document_title: Small forward

question_text: what should a small forward be good at

question_tokens: what should a small forward be good at

root

text: Small forward

text:
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tag: table

text: The small forward (SF), also known as the three, is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game. Small forwards are typically somewhat shorter, quicker, and leaner than power forwards and centers, but on occasion are just as tall.

tag: p

text: The small forward position is considered to be perhaps the most versatile of the five main basketball positions.[1] In the NBA, small forwards usually range from 6' 6" (1.98 m) to 6' 9" (2.06 m) and 5' 11" (1.80 m) to 6' 2" (1.88 m) in the WNBA. The ideal position for a small forward would be between the key and three-point line.

text: Small forwards are primarily responsible for scoring points, defending and also often as secondary or tertiary rebounders behind the power forward and center, although a few, such as LeBron James, have considerable passing responsibilities. Many small forwards in professional basketball, however, are prolific scorers.

text: The styles with which small forwards amass their points vary widely, as some players at the position, such as Golden State Warriors' Kevin Durant are very accurate straight up shooters, while others such as Metta World Peace (formerly Ron Artest), Gerald Wallace, and Jerome Kersey prefer to "bang inside", initiate or not shy away from physical contact with opposing players, while others are primarily slashers such as Carmelo Anthony and LeBron James who also possess jumpshots.

text: One common thread among all kinds of small forwards is an ability to "get to the line", that is, having opposing players called for committing shooting fouls against them, as fouls are frequently called on the defense when offensive players "take the ball hard" to the basket; that is, the offensive players aggressively attempt post-up plays, lay-ups, or slam dunks. Therefore, accurate foul shooting is an imperative skill for small forwards, many of whom record a large portion of their points at the foul line. Small forwards who are defensive specialists are very versatile as they can often guard multiple positions using their size, speed, and strength such as Kawhi Leonard and Paul George.


document_title: Darth Maul

question_text: when does darth maul appear in clone wars

text: Darth Maul

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: After getting frustrated with a drawing of production designer Gavin Bocquet, Iain McCaig started covering it in tape. Both he and Lucas liked the result, described as "a kind of Rorschach pattern". The final drawing had McCaig's own face, with the skin removed, and some Rorschach experimentation (dropping ink onto paper, folding it in half then opening).[2]

text: Darth Maul's head originally had feathers, based on prayer totems, but the Creature Effects crew led by Nick Dudman interpreted those feathers as horns, modifying his features into those common in popular depictions of the devil.[3]

text: His clothing was also modified, from a tight body suit with a muscle pattern to the Sith robe based on samurai pleats, because the lightsaber battles involved much jumping, spinning, running, and rolling.[4] Another concept had Maul a masked figure, something that could rival Darth Vader, while the senatorial characters would sport painted and tattooed faces. It was later decided to apply the painted and tattooed faces to Maul rather than the senator.[4]

text: Portrayal[edit]

text: Darth Maul was physically portrayed by actor and martial artist Ray Park in The Phantom Menace.[5] The character was voiced by comedian/voice actor/director Peter Serafinowicz in The Phantom Menace and Lego videogame adaptation of the prequel trilogy; while Samuel Witwer performed the character's voice in the animated series The Clone Wars, Rebels, and in the live action movie Solo: A Star Wars Story. Actors Gregg Berger, Jess Harnell, Stephen Stanton, Clint Bajakian, and David W. Collins have all voiced him in Legends adaptations and minor appearances.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text: The Phantom Menace[edit]

text: Introduced in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Darth Maul is ordered by his new master Darth Sidious to capture Queen Padmé Amidala. On Tatooine, Maul fights Qui-Gon Jinn while approaching the Queen's starship. While Anakin Skywalker (the future Darth Vader) gets on board, Qui-Gon engages Maul in a lightsaber duel, but the Jedi Master escapes. Eventually, Maul fights Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan Kenobi simultaneously. Maul duels Qui-Gon and eventually kills him. Although Obi-Wan is almost knocked down into a shaft, he uses the Force to propel himself out of the pit, and equips himself with Qui-Gon's lightsaber to bisect Maul, after which the two separated pieces of Maul's body fall into the shaft.[6]

text: Solo: A Star Wars Story[edit]

text: Ray Park reprises his role from The Phantom Menace as Darth Maul, with Sam Witwer providing the voice,[7] reprising his role from the animated series, The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels.[8] Maul is revealed to be the master of the crime syndicate: Crimson Dawn, to which crime lord Dryden Vos answers. Qi'ra tells Maul that Vos and his men were killed by Tobias Beckett and his accomplices, but neglects to name Han Solo and Chewbacca. Maul commands her to meet with him on Dathomir and warns her that they will work more closely from now on, igniting his lightsaber.

