document_title: Ages of consent in North America

question_text: what is the age of consent in united states

question_tokens: what is the age of consent in united states

text: Ages of consent in North America

text: Overview

text: The age of consent is the age at or above which a person is considered to have the legal capacity to consent to sexual activity. Both partners must be of legal age to give consent, although exceptions to the age of consent law exist in some jurisdictions when the minor and his or her partner are within a certain number of years in age or when a minor is married to his/her partner. Persons below the age of consent may not, by law, give consent, and sexual relations involving such persons may be punished by criminal sanctions similar to those for rape or sexual assault. Non-violent sexual contact with persons under the age of consent may be punished with varying degrees of severity, ranging from a misdemeanor with a simple fine, to a felony with a punishment equivalent to rape.

text: Different ages may apply if one partner is in a position of power or authority over the other, such as a teacher, manager, coach, parent or stepparent. For example, in Indiana the age of consent is 16 but it is illegal for a person over 18 to have sex with anyone under 18 if they work at their school, are their parent or a stepparent, or are a person recruiting them to join the military.

text: Historically, the age of consent applied to male-female relationships; same-sex relationships were often illegal regardless of the ages of participants. Modern laws vary, and there may be multiple ages that apply in any jurisdiction. For instance, different ages may apply if the relationship is between partners of the same sex, or if the sexual contact is not strictly vaginal intercourse.

text: Antigua and Barbuda

text: In Antigua and Barbuda, the age of consent is 16. The Sexual Offences Act of 1995 raised the age of consent from 14 to 16 years of age.[1][2]

text: Sexual Intercourse with female between fourteen and sixteen

text: 6. (1) Where a male person has sexual intercourse with a female person who is not his wife with her consent and who has attained the age of fourteen years but has not yet attained the age of sixteen years, he is guilty of an offence, and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for ten years.

text: (2) A male person is not guilty of an offence under subsection (1) –

text: (a) if he honestly believed that the female person was sixteen years of age or more; or

text: (b) if the male person is not more than three years older than the female person and the court is of the opinion that the evidence discloses that as between the male person and the female person, the male person is not wholly or substantially to blame.

text: Sexual intercourse with male under sixteen

text: 7. (1) Where a female adult has sexual intercourse with a male person who is not her husband and who is under the age of sixteen years, she is guilty of an offence, whether or not the male person consented to the intercourse, and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for seven years.

text: A female adult is not guilty of an offence under subsection (1) –

text: (a) if she honestly believed that the male person was sixteen years of age or more; or

text: (b) if the female adult is not more than three years older than the male person and the court is of the opinion that evidence discloses that as between the female adult and the male person, the female adult is not wholly or substantially to blame.

text: Anguilla (United Kingdom)

text: The age of consent in Anguilla is 16. It is determined in Part 14 of the Criminal Code - SEXUAL OFFENCES -Sexual Offences Against Minors - by Article 143. "Sexual intercourse with person between 14 and 16 years of age".[3]

text: Aruba

text: The age of consent in Aruba is 15, as specified in Article 251 of the Criminal Code of Aruba (which Aruba adapted after its secession from the Netherlands Antilles) which reads:

text: Article 251: "A person who, out of wedlock, with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen, performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than eight years or a fine of at most 100 000 florin".[4]

text: Bahamas

text: In The Bahamas, the age of consent for opposite-sex activity is 16 and the age of consent for same-sex activity is 18. Homosexuality was legalized in 1991, but "public homosexuality" is an offense that carries a 20-year jail term without parole.[5]

text: 11. (1) Any person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with any person being of or above fourteen years of age and under sixteen years of age, whether with or without the consent of the person with whom he had unlawful sexual intercourse, is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for life subject to, on a first conviction for the offence, a term of imprisonment of seven years and, in the case of a second or subsequent conviction for the offence, a term of imprisonment of fourteen years.[6]

text: Barbados

text: In Barbados the age of consent is 16.

text: Section 5, part I "Sexual intercourse with person between 14 and 16" of the Sexual Offences Act 1992

text: (1) Where a person has sexual intercourse with another with the other's consent and that other person has attained the age of 14 but has not yet attained the age of 16 that person is guilty of an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term of 10 years.[7]

text: Belize

text: In Belize, the age of consent is 16, regardless of sexual orientation or gender.[8][9]

text: The legislation reads:

text: Criminal Code [CAP. 101][8][9]

text: Section 47.1

text: "Every person who, with or without consent, has sexual intercourse with a person who is under the age of fourteen years commits the offence of unlawful sexual intercourse and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term that is not less than twelve years but may extend to imprisonment for life."

text: Section 47.2

text: "Every person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with a person who is above the age of fourteen years but under the age of sixteen years, commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term that is not less than five years but no more than ten years."

text: Bermuda and British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)

text: Age of sexual consent is 16, regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender.[10]

text: Canada

text: The Tackling Violent Crime Act took effect on 1 May 2008, raising the age of consent from 14 to 16.[11]

text: There exist two close-in-age exemptions, depending on the age of the younger partner. A youth of twelve or thirteen can consent to sexual activity with an individual less than two years older than they. A fourteen- or fifteen-year-old can consent to sexual activity with a partner who is less than five years older than they.[12]

text: Criminal law (including the definition of the age of consent) is in the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government, so the age of consent is uniform throughout Canada. Section 151 of the Criminal Code of Canada makes it a crime to touch, for a sexual purpose, any person under the age of 16 years. Section 153 then goes on to prohibit the sexual touching of a person under 18 by a person in three circumstances: if he or she is in a "position of trust or authority" towards the youth, if the youth is in a "relationship of dependency" with him or her, or if the relationship is "exploitative". The term "position of trust or authority" is not defined in the Code but the courts have ruled that parents, teachers, and medical professionals hold a position of trust or authority towards youth they care for or teach. Section 153 (1.2) of the Code provides that a judge can infer whether or not a relationship is "exploitative" by considering its nature and circumstances including how old the youth is, the difference in ages between the partners, how the relationship evolved, and the degree of control or influence that the older partner has over the youth.

text: The "position of trust under 18" anti-exploitation rules were expanded in 2005 by Bill C-2 where a judge may choose to term a situation to be sexual exploitation based on the nature and circumstances of the relationship including the age of the younger party, age difference, evolution of the relationship (how it developed, e.g. quickly and secretly over the Internet), the control or influence over the young person (degree of control or influence the other person had over the young person). This passed before the 2008 amendments, and they were not repealed so they are still in effect and can apply towards adults in these situations with young persons over the age of consent and under 18 (16-17).

text: Where an accused is charged with an offence under s. 151 (Sexual Interference), s. 152 (Invitation to sexual touching), s. 153(1) (Sexual exploitation), s. 160(3) (Bestiality in presence of or by child), or s. 173(2) (Indecent acts), or is charged with an offence under s. 271 (Sexual assault), s. 272 (Sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party, or causing bodily harm), or s. 273 (Aggravated sexual assault) in respect of a complainant under the age of sixteen years, it is not a defense that the complainant consented to the activity that forms the subject-matter of the charge.

text: Anal intercourse in Canada

text: Section 159 of the Criminal Code criminalizes anal intercourse, but provides exceptions for a husband and wife, and any two persons 18 years of age or older. These exceptions do not apply if a third person is present, or if the anal intercourse takes place anywhere but in private.[13] However, courts in Ontario,[14] Quebec,[15] and Alberta[16] have independently declared s. 159 to be unconstitutional as violations of the equality provision of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

text: History of the Canadian age of consent

text: During the 19th century, the age of consent for heterosexual vaginal sex was 12; in 1890, the Parliament raised the age of consent to 14.[17] The punishment for anyone who had sexual intercourse with someone younger than 14 was life imprisonment and whipping, while the punishment for anyone who attempted to seduce an underage girl was two years' imprisonment and whipping.[18] Canada had also laws against "seducing" minor girls who were over the age of consent. In 1886, a law was enacted that made the "seduction" of a girl over 12 and under 16 "of previously chaste character" a criminal offence; the "seduction" of a female under 18 "under promise of marriage" was also made illegal in 1886, and amended in 1887 to apply to females under 21.[19] After the raising of the age of consent to 14, the laws against "seducing" minor girls were amended to apply to those older than 14, and various laws of this kind have remained in force through the 20th century.[19] The age of consent was raised from 14 to 16 in the spring of 2008, when the Tackling Violent Crime Act became effective. The new measures still allow for close-in-age exceptions between 12 and 16: if there is no more than a two-year gap for those 12 and 13, or a five-year gap for those 14 and 15. Anal sex remains illegal with exceptions for those over 18, if they comply with the restrictions set out under section 159.

text: Female homosexuality was never illegal in the former British colonies; oral sex was legalized in 1969 with the same age of consent as vaginal sex. Also introduced in 1969 were the exceptions regarding criminal anal sex (effectively legalizing it), but with a higher age barrier set at 21, under section 159; in 1988, the age barrier for these exceptions was lowered to 18. As of 2008 there are no plans to repeal section 159, even though it has been ruled unconstitutional in some Canadian provinces.

text: Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)

text: The age of consent in Cayman Islands is 16.[20]

text: Defilement of girls under sixteen years of age, etc.

text: 134. (1) Whoever unlawfully and carnally -

text: (a) knows any girl under the age of twelve years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twenty years; or

text: (b) knows any girl between the ages of twelve and sixteen years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twelve years.

text: Indecent assaults on females

text: 132. (1) It is an offence for a person to make an indecent assault on a woman.

text: (2) A girl under the age of sixteen cannot in law give any consent which would prevent an act being an assault for the purposes of this section.

