document_title: A Christmas Story Live!

question_text: who is santa in the christmas story live

text: A Christmas Story Live!

text: Premise[edit]

text: A Christmas Story Live! is based on "the short stories of humorist Jean Shepherd and is set in 1940s Indiana. It follows 9-year-old Ralphie Parker and his unrelenting desire to get his hands on a Red Ryder BB gun for Christmas."[3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: The Parker Family

text:
Andy Walken as Ralphie Parker[4]

Matthew Broderick as adult Ralphie/Narrator[5]

Maya Rudolph as Mother
Chris Diamantopoulos as The Old Man
Tyler Wladis as Randy Parker[4]

text: School characters

text:
Jane Krakowski as Miss Shields
Sammy Ramirez as Schwartz[4]
JJ Batteast as Flick[4]
Sacha Carlson as Scut Farkus[4]
Elie Samouhi as Grover Dill[6]
Abigail Dylan Harrison as Louise[6]
Artyon Celestine as Richie[6]
Hayley Shukiar as Esther Jane

text: Other

text:
Ana Gasteyer as Mrs. Schwartz
Ken Jeong as Tree Salesman/Restaurant Owner
David Alan Grier as Mall Santa
Fred Armisen as Mall Elf[7]
PRETTYMUCH as Hohman Indiana carolers

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: Two songs were created exclusively for the live broadcast that were not originally present in the original Broadway production including "Count on Christmas," and "In the Market for a Miracle." In addition, three songs from the Broadway production were cut or reworked. "Overture" and "Parker Family Singalong" were both cut, while "Act One Finale" was reworked as "Ralphie's Nightmare." The song "Up on Santa's Lap" was included in the television broadcast, but not included on the Christmas Story Live! album.[8]

text: “Count on Christmas”[a] – Bebe Rexha

text:
Act I

"It All Comes Down to Christmas" – Ralphie, The Parkers and Ensemble
"Red Ryder Carbine Action BB Gun" – Ralphie and Jean
"The Genius on Cleveland Street" – The Old Man and Mother
"When You're a Wimp" – Kids
"Ralphie to the Rescue" – Ralphie, Miss Shields, The Parkers and Ensemble
"What a Mother Does" – Mother
"A Major Award" – The Old Man, Mother and Neighbors
"Ralphie's Nightmare"[a] – The Parkers
“In the Market for a Miracle”[a] – Mrs. Schwartz, Ralphie, Schwartz, Ensemble

Act 2

“Sticky Situation” – Kids, Ensemble
"You'll Shoot Your Eye Out" – Miss Shields and Kids
"When You're a Wimp (reprise)" – Kids
"Just Like That" – Mother
"At Higbee's" – Elves
"Up on Santa's Lap" – Santa, Elves, Ralphie, Randy and Kids
"Before the Old Man Comes Home" – Ralphie and Randy
"Somewhere Hovering Over Indiana" – Ralphie, Randy and Kids
"Red Rider (reprise #3)" – Ralphie and The Old Man
Ralphie to the Rescue (reprise)" – Ralphie and Ensemble
"A Christmas Story" – The Parkers and Full Company

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c Song was written specifically for the television production.

text: Production[edit]

text: The production was based on A Christmas Story: The Musical, which in turn was based on the 1983 film. Marc Platt reprised his role as co-executive producer from the live television musical (2016) of Grease: Live, joined by Adam Siegel, and television director Alex Rudzinski and theatrical director Scott Ellis. It was broadcast from the Warner Brothers Studios in Burbank, California, primarily using outdoor sets. Ellis noted that emphasis on the "feeling of family" was an important aspect of the production, as "it's not just razzle-dazzle stuff and big musical numbers. Our challenge is to never lose sight of the family aspect. And I think — I hope — we've succeeded in that." Songwriting duo Pasek & Paul, who wrote the songs for A Christmas Story: The Musical, wrote three new songs for the production, including "In the Market for a Miracle" for Mrs. Schwartz, "Ralphie's Nightmare" for the Parker family, and the opening theme "Count on Christmas".[9]

text: Pasek noted that the team had to try and maintain a balance between preserving the familiar and iconic aspects of the film, while also expanding upon it through its musical format. He explained that "there are certain moments where we want to stay true to what people remember and then there's other moments where we have permission to do what only musical theater can do and turn the dad's fantasy into a tap dancing number." Platt remarked that when working on a project such as this, "you prepare for the unknown. That's what makes live TV exciting. There are certain things that happen that you can't anticipate".[9]

text: Unlike previous years, NBC did not broadcast a live musical for the 2017 holiday season; while it did plan to produce a version of Bye Bye Birdie executive produced by and starring Jennifer Lopez, it was delayed into 2018 to accommodate Lopez's schedule.[10][9] The broadcast ultimately competed against ABC's annual presentation of the film The Sound of Music, as well as NBC's Sunday Night Football between the Dallas Cowboys and Oakland Raiders.[11]

text: During the special, Fox also broadcast a live, 2-and-a-half-minute commercial for The Greatest Showman, a then-upcoming musical film that also featured songs written by Pasek and Paul. The spot, which was directed by Michael Gracey and Beth McCarthy-Miller, and also simulcast on Facebook, featured a performance of the number "Come Alive" with the film's stars Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron, Keala Settle, and Zendaya. The presentation was billed as the first live television commercial for a film.[12][13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical[edit]

text: A Christmas Story Live! received mixed to negative reviews, with the general audience reacting more harshly than professional critics.[14] On Rotten Tomatoes, the production received a 46% rating based on 13 critics' reviews and a very low 14% based on 44 audience reviews.[15] The show's three-hour length and musical numbers drew the most negative reactions, as Fox did not promote the program as a musical, and the lavish Broadway musical numbers were perceived to clash with the story's Midwestern setting.[16] However, most of the individual actors' performances were positively received, as were the technical aspects of the special (such as scene and wardrobe changes).

text: The Los Angeles Times praised the performers: "...Matthew Broderick, who found his own, gentler way through Shepherd’s pointy prose...Maya Rudolph was affecting as Ralphie’s mother, Chris Diamantopoulos gruff if less than epic as his father, the Old Man...Andy Walken was a good visual match for the movie’s Peter Billingsley,...The whole company of kids, in fact, was energetic and on their marks,... Schwartz’s mother, previously an offended voice on the other end of a phone call, was here gloriously embodied by Ana Gasteyer, who brought in a Hanukkah theme..." but noted that "...the virtues that have made the movie a seasonal perennial were somewhat swallowed by the narrative digressions and showstopping gestures of the musical."[17]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The overnight Nielsen ratings were a 2.8 rating/5 share with 4.52 million viewers,[18] as compared to the Fox network live telecast of Grease: Live in January 2016, which earned a 7.4 overnight and 12 million viewers.[19]


document_title: Bridgewater Canal

question_text: where does the bridgewater canal start and end

root

text: Bridgewater Canal

text: Design and construction[edit]

text: Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, owned some of the coal mines dug to supply north west England with fuel for the steam engines instrumental in powering England's Industrial Revolution.[1][2] The duke transported his coal along the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and also by packhorse, but each method was inefficient and expensive; river transport was subject to the vagaries of river navigation,[3] and the amount of coal packhorses could carry was limited by its relative weight.[4] The duke's underground mines also suffered from persistent flooding, caused by the geology of the Middle Coal Measures, where the coal seam lies beneath a layer of permeable sandstone.

tag: p

text: Having visited the Canal du Midi in France and watched the construction of the Sankey Canal in England,[5] the duke's solution to these problems was to build an underground canal at Worsley, connected to a surface canal between Worsley and Salford.[6] In addition to easing overland transport difficulties and providing drainage for his mines, an underground canal would provide a reliable source of water for the surface canal, and also eliminate the need to lift the coal to the surface (an expensive and difficult proposition). The canal boats would carry 30 long tons (30 t) at a time, pulled by only one horse – more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart.[7] The duke and his estate manager John Gilbert[8] produced a plan of the canal, and in 1759 obtained an Act of Parliament, enabling its construction.[6][9][a]

text: James Brindley was brought in for his technical expertise (having previously installed a pumping system at the nearby Wet Earth Colliery), and after a six-day visit suggested varying the route of the proposed canal away from Salford, instead taking it across the River Irwell to Stretford and thereon into Manchester.[10] This route would make connecting to any future canals much easier, and would also increase competition with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation company.[11][12] Brindley moved into Worsley Old Hall and spent 46 days surveying the proposed route, which to cross the Irwell would require the construction of an aqueduct at Barton-upon-Irwell.[2] At the duke's behest, in January 1760 Brindley also travelled to London to give evidence before a parliamentary committee. The duke therefore gained a second Act of Parliament, which superseded the original.[6][10][b]

text: Brindley's planned route began at Worsley and passed southeast through Eccles, before turning south to cross the River Irwell on the Barton Aqueduct. From there it continued southeast along the edge of Trafford Park, and then east into Manchester. Although a connection with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation was included in the new Act, at Hulme Locks in Castlefield (on land previously occupied by Hulme Hall), this was not completed until 1838. The terminus would be at Castlefield Basin, where the nearby River Medlock was to help supply the canal with water.[13] Boats would unload their cargoes inside the duke's purpose-built warehouse. There were no locks in Brindley's design, demonstrating[clarification needed] his ability as a competent engineer.[10] The Barton Aqueduct was built relatively quickly for the time; work commenced in September 1760 and the first boat crossed on 17 July 1761.[14]

text: The duke invested a large sum of money in the scheme. From Worsley to Manchester its construction cost £168,000 (equivalent to £23,348,370 in 2015),[15][16] but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half.[17] This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building, known as Canal Mania.[18] Along with its stone aqueduct at Barton-upon-Irwell, the Bridgewater Canal was considered a major engineering achievement. One commentator wrote that when finished, "[the canal] will be the most extraordinary thing in the Kingdom, if not in Europe. The boats in some places are to go underground, and in other places over a navigable river, without communicating with its waters".[11]

text: In addition to the duke's warehouse at Manchester, more buildings were built by Brindley and extended to Alport Street (now called Deansgate).[1] The warehouses were of timber-frame design, with load-bearing hand-made brick walls, supported on cast iron posts. The duke's warehouse was badly damaged by fire in 1789 but was rebuilt.[1][19]

text: Manchester to Runcorn extension[edit]

text: In September 1761, with his assistant Hugh Oldham,[20] Brindley surveyed an extension from Longford Bridge to Hempstones, near Halton, Cheshire.[10] He assisted in obtaining Parliamentary approval for the Bridgewater Canal Extension Act of 1762[21] which allowed the construction of an extension to the canal, from Manchester, to the River Mersey at Runcorn.[22] Despite objections from the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company,[10] Royal assent was given on 24 March 1762.[23] A junction, Waters Meeting, was created in Trafford Park, at which the new extension branched south through Stretford, Sale, Altrincham, Lymm and finally to Runcorn.