text: Animated series[edit]

text: The Clone Wars[edit]

text: Darth Maul appears in the fourth and fifth seasons of the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars, which takes place between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith.

text: In the third season, Darth Maul's origins are elaborated upon: he is portrayed as a warrior of the Nightbrother clan on the planet Dathomir inhabited by the dominant Nightsister witchcraft society led by Mother Talzin. Maul's tattoos are described as the markings of a warrior (in contrast to earlier sources which identify his body art as Sith markings). Talzin has Savage Opress find his long-lost brother.

text: In the fourth season, Darth Maul is revealed to be alive, having survived his presumed death at Obi-Wan Kenobi's hands. Having ended up on the junkyard planet Lotho Minor via a dumpster craft, Maul has suffered from amnesia since Obi-Wan defeated him. Opress finds Maul and brings him to the devastated Dathomir, where Talzin restores Maul's mind and gives him robotic legs. Maul and Opress set about a plan to exact revenge on Obi-Wan.[9] Maul proceeds to attack a village on planet Raydonia as his first attempt on Obi-Wan's life, only to be thwarted due to Asajj Ventress's unexpected appearance to collect a bounty on Opress. Maul and Opress overpower Obi-Wan and Ventress, but Maul lets them go upon realizing that the Jedi know of his existence, deciding to await another opportunity.[10]

text: In the fifth season, Maul takes Opress as his apprentice, and begins building a criminal empire. Needing followers, they travel to Florrum and manage to convince Weequay pirate Jiro and his crew to join them and betray their leader Hondo Ohnaka. Maul's pirates attack Hondo’s loyal forces, and Maul once again duels Obi-Wan while Opress fights and kills Jedi Master Adi Gallia. Obi-Wan and Hondo forces retreat and regroup inside Hondo’s compound. Maul's forces eventually break in and Obi-Wan draws the two brothers away from the pirates, engaging them in a two-on-one duel while the pirate factions fight elsewhere in the compound. Obi-Wan, though outnumbered, cuts off Opress's arm and forces the Sith Lords to retreat. Meanwhile, Honda wins back his crew by "persuading" them under threat of heavy artillery. Obi-Wan blows off one of Maul’s robotic legs and badly damages Maul’s ship. Maul and Opress manage to escape, but get stuck in dead space due to the damage to their ship. After several days, they are found close to death by the Death Watch Mandalorian warriors, led by Pre Vizsla, who gives Maul a new set of legs and Opress a new mechanical arm. Maul offers Vizsla the chance to reclaim Mandalore by recruiting the Black Sun and Pyke crime families and Jabba the Hutt's minions to create the criminal syndicate named The Shadow Collective.

text: From there, Maul engineers Vizsla’s rise to power: he orders his henchmen to attack Mandalore so the Death Watch can arrest them and appear as heroes to the denizens who have long lived under Duchess Satine Kryze’s pacifist rule. Vizsla betrays Maul, imprisoning both Savage and him. Easily breaking free, Maul challenges Vizsla to a duel to take over the Death Watch and Mandalore; he succeeds in killing Vizsla and then claims his former co-conspirator's darksaber.[clarification needed] He wins the loyalty of most Death Watch members, but Bo Katan retreats along with those loyal to their previous leader. Maul then puts the disgraced former prime minister Almec, whom Satine had imprisoned for corruption, in power as a puppet leader, solidifying his control over Mandalore. Maul then anticipates Satine being broken out of prison and her attempt to contact the Jedi Council as part of his plan to get Obi-Wan to Mandalore. Once Obi-Wan arrives and attempts to rescue Satine, Maul captures him and exacts revenge on the Jedi by murdering Satine right in front of him, hoping to make the Jedi suffer as much as he once did. Obi-Wan is later freed by the Night Owl rebels (Bo Katan's Death Watch faction) who request Republic aid.