text: Caribbean Netherlands

text: The age of consent in the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius) is 16, as specified by the Criminal Code BES, Articles 251, which reads:

text: Art 251: "A person who, out of wedlock, with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached sixteen, performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years". Before prosecution, the public attorney will, if possible, allow the minor to indicate if prosecution is deemed desirable.[21]

text: Clipperton Island (France)

text: Clipperton Island is an uninhabited nine-square-kilometre (approx. 3.5-square-mile) coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean, a state private property under the direct authority of the French government, administered by the Minister of Overseas France. The laws of France where applicable apply.[22] See Age of consent Europe#France.

text: Costa Rica

text: In Costa Rica under the Penal Code of 2004, the age of consent is 18, regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender Artículo 159.- Será sancionado con pena de prisión de dos a seis años, quien aprovechándose de la edad, se haga acceder o tenga acceso carnal con una persona de uno u otro sexo, mayor de trece años y menor de quince años, por la vía oral, anal o vaginal, con su consentimiento. Igual pena se impondrá si la acción consiste en la introducción de uno o varios dedos, objetos o animales por la vía vaginal o anal.

text: Translation: Article 159. Anyone who, taking advantage of age, attempts to obtain or obtains carnal access, by oral, anal or vaginal penetration, to a person of either sex who is over 13 and under 15 years of age, with his or her consent, shall be punished with two to six years' imprisonment. A similar penalty shall be imposed if the act involves the introduction of one or more fingers, objects or animals into the vagina or anus.

text: The age of consent use to be 15, but it was increase in recent years after a legal reform.

text: Cuba

text: The age of consent in Cuba is 16.[23]

text: Curaçao (Netherlands)

text: The age of consent in Curaçao is 15, as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles (which Curaçao didn't change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles), Articles 251, which reads:

text: Art 251: "A person who, out of wedlock, with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen, performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years".[24]

text: For children 12-14 prosecution only takes place upon a "complaint" by the minor, his parents, teacher, or the guardianship board.

text: Dominica

text: In Dominica the age of consent is 16.

text: "Defilement of girls between fourteen (14) and sixteen (16) years of age", Article 4 of the Sexual Offences Act

text: " (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), any person who - a) unlawfully and carnally knows, or attempts to have unlawful carnal knowledge of any girl of or above the age of fourteen (14) years and under the age of sixteen (16) years (...) - is liable to imprisonment for seven years.[25]

text: Dominican Republic

text: The age of consent in the Dominican Republic is 18.[26]

text: El Salvador

text: In El Salvador, the age of consent appears to be 18 (although the laws are not clear cut in regard to sexual acts with persons aged between 15 and 18).

text: CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 15:

text: VIOLACIÓN EN MENOR O INCAPAZ

text: Art. 159.- El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con menor de quince años de edad o con otra persona aprovechándose de su enajenación mental, de su estado de inconsciencia o de su incapacidad de resistir, será sancionado con prisión de catorce a veinte años.[27][28]

text: Approximate translation: "Anyone who has vaginal or anal sexual intercourse with a minor younger than fifteen years of age or of another person by taking advantage of their insanity, their state of unconsciousness or inability to resist, shall be punished with imprisonment of fourteen to twenty years."

text: CHILDREN AGED BETWEEN 15 AND 18:

text: Several laws apply to sex with persons aged between 15 and 18.

text: Article 169 makes it illegal to "promote, facilitate, manage, finance, instigate or organize in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts individually or organized, publicly or privately".

text: Art. 169.- El que promoviere, facilitare, administrare, financiare, instigare u organizare de cualquier forma la utilización de personas menores de dieciocho años en actos sexuales o eróticos, de manera individual u organizada, de forma pública o privada, será sancionado con pena de tres a ocho años de prisión.

text: En igual responsabilidad incurrirá quien con conocimiento de causa autorizare el uso o arrendare el inmueble para realizar cualquiera de las actividades descritas en el inciso anterior.[27]

text: Approximate translation: Article 169 .- Any person who promotes, facilitates, manages, finances, instigates or organizes in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts, individually or organized, publicly or privately, shall be punished with penalty of three to eight years in prison.

text: Similarly, anyone who knowingly authorizes the use or rents a property to perform any of the activities described in the preceding paragraph, incurs criminal liability.

text: Article 167 makes it illegal to "promote or facilitate the corruption of a person under eighteen (...) through various sexual acts of carnal knowledge, even if the victim consents to participate in them".

text: CORRUPCIÓN DE MENORES E INCAPACES

text: Art. 167.- El que promoviere o facilitare la corrupción de una persona menor de dieciocho años de edad o de un deficiente mental, mediante actos sexuales diversos del acceso carnal, aunque la víctima consintiere participar en ellos, será sancionado con prisión de seis a doce años.[27]

text: Approximate translation: Article 167 .- Any person who promotes or facilitates the corruption of a person under eighteen years of age or a mentally handicapped through various sexual acts of carnal knowledge, even if the victim consents to participate in them, shall be punished with imprisonment of six to twelve years.

text: Article 171 deals with "obscene exhibition", and also appears to set the age of consent at 18.

text: EXHIBICIONES OBSCENAS

text: Art. 171.- El que ejecutare o hiciere ejecutar an otros actos lúbricos o de exhibición obscena, o indecorosa, en lugar público o expuesto al público o bien ante menores de dieciocho años de edad o deficientes mentales, será sancionado con prisión de dos a cuatro años.[27]

text: Approximate translation: Art. 171. Anyone who performs or makes others perform acts of lewd or lascivious exhibition, or indecency in a public place or a place open to the public or to minors under eighteen years of age or mentally handicapped, shall be punished with imprisonment from two to four years.

text: Articles 163 and 154 of the Penal Code (Código Penal) deal with estupro and make it illegal to use deception (engaño) or to take advantage of one's superiority (superioridad) that arises from a relationship in order to gain sexual access to teenagers aged between 15 and 18.

text: ESTUPRO

text: Art. 163.- El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal mediante engaño, con persona mayor de quince años y menor de dieciocho años de edad, será sancionado con prisión de cuatro a diez años.[27]

text: Approximate translation: Art. 163. "Anyone who has vaginal or anal intercourse, by using deception, with a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age, shall be punished with imprisonment of four to ten years".

text: ESTUPRO POR PREVALIMIENTO

text: Art. 164.- El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con persona mayor de quince y menor dieciocho años de edad, prevaliéndose de la superioridad originada por cualquier relación, será sancionado con prisión de seis a doce años.[27]

text: Approximate translation: Art. 164. "Anyone who has vaginal or anal intercourse with a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age, relying on the superiority arising from any relationship, shall be punished with imprisonment from six to twelve years."

text: Greenland (Denmark)

text: The laws of Denmark, where applicable, apply.[29] See Ages of consent in Europe#Denmark.

text: Grenada

text: The age of consent in Grenada is 16. Penalties are 30 years' imprisonment if the victim is less than 14, and 15 years' imprisonment if the victim is 14 to 16 years of age.[30]

text: Guadeloupe (France)

text: Guatemala

text: In Guatemala, the age of consent is 18, regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender. The Law against Sexual Violence, Exploitation, and Trafficking in Persons was passed in February 2009, and provides sentences ranging from 13 to 24 years in prison, depending on the young persons age, for sex with a minor.[31]

text: Haiti

text: The age of consent in Haiti is 18.[32]

text: Honduras

text: Honduras, the age of consent is considered to be 14.[33]

text: Article 142. The stupor of a person older than fourteen (14) and under eighteen (18) years taking advantage of trust, hierarchy or authority, is punishable by six (6) to eight (8) years of imprisonment. When rape is committed by deception is punishable by five (5) to seven (7) years of imprisonment.

text: Article 143. The sexual intercourse with parents or children, brothers, or relationship between adopter and adopted, with stepparent, when the victim is over eighteen (18) years constitutes the crime of incest, will be punished with four (4) to six (6) years of imprisonment and shall proceed under complaint by the injured party or his legal representative. When the victim is older than fourteen (14) and under eighteen (18) years, the penalty shall be increased in a medium (1/2).

text: Article 144. Whoever for sexual character and by force, intimidation or deceit abducts or retains a person shall be punished by imprisonment of four (4) to six (6) years. When the victim of this crime is a person under eighteen (18) years of age, it is punishable with the penalty prescribed in the preceding paragraph increased by half (1/2).

text: Jamaica

text: In Jamaica the age of consent is 16.

text: "Above twelve (12) and under sixteen (16)", Article 50, Offences Against the Person

text: " Whosoever shall unlawfully and carnally know and abuse any girl being above the age of twelve (12) years and under the age of sixteen (16) years shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and being convicted thereof, shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years;[34]

text: Martinique (France)

text: Mexico

text: Legislative framework

text: In Mexico, criminal legislation is shared between the federal and state governments. The federal law establishes the age of 12 as the minimum age of consent, while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities is 18 (sex with someone 12-18 is not illegal per se, but can still be open to prosecution under certain circumstances). Local state laws may override the federal law. In practice, the decision as to whether or not to prosecute is left to state authorities regardless of the younger person's age. At state level, the minimum ages of consent vary between 12 (and puberty in a few states) and 15, while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities vary from 16 to 18 (most common 18).

