document_title: List of Dallas Cowboys seasons

question_text: when was the last time dallas won a playoff game

text: List of Dallas Cowboys seasons

text: This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cowboys' franchise from 1960 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches.  The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team.[1] The team has earned 31 postseason appearances, tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers, the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20, the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game (14, behind the San Francisco 49ers' 15) and the second-most  Super Bowl appearances (8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers). The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5, all five being Super Bowls.[2]

text: The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI, XII, XXVII, XXVIII and XXX. They also played in and lost Super Bowl V, X, and XIII.[2]

text: The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history.  The first period of success came from 1966–1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times.[3]  During this period, they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls, winning two of them, winning a total of 20 playoff games.[3]  The second period of success was between 1991–1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11–2 in the postseason.[3]

text:
Outside of these 2 periods of success, The Cowboys have experienced  long periods failure in their history. The three most notable periods of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965, during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance.[4]  They did not win a single game during their first season, compiling an 0–11–1 record that is still the worst in franchise history.[4]  Also, they did not have a single winning record in this period.[4]
Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled, with the low point being the NFL's second 15-loss season (after the 1980 Saints) in 1989. After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996, the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games, one after a franchise-record 13–3 season in 2007, during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak.[5] This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival, the Philadelphia Eagles 34–14 after an 11–5 season in 2009.[5] From 1996 to 2017, a period of 21 years, The Cowboys have only 3 post season wins, all taking place in the wild card round. In comparison since 2011 the Texans have an equal number(3) of postseason wins. The teams combined winning percentage since 1996 is under 500 percent

text:
NFL Champions (1920–1969)

Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)

Conference Champions

Division Champions

Wild Card Berth

text:
Season

Team

League

Conference

Division

Regular season

Postseason Results

Awards

Head coaches

Finish

Wins

Losses

Ties

1960

1960

NFL

Western

7th

0

11

1

Tom Landry

1961

1961

NFL

Eastern

6th

4

9

1

1962

1962

NFL

Eastern

5th

5

8

1

1963

1963

NFL

Eastern

5th

4

10

0

1964

1964

NFL

Eastern

5th

5

8

1

1965

1965

NFL

Eastern

2nd

7

7

0

1966

1966

NFL

Eastern

1st

10

3

1

Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 34–27

Tom Landry (COY)

1967[6]

1967

NFL

Eastern

Capitol

1st

9

5

0

Won Conference Playoffs (Browns) 52–14Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 21–17

1968

1968

NFL

Eastern

Capitol

1st

12

2

0

Lost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 31–20

1969

1969

NFL

Eastern

Capitol

1st

11

2

1

Lost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 38–14

Calvin Hill (OROY)

1970

1970

NFL

NFC

East

1st

10

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 5–0Won Conference Championship (49ers) 17–10Lost Super Bowl V (Colts) 16–13

Chuck Howley (SB MVP)

1971

1971

NFL

NFC

East

1st

11

3

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 20–12Won Conference Championship (49ers) 14–3Won Super Bowl VI (1) (Dolphins) 24–3

Roger Staubach (SB MVP)

1972

1972

NFL

NFC

East

2nd

10

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 30–28Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 26–3

1973

1973

NFL

NFC

East

1st[7]

10

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 27–26Lost Conference Championship (Vikings) 27–10

1974

1974

NFL

NFC

East

3rd

8

6

0

1975

1975

NFL

NFC

East

2nd

10

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 17–14Won Conference Championship (Rams) 37–7Lost Super Bowl X (Steelers) 21–17

1976

1976

NFL

NFC

East

1st

11

3

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 14–12

1977

1977

NFL

NFC

East

1st

12

2

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 37–7Won Conference Championship (Vikings) 23–6Won Super Bowl XII (2) (Broncos) 27–10

Tony Dorsett (OROY)Harvey Martin (DPOY, SB MVP)Randy White (SB MVP)

1978[8]

1978

NFL

NFC

East

1st[9]

12

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 27–20Won Conference Championship (Rams) 28–0Lost Super Bowl XIII (Steelers) 35–31

1979

1979

NFL

NFC

East

1st[10]

11

5

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 21–19

1980

1980

NFL

NFC

East

2nd[11]

12

4

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 34–17Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 30–27Lost Conference Championship (Eagles) 20–7

1981

1981

NFL

NFC

East

1st

12

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 38–0Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 28–27

1982[12]

1982

NFL

NFC

2nd

6

3

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 30–17Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 37–26Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 31–17

1983

1983

NFL

NFC

East

2nd

12

4

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 24–17

1984

1984

NFL

NFC

East

4th

9

7

0

1985

1985

NFL

NFC

East

1st[13]

10

6

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 20–0

1986

1986

NFL

NFC

East

3rd

7

9

0

1987[14]

1987

NFL

NFC

East

4th

7

8

0

1988

1988

NFL

NFC

East

5th

3

13

0

1989

1989

NFL

NFC

East

5th

1

15

0

Jimmy Johnson

1990

1990

NFL

NFC

East

4th

7

9

0

Emmitt Smith (OROY)Jimmy Johnson (COY)

1991

1991

NFL

NFC

East

2nd[15]

11

5

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 17–13Lost Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 38–6

1992

1992

NFL

NFC

East

1st

13

3

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 34–10Won Conference Championship (49ers) 30–20Won Super Bowl XXVII (3) (Bills) 52–17

Troy Aikman (SB MVP)

1993

1993

NFL

NFC

East

1st

12

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 27–17Won Conference Championship (49ers) 38–21Won Super Bowl XXVIII (4) (Bills) 30–13

Emmitt Smith (MVP, SB MVP)

1994

1994

NFL

NFC

East

1st

12

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 35–9Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 38–28

Barry Switzer

1995

1995

NFL

NFC

East

1st

12

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 30–11Won Conference Championship (Packers) 38–27Won Super Bowl XXX (5) (Steelers) 27–17

Larry Brown (SB MVP)

1996

1996

NFL

NFC

East

1st[16]

