document_title: Golden Gate Bridge

question_text: who was in charge of building the golden gate bridge

text: Golden Gate Bridge

text: History

text: Ferry service

text: Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco.[10]

text: The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service, launched in 1867, eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company, a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary, the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s.[10][11] Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacific's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy.[12] The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost US$1.00 per vehicle, a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge.[13] The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes.

text: Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, the city's growth rate was below the national average.[14] Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft (2,042 m) strait, which had strong, swirling tides and currents, with water 372 ft (113 m) deep[15] at the center of the channel, and frequent strong winds. Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation.[14]

text: Conception

text: Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins.[16] San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million, which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009, and impractical for the time. He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less.[10] One who responded, Joseph Strauss, was an ambitious engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis, designed a 55-mile-long (89 km) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait.[17] At the time, Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project.[3] Strauss's initial drawings[16] were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million.[10]

text: Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts.[citation needed] A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in metallurgy.[10]

text: Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California.[18] The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources. The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic. The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs. Southern Pacific Railroad, one of the most powerful business interests in California, opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project, leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service.[10]

text: In May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction. Deakyne, on behalf of the Secretary of War, approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the "Bridging the Golden Gate Association" and both San Francisco County and Marin County, pending further bridge plans by Strauss.[19] Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry, which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles.[13]

text: The bridge's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy, city engineer of San Francisco, and Strauss. The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923, creating a special district to design, build and finance the bridge.[20] San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District, with the exception being Humboldt County, whose residents opposed the bridge's construction and the traffic it would generate.[21]

text: Design

text: Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project.[14] However, because he had little understanding or experience with cable-suspension designs,[22] responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts. Strauss's initial design proposal (two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint. The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff, the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City.[23]

text: Irving Morrow, a relatively unknown residential architect, designed the overall shape of the bridge towers, the lighting scheme, and Art Deco elements, such as the tower decorations, streetlights, railing, and walkways. The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge.[24] The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships.[14]

text: Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis, collaborating remotely with Moisseiff, was the principal engineer of the project.[25] Moisseiff produced the basic structural design, introducing his "deflection theory" by which a thin, flexible roadway would flex in the wind, greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers.[25] Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound, a later Moisseiff design, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge, collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed, because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter.[26] Ellis was also tasked with designing a "bridge within a bridge" in the southern abutment, to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point, a pre–Civil War masonry fortification viewed, even then, as worthy of historic preservation. He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge's southern anchorage.[27]

text: Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree. He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University. He became an expert in structural design, writing the standard textbook of the time.[28] Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge, but he received none of the credit in his lifetime. In November 1931, Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate, Clifford Paine, ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff.[28] Ellis, obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression, continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis, eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations.[28]

text: With an eye toward self-promotion and posterity, Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who, despite receiving little recognition or compensation,[22] are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge. He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge.[28] Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated.[28] In May 2007, the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge.

text: Finance

text: The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District, authorized by an act of the California Legislature, was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design, construct, and finance the Golden Gate Bridge.[14] However, after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the District was unable to raise the construction funds, so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure. The bonds were approved in November 1930,[17] by votes in the counties affected by the bridge.[29] The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million. However, the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932, when Amadeo Giannini, the founder of San Francisco–based Bank of America, agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy.[10]

text: Construction

text: Construction began on January 5, 1933.[10] The project cost more than $35 million,[30] ($493 million in 2016 dollars[31]) completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget.[32] The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic-Marshall Construction Co., a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall, both of Lehigh University.

text: Strauss remained head of the project, overseeing day-to-day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions. A graduate of the University of Cincinnati, he placed a brick from his alma mater's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured. He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site, which saved the lives of many otherwise-unprotected ironworkers. Of eleven men killed from falls during construction, ten were killed on February 17, 1937, when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen.[33] The workers' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear. The platform fell into the safety net, but was too heavy and the net gave way. Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200-foot (61 m) fall into the icy waters, including the 37-year-old foreman, Slim Lambert. Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club.[34]

text: The project was finished and opened May 27, 1937. The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012.[35] The Bridge Round House, an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938, has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop.[36] The diner was renovated in 2012[35] and the gift shop was then removed as a new, official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza.[36]

text: During the bridge work, the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge's road work.[37] With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012, all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased.

text: Opening festivities, 50th, and 75th anniversaries

text: The bridge-opening celebration began on May 27, 1937 and lasted for one week. The day before vehicle traffic was allowed, 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates.[10] On opening day, Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin, then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial "barriers", the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass. An official song, "There's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate", was chosen to commemorate the event. Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled "The Mighty Task is Done." The next day, President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington, D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon. As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area. Weeks of civil and cultural activities called "the Fiesta" followed. A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge.[16]

text: In May 1987, as part of the 50th anniversary celebration, the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge. However, this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people, and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people, causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight.[38] Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads, and was estimated not to have exceeded 40% of the yielding stress of the suspension cables,[39] bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday, May 27, 2012,[40][41][42] because of the additional law enforcement costs required "since 9/11".[43]

text:
A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day, 1937

Play media

Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge

Official invitation to the opening of the bridge. This copy was sent to the City of Seattle

text: Structural specifications

text: Until 1964, the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet (1,300 m). Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges; it now has the second-longest main span in the United States, after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet (2,737 m).[44]

text: The Golden Gate Bridge's clearance above high water averages 220 feet (67 m) while its towers, at 746 feet (227 m) above the water,[44] were the world's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the Mezcala Bridge, in Mexico.

text: The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes, which are attached to two main cables. The main cables pass over the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire. The total length of galvanized steel wire used to fabricate both main cables is estimated to be 80,000 miles (130,000 km).[44]

text: The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets.[citation needed]

text: Aesthetics

text: The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange.[45] The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow[46] because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge's visibility in fog. Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected. Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan, he added details, such as lighting, to outline the bridge's cables and towers.[47] In 1999, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.

text: The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead-based topcoat, which was touched up as required. In the mid-1960s, a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats.[48][45] Since 1990, acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air-quality reasons. The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded.[49]

text:
A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise

View of the northern tower of the bridge

text: Traffic

text: Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1. Although part of the National Highway System, the bridge is not officially part of California's Highway System.[50] For example, under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401, Route 101 ends at "the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge" and then resumes at "a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco". The Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).

text: The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns. On weekday mornings, traffic flows mostly southbound into the city, so four of the six lanes run southbound. Conversely, on weekday afternoons, four lanes run northbound. During off-peak periods and weekends, traffic is split with three lanes in each direction.[51]

text: From 1968 to 2015, opposing traffic was separated by small, plastic pylons, and during that time, there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head-on collisions.[52] To improve safety, the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph (80 to 72 km/h) on October 1, 1983.[53] Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s, only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier.[52] Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11, 2015, following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic, the longest in the bridge's history. The new barrier system, including the zipper trucks, cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install.[52][54]

text: Usage and tourism

text: The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists, and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes. Initially, they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb, but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003, primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway.[55]

text: The main walkway is on the eastern side, and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays (5 am to 3:30 pm), and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours (until 6 pm, or 9 pm during DST). The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends (5 am to 6 pm, or 9 pm during DST), and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight, when it is closed to pedestrians. The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway.[56]

text: Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies: San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit. Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line, and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week.[57][58] The southern end of the bridge, near the toll plaza and parking lot, is also accessible daily from 5:30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28.[59] The Marin Airporter, a private company, also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport.[60]

text: A visitor center and gift shop, dubbed the "Bridge Pavilion", is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge, adjacent to the southeast parking lot. It opened in 2012, in time for the bridge's 75th anniversary celebration. A cafe, outdoor exhibits, and restroom facilities are located nearby.[61] On the Marin side of the bridge, only accessible from the northbound lanes, is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point,[62] named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways.[63]

text: Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions.[64][65] Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries/(re)colonizations vicinity to the bridge, and researchers study them to strengthen protections, concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby, or to use a local whale watching operator.[66][67][68]

text: Tolls

text: The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971, with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls.[53]

text: In November 2006, the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit, projected at $80 million over five years. The District promised that the proposal, which it called a "partnership program," would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself. In October 2007, the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means, most likely a toll increase.[69][70]

text: In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years, the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling.[71] Subsequently, this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013. The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight-year period. In addition to the FasTrak electronic toll collection system, the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling (branded as "Pay-by-Plate"), and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge. Twenty-eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan.[72]

text: On April 7, 2014, the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6, while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7. Bicycle, pedestrian, and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free. For vehicles with more than two axles, the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system, and $6 per axle for FasTrak users. During peak traffic hours, carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate.[72] The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015, and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years.[73]

text:
Golden Gate Bridge toll increases (2014–18)[73][74]