text: "Estupro"

text: Estupro is a crime existing across Mexico, as well as in other Latin American jurisdictions. Although the definitions vary by state, it is usually defined as sexual conduct with a child who has reached the minimum age of consent but is under 18 (16 or 17 in some states) when the consent of the child is obtained by seduction and/or deceit. For instance the law of Aguascalientes reads: "El estupro consiste en realizar cópula con persona mayor de doce y menor de dieciséis años de edad, obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de seducción o engaño." (translation: Estupro consists in copulating with a person over twelve and under sixteen years old, obtaining his/her consent through seduction or deceit). Traditionally, estupro applied only to acts committed with a girl, and required "chastity" or "honesty" of the girl. The vast majority of Mexican states have modernized their laws by removing the requirement of "chastity" or "honesty" and by making the laws gender neutral. However, traditional laws still exist in some states: for instance, the law of Baja California reads: Al que realice cópula con mujer de catorce años de edad y menor de dieciocho, casta y honesta, obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de la seducción o el engaño (translation: "Whoever copulates with a chaste and honest female over fourteen and under eighteen years old, obtaining her consent through seduction or deceit"). Some states have removed the requirement of "chastity" or "honesty", but continue to define estupro as applicable only to girls. For instance, in Campeche the law states: Al que tenga cópula con mujer mayor de doce años pero menor de dieciocho, obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de la seducción o el engaño (translation: "Whoever copulates with a female over twelve and under eighteen years old, obtaining her consent through seduction or deceit"). The exact type of coercion that must be used varies by state, for example the Federal Law only makes reference to "deceit", omitting "seduction" (it reads: Al que tenga cópula con persona mayor de doce años y menor de dieciocho, obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de engaño, translation: "Whoever copulates with a person over twelve and under eighteen years old, obtaining his/her consent through deceit").[35][36]

text: Federal Law

text: Article 261 of the Federal Criminal Code (PDF) states that: "Whoever, without the purpose of reaching copulation, performs a sexual act in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason cannot resist, or demands that the act is performed, will be punished with a term of 2 to 5 years in prison". If the offender uses moral or physical violence, an extra half term is added to the initial time.

text: Article 266 refers to the previous article 265, which covers the rape of adults in general and establishes a term of 8 to 14 years in prison for sex obtained through physical or moral violence. Article 266 then states that: "It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty: (1st Clause) – who without violence performs a copulation with a person under 12". The 3rd Clause of this article punishes with the same penalties also "the vaginal or anal introduction of objects, without violence and with lascivious goals", in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the fact, or for any reason cannot resist. If any of the aforementioned acts is performed with physical or moral violence, the sentence is raised in up to a half.

text: A further article, 266 Bis, determines an extra penalty of up to a half under certain circumstances – (a) when there are multiple offenders; (b) when the offense is committed by a parent, legal guardian, stepfather or "companion" (amasio) of the mother; (c) when there is an abuse of authority of someone as a civil servant; (d) when the crime is committed by a person who has the minor under his or her custody, guard or education, or yet through the abuse of trust.

text: There is another crime in Article 262 for consented sex with adolescents aged 12 to 18, when consent is obtained through deceit. The penalty is 3 months to 4 years in prison. This crime, however, is prosecuted only through a complaint of the minor or his/her parents or legal guardians, as determined in Article 263.

text: Artículo 262 del Código Penal: " Al que tenga cópula con persona mayor de doce años y menor de dieciocho, obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de engaño, se le aplicará de tres meses a cuatro años de prisión."[37]

text: Translation: Article 262: "Whoever copulates with a person over twelve and under eighteen years old, obtaining his/her consent through deceit"

text: Article 201 prohibits the "corruption" of a minor under 16.[37]

text: Further reading:

text:
(PDF) Official version - Mexican Chamber of Deputies website. (in Spanish)
Copy in HTML/PDF, browsable by section (in Spanish)
Interpol website (in Spanish))

text: Local laws

text:
State
Minimum age of consent
(sex with persons under this age is always illegal)
Age at which there are no restrictions
(sex with persons below this age is not illegal per se, but it is still open to prosecution)
"Violación
equiparada"
"Estupro"

Aguascalientes
12
16
125
122

Baja California
14
18
177
182

Baja California Sur
12
18
286
290

Campeche
12
18
234[permanent dead link]
230[permanent dead link]

Chiapas
12
18
157 bis
155

Chihuahua
14
18
172[permanent dead link]
177[permanent dead link]

Coahuila
12
16
386
394

Colima
14
18
209
211

Distrito Federal
12
18
181 bis
180

Durango
14
18
394
388

Guanajuato
12
16
181
185

Guerrero
12
18
140
145

Hidalgo
12
18
180
185

Jalisco
12
18
176
142-I

México
15
18
273
271

Michoacán
12
16
240
243

Morelos
12
18
154
159

Nayarit
Puberty
18
260
258

Nuevo León
14
18
266
262

Oaxaca
12
18
247
243

Puebla
12
18
272[permanent dead link]
266[permanent dead link]

Querétaro
12
18
161
167

Quintana Roo
12
18
127
130

San Luis Potosí
12
16
152
149

Sinaloa
12
18
180
184

Sonora
12
18
219
215

Tabasco
12
17
150
153

Tamaulipas
12
18
275
270

Tlaxcala
14
18
221[permanent dead link]
291

Veracruz
14
16
182
185

Yucatán
13
16
315
311

Zacatecas
13
18
237
234

text: All Mexican states (as well as Mexico City) have corruption of minors statutes that can, upon complaint of the family (or minor), be used to punish sexual relations with persons under eighteen. Although actual prosecutions for violations of Corruption of Minors statutes (and age of consent statutes in general) tend to be sporadic, regional, and very situation dependent, many Mexican states nonetheless classify Corruption of Minors as a "Delito Grave" (Grave Crime) in their penal codes.

text: Additionally, all the states have "Estupro" laws that can, upon complaint of the family (or minor), be used to prosecute adults who engage in sexual intercourse with minors by seduction or deceit (the exact definitions of this crime vary by state, see section estupro, above).

text: In some Mexican jurisdictions prosecutors have chosen to prosecute consensual sexual activity involving adults and underage minors only upon complaint by the minor, or a custodial complaint.

text: Federal District

text: The age of consent in the Federal District (Mexico City) is 12, one of the lowest in the world, and the overall criminal legislation of Mexico's capital is close to that of the federal law regarding this subject, although tougher in some aspects – higher penalties and broader definitions.

text: According to the Estatuto del Gobierno del Distrito Federal (PDF)(in Spanish) (Government Statute of the Federal District), Article 42, Clause XII, the District's Legislative Assembly has powers to legislate in criminal law.

text: Article 175 of the Federal District Criminal Code refers to the previous Article 174, which stipulates a term of 6 to 17 years of prison for the rape of adults, while defining copulation as "the introduction of the penis in the human body through the vagina, anus or mouth". Article 175 (violación) then states that: "It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty:" (first clause) – "who performs a copulation with a person under 12 years of age or with a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason cannot resist"; the second clause defines whosoever "introduces in the vagina or anus any element, instrument or any part of the human body different from the penis" as having committed the same crime, in relation to these same persons.

text: Article 177 covers "sexual abuse" and punishes other acts referred as "unintentional" acts –"who without purpose of reaching copulation, performs a sexual act with a person under 12 or a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason cannot resist it, or that demands that such act is observed or performed, will be punished with 2 to 7 years in prison".

text: In both Articles (175 and 177), there is an extra half term in case of physical or moral violence. And according to Article 178, there is also a punishment of an extra two thirds of the term under the same circumstances foreseen in Article 266 Bis of the Federal Law (see above), added by two new circumstances – (clause V) when the victim is inside a private vehicle or a public service vehicle; and (clause VI) when the crime is committed in a desert or isolated place.

text: There is a crime called estupro stipulated in Article 180, which refers to consented sex with adolescents aged 12 to 18, when consent is obtained through any means of deceit. The penalty is 6 months to 4 years of prison. This crime needs a complaint (querella) to be prosecuted.

text: There is a Corruption of Minors statute (Article 184) that can be used to punish by imprisonment, for seven to twelve years, adults who engage in sexual relations with persons under eighteen. This situation exists all over Mexico, and can be prosecuted upon complaint of victim or the victim's family.

text: Montserrat (United Kingdom)

text: The age of consent in Montserrat is 16.[38]

text: Unlawful sexual intercourse with girl under age of sixteen

text: 121.(1) Subject to the provisions of the section, a man who has unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl above the age of thirteen and under the age of sixteen shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for two years.

text: (2) It is immaterial in the case of a charge for an offence under this section that the intercourse was had with the consent of the girl concerned.

text: Indecent assault on a woman

text: 122.(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, any man who makes an indecent assault on a woman shall be guilty of an offence and liable— (...)

text: (2) A girl under the age of sixteen years cannot in law give consent which would prevent an act being an assault for the purposes of this section.

text: Nicaragua

text: In Nicaragua, the age of consent is 18, although, in regard to young people 16-17, the law (Article 175) is not clear cut.

text: Article 170. Statutory rape[39]

text: Anyone who is married or in a stable de facto union or who is of age and who, without violence or intimidation, has or allows carnal access with a person aged between 14 and 16 shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of two to four years.

text: Article 175. Sexual exploitation, pornography and paid sexual acts with adolescents

text: Anyone who induces, provides, promotes or uses persons aged under 16 or a disabled person for sexual or erotic purposes, forcing them to witness or participate in an act or show in public or in private, even if the victim consents to witness or participate in such an act, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of five to seven years, or four to six years if the victim is aged between 16 and 18.

text: Article 168. Rape of children under the age of 14

text: Anyone who has or allows carnal access with a person aged under 14 or who, for sexual purposes, inserts or forces the victim to insert a finger, object or instrument, by way of the vagina, anus or mouth, with or without consent, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 12 to 15 years.