text: In December 1761 Brindley undertook a survey of the route at Runcorn. His initial plan was to make the terminus at Hempstones, east of Runcorn Gap, but following a study of the tides and depth of water there, he decided instead to build the terminus west of Runcorn Gap.[24] This change was designed to accommodate Mersey flats, although the low fixed bridges required that traffic on the canal be able to lower or unship their masts.[25] Runcorn basin was almost 90 feet (27 m) above the Mersey,[26] so a flight of ten locks, described as "the wonder of their time",[27] was built to connect the two. Nine locks had a fall of 2 metres (7 ft), with a fall at the river lock of more than 6 metres (20 ft) at low water. It allowed vessels to enter and leave the canal on any tide. The connection to the Mersey was made on 1 January 1773.[28] The river's tidal action tended to deposit silt around the lower entrance to the locks, so to counteract this a channel, equipped with gates at each end and known as the Duke's Gut, was cut through the marshes upriver from the locks. At high tide the gates were closed, and with the ebb of the tide were opened to release water, which scoured the silt from the entrance to the locks. The cut created an island, known as Runcorn Island, crossed by Castle Bridge.[29][30][31]

text: The connection to Manchester was delayed by Sir Richard Brooke of Norton Priory. Concerned that boatmen might poach his game and wildfowl, Brooke did not want the canal to pass through his land. The Act included several stipulations: the canal should not come within 325 metres (1,066 ft) of his house; the towpath should be on the south side of the canal, furthest away from Brooke's house; there should be no quays, buildings, hedges or fences to obstruct the view; no vessels were to be moored within 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) of the house, other than during construction. Eventually, though, a compromise was reached. This included the construction of a link to the Trent and Mersey Canal at Preston Brook (permitted by the Trent and Mersey Canal Act of 1766),[32] and the building of the canal's terminus to the west of Runcorn Gap.[28] The Trent and Mersey link gave the Duke access to the Midlands, and forestalled the Weaver Trustees from making their own junction with the canal.[33] The new extension also met with opposition from the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, until the duke purchased a controlling interest in the company.[22] The first part of the new extension was opened in 1767,[34] and completed in full by March 1776,[28] but Brindley did not live to see its completion; it was continued by his brother-in-law, Hugh Henshall.[23]

text: The total cost of the canal, from Worsley to Manchester and from Longford Bridge to the Mersey at Runcorn, was £220,000.[35] Alongside the Mersey, the duke built Runcorn Dock, several warehouses, and Bridgewater House, a temporary home from which he could supervise operations at the Runcorn end. Two locks up from the tideway was a small dry dock.[25]

text: Sale to Stockport branch[edit]

text: In 1766 the Duke gained a fourth act of parliament for a branch canal between Sale Moor and Stockport which was to follow the valley of the Mersey. The Act was applied for to counter a proposed canal that would give the towns of Stockport and Macclesfield access to the Mersey, via the River Weaver.[34] The work was not done, the Act lapsed and this section of canal was never built.[36]

text: Over two decades later, the nearby Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal had sought a connection to other waterways, and it appears that the Duke had planned to limit the activities of the new company. On 15 December 1792 the Duke purchased a portion of the Ringspiggot estate in Salford which blocked the MB&BC's plans to build a riverside basin and wharfs there.[37]

text: Worsley to Leigh extension[edit]

text: In 1795 the duke secured a fifth Act which enabled him to extend the canal a further 5 miles (8 km) from Worsley via Boothstown, Astley Green and Bedford to Leigh.[38][39] The new extension enabled the supply to Manchester of coal from Leigh and the surrounding districts.[40] On 21 June 1819 an Act of Parliament was enacted to create a link between this extension and the Wigan branch of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.[41]

text: Access to the canal brought about a rapid development in coal mining on the Manchester Coalfield west of Worsley. Chaddock pits in the east of Tyldesley were connected to an underground level from Worsley. In 1820, to ease congestion at the Delph in Worsley, Chaddock Pit was connected to the canal at Boothstown basin by an underground canal, the Chaddock Level which ran in a north west direction from the canal at Boothstown to the pit.[42] Sometime after 1840 Samuel Jackson built a narrow gauge tramroad worked by horses from his Gin Pit Colliery to Marsland Green where he installed cranes and tipplers to load barges at a wharf. The tramroad was later worked by locomotives.[43] In 1867 the Fletchers built a private railway line and the Bedford Basin with facilities for loading coal from Howe Bridge onto barges. Astley Green Colliery began winding coal on the north bank of the canal in 1912. In the 1940s and '50s coal was sent to Barton Power Station and Runcorn Gas Works.[44]

text: Connection to Rochdale Canal[edit]

text: Upon completion of the Rochdale Canal in 1804, the two canals were joined at Castlefield.[19][45] This connection may have been a factor in the failure of the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal Company's rival scheme to build a canal between Bury and Sladen.[46] The River Medlock, a major source of water for the canal and which was almost as badly polluted as the nearby Irwell, was diverted through a tunnel under the canal at Castlefield by Charles Edward Cawley, a civil engineer for the Salford Corporation and later MP for Salford. The canal was from that point supplied by the much purer water of the Rochdale Canal.[47]

text: Mines[edit]

text: Worsley Delph, in Worsley, originally a centuries-old sandstone quarry near Worsley Brook, was the entrance to the Navigable Levels. It is now a Scheduled Monument.[48] Two entrances, built years apart, allow access to the specially built M-boats (also known as Starvationers), the largest of which could carry 12 long tons (12 t) of coal. Inside the mines 46 miles (74 km) of underground canal on four levels, linked by inclined planes, were constructed. The mines ceased production in 1887.[49] As the canal passes through Worsley, iron oxide from the mines has, for many years, stained the water bright orange. The removal of this colouration is currently the subject of a £2.5 million remedial scheme.[50]

text: Traffic[edit]

text: In 1791 the mines at Worsley produced 100,282 long tons (101,891 t) of coal, 60,461 long tons (61,431 t) of which were "sold down the navigation";[39] 12,000 long tons (12,000 t) of rocksalt was also transported from Cheshire. Sales of coal were £19,455, and nearly £30,000 was earned from other cargoes. Passenger traffic in 1791 brought in receipts of £3,781.[39]

text: The canal also carried passengers and was in keen competition with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company (M&IN). The journey down river by the latter route took eight hours (nine hours in the up direction) while the journey on the Bridgewater canal took nine hours each way. Fares were similar but the Bridgewater route was said to be "more picturesque".[51] Boating men also used the canal. They lifted their small lightweight boats out of the M&IN at Runcorn, and carried them a short distance up the steep streets onto the Bridgewater Canal.[52]

text: Barges on the canal continued to be towed by horses until the middle of the 19th century, when they were replaced by steam-powered boats after a fatal epidemic spread through the horse population. The "dense smoke" produced by the steam barges and their "harsh unnecessary whistling" proved unpopular with some local residents, who also began to suffer from a condition known as canal throat, "no doubt caused by the foul emanations given off by its [the Bridgewater Canal's] horribly filthy water".[53]

text: The canal carried commercial freight traffic until 1975; the last regular cargo was grain from Liverpool to Manchester for BOCM. It is now used mainly by pleasure craft and hosts two rowing clubs – Trafford Rowing Club and Manchester University Boat Club.

text: Bridgewater Trustees[edit]

text: The Duke of Bridgewater died on 8 March 1803. By his will the income from the canal was to be paid to his nephew George Leveson-Gower, the Marquess of Stafford (later the 1st Duke of Sutherland). On his death it was to go to Stafford's second son Francis, provided he changed his name to Egerton; and then to his heirs and successors. The management of the company was placed in the hands of three trustees.[54] These were Sir Archibald Macdonald, who was Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt, at the time the Bishop of Carlisle and later the Archbishop of York, and, as Superintendent, Robert Haldane Bradshaw, the Duke's agent. Bradshaw managed the estate, for which he received a salary of £2,000 a year and the use of the duke's mansions at Worsley and Runcorn. The other two trustees had each married nieces of the duke and were "dummy trustees".[55]

text: During the time the canal was administered by the Bridgewater Trustees, it made a profit every year.[56] Until his retirement in 1834, the administration was carried out entirely by Bradshaw. It has been calculated that the average annual profit between 1806 and 1826 was of the order of 13 per cent, and in 1824, the best year, it was 23 per cent.[57] Bradshaw found it difficult to delegate, and complained of being over-worked, but he was also regarded as being a "formidable bargainer".[58] In 1805 he was approached by the proprietors of the nearby Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal to resolve a dispute with a Salford landowner, but his response was delayed.[37] In 1810 there was a general agreement with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company (M&IN) to simultaneously raise freight charges. However any cooperation between the two companies was short-lived and by 1812 the Mersey and Irwell had reduced their charges. Further competition was to come from other carriers who used the canal; in 1824 the traffic carried by private companies exceeded that carried by the Trustees for the first time. However, in time more profit came from "tonnage traffic" (that carried by private companies) than from the Bridgewater's own carriage of freight.[59] Bradshaw's administration saw increased deterioration of the fabric of the canal, the locks, docks and warehouses. The undertakings were starved of capital largely owing to inadequate provision for it in the duke's will.[60] There were also problems caused by silting around the entrance to the Mersey and by the changing channels of the river itself.[61]

text: During the 1820s there was increased dissatisfaction with the canals. They did not cope well with increasing volumes of cargo, and they were perceived as monopolistic, and the preserve of the landed gentry class. There was increased interest in the possibility of railway construction.[62] The possible construction of a railway between Liverpool and Manchester was vigorously opposed by Bradshaw, who refused railway surveyors access to land owned by the Trustees. When the first bill was presented to parliament in 1825, the Trustees opposed and it was overthrown.[63] However, later in the year Lord Stafford, possibly persuaded to do so by William Huskisson, invested £100,000 (one-fifth of the required capital), in the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Following this the Trustees withdrew their opposition to the construction of the railway; they did not petition against the second bill, which was passed in 1826.[64] At the same time as he made his investment in the railway, Lord Stafford advanced £40,000 for improvements to the canal. This was spent mainly on a second line of locks at Runcorn, which were completed in 1828, plus new warehouses at Manchester and Liverpool.[65] The additional line of locks cost £35,000[66] and was used for traffic heading to Manchester, while the old line was used for traffic passing down to the Mersey.[67]