10

6

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 40–15Lost Divisional Playoffs (Panthers) 26–17

1997

1997

NFL

NFC

East

4th

6

10

0

1998

1998

NFL

NFC

East

1st

10

6

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Cardinals) 20–7

Chan Gailey

1999

1999

NFL

NFC

East

2nd[17]

8

8

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 27–10

2000

2000

NFL

NFC

East

4th

5

11

0

Dave Campo

2001

2001

NFL

NFC

East

5th

5

11

0

2002

2002

NFL

NFC

East

4th

5

11

0

2003

2003

NFL

NFC

East

2nd

10

6

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Panthers) 29–10

Bill Parcells

2004

2004

NFL

NFC

East

3rd

6

10

0

2005

2005

NFL

NFC

East

3rd

9

7

0

2006

2006

NFL

NFC

East

2nd

9

7

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 21–20

2007

2007

NFL

NFC

East

1st

13

3

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Giants) 21–17

Greg Ellis (CBPOY)

Wade Phillips

2008

2008

NFL

NFC

East

3rd

9

7

0

2009

2009

NFL

NFC

East

1st[18]

11

5

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 34–14  Lost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 34–3

2010

2010

NFL

NFC

East

3rd

6

10

0

Wade Phillips (1–7)  Jason Garrett (5–3)

2011

2011

NFL

NFC

East

3rd

8

8

0

Jason Garrett

2012

2012

NFL

NFC

East

3rd

8

8

0

Jason Witten (WP MOY)

2013

2013

NFL

NFC

East

2nd

8

8

0

2014

2014

NFL

NFC

East

1st

12

4

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 24–20Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 26–21

DeMarco Murray (OPOY)

2015

2015

NFL

NFC

East

4th

4

12

0

2016

2016

NFL

NFC

East

1st

13

3

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 34–31

Dak Prescott (OROY)Jason Garrett (COY)

2017

2017

NFL

NFC

East

2nd

9

7

0

Total

502

374

6

All-time regular season record (1960–2017)

34

27

0

All-time postseason record (1960–2017)

536

401

6

All-time regular season and postseason record (1960–2017)

5 NFL Championships, 10 Conference Championships, 22 Divisional Championships

text: Football note 📝[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "1960 Dallas Cowboys". Dallas Cowboys' Official Website. Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2008-01-12.

^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys' Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Retrieved 2008-01-12.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Dallas Cowboys Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Retrieved 2008-01-28.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Dallas Cowboys History". CBS Sports. Retrieved 2008-01-27.

^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys Franchise History". SportsEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.

Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions.  Up to 1967, the league was either divided into two divisions, two conferences, or neither.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season, the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head-to-head games.

Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season, the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head-to-head record.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games.

Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season, the Cowboys, Redskins, and the Giants finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head-to-head record.

Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season, the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season, the Cowboys, Lions, and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8–8 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head-to-head record.


document_title: List of Major League Baseball single-game strikeout leaders

question_text: who has the record for most strikeouts in a game

root

text: Players[edit]

text:
Key

Pitcher
Name of the pitcher

Date
Date of the game

Team
The player's team at the time of the game

Opposing team
The team against whom the pitcher struck out 18 players

Score
Final score of the game, with the player's team score listed first

Strikeouts
Number of strikeouts the pitcher recorded

Career Ks
Career strikeouts

Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame

*
Player is active

Indicates the player's team lost the game

tag: table

text:
MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in a nine-inning game

Pitcher
Date
Team
Opposing team
Score
Strikeouts
Career Ks
Refs

Scherzer, MaxMax Scherzer*
000000002016-05-11-0000May 11, 2016
Washington Nationals
Detroit Tigers
3–2
20
1,881
[16][17]

Wood, KerryKerry Wood
000000001998-05-06-0000May 6, 1998
Chicago Cubs
Houston Astros
2–0
20
1,582
[11][18]

Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
000000001996-09-18-0000September 18, 1996
Boston Red Sox
Detroit Tigers
4–0
20
4,672
[19][20]

Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
000000001986-04-29-0000April 29, 1986
Boston Red Sox
Seattle Mariners
3–1
20
4,672
[20][21]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000001997-08-08-0000August 8, 1997
Seattle Mariners
Chicago White Sox
5–0
19
4,875
[22][23]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000001997-06-24-0000June 24, 1997
Seattle Mariners
Oakland Athletics
1–4
19
4,875
[23][24]

Cone, DavidDavid Cone
000000001991-10-06-0000October 6, 1991
New York Mets
Philadelphia Phillies
7–0
19
2,668
[25][26]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001974-08-12-0000August 12, 1974
California Angels
Boston Red Sox
4–2
19
5,714
[27][28]

Seaver, TomTom Seaver
000000001970-04-22-0000April 22, 1970
New York Mets
San Diego Padres
2–1
19
3,640
[29][30]

Carlton, SteveSteve Carlton
000000001969-09-15-0000September 15, 1969
St. Louis Cardinals
New York Mets
3–4
19
4,136
[31][32]

Daily, HughHugh Daily
000000001884-07-07-0000July 7, 1884
Chicago Browns
Boston Reds
10–4
19
846
[33][34]

Sweeney, CharlieCharlie Sweeney
000000001884-06-07-0000June 7, 1884
Providence Grays
Boston Beaneaters
2–1
19
505
[35][36]

Kluber, CoreyCorey Kluber*
000000002015-05-13-0000May 13, 2015
Cleveland Indians
St. Louis Cardinals
2–0
18
630
[37][38]

Sheets, BenBen Sheets
000000002004-05-16-0000May 16, 2004
Milwaukee Brewers
Atlanta Braves
4–1
18
1,325
[39][40]

Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
000000001998-08-25-0000August 25, 1998
Toronto Blue Jays
Kansas City Royals
3–0
18
4,672
[20][41]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000001992-09-27-0000September 27, 1992
Seattle Mariners
Texas Rangers
2–3
18
4,875
[23][42]

Martínez, RamónRamón Martínez
000000001990-06-04-0000June 4, 1990
Los Angeles Dodgers
Atlanta Braves
6–0
18
1,427
[43][44]