text: Article 172. Sexual abuse

text: Anyone who engages in lewd acts with or improper touching of another person, without their consent, (...)

text: In no circumstances shall the victim be considered to have given consent if the victim is under the age of 14 or has a mental disability or illness.

text: Panama

text: In Panama, the age of consent is in general 18, although sexual conduct with children aged 14 to 18 is not always illegal.[40]

text: Artículo 176. Quien, valiéndose de una condición de ventaja, logre acceso sexual con persona mayor de catorce años y menor de dieciocho, aunque medie consentimiento, será sancionado con prisión de dos a cuatro años

text: Translation: Article 176. Whoever, using a condition of advantage, achieves sexual intercourse with a person over fourteen and under eighteen, even with consent, shall be punished with imprisonment from two to four years

text: This does not apply if the age difference is less than 5-years and the partners are in a stable couple relationship.

text: No se aplicarán las sanciones señaladas en este artículo cuando entre la víctima y el agente exista una relación de pareja permanente debidamente comprobada y siempre que la diferencia de edad no supere los cinco años.

text: Translation: The sanctions provided in this article do not apply if there is a couple relationship duly established between the victim and the agent, and the age difference does not exceed five years.

text: Puerto Rico (United States)

text: The age of consent in Puerto Rico is 16. There is a 4-year close-in-age exception subject to a minimum age of 14.[41]

text: Article 130.- Sexual Assault.- Any person who performs sexual penetration, whether an orogenital act or vaginal or anal sex penetration, whether genital, digital, or instrumental ... shall be punished...when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen (16) years, except when the victim is over fourteen (14) years old and the age difference between the victim and the accused is four (4) years or less.

text: Article 133.- Lewd Acts.- Any person who, without the intention to consummate the crime of sexual assault described in Article 130, subjects another person to an act that tends to awaken, excite or satisfy the sexual passion or desire of the accused ... shall be punished ... when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen (16) years at the time of the act.

text: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The age of consent in Saint Kitts and Nevis is 16.[42]

text: Saint Lucia

text: The age of consent in Saint Lucia is 16.[43]

text: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

text: The age of consent in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is 15.[44] The penalty for statutory rape of a girl over 13 but under 15 is five years' imprisonment; under 13 it is life imprisonment.[45]

text: Sint Maarten (Netherlands)

text: The age of consent in Sint Maarten is 15, as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles (which Sint Maarten did not change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles), Articles 251, which reads:

text: Art 251: 1. "A person who, out of wedlock, with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen, performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years".[24]

text: Prosecution for the violation of the above article only takes place upon a "complaint" by the minor, his parents, teacher, or the guardianship board (Art 251, 2. 3. 4.)[46]

text: Trinidad and Tobago

text: The age of consent in Trinidad and Tobago is 18, as per the Children Act, 2012.[47] It was raised from 16 to 18 in 2015.[48]

text: The Children Act, 2012 defines a "child" as "a person under the age of eighteen years".

text: 18. Subject to section 20, a person who sexually penetrates a child commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life.

text: 19. (1) Subject to section 20, where a person touches a child and– (a) the touching is sexual; and (b) the child is under sixteen years of age, the person commits an offence.

text: (2) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is liable– (a) on summary conviction, to a fine of fifty thousand dollars and to imprisonment for ten years; or (b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for twenty years. (3) Where a person commits an offence under subsection (1), and the touching involves the placing of any body part or of an object onto the penis or bodily orifice of a child, that person is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life.

text: Three close-in-age exemptions exist, as per section 20:

text: 20. (1) A person sixteen years of age or over but under twenty-one years of age is not liable under section 18 if– (a) he is less than three years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence; (b) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child; (c) he is not of the same sex as the child; and (d) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation, coercion, threat, deception, grooming or manipulation in the relationship.

text: (2) A person fourteen years of age or over but under sixteen years of age is not liable under section 18 or 19 if– (a) he is less than two years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence; (b) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child; (c) he is not of the same sex as the child; and (d) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation, coercion, threat, deception, grooming or manipulation in the relationship.

text: (3) A person twelve years of age or over but under fourteen years of age is not liable under section 18 or 19 if– (a) he is less than two years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence; (b) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child; (c) he is not of the same sex as the child; and (d) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation, coercion, threat, deception, grooming or manipulation in the relationship.

text: United States

text: In the United States, the age of consent laws are made at the state, territorial, and federal district levels. There exist several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators, but none of them imposes an age limit on sexual acts. On 26 June 2003, both heterosexual and homosexual sodomy became legal in all U.S. states, territories, and the federal district under the U.S. Supreme Court decision Lawrence v. Texas[49] (between non-commercial, consenting adults in a private bedroom). In State v. Limon (2005), the Kansas Supreme Court used Lawrence as a precedent to overturn the state's "Romeo and Juliet" law, which proscribed lesser penalties for heterosexuals than homosexuals convicted of similar age of consent related offenses.[50]

text: Each U.S. state (and the District of Columbia) has its own age of consent. Currently state laws set the age of consent at 16, 17, or 18. The most common age is 16.[51]

text: Virgin Islands (United States)

text: The age of consent is 18. There is however a close-in-age exemption that allows minors 16 and 17 years old to consent with someone no more than five years older than themselves and minors 13 to 15 years old to consent with one another, but not with anyone 16 or over.

text: Article § 1700. Aggravated rape in the first degree bans sexual intercourse or sodomy with a child under 13. Sexual acts with minors are aggravated by the use of force, intimidation, or the perpetrator's position of authority, and by the fact that the minor, being under 16 and not the perpetrator's spouse, is residing in the same household as the perpetrator.(see Article § 1700, Article § 1702, Article § 1708).

text: Other relevant articles of the criminal code are:

text: § 1702. Rape in the second degree

text: (a) Any person over 18 years of age who perpetrates under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree, an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is at least 16 years but less than 18 years of age, and the perpetrator is 5 years or older than the victim, is guilty of rape in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years.

text: § 1703. Rape in the third degree

text: Any person under 18 years of age but over 16 years of age who perpetrates an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is under 16 years of age but over 13 years of age, under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree, is guilty of rape in the third degree and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Family Division of the Superior Court

text: "Sexual contact", that is, non-penetrative sex, defined as "the intentional touching of a person's intimate parts, whether directly or through clothing, to arouse or to gratify the sexual desires of any person" is not permitted with children under 16, but a close-in-age exemption allows those aged at least 13 to engage in such acts with partners under 18.

text: § 1708. Unlawful sexual contact in the first degree

text: A person who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator's spouse— (..)(2) when the other person is under thirteen years of age;

text: § 1709. Unlawful sexual contact in the second degree

text: A person over eighteen years of age who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is over thirteen but under sixteen years of age is guilty of unlawful sexual contact in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year Paraphrasing Virgin Islands Code: V.I.C. § 1700-1709 Virgin Islands Code and appeals records Francis vs. VI NOTE: "mistake of fact as to the victim's age is not a defense".


document_title: List of Dancing with the Stars (U.S.) competitors

question_text: who was the youngest contestant on dancing with the stars

root

text: Dancing with the Stars is an American reality television show in which celebrity contestants and professional dance partners compete to be the best dancers, as determined by the show's judges and public voting. The series first broadcast in the 2005, and twenty-five complete seasons have aired on ABC through Fall 2017. During each season, competitors are progressively eliminated on the basis of public voting and scores received from the judges until only a few contestants remain. These finalists participate in a finale, from which a winner is determined.[1] Celebrities appearing on Dancing with the Stars include "actors, singers, comedians, musicians, entrepreneurs, athletes, reality stars, journalists, internet personalities, newsmakers, and where-are-they-now personalities".[2]

tag: p

text: As of season 25, 286 celebrities have competed. Seven of those withdrew from the competition: Sara Evans of season three left the show to "give her family full attention" after filing for divorce; Misty May-Treanor of season seven was forced to pull out after an ankle injury; Tom DeLay of season nine reportedly withdrew "due to stress fractures in both of his feet"; Dorothy Hamill of season sixteen withdrew due to a previous injury that was unrelated to the competition; Billy Dee Williams of season eighteen quit due to a back injury; Kim Zolciak-Biermann of season twenty-one was forced to withdraw after suffering a mini-stroke, which prevented her from flying to California; and Tamar Braxton of season twenty-one withdrew due to pulmonary embolisms in her lungs.[3][4][5] At age 14, actress Willow Shields of season twenty was the youngest contestant to compete on the show. At age 82, actress Cloris Leachman of season seven was the oldest contestant to compete on the show.[6] At age 51, singer Donny Osmond of season nine was the oldest contestant to win the competition.[7] At age 16 years, Laurie Hernandez of season twenty-three was the youngest contestant to win. The first (and, as of now, only) contestant to pass away after appearing on the show is Florence Henderson of season eleven, who died in November 2016, six years after her participation. Forty-four professional dancers have partnered with the celebrities. The twenty-five winners of the show, in chronological order, are Kelly Monaco, Drew Lachey, Emmitt Smith, Apolo Anton Ohno, Hélio Castroneves, Kristi Yamaguchi, Brooke Burke, Shawn Johnson, Donny Osmond, Nicole Scherzinger, Jennifer Grey, Hines Ward, J.R. Martinez, Donald Driver, Melissa Rycroft, Kellie Pickler, Amber Riley, Meryl Davis, Alfonso Ribeiro, Rumer Willis, Bindi Irwin, Nyle DiMarco, Laurie Hernandez, Rashad Jennings and Jordan Fisher. The fourteen professional partners who have won are Alec Mazo, Cheryl Burke (twice), Julianne Hough (twice), Mark Ballas (twice), Derek Hough (six times), Kym Johnson (twice), Karina Smirnoff, Peta Murgatroyd (twice), Tony Dovolani, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Witney Carson, Valentin Chmerkovskiy (twice), Emma Slater and Lindsay Arnold.

