the game in the late evening hours.[98] This was the first reported death in connection with the app. The boy's 17-year-old cousin, who was accompanying the victim, was shot in the foot. Police speculated that the shooters used the game's GPS capability to find the two.[99]

text: Cultural influence

text: Pokémon, being a globally popular franchise, has left a significant mark on today's pop culture. The Pokémon characters themselves have become pop culture icons; examples include two different Pikachu balloons in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Pokémon Jets operated by All Nippon Airways, thousands of merchandise items, and a traveling theme park that was in Nagoya, Japan in 2005 and in Taipei in 2006. Pokémon also appeared on the cover of the U.S. magazine Time in 1999. The Comedy Central show Drawn Together has a character named Ling-Ling who is a direct parody of Pikachu.[100] Several other shows such as ReBoot, The Simpsons, South Park, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, Robot Chicken, All Grown Up!, and Johnny Test have made references and spoofs of Pokémon, among other series. Pokémon was also featured on VH1's I Love the '90s: Part Deux. A live action show called Pokémon Live! toured the United States in late 2000. It was based on the popular Pokémon anime, but had some continuity errors relating to it. Jim Butcher cites Pokémon as one of the inspirations for the Codex Alera series of novels.

text: In November 2001, Nintendo opened a store called the Pokémon Center in New York, in New York's Rockefeller Center,[101] modeled after the two other Pokémon Center stores in Tokyo and Osaka and named after a staple of the videogame series; Pokémon Centers are fictional buildings where Trainers take their injured Pokémon to be healed after combat.[102] The store sold Pokémon merchandise on a total of two floors, with items ranging from collectible shirts to stuffed Pokémon plushies.[103] The store also featured a Pokémon Distributing Machine in which players would place their game to receive an egg of a Pokémon that was being given out at that time. The store also had tables that were open for players of the Pokémon Trading Card Game to duel each other or an employee. The store was closed and replaced by the Nintendo World Store on May 14, 2005.[104] Three Pokémon Center kiosks were put in malls in Washington, with one in Tacoma and one in Seattle currently remaining.[105][unreliable source?] The Pokémon Center online store was relaunched on August 6, 2014.[106]

text: Joseph Jay Tobin theorizes that the success of the franchise was mainly due to the long list of names that could be learned by children and repeated in their peer groups. The rich fictional universe provided a lot of opportunities for discussion and demonstration of knowledge in front of their peers. In the French version Nintendo took care to translate the name of the creatures so that they reflected the French culture and language. In all cases the names of the creatures were linked to its characteristics, which converged with the children's belief that names have symbolic power. Children could pick their favourite Pokémon and affirm their individuality while at the same time affirming their conformance to the values of the group, and they could distinguish themselves from other kids by asserting what they liked and what they didn't like from every chapter. Pokémon gained popularity because it provided a sense of identity to a wide variety of children, and lost it quickly when many of those children found that the identity groups were too big and searched for identities that would distinguish them into smaller groups.[107]

text: Pokémon's history has been marked at times by rivalry with the Digimon media franchise that debuted at a similar time. Described as "the other 'mon'" by IGN's Juan Castro, Digimon has not enjoyed Pokémon's level of international popularity or success, but has maintained a dedicated fanbase.[108] IGN's Lucas M. Thomas stated that Pokémon is Digimon's "constant competition and comparison", attributing the former's relative success to the simplicity of its evolution mechanic as opposed to Digivolution.[109] The two have been noted for conceptual and stylistic similarities by sources such as GameZone.[110] A debate among fans exists over which of the two franchises came first.[111] In actuality, the first Pokémon media, Pokémon Red and Green, were released initially on February 27, 1996;[112] whereas the Digimon virtual pet was released on June 26, 1997.

text: Fan community

text: While Pokémon's target demographic is young boys, early purchasers of Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire were in their 20's.[113] Many fans are adults who originally played the games as children and later returned to the series.

text: Bulbapedia, a wiki-based encyclopedia[114] associated with longtime fan site Bulbagarden,[115][116] is the "Internet's most detailed Pokémon database project".[117] Bulbapedia finally received a mobile makeover with the release of BulbaGo, the app for Bulbapedia. The app's developer, Jonathan Zarra, was the same that created the location based chat app GoChat for Pokémon Go. The Bulbapedia App was so successful that within 3 days of its release, it was acquired by Bulbapedia and turned into its official app.