Gullickson, BillBill Gullickson
000000001980-09-10-0000September 10, 1980
Montreal Expos
Chicago Cubs
4–2
18
1,279
[10][45]

Guidry, RonRon Guidry
000000001978-06-17-0000June 17, 1978
New York Yankees
California Angels
4–0
18
1,778
[46][47]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001976-09-10-0000September 10, 1976
California Angels
Chicago White Sox
3–2
18
5,714
[28][48]

Wilson, DonDon Wilson
000000001968-07-14-0000July 14, 1968
Houston Astros
Cincinnati Reds
6–1
18
1,283
[49][50]

Koufax, SandySandy Koufax
000000001962-04-24-0000April 24, 1962
Los Angeles Dodgers
Chicago Cubs
10–2
18
2,396
[51][52]

Koufax, SandySandy Koufax
000000001959-08-31-0000August 31, 1959
Los Angeles Dodgers
San Francisco Giants
5–2
18
2,396
[52][53]

Feller, BobBob Feller
000000001938-10-02-0000October 2, 1938
Cleveland Indians
Detroit Tigers
1–4
18
2,581
[54][55]

Porter, HenryHenry Porter
000000001884-10-03-0000October 3, 1884
Milwaukee Brewers
Boston Reds
4–5
18
659
[56][57]

Shaw, DupeeDupee Shaw
000000001884-07-19-0000July 19, 1884
Boston Reds
St. Louis Maroons
0–1
18
950
[58][59]

text: 18 strikeouts in extra-inning games[edit]

text: Seven different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in an extra-inning Major League Baseball (MLB) game to date. Only Nolan Ryan accomplished the feat more than once in his career and no player has ever struck out more than 21 batters in a game.

tag: p

text: The following list is kept separate from the above list of pitchers who have struck out 18 or more batters in a nine-inning game. This is due to the differing number of innings pitched during an extra-inning game, the lack of a definitive endpoint to the game that would otherwise allow for a fair comparison to be made, and the advantage of having more opportunities to strike out players during an extra-inning game as opposed to one lasting nine innings.

text:
Key

IP
Innings pitched by the pitcher in the game

text:
MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in an extra-inning game

Pitcher
Date
Team
Opposing team
Score
Strikeouts
IP
Career Ks
Refs

Cheney, TomTom Cheney
000000001962-09-12-0000September 12, 1962
Washington Senators
Baltimore Orioles
2–1
21
16
345
[60][61]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000002001-05-08-0000May 8, 2001
Arizona Diamondbacks
Cincinnati Reds
4–3
20
9[b]
4,875
[23][62]

Tiant, LuisLuis Tiant
000000001968-07-03-0000July 3, 1968
Cleveland Indians
Minnesota Twins
1–0
19
10
2,416
[63][64]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001974-06-14-0000June 14, 1974
California Angels
Boston Red Sox
4–3
19
13
5,714
[28][65]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001974-08-20-0000August 20, 1974
California Angels
Detroit Tigers
0–1
19
11
5,714
[28][66]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001977-06-08-0000June 8, 1977
California Angels
Toronto Blue Jays
2–1
19
10
5,714
[28][67]

Spahn, WarrenWarren Spahn
000000001952-06-14-0000June 14, 1952
Boston Braves
Chicago Cubs
1–3
18
15
2,583
[68][69]

Short, ChrisChris Short
000000001965-10-02-0000October 2, 1965
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Mets
0–0
18
15
1,629
[70][71]

Maloney, JimJim Maloney
000000001965-06-14-0000June 14, 1965
Cincinnati Reds
New York Mets
0–1
18
11
1,605
[72][73]


document_title: Orange chicken

question_text: what kind of meat is in orange chicken

question_tokens: what kind of meat is in orange chicken

text: Orange chicken

text: Origin[edit]

text: The variety of orange chicken most commonly found at North American Chinese restaurants consists of chopped, battered, and fried chicken pieces coated in a sweet orange-flavored chili sauce, which thickens or caramelizes to a glaze. While the dish is very popular in the United States, it is most often found as a variation of General Tso's chicken in North America rather than the dish found in mainland China. For many years Orange Chicken was actually made from other meats. Sometimes even different cuts from the cow could be disguised as chicken. This only happened when there were chicken plagues throughout China. In mid 1600's China experienced a disease that killed off many different types of chicken. While the southern part of China still used chicken in their dishes the northern part could not. Though called Chinese food, orange chicken is rarely found in Chinese restaurants in China.

text: Variations[edit]

text: In most countries in the western hemisphere, the names "orange chicken", "orange chicken peel", "orange flavoured chicken", and "tangerine chicken" are typically used for this particular dish.

text: In Chinese, this dish is known as "橙花雞", literally "(Fresh) Orange peel chicken". The dish also has a variation known as "陳皮雞", literally "Dried Citrus peel chicken", referring to dried orange or tangerine peel, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine as well as cooking.

text: For restaurants outside of Asia, fresh orange peel is often used instead, or even no peel at all.


document_title: Donovan Mitchell

question_text: how long is donovan mitchell's contract with the jazz

question_tokens: how long is donovan mitchell 's contract with the jazz

text: Donovan Mitchell

text: Early life[edit]

text: Donovan Mitchell was born on September 7, 1996 to parents Donovan Mitchell Sr. and Nicole Mitchell. His father Donovan Sr. serves as director of players relations for the New York Mets. He has a younger sister named Jordan.[1][2] Mitchell was born and raised in Elmsford, New York[3] and attended Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich, Connecticut.[3][2] Mitchell played his AAU basketball for The City and Riverside Hawks programs based out of New York City.[4]

text: High school career[edit]

text: Mitchell attended Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut for his sophomore year of high school[5] before transferring to Brewster Academy in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire for his junior and senior years.[6] Along with basketball, he also played baseball in high school for two years, but focused on basketball when he went to Brewster, a move which garnered him more attention from college basketball coaches.[7][8] He committed to the University of Louisville to play college basketball.[9]

text: College career[edit]

text: Mitchell decided to wear the jersey number 45, showing his appreciation for Michael Jordan, as 45 is the number Jordan wore for his baseball career and during the early part of his first comeback in 1995. As a freshman at the University of Louisville, Mitchell averaged 7.4 points, 1.7 assists and 3.4 rebounds per game.[10] As a sophomore, he averaged 15.6 points, 2.7 assists and 4.9 rebounds per game. Mitchell shot 46.3 percent from the floor, 35.4 percent from behind the arc and 80.6 percent from the free-throw line.[11] He was named to the First Team All-Atlantic Coast Conference.[12] After the season, he entered the 2017 NBA draft, but did not immediately hire an agent.[13][14]

text: College statistics[edit]