Effective date
FasTrak
Toll-by-plate
Carpool
Multi-axle vehicle

April 7, 2014
$6.00
$7.00
$4.00
$7.00 per axle

July 1, 2015
$6.25
$7.25
$4.25
$7.25 per axle

July 1, 2016
$6.50
$7.50
$4.50
$7.50 per axle

July 1, 2017
$6.75
$7.75
$4.75
$7.75 per axle

July 1, 2018
$7.00
$8.00
$5.00
$8.00 per axle

text: Congestion pricing

text: In March 2008, the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge, charging higher tolls during the peak hours, but rising and falling depending on traffic levels. This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant.[75] As a condition of the grant, the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009.[76][77]

text: The first results of the study, called the Mobility, Access and Pricing Study (MAPS), showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible.[78] The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008.[79]

text: In August 2008, transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue.[80]

text: Issues

text: Suicides

text: The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site/suicide bridge in the world, after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge.[81] The deck is about 245 feet (75 m) above the water.[82] After a fall of four seconds, jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km/h. Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma. About 5% of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water.[83][84]

text: After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths, suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017. Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million.[85]

text: Wind

text: Since its completion, the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times: on December 1, 1951, because of gusts of 69 mph (111 km/h); on December 23, 1982, because of winds of 70 mph (113 km/h); and on December 3, 1983, because of wind gusts of 75 mph (121 km/h).[48]

text: An anemometer, placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge, has been used to measure wind speeds. Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers.

text: Seismic vulnerability and improvements

text: Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events. The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake. Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake, the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure (i.e., collapse) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320-foot (98 m) arch over Fort Point.[86] A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal (repairable) damage. One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic. A complex electro-hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts, transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports. This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac, accomplishing this task without disrupting day-to-day San Francisco commuter traffic.[87][88] The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012.[88][89]

text: The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio, known as Doyle Drive, dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle, President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa, and the man who, more than any other person, made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge.[90] The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north.[91] The road was deemed "vulnerable to earthquake damage", had a problematic 4-lane design, and lacked shoulders, and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced. Construction on the $1 billion[92] replacement, temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway, began in December 2009.[93] The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27–30, 2012, and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway, until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9–12, 2015. As of May 2012, an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive.[94]

text: In popular culture

text: As a prominent American landmark, the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in numerous media which includes books, films and video games.


document_title: History of deaf education in the United States

question_text: who was the deaf person who traveled to america in 1817 to help set up a school for the deaf 1.1

root

text: Early history[edit]

text: Before the 1800s, few, if any, educational opportunities existed for deaf children in America. Some wealthy families sent their children to Europe's schools, but many non-high class children had no access to education.[2]

tag: p

text: Early oral education in the United States[edit]

text: In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, many wealthy colonists sent their deaf children to Europe to receive schooling.[3] The best known deaf educational institution was the Braidwood Academy in Edinburgh, Scotland, established in 1760 by Thomas Braidwood as the "Academy for the Deaf and Dumb."[4] The Braidwood Academy was an expensive private oral school that was very secretive about its methods, only sharing their methodology with a few select people.[4]

text: The Bolling family, who lived in Virginia, were the most prominent colonists to send their deaf children to the Braidwood Academy.[3] Thomas Bolling and his wife Elizabeth Gay (who was also his first cousin) had three deaf children, John, Mary, and Thomas Jr., as well as at least two hearing children.[5][6] John was the first of the three children to go to the Braidwood Academy in 1771, with Mary and Thomas Jr. arriving later.[4] The three Bolling children arrived back in the United States in 1783; however, they became ill shortly after arriving home, and John died on October 11, 1783.[7] Because of this, it cannot be determined how effective the ten years of oral instruction he received were.[7] Mary and Thomas Jr. lived for at least another four decades, and comments about Thomas Jr. noted that he was a "miracle of accomplishments."[7]

text: The next generation of hearing Bollings had deaf children, and they wanted their children to be educated in the United States.[6] William, the last child of Thomas and Elizabeth, married his first cousin Mary, who bore five children, two of whom were deaf.[6] The couple's first deaf child, William Albert, drove his father's desire to create a school for the deaf in America.[6] William Bolling met John Braidwood, a descendant of Thomas Braidwood, after he arrived in America in 1812.[6][8] Bolling invited Braidwood to stay in his home as Braidwood sorted out a more permanent living arrangement.[8] Braidwood discussed with Bolling his desire to open a school similar to the Braidwood Academy in America.[8] After many setbacks, the Cobbs School was established in 1815.[9][10] It closed about a year and a half later, in the fall of 1816, when Braidwood's personal problems caused him to leave the school and Bolling could no longer financially maintain it.[10]

text: Early manual education in the United States[edit]

text: In 1812 in New England, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet met a little girl named Alice Cogswell, who inspired him to create a school for the deaf in the United States. In 1815, he traveled to Europe to gain insight on their methods of teaching deaf students.[11] He attempted to learn from the Braidwood system, but the administrators wanted him to sign a contract, remain at the school for several years to be trained in oralism, and agree to keep the teaching methods of the school a secret; Gallaudet refused this.[11] He attended a lecture in France by Abbé Sicard showcasing two successful pupils of Paris' National Institution for Deaf-Mutes, Jean Massieu and Laurent Clerc. Gallaudet spent several months at the school, and he convinced Clerc, a thirty-year-old assistant teacher, to return with him to Hartford, Connecticut. Back in America, they established the Connecticut Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, which was later named the American School for the Deaf, in 1817. Gallaudet was the director, and Clerc was the first deaf teacher in America. Alice Cogswell was one of the first seven students.[12]

text: For most of the remainder of the century, education of deaf children using sign language, a practice known as manualism, continued to grow. Approximately forty percent of all teachers were deaf.[13] More than thirty schools for the deaf were opened, the majority of which were manual. William Willard was the first deaf superintendent in America and founded Indiana School for the Deaf in 1843.[13][14] Gallaudet College (now Gallaudet University) was founded in Washington, D.C in 1864 with Thomas Gallaudet's son, Edward Miner Gallaudet, as the school's superintendent.[15][16] Edward Miner Gallaudet strongly believed in the use of sign language and had a number of arguments with Alexander Graham Bell, an oralist.[17]

text: Before the 1860s and before the American Civil War, manual language was very popular among the Deaf community and also supported by the hearing community.[18] The hearing community viewed deafness as “[isolating] the individual from the Christian community”.[18] At the time, the people of the United States were fairly religious (notably Christian), and the hearing-advantaged believed that sign language opened deaf individuals' minds and souls to God.[18] Through this, the hearing community believed that manualism brought deaf people closer to God and opened deaf people to the gospel, which brought manualism general acceptance.

text: Prior to the 1860s, the American hearing community viewed manualism, sign language, as an art, and naturally beautiful.[18] They also thought of deaf people who signed as being like the Romans because of the pantomimes that are a part of the language.[18]

text: Change from predominantly manual education to oral education[edit]

text: By the end of the American Civil War in the late 1860s, the argument for “Survival of the Fittest” was applied to the issue of education for the deaf as a result of a Darwinist perspective of Evolution.[18] This movement brought manualists arguing their view that signs were closer to nature because the first thing babies learn to do is gesture, which is akin to sign language.[18] To the Deaf community, manualism was at the time considered a gift from God.[18] During this particular time in the United States, oralism was coming about which gave some a negative view of manualism because, it was argued, it was not a natural language.[18]

text: Support for oralism gained momentum in the late 1860s and the use of manualism started to decrease. Many in the hearing community were now in favor of the evolutionary perspective, which depicted deaf people who used manual language akin to “lower animals”.[18] Some hearing people viewed speech as what separated humans from animals, which in turn caused manual language to be viewed as unhumanlike.[18] The first schools for oralism opened in the 1860s were called The New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes and The Clarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes (now the Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech).