text: In 1830 the new railway opened and by the end of the year was carrying freight. Bradshaw immediately went into competition by lowering the rates of carriage on the canal and by offering improved terms to the private carriers. By so doing he managed to maintain the volume of traffic carried by the canal, both freight and passengers, at a time when the country was suffering a trade depression. However Bradshaw's tactics led to a sharp decline in profits. At the same time costs were rising, partly due to the use of steamboats on the Mersey. Further competition came with the opening of the Macclesfield Canal in 1831 which gave separate access to Manchester from the Midlands.[68] In November 1831 Bradshaw suffered a stroke, as a result of which he lost the use of his left arm and leg, and there is evidence that it also impaired his judgement.[69]

text: Matters came to a head in 1833, the year in which the canal made its lowest profit since the death of the Duke.[56] On 19 July the Marquess of Stafford (now the 1st Duke of Sutherland) died and the profits from the canal passed to Francis Egerton. On 25 September Bradshaw's son, Captain James Bradshaw, who had been acting as a deputy superintendent to the Trustees, and who had been expected to succeed his father as Superintendent, committed suicide. The agent for both Francis Egerton and his older brother, who was now the 2nd Duke of Sutherland, was James Loch.[70] The events that followed were "stage-managed by Loch".[71] He reported to Francis Egerton that Bradshaw was no longer fit to be Superintendent, and then persuaded Bradshaw to retire on his full salary. It had been expected that he would appoint his other son, William Rigby Bradshaw, as his successor, but Loch persuaded him to appoint James Sothern in the position; Sothern had been the principal agent of the Trust since December 1832. He took over the position of Superintendent on 3 February 1834.[70] The appointment of Sothern was not a success. Charges were made against him of dishonesty and of nepotism. He entered into disputes and disagreements with Loch, with Francis Egerton, and with the other two trustees. (Sir Archibald Macdonald had died in 1826; by this time his place had been taken by the 10th Earl of Devon). To avoid a costly lawsuit, at the end of 1836 Sothern agreed to retire on various conditions which included receipt of £45,000. On 1 March 1837, he was succeeded as Superintendent by James Loch.[72]

text: Loch was extremely busy and did not have time to deal with the detailed administration of the Trust. He therefore looked for a deputy to take on these duties. His first choice was Richard Smith who was the mine agent to the Trustees of the 1st Earl of Dudley. However this was perceived as poaching and it led to such controversy that Smith declined the offer and recommended his son, George Samuel Fereday Smith for the post. Fereday Smith was appointed as Deputy Superintendent in March 1837 on a salary of £600 a year, half of the salary which had been offered to his father.[73] Loch immediately undertook a reorganisation of the administration and efficiency of the business,[74] restored the agreement with the Old Quay Company to raise freight charges, and improved the facilities for passengers, including the introduction of "swift boats".[75] By 1837, the Trustees employed around 3,000 people (including those working in the colliery and in Worsley Yard), making it one of the largest employers in the country at the time.[76] Since the death of the Duke the amount of freight carried by the canal had almost trebled; in 1803 it carried 334,495 long tons (339,863 t) of goods and in 1836 968,795 long tons (984,341 t).[77]

text: In 1843 a new dock, the Francis Dock, was opened at Runcorn.[66] The late 1830s and early 1840s had seen increased competition between the Bridgewater Canal on the one hand, and other canal companies and the railways on the other.[78] The most dangerous of the rivals was the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company who started to reduce their rates again in 1840. This led to a price war between the two canal companies and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, who had previously cooperated on rates.[79] Eventually, in desperation, the Bridgewater Trustees bought the Mersey and Irwell and took over its ownership on 1 January 1844.[80] During the same year competition with other canals was further reduced by agreements made with the Ellesmere and Chester Canal Company and with the Anderton Carrying Company.[81] In 1844 the canal made a profit of £76,410, the second highest during the time it was administered by the Trustees.[56]

text: Having seen off competition from other canal companies, the next major threat was to come from the railways. This was the period in the mid-1840s known as the Railway Mania. The railways competed with the canals in three ways; by building, or threatening to build, new lines which would be in direct competition with the canals; by amalgamation into giant companies (such as the Midland and the London and North Western companies), which gave them more political power; and by taking over ownership of canal companies.[82] On 13 April 1844 The Times newspaper reported that the canal was to be emptied of water, and converted into a railway,[83] although nothing came of this scheme. In 1845, in return for concessions, the Trustees supported the Grand Junction Railway in its campaign to build a more direct line to Liverpool, which crossed the Mersey over a bridge at Runcorn Gap. However the bill was overthrown in the House of Lords.[84] Competition from the railways and other canals led to a decline in the trading and the profits between 1845 and 1848, but there was no "disastrous collapse".[85] During this time the Trustees and their representatives were engaged in vigorous campaigns in Parliament to protect their interests.[86]

text: By October 1844 a bonding warehouse had been built in Manchester and the first cargo to arrive was announced in a letter to the Manchester Guardian, later printed in The Times:

text: We have great pleasure in recording the first arrival in the Port of Manchester of a vessel, with an entire cargo of wines and spirits removed in bond, and for bonding in Manchester. The vessel, a flat named the Express, was wholly laden with a valuable cargo of wines and spirits, in all about 40 tons weight, belonging to Mr. William Gibb, spirit merchant, of this town, whose active and long-continued exertions in the struggle to obtain the privilege of bonding for this great and important borough are about to be acknowledged in the form of a substantial mark of respect and gratitude by his fellow-townsmen. The Express arrived from Liverpool on Saturday evening; but it was yesterday morning before she began to unload. She is lying in the Bridgewater Canal, Knott Mill where the Duke's trustees have constructed a large bonding vault, which Mr. Gibb has taken and had licensed for the purpose, and we believe he is now removing his stock of wine and spirits from other ports to Manchester, for the greater convenience of sampling and sale. The lockers, gaugers, and other officers of Customs were in attendance, superintending the unloading of the vessel and thus have commenced the operations of the Manchester Custom-house. It is a gratifying circumstance that a gentleman who took so prominent a part in the struggle to obtain the boon of bonding for Manchester should be the first to enjoy the fruits of its success. We hope ere long to record the general operation of the system; though it will require a little time, perhaps, as it must have a beginning. - Manchester Guardian[87]

text: However, this venture was less successful than expected, as is evidenced by a letter to The Observer later that year, also printed in The Times:

text: Between 1849 and 1851 the competition between the Trustees and the railway companies intensified. Agreements and alliances were made and broken. Their major opponents were the London and North Western Railway and the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway who reduced tariffs and took business away from the canals. For the first time the railways carried more trade between Liverpool and the towns of central Lancashire than the canals.[89] The value of the traffic carried by the Bridgewater Canal in 1851 was the lowest in the time it was administered by the Trustees.[56] In 1851 the Earl of Ellesmere hosted a visit to Manchester by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. They stayed at Worsley Hall, with a view of the canal, and were given a trip between Patricroft railway station and Worsley Hall, on state barges. Large crowds had gathered to cheer the royal party, which apparently frightened the horses drawing the barge so much that they fell into the canal.[90]

text: The Trustees spent much time between 1851 and 1855 in negotiations to ease the competition, especially that from the London and North Western Railway. The most likely allies seemed to be other railway companies, including the Shrewsbury and Birmingham and the Shrewsbury and Chester railway companies, and the Great Western Railway. Of these, the most likely seemed to be the Great Western Railway who, in their concern to expand northwards were willing to help the Trustees with the carriage of their traffic to the south. However years of negotiations came to no agreement and, in the end, the Trustees' railway deal was done with the London and North Western Railway, who agreed to cooperate with the onward passage of the Trustees' traffic.[91]

text: On 28 June 1855 James Loch, the Superintendent, died and was succeeded by Hon. Algernon Fulke Egerton, Lord Ellesmere's third son. He was then aged 29, and had been educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford; he had been destined for a political life and had no experience of managing coal mines or canals.[92] Since James Loch had been appointed, he had been mainly in control of the management of the Trustees, assisted by his son George Loch. During this time the role of Fereday Smith had been diminished; initially appointed as Deputy Superintendent, his position was reduced to that of Principal Agent in 1845. With the arrival of the inexperienced Algernon Egerton, Fereday Smith had a much greater say in the management.[93] During the previous four years the Lochs had been reluctant to invest in improvements to the canal or Runcorn Dock, despite the increasing demand for the passage of goods through the dock, and the profits made during these years became stagnant.[94] Fereday Smith had been keen on expansion[95] and now his opportunity came. He first reduced the top-heavy administration of the Trust,[96] and then took on the planning of the expansion of the business. The steamers owned by the Trustees had been neglected and were in a poor state; these were repaired or sold.[97]

text: George Loch, who had been opposed to using the Trustees' investments for improvements to the canals or docks, died in 1857. Between 1857 and 1872 the Trustees provided more capital for improvements from their own resources than at any previous time.[98] The Runcorn and Weston Canal was built in 1858–59, providing a connection between Runcorn Docks and the Weaver Navigation. A new half tide dock, the Alfred Dock was opened at Runcorn in 1860.[99] Electric telegraph was installed in 1861–62.[100]

text: In 1862 the 2nd Earl of Ellesmere died and his son and heir, the 3rd Earl was a minor, aged 15. This gave Algernon Egerton even more power to invest the profits of the company in developments.[101] Negotiations were made to increase sea-borne trade, both British and foreign, through the canal.[102] Building started on a new dock at Runcorn in 1867. Work was carried out in the Mersey estuary around the docks to improve access for vessels. Some of this was carried out in conjunction with the London and North Western Railway who were building a bridge across Runcorn Gap to take their line from Weaver Junction to Liverpool; the railway paid half the cost of the improvements, amounting to about £20,000 (£1.6 million today).[15][103] Improvements were made to the Trustees' facilities at Liverpool, to the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and to the Bridgewater Canal itself.[104] Agreements were made with the railway companies to cooperate on the transit of goods and the rates of carriage[105] and "the Trustees' fortunes entered a calmer phase".[106]

text: Subsequent owners[edit]

text: In 1872 the Bridgewater Navigation Company Ltd was formed, and on Monday 9 September the canal was purchased in the names of Sir Edward William Watkin and William Philip Price, respectively chairmen of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway and the Midland Railway for £1,120,000.[107][108] The canal was sold again in 1885, when the Manchester Ship Canal Company paid the Bridgewater Navigation Company £1,710,000 for all their property.[109] The construction of the ship canal forced the removal of Barton Aqueduct and the construction of Barton Swing Aqueduct, as the former was too low for the vessels which would use the new canal. In 1907 The Manchester Ship Canal (Bridgewater Canal) Act 1907 was passed, permitting coal mining near the canal between Monton Bridge and Leigh, in exchange for which the mine owners were obliged to pay the associated costs of keeping the canal open and navigable.[110]