text: Competitors[edit]

text: In the following list, the winner of each season is shown in gold, second place in silver and third place in bronze.

text:
Contents

Season: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25

tag: table

text:
Season
Celebrity
Professional partner
Finish

1
Sutter, TristaTrista Sutter
van Amstel, LouisLouis van Amstel
06 !6th

Holyfield, EvanderEvander Holyfield
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
05 !5th

Hunter, RachelRachel Hunter
Roberts, JonathanJonathan Roberts
04 !4th

McIntyre, JoeyJoey McIntyre
DelGrosso, AshlyAshly DelGrosso
03 !3rd

O'Hurley, JohnJohn O'Hurley
Jørgensen, CharlotteCharlotte Jørgensen
02 !2nd

Monaco, KellyKelly Monaco
Mazo, AlecAlec Mazo
01 !1st

2
Mayne, KennyKenny Mayne
Hale, AndreaAndrea Hale
10 !10th

O'Neal, TatumTatum O'Neal
Kosovich, NickNick Kosovich
09 !9th

Fernandez, GiselleGiselle Fernandez
Roberts, JonathanJonathan Roberts
08 !8th

Master P
DelGrosso, AshlyAshly DelGrosso
07 !7th

Carrere, TiaTia Carrere
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
06 !6th

Hamilton, GeorgeGeorge Hamilton
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
05 !5th

Rinna, LisaLisa Rinna
van Amstel, LouisLouis van Amstel
04 !4th

Keibler, StacyStacy Keibler
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
03 !3rd

Rice, JerryJerry Rice
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
02 !2nd

Lachey, DrewDrew Lachey
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
01 !1st

3
Carlson, TuckerTucker Carlson
Grinenko, ElenaElena Grinenko
11 !11th

Moakler, ShannaShanna Moakler
DeSoto, JesseJesse DeSoto
10 !10th

Hamlin, HarryHarry Hamlin
DelGrosso, AshlyAshly DelGrosso
09 !9th

Fox, Vivica A.Vivica A. Fox
Kosovich, NickNick Kosovich
08 !8th

Ford, WillaWilla Ford
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
07 !7th

Evans, SaraSara Evans
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
06 !6th*

Springer, JerryJerry Springer
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
05 !5th

Coleman, MoniqueMonique Coleman
van Amstel, LouisLouis van Amstel
04 !4th

Lawrence, JoeyJoey Lawrence
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
03 !3rd

Lopez, MarioMario Lopez
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
02 !2nd

Smith, EmmittEmmitt Smith
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
01 !1st

4
Porizkova, PaulinaPaulina Porizkova
Mazo, AlecAlec Mazo
11 !11th

Finnessey, ShandiShandi Finnessey
Fortuna, BrianBrian Fortuna
10 !10th

Gibbons, LeezaLeeza Gibbons
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
09 !9th

Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler
Grinenko, ElenaElena Grinenko
08 !8th

Mills, HeatherHeather Mills
Roberts, JonathanJonathan Roberts
07 !7th

Ratzenberger, JohnJohn Ratzenberger
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
06 !6th

Cyrus, Billy RayBilly Ray Cyrus
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
05 !5th

Ziering, IanIan Ziering
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
04 !4th

Ali, LailaLaila Ali
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
03 !3rd

Fatone, JoeyJoey Fatone
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
02 !2nd

Ohno, Apolo AntonApolo Anton Ohno
Hough, JulianneJulianne Hough
01 !1st

5
Maran, JosieJosie Maran
Mazo, AlecAlec Mazo
12 !12th

Reed, AlbertAlbert Reed
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
11 !11th

Newton, WayneWayne Newton
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
10 !10th

Mayweather, FloydFloyd Mayweather
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
09 !9th

Cuban, MarkMark Cuban
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
08 !8th

Bryan, SabrinaSabrina Bryan
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
07 !7th

Seymour, JaneJane Seymour
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
06 !6th

Mathison, CameronCameron Mathison
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
05 !5th

Garth, JennieJennie Garth
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
04 !4th

Osmond, MarieMarie Osmond
Roberts, JonathanJonathan Roberts
03 !3rd

Mel B
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
02 !2nd

Castroneves, HélioHélio Castroneves
Hough, JulianneJulianne Hough
01 !1st

6
Jillette, PennPenn Jillette
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
12 !12th

Seles, MonicaMonica Seles
Roberts, JonathanJonathan Roberts
11 !11th

Guttenberg, SteveSteve Guttenberg
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
10 !10th

Carolla, AdamAdam Carolla
Hough, JulianneJulianne Hough
09 !9th

Presley, PriscillaPriscilla Presley
van Amstel, LouisLouis van Amstel
08 !8th

Matlin, MarleeMarlee Matlin
Sanchez, FabianFabian Sanchez
07 !7th

Elizabeth, ShannonShannon Elizabeth
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
06 !6th

Mario
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
05 !5th

Winokur, Marissa JaretMarissa Jaret Winokur
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
04 !4th

de la Fuente, CristiánCristián de la Fuente
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
03 !3rd

Taylor, JasonJason Taylor
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
02 !2nd

Yamaguchi, KristiKristi Yamaguchi
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
01 !1st

7
Ross, JeffreyJeffrey Ross
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
13 !13th

McGinley, TedTed McGinley
Brayer, InnaInna Brayer
12 !12th

Kardashian, KimKim Kardashian
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
11 !11th

May-Treanor, MistyMisty May-Treanor
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
10 !10th*

DiSpirito, RoccoRocco DiSpirito
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
09 !9th

Braxton, ToniToni Braxton
Mazo, AlecAlec Mazo
08 !8th

Leachman, ClorisCloris Leachman
Ballas, CorkyCorky Ballas
07 !7th

Lucci, SusanSusan Lucci
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
06 !6th

Greene, MauriceMaurice Greene
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
05 !5th

Linley, CodyCody Linley
Hough, JulianneJulianne Hough
04 !4th

Bass, LanceLance Bass
Schwimmer, LaceyLacey Schwimmer
03 !3rd

Sapp, WarrenWarren Sapp
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
02 !2nd

Burke, BrookeBrooke Burke
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
01 !1st

8
Carlisle, BelindaBelinda Carlisle
Roberts, JonathanJonathan Roberts
13 !13th

Richards, DeniseDenise Richards
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
12 !12th

Madison, HollyHolly Madison
Chaplin, DmitryDmitry Chaplin
11 !11th

Wozniak, SteveSteve Wozniak
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
10 !10th

Grier, David AlanDavid Alan Grier
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
09 !9th

Steve-O
Schwimmer, LaceyLacey Schwimmer
08 !8th

Taylor, LawrenceLawrence Taylor
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
07 !7th

Wicks, ChuckChuck Wicks
Hough, JulianneJulianne Hough
06 !6th

Lil' Kim
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
05 !5th

Murray, TyTy Murray
Hightower, ChelsieChelsie Hightower
04 !4th

Rycroft, MelissaMelissa Rycroft
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
03 !3rd

Marini, GillesGilles Marini
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
02 !2nd

Johnson, ShawnShawn Johnson
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
01 !1st

9
Hamilton, AshleyAshley Hamilton
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
16 !16th

Gray, MacyMacy Gray
Roberts, JonathanJonathan Roberts
15 !15th

Ireland, KathyKathy Ireland
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
14 !14th

DeLay, TomTom DeLay
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
13 !13th*

Mazar, DebiDebi Mazar
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
12 !12th

Liddell, ChuckChuck Liddell
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
11 !11th

Coughlin, NatalieNatalie Coughlin
Mazo, AlecAlec Mazo
10 !10th

Hart, Melissa JoanMelissa Joan Hart
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
09 !9th

Vito, LouieLouie Vito
Hightower, ChelsieChelsie Hightower
08 !8th

Irvin, MichaelMichael Irvin
Demidova, AnnaAnna Demidova
07 !7th

Dacascos, MarkMark Dacascos
Schwimmer, LaceyLacey Schwimmer
06 !6th

Carter, AaronAaron Carter
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
05 !5th

Krupa, JoannaJoanna Krupa
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
04 !4th

Osbourne, KellyKelly Osbourne
van Amstel, LouisLouis van Amstel
03 !3rd

Mýa
Chaplin, DmitryDmitry Chaplin
02 !2nd

Osmond, DonnyDonny Osmond
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
01 !1st

10
Doherty, ShannenShannen Doherty
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
11 !11th

Aldrin, BuzzBuzz Aldrin
DelGrosso-Costa, AshlyAshly DelGrosso-Costa
10 !10th

Turner, AidenAiden Turner
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
09 !9th

Gosselin, KateKate Gosselin
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
08 !8th

Pavelka, JakeJake Pavelka
Hightower, ChelsieChelsie Hightower
07 !7th

Anderson, PamelaPamela Anderson
Whitewood, DamianDamian Whitewood
06 !6th

Nash, NiecyNiecy Nash
van Amstel, LouisLouis van Amstel
05 !5th

Ochocinco, ChadChad Ochocinco
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
04 !4th

Andrews, ErinErin Andrews
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
03 !3rd

Lysacek, EvanEvan Lysacek
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
02 !2nd

Scherzinger, NicoleNicole Scherzinger
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
01 !1st