text: At that time the teaching of manual language was restricted because the American Hearing Society saw deaf people who used it as different, as foreigners, or as a group with a separate language that was a threat to the hearing society.[18] Members of the hearing community who were in favor of oralism took offense to deaf people having their own group identity and refusing to integrate within the greater community.[17]

text: Oralists believed that the manual language made deaf people different, which in turn led them to believe that deaf people were abnormal. Oralists believed that the teaching of oralism allowed deaf children to be more normal.[17] Oralists strongly believed that deaf children should put as much effort as possible into learning how to live in spite of their disabilities, thus promoting the teaching of lip reading, mouth movements, and use of hearing technology.[17] Oralists also argued that if deaf people continued the use of manual language as their form of communication, they would never integrate within the rest of society.[17]

text: A model figure for oralism and against the usage of sign language was Alexander Graham Bell, who created the Volta Bureau in Washington, D.C. to pursue the studies of deafness. Two other Americans who encouraged the founding of oralist schools in the United States were Horace Mann and Samuel Gridley Howe, who travelled to Germany to see their oral schools and who wished to model them.[17]

text: In 1880, an event called the Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf (which, despite the name, was actually the first) took place. The Second International Congress was an international meeting of deaf educators from at least seven countries. There were five delegates from America and around 164 delegates total in attendance. The Congress was planned and organized by a committee created by the Pereire Society, a group that was against sign language. More than half of the people invited were known oralists; therefore, the Congress was biased and most, if not all, of the resolutions that were voted on by the delegates gave results in favor of the oral method. Many of the resolutions were worded in ways that supported the oral method, such as "Considering the incontestable superiority of speech over signs in restoring the deaf-mute to society, and in giving him a more perfect knowledge of language,/Declares –/That the Oral method ought to be preferred that of signs for the education and instruction of the deaf and dumb".[19] Until the 1890s, deaf education in the United States was limited to children, but Lillie Eginton Warren and her assistant, Edward B. Nichie, expanded the teaching to adults.[20]

text: Early 20th century[edit]

text: After the Congress, deaf education in America changed. Manualists, those who advocated for sign language usage, were effectively "kicked out" and replaced with teachers who used the pure oral method. Deaf teachers were removed from the profession and replaced with hearing ones. Most schools switched to the oral method or were created as oral schools in the first place, and few manual schools remained in existence. The work of deaf educators in the oralist schools, who were mostly women, was to prepare the deaf children for life in the hearing world, which required them to learn English, speech, and lipreading.[17] All students that were sent to the oral schools were forced to use the oral method, and oralist schools restricted the deaf students' use of American Sign Language (ASL) in class and in public. Students in pure oral programs were not allowed to sign in class and were also forbidden to sign in dormitories. Students caught signing were punished, but students continued to learn sign from each other anyway.[21][22] One type of punishment used on deaf students was to force them to wear white gloves that were tied together to prevent them from using signs.[21] Those who were not successful under the oral method after several years were transferred to manual classes and considered "oral failures" who would never know anything or be able to make it in the world.[22] Some consider this the "Dark Age of Oralism".[22]

text: Edith Mansford Fitzgerald opposed these views, as a deaf woman who felt that the oralist methods had stunted her learning.[23] In 1926, she published a book, entitled Straight Language for the Deaf: A System of Instruction for Deaf Children was published in 1926 and was widely influential in the field of deaf education.[24] Her Fitzgerald Key at one point was used in around 75% of the institutes teaching the deaf.[25]

text: Instructors[edit]

text: In the early 20th century there was an increase of instructors who were deaf in many schools for the deaf. In America one of the biggest debates the deaf community had with the institutions was whether to hire more instructors who were deaf instead of hearing. Part of the reason why parents of students who are deaf wanted instructors who were deaf was to allow their children to have a role model, by allowing more instructors who were deaf allowing their children to see a possible future for themselves through their instructors.[26]

text: Late 20th century[edit]

text: The almost exclusive use of the pure oral method in deaf education continued well into the twentieth century. Then, during the late 1960s, Roy Kay Holcomb coined the term "Total Communication".[22][27] This term described an educational philosophy he popularized where the child could use the communication method that worked best for them given their needs.  If a child learned better with American Sign Language or an English sign system, they were taught using that method. If a different method worked better with another child, they received their instruction that way.[22][27] Some schools using the oral method changed to Total Communication; others just added sign into their existing program or simply allowed children to sign amongst themselves without punishment. Often, the "sign languages" used in oral programs were constructed Manually Coded English (MCE) systems such as Seeing Essential English or Signing Exact English or were ASL signs in English word order. The programs used these systems in order to use them with speech in a practice known as Sign Supported Speech or Simultaneous Communication.

text: Deaf President Now[edit]

text: In 1988, Gallaudet University students decided that they would take matters of their education into their own hands. The sixth president of Gallaudet had announced in late 1987 that he would be resigning his position as president.[28] By early 1988, the committee that selected the candidates had narrowed it down to three finalists, two of which, Dr. Harvey Corson and Dr. I. King Jordan, were deaf, and one of which, Dr. Elisabeth Zinser, was hearing.[29] On March 6, it was announced hastily through press release (even though the selection committee was supposed to come on campus) that Zinser, the only hearing candidate, had become the seventh president of the university.[30] There had been rallies beforehand for a deaf president (most notably on March 1), but on the 6th, the rallying changed into protest. Students and faculty went on marches, made signs, and gave demonstrations.[30] The students locked the gates to the university and refused let the school open until Zinser resigned.[31] Under intense pressure from the students protesting, Zinser resigned on the fifth day of the protest, March 10.[30] Many students decided to stay on campus instead of going on Spring Break, which was scheduled to begin on March 11.[30] Two days later, on March 13 Jane Spilman resigned and was replaced by Phil Bravin as chair of the Board of Trustees, a taskforce was created to figure out how to achieve a 51% majority of deaf people on the Board of Trustees, and no one received any punishment for being in the protest.[30] I. King Jordan was named eighth president—and first deaf president—of Gallaudet University.

text: Deaf President Now changed deaf education. Before the protest, a select few deaf people held doctorates; however, since the protest, the number of deaf people pursuing and earning advanced degrees has steadily increased.[32] Also, schools for the deaf across America have had “mini DPNs” where students demanded deaf superintendents and senior administrators.[32] In addition, collegiate programs were created in other countries that did not previously have them (such as Japan, Sweden, and South Africa).[32] Deaf President Now not only affected deaf education in America, but it also affected deaf education worldwide.

text: In 1990, cochlear implants were approved for children two years of age and up.[33] This drastically changed education for deaf children. More children than ever were migrated out of bilingual-bicultural residential schools and into oral schools and mainstream programs with no extra supports. Parents were not encouraged to sign with their children because it was feared that it would slow down their speech, even though research has shown that the opposite is true.[citation needed] This move from residential schools to day schools and mainstreaming has caused many residential programs to downsize.

text: Instructors[edit]

text: In the most recent years the deaf community has been fighting hard for more instructors who are deaf in the public school system. In 1991 Carlsbad Unified School District parents went to the school board to complain about the lack of any instructors who are deaf. Many parents stated that their children are not getting the best education they could be getting because of the lack of representation of instructors who are deaf. However, the department head of the deaf education program says his instructors are trained for deaf and hard of hearing students. Many parents felt that having the background of understanding of deaf education is vastly different from being a person who is deaf.[34]

text: Today[edit]

text: Today, there are a few different methods used in the education of deaf children in the United States.

text: All deaf students, regardless of placement, receive an Individualized Education Program (IEP) that outlines how the school will meet the student’s individual needs.  The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that students with special needs be provided with a Free Appropriate Public Education in the Least Restrictive Environment that is appropriate to the student's needs.  Government-run schools provide deaf education in varying degrees of settings ranging from full inclusion to schools for the deaf.[35]

text: Bilingual-bicultural education[edit]

text: In this educational method, deafness is not seen as a medical issue; it is instead seen as a cultural issue.[36] In the bilingual-bicultural program, it is advocated that children who are deaf be taught ASL as a first language, then be taught written and/or spoken English as a second language.[36][37]  Bilingual-bicultural programs emphasize that English and ASL are equal languages, and they work to help children develop age-appropriate levels of fluency in both languages.[37] The bilingual-bicultural approach holds the belief that deaf children are visual learners as opposed to auditory learners,[36] and therefore, academic content should be fully accessible to all deaf students (i.e. not contingent on spoken receptive/expressive skills, which may vary across students), so academic content is delivered in ASL and/or written English.[citation needed] Since it is not possible to simultaneously produce grammatically correct, fluent American Sign Language and spoken English, only one language is used at a time. Because there is no risk in learning sign language, the bilingual-bicultural approach mitigates the risk of language deprivation (a  condition that arises when children have limited access to both spoken and sign language).[citation needed] Many bilingual-bicultural schools have dormitories, and deaf children can either commute to the school daily or stay in a dormitory as part of the residential program and visit their families on weekends and/or holidays and school vacations.