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

2015–16
Louisville
31
5
19.1
.442
.250
.754
3.4
1.7
.8
.1
7.4

2016–17
Louisville
34
33
32.3
.408
.354
.806
4.9
2.7
2.1
.5
15.6

Career
65
38
26.0
.418
.329
.788
4.1
2.2
1.5
.3
11.7

text: Professional career[edit]

text: Utah Jazz (2017–present)[edit]

text: Mitchell was drafted by the Denver Nuggets with the 13th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft only to be traded to the Utah Jazz for the 24th pick (Tyler Lydon) and Trey Lyles.[15] On July 5, 2017, Mitchell signed a four-year rookie scale contract with the Jazz.[16] On July 11, 2017, Mitchell signed a multi-year shoe deal with Adidas. Later that day, Mitchell scored 37 points against the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2017 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas, the most by any player during the 2017 NBA Summer League.[17] In his NBA debut on October 18, 2017, Mitchell registered 10 points and 4 assists against the Denver Nuggets.[18] On December 1, 2017, he scored a career-high 41 points in a 114–108 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. He set the Jazz scoring record for a rookie and became the first NBA rookie to score 40 points in a game since Blake Griffin in 2011.[19] He surpassed Darrell Griffith's team-record 38 in 1981.[20] Mitchell also became the seventh rookie in franchise history to have a 30-plus point game, as well as the first to have a 40-plus point game.[21] On January 4, 2018, Mitchell was named the Western Conference Rookie of the Month for December 2017 after averaging 23.1 points, 3.4 assists, 3.2 rebounds and 1.8 steals in 34.3 minutes per game during the month of December.[22] On January 15, 2018, Mitchell surpassed Karl Malone for most 20+ points games during a rookie season when he had his 19th 20+ point game.[23] On February 2, 2018 Donovan recorded his second 40 point game of his rookie season against the Phoenix Suns, becoming the first rookie guard to notch two 40-point games since Allen Iverson in 1996-97. [24] On February 5, 2018, Donovan was officially named by the NBA as an injury replacement for Orlando Magic forward Aaron Gordon (strained left hip flexor) for the 2018 NBA Slam Dunk Contest.[25] He won the contest scoring a 48 and 50 in the first round, then a 50 and 48 in the final round being the first rookie to win the contest since Zach LaVine. On March 1, 2018, Mitchell was named as the Western Conference rookie of the month for the 3rd time this season for games played in February.[26] On April 10, he set a rookie record for most 3s in a season with 186 3s in a 119–79 win over the Golden State Warriors.[27] On April 12, at the end of the regular season, Mitchell was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March and April.[28]

text: In Mitchell's playoff debut against the Oklahoma City Thunder on April 15, he recorded 27 points, 10 rebounds, and 3 assists.[29] However, during the game he bruised his foot and was questionable for Game 2.[30] He ended up playing in Game 2, scoring 28 points, including 13 in the 4th quarter to lead the Jazz to a 102–95 win. Mitchell set a new record for points by a shooting guard in their first two postseason games with 55 points, breaking Michael Jordan's record of 53 points.[31] Mitchell led the Jazz to a 4-2 series win over the Thunder, averaging 28.5 points a game on 46.2 percent shooting.[32] His 171 points in the series were the third-most ever by a rookie in his first six playoff games, behind only Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Wilt Chamberlain.[32] His 38 points in Game 6 (on 14-of-26 shooting) marked the highest scoring output by a rookie in a series-clinching win since 1980.[32] On May 22, 2018, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team.[33]

text: NBA career statistics[edit]

text:
Legend

  GP
Games played
  GS
Games started
 MPG
Minutes per game

 FG%
Field goal percentage
 3P%
3-point field goal percentage
 FT%
Free throw percentage

 RPG
Rebounds per game
 APG
Assists per game
 SPG
Steals per game

 BPG
Blocks per game
 PPG
Points per game
 Bold
Career high

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

2017–18
Utah
79
71
33.4
.437
.340
.805
3.7
3.7
1.5
.3
20.5

Career
79
71
33.4
.437
.340
.805
3.7
3.7
1.5
.3
20.5

text: Playoffs[edit]

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

2018
Utah
11
11
37.4
.420
.313
.907
5.9
4.2
1.5
.4
24.4

Career
11
11
37.4
.420
.313
.907
5.9
4.2
1.5
.4
24.4

text: Off the court[edit]

text: During the 2017–18 season Mitchell appeared on the cover of SLAM Magazine and is now starring in a documentary called "Rookie on the Rise".[34][35] The docu-series follows Mitchell on his race for the Rookie Of The Year. [36] The series is available for viewing on Young Hollywood TV – a digital network available on Apple TV, Amazon Channels, Amazon Fire TV, Chromecast and Roku. The series could also be viewed on younghollywood.com, Facebook Watch, Young Hollywood’s YouTube page, Twitter and other social channels. [37]


document_title: History of the Panama Canal

question_text: when did france try to build the panama canal

question_tokens: when did france try to build the panama canal

text: History of the Panama Canal

text: French project[edit]

text: The idea of a canal across Central America was revived during the early 19th century. In 1819, the Spanish government authorized the construction of a canal and the creation of a company to build it.

text: Although the project stalled for some time, a number of surveys were made between 1850 and 1875. They indicated that the two most-favorable routes were across Panama (then part of Colombia) and Nicaragua, with a third route across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico another option. The Nicaraguan route was surveyed.

text: Conception[edit]

text: After the 1869 completion of the Suez Canal, France thought that an apparently-similar project to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans could be carried out with little difficulty. In 1876 an international company, La Société internationale du Canal interocéanique, was created to undertake its construction; two years later, it obtained a concession from the Colombian government (since Panama was a Colombian province) to dig a canal across the isthmus.

text: Ferdinand de Lesseps, who was in charge of the Suez Canal construction, headed the project. His enthusiastic leadership and his reputation as the man who had built the Suez Canal persuaded speculators and ordinary citizens to invest nearly $400 million in the project.

text: However, despite his previous success de Lesseps was not an engineer. The Suez Canal, essentially a ditch dug through a flat, sandy desert, presented few challenges. Although Central America's mountainous spine has a low point in Panama, it is still 110 meters (360.9 ft) above sea level at its lowest crossing point. The sea-level canal proposed by de Lesseps would require a great deal of excavation through a variety of rock, rather than Suez' sand.

text: Less-obvious barriers were the rivers crossing the canal, particularly the Chagres (which flows strongly during the rainy season). Since the water would be a hazard to shipping if it drained into the canal, a sea-level canal would require the river's diversion.

text: The most serious problem was tropical disease, particularly malaria and yellow fever, whose methods of transmission were unknown at the time. The legs of hospital beds were placed in cans of water to keep insects from crawling up them, but the stagnant water was an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes (carriers of the diseases).

text: The project was plagued by a lack of engineering expertise. In May 1879, an international engineering congress led by de Lesseps convened in Paris. Of its 136 delegates, only 42 were engineers; the others were speculators, politicians and friends of de Lesseps.

text: He was convinced that a sea-level canal, dug through the mountainous spine of Central America, could be completed at least as easily as the Suez Canal. The engineering congress estimated the project's cost at $214 million; on February 14, 1880, an engineering commission revised the estimate to $168.6 million. De Lesseps reduced this estimate twice, with no apparent justification: on February 20 to $131.6 million and on March 1 to $120 million. The congress estimated seven or eight years as the time required to complete the canal; de Lesseps reduced this estimate to six years (the Suez Canal required ten).

text: The proposed sea-level canal would have a uniform depth of 9 meters (29.5 ft), a bottom width of 22 meters (72.2 ft) and a width at water level of about 27.5 meters (90.2 ft); the excavation estimate was 120,000,000 m3 (157,000,000 cu yd). A dam was proposed at Gamboa to control flooding of the Chagres River, with channels to drain water away from the canal. However, the Gamboa dam was later found impracticable and the Chagres River problem was left unsolved.

text: Construction[edit]

text: Construction of the canal began on January 1, 1881, with digging at Culebra beginning on January 22.[1] A large labor force was assembled, numbering about 40,000 in 1888 (nine-tenths of whom were afro-Caribbean workers from the West Indies). Although the project attracted good, well-paid French engineers, retaining them was difficult due to disease. The death toll from 1881 to 1889 was estimated at over 22,000, of whom as many as 5,000 were French citizens.[3]

text: By 1885 it had become clear to many that a sea-level canal was impractical, and an elevated canal with locks was preferable; de Lesseps resisted, and a lock canal plan was not adopted until October 1887. By this time increasing mortality rates, as well as financial and engineering problems coupled with frequent floods and mudslides, indicated that the project was in serious trouble. Work continued under the new plan until May 15, 1889, when the company went bankrupt and the project was suspended. After eight years the canal was about two-fifths completed, and about $234.8 million had been spent.

text: The company's collapse was a scandal in France, and the antisemitic Edouard Drumont exploited the role of two Jewish speculators in the affair. One hundred four legislators were found to have been involved in the corruption, and Jean Jaurès was commissioned by the French parliament to conduct an inquiry which was completed in 1893.[2]

text: New Panama Canal Company[edit]

text: It soon became clear that the only way to recoup expenses for the stockholders was to continue the project. A new concession was obtained from Colombia, and in 1894 the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama was created to finish the canal. To comply with the terms of the contract, work began immediately on the Culebra excavation while a team of engineers began a comprehensive study of the project. They eventually settled on a plan for a two-level, lock-based canal.

text: The new effort never gained traction, mainly because of US speculation that a canal through Nicaragua would render one through Panama useless. The largest workforce employed on the new project was 3,600 (in 1896), primarily to comply with the terms of the concession and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in saleable condition. The company had already begun looking for a buyer, with an asking price of $109 million.

text: In the US, the Isthmian Canal Commission was established in 1899 to examine possibilities for a Central American canal and recommend a route. In November 1901, the commission reported that a US canal should be built through Nicaragua unless the French were willing to sell their holdings for $40 million. The recommendation became law on June 28, 1902, and the New Panama Canal Company was compelled to sell at that price.[3]

text: Results[edit]

text: Although the French effort was, to a large extent, doomed to failure from the beginning due to disease and a lack of understanding of the engineering difficulties, it was not entirely futile. The old and new companies excavated 59,747,638 m3 (78,146,960 cu yd) of material, of which 14,255,890 m3 (18,646,000 cu yd) was taken from the Culebra Cut. The old company dredged a channel from Panama Bay to the port at Balboa, and the channel dredged on the Atlantic side (known as the French canal) was useful for bringing in sand and stone for the locks and spillway concrete at Gatún.

text: Detailed surveys and studies (particularly those carried out by the new canal company) and machinery, including railroad equipment and vehicles, aided the later American effort. The French lowered the summit of the Culebra Cut along the canal route by five meters (17 ft), from 64 to 59 metres (210 to 194 ft). An estimated 22,713,396 m3 (29,708,000 cu yd) of excavation, valued at about $25.4 million, and equipment and surveys valued at about $17.4 million were usable by the Americans.[citation needed]

text: Nicaraguan canal[edit]

text: The 1848 discovery of gold in California and the rush of would-be miners stimulated US interest in building a canal between the oceans. In 1887, a United States Army Corps of Engineers regiment surveyed canal possibilities in Nicaragua. Two years later, the Maritime Canal Company was asked to begin a canal in the area and chose Nicaragua. The company lost money in the panic of 1893, and its work in Nicaragua ceased. In 1897 and 1899, the United States Congress charged a canal commission with researching possible construction; Nicaragua was chosen as the location both times.

text: Although the Nicaraguan canal proposal was made redundant by the American takeover of the French Panama Canal project, increases in shipping volume and ship sizes have revived interest in the project. A canal across Nicaragua accommodating post-Panamax ships or a rail link carrying containers between ports on either coast have been proposed.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US-controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest of the country. This idea gained wide circulation after the destruction of the USS Maine in Cuba on February 15, 1898. Reversing a Walker Commission decision in favor of a Nicaraguan canal, Roosevelt encouraged the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort. George S. Morison was the only commission member who argued for the Panama location. The purchase of the French-held land for $40 million was authorized by the June 28, 1902 Spooner Act. Since Panama was then part of Colombia, Roosevelt began negotiating with that country to obtain the necessary rights. In early 1903 the Hay–Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations, but the Senate of Colombia failed to ratify the treaty.

text: Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted, the US Navy would assist their fight for independence. Panama declared its independence on November 3, 1903, and the USS Nashville impeded Colombian interference. The victorious Panamanians gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23, 1904, for $10 million in accordance with the November 18, 1903 Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty.

text: Takeover[edit]

text: The United States took control of the French property connected to the canal on May 4, 1904, when Lieutenant Jatara Oneel of the United States Army was presented with the keys during a small ceremony.[citation needed] The new Panama Canal Zone Control was overseen by the Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC) during construction.

text: The first step taken by the US government was to place all the canal workers under the new administration. The operation was maintained at minimum strength to comply with the canal concession and keep the machinery in working order. The US inherited a small workforce and an assortment of buildings, infrastructure and equipment, much of which had been neglected for fifteen years in the humid jungle environment. There were no facilities in place for a large workforce, and the infrastructure was crumbling.

text: Cataloguing assets was a large job; it took many weeks to card-index available equipment. About 2,150 buildings had been acquired,[4] many of which were uninhabitable; housing was an early problem, and the Panama Railway was in a state of decay. However, much equipment (such as locomotives, dredges and other floating equipment) was still serviceable.

text: Although chief engineer John Findley Wallace was pressured to resume construction, red tape from Washington stifled his efforts to obtain heavy equipment and caused friction between Wallace and the ICC. He and chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas were frustrated by delay, and Wallace resigned in 1905. He was replaced by John Frank Stevens, who arrived on July 26, 1905. Stevens quickly realized that serious investment in infrastructure was necessary and determined to upgrade the railway, improve sanitation in Panama City and Colón, renovate the old French buildings and build hundreds of new ones for housing. He then began the difficult task of recruiting the large labor force required for construction. Stevens' approach was to press ahead first and obtain approval later. He improved drilling and dirt-removal equipment at the Culebra Cut for greater efficiency, revising the inadequate provisions in place for soil disposal.

text: No decision had been made about whether the canal should be a lock or a sea-level one; the ongoing excavation would be useful in either case. In late 1905, President Roosevelt sent a team of engineers to Panama to investigate the relative merits of both types in cost and time. Although the engineers voted eight to five in favor of a sea-level canal, Stevens and the ICC opposed the plan; Stevens' report to Roosevelt was instrumental in convincing the president of the merits of a lock canal and Congress concurred. In November 1906 Roosevelt visited Panama to inspect the canal's progress, the first trip outside the United States by a sitting president.

text: Whether contract employees or government workers would build the canal was controversial. Bids for the canal's construction were opened in January 1907, and Knoxville, Tennessee-based contractor William J. Oliver was the low bidder. Stevens disliked Oliver, and vehemently opposed his choice. Although Roosevelt initially favored the use of a contractor, he eventually decided that army engineers should carry out the work[4] and appointed Major George Washington Goethals as chief engineer (under Stevens' direction) in February 1907. Stevens, frustrated by government inaction and the army involvement, resigned and was replaced by Goethals.[5]

text: Workforce[edit]

text: The US relied on a stratified workforce to build the canal. High-level engineering jobs, clerical positions, skilled labor and jobs in supporting industries were generally reserved for white Americans, with manual labor primarily by cheap immigrant labor. These jobs were initially filled by Europeans, primarily from Spain, Italy and Greece, many of whom were radical and militant due to political turmoil in Europe. The US then decided to recruit primarily from the British and French West Indies, and these workers provided most of the manual labor on the canal.[6]

text: Living conditions[edit]

text: The Canal Zone originally had minimal facilities for entertainment and relaxation for the canal workers apart from saloons; as a result, alcohol abuse was a great problem. The inhospitable conditions resulted in many American workers returning home each year.

text: A program of improvements was implemented. Clubhouses were built, managed by the YMCA, with billiard, assembly and reading rooms, bowling alleys, darkrooms for camera clubs, gymnastic equipment, ice cream parlors, soda fountains and a circulating library. Member dues were ten dollars a year, with the remaining upkeep (about $7,000 at the larger clubhouses) paid by the ICC. The commission built baseball fields and arranged rail transportation to games; a competitive league soon developed. Semimonthly Saturday-night dances were held at the Hotel Tivoli, which had a spacious ballroom.

text: These measures influenced life in the Canal Zone; alcohol abuse fell, with saloon business declining by 60 percent.[citation needed] The number of workers leaving the project each year dropped significantly.

text: US construction[edit]

text: The work done thus far was preparation, rather than construction. By the time Goethals took over, the construction infrastructure had been created or overhauled and expanded from the French effort and he was soon able to begin construction in earnest.

text: Goethals divided the project into three divisions: Atlantic, Central and Pacific. The Atlantic Division, under Major William L. Sibert, was responsible for construction of the breakwater at the entrance to Limon Bay, the Gatún locks and their 5.6 km (3.5 mi) approach channel, and the Gatun Dam. The Pacific Division (under Sydney B. Williamson, the only civilian division head) was responsible for the Pacific entrance to the canal, including a 4.8 km (3.0 mi) breakwater in Panama Bay, the approach channel, and the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks and their associated dams. The Central Division, under Major David du Bose Gaillard, was responsible for everything in between. It had arguably the project's greatest challenge: excavating the Culebra Cut (known as the Gaillard Cut from 1915 to 2000), which involved cutting 8 miles (13 km) through the continental divide down to 12 meters (40 ft) above sea level.

text: By August 1907, 765,000 m³ (1,000,000 cubic yards) per month was being excavated; this set a record for the rainy season; soon afterwards this doubled, before increasing again. At the peak of production, 2,300,000 m³ (3,000,000 cubic yards) were being excavated per month (the equivalent of digging a Channel Tunnel every 3½ months).[citation needed]

text: Culebra Cut[edit]

text: One of the greatest barriers to a canal was the continental divide, which originally rose to 110 metres (360.9 ft) above sea level at its highest point. The effort to cut through this barrier of rock was one of the greatest challenges faced by the project.

text: Goethals arrived at the canal with Major David du Bose Gaillard of the US Army Corps of Engineers. Gaillard was placed in charge of the canal's Central Division, which stretched from the Pedro Miguel locks to the Gatun Dam, and dedicated himself to getting the Culebra Cut (as it was then known) excavated.

text: The scale of the work was massive. Six thousand men worked in the cut, drilling holes in which a total of 27,000 t (60,000,000 lb) of dynamite were placed to break up the rock (which was then removed by as many as 160 trains per day). Landslides were frequent, due to the oxidation and weakening of the rock's underlying iron strata. Although the scale of the job and the frequent, unpredictable slides generated chaos, Gaillard provided quiet, clear-sighted leadership.

text: On May 20, 1913, Bucyrus steam shovels made a passage through the Culebra Cut at the level of the canal bottom. The French effort had reduced the summit to 59 metres (193.6 ft) over a relatively narrow width; the Americans had lowered this to 12 metres (39.4 ft) above sea level over a greater width, and had excavated over 76,000,000 m3 (99,000,000 cu yd) of material. About 23,000,000 m3 (30,000,000 cu yd) of this material in addition to the planned excavation, in the form of landslides. Dry excavation ended on September 10, 1913; a January slide had added 1,500,000 m3 (2,000,000 cu yd) of earth, but it was decided that this loose material would be removed by dredging when the cut was flooded.

text: Dams[edit]

text: Two artificial lakes are key parts of the canal: Gatun and Miraflores Lakes. Four dams were constructed to create them. Two small dams at Miraflores impound Miraflores Lake, and a dam at Pedro Miguel encloses the south end of the Culebra Cut (essentially an arm of Lake Gatun). The Gatun Dam is the main dam blocking the original course of the Chagres River, creating Gatun Lake.

text: The Miraflores dams are an 825-metre (2,707 ft) earth dam connecting the Miraflores Locks in the west and a 150-metre (492 ft) concrete spillway dam east of the locks. The concrete dam has eight floodgates, similar to those on the Gatun spillway. The earthen, 430-metre (1,411 ft) Pedro Miguel dam extends from a hill in the west to the lock. Its face is protected by rock riprap at the water level. The largest and most challenging of the dams is the Gatun Dam. This earthen dam, 640 metres (2,100 ft) thick at the base and 2,300 metres (7,546 ft) long along the top, was the largest of its kind in the world when the canal opened.[citation needed]

text: Locks[edit]

text: Building the locks began with the first concrete laid at Gatun on August 24, 1909. The Gatun locks are built into a cutting into a hill bordering the lake, requiring the excavation of 3,800,000 m3 (4,970,212 cu yd) of material (mostly rock). The locks were made of 1,564,400 m3 (2,046,158 cu yd) of concrete, with an extensive system of electric railways and cable cars transporting concrete to the lock-construction sites.

text: The Pacific-side locks were finished first: the single flight at Pedro Miguel in 1911, and Miraflores in May 1913. The seagoing tugboat Gatun, an Atlantic-entrance tug used to haul barges, traversed the Gatun locks on September 26, 1913. The trip was successful, although the valves were controlled manually; the central control board was not yet ready.

text: Opening[edit]

text: On October 10, 1913, the dike at Gamboa which had kept the Culebra Cut isolated from Gatun Lake was demolished; the detonation was made telegraphically by President Woodrow Wilson in Washington. On January 7, 1914, the Alexandre La Valley, an old French crane boat, became the first ship to make a complete transit of the Panama Canal under its own steam after working its way across during the final stages of construction.

text: As construction wound down, the canal team began to disperse. Thousands of workers were laid off, and entire towns were disassembled or demolished. Chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas, who left to fight pneumonia in the South African gold mines, became surgeon general of the Army. On April 1, 1914 the Isthmian Canal Commission disbanded, and the zone was governed by a Canal Zone Governor; the first governor was George Washington Goethals.

text: Although a large celebration was planned for the canal's opening, the outbreak of World War I forced the cancellation of the main festivities and it became a modest local affair. The Panama Railway steamship SS Ancon, piloted by Captain John A. Constantine (the canal's first pilot), made the first official transit on August 15, 1914. With no international dignitaries in attendance, Goethals followed the Ancon's progress by railroad.

text: Summary[edit]

text: The canal was a technological marvel and an important strategic and economic asset to the US. It changed world shipping patterns, removing the need for ships to navigate the Drake Passage and Cape Horn. The canal saves a total of about 7,800 miles (12,600 km) on a sea trip from New York to San Francisco.

text: Its anticipated military significance of the canal was proven during World War II, when the canal helped restore the devastated United States Pacific Fleet.[7] Some of the largest ships the United States had to send through the canal were aircraft carriers, particularly Essex class; they were so large that although the locks could accommodate them, the lampposts along the canal had to be removed.

text: The Panama Canal cost the United States about $375 million, including $10 million paid to Panama and $40 million paid to the French company. Although it was the most expensive construction project in US history to that time, it cost about $23 million less than the 1907 estimate despite landslides and an increase in the canal's width. An additional $12 million was spent on fortifications.

text: A total of over 75,000 people worked on the project; at the peak of construction, there were 40,000 workers. According to hospital records, 5,609 workers died from disease and accidents during the American construction era.[citation needed]

text: A total of 182,610,550 m3 (238,845,582 cu yd) of material was excavated in the American effort, including the approach channels at the canal ends. Adding the work by the French, the total excavation was about 204,900,000 m3 (268,000,000 cu yd) (over 25 times the volume excavated in the Channel Tunnel project).[citation needed]

text: Of the three presidents whose terms spanned the construction period, Theodore Roosevelt is most associated with the canal and Woodrow Wilson presided over its opening. However, William Howard Taft may have given the canal its greatest impetus for the longest time. Taft visited Panama five times as Roosevelt's secretary of war and twice as president. He hired John Stevens and later recommended Goethals as Stevens' replacement. Taft became president in 1909, when the canal was half finished, and was in office for most of the remainder of the work. However, Goethals later wrote: "The real builder of the Panama Canal was Theodore Roosevelt".[citation needed]

text: The following words by Roosevelt are displayed in the rotunda of the canal's administration building in Balboa:[citation needed]

text: It is not the critic who counts, not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena; whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly, who errs and comes short again and again; who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, and spends himself in a worthy cause; who, at the best, knows in the end the triumph of high achievement; and who, at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat.

text: David du Bose Gaillard died of a brain tumor in Baltimore on December 5, 1913, at age 54. Promoted to colonel only a month earlier, Gaillard never saw the opening of the canal whose creation he directed. The Culebra Cut (as it was originally known) was renamed the Gaillard Cut on April 27, 1915, in his honor. A plaque commemorating Gaillard's work stood over the cut for many years; in 1998 it was moved to the administration building, near a memorial to Goethals.

text: Third-lane plans[edit]

text: As the situation in Europe deteriorated during the late 1930s, the US again became concerned about its ability to move warships between the oceans. The largest US battleships already had problems with the canal locks, and there were concerns about the locks being incapacitated by bombing.[8][9]

text: These concerns led Congress to pass a resolution on May 1, 1936, authorizing a study of improving the canal's defenses against attack and expanding its capacity to handle large vessels. A special engineering section was created on July 3, 1937, to carry out the study. The section reported to Congress on February 24, 1939, recommending work to protect the existing locks and the construction of a new set of locks capable of carrying larger vessels than the existing locks could accommodate. On August 11, Congress authorized the work.

text: Three new locks were planned, at Gatún, Pedro Miguel and Miraflores, parallel to the existing locks with new approach channels. The new locks would add a traffic lane to the canal, with each chamber 1,200 ft (365.76 m) long, 140 ft (42.67 m) wide and 45 ft (13.72 m) deep. They would be 1⁄2 mi (805 m) east of the existing Gatún locks and 1⁄4 mi (402 m) west of the Pedro Miguel and Miraflores locks.

text: The first excavations for the new approach channels at Miraflores began on July 1, 1940, following the passage by Congress of an appropriations bill on June 24, 1940. The first dry excavation at Gatún began on February 19, 1941. Considerable material was excavated before the project was abandoned, and the approach channels can still be seen paralleling the original channels at Gatún and Miraflores.

text: In 2006, the Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (the Panama Canal Authority, or ACP) proposed a plan creating a third lane of locks using part of the abandoned 1940s approach canals. Following a referendum, work began in 2007 and the expanded canal began commercial operations on June 26, 2016. After a two-year delay, the new locks allow the transit of Panamax ships (which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks can handle). The first ship to cross the canal through the third set of locks was a Panamax container ship, the Chinese-owned Cosco Shipping Panama. The cost of the expansion was estimated at $5.25 billion.[2]

text: Transfer to Panama[edit]

text:
Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing

Play media

Jimmy Carter's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty, September 7, 1977

Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing

Audio-only version

Problems playing these files? See media help.

text: After construction, the canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it were administered by the United States. On September 7, 1977, US President Jimmy Carter signed the Torrijos-Carter Treaty setting in motion the process of transferring control of the canal to Panama. The treaty became effective on October 1, 1979, providing for a 20-year period in which Panama would have increasing responsibility for canal operations before complete US withdrawal on December 31, 1999. Since then, the canal has been administered by the Panama Canal Authority (Autoridad de Canal de Panama, or ACP).

text: The treaty was controversial in the US, and its passage was difficult. The controversy was largely generated by contracts to manage two ports, at either end of the canal, which were awarded by Panama to Hong Kong-based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa. According to US Republicans, the company has close ties to the Chinese government and the Chinese military.[10] However, the United States Department of State said that it found no evidence of connections between Hutchison Whampoa and Beijing.[11] Some Americans were wary of placing the strategic waterway under the protection of Panamanian security forces.[12]

text: Although concerns existed in the US and the shipping industry about the canal after the transfer, Panama has exercised good stewardship.[13] According to ACP figures, canal income increased from $769 million in 2000 (the first year under Panamanian control) to $1.4 billion in 2006.[citation needed] Traffic through the canal increased from 230 million tons in 2000 to nearly 300 million tons in 2006. The number of accidents has decreased from an average of 28 per year in the late 1990s to 12 in 2005. Transit time through the canal averages about 30 hours, about the same as during the late 1990s. Canal expenses have increased less than revenue, from $427 million in 2000 to $497 million in 2006. On October 22, 2006, Panamanian citizens approved a referendum to expand the canal.

text: Former US Ambassador to Panama Linda Watt, who served from 2002 to 2005, said that the canal operation in Panamanian hands has been "outstanding". "The international shipping community is quite pleased", Watt added.[14]