text: In 1923 Bridgewater Estates Ltd was formed to acquire the Ellesmere family estate in Worsley. In 1984 Bridgewater Estates Ltd was purchased by a subsidiary of Peel Holdings. In 1987 Highams acquired a majority shareholding of the Manchester Ship Canal Company (subsequently the shares held by Highams were transferred to Peel Holdings). In 1994 the Manchester Ship Canal Company became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Peel Holdings group. In 2004 ownership of the Manchester Ship Canal Company was transferred to the Peel Ports group.[111]

text: Current status[edit]

text: The Bridgewater is often considered to be the first true canal in Britain, as it relied upon existing watercourses as sources of water rather than as navigable routes.[112][113] It now terminates in Runcorn basin, just before the disused flight of 10 locks[114] which (before the approach road to the Silver Jubilee Bridge was built) used to lower the canal to the Runcorn Docks on the River Mersey and later, to the Manchester Ship Canal. The old line of locks in Runcorn fell into disuse in the late 1930s, and they were closed under the Ship Canal Act of 1949 and filled in. The Ship Canal Act of 1966 allowed the closure and filling in of the newer line of locks.[115] The gates from this flight of locks were removed and installed at Devizes on the Kennet and Avon Canal.[citation needed] The Duke's warehouse in Manchester was demolished in 1960.[1]

text: The canal has suffered three breaches; one soon after opening, another in 1971 near the River Bollin aqueduct,[116] and another in the summer of 2005 when a sluice gate failed in Manchester.[117] Cranes are located at intervals along the canal's length to allow boards to be dropped into slots in the banks. These allow sections of the canal to be isolated in the event of a leak.

text: The canal now forms an integral part of the Cheshire Ring network of canals.[118] Pleasure craft have been allowed on the canal since 1952.[5]

text: The new road crossing of the Mersey now under construction may allow a realignment of the Bridge approach road and the complete restoration of the original flight of locks[119] – thus re-opening the link to Runcorn Docks, the Runcorn and Weston Canal, the River Mersey, the Manchester Ship Canal, and the River Weaver. This would create a new ring route for leisure boats involving the Trent and Mersey Canal, the Anderton Boat Lift and the River Weaver.[114]

text: The Hulme Locks Branch Canal in Manchester is now disused, and on 26 May 1995 was replaced by the nearby Pomona Lock.

text: Bridgewater Way[edit]

text: The Bridgewater Way is a scheme to redevelop the canal and make it more accessible to users, particularly cyclists. The 40-mile development, which includes a new towpath, will form part of the National Cycle and Footpath Network as Regional Route number 82.[120]


document_title: Savile Row

question_text: who held a live performance on the roof top of three savil road of mayfair in 1969

text: Savile Row

text: Location[edit]

text: Savile Row runs parallel to Regent Street between Conduit Street at the northern end and Vigo Street at the southern. Linking roads include New Burlington Place, New Burlington Street, Boyle Street, and Clifford Street.

text: Ownership[edit]

text: The freehold is owned by the Pollen Estate, who work in partnership with Westminster City Council to protect the street's tailoring heritage under the Savile Row SPA (Special Policy Area).[citation needed]

text: As of August 2014, Norway’s Oil Fund, the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund, had acquired a 57.8% interest in the Pollen Estate.[2] This includes properties in Mayfair, among which is Savile Row.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: The first house in what would become Savile Row was "a fine House and Ground",[3] built in 1674 on the site of what is now No. 1, and occupied by a series of nobles until it was demolished in 1730 in preparation for the laying out of the houses on the east of Savile Row in 1731.[4] Savile Row was built between 1731 and 1735, on freehold land known as Ten Acres belonging to a merchant tailor, William Maddox,[5] as part of the development of the Burlington Estate, and is named after Lady Dorothy Savile, wife of the 3rd Earl of Burlington.[6] Maddox's land, consisting mainly of fruit and other trees covering what would become Savile Row and the streets around, some of which is still owned by his descendants as the Pollen Estate.[7][8] When initially laid out – under the name Saville Street – Savile Row ran from Burlington Gardens (then Vigo Lane) to Boyle Street, with houses only on the east side, but in the 19th century, houses were built on the west side.[9]

text: Nineteenth century[edit]

text: Initially, the street was occupied by military officers and their wives, along with politicians: William Pitt the Younger wrote letters from the street when it was called Savile Street;[10] Irish-born playwright and MP, Richard Brinsley Sheridan lived at 14 Savile Row in 1813-16, till his death.[11] Jules Verne had Phileas Fogg, his lead character in Around the World in Eighty Days, live at 7 Savile Row – a "fashionable address" and "the former home of Sheridan".[12][13] It may have been the affluent and influential nature of the residents of Savile Row that first attracted dealers in luxury goods to the area.[14]

text: Tailors started to take premises around Savile Row in the late 18th century, first in Cork Street, about 1790, then by 1803 in Savile Row itself.[8] In 1846, Henry Poole, credited as creator of the dinner jacket or tuxedo,[15] opened an entrance at 37 Savile Row from his late father's tailoring premises at 4 Old Burlington Street.[16][17] As tailoring moved into the street, the house frontages were altered to bring natural light into the tailors' working area with the addition of glass frontages and light wells.[18] The houses have been much altered over time; the original Burlingtonian design has been mostly lost, though No. 14 still retains much of the original external features.[4]

text: Royal Geographical Society[edit]

text: The Royal Geographical Society occupied No. 1 from 1870 to 1912, from where significant British exploration was planned, including into Asia, Africa, and the South Pole; and, according to the society, the address "became associated with adventure and travel".[4][19] David Livingstone was laid out in state at the society's headquarters, before being buried in Westminster Abbey.[20] In 1871, shortly after the Royal Geographical Society moved into Savile Row, so did the Savile Club; a gentlemen's club founded in 1868 as the New Club, occupying rooms overlooking Trafalgar Square; it changed to its current name during its residence at 12 Savile Row, retaining the name when it moved in 1882 to premises in Piccadilly.[21]

text: Twentieth century[edit]

text: Savile Row was extended to Conduit Street in 1937–38, and by 1939, the Metropolitan Police Station was constructed on the corner of Boyle Street.[9] This police station was damaged in another German bombing raid in September 1940, during which the building opposite, No. 21a, was destroyed, as was No. 7 earlier that month.[22] Fortress House, an eight-storey block of offices faced with Portland stone, was constructed at 23 Savile Row in 1949-50 and occupied by a series of government ministries, ending with a long period of occupation by English Heritage until 2006. It was demolished in 2009 and replaced by a new mixed-use development designed by Eric Parry, Architects.

text: In July 1968, the Beatles moved Apple Corps, their multimedia corporation, into 3 Savile Row.[23] A studio was built in the basement; though it was poorly designed, the Beatles recorded Let It Be there before a new studio was constructed in 1971 at an estimated cost of $1.5 million.[24] Various artists, including Badfinger, Mary Hopkin, and Marc Bolan recorded in the basement studio until it closed in May 1975.[25] The Beatles' final live performance, known as the "rooftop concert", was held on the roof of the building, on 30 January 1969, and was recorded for the documentary film Let It Be; the last words of the band, spoken by John Lennon as the police stopped the performance, were "I hope we passed the audition."[26]

text: In 1969, Nutters of Savile Row modernised the style and approach of the traditional tailors; a modernisation which continued in the 1990s with the "New Bespoke Movement", involving the designers Richard James, Ozwald Boateng, and Timothy Everest. With increasing rents and criticisms from Giorgio Armani of falling behind the times,[27] the number of tailors in Savile Row had declined to 19 in 2006, from approximately 40 in the 1950s.[28] However, tailoring businesses have increased since 2006; as of October 2014, a local online directory listed 44 tailoring and clothing businesses on and around Savile Row.[29] Some tailors had expressed concern in 2005 that an increase in commercial development in the area could lead to the death of the business locally, as tailors, many of whom traditionally manufacture their suits in their premises, in basement studios, could be priced out of the local property market.[30]  The Savile Row Bespoke Association was founded in 2004 to protect and develop bespoke tailoring as practised in Savile Row and the surrounding streets.[31] The member tailors are typically required to put at least 50 hours of hand labour into each two-piece suit.[32] The Association, along with the owners, the Pollen Estate, is working in partnership with Westminster Council to protect the street's tailoring heritage under the Savile Row SPA (Special Policy Area).[18]

text: The Association objected to the American retailer Abercrombie & Fitch's plan to open a children's store at 3 Savile Row, concerned that chain stores entering the street would drive up rents, and took part in, what was then, a successful protest in 2012.[33][34] However, A&F were allowed to move in and set up a children's store in 2013.[35] A&F again attracted criticism in January 2015 for its store's colour scheme: brown.[36]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The original architectural plan for Savile Row is believed to have been drawn up by Colen Campbell, with Henry Flitcroft as the main architect of the street, under the supervision of Daniel Garrett; though 1 and 22–23 Savile Row were designed by William Kent,[8] who moved into No. 2.[37] These architects were all under the influence of Burlington's interpretation of Palladian architecture, known as "Burlingtonian", which was to have some influence on English architecture in the 16th century.[38][39] As tailoring moved into the street, the house frontages were altered to bring natural light into the tailors' working area with the addition of glass frontages and light wells.[18] The houses have been much altered over time; the original Burlingtonian design has been mostly lost, though No. 14 still retains much of the original external features.[4] When the Royal Geographical Society occupied No. 1, they built a glass-roofed map-room in the courtyard, a small astronomical observatory on the roof, and a new portico – which may be the basis for the current appearance of the façade.[4]

text: Several of the buildings on Savile Row are listed on the National Heritage List for England; 1 Savile Row (6A Vigo Street) is listed Grade II, 3 Savile Row is listed II*, 12, 12A and 13 are listed II as a group, 14 is listed Grade II*, 17 is listed Grade II, 16 is listed Grade II, and 11 is listed II*.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46]

text: Tailoring[edit]

text: Savile Row's reputation is built on bespoke tailoring, where each suit is made to individually fit. The term "bespoke", which has an etymology developing from "to exclaim" through "discussed in advance" and is generally understood to mean "made to order",[47][48] became associated with fine tailoring,[28] with tailors claiming that the term has been in common use for tailoring since the 17th century.[49][50] Savile Row tailors argue that "bespoke", in relation to tailoring, is understood to mean a suit cut and made by hand;[48] however, after a ruling by the Advertising Standards Authority in 2008, the term may now also be applied to machine sewed garments, provided they are made-to-measure.[51] Suits, at Kilgour & French, cost at least £5000.[52] The Creative Director Carlo Brandelli makes no apologies for the cost.[52] Brandelli insists: "That the street’s tailors have been underselling themselves for generations, certainly compared to the couture houses of Paris."[52]