text: Residential programs[edit]

text: A residential program is an educational program in which a student lives at a school for the deaf during the week and goes home on weekends or holidays instead of commuting to the school daily. In residential programs, deaf children are fully immersed in Deaf culture. At a residential school, all students are deaf or hard of hearing, so deaf students are not looked at as different. They have "a common heritage,… a common language,… and a set of customs and values".[38] People at deaf schools help pass on "Deaf folklore and folklife (jokes, legends, games, riddles, etc.)" from one generation to the next.[38] Deaf parents of deaf children often send their children to residential schools so that they may participate in the Deaf community and culture. Hearing parents are often a bit more reluctant because they do not want to be separated from their children.[38] The first deaf woman to hold the position of superintendent of a residential school for the deaf in the U.S. was Gertrude Galloway.[39]

text: Auditory-oral and auditory-verbal education[edit]

text: The auditory-oral and auditory-verbal methods, sometimes referred to collectively as listening and spoken language, are forms of oral education.[40] These methods are based on the belief that a deaf child can learn to listen and speak and that families do not need to learn sign language or cued speech.[41][42]  These methods are presented as communication options, and they rely on a large amount of parental involvement.[41][42] Children who use this option may be placed in a continuum of educational placements including oral schools, such as Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech, self-contained classrooms for deaf students in public schools, or mainstream classrooms with hearing students.[41][42][43] Though some deaf children can learn to use hearing devices to speak and understand language, that is not the case for all deaf children.[44] Therefore auditory-oral only education puts children at risk of language deprivation: a condition that arises when children have limited access to both spoken and sign language. Unlike children who receive auditory-oral-only education, deaf children who use both signed and spoken language speak as well as their hearing counterparts.[45][46]

text: Mainstreaming and inclusion[edit]

text: This educational method is what occurs when a deaf child attends public school in regular classes for at least part of the school day.[47] Students may receive accommodations such as itinerant teachers, interpreters, assistive technology, notetakers, and aides.[48][49] Inclusion can have benefits including daily interaction with hearing students and the opportunity to live at home, but it can also have drawbacks such as isolation and limited availability of support.[48]


document_title: The First Wives Club

question_text: who played bette midler's son in first wives club

question_tokens: who played bette midler 's son in first wives club

text: The First Wives Club

text: Plot[edit]

text: At Middlebury College in 1969, four young friends, Annie MacDuggan, Elise Elliot, Brenda Morelli, and Cynthia Swann, are graduating. Excited for the future and the potential it holds, the girls enthusiastically make a champagne toast celebrating their graduation as well as their friendship. As graduation gifts, valedictorian Cynthia presents the girls with matching Bulgari pearl necklaces. As the graduates take a commemorative picture of the four of them (presumably for the last time), Cynthia makes Annie, Brenda and Elise promise that they will always be there for each other throughout the remainder of their lives.

text: In the present time, the four friends eventually lose touch with one another, as evident when Cynthia (Stockard Channing) is tearfully gazing at the picture of the four of them on that graduation day. Now wealthy and living in a luxurious penthouse, she gives her maid her own Bulgari pearl necklace (matching the three she gave to her friends on graduation day), and has the maid mail letters to them. She later walks outside of the balcony of her penthouse in a floor length fur coat, a cigarette and a drink, and then commits suicide by jumping to her death after learning through the tabloids that her ex-husband Gil (whom Cynthia made wealthy through her connections, according to narrator Annie) married his much younger mistress the day before.

text: Cynthia's suicide is subsequently splashed all over the news. The surviving three former friends, shocked by the tragic event, all attend her funeral. After the funeral, the three friends reconnect over a long lunch to catch-up on their lives post-graduation. As it turns out, Cynthia's former friends aren't doing much better. Annie (Diane Keaton) is separated, suffering extreme self-esteem issues, and going through therapy with her husband. Brenda (Bette Midler) is divorced, left for a younger woman, depressed, and struggling financially. Elise (Goldie Hawn), whose husband also left her for a younger woman, is now an aging alcoholic movie actress who has become a plastic-surgery addict to keep her career afloat.

text: Shortly after Cynthia's funeral, at which the three remaining friends are reunited for the first time since college, Annie's husband, Aaron (Stephen Collins), leaves her for her younger therapist (Marcia Gay Harden) and asks her for a divorce after spending a night together (and leading Annie to believe it would reconcile them); Brenda has a rather unpleasant encounter at a clothing store with her ex, Morty (Dan Hedaya) and his younger and rather hateful mistress Shelly (Sarah Jessica Parker), and Elise finds out that her soon-to be ex-husband, Bill (Victor Garber), is requesting alimony and half of their marital assets claiming that Elise owes her fame to him. Also, during a meeting with a director for a possible leading lady movie role, she discovers that she is only to play the lead female's mother; she later learns the lead female is Bill's current girlfriend.

text: Shortly thereafter, the three friends receive the letters that Cynthia mailed to them before her suicide. After each one reads her letter from Cynthia, and feeling that they have been taken for granted by their husbands, the women decide to create the First Wives Club, aiming to get revenge on their exes. Annie's lesbian daughter Chris (Jennifer Dundas) also gets in on the plan by asking for a job at her father's advertising agency so she can supply her mother with inside information, as payback for Aaron's unfairness toward Annie.

text: Brenda finds out through her uncle Carmine (Philip Bosco), who has Mafia connections, that Morty is guilty of income tax fraud, while Annie makes a plan to revive her advertising career and buy out Aaron's partners. Elise starts to liquidate all of the marital assets her and Bill collected during their marriage, agreeing to split the proceeds of the liquidation between the two of them. However, as their plan moves through, things start to fall apart when they find out that Bill has no checkered past and nothing for them to use against him. Elise, feeling sorry for herself, gets drunk, which only results in her and Brenda hurling vicious insults at each other, and the women drift apart. When Annie starts thinking about closing down the First Wives Club, her friends come back, saying that they want to see this to the end, and Bill hasn't done anything blatantly wrong, but only as far as he knows. As a result, the wives manage to uncover information revealing that Bill's mistress (Elizabeth Berkley) is actually a minor.

text: Deciding that revenge would make them no better than their husbands, they instead use these situations to push their men into funding the establishment of a nonprofit organization dedicated to aiding abused women, in memory of their college friend Cynthia. The film ends with a celebration at the new Cynthia Swann Griffin Crisis Center for Women. Annie narrates that Elise started a relationship with a cast member in her new, successful play, that Brenda and Morty reconciled their differences and got back together, and that when Aaron tried to get back together with her, Annie told him to "drop dead". While outside the center Bill meets Shelly and the two start to flirt. The film concludes with the three women joyfully singing Lesley Gore's hit "You Don't Own Me". This sequence was choreographed by Patricia Birch and her assistant choreographer was Jonathan Cerullo.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Diane Keaton as Annie MacDuggan-Paradis, the vehicle for the film's sporadic voice-over and its central character; an anxious and slightly neurotic housewife, saddled with self-esteem problems, attempting to save her marriage with estranged husband Aaron – much to her daughter's dismay. After Aaron sleeps with her and then leaves her for her young therapist, she decides to band together with Brenda and Elise to form the First Wives Club. Annie learns the Aaron is having problems with his advertising firm partners through the help of her daughter, and buys them out at the end of the film; making her the larger owner of Aaron's firm.

Adria Tennor as Young Annie

Bette Midler as Brenda Morelli-Cushman, a wise-cracking Sicilian-Jewish single mother who helped set her husband Morty on his feet financially, before he left her for his younger employee Shelly, cheating her out of an equitable settlement. She later blackmails Morty to get ownership of his business, but also gives him another chance to work out their marriage.

Michele Brilliant as Young Brenda

Goldie Hawn as Elise Eliot-Atchison, a former one-time Oscar-winning actress, now an alcoholic and heavy smoker relegated to B movies due to her 'unprofitable' age. Her husband, Bill, who left her for another woman, is suing for alimony and insisting that all of their joint assets be sold and the profits divided between them. She liquidates their assets by selling them to Annie for a very low amount, and Annie auctions them so she can buy out her husband's partners. Elise also blackmails Bill about dating a minor.

Dina Spybey as Young Elise

Maggie Smith as Gunilla Garson Goldberg, a wealthy New York City society leader who helps the First Wives Club along with their schemes because she was once a first wife, as well as a "second, third and fourth wife", according to Annie.
Sarah Jessica Parker as Shelly Stewart, Morty's dim-witted but manipulative fiancée. It's indicated throughout the film that Shelly believes a position in high society can be obtained through money and the protagonists exploit her social-climbing attitude for their revenge. This is Parker's second film with Midler as her co-star, the first being the 1993 Disney film Hocus Pocus.
Dan Hedaya as Morton 'Morty' Cushman, Brenda's ex-husband, an electronics tycoon, who takes advantage of his former wife's having signed an out-of-court settlement - just to finance his girlfriend Shelly's extravagant taste. He's later blackmailed into giving Brenda a substantial amount of his money when she and her Uncle Carmine obtain proof of Morty's criminal activity. This later causes him to apologize to Brenda when he realizes Shelly only loved him because of his money.
Stephen Collins as Aaron Paradis, Annie's conflicted husband and CEO of an advertising agency, who leaves his wife for their therapist, Leslie Rosen.
Marcia Gay Harden as Dr. Leslie Rosen, Aaron's short-time affair, who is the therapist for both Annie and Aaron. Leslie has been "helping" Annie with her self-esteem problems.
Victor Garber as Bill Atchison, a successful film producer, who rose to fame through Elise's connections and eventually left her in favor of a young starlet.
Elizabeth Berkley as Phoebe LaVelle, an up-and-coming actress, living with Bill. She presumably tells him that she is twenty-one, but Elise investigates and reveals to Bill that she is sixteen years old and a high school dropout.
Eileen Heckart as Catherine MacDuggan, Annie's 'controlling' mother. By the end of the film, she tells Annie that she is proud of her and that she doesn't need anyone to make her happy.
Bronson Pinchot as Duarto Felice, Brenda's boss and (according to Annie) "one of the ten worst interior decorators in New York." He poses as a famous interior designer to help the First Wive's Club sneak into Morty and Shelly's apartment.
Stockard Channing as Cynthia Swann-Griffin, a college friend of the three main protagonists, who commits suicide after her husband, Gil, leaves her and marries his young mistress three days after their divorce is finalized.