text: Maul senses Darth Sidious arriving on Mandalore. Although impressed with his former apprentice’s survival, Sidious declares Maul a rival and uses the Force to push and choke him and Opress. He then engages them both in lightsaber combat, fatally injuring Opress. After Opress dies from his wounds, Sidious reminds Maul of the Rule of Two, and tells him that he has been replaced. Enraged, Maul pulls out both his lightsaber and darksaber [clarification needed] and proceeds to fight Sidious on equal ground, but Sidious ultimately defeats him. Maul pleads for mercy, but Sidious ignores him and tortures him with blasts of Force lightning. Sidious reveals that he has no intention of killing Maul, remarking that he has other uses for his former apprentice.

text: Rebels[edit]

text: An older Maul appears in the season 2 finale of Star Wars Rebels.[11] Tracked by an Inquisitor named the Eighth Brother, Maul is stranded on the ancient Sith world of Malachor, where he is discovered by series protagonist Ezra Bridger among the ruins. Introducing himself as "Old Master" and seeking revenge against Sidious, Maul leads Ezra into an ancient Sith temple, where they discover a holocron that Maul claims can give them the knowledge needed to defeat the Sith. After recovering it, the two find Ezra's master Kanan Jarrus and former Jedi Ahsoka Tano locked in battle with the Eighth Brother. They also find the Fifth Brother and the Seventh Sister, who have been pursuing the Rebels for some time. Maul – having cast aside the title of Darth – then reveals a new lightsaber disguised as a walking stick and joins the Jedi in battling their enemies.

text: After the Inquisitors retreat, Maul wins the Jedi's trust by denouncing the Sith, and tells them that he cannot defeat Darth Vader on his own. Working together, he and the Jedi ascend towards the top of the Sith temple and successfully kill all three Inquisitors. It is then that Maul reveals his intention to take Ezra as his apprentice, having already tricked him into activating the temple. After blinding Kanan, Maul briefly duels Ahsoka before facing Kanan again, only to be knocked off the temple's edge. However, he survives the fall and escapes Malachor in the Eighth Brother's TIE Fighter.

text: Months after the events on Malachor, Maul once again reveals himself to the Jedi as he takes the Ghost's crew hostage. He threatens to kill them unless Kanan and Ezra bring both the Sith and Jedi holocrons to him. Despite an attempt by the Rebels to escape, Maul successfully recaptures them and takes them to a remote base in the Outer Rim where he awaits the arrival of the Jedi. After they arrive, the holocrons are hazardously united allowing Ezra and Maul to see visions of their desires: Ezra sees images of a way to destroy the Sith, images including "twin suns", while Maul sees a vision of his own. Kanan begs Ezra to look away before he sees something he doesn't want to while Maul tells him to ignore Kanan and keep looking. Ezra heeds his master's words and breaks off the connection, which causes a great explosion. Maul escapes in the confusion, uttering, "He lives."

text: Maul reappears after finding the Rebellion's secret base. He tells Ezra that because the connection was severed, they got bits and pieces of each other's visions. With the holocrons destroyed from the events of their previous meeting, Maul discovered another way to get the information he needed. With Ezra he travels to Dathomir, former home of the Night Sisters, and recreates one of their spells to temporarily meld his and Ezra's minds. After the spell is completed Ezra, who was still looking for a way to destroy the Sith, and Maul realize they are both looking for Obi-Wan Kenobi.

text: In the episode "Twin Suns", Maul is shown lost on Tatooine. He decides to use Ezra to lure Obi-Wan out of hiding. During their confrontation, Maul deduces that Obi-Wan is not only hiding, but is protecting someone. In a swift duel, Obi-Wan fatally wounds Maul. As he lies dying in Obi-Wan's arms, Maul asks if the person he is protecting is the Chosen One, and Obi-Wan replies "he is". Maul declares that this "Chosen One" will avenge them, and dies.