text: Customers of the "golden mile of tailoring" have included Lord Nelson, Napoleon III, Winston Churchill, Prince Charles, and Jude Law,[15][53] but though it is sometimes reported that Ian Fleming and his character James Bond bought suits in Savile Row, there is no evidence for this in the novels;[54][55] both Fleming and the Bond film character wore suits designed by non-Savile Row tailors, in particular Anthony Sinclair of nearby Conduit Street.[56][57][58]

text: Tailors, attracted by the affluent and influential nature of the residents of Savile Row,[14] started to open businesses in the area in the late 18th century, first in Cork Street, about 1790, then by 1803 in Savile Row itself. None of those original tailors survive today, though Henry Poole & Co, who through Edward VII's patronage, helped make the street fashionable,[59] still have a presence in Savile Row.[15] Poole moved the company into 32 Savile Row in 1846, following the death of his father James Poole, and the company is now at No. 15.[15] Henry Poole is credited as creator of the dinner jacket, when he made a smoking jacket for the young Edward VII in 1860.[60]

text: Tailoring was softened in the early 20th century by Frederick Scholte when he developed the English drape for the Duke of Windsor.[61][62] Scholte's "dress soft" style was developed into the "London cut", the house style of Anderson & Sheppard, by Per Anderson, a protégé of Sholte.[63][64] The "London cut" is a high small armhole with a generous upper sleeve that permits the jacket to remain close to the neck while freeing the arm to move with comfort.[64]

text: Though the reputation of tailoring on Savile Row is for made-to-measure suits, ready-to-wear clothes were introduced by Gieves & Hawkes,[65] a company formed in 1974 by the merger of two separate businesses who both date from the late 19th century: Gieves, a Royal Navy tailor founded in Portsmouth; and Hawkes, a London-based cap-maker and tailor to the British Army.[66] Hardy Amies Ltd further broadened the scope and appeal of tailoring in Savile Row: in 1961, he staged the first men's ready-to-wear catwalk shows, at the Ritz Hotel in London,[67] he designed costumes for the 1966 England World Cup team,[68] and for the 1968 film 2001: Space Odyssey,[69] and dressed the Queen, designing the gown used for the Silver Jubilee portrait in 1977.[70] Hardy Amies founded the company in 1946, converting the bombed out shell of No. 14.[70] Though Amies sold the business and retired in 2001, the company is still operating from No. 14, now under the control of Fung Capital.[71]

text: Modernisation of tailoring continued in 1969 with Nutters of Savile Row.[65] Nutters of Savile Row was opened on Valentine's Day 1969 by Tommy Nutter and Edward Sexton, who had worked together at Donaldson, Williamson & Ward.[72] Financially backed by Cilla Black and Peter Brown of the Beatles Apple Corps,[73] Nutters used bold window displays, created by the then unknown Simon Doonan;[74] and clients included the Beatles, Mick Jagger, Elton John, and Andrew Lloyd Webber.[75] Nutter left the company in 1976 and went to work at Kilgour. He died in 1992.[75]

text: Modernisation had slowed by the early 1990s; Savile Row tailors were "struggling to find relevance with an audience that had grown increasingly disassociated".[76] Three tailors, Ozwald Boateng, Timothy Everest (an apprentice of Nutter's), and Richard James, then became known for revitalising the bespoke style for the modern market - having each broken away independently from the Savile Row mould.[77] Public relations professional Alison Hargreaves coined the term "New Bespoke Movement" to describe collectively the work of this "new generation" of tailors.[78] Interest reached a peak in 1997 when the three were featured together in Vanity Fair.[78] The newcomers altered their shop fronts and used marketing and publicity to their advantage;[79] challenging the traditional Savile Row styling, they brought twists and "a fine sense of colour to bespoke suits."[80] They were seen to "push the envelope of modern suit making and bespoke active wear, creating more contemporary silhouettes with bolder fabrics,"[81] and set out to attract celebrity clients, sell their clothing via supermarket chains, and attract wider national and international custom, raising the profile of their new tailoring style.[79]


document_title: Spherical shell

question_text: what is the volume of a spherical shell

question_tokens: what is the volume of a spherical shell

text: Spherical shell

text: Volume[edit]

text: The volume of a spherical shell is the difference between the enclosed volume of the outer sphere and the enclosed volume of the inner sphere:

text: where r is the radius of the inner sphere and R is the radius of the outer sphere.

text: An approximation for the volume of a thin spherical shell is the area of the outer sphere multiplied by the thickness t of the shell:[2]

text:
when t is very small compared to R (

t
≪
R

{\displaystyle t\ll R}

).

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A Dyson sphere encloses a fictitious spherical shell around a star, as first described by author Olaf Stapledon.


document_title: Miraculous catch of fish

question_text: where is catching fish in a net first recorded in the bible

text: Miraculous catch of fish

text: Overview[edit]

text: In the Gospel of Luke (Luke 5:1–11),[1] the first miraculous catch of fish takes place early in the ministry of Jesus and results in Peter as well as James and John, the sons of Zebedee, joining Jesus vocationally as disciples.[2][3][4]

text: The second miraculous catch of fish is also called the "miraculous catch of 153 fish," and seems to recall the first catch. It is reported in the last chapter of the Gospel of John (John 21:1–14)[5] and takes place after the Resurrection of Jesus.[6][7][8][9]

text: In Christian art, the two miracles are distinguished by the fact that in the first miracle Jesus is shown sitting in the boat with Peter, while in the second miracle he is standing on the shore.

text: First miraculous catch of fish[edit]

text: According to the Gospel of Luke,[1] on the day of this miracle, Jesus was preaching near the Lake of Genesareth (Sea of Galilee), when he saw two boats at the water's edge. Boarding the one belonging to Simon (Peter), and moving out a little from shore, he sat and taught the people from the boat. Afterwards, he said to Peter:

text: Peter answered:

text: When they had done so, "they caught such a large number of fish that their nets began to break,"[1] requiring help from another boat. When Peter saw the large catch, which filled both boats almost to sinking point, he fell at Jesus' knees and said, "Go away from me, Lord; I am a sinful man!"[1] Jesus responded "Don't be afraid; from now on you will catch men,"[1] after which Peter and his partners James and John left everything and followed Jesus.

text: Second miraculous catch of fish—153 large ones[edit]

text: According to John 21:11

text: This has become known popularly as the "153 fish" miracle. Gospel of John,[5] seven of the disciples—Peter, Thomas, Nathanael, the sons of Zebedee (James and John), and two others – decided to go fishing one evening after the Resurrection of Jesus, but caught nothing that night. Early the next morning, Jesus (whom they had not recognised) called out to them from the shore:

text: When they reply in the negative (the question in Greek uses a particle which expects the answer "No"),[10][11] Jesus responds: "Throw your net on the right side of the boat and you will find some".[5] After doing so, "they were unable to haul the net in because of the large number of fish".[5]

text: Realising the identity of their advisor, the disciple whom Jesus loved said to Peter, "It is the Lord!"[5] at which Peter jumped into the water to meet him (an aspect of the story often illustrated in Christian art), while the remaining disciples followed in the boat, towing the net, which proved to be full of 153 large fish.[5]

text: This passage has traditionally been one of the liturgical readings following Easter, and sermons have been preached on it by Augustine of Hippo[12] and John Chrysostom,[13] among others.

text: 153 fish[edit]

text: The precision of the number of fish as 153 has long been considered, and various writers have argued that the number 153 has some deeper significance, with many conflicting theories having been offered (see the discussion on the number 153 in the Bible). Discussing some of these theories, theologian D. A. Carson suggests that "If the Evangelist has some symbolism in mind connected with the number 153, he has hidden it well,"[14] while other scholars note "No symbolic significance for the number of 153 fish in John 21:11 has received widespread support".[15]

text: References to aspects of the miracle, or to the general idea of being "fishers of men," can sometimes be recognised by uses of the number 153. For example, St Paul's School in London was founded in 1512 by John Colet to teach 153 poor men's children: although the school is now considerably larger, it still has 153 Foundation Scholars, who since the 19th century have worn a fish emblem on their watch-chains, or, more recently, in their button-holes.[16][17]

text: In Iamblichus' Life of Pythagoras, a tale is mentioned in which Pythagoras, while journeying from Sybaris to Crotona, is said to have met some fishermen, who were drawing their net heavily laden to the shore, and he told them the exact number of fish they caught. In this reference, the exact number is not mentioned.[18]

text: Gallery of art[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miraculous draught of fish.

tag: table

text:
Depictions of The Miraculous catch of fish

Stained glass detail, Canterbury Cathedral (first miracle)

Painting by Anton Losenko, 1762 (first miracle)

The Miraculous Draft of Fishes by Konrad Witz, 1444 (second miracle)

Painting by Jacopo Bassano, 1545 (first miracle )

Water color by James Tissot (first miracle )

Painting by H. Picou, 1850s (first miracle)

tag: ul


document_title: Miss South Africa 2017

question_text: where in south africa is miss universe 2017 from

text: Miss South Africa 2017

text: Judges[edit]

text: Six celebrity judges, from the industries of fashion, sport, pageants and entertainment, together with a public vote decided the winner of Miss South Africa 2017.

text: 1. Bridget Masinga

text: 2. Cameron van den Berg

text: 3. Miss SA 2004, Claudia Henkel

text: 4. Unathi Msangena

text: 5. Maps Maponyane

text: 6. Gisele Aymes

text: 7. South African Public Voting

text: Public Voting[edit]

text: The South African public was invited to be the 7th judge, their vote counting for 25% of the overall score.

text: South Africans voted via text with the assistance of pageant sponsor Cell C.

text: During the Live telecast, the top six were announced in random order. The recipients were:

text: 1. Odirile (Top 8)

text: 2. Nicole (Top 8)

text: 3. Shelbe (did not advance)

text: 4. Adé (1st runner up)

text: 5. Sháne Naidoo (Top 5)

text: 6. Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters (Winner)

text: It must be noted that Boipelo managed to secure 2nd-runner up, and Priyeshka made the Top 5 despite being snubbed by the South African public vote. Hot press favourite, Shelbe failed to make the first live cut.