Juliehera Destefano as Young Cynthia

Jennifer Dundas as Christine "Chris" Paradis, Annie's lesbian and feminist daughter, who resents her father for what he is putting her mother through. She gets a job working at her father's advertising firm to spy on him for Annie. This is the second film in which Dundas plays Keaton's daughter, having previously done so in Mrs. Soffel.
Ari Greenberg as Jason Cushman, Brenda's son, who is caught in an emotional battle between his parents.
Philip Bosco as Uncle Carmine Morelli, Brenda's paternal uncle and part of her family's Sicilian Mafia connections. He is the one who informs Brenda that Morty committed had his stores stocked with stolen electronics.
Timothy Olyphant as Brett Artounian, a movie director who is interested in casting Elise as the main character's aging mother in his new movie.
Ivana Trump as herself (special guest appearance).
Kathie Lee Gifford as herself (special guest appearance).
Ed Koch and Gloria Steinem as party guests (special guest appearances).
James Naughton as Gil Griffin, Cynthia's ex-husband (special guest appearance).
Heather Locklear as Gil's new wife (special guest appearance).
Edward Hibbert as Maurice, a barman serving Elise as she drowns her sorrows
J. K. Simmons as Federal Marshal
Rob Reiner as Dr. Morris Packman
Gregg Edelman as Mark Loest
Debra Monk as Jilted Lover
Kate Burton as Woman in Bed
Walter Bobbie as Man in Bed

tag: ul

text: Development[edit]

text: Writing[edit]

text: The film project originally belonged to Sherry Lansing, who bought the unpublished manuscript of the novel in 1991, after many publishers had rejected it, and handed it over to producer Scott Rudin when she became CEO of Paramount Pictures in 1992.[4] "It was one of the single best ideas for a movie I've ever heard," she said in a 1996 interview with The New York Times. "The situation of a woman getting left for a younger version of herself was far too common. But we didn't want a movie about women as victims. We wanted a movie about empowerment."[4] Rudin consulted Robert Harling to write the screenplay, whose script was reworked by Paul Rudnick when Harling left to direct 1996's The Evening Star, the sequel to the 1983 drama Terms of Endearment. Rudnick, however, felt the final script was "incomprehensible":[5] "To figure out the structure of that movie would require an undiscovered Rosetta Stone," he told The New York Times.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Diane Keaton was the first actress reported to have landed one of the starring roles, having previously worked with Rudin on the film Mrs. Soffel (only to later work with him again in Marvin's Room), followed by Bette Midler who had originally auditioned for the "more glamorous role" of Elise.[7] Although Rudin originally intended to cast Jessica Lange in the latter role, the team decided to rewrite the character of the book in favour of a "glitzier" version which eventually went to eleventh-hour addition Goldie Hawn.[2] Actor Mandy Patinkin dropped out shortly before shooting started and was replaced by Stephen Collins when he decided to leave the project in favour of his musical ambitions,[8] while Dan Hedaya won the role of Morty over Hector Elizondo.[9] Elizabeth Berkley only took her part to "work with the best actresses around,"[10] and Timothy Olyphant, who had impressed with local stage work, made his screen debut as director Brett Artounian in the film.[9]

text: Cameos of note include Ivana Trump (who famously stated in the film, "Don't get mad, get everything."), Gloria Steinem, and Kathie Lee Gifford as themselves, as well as author Olivia Goldsmith, director Hugh Wilson as a commercial director, and Heather Locklear as the younger lover of James Naughton's character Gil.[11] Additionally, Jon Stewart was hired to play the lover of Goldie Hawn's character Elise; however, he never actually made it to the film. "I played her boyfriend and apparently they felt that that was not inherently part of the storyline and so she broke up with me before the movie started," he joked on Larry King Live in 2006.[12]

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography took place over three months at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, New York City between December 4, 1995,[13] and March 19, 1996. Among the 60 sites showcased on screen are Christie's auction house, the Bowery Bar, a suite at The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Café des Artistes, the King Cole Bar at the St. Regis Hotel, Frank E. Campbell's funeral home, and Barneys.[14] Other familiar sites include the Chrysler Building, the NoHo neighborhood, both 5th and 7th Avenues, Riverside Drive, and Central Park.[15]

text: Production designer Peter Larkin took much inspiration from Hollywood's romantic comedies of the 1930s, incorporating a post-Great Depression view on style and luxury, widely popularized through these films. "Those sets looked better than real New York penthouses and nightclubs ever could," he said upon creation. "In this film I wanted settings that had that kind of striking nature."[15]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film has received mixed reviews by critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 41% of critics gave the film a positive rating, based on 34 reviews, with an average score of 5.4/10.[16] On Metacritic, which uses a normalized rating system, the film holds a 58/100 rating, indicating "mixed or average reviews" based on 21 critics.[17]

text: Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle called that the film a "terrific comedy" and "a glamorous revenge romp, a 9 to 5 mixed with Auntie Mame", giving "each star the opportunity to do her best work in a long, long time." He added that "what's surprising isn't that each of them is so delightfully good but that they work together so well."[18] In his review for Variety, Leonard Klady found that director "Hugh Wilson wisely gets out of the way of his performers, providing a simple glossy look enhanced by cameraman Donald Thorin, designer Peter Larkin and the costumes of Theoni V. Aldredge". He noted that "with its combination of comic zingers and star turns, [the] pic shapes up as one of the more commercial fall [1996] entries", that "at its core, is a celebration of its star trio as consummate performers. In that respect, First Wives Club is a highly enjoyable movie romp."[19]

text: Janet Maslin from The New York Times remarked that the film "freely overhauls the amusing beach book by Olivia Goldsmith, eliminating the sex, adding more slapstick and tailoring the leading roles to suit three divas in starring roles." While she felt that "Bette Midler, Diane Keaton and Goldie Hawn make a spirited, surprisingly harmonious trio," reeling off "one-liners with accomplished flair, even when the film turns silly and begins to, pardon the expression, sag", she found that the film fared "better with sight gags and quick retorts than with plot development".[20] Roger Ebert, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times gave The First Wives Club two out of four stars. He declared the film "heavy on incident but light on plot", filled with "heartfelt talks with slapstick and sitcom situations."[21] Owen Gleiberman, writer for Entertainment Weekly, wrote that "paced like a Chris Farley movie and photographed like a denture-cream commercial, The First Wives Club is the sort of overbright plastic-package comedy that tends to live or die by its jokes, its farcical audacity — anything but its 'conviction'." He gave the film a C+ rating.[22]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film's Total Lifetime Grosses for the Worldwide box office are $181.5 million. At the Domestic North American box office, the film has a Total Lifetime Gross of $105.5 million. The film has a Foreign Total Lifetime Gross of $76 million.[23]

text: At the Domestic North American box office, the film reached the Rank of Number 1, making $18.9 million in its opening weekend over September 20–22, 1996, and the film remained at the Number 1 position for three consecutive weeks.[24]

text: In the Yearly Chart for Domestic North American Box Office 1996, The First Wives Club is ranked at Number 11, and in the Yearly PG Rated 1996 Chart, the film is ranked at Number 1. On the Worldwide Yearly Chart 1996, the film is ranked at Number 11.[23]

text: Further developments[edit]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: For years there have been rumors of a sequel to the film.[25] Although columnists Stacy Jenel Smith and Marilyn Beck reported in a 2002 article that producer Scott Rudin would refuse to work on a sequel, the actresses have made various statements to the contrary. In a Chicago Sun-Times interview in 2003, Keaton expressed her readiness to appear in a second film.[26] A year later, writer Paul Rudnick reportedly started writing a draft,[25] entitled Avon Ladies of the Amazon,[27] and in 2005, Midler confirmed to USA Today that there was indeed a manuscript but that "the strike kept it from happening."[28] However, as Hawn declared in a 2006 interview with the New York Daily News, Paramount Pictures declined the trio's services due to their demand for an increase in fees: "I got a call from the head of the studio, who said, 'Let's try to make it work. But I think we should all do it for the same amount of money.' Now, if there were three men that came back to do a sequel, they would have paid them three times their salary at least." On February 25, 2011, Goldie Hawn posted a picture on Twitter of the three at a lunch confirming that they had all signed on for a sequel, and the next day re-tweeted a message from Bravo TV confirming this again.[29] In 2016, Hawn confirmed that Netflix was working on a sequel, though she also admitted that "the script isn’t working.”[30]