text: Comics[edit]

text: Darth Maul[edit]

text: In 2017, Marvel released Star Wars: Darth Maul a 5-issue prequel series centered on Darth Maul before the events of The Phantom Menace.[12]

text: Darth Maul: Son of Dathomir[edit]

text: Dark Horse Comics produced Darth Maul: Son of Dathomir based on the scripts and storyboards of an unproduced 4-episode story arc intended for The Clone Wars Season 6. After killing Savage Opress, Darth Sidious takes Maul to a Separatist prison, where Count Dooku tortures him for information about the Shadow Collective. Prime Minister Almec arranges Maul's escape and the latter then heads back to Zanbar to command the Death Watch army. However, he is followed there by General Grievous and his droids, who then battle with Maul and the Mandalorians. While they put up a fierce fight, Maul and his minions are ultimately overwhelmed by the droids. During the battle, Maul tears through the droid ranks and attacks Grievous, but is overpowered and forced to retreat. Afterwards, Maul confers with Mother Talzin (revealed to be his biological mother) and plots to draw out Sidious by capturing Dooku and General Grievous. The scheme works, and Talzin is able to restore herself to her physical form, but she sacrifices herself to save Maul. Although Maul escapes with a company of loyal Mandalorians, the Shadow Collective has fallen apart due to the conflict with Sidious, as the Hutts, Pykes, and Black Sun have all abandoned Maul.

text: Novels[edit]

text: Ahsoka[edit]

text: In flashbacks during the novel Star Wars: Ahsoka, it is revealed that during the final days of the Clone Wars, Maul and his forces were besieged on Mandalore by an army of clone troopers led by Ahsoka Tano and Captain Rex. During the siege, Maul confronts and duels Ahsoka, and though he proves to be the stronger fighter, the former Jedi outwits him and traps him in a ray shield. However, before Maul can be taken into official custody, Order 66 is enacted and the clone troopers following Ahsoka turn on her, with the exception of Rex. With Rex's life in peril, Ahsoka abandons the chance of killing Maul, allowing the former Sith to escape once again. This battle was  originally intended to be depicted in the series finale of The Clone Wars had the series not been prematurely cancelled – Anakin and Obi-Wan were dispatched to Mandalore with Ahsoka, but were immediately called back to Coruscant to rescue Chancellor Palpatine, thus leading into the opening sequence of Revenge of the Sith.

text: Legends/Non-canonical[edit]

text: With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.[13][14][15]

text: As portrayed in the novel Darth Plagueis, the titular Sith Lord sends his apprentice, Darth Sidious, to the Force-rich world of Dathomir. A Dathomiri witch, or Night-sister, senses Sidious' power in the Force and approaches him. She assumes he is a Jedi and begs him to take her Zabrak infant son. She realizes Sidious is not a Jedi, and explains how she is trying to save her son from a Nightsister named Talzin, who killed Maul's father. It is implied that Maul has a twin brother and that Talzin is only aware of one child. Sidious realizes the infant is strong in the Force, and would become a threat if found by the Jedi. Concealing the existence of his own master, Sidious raises Maul to believe that he is a Sith apprentice, but he actually intends him to be an expendable—albeit useful—minion rather than an heir. Maul himself acknowledges his shortcomings, such as his limited understanding of politics, even as he tries to become a true Sith.

text: As portrayed in the novel Darth Maul: Shadow Hunter, Maul was raised by Sidious for as long as he can remember. He then trains Maul as a Sith, marking his body with Sith tattoos. Maul initially goes on several missions of terror for his master, killing politicians, crime bosses, merchants and warlords.

text: Several sources depict Maul returning from the dead in several different forms. The story "Resurrection" from Star Wars Tales 9 depicts a cult creating a duplicate of Maul as a replacement for Darth Vader, only for Vader to kill him. The story "Phantom Menaces" in Star Wars Tales #17 (set after Return of the Jedi) depicts Luke Skywalker visiting Maul's home planet of Iridonia in an ambassadorial capacity, where he faces a "solid state hologram" of Maul projected from Maul's salvaged brain as part of a scientist's attempt to recreate Maul as Iridonia's "champion". Luke recognizes the disruption that Maul's existence is causing in the Force, and shuts down the life-support systems keeping the brain alive.