11
Hasselhoff, DavidDavid Hasselhoff
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
12 !12th

Bolton, MichaelMichael Bolton
Hightower, ChelsieChelsie Hightower
11 !11th

Cho, MargaretMargaret Cho
van Amstel, LouisLouis van Amstel
10 !10th

Sorrentino, Michael "The Situation"Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
09 !9th

Henderson, FlorenceFlorence Henderson
Ballas, CorkyCorky Ballas
08 !8th

Patridge, AudrinaAudrina Patridge
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
07 !7th

Fox, RickRick Fox
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
06 !6th

Warner, KurtKurt Warner
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
05 !5th

Brandy, Brandy
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
04 !4th

Palin, BristolBristol Palin
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
03 !3rd

Massey, KyleKyle Massey
Schwimmer, LaceyLacey Schwimmer
02 !2nd

Grey, JenniferJennifer Grey
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
01 !1st

12
Catherwood, MikeMike Catherwood
Schwimmer, LaceyLacey Schwimmer
11 !11th

Williams, WendyWendy Williams
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
10 !10th

Leonard, Sugar RaySugar Ray Leonard
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
09 !9th

Nemcova, PetraPetra Nemcova
Chaplin, DmitryDmitry Chaplin
08 !8th

Jericho, ChrisChris Jericho
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
07 !7th

Wilkinson, KendraKendra Wilkinson
van Amstel, LouisLouis van Amstel
06 !6th

Romeo, Romeo
Hightower, ChelsieChelsie Hightower
05 !5th

Macchio, RalphRalph Macchio
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
04 !4th

Kane, ChelseaChelsea Kane
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
03 !3rd

Alley, KirstieKirstie Alley
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
02 !2nd

Ward, HinesHines Ward
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
01 !1st

13
Metta World Peace
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd
12 !12th

Canalis, ElisabettaElisabetta Canalis
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
11 !11th

Cavallari, KristinKristin Cavallari
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
10 !10th

Phillips, ChynnaChynna Phillips
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
09 !9th

Kressley, CarsonCarson Kressley
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
08 !8th

Bono, ChazChaz Bono
Schwimmer, LaceyLacey Schwimmer
07 !7th

Arquette, DavidDavid Arquette
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
06 !6th

Grace, NancyNancy Grace
MacManus, TristanTristan MacManus
05 !5th

Solo, HopeHope Solo
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
04 !4th

Lake, RickiRicki Lake
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
03 !3rd

Kardashian, RobRob Kardashian
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
02 !2nd

Martinez, J.R.J.R. Martinez
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
01 !1st

14
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
12 !12th

Wagner, JackJack Wagner
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
11 !11th

Shepherd, SherriSherri Shepherd
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
10 !10th

DeGraw, GavinGavin DeGraw
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
09 !9th

Knight, GladysGladys Knight
MacManus, TristanTristan MacManus
08 !8th

White, JaleelJaleel White
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
07 !7th

Fegan, RoshonRoshon Fegan
Hightower, ChelsieChelsie Hightower
06 !6th

Gilbert, MelissaMelissa Gilbert
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
05 !5th

Menounos, MariaMaria Menounos
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
04 !4th

Levy, WilliamWilliam Levy
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
03 !3rd

Jenkins, KatherineKatherine Jenkins
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
02 !2nd

Driver, DonaldDonald Driver
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd
01 !1st

15
(All-Stars)
Anderson, PamelaPamela Anderson
MacManus, TristanTristan MacManus
13 !13th

Fatone, JoeyJoey Fatone
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
12 !12th

Lachey, DrewDrew Lachey
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
11 !11th

Castroneves, HélioHélio Castroneves
Hightower, ChelsieChelsie Hightower
10 !10th

Palin, BristolBristol Palin
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
09 !9th

Bryan, SabrinaSabrina Bryan
van Amstel, LouisLouis van Amstel
08 !8th

Alley, KirstieKirstie Alley
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
07 !7th

Marini, GillesGilles Marini
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd
06 !6th

Ohno, Apolo AntonApolo Anton Ohno
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
05 !5th

Smith, EmmittEmmitt Smith
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
04 !4th

Monaco, KellyKelly Monaco
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
03 !3rd

Johnson, ShawnShawn Johnson
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
02 !2nd

Rycroft, MelissaMelissa Rycroft
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
01 !1st

16
Hamill, DorothyDorothy Hamill
MacManus, TristanTristan MacManus
12 !12th*

Judd, WynonnaWynonna Judd
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
11 !11th

Vanderpump, LisaLisa Vanderpump
Savchenko, GlebGleb Savchenko
10 !10th

Hughley, D.L.D.L. Hughley
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
09 !9th

Ortiz, VictorVictor Ortiz
Arnold, LindsayLindsay Arnold
08 !8th

Dick, AndyAndy Dick
Burgess, SharnaSharna Burgess
07 !7th

Lowe, SeanSean Lowe
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd
06 !6th

Rademacher, IngoIngo Rademacher
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
05 !5th

Raisman, AlexandraAlexandra Raisman
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
04 !4th

Jones, JacobyJacoby Jones
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
03 !3rd

Zendaya, Zendaya
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
02 !2nd

Pickler, KellieKellie Pickler
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
01 !1st

17
Johnson, KeyshawnKeyshawn Johnson
Burgess, SharnaSharna Burgess
12 !12th

Nye, BillBill Nye
Stecklein, TyneTyne Stecklein
11 !11th

Harper, ValerieValerie Harper
MacManus, TristanTristan MacManus
10 !10th

Milian, ChristinaChristina Milian
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
09 !9th

Polizzi, Nicole "Snooki"Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi
Farber, SashaSasha Farber
08 !8th

Daugherty, BrantBrant Daugherty
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd
07 !7th

Berkley-Lauren, ElizabethElizabeth Berkley-Lauren
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
06 !6th

Remini, LeahLeah Remini
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
05 !5th

Engvall, BillBill Engvall
Slater, EmmaEmma Slater
04 !4th

Osbourne, JackJack Osbourne
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
03 !3rd

Bleu, CorbinCorbin Bleu
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
02 !2nd

Riley, AmberAmber Riley
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
01 !1st

18
Nyad, DianaDiana Nyad
Byalikov, HenryHenry Byalikov
12 !12th

Avery, SeanSean Avery
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
11 !11th

Williams, Billy DeeBilly Dee Williams
Slater, EmmaEmma Slater
10 !10th*

Simpson, CodyCody Simpson
Carson, WitneyWitney Carson
09 !9th

Carey, DrewDrew Carey
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
08 !8th

Leakes, NeNeNeNe Leakes
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
07 !7th

McKellar, DanicaDanica McKellar
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
06 !6th

White, CharlieCharlie White
Burgess, SharnaSharna Burgess
05 !5th

Maslow, JamesJames Maslow
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd
04 !4th

Bure, Candace CameronCandace Cameron Bure
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
03 !3rd

Purdy, AmyAmy Purdy
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
02 !2nd

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
01 !1st

19
Jones, LoloLolo Jones
Motsepe, KeoikantseKeoikantse Motsepe
13 !13th

Smiley, TavisTavis Smiley
Burgess, SharnaSharna Burgess
12 !12th

Couture, RandyRandy Couture
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
11 !11th

Johnson, BetseyBetsey Johnson
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
10 !10th

Bennett, JonathanJonathan Bennett
Holker, AllisonAllison Holker
09 !9th

Sabàto, Jr., AntonioAntonio Sabàto, Jr.
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
08 !8th

Waltrip, MichaelMichael Waltrip
Slater, EmmaEmma Slater
07 !7th

Thompson, LeaLea Thompson
Chigvintsev, ArtemArtem Chigvintsev
06 !6th

Chong, TommyTommy Chong
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd
05 !5th

Mota, BethanyBethany Mota
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
04 !4th

Parrish, JanelJanel Parrish
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
03 !3rd

Robertson, SadieSadie Robertson
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
02 !2nd

Ribeiro, AlfonsoAlfonso Ribeiro
Carson, WitneyWitney Carson
01 !1st

20
Redfoo
Slater, EmmaEmma Slater
12 !12th

McKinney, CharlotteCharlotte McKinney
Motsepe, KeoikantseKeoikantse Motsepe
11 !11th

Sam, MichaelMichael Sam
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd
10 !10th

Somers, SuzanneSuzanne Somers
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
09 !9th

LaBelle, PattiPatti LaBelle
Chigvintsev, ArtemArtem Chigvintsev
08 !8th

Shields, WillowWillow Shields
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
07 !7th

Herjavec, RobertRobert Herjavec
Johnson, KymKym Johnson
06 !6th

Soules, ChrisChris Soules
Carson, WitneyWitney Carson
05 !5th

Liukin, NastiaNastia Liukin
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
04 !4th

Galloway, NoahNoah Galloway
Burgess, SharnaSharna Burgess
03 !3rd

Lynch, RikerRiker Lynch
Holker, AllisonAllison Holker
02 !2nd

Willis, RumerRumer Willis
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
01 !1st

21
Khan, ChakaChaka Khan
Motsepe, KeoikantseKeoikantse Motsepe
13 !13th

Espinoza, VictorVictor Espinoza
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
12 !12th

Zolciak-Biermann, KimKim Zolciak-Biermann
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
11 !11th*

Busey, GaryGary Busey
Trebunskaya, AnnaAnna Trebunskaya
10 !10th

Deen, PaulaPaula Deen
van Amstel, LouisLouis van Amstel
09 !9th

Grier, HayesHayes Grier
Slater, EmmaEmma Slater
08 !8th

Grammer, AndyAndy Grammer
Holker, AllisonAllison Holker
07 !7th

PenaVega, AlexaAlexa PenaVega
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
06 !6th