text: A significant community around the Pokémon video games' metagame has existed for a long time, analyzing the best ways to use each Pokémon to their full potential in competitive battles. The most prolific competitive community is Smogon University, which has created a widely accepted tier-based battle system.[118]

text: In early 2014, an anonymous video streamer on Twitch launched Twitch Plays Pokémon, an experiment trying to crowdsource playing subsequent Pokémon games starting with Pokémon Red.[119][120]

text: A challenge called the Nuzlocke Challenge was created in order for older players of the series to enjoy Pokémon again, but with a twist. When a Pokémon faints it is considered "dead" and must be released or stored in the PC permanently.[121] If the player blacks out/whites out the game is considered over and the player must restart.[122] The original idea only consisted of 2 to 3 rules that the community has since built upon. There are many fan made Pokémon games made that contains a game mode similar to the Nuzlocke Challenge, such as Pokémon Uranium.[123]

text: An online Pokémon game was created called Pokémon Showdown, in which players create a team and battle against other players around the world.[124]


document_title: PAM Transport

question_text: what kind of trucks does pam transport use

text: PAM Transport

text: Company Awards[edit]

text: P.A.M. Transport was one of the first companies to connect the trucking and business communities. In 2002 and 2003, P.A.M. Transport was named to Forbes magazine’s 200 Best Small Companies in America, coming in at number 90 in 2002 and number 186 in 2003.

text: P.A.M.’s Trucking Fleet[edit]

text: P.A.M. Transport operates a fleet of over 1,700 trucks and 4,000+ trailers. Most of P.A.M.’s trucks are Freightliner and International tractors that have an average age of 18 months [4]. P.A.M. tractors also include various standard industry equipment, including air-ride cabs, Qualcomm satellite equipment, routing and directional software, and in-cab email service, and recently installed electronic logs on all units.

text: P.A.M. Transport hauls dry-van trailers, and its fleet consists of 53-foot (16 m) trailers. P.A.M. trucks are governed between 62 to 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) to conserve fuel as well as promote safer driving practices.

text: Company-Sponsored Training[edit]

text: P.A.M. Transport adopted a way to develop properly trained, safety conscious truck drivers through a sponsorship training program. Since 1992, P.A.M. Transport has offered a company-sponsored CDL training program for entry-level drivers through a partnership with the Driver Solutions Network. Through this program, P.A.M. Transport sponsors its students' upfront training costs to attend a partner truck driving school and provides an entry level driving position to drivers once they successfully complete the CDL training. To date, P.A.M. has introduced over 14,000 new drivers to the trucking industry.


document_title: United States Patent and Trademark Office

question_text: who manages logo and trademark issues on campus

text: Mission[edit]

text: The USPTO mission is to "maintain a permanent, interdisciplinary historical record of all U.S. patent applications in order to fulfill objectives outlined in the United States Constitution".[2] The legal basis for the United States patent system is Article 1, Section 8, wherein the powers of Congress are defined.[7]

text: It states, in part:

text: The PTO's mission is to promote "industrial and technological progress in the United States and strengthen the national economy" by:

text:
Administering the laws relating to patents and trademarks;
Advising the Secretary of Commerce, the President of the United States, and the administration on patent, trademark, and copyright protection; and
Providing advice on the trade-related aspects of intellectual property.

text: Structure[edit]

text: The USPTO is headquartered at the Alexandria Campus, consisting of 11 buildings in a city-like development surrounded by ground floor retail and high rise residential buildings between the Metro stations of King Street station and Eisenhower Avenue station where the actual Alexandria Campus is located between Duke Street (on the North) to Eisenhower Avenue (on the South), and between John Carlyle Street (on the East) to Elizabeth Lane (on the West) in Alexandria, Virginia.[8][9][10] An additional building in Arlington, Virginia, was opened in 2009.