text: On stage[edit]

text: A musical stage version of the film opened at The Old Globe Theater in San Diego, California on July 17, 2009, in previews, through August 23, 2009,[31] prior to a projected Broadway engagement. The book was by Rupert Holmes, with a score by the "one-time only reunited" Holland-Dozier-Holland songwriting team from 1960s Motown soul music fame. Francesca Zambello directed the San Diego production.[32][33] The creators and Zambello were engaged for the project in 2006.[34] An industry reading of the musical was held in February 2009, with principals Ana Gasteyer, Carolee Carmello and Adriane Lenox.[35]

text: The principal cast in the San Diego production originally included Karen Ziemba as Annie, Adriane Lenox as Elise, Barbara Walsh as Brenda, John Dossett as Aaron, Kevyn Morrow as Bill, Brad Oscar as Morty, Sara Chase as Trophy Wife, and Sam Harris as Duane. Lisa Stevens choreographed, with scenic design by Peter J. Davison and costumes by Paul Tazewell.[36] On June 16, 2009, Lenox dropped out of the production due to health concerns and was replaced by Sheryl Lee Ralph.[37][38] The production's tryout received mixed to negative reviews,[39] but the production sold approximately 29,000 tickets in its 5-week run.[citation needed] The ticket demand was so strong early on that the show's run was extended an extra week prior to its opening night.

text: Producers announced November 11, 2009, that Francesca Zambello withdrew as director, and they would secure a new director prior to any Broadway run.

text: The originating producers, Jonas Neilson and Paul Lambert, teamed with Elizabeth Williams and John Frost, and have since brought on Simon Phillips to direct.[40][41]

text: A newly adapted version of First Wives Club The Musical began previews at Chicago's Oriental Theatre on February 17, 2015, with the opening on March 11 and running through March 29. The production aimed for Broadway in the 2015-2016 season.[42] The new production is directed by Simon Phillips, choreographed by David W. Connolly, and has a new book written by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason.[43] The newly adapted version features new songs by the composers Holland-Dozier-Holland, the trio that wrote lots of Motown hits during the 60s.[43] The show also contains a few of their classic hits, such as "Reach Out...I'll Be There," "Stop! In the Name of Love" and "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)."[44][45] Faith Prince, Christine Sherrill, and Carmen Cusack lead the cast as Brenda, Elise, and Annie respectively.[46] Complete casting was announced in January 2015.[45][47]

text: TV series[edit]

text: TV Land announced in March 2016 that it had ordered a pilot for a television adaptation of the film, to be written by Rebecca Addelman and executive produced by Jenny Bicks and Karen Rosenfelt. However, the network failed to pick up the pilot.[48] The project went to the Paramount Network for redevelopment in early 2017.[49] In October 2017, Girls Trip's Tracy Oliver was tapped to write the series.[50]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
National Board of Review Awards: Best Acting by an Ensemble
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards: Favorite Actress − Comedy (Goldie Hawn)
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards: Top Box Office Films (Marc Shaiman)

text:
Academy Awards: Best Original Score (Marc Shaiman)
Artios Awards: Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy (Ilene Starger)
Satellite Awards: Best Actress − Musical or Comedy (Bette Midler), Best Supporting Actress − Musical or Comedy (Sarah Jessica Parker)

text: American Film Institute recognition:

text: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs − Nominated[51]

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: The official soundtrack titled Music From The Motion Picture The First Wives Club...And Then Some was released on September 17, 1996, shortly before the film's premiere. It peaked at number 90 on the Billboard 200 chart.[52]

text:
"Wives and Lovers" by Dionne Warwick − 2:55
"A Beautiful Morning" by The Rascals − 2:33
"Over and Over" by Puff Johnson − 4:43
"Piece of My Heart" by Diana King − 3:41
"Game of Love" by Brownstone − 4:45
"Love Is On the Way" by Billy Porter − 4:22
"Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves" by Eurythmics and Aretha Franklin − 5:53
"Think" by Aretha Franklin − 2:17
"Heartbreak Road" by Dionne Farris − 3:51
"I Will Survive" by Chantay Savage − 6:13
"Moving on Up" by M People − 3:56
"I'm Still Standing" by Martha Wash − 4:02
"You Don't Own Me" by Bette Midler, Goldie Hawn and Diane Keaton − 2:31

tag: ol

text: The film's original score, composed by Marc Shaiman, was also released on November 26, 1996.

text:
"Cynthia" − 2:14
"Annie" − 0:46
"Elise" − 0:47
"Brenda" − 0:45
"Bad News" − 0:51
"Wham, Bam, Divorce Me Ma'am" − 1:23
"Letter to Three Wives" − 1:56
"The First Wives Club" − 1:48
"Gathering Information" − 1:55
"Setting Up Shop" − 1:11
"Tea Time with Gunilla" − 2:53
"Duarto Makes His Entrance" − 0:41
"The Big Break In" − 5:17
"Phone Tag" − 0:59
"The Auction" − 1:58
"Operation Hell Hath No Fury" − 4:45
"The Unveiling" − 0:56


document_title: Solicitor General of India

question_text: who is the new solicitor general of india

text: Solicitor General of India

text: Duties[edit]

text: Duties of Solicitor General are laid out in Law Officers (Conditions of Service) Rules, 1987:[2]

text:
to give advice to the Government of India upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from time to time, be referred or assigned to him by the Government of India.
to appear, whenever required, in the Supreme Court or in any High Court on behalf of the Government of India in cases (including suits, writ petitions, appeal and other proceedings) in which the Government of India is concerned as a party or is otherwise interested;
to represent the Government of India in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Constitution; and
to discharge such other functions as are conferred on a Law Officer by or under the Constitution or any other Law for the time being in force.

text: Restrictions of private practice[edit]

text: As law officers represent government of India, there are certain restrictions which are put on their private practice. A law officer is not allowed to:

text:
hold briefs in any court for any party except the Government of India or the government of a State or any University, Government School or College, local authority, Public Service Commission, Port Trust, Port Commissioners, Government aided or Government managed hospitals, a Government company, any Corporation owned or controlled by the State, any body or institution in which the Government has a preponderating interest;
advice any party against the Government of India or a Public Sector Undertaking, or in cases in which he is likely to be called upon to advise, or appear for, the Government of India or a Public Sector Undertaking;
defend an accused person in a criminal prosecution, without the permission of the Government of India; or
accept appointment to any office in any company or corporation without the permission of the Government of India;
advise any Ministry or Department of Government of India or any statutory organisation or any Public Sector Undertaking unless the proposal or a reference in this regard is received through the Ministry of Law and Justice, Department of Legal Affairs.[2]

text: Fee and allowances payable[edit]

text: Fee and allowances payable to the law officers (including Attorney General of India, Solicitor General of India and the Additional Solicitors General) of the Government of India are as under:[3]

text:
S.No.
Nomenclature of the item of work
Rates of fees payable for appearance and other work

(1)
Suits, writ petitions, appeals and references under article 143
Rs. 16,000/- per case per day

(2)
Special leave petitions and other applications
Rs. 10,000/- per case per day

(3)
Settling pleadings (including affidavits)
Rs. 5,000/- per pleading

(4)
Settling Statement of Case
Rs. 6,000/- per case

(5)
For giving opinions in statements of cases sent by the Ministry of Law
Rs. 10,000/- per case

(6)
For written submission before the Supreme Court, High Court, and Commissions of Inquiry or Tribunals and the like
Rs. 10,000/- per case

(7)
Appearance in Courts outside Delhi
Rs. 40,000/- per day per case

tag: table

text: In addition to the above fee payable for cases, a retainer fee is paid to the Attorney General of India, Solicitor General of India and the Additional Solicitors General at the rate of Rs. 50,000, Rs. 40,000, and Rs. 30,000 per month, respectively. Moreover, the Attorney General of India is also paid a sumptuary allowance of rupees four thousand per month, except during the period of his leave.

text: Current Solicitor General and Additional Solicitors General[edit]

text: The current Solicitor General of India and Additional Solicitors General as of 9 April 2015 are as follows:[4][5]

text:
Solicitor General
Term

Ranjit Kumar
7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)

text:
Additional Solicitors General of India

Term

Maninder Singh
7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)

Paramjit Singh Patwalia
7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)

Aman Lekhi
28 June 2018 - 30 June 2020 (incumbent)

Tushar Mehta
7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)

Neeraj Kishan Kaul
7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)

Pamidighantam Sri Narasimha
7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)

Pinky Anand
9 July 2014 – 8 July 2017 (incumbent)