Braxton, TamarTamar Braxton
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
05 !5th*

PenaVega, CarlosCarlos PenaVega
Carson, WitneyWitney Carson
04 !4th

Skarlatos, AlekAlek Skarlatos
Arnold, LindsayLindsay Arnold
03 !3rd

Carter, NickNick Carter
Burgess, SharnaSharna Burgess
02 !2nd

Irwin, BindiBindi Irwin
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
01 !1st

 22
Rivera, GeraldoGeraldo Rivera
Śliwińska, EdytaEdyta Śliwińska
12 !12th

Barton, MischaMischa Barton
Chigvintsev, ArtemArtem Chigvintsev
11 !11th

Maples, MarlaMarla Maples
Dovolani, TonyTony Dovolani
10 !10th

Flutie, DougDoug Flutie
Smirnoff, KarinaKarina Smirnoff
09 !9th

Fields, KimKim Fields
Farber, SashaSasha Farber
07 !7th

Miller, VonVon Miller
Carson, WitneyWitney Carson

Sweetin, JodieJodie Sweetin
Motsepe, KeoikantseKeoikantse Motsepe
06 !6th

Brown, AntonioAntonio Brown
Burgess, SharnaSharna Burgess
04 !4th

Morris, WanyáWanyá Morris
Arnold, LindsayLindsay Arnold

Zee, GingerGinger Zee
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
03 !3rd

VanZant, PaigePaige VanZant
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
02 !2nd

DiMarco, NyleNyle DiMarco
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd
01 !1st

 23
Austin, Jake T.Jake T. Austin
Johnson, JennaJenna Johnson
13 !13th

Perry, RickRick Perry
Slater, EmmaEmma Slater
12 !12th

Edmonds, Kenny "Babyface"Kenny "Babyface" Edmonds
Holker, AllisonAllison Holker
11 !11th

Vanilla Ice
Carson, WitneyWitney Carson
10 !10th

Rose, AmberAmber Rose
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
09 !9th

McCormick, MaureenMaureen McCormick
Chigvintsev, ArtemArtem Chigvintsev
08 !8th

Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
07 !7th

Henner, MariluMarilu Henner
Hough, DerekDerek Hough
06 !6th

Jolé, TerraTerra Jolé
Farber, SashaSasha Farber
05 !5th

Kramer, JanaJana Kramer
Savchenko, GlebGleb Savchenko
04 !4th

Johnson, Jr., CalvinCalvin Johnson, Jr.
Arnold, LindsayLindsay Arnold
03 !3rd

Hinchcliffe, JamesJames Hinchcliffe
Burgess, SharnaSharna Burgess
02 !2nd

Hernandez, LaurieLaurie Hernandez
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
01 !1st

 24
Kattan, ChrisChris Kattan
Carson, WitneyWitney Carson
12 !12th

Charo
Motsepe, KeoikantseKeoikantse Motsepe
11 !11th

Mr. T
Johnson-Herjavec, KymKym Johnson-Herjavec
10 !10th

Jayne, ErikaErika Jayne
Savchenko, GlebGleb Savchenko
09 !9th

Morris, HeatherHeather Morris
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy
08 !8th

Kerrigan, NancyNancy Kerrigan
Chigvintsev, ArtemArtem Chigvintsev
06 !6th

Viall, NickNick Viall
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd

Bolton, BonnerBonner Bolton
Burgess, SharnaSharna Burgess
05 !5th

Biles, SimoneSimone Biles
Farber, SashaSasha Farber
04 !4th

Kordei, NormaniNormani Kordei
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
03 !3rd

Ross, DavidDavid Ross
Arnold, LindsayLindsay Arnold
02 !2nd

Jennings, RashadRashad Jennings
Slater, EmmaEmma Slater
01 !1st

25
Corcoran, BarbaraBarbara Corcoran
Motsepe, KeoikantseKeoikantse Motsepe
13 !13th

Gibson, DebbieDebbie Gibson
Bersten, AlanAlan Bersten
12 !12th

Fisher, DerekDerek Fisher
Burgess, SharnaSharna Burgess
11 !11th

Pieterse, SashaSasha Pieterse
Savchenko, GlebGleb Savchenko
10 !10th

Lachey, NickNick Lachey
Murgatroyd, PetaPeta Murgatroyd
09 !9th

Bella, NikkiNikki Bella
Chigvintsev, ArtemArtem Chigvintsev
07 !7th

Lachey, VanessaVanessa Lachey
Chmerkovskiy, MaksimMaksim Chmerkovskiy

Owens, TerrellTerrell Owens
Burke, CherylCheryl Burke
06 !6th

Arlen, VictoriaVictoria Arlen
Chmerkovskiy, ValentinValentin Chmerkovskiy
05 !5th

Scott, DrewDrew Scott
Slater, EmmaEmma Slater
04 !4th

Muniz, FrankieFrankie Muniz
Carson, WitneyWitney Carson
03 !3rd

Stirling, LindseyLindsey Stirling
Ballas, MarkMark Ballas
02 !2nd

Fisher, JordanJordan Fisher
Arnold, LindsayLindsay Arnold
01 !1st

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Voting -- How It Works". American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Weber, Joseph (August 17, 2009). "Tom DeLay joins 'Dancing With the Stars'". The Washington Times. News World Communications. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Divorce Forces Sara Evans to Quit 'Dancing with the Stars'". Fox News Channel. October 13, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Reardanz, Karen (October 8, 2008). "Misty May-Treanor Has Surgery for Dance Injury". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rizzo, Monica (October 6, 2009). "Tom DeLay to Quit Dancing with the Stars". People. Time Inc. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Steve (August 25, 2008). "Cloris Leachman, 82, joins "Dancing with Stars"". Reuters. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "'Dancing With The Stars' crowns a winner". USA Today. Gannett Company. November 24, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2009.

tag: ol


document_title: Louisville and Nashville Railroad

question_text: who wrote the l and n don't stop here anymore

question_tokens: who wrote the l and n do n 't stop here anymore

text: Louisville and Nashville Railroad

text: Early history and Civil War[edit]

text: Its first line extended barely south of Louisville, Kentucky, and it took until 1859 to span the 180-odd miles (290 km) to its second namesake city of Nashville. There were about 250 miles (400 km) of track in the system by the outbreak of the Civil War, and its strategic location, spanning the Union/Confederate lines, made it of great interest to both governments.

text: During the Civil War, different parts of the network were pressed into service by both armies at various times, and considerable damage from wear, battle, and sabotage occurred. (For example, during the Battle of Lebanon in July 1863, the company's depot in Lebanon, Kentucky was used as a stronghold by outnumbered Union troops). However, the company benefited from being based in the Union state of Kentucky, and the fact that Nashville fell to Union forces within the first year of the war and remained in their hands for its duration. It profited from Northern haulage contracts for troops and supplies, paid in sound Federal greenbacks, as opposed to the rapidly depreciating Confederate dollars. After the war, other railroads in the South were devastated to the point of collapse, and the general economic depression meant that labor and materials to repair its roads could be had fairly cheaply.

text: Buoyed by these fortunate circumstances, the firm began an expansion that never really stopped. Within 30 years the network reached from Ohio and Missouri to Louisiana and Florida. By 1884, the firm had such importance that it was included in the Dow Jones Transportation Average, the first American stock market index. It was such a large customer of the Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works, the country's second largest locomotive maker, that in 1879 the firm presented L&N with a free locomotive as a thank-you bonus.

text: Coal and capital in the Gilded Age[edit]

text: Since all locomotives of the time were steam-powered, many railroads had favored coal as their engines' fuel source after wood-burning models were found unsatisfactory. The L&N guaranteed not only its own fuel sources but a steady revenue stream by pushing its lines into the difficult but coal-rich terrain of eastern Kentucky, and also well into northern Alabama. There the small town of Birmingham had recently been founded amidst undeveloped deposits of coal, iron ore and limestone, the basic ingredients of steel production. The arrival of L&N transport and investment capital helped create a great industrial city and the South's first postwar urban success story. The railroad's access to good coal enabled it to claim for a few years starting in 1940 the nation's longest unrefuelled run, about 490 miles (790 km) from Louisville to Montgomery, Alabama.

text: In the Gilded Age of the late 19th century there were no such things as anti-trust or fair-competition laws and very little financial regulation. Business was a keen and mean affair, and the L&N was a formidable competitor. It would exclude upstarts like the Tennessee Central Railway Company from critical infrastructure like urban stations. Where that wasn't possible, as with the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway (which was older than the L&N), it simply used its financial muscle—in 1880 it acquired a controlling interest in its chief competitor. A public outcry convinced the L&N directors that there were limits to their power. They discreetly continued the NC&StL as a separate subsidiary, but now working with, instead of in competition with, the L&N.

text: Ironically, in 1902 financial speculations by financier J.P. Morgan delivered control of the L&N to its rival Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, but that company made no attempt to control L&N operations, and for many decades there were no consequences of this change.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: The World Wars brought heavy demand to the L&N. Its widespread and robust network coped well with the demands of war transport and production, and the resulting profits harked back to the boost it had received from the Civil War. In the postwar period, the line shifted gradually to diesel power, and the new streamlined engines pulled some of the most elegant passenger trains of the last great age of passenger rail, such as the Dixie Flyer, the Humming Bird, and the Pan-American.

text: Though well past its 100th anniversary, the line was still growing. In 1957, the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis was finally fully merged. In the 1960s, acquisitions in Illinois allowed a long-sought entry into the premier railroad nexus of Chicago, and some of the battered remains of the old rival, the Tennessee Central, were sold to the L&N as well.