text: The USPTO was expected by 2014 to open its first ever satellite offices in Detroit, Dallas, Denver, and Silicon Valley to reduce backlog and reflect regional industrial strengths.[11] The first satellite office opened in Detroit on July 13, 2012.[12][13][14][15][16] In 2013, due to the budget sequestration, the satellite office for Silicon Valley, which is home to one of the nation's top patent-producing cities, was put on hold.[17] However, renovation and infrastructure updates continued after the sequestration, and the Silicon Valley location is due to open in San Jose City Hall in mid-2015.[18]

text: As of September 30, 2009[update], the end of the U.S. government's fiscal year, the PTO had 9,716 employees, nearly all of whom are based at its five-building headquarters complex in Alexandria. Of those, 6,242 were patent examiners (almost all of whom were assigned to examine utility patents; only 99 were assigned to examine design patents) and 388 were trademark examining attorneys; the rest are support staff.[19] While the agency has noticeably grown in recent years, the rate of growth was far slower in fiscal 2009 than in the recent past; this is borne out by data from fiscal 2005 to the present:[19]

text:
At end of FY
Employees
Patent examiners
Trademark examining attorneys

2016
12,725
8,351
570

2009
9,716
6,242
388

2008
9,518
6,055
398

2007
8,913
5,477
404

2006
8,189
4,883
413

2005
7,363
4,258
357

text: Patent examiners make up the bulk of the employees at USPTO. They are generally newly graduated scientists and engineers, recruited from various universities around the nation.[citation needed] They hold degrees in various scientific disciplines, but who do not necessarily hold law degrees. Unlike patent examiners, trademark examiners must be licensed attorneys.[citation needed] All examiners work under a strict, "count"-based production system.[20] For every application, "counts" are earned by composing, filing, and mailing a first office action on the merits, and upon disposal of an application.

text: The Commissioner for Patents oversees three main bodies, headed by former Deputy Commissioner for Patent Operations, currently[21] Peggy Focarino, the Deputy Commissioner for Patent Examination Policy, currently[when?] Andrew Hirshfeld as Acting Deputy, and finally the Commissioner for Patent Resources and Planning, which is currently[when?] vacant.[22] The Patent Operations of the office is divided into nine different technology centers that deal with various arts.[23]

text: Prior to 2012, decisions of patent examiners may be appealed to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, an administrative law body of the USPTO. Decisions of the BPAI could further be appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, or a civil suit may be brought against the Commissioner of Patents in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.[24] The United States Supreme Court may ultimately decide on a patent case. Similarly, decisions of trademark examiners may be appealed to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, with subsequent appeals directed to the Federal Circuit, or a civil action may also be brought.

text: Under the America Invents Act, the BPAI was converted to the Patent Trial and Appeal Board or "PTAB".[25]

text: In recent years, the USPTO has seen increasing delays between when a patent application is filed and when it issues. To address its workload challenges, the USPTO has undertaken an aggressive program of hiring and recruitment. The USPTO hired 1,193 new patent examiners in Fiscal Year 2006 (year ending September 30, 2006),[26] 1,215 new examiners in fiscal 2007,[27] and 1,211 in fiscal year 2008.[28] The USPTO expected to continue hiring patent examiners at a rate of approximately 1,200 per year through 2012; however, due to a slowdown in new application filings since the onset of the late-2000s economic crisis,[29] and projections of substantial declines in maintenance fees in coming years,[30] the agency imposed a hiring freeze in early March 2009.[31]

text: In 2006, USPTO instituted a new training program for patent examiners called the "Patent Training Academy". It is an eight-month program designed to teach new patent examiners the fundamentals of patent law, practice and examination procedure in a college-style environment.[32] Because of the impending USPTO budget crisis previously alluded to, it had been rumored that the Academy would be closed by the end of 2009.[30] Focarino, then Acting Commissioner for Patents, denied in a May 2009 interview that the Academy was being shut down, but stated that it would be cut back because the hiring goal for new examiners in fiscal 2009 was reduced to 600.[33] Ultimately, 588 new patent examiners were hired in fiscal year 2009.[34]

text: Fee diversion[edit]

text: For many years, Congress has "diverted" about 10% of the fees that the USPTO collected into the general treasury of the United States. In effect, this took money collected from the patent system to use for the general budget. This fee diversion has been generally opposed by patent practitioners (e.g., patent attorneys and patent agents), inventors, the USPTO,[35] as well as former federal judge Paul R. Michel.[36] These stakeholders would rather use the funds to improve the patent office and patent system, such as by implementing the USPTO's 21st Century Strategic Plan.[37] The last six annual budgets of the George W. Bush administration did not propose to divert any USPTO fees, and the first budget of the Barack Obama administration continues this practice; however, stakeholders continue to press for a permanent end to fee diversion.[38]