Anil C Singh
9 July 2014 – 8 July 2017 (incumbent)

Sanjay Jain
23 July 2014 – 22 July 2017 (incumbent)

G.Rajagopalan
28 July 2014 – 27 July 2017 (incumbent)

Prabhuling K Navadgi
8 April 2015 – 7 April 2018 (incumbent)

Rajdeepak Rastogi
28 July 2014 – 27 July 2017 (incumbent)

Ashok Mehta
10 October 2014 – 9 October 2017 (incumbent)

Satya Pal Jain
8 April 2015 – 7 April 2018 (incumbent)

text: Former Solicitors General[edit]

text: The former Solicitors General for India were as follows:[5]

text:
Solicitor General
Term
Prime Ministers[6]

C.K.Daphtary
28 January 1950 – 1 March 1963
Jawaharlal Nehru

H.N. Sanyal
2 March 1963 – 9 September 1964
Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri

S.V. Gupta
10 September 1964 – 16 September 1967
Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi

Niren De
30 September 1967 – 30 October 1968
Indira Gandhi

Jagadish Swarup
5 June 1969 – 4 June 1972
Indira Gandhi

L.N. Sinha
17 July 1972 – 5 April 1977
Indira Gandhi

S.N. Kacker
5 April 1977 – 2 August 1979
Morarji Desai

Soli Sorabjee
9 August 1979 – 25 January 1980
Charan Singh

K. Parasaran
6 March 1980 – 8 August 1983
Indira Gandhi

Milon K. Banerji
4 April 1986 – 3 April 1989
Rajiv Gandhi

Ashok Desai
18 December 1989 – 2 December 1990
VP Singh

A.D. Giri
4 December 1990 – 1 December 1991
Chandra Shekhar

Dipankar P. Gupta
9 April 1992 – 10 April 1997
PV Narasimha Rao, HD Deve Gowda

T R Andhyarujina
11 April 1997 – 4 April 1998
Inder Kumar Gujral

Nitte Santhosh Hegde
10 April 1998 – 7 January 1999
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Harish Salve
1 November 1999 – 3 November 2002
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Kirit Raval
4 November 2002 – 19 April 2004
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

G. E. Vahanvati
20 April 2004 – 7 June 2009
Manmohan Singh

Gopal Subramaniam
15 June 2009 – 14 July 2011
Manmohan Singh

Rohinton Nariman
23 July 2011 – 4 February 2013
Manmohan Singh

Mohan Parasaran
2013–2014
Manmohan Singh

Ranjit Kumar
June 2014 - 20 October 2017
Narendra Modi

text: Former Additional Solicitors General[edit]

text: The former Additional Solicitor General of India are as follows:[5]

text:
Additional Solicitors General of India

Term

Fali S. Nariman

May 1972– June 1975[7]

K K Venugopal

V.P. Raman

N. Santosh Hegde

November 1989 – October 1990[8]

Kuldip Singh

August 1987 – December 1988[9]

Kapil Sibal

December 1989 – December 1990[10]

K.G. Bhagat

B. Dutta

Arun Jaitley

1989–1990

Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud

1998–2000

Madan B. Lokur

July 1998 – February 1999[11]

R. Mohan

July 2004– February 2009[12]

Amarendra Sharan

August 2004– June 2009

Parag P Tripathi

February 2008 – Jan 2012[13][14]

M. Chandrasekharan

February 2008 – 2008[13][15]

Farook M Razack (Kolkata)

July 2009 – July 2012[13]

Muthukrishnan Ravindran (Chennai)

July 2009 – July 2012[13]

Darius J Khambatta (Mumbai)

July 2009 – July 2012[13]

Muthukrishnan Ravindran (Chennai)

July 2009 – July 2012[13]

Ashok Nigam (Allahabad)

July 2009 – July 2012[13]

Bishwajit Bhattacharyya

November 2009 – November 2012[16]

Rajeeve Mehra (Delhi)[17]

July 2012 – June 2014[13]

P. P. Malhotra

2004-2014[18]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Law Officers (Conditions of Service) Rules, 1987" (PDF).

^ Jump up to: a b "Law Officers (Condites, 1987" (PDF). Gazette of India. Retrieved 25 May 2014.

Jump up ^ "Fee and allowances payable to law officers" (PDF). Retrieved 11 June 2014.

Jump up ^ "List of Law Officers (As on 9.4.2015)" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice. Retrieved 17 April 2014.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Solicitor general". Vakilno1.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

Jump up ^ "Former Prime Ministers". PM India. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.

Jump up ^ Member Official Biography – N Rajya Sabha website.

Jump up ^ "Biodata of Justice Nitte Santosh Hegde" (PDF). Government of Karnataka website. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2009.

Jump up ^ "Biodata of Justice Kuldip Singh". Supreme Court of India website. Retrieved 29 November 2011.

Jump up ^ "Biographical Sketch". Dod.nic.in. 8 August 1948. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

Jump up ^ "Biodata of Chief Justice". High Court of Andhra Pradesh website. Retrieved 29 November 2011.

Jump up ^ "Additional Solicitor General Mohan dead". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 25 February 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "List of Law Officers". Ministry of Law and Justice website. Retrieved 29 November 2011.

Jump up ^ "Parag P. Tripathi Appointed as Additional Solicitor General of India". New Delhi, India: The Press Information Bureau. 5 February 2008.

Jump up ^ "M. Chandrasekharan Appointed Additional Solicitor General of India". New Delhi, India: The Press Information Bureau. 6 February 2008.

Jump up ^ [1]

Jump up ^ http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/govt-reappoints-6-asgs/970977/

Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/P-P-Malhotra-appointed-ASG/articleshow/771147.cms?referral=PM


document_title: 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs

question_text: where is the mls cup being played this year

text: 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs

text: Conference standings[edit]

text: The top 6 teams from each conference advance to the MLS Cup playoffs.

text:
Eastern Conference

Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
Pts

1
Toronto FC
34
69

2
New York City
34
57

3
Chicago Fire
34
55

4
Atlanta United
34
55

5
Columbus Crew
34
54

6
New York Red Bulls
34
50

7
New England Revolution
34
45

8
Philadelphia Union
34
42

9
Montreal Impact
34
39

10
Orlando City
34
39

11
D.C. United
34
32

Source: MLS

Western Conference

Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
Pts

1
Portland Timbers
34
53

2
Seattle Sounders
34
53

3
Vancouver Whitecaps
34
52

4
Houston Dynamo
34
50

5
Sporting Kansas City
34
49

6
San Jose Earthquakes
34
46

7
FC Dallas
34
46

8
Real Salt Lake
34
45

9
Minnesota United
34
36

10
Colorado Rapids
34
33

11
LA Galaxy
34
32

Source: MLS

text: Bracket[edit]

text:
Knockout Round

v
t
e

Conference Semifinals

Conference Finals

MLS Cup

October 25 – Bridgeview, Illinois

E3
 Chicago Fire
 0

E6
 New York Red Bulls
 1
 1
 2

E6
 New York Red Bulls
 4

E1
 Toronto FC (a)
 2
 0
 2

Eastern Conference

October 26 – Atlanta, Georgia
E1
 Toronto FC
 0
 1
 1

E5
 Columbus Crew
 0
 0
 0

E4
 Atlanta United
 0 (1)

E5
 Columbus Crew
 4
 0
 4

E5
 Columbus Crew (p)
 0 (3)

December 9 – Toronto, Ontario

E2
 New York City FC
 1
 2
 3

October 25 – Vancouver, British Columbia
E1
 Toronto FC
 2

W2
 Seattle Sounders
 0

W3
 Vancouver Whitecaps
 5

W3
 Vancouver Whitecaps
 0
 0
 0

W6
 San Jose Earthquakes
 0

W2
 Seattle Sounders
 0
 2
 2

Western Conference

October 26 – Houston, Texas
W2
 Seattle Sounders
 2
 3
 5

W4
 Houston Dynamo
 0
 0
 0

W4
 Houston Dynamo (a.e.t.)
 1

W4
 Houston Dynamo
 0
 2
 2

W5
 Sporting Kansas City
 0

W1
 Portland Timbers
 0
 1
 1

text: Knockout Round[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Team 1
 Score
Team 2

Eastern Conference

Chicago Fire (E3)
0–4
New York Red Bulls (E6)

Atlanta United (E4)
0–0
(1–3 p)
Columbus Crew (E5)

Western Conference

Vancouver Whitecaps (W3)
5–0
San Jose Earthquakes (W6)