text: In 1971 the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, successor to the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, purchased the remainder of the L&N shares it did not already own, and the company became a subsidiary. During this period, in common with other lines, the L&N was cutting back passenger service. Amtrak, the government-formed passenger railway service, took over the few remaining L&N passenger trains in 1971. In 1979, amid great lamentations in the press, it ceased passenger service to its namesake cities when Amtrak discontinued The Floridian, which had connected Louisville with Nashville, and to Florida via Birmingham.

text: By 1982 the railroad industry was consolidating quickly, and the Seaboard Coast Line absorbed the Louisville & Nashville Railroad entirely. The merged company was known as "SCL/L&N", "Family Lines," and was depicted as such on the railroad's rolling stock. During the next few years several smaller acquisitions resulted in the creation of the Seaboard System Railroad. Yet more consolidation was ahead, and in 1986, the Seaboard System merged into the C&O/B&O combined system known as the Chessie System. The combined company became CSX Transportation (CSX), which now owns and operates all of the former Louisville and Nashville lines.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: A number of historical groups and publications devoted to the line exist, and L&N equipment is well represented in the model railroading hobby. The L&N Railroad is also the subject of at least two songs, the 2003 Rhonda Vincent bluegrass song "Kentucky Borderline", and "The L&N Don't Stop Here Anymore" by Jean Ritchie and individually performed by Michelle Shocked, Johnny Cash and Kathy Mattea. Dutch blues/rockband The Bintangs had a hit in the Dutch charts in the late 1960s with "Ridin' on the L&N" (a cover from the Dan Burley / Lionel Hampton - composition from 1946. This composition also was covered by John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers.

text: In 1926 the L&N turned over approximately 137 acres[3] to the Kentucky State Park Commission, making possible the creation of the state's Natural Bridge State Park.

text:
Revenue Freight Ton-Miles (Millions)

L&N
NC&StL
LH&StL
Cumberland & Manchester

1925
12506
1306
410
4

1933
6871
851
(incl in L&N)
(into L&N)

1944
17398
2766

1956
15257
2073

1960
16455
(merged)

1970
30580

Totals do not include the Carrollton Railroad.

text: Passenger operations[edit]

text: The Humming Bird and Pan-American, both from Cincinnati to New Orleans and Memphis, were two of the L&N's most popular passenger trains that ran entirely on its own lines. However, the Humming Bird later added a Chicago to New Orleans section in conjunction with the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad utilizing the Georgian north of Nashville. (The Official Guide of the Railroads, February, 1952) The railroad also hosted other named trains, including:[citation needed]

text:
Azalean (Cincinnati - New Orleans) (had through Pullman Company Sleeping Cars between Cincinnati and New York over the Pennsylvania Railroad) ran combined with the Washington - Atlanta - New Orleans Express (New York - New Orleans in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Railroad, Southern Railway and the West Point Route); these trains combined south of Montgomery.
Pre-Amtrak Crescent (New York - New Orleans in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Railroad, Southern Railway and the West Point Route)
Dixie Flagler (Chicago - Miami in conjunction with the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and the Florida East Coast Railway)
Dixie Flyer and Dixie Limited (Chicago and St. Louis to Jacksonville in conjunction with the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, Central of Georgia Railway and the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad)
Dixieland (Chicago - Miami in conjunction with the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and the Florida East Coast Railway)
Dixiana (Chicago - Miami in conjunction with the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and the Florida East Coast Railway)
Flamingo (Cincinnati - Jacksonville in conjunction with the Central of Georgia Railway, Atlantic Coast Line)

tag: ul

text:
Georgian (Originally St. Louis - Atlanta, later changed to Chicago-Atlanta in conjunction with the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad and the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway)
Gulf Wind (New Orleans - Jacksonville in conjunction with the Seaboard Air Line Railroad)
Piedmont Limited (New York - New Orleans in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Railroad, Southern Railway and the West Point Route)
Southland (Detroit - Tampa and St. Petersburg in conjunction with the Wabash Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad, Central of Georgia Railway and the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad)
South Wind (Chicago - Miami in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Railroad, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and the Florida East Coast Railway)

text: The L&N was one of few railroads to discontinue a passenger train that was en route. On January 9, 1969, as soon as a judge lifted the injunction preventing its discontinuance, the L&N discontinued its southbound Humming Bird at Birmingham, in mid-run from Cincinnati to New Orleans. The 14 passengers continuing south did so by bus. (Ref: http://www.bhamwiki.com/w/L_%26_N_Station & Extra 2200 South: Passenger Train News, January, 1969 [Vol. 7 No. 7])

text: Lebanon Branch[edit]

text: Construction began on the Lebanon Branch in 1857. The line branched off the main line that went from Louisville to Nashville in Lebanon Junction. The Lebanon Branch switching on the main line in Lebanon Junction gave the town its name. The Lebanon Branch was 77 miles (124 km) across Kentucky from Lebanon Junction, Kentucky to Mt. Vernon, Kentucky, then on to Sinks, Kentucky. The line crossed through the towns Lebanon Junction, Boston, Nelsonville, Lyons Station, New Haven, New Hope, St. Fransic, Loretto, St. Mary's, Lebanon, Gravel Switch, Junction City, Crab Orchard, Mt. Vernon, and Sinks.

text: At first, the line was used during the Civil War hauling supplies, and troops. Later, the Greensburg Branch was built switching off the Lebanon Branch on the outskirts of Lebanon, making its way through Campbellsville, Kentucky, and on to the end of the line in Greensburg, Kentucky.

text: The Lebanon Branch had several trains traveling on it such as Lebanon's local trains Nos. 21 (southbound) and 22 (northbound), along with the mail and express train, the Flamingo, and freight trains. The line stayed this way until passenger service ended in the 1950s. After this, freight trains occupied the line with coal trains from the Appalachian Mountains in eastern Kentucky. The line continued under this operation until the 1980s, when the Lebanon Branch and the rest of the L&N system came under control of the Seaboard System Railroad. The L&N and Seaboard merged, and later, Seaboard and the Chessie System merged to create CSX. With multiple branch lines through the area, the decision was made that the Lebanon Branch was to be abandoned and taken up.

text: In 1991 the last train came through Lebanon. A portion of the Lebanon Branch was removed a few months later between Mt. Vernon to New Hope. A portion of the branch from Mt. Vernon to Sinks was saved by CSX and is still in use today for small local freight trains, as well as a portion of the branch from Boston to Lebanon Junction.

text: The portion of the branch from New Hope to Lebanon Junction is preserved by the Kentucky Railway Museum, which purchased the line from New Hope to Boston. The Kentucky Railway Museum operates passenger trains for tourists and visitors from their headquarters in New Haven to Boston (about eleven miles or eighteen kilometers). The museum hauls three to seven passenger cars with their steam locomotive, L&N 152, or one of the historical diesels like the Monon BL-2 No. 32 or ex-Santa Fe CF-7 No. 2546.

text: Preservation[edit]

text: There are several preservation organizations of L&N equipment and L&N lines, such as the Kentucky Railway Museum, The Historic Railpark and Train Museum in Bowling Green, Kentucky, and the L&N Historic Society.

text: The city of Atlanta, Georgia is home to the General and the Texas, two 4-4-0 locomotives originally built for the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which was later leased to L&N predecessor Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis. The lease of the W&A was passed to, and renewed by L&N and its successors. The General and the Texas became famous for being participants in The Great Locomotive Chase during the Civil War. The General had been placed on display in the railroad's Union Depot in Chattanooga in 1901. In 1957, the L&N removed the engine and restored it to operating condition. The engine pulled the railroad's wooden center-door Jim Crow combine coach No. 665 as it traveled throughout the eastern U.S. as part of the observance of the Civil War Centennial, including a visit to the 1964 New York World's Fair. Between 1966 and 1971, a legal battle ensued between the railroad and the city of Chattanooga as the former had planned to send the engine to Georgia, while the latter claimed to be the owners of the engine. After the dispute was settled, the engine was formally presented to the state of Georgia in 1971. The engine currently resides at the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History in Kennesaw, Georgia, while the Texas is currently at the North Carolina Transportation Museum in Spencer, North Carolina undergoing restoration for inclusion into an addition to house it and the cyclorama painting of the battle of Atlanta. The Texas should return to Georgia in late 2016.

text: The Kentucky Railway Museum consists of many pieces of L&N equipment, as well as a portion of the Lebanon Branch. The museum owns the following L&N equipment: K2A Light Pacific 4-6-2 No. 152, a steam locomotive; heavyweight coaches Nos. 2572 and 2554; an observation car; heavyweight combine No. 1603; combine coach No. 665; sleeper the Pearl River, the Pullman coach Mt. Broderick which was used by the L&N; several baggage cars; a steam-powered crane, and E-6 diesel locomotive No. 770. All of the last seven pieces of equipment listed need resortation.

text: The Historic Railpark and Train Museum owns or operates several pieces of L&N equipment, including an E-8 diesel locomotive, a Railway Post Office car, dining car No. 2799, a sleeping car, an observation car, along with a Jim Crow combine in need of major overhaul 4 The 1st Break in Run on The Head of a Freight Train When The All Aboard! All Aboard! Call From Michael W. The CSX Railroad Conductor as C&O 2716 Sings out a great Big We're Ready to Roll, & all Aboard! Let's go from its Whistle.

text: There are several other museums that own L&N equipment, including the Bluegrass Railroad Museum.

text: The Wilderness Road Trail is a rail trail built on the ROW from Cumberland Gap National Historical Park to Ewing, VA.