text: Winner and runners-up[edit]

text:
Final Results
Contestant

Miss South Africa Universe 2017

Western Cape - Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters

Miss South Africa World 2017

Western Cape - Adè van Heerden

2nd Princess

Gauteng - Boipelo Mabe

Top 5

Gauteng - Priyeshka Lutchman
Gauteng - Shané Naidoo

Top 8

Gauteng - Iman Mkwanazi
Gauteng - Nicole van Niekerk
Gauteng - Odirile Sepeng

Top 12

Gauteng - Nompumelelo Mampholo
KwaZulu-Natal - Kayla Malherbe
Gauteng - Shelbe Pretorius
Gauteng - Yuta Raubenheimer

text: Semi-finalist[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Province
Hometown

Adè van Heerden[5]
25
Western Cape
Herolds Bay

Boipelo Mabe[6]
23
Gauteng
Alexandra

Callie-Jo Bouman[7]
22
Western Cape
Bellville

Chante Clair Holloway[8]
22
Western Cape
Atlantis

Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters[9]
21
Western Cape
Sedgefield

Devoney Crossman[10]
24
Gauteng
Greenstone Hill

Iman Mkwanazi[11]
26
Gauteng
Lenasia

Jessica Tovey[12]
23
Gauteng
Randpark Ridge

Kayla Malherbe[13]
21
KwaZulu-Natal
Mtunzini

Keipeile Raisibe Dintoe[14]
25
Gauteng
Pretoria

Lou-Marie Taljaard[15]
23
Western Cape
Bellville

Michelle Kruger[16]
21
Gauteng
Pretoria

Milanie Cilliers[17]
22
Polokwane
Limpopo

Nicole van Niekerk[18]
26
Gauteng
Moregloed

Nompumelelo Mampholo[19]
20
Gauteng
Johannesburg

Ntombikayise Msimango[20]
21
Gauteng
Johannesburg

Odirile Sepeng[21]
23
Gauteng
Pretoria

Olin-Shae de la Cruz[22]
22
Gauteng
Johannesburg

Priyeshka Lutchman[23]
24
Gauteng
Rosebank

Saskia Wagner[24]
18
Gauteng
Johannesburg

Shané Naidoo[25]
24
Gauteng
Benoni

Shelbe Pretorius[26]
23
Gauteng
Krugersdorp

Shenai Bridglall[27]
22
KwaZulu-Natal
Port Shepstone

Tshegofatso Monggae[28]
23
Gauteng
Dobsonville

Yuta Raubenheimer[29]
25
Gauteng
Pretoria

Zozibini Tunzi[30]
23
Eastern Cape
Tsolo


document_title: Happy Meal

question_text: when did the first happy meal come out

question_tokens: when did the first happy meal come out

text: Happy Meal

text: Product description[edit]

text: The Happy Meal contains a main item (typically a hamburger, cheeseburger, or small serving of Chicken McNuggets), a side item (french fries, apple slices, a Go-Gurt tube, or a salad in some areas), and a drink (milk, juice, or a soft drink). The choice of items changes from country to country, and may depend on the size of the restaurant.

text: In some countries, the choices have been expanded to include items such as a grilled cheese sandwich (known as a "Fry Kid"), or more healthy options such as apple slices, a mini snack wrap, salads, or pasta, as one or more of the options.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: In the mid-1970s, Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño began working with her husband operating McDonald's restaurants in Guatemala. She created what she called the "Menu Ronald" (Ronald menu), which offered a hamburger, small fries and a small sundae to help mothers feed their children more effectively while at McDonald's restaurants.[2][3]  The concept was eventually brought to the attention of McDonald's management in Chicago. The company gave the development of the product to Bob Bernstein, who then came up with the Happy Meal.[4]

text: In 1977, the McDonald's restaurant owner clients who regularly met with Bernstein were looking for ways to create a better experience for families with kids. Bernstein reasoned that if kids could get a packaged meal all their own instead of just picking at their parent's food, everybody would be happier. He had often noticed his young son at the breakfast table poring over the various items on cereal boxes and thought, "Why not do that for McDonald's? The package is the key!" He then called in his creative team and had them mock up some paperboard boxes fashioned to resemble lunch pails with the McDonald's Golden Arches for handles. They called in nationally known children's illustrators and offered them the blank slate of filling the box's sides and tops with their own colorful ideas from art to jokes to games to comic strips to stories to fantasy: whatever they thought might appeal to kids, at least 8 items per box. Inside the box would be a burger, small fries, packet of cookies and a surprise gift. A small drink would accompany these items. Bernstein named it The Happy Meal and it was successfully introduced with television and radio spots and in-store posters in the Kansas City market in October 1977. Other markets followed and the national roll-out happened in 1979.

text: Bernstein received Trademark #1136758 (Serial #73148046)[5] for his idea in 1977 which he assigned to his valued client, McDonald's Corporation, on June 10, 1980. In 1987 at the annual McDonald's marketing meeting, he was recognized for his accomplishment with a full-size bronze replica of the Happy Meal box with the following inscription:

text:
McDonald's Happy Meal 10th Anniversary 1977-1987
To Robert A. Bernstein, Bernstein-Rein Advertising
Thank you for bringing the Happy Meal, a bold idea, to the McDonald's System.
Your insight and conviction truly has made McDonald's a fun place for children for the past 10 years!
McDonald's Corporation
September, 1987

text: Often, the Happy Meal is themed to promote a current family-oriented movie. The first such promotion was the Star Trek Meal, to promote Star Trek: The Motion Picture in December 1979.[6] The packaging used for the Star Trek Meal consisted of various images and games related to the film, as well as a comic-strip adaptation of the film. Consumers had to buy numerous meals in order to complete the set. In 1982, McDonald's recalled Happy Meal toys because they could have been dangerous to children under 3 years of age.[7] In 1992, McDonald's withdrew their range of Happy Meal toys for the film Batman Returns, after complaints from parents that the film was unsuitable for children.[8]

text: In July 2011, McDonald's announced plans to make Happy Meals healthier, including the addition of apples. The redesigned meals will contain a smaller portion (1.1 ounces) of fries, along with the apples.  On February 4, 2013, McDonald's announced that Fish McBites, fried Alaskan pollock, the same fish used in Filet-O-Fish, would be added as an entree, which would run until March, intended to coincide with Lent.[9]

text: In 2014, McDonald's added a mascot to Happy Meals in the United States, known as Happy. Happy was originated from France in 2009. Reactions were mixed, with criticism that the mascot's design was too frightening.[10]

text: Happy Meal toy[edit]

text: The Happy Meal did not introduce the practice of providing small toys to children. When the Happy Meal started in 1979, the toys back then were a McDoodle stencil, a McWrist wallet, an ID bracelet, a puzzle lock, a spinning top, or a McDonaldland character-shaped eraser. In Canada, the promotion prior to the Happy Meal was called the "Treat of the Week", where a different toy was available free on request each week.[11] This promotion continued after the Happy Meal was introduced in 1979. Happy Meal toys have become increasingly elaborate in recent years. While initially they were little more than a cheap plastic trinket such as a Frisbee or ball, they have gradually been replaced with increasingly sophisticated toys, many of which are a tie-in to an existing TV show, film, or toy line.

text: Bans[edit]

text: On November 2, 2010, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed a law requiring that children's meals sold in restaurants must meet certain nutritional standards before they could be sold with toys, to reduce triggering of childhood obesity. The law, urged in part by an increase of childhood obesity in the United States, would allow toys to be included with children's meals that have less than 600 calories and less than 640 milligrams of sodium, contain fruits and vegetables, and include beverages without excessive fat or sugar. The board overturned the veto of Mayor Gavin Newsom on November 23 to pass the law.[12] The law has been ridiculed by the satirical news program The Daily Show.[13] McDonald's circumvented the ban by charging 10 cents for the toys.[14]

text: A class action lawsuit seeking to ban Happy Meal toys in California was filed in 2010. The suit was dismissed in April 2012.[15]

text: In Chile, the Happy Meal, along with kids' meals at other fast food chains, will no longer include free toys, in response to a law banning such toys in a move to curb obesity.[16]


document_title: List of female defence ministers

question_text: who is the first lady defense minister of india

text: List of female defence ministers

text: This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (July 2016)

text: A Ministry of Defence or Defense (see spelling differences), also known as a Department of Defence or Defense, is the common name for a part of the government found in states where the government is divided into ministries or departments, responsible for matters of defence. The title Defence Minister, Minister for Defence, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of State for Defence, Secretary of National Defense or some other titles, is assigned to the person in a cabinet position in charge of this particular ministry, which regulates the armed forces in sovereign states. The role of Minister of Defence serves an integral part in a country's military purposes. This role has traditionally been given to males as it's related to military chain. But, in recent years many women have been given with this role and actually the first woman ever entitled to this job was the then-Prime Minister of Ceylon, Sirimavo Bandaranaike back in 1960s. This list shows group of women that are/were entitled with the title of Minister of Defence who is/was in charge in regulating the armed forces in their respective countries.

text: List[edit]

text: Italics denotes an acting defence minister and minister of non-sovereign state

text:
Name
Image
Country
Continent
Mandate start
Mandate end
Term length

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

 Ceylon
Asia
1960-07-21 !21 July 1960
1965-03-25 !25 March 1965
7003170800000000000♠4 years, 247 days

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

 Ceylon/ Sri Lanka
Asia
1970-05-29 !29 May 1970
1977-07-23 !23 July 1977
7003261200000000000♠7 years, 55 days

Indira Gandhi

 India
Asia
1975-11-30 !30 November 1975
1975-12-20 !20 December 1975
7001200000000000000♠20 days

Indira Gandhi

 India
Asia
1980-01-14 !14 January 1980
1982-01-15 !15 January 1982
7002732000000000000♠2 years, 1 day

Dame Eugenia Charles

 Dominica
America
1985-01-01 !1985
1990-01-01 !1990
7003182600000000000♠5 years, 0 days

Benazir Bhutto

 Pakistan
Asia
1988-12-04 !4 December 1988
1990-08-06 !6 August 1990
7002610000000000000♠1 year, 245 days

Violeta Chamorro

 Nicaragua
America
1990-04-25 !25 April 1990
1997-01-10 !10 January 1997
7003245200000000000♠6 years, 260 days

Elisabeth Rehn

 Finland
Europe
1990-06-13 !13 June 1990
1995-01-01 !1 January 1995
7003166300000000000♠4 years, 202 days

Khaleda Zia

 Bangladesh
Asia
1991-02-27 !27 February 1991
1996-03-30 !30 March 1996
7003185800000000000♠5 years, 32 days