text: In 2005, Dark Horse Comics published Star Wars: Visionaries, a compilation of comic art short stories. One story "Old Wounds", considered to be non-canonical to Star Wars lore, depicts Maul, now with longer horns on his head, surviving his bisection at Obi-Wan's hands, replacing his missing bottom half with cybernetic legs, similar to those of General Grievous. He then follows Obi-Wan throughout the galaxy, finally tracking him down on Tatooine a few years after the events of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. Maul taunts Obi-Wan, saying that after he kills him, he will take a toddler-aged Luke Skywalker to his master, Emperor Palpatine. Maul plans to kill Darth Vader, and resume his rightful place at Palpatine's side as his apprentice. He ignites his new double-bladed lightsaber, and engages Obi-Wan in a lightsaber duel, but Obi-Wan again bests him in combat, cutting off his opponent's horns. The Sith Lord is killed, unexpectedly, by a blaster bolt to the head from Owen Lars. Obi-Wan thanks Owen, and says he will take Maul's body into the desert and burn it so he can never come back.

text: In early 2012, a young adult novel entitled Star Wars: The Wrath of Darth Maul was released by Scholastic. In the 2014 novel, Star Wars: Maul: Lockdown, set before The Phantom Menace, Darth Maul is sent into an infamous galactic prison. Maul is also featured prominently in comic series starting in this period, Star Wars: The Clone Wars: The Sith Hunters & Darth Maul: Death Sentence. Set in the period of the Clone Wars around the various episodes that featured Maul, Sith Hunters and Death Sentence detail his and Savage Opress' journey across the galaxy as they seek vengeance on the Jedi.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Since the release of The Phantom Menace, Darth Maul has proven to be a popular character. IGN named Darth Maul the 16th greatest Star Wars character, noting, "Of the countless characters to walk in and out of the Star Wars saga, none looks or acts more badass than Darth Maul."[16]

text: Darth Maul-related merchandise was popular among Hasbro Star Wars toy lines, with plastic recreations of his double bladed lightsaber and various action figures in his likeness developed. Darth Maul has been the focal point of the toy marketing campaign surrounding the 2012 re-release of The Phantom Menace, being featured on the packaging for the toy line.[17]

text: In December 2017, an 8-year-old Ontario boy went viral on the Internet with a video of him pretending to be Darth Maul and displaying his martial arts skills.[18]


document_title: The Great Canadian Baking Show

question_text: where did they film great canadian baking show

text: The Great Canadian Baking Show

text: Premise[edit]

text: The show brings ten amateur baking contestants together in a bake-off competition of "themed culinary challenges" to find a best, over-all competitor.[3] Each episode features three rounds: the Signature Bake, the Technical Bake, and the Showstopper.[4] After the judges taste and critique the entries, they will decide which contestant is crowned each week's "Star Baker," and which contestant will go home. Pastry chef Bruno Feldeisen, a multiple James Beard Award nominee and the former executive pastry chef for Four Seasons Hotels in New York and Vancouver, and Quebec-born pastry chef Rochelle Adonis, the European-trained creator of a flagship high tea salon and eponymous confectionery brand in Australia, served as judges.[4]

text: Once pared down to the final three bakers, they will compete for the Great Canadian Baking Show title.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: Produced by Proper Television in association with the CBC and Love Productions, the show's first season was filmed on the grounds of the Windfields Estate in Toronto starting mid-July 2017,[4] and the premiered November 1, 2017 on CBC.[3] Levy, a self proclaimed "huge fan" of the British series upon which the show is based, stated that he "actively pursued" the hosting role.[3][5]

text: The executive producer is Cathie James, and the series producer is Marike Emery.[4]

text: CBC Television announced on February 7, 2018 that the series was renewed for a second season, and all hosts and judges would be returning.[6]

text: Hosts and judges[edit]

text:
Hosts/Judges
Season

1
2

Current

Dan Levy
Host

Julia Chan
Host

Bruno Feldeisen
Judge

Rochelle Adonis
Judge

text: Reception[edit]

text: John Doyle, reviewing the first episode for The Globe and Mail, called the show boring and said that it lacked "the major ingredients of eccentric flair and idiosyncratic contestants [of the original]."[7] Doyle's criticism of host Dan Levy's "feyness" in the review was called homophobic by Levy and others.[8][9] Eater Montreal writer Tim Forster said the show's first episode is "like somebody left the sugar out of the recipe: it looks right, but the flavour is kind of bland" due to a lack of focus on the contestants' stories, he primarily blamed poor editing and a rushed pace due to a shorter running time than the British series.[10] Joanna Schneller called the judging by Bruno Feldeisen and Rochelle Adonis "consistently dull" in a review of the second episode for the Toronto Star. She suggested that, like the judges in the original series, they should be instructing on the significance of dishes as well as judging.[11]