text: Patents[edit]

text:
On July 31, 1790, the first U.S. patent was issued to Samuel Hopkins for an improvement "in the making of Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new Apparatus and Process". This patent was signed by then President George Washington.
The X-Patents (the first 10,280 issued between 1790 and 1836) were destroyed by a fire; fewer than 3,000 of those have been recovered and re-issued with numbers that include an "X". The X generally appears at the end of the numbers hand-written on full-page patent images; however, in patent collections and for search purposes, the X is considered to be the patent type – analogous to the "D" of design patents – and appears at the beginning of the number. The X distinguishes the patents from those issued after the fire, which began again with patent number 1.
Each year, the PTO issues over 150,000 patents to companies and individuals worldwide. As of December 2011[update], the PTO has granted 8,743,423 patents and has received 16,020,302 applications.[39]

text: Trademarks[edit]

text: The USPTO examines applications for trademark registration. If approved, the trademarks are registered on either the Principal Register or the Supplemental Register, depending upon whether the mark meets the appropriate distinctiveness criteria. This federal system governs goods and services distributed via interstate commerce, and operates alongside state level trademark registration systems.[40][41][42]

text: Representation[edit]

text: The USPTO only allows certain qualified persons to practice before the USPTO. Practice includes filing of patent applications on behalf of inventors, prosecuting patent applications on behalf of inventors, and participating in administrative appeals and other proceedings before the PTO examiners and boards. The USPTO sets its own standards for who may practice and requires that any person who practices become registered. A patent agent is a person who has passed the USPTO registration examination (the "patent bar") but has not passed any state bar exam to become a licensed attorney; a patent attorney is a person who has passed both a state bar and the patent bar and is in good standing as an attorney.[43] A patent agent can only act in a representative capacity in patent matters presented to the USPTO, and may not represent a patent holder or applicant in a court of law. To be eligible for taking the patent bar exam, a candidate must possess a degree in "engineering or physical science or the equivalent of such a degree".[43]

text: The United States allows any citizen from any country to sit for the patent bar (if he/she has the requisite technical background).[44] Only Canada has a reciprocity agreement with the United States that confers upon a patent agent similar rights.[45]

text: An unrepresented inventor may file a patent application and prosecute it on his or her own behalf (pro se). If it appears to a patent examiner that an inventor filing a pro se application is not familiar with the proper procedures of the Patent Office, the examiner may suggest that the filing party obtain representation by a registered patent attorney or patent agent.[46] The patent examiner cannot recommend a specific attorney or agent, but the Patent Office does post a list of those who are registered.[47]

text: While the inventor of a relatively simple-to-describe invention may well be able to produce an adequate specification and detailed drawings, there remains language complexity in what is claimed, either in the particular claim language of a utility application, or in the manner in which drawings are presented in a design application. There is also skill required when searching for prior art that is used to support the application and to prevent applying for a patent for something that may be unpatentable. A patent examiner will make special efforts to help pro se inventors understand the process but the failure to adequately understand or respond to an Office action from the USPTO can endanger the inventor's rights, and may lead to abandonment of the application.

text: Electronic filing system[edit]

text: The USPTO accepts patent applications filed in electronic form. Inventors or their patent agents/attorneys can file applications as Adobe PDF documents. Filing fees can be paid by credit card or by a USPTO "deposit account".

text: Patent search tools[edit]

text: The USPTO web site provides free electronic copies of issued patents and patent applications as multiple-page TIFF (graphic) documents. The site also provides Boolean search and analysis tools.[48]

text: The USPTO's free distribution service only distributes the patent documents as a set of TIFF files.[49] Numerous free and commercial services provide patent documents in other formats, such as Adobe PDF and CPC.

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject. Please integrate the section's contents into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. (October 2013)

text: The USPTO has been criticized for granting patents for impossible or absurd, already known, or arguably obvious inventions.[50]

text: Controversial patents[edit]

text:
U.S. Patent 5,443,036, "Method of exercising a cat", covers having a cat chase the beam from a laser pointer. The patent has been criticized as being obvious.[51][52]
U.S. Patent 6,004,596, "Sealed crustless sandwich", issued in 1999, covers the design of a sandwich with crimped edges.[51][53] However, all claims of the patent were subsequently canceled by the PTO upon reexamination.[54]
U.S. Patent 6,025,810, "Hyper-light-speed antenna", an antenna that sends signals faster than the speed of light.[50] According to the description in the patent, "The present invention takes a transmission of energy, and instead of sending it through normal time and space, it pokes a small hole into another dimension, thus, sending the energy through a place which allows transmission of energy to exceed the speed of light."[55]
U.S. Patent 6,368,227, "Method of swinging on a swing", issued April 9, 2002,[56][57] was granted to a seven-year-old boy, whose father, a patent attorney, wanted to demonstrate how the patent system worked to his son who was five years old at the time of the application. The PTO initially rejected it due to prior art, but eventually issued the patent.[56] However, all claims of the patent were subsequently canceled by the PTO upon reexamination.[58]
U.S. Patent 6,960,975, "Space vehicle propelled by the pressure of inflationary vacuum state", describes an anti-gravity device. In November 2005, the USPTO was criticized by physicists for granting it. The journal Nature first highlighted this patent issued for a device that presumably amounts to a perpetual motion machine, defying the laws of physics.[59][60][61][62] The device comprises a particular electrically superconducting shield and electromagnetic generating device. The examiner allowed the claims because the design of the shield and device was novel and not obvious.[63] In situations such as this where a substantial question of patentability is raised after a patent issues, the Commissioner of the Patent Office can order a reexamination of the patent.

text: Controversial trademarks[edit]

text:
U.S. Trademark 77,139,082, "Cloud Computing" for Dell, covering "custom manufacture of computer hardware for use in data centers and mega-scale computing environments for others", was allowed by a trademark attorney on July 8, 2008. Cloud computing is a generic term that could define technology infrastructure for years to come, which had been in general use at the time of the application.[64] The application was rejected on August 12, 2008, as descriptive and generic.[65]
U.S. Trademark 75,215,401, "Netbook" for Psion, covering "laptop computers" was registered on November 21, 2000. Although the company discontinued the netBook line in November 2003 and allowed the trademark to become genericized through use by journalists and vendors (products marketed as 'netbooks' include the Dell Inspiron Mini Series, Asus eeePC, HP Mini 1000, MSI Wind Netbook and others), USPTO subsequently rejected a number of trademarks citing a "likelihood of confusion" under section 2(d), including 'G NETBOOK' (U.S. Trademark 77,527,311 rejected October 31, 2008), MSI's 'WIND NETBOOK' (U.S. Trademark ) and Coby Electronics' 'COBY NETBOOK' (U.S. Trademark 77,590,174) rejected January 13, 2009. Psion also delivered a batch of cease-and-desist letters on December 23, 2008, relating to the genericized trademark.[66]

text: Slow patent examination and backlog[edit]

text: The USPTO has been criticized for taking an inordinate amount of time in examining patent applications. This is particularly true in the fast-growing area[needs update] of business method patents. As of 2005, patent examiners in the business method area were still examining patent applications filed in 2001.[citation needed]

text: The delay was attributed by spokesmen for the Patent Office to a combination of a sudden increase in business method patent filings after the 1998 State Street Bank decision, the unfamiliarity of patent examiners with the business and financial arts (e.g., banking, insurance, stock trading etc.), and the issuance of a number of controversial patents (e.g., U.S. Patent 5,960,411 "Amazon one click patent") in the business method area.

text: Effective August 2006, the USPTO introduced an accelerated patent examination procedure in an effort to allow inventors a speedy evaluation of an application with a final disposition within twelve months. The procedure requires additional information to be submitted with the application and also includes an interview with the examiner.[67] The first accelerated patent was granted on March 15, 2007, with a six-month issuance time.[68]

text: As of the end of 2008, there were 1,208,076 patent applications pending at the Patent Office. At the end of 1997, the number of applications pending was 275,295. Therefore, over those eleven years there was a 439% increase in the number of pending applications.[69]

text: December 2012 data showed that there was 597,579 unexamined patent application backlog.[70] During the four years since 2009, more than 50% reduction was achieved. First action pendency was reported as 19.2 months.

text: Telework program fraud allegations[edit]

text: In 2012, the USPTO initiated an internal investigation into allegations of fraud in the telework program, which allowed employees to work from home. Investigators discovered that some patent examiners had lied about the hours they had worked, but high level[further explanation needed] prevented access to computer records, thus limiting the number of employees who could be punished.[71]