Kim Campbell

 Canada
America
1993-01-04 !4 January 1993
1993-06-25 !25 June 1993
7002172000000000000♠172 days

Chandrika Kumaratunga

 Sri Lanka
Asia
1994-11-14 !14 November 1994
2001-12-12 !12 December 2001
7003258500000000000♠7 years, 28 days

Anneli Taina

 Finland
Europe
1995-04-13 !13 April 1995
1999-04-15 !15 April 1999
7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days

Sheikh Hasina

 Bangladesh
Asia
1996-06-12 !12 June 1996
2001-07-15 !15 July 2001
7003185900000000000♠5 years, 33 days

Regina Ip

 Hong Kong
Asia
1998-08-31 !31 August 1998
2003-07-25 !25 July 2003
7003178900000000000♠4 years, 328 days

Eldbjørg Løwer

 Norway
Europe
1999-03-15 !15 March 1999
2000-03-10 !10 March 2000
7002361000000000000♠361 days

Joice Mujuru

 Zimbabwe
Africa
2001-06-08 !8 June 2001
2001-08-08 !8 August 2001
7001610000000000000♠61 days

Khaleda Zia

 Bangladesh
Asia
2001-10-01 !1 October 2001
2006-10-29 !29 October 2006
7003185400000000000♠5 years, 28 days

Kristin Krohn Devold

 Norway
Europe
2001-10-19 !19 October 2001
2005-10-17 !17 October 2005
7003145900000000000♠3 years, 363 days

Michelle Bachelet

 Chile
America
2002-01-07 !7 January 2002
2004-10-01 !1 October 2004
7002998000000000000♠2 years, 268 days

Cynthia Pratt

 Bahamas
America
2002-05-07 !7 May 2002
2007-05-04 !4 May 2007
7003182300000000000♠4 years, 362 days

Michèle Alliot-Marie

 France
Europe
2002-05-07 !7 May 2002
2007-05-18 !18 May 2007
7003183700000000000♠5 years, 11 days

Željka Antunović

 Croatia
Europe
2002-07-30 !30 July 2002
2003-12-23 !23 December 2003
7002511000000000000♠1 year, 146 days

Marta Lucía Ramírez

 Colombia
America
2002-08-07 !7 August 2002
2003-11-09 !9 November 2003
7002459000000000000♠1 year, 94 days

Lena Hjelm-Wallén

 Sweden
Europe
2002-09-30 !30 September 2002
2002-10-22 !22 October 2002
7001220000000000000♠22 days

Mame Madior Boye

 Senegal
Africa
2002-10-02 !2 October 2002
2002-11-04 !4 November 2002
7001330000000000000♠33 days

Leni Björklund

 Sweden
Europe
2002-11-04 !4 November 2002
2006-10-06 !6 October 2006
7003143200000000000♠3 years, 336 days

Sylvia Flores

 Belize
America
2003-03-05 !5 March 2003
2004-01-05 !5 January 2004
7002306000000000000♠306 days

Filomenha Mascarenhas Tipote

 Guinea-Bissau
Africa
2003-04-23 !23 April 2003
2004-05-12 !12 May 2004
7002385000000000000♠1 year, 19 days

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

 Philippines
Asia
2003-09-01 !1 September 2003
2003-10-02 !2 October 2003
7001310000000000000♠31 days

Azucena Berrutti

 Uruguay
America
2005-03-01 !1 March 2005
2008-03-03 !3 March 2008
7003109800000000000♠3 years, 2 days

Anne-Grete Strøm-Erichsen

 Norway
Europe
2005-10-17 !17 October 2005
2009-10-20 !20 October 2009
7003146400000000000♠4 years, 3 days

Nilda Garré

 Argentina
America
2005-11-28 !28 November 2005
2010-12-15 !15 December 2010
7003184300000000000♠5 years, 17 days

Solvita Āboltiņa

 Latvia
Europe
2005-12-23 !23 December 2005
2006-01-05 !5 January 2006
7001130000000000000♠13 days

Linda Abu Meri

 Latvia
Europe
2006-01-05 !5 January 2006
2006-04-07 !7 April 2006
7001920000000000000♠92 days

Cristina Fontes Lima

 Cape Verde
Africa
2006-03-08 !8 March 2006
2011-03-21 !21 March 2011
7003183900000000000♠5 years, 13 days

Vivianne Blanlot

 Chile
America
2006-03-11 !11 March 2006
2007-03-27 !27 March 2007
7002381000000000000♠1 year, 16 days

Portia Simpson-Miller

 Jamaica
America
2006-03-30 !30 March 2006
2007-09-11 !11 September 2007
7002530000000000000♠1 year, 165 days

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

 Philippines
Asia
2006-11-30 !30 November 2006
2007-02-01 !1 February 2007
7001630000000000000♠63 days

Vlasta Parkanová

 Czech Republic
Europe
2007-01-09 !9 January 2007
2009-05-08 !8 May 2009
7002119000000000000♠119 days

Guadalupe Larriva

 Ecuador
America
2007-01-15 !15 January 2007
2007-01-24 !24 January 2007
7000900000000000000♠9 days

Lorena Escudero

 Ecuador
America
2007-02-02 !2 February 2007
2007-08-30 !30 August 2007
7002209000000000000♠209 days

Ruth Tapia Roa

 Nicaragua
America
2007-05-16 !16 May 2007
2012-05-14 !14 May 2012
7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

Yuriko Koike

 Japan
Asia
2007-07-04 !4 July 2007
2007-08-27 !27 August 2007
7001540000000000000♠54 days

Cécile Manorohanta

 Madagascar
Africa
2007-10-27 !27 October 2007
2009-02-09 !9 February 2009
7002471000000000000♠1 year, 105 days

Carme Chacón

 Spain
Europe
2008-04-14 !14 April 2008
2008-05-20 !20 May 2008
7001360000000000000♠36 days

Elsa Teixeira Pinto

 São Tomé and Príncipe
Africa
2008-06-22 !22 June 2008
2010-08-14 !14 August 2010
7002783000000000000♠2 years, 53 days

Carme Chacón

 Spain
Europe
2008-06-30 !30 June 2008
2011-12-22 !22 December 2011
7003127000000000000♠3 years, 175 days

Ljubica Jelušič

 Slovenia
Europe
2008-11-21 !21 November 2008
2012-02-10 !10 February 2012
7003117600000000000♠3 years, 81 days

Rasa Juknevičienė

 Lithuania
Europe
2008-12-09 !9 December 2008
2012-12-13 !13 December 2012
7003110000000000000♠3 years, 4 days

Sheikh Hasina

 Bangladesh
Asia
2009-01-06 !6 January 2009
Incumbent
7003328200000000000♠8 years, 360 days

Lindiwe Sisulu

 South Africa
Africa
2009-05-10 !10 May 2009
2012-06-12 !12 June 2012
7003112900000000000♠3 years, 33 days

Bidhya Devi Bhandari

   Nepal
Asia
2009-05-25 !25 May 2009
2011-02-06 !6 February 2011
7002622000000000000♠1 year, 257 days

Angélique Ngoma

 Gabon
Africa
2009-10-17 !17 October 2009
2011-01-14 !14 January 2011
7002454000000000000♠1 year, 89 days

Grete Faremo

 Norway
Europe
2009-10-20 !20 October 2009
2011-11-11 !11 November 2011
7002752000000000000♠2 years, 22 days

Gitte Lillelund Bech

 Denmark
Europe
2010-02-23 !23 February 2010
2011-10-03 !3 October 2011
7002587000000000000♠1 year, 222 days

Lesego Motsumi

 Botswana
Africa
2010-08-30 !30 August 2010
2011-02-07 !7 February 2011
7002161000000000000♠161 days

María Cecilia Chacón

 Bolivia
America
2011-04-06 !6 April 2011
2011-09-26 !26 September 2011
7002173000000000000♠173 days

Iveta Radičová

 Slovakia
Europe
2011-11-28 !28 November 2011
2012-04-04 !4 April 2012
7002128000000000000♠128 days

Portia Simpson-Miller

 Jamaica
America
2012-01-05 !5 January 2012
2016-03-03 !3 March 2016
7003151900000000000♠4 years, 58 days

Milica Pejanović-Đurišić

 Montenegro
Europe
2012-03-13 !13 March 2012
2016-11-28 !28 November 2016
7003172100000000000♠4 years, 260 days

Catharina Elmsäter-Svärd

 Sweden
Europe
2012-03-29 !29 March 2012
2012-04-18 !18 April 2012
7001200000000000000♠20 days

Karin Enström

 Sweden
Europe
2012-04-18 !18 April 2012
2014-10-03 !3 October 2014
7002898000000000000♠2 years, 168 days

Maritza Pastora Membreño Morales

 Nicaragua
America
2012-05-14 !14 May 2012
2013-03-04 !4 March 2013
7002294000000000000♠294 days

Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula

 South Africa
Africa
2012-06-12 !12 June 2012
Incumbent
7003202900000000000♠5 years, 203 days

María Liz García de Arnold

 Paraguay
America
2012-06-25 !25 June 2012
2013-08-15 !15 August 2013
7002416000000000000♠1 year, 51 days

Olusola Obada

 Nigeria
Africa
2012-06-22 !22 June 2012
2013-09-11 !11 September 2013
7002446000000000000♠1 year, 81 days

Anne-Grete Strøm-Erichsen

 Norway
Europe
2012-09-21 !21 September 2012
2013-10-16 !16 October 2013
7002390000000000000♠1 year, 25 days

Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert

 Netherlands
Europe
2012-11-05 !5 November 2012
2017-10-03 !3 October 2017
7003179300000000000♠4 years, 332 days

María Fernanda Espinosa

 Ecuador
America
2012-11-28 !28 November 2012
2014-09-23 !23 September 2014
7002664000000000000♠1 year, 299 days

Karolína Peake

 Czech Republic
Europe
2012-12-12 !12 December 2012
2012-12-20 !20 December 2012
7000800000000000000♠8 days

Martha Elena Ruiz Sevilla

 Nicaragua
America
2013-03-04 !4 March 2013
Incumbent
7003176400000000000♠4 years, 303 days

Raychelle Omamo

 Kenya
Africa
2013-05-15 !15 May 2013
Incumbent
7003169200000000000♠4 years, 231 days

Yingluck Shinawatra

 Thailand
Asia
2013-06-30 !30 June 2013
2014-05-07 !7 May 2014
7002311000000000000♠311 days

Carmen Meléndez

 Venezuela
America
2013-07-05 !5 July 2013
2014-10-25 !25 October 2014
7002477000000000000♠1 year, 112 days