Houston Dynamo (W4)
1–0 (a.e.t.)
Sporting Kansas City (W5)

text: Matches[edit]

text: Chicago Fire v New York Red Bulls

text:
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
20:30 EDT (19:30 CDT)

text:
Chicago Fire
0–4
New York Red Bulls

Report
Wright-Phillips  7'
Kljestan  11'
Royer  70'
Verón  87'

text:
Toyota Park, Bridgeview, Illinois
Attendance: 11,647
Referee: Ismail Elfath

text: Atlanta United v Columbus Crew

text:
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
19:00 EDT

text:
Atlanta United
0–0 (a.e.t.)
Columbus Crew

Report

Penalties

Gressel
González Pirez
Villalba
Larentowicz

1–3

 Higuaín
 Manneh
 Hansen
 Jahn

text:
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta, Georgia
Attendance: 67,221
Referee: Allen Chapman

text: Vancouver Whitecaps v San Jose Earthquakes

text:
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
22:30 EDT (19:30 PDT)

text:
Vancouver Whitecaps
5–0
San Jose Earthquakes

Montero  33'
Techera  57'
Waston  64'
Mezquida  78', 80'
Report

text:
BC Place, Vancouver, British Columbia
Attendance: 21,083
Referee: José Carlos Rivero

text: Houston Dynamo v Sporting Kansas City

text:
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
21:30 EDT (20:30 CDT)

text:
Houston Dynamo
1–0 (a.e.t.)
Sporting Kansas City

Elis  94'
Report

text:
BBVA Compass Stadium, Houston, Texas
Attendance: 14,126
Referee: Mark Geiger

text: Conference Semifinals[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

Eastern Conference

New York Red Bulls (E6)
2–2 (a)
Toronto FC (E1)
1–2
1–0

Columbus Crew (E5)
4–3
New York City FC (E2)
4–1
0–2

Western Conference

Houston Dynamo (W4)
2–1
Portland Timbers (W1)
0–0
2–1

Vancouver Whitecaps (W3)
0–2
Seattle Sounders (W2)
0–0
0–2

text: Matches[edit]

text: New York Red Bulls v Toronto FC

text:
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
19:00 EDT

text:
New York Red Bulls
1–2
Toronto FC

Royer  45+3' (pen.)
Report
Vázquez  8'
Giovinco  72'

text:
Red Bull Arena, Harrison, New Jersey
Attendance: 18,107
Referee: Drew Fischer

text: Toronto FC v New York Red Bulls

text:
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
15:00 EST

text:
Toronto FC
0–1
New York Red Bulls

Report
Wright-Phillips  53'

text:
BMO Field, Toronto, Ontario
Attendance: 29,974
Referee: Chris Penso

text: 2–2 on aggregate. Toronto FC won on away goals.

text: Columbus Crew v New York City FC

text:
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
20:00 EDT

text:
Columbus Crew
4–1
New York City FC

Kamara  6'
Artur  58'
Meram  69'
Afful  90+3'
Report
Villa  78'

text:
Mapfre Stadium, Columbus, Ohio
Attendance: 14,416
Referee: Alan Kelly

text: New York City FC v Columbus Crew

text:
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
17:00 EST

text:
New York City FC
2–0
Columbus Crew

Villa  16' (pen.)
Struna  53'
Report

text:
Yankee Stadium, The Bronx, New York
Attendance: 23,246
Referee: Kevin Stott

text: Columbus Crew won 4–3 on aggregate.

text: Vancouver Whitecaps v Seattle Sounders

text:
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
20:30 EDT (17:30 PDT)

text:
Vancouver Whitecaps
0–0
Seattle Sounders

Report

text:
BC Place, Vancouver, British Columbia
Attendance: 27,837
Referee: Kevin Stott

text: Seattle Sounders v Vancouver Whitecaps

text:
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
22:30 EDT (19:30 PDT)

text:
Seattle Sounders
2–0
Vancouver Whitecaps

Dempsey  56', 88'
Report

text:
CenturyLink Field, Seattle, Washington
Attendance: 39,587
Referee: Baldomero Toledo

text: Seattle Sounders FC won 2–0 on aggregate.

text: Houston Dynamo v Portland Timbers

text:
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
21:30 EDT (20:30 CDT)

text:
Houston Dynamo
0–0
Portland Timbers

Report

text:
BBVA Compass Stadium, Houston, Texas
Attendance: 15,169
Referee: Robert Sibiga

text: Portland Timbers v Houston Dynamo

text:
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
19:30 EST (16:30 PST)

text:
Portland Timbers
1–2
Houston Dynamo

Asprilla  39'
Report
Remick  43'
Manotas  77'

text:
Providence Park, Portland, Oregon
Attendance: 21,144
Referee: Ismail Elfath

text: Houston Dynamo won 2–1 on aggregate.

text: Conference Finals[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

Eastern Conference

Columbus Crew (E5)
0–1
Toronto FC (E1)
0–0
0–1

Western Conference

Houston Dynamo (W4)
0–5
Seattle Sounders (W2)
0–2
0–3

text: Matches[edit]

text: Columbus Crew v Toronto FC

text:
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
20:00 EST

text:
Columbus Crew
0–0
Toronto FC

Report

text:
Mapfre Stadium, Columbus, Ohio
Attendance: 21,289
Referee: Robert Sibiga

text: Toronto FC v Columbus Crew

text:
November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
19:30 EST

text:
Toronto FC
1–0
Columbus Crew

Altidore  60'
Report

text:
BMO Field, Toronto, Ontario
Attendance: 30,392
Referee: Jair Marrufo

text: Toronto FC won 1–0 on aggregate.

text: Houston Dynamo v Seattle Sounders

text:
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
22:00 EST (21:00 CST)

text:
Houston Dynamo
0–2
Seattle Sounders

Report
Svensson  11'
Bruin  42'

text:
BBVA Compass Stadium, Houston, Texas
Attendance: 22,661
Referee: Chris Penso

text: Seattle Sounders v Houston Dynamo

text:
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
22:30 EST (19:30 PST)

text:
Seattle Sounders
3–0
Houston Dynamo

Rodríguez  22'
Dempsey  57'
Bruin  73'
Report

text:
CenturyLink Field, Seattle, Washington
Attendance: 45,298
Referee: Hilario Grajeda

text: Seattle Sounders won 5–0 on aggregate.

text: MLS Cup[edit]

text: Toronto FC v Seattle Sounders FC

text:
December 9, 2017 (2017-12-09)
4:00 PM EST

text:
Toronto FC
2–0
Seattle Sounders FC

Altidore  67'
Vázquez  90+4'

Report

text:
BMO Field, Toronto
Attendance: 30,584
Referee: Allen Chapman

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals

1
 Clint Dempsey
Seattle Sounders
3

2
 Jozy Altidore
Toronto FC
2

 Will Bruin
Seattle Sounders

 Nicolás Mezquida
Vancouver Whitecaps

 Daniel Royer
New York Red Bulls

 Víctor Vázquez
Toronto FC

 David Villa
New York City FC

 Bradley Wright-Phillips
New York Red Bulls

9
 Harrison Afful
Columbus Crew
1

 Artur
Columbus Crew

 Alberth Elis
Houston Dynamo

 Sebastian Giovinco
Toronto FC

 Ola Kamara
Columbus Crew

 Sacha Kljestan
New York Red Bulls

 Justin Meram
Columbus Crew

 Fredy Montero
Vancouver Whitecaps

 Víctor Rodríguez
Seattle Sounders

 Gustav Svensson
Seattle Sounders

 Cristian Techera
Vancouver Whitecaps

 Gonzalo Verón
New York Red Bulls

 Kendall Waston
Vancouver Whitecaps


document_title: Ron Hale

question_text: who plays sonny corinthos dad on general hospital

text: Ron Hale

text: This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Ron Hale

Born
(1946-01-02) January 2, 1946 (age 72)
Grand Rapids, Michigan[1]

text: Ron Hale (born January 2, 1946) is an American actor best known for his role as Dr. Roger Coleridge on the ABC soap opera Ryan's Hope for its entire run (1975–1989). He played the recurring role of Mike Corbin, the father of mobster Sonny Corinthos in the ABC soap opera General Hospital.

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Search for Tomorrow (1951, TV Series) - Walt Driscoll (1969)
A Lovely Way To Die (1968) - (uncredited)
Me, Natalie (1969) - Stanley Dexter
Love is a Many Splendored Thing (1973, TV Series) - Dr. Jim Abbott
All the President's Men (1976) - Frank Sturgis
Ryan's Hope (1975-1989, TV Series) - Dr. Roger Coleridge
Matlock (1989, TV Series) - Eldon Williams
MacGyver (1990, TV Series) - Mike Travers
Original Intent (1992) - Dr. Johnson
Trial by Jury (1994) - Bailiff
The Dark Mist (1996) - Pentakis
Port Charles (1997, TV Series) - Mike Corbin
The Brothers Flub (1999) - Squish (voice)
Sunstorm (2001) - Jack
Intimate Portrait (2003, TV Series, Vanessa Marcil) - Himself
General Hospital (1996-2010, TV Series) - Mike Corbin
The Ghost and The Whale (2017) - Father Reinhart