text: Greg David of TV, eh? called the show "unapologetically entertaining" and "a calming oasis amid the noisy negativity we're besieged with," specifically praising the chemistry of hosts Levy and Chan.[12] Katherine DeClerq, reviewing the final episode in Women's Post, said she was "pleasantly surprised" by the series and "while the dry humour could be a bit dryer and the puns slightly less cheesy, I have to say I am in love with the Great Canadian Baking Show."[13]

text: Season overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Premiere
Finale
Winner
Runners-up
Average viewers
(millions)

1
8
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
December 20, 2017 (2017-12-20)
Sabrina Degni
Vandana Jain
1.4[6]

Linda Longson

2
TBA
TBA

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text: The inaugural season featured ten bakers from across Canada competing over eight weeks. The season was won by Sabrina Degni of Montreal, Quebec. Runners-up were Vandana Jain (Regina, Saskatchewan) and Linda Longson (High River, Alberta).

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text: Auditions for the second season were announced by CBC Television on February 7, 2018.[6]


document_title: The Young and the Restless

question_text: where is the young and the restless taped

text: The Young and the Restless

text: History[edit]

text: To compete with the youthful ABC soap operas, All My Children, One Life to Live, and General Hospital, CBS executives wanted a new daytime serial that was youth oriented.[16] William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell created The Young and the Restless in 1972 for the network under the working title, The Innocent Years![16][17] "We were confronted with the very disturbing reality that young America had lost much of its innocence," Bell said. "Innocence as we had known and lived it all our lives had, in so many respects, ceased to exist."[18] They changed the title of the series to The Young and the Restless because they felt it "reflected the youth and mood of the early seventies."[18] The Bells named the fictional setting for the show after the real Genoa City, Wisconsin, which was located on their way from their then-home in Chicago to their annual summer vacation spot in Lake Geneva.[2]

text: The Young and the Restless began airing on March 26, 1973, replacing the cancelled soap opera, Where the Heart Is.[5] Bell worked as head writer from the debut of the series until his retirement in 1998.[19] He wrote from his home in Chicago while production took place in Los Angeles, California. Originally, Bell wanted to shoot the series in New York, however, CBS executives felt that Los Angeles would be more cost effective.[9] John Conboy acted as the show's first executive producer, staying in the position until 1982.[5] Bell and H. Wesley Kenney became co-executive producers that year until Edward Scott took over in 1989. Bell then became senior executive producer.[5] Other executive producers included David Shaughnessy,[20] John F. Smith,[21] Lynn Marie Latham,[22] Josh Griffith,[23] Maria Arena Bell, and Paul Rauch.[24]

text: In the mid-1980s, Bell and his family moved to Los Angeles to create a new soap opera.[9] During this time, his three children, William Jr., Bradley, and Lauralee Bell, each became involved in soap operas. Lauralee Bell worked as an actress on The Young and the Restless. Bradley Bell co-created The Bold and the Beautiful with his father. William Bell Jr. became involved in the family's production companies as president of Bell Dramatic Serial Co. and Bell-Phillip Television Productions Inc.[9] "It's worked out very well for us because we really all worked in very different aspects of the show," William Bell Jr. said. "With my father and I, it was a great kind of partnership and pairing in the sense that he had a total control of the creative side of the show and I didn't have even the inclination to interject in what he was doing."[9]

text: After William J. Bell's 1998 retirement, a number of different head writers took over the position, including Kay Alden, Trent Jones, John F. Smith, Lynn Marie Latham, Scott Hamner, Josh Griffith, Maria Arena Bell, and Hogan Sheffer.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]

text: In 2012, former General Hospital executive producer Jill Farren Phelps was hired as the new executive producer of the soap, replacing Bell. Griffith was also named the sole head writer.[27] On August 15, 2013, it was speculated and reported by several online sources that Griffith had resigned as head-writer of the serial.[28][29] Further speculation adds that Shelly Altman may take over as the new scribe, alongside Tracey Thomson or Jean Passanante may be brought aboard as co-head scribe.[30][31] On September 12, 2013, it was announced that Passanante and Altman were named head writers of the show, with Thomson promoted to co