Mimi Kodheli

 Albania
Europe
2013-09-15 !15 September 2013
2017-09-11 !11 September 2017
7003145700000000000♠3 years, 361 days

Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide

 Norway
Europe
2013-10-16 !16 October 2013
2017-10-20 !20 October 2017
7003146500000000000♠4 years, 4 days

Ursula von der Leyen

 Germany
Europe
2013-12-17 !17 December 2013
Incumbent
7003147600000000000♠4 years, 15 days

Roberta Pinotti

 Italy
Europe
2014-02-22 !22 February 2014
Incumbent
7003140900000000000♠3 years, 313 days

Cadi Mané

 Guinea-Bissau
Africa
2014-07-04 !4 July 2014
2015-10-13 !13 October 2015
7002466000000000000♠1 year, 101 days

Marie-Noëlle Koyara

 Central African Republic
Africa
2015-01-17 !17 January 2015
2015-10-29 !29 October 2015
7002286000000000000♠286 days

Marina Pendeš

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
2015-02-11 !11 February 2015
Incumbent
7003105500000000000♠2 years, 324 days

Tina Khidasheli

 Georgia
Asia
2015-05-01 !1 May 2015
2016-07-30 !30 July 2016
7002456000000000000♠1 year, 90 days

Andreja Katič

 Slovenia
Europe
2015-05-13 !13 May 2015
Incumbent
7002964000000000000♠2 years, 233 days

Marise Payne

 Australia
Oceania
2015-09-21 !21 September 2015
Incumbent
7002833000000000000♠2 years, 102 days

Adiato Djaló Nandigna

 Guinea-Bissau
Africa
2015-10-13 !13 October 2015
2016-06-02 !2 June 2016
7002233000000000000♠233 days

Tomomi Inada

 Japan
Asia
2016-08-03 !3 August 2016
2017-07-28 !28 July 2017
7002359000000000000♠359 days

María Dolores de Cospedal

 Spain
Europe
2016-11-04 !4 November 2016
Incumbent
7002423000000000000♠1 year, 58 days

Sylvie Goulard

 France
Europe
2017-05-17 !17 May 2017
2017-06-19 !19 June 2017
7001330000000000000♠33 days

Radmila Šekerinska

 Macedonia, Republic of
Europe
2017-06-01 !1 June 2017
Incumbent
7002214000000000000♠214 days

Florence Parly

 France
Europe
2017-06-21 !21 June 2017
Incumbent
7002194000000000000♠194 days

Nirmala Sitharaman

 India
Asia
2017-09-03 !3 September 2017
Incumbent
7002120000000000000♠120 days

Olta Xhaçka

 Albania
Europe
2017-09-11 !11 September 2017
Incumbent
7002112000000000000♠112 days

Marie-Noëlle Koyara

 Central African Republic
Africa
2017-09-12 !12 September 2017
Incumbent
7002111000000000000♠111 days

Ank Bijleveld

 Netherlands
Europe
2017-10-26 !26 October 2017
Incumbent
7001670000000000000♠67 days

Karla Šlechtová

 Czech Republic
Europe
2017-12-13 !13 December 2017
Incumbent
7001190000000000000♠19 days


document_title: Catherine Earnshaw

question_text: what illness did catherine have in wuthering heights

text: Catherine Earnshaw

text: Biography[edit]

text: Cathy Earnshaw is the younger sibling of Hindley, and is born and raised at Wuthering Heights. She becomes the foster sister of the orphan, Heathcliff, at the age of six, and the two become close companions. They are separated when Hindley becomes jealous of his father's affection towards Heathcliff and reduces him to servant-boy status after the death of Mr Earnshaw, who took Heathcliff in as a Liverpool foundling.  Cathy and Heathcliff's strong characters do not part them; rather, they get into a great deal of mischief together, most notably while spying at Thrushcross Grange, the fancy home of the wealthy Linton family.  When a dog from the Grange attacks Cathy at her intrusion, the Lintons aid her by keeping her at the Grange for five weeks.  This visit allows Cathy to turn into a lady quite unlike the rude, wild, childish girl she has been with Heathcliff, and allows her to form intimate relationships with Edgar and Isabella Linton, the two children residing at the Grange, although her (and Heathcliff's) initial impression of them was contemptuous.  Cathy's change is visible on her return to the Heights at Christmas time.  Heathcliff, although hurt by this, remains devoted to her, forming one part of a love triangle that includes Edgar Linton, who quickly becomes Heathcliff's despised rival.

text: Cathy's most famous speech in the novel is a memorable declaration of her feelings for Heathcliff and Linton to Nelly Dean, the housekeeper of Wuthering Heights and the novel's main narrator:

text: Heaven did not seem to be my home; and I broke my heart with weeping to come back to earth; and the angels were so angry that they flung me out into the middle of the heath on the top of Wuthering Heights; where I woke sobbing for joy.

text: That will do to explain my secret, as well as the other. I've no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven; and if the wicked man in there, had not brought Heathcliff so low I shouldn't have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him; and that, not because he's handsome, Nelly, but because he's more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same, and Linton's is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.

text: Heathcliff, eavesdropping outside, hears only that she is cognizant of the reality that a marriage to him would "degrade" her.  Immediately, he embarks on a mysterious three-year absence.

text: This decision can be regarded as the beginning of Heathcliff's revenge on the Lintons.  He later returns, a wealthy and distinguished gentleman, to find Cathy married to Edgar and living at Thrushcross Grange.  The moment of his return is a telling one.  After Cathy runs outside to greet him,

text: Mr. Linton walked to a window on the other side of the room that overlooked the court.  He unfastened it, and leant out.  I [Nelly] suppose they were below, for he exclaimed quickly: "Don't stand there, love!  Bring the person in, if it be anyone particular."  Ere long, I heard the click of the latch, and Catherine flew up-stairs, breathless and wild; too excited to show gladness: indeed, by her face, you would rather have surmised an awful calamity.

text: In an awkward set of visits to the Grange, Heathcliff begins to exact his revenge, seducing Isabella Linton in order to gain control of Thrushcross Grange at Edgar's death, and trapping her in an abusive and terrifying marriage.  Cathy falls into a state of psychological insanity, although it is partly feigned in her desire to provoke her husband and "break his heart" because of the pain that she feels.  Soon she refuses to eat, never leaves her chamber, and falls prey to countless delusions and declarations of madness.

text: It's a rough journey, and a sad heart to travel it; and we must pass by Gimmerton Kirk to go that journey!  We've braved its ghosts often together, and dared each other to stand among the graves and ask them to come.  But, Heathcliff, if I dare you now, will you venture?  If you do, I'll keep you.  I'll not lie there by myself: they may bury me twelve feet deep, and throw the church down over me, but I won't rest till you are with me.  I never will!

text: Heathcliff and Cathy share one final meeting, about halfway through the story, which is aided reluctantly by Nelly because of Edgar's banishment of Heathcliff from the Grange.  The lovers pour out their passions to one another: Cathy accuses Heathcliff of killing her, while Heathcliff laments that he cannot live when "his soul is in the grave". However, when Edgar walks unexpectedly through the door to the chamber, Cathy experiences a state of shock and faints.  She dies a couple of hours after giving birth to a daughter, also named Catherine, whose generation forms the basis of the second half of the story.

text: Cathy's spirit lives throughout the novel.  Her ghost haunts Heathcliff up to his mysterious death, and an iconic scene sees Lockwood, the first narrator in the book, visited in eerie, Gothic fashion by her ghost as a little girl, lost on the moors.  In Lockwood's vision, she tries to enter the house through a window; at the end of the novel Heathcliff, having become desperate to see his lost love again, is found dead before an open window. The open window is therefore a symbol of Catherine's enduring power throughout the course of the story, and of her ultimate reunion with her love; however, it also raises ambiguities as to the nature of the reunion.

text: Description[edit]

text: Cathy is described as pretty, with, as Nelly says, "the bonniest eye" and "the sweetest smile."  She has long locks of "beautiful" brown hair, as Heathcliff describes it, but it is her eyes that can be seen in many characters in the novel.  The dark brown.

text: Cathy is wilful, wild, passionate, mischievous and, as a child, spoiled.  As may be seen by the markedness of her change after her few weeks stay at Thrushcross Grange.  During Cathy's fatal illness, Nelly notes that Catherine is very frail, and has "a bloodless lip", an image which serves to augment the Gothic undertones of her final days; nevertheless, Nelly describes her in death as divine: "no angel in heaven looked as beautiful as her", and her countenance resembled "perfect peace".

text: Effect on modern society and popular culture[edit]

text: Cathy delivers many of the lines which have become synonymous with the work, such as her renowned declaration of love for Heathcliff —

text: My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods.  Time will change it, I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees — my love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath — a source of little visible delight, but necessary.  Nelly, I am Heathcliff — he's always, always in my mind — not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself — but as my own being — so, don't talk of our separation again — it is impracticable.[1]

text: — and the famous ghostly utterance, "Let me in your window - I'm so cold!", was later used by Kate Bush in her 1978 hit "Wuthering Heights".  The entertainment world, indeed, has been so intrigued by the love between Catherine and Heathcliff that many film adaptations of the novel, particularly the 1939 version with Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon, cover only half of the story, ending with Catherine's death rather than the lives of the younger Cathy, Hareton, and Linton Heathcliff. Thematically, Catherine and her choice to marry Edgar rather than Heathcliff are central to the issues of nature versus nurture, self versus society, class division, and violence in Wuthering Heights, as well as to the antitheses of good and evil, and physical existence and spiritual existence, which pervade the novel.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Heathcliff, for his part, provides a similar comparison between the respective loves that he and Linton feel for her: "If he loved with all the powers of his puny being, he could not love as much in eighty years as I could in a day"

tag: ol

text:
hidevteEmily Brontë’s Wuthering HeightsCharacters
Heathcliff
Catherine Earnshaw
Edgar Linton
Isabella Linton
Hindley Earnshaw
Nelly Dean
Hareton Earnshaw
Catherine Linton
Lockwood
AdaptationsFilm and TV
1920 film
1939 film
1948 BBC TV film
1953 BBC TV film
1954 film
1959 Australian TV play
Dil Diya Dard Liya (1966)
1964 telenovela
1970 film
1976 telenovela
1978 TV serial
1979 telenovela
Hurlevent
1988 film
Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1992)
1998 film
2003 film
2009 TV serial
2011 film
Stage
1951 Herrmann opera
1958 Floyd opera
1992 musical
Heathcliff (1996 musical)
Related
Location
Cultural references

text: Fictional characters introduced in 1847Characters in Wuthering HeightsDrama film charactersRomance film characters

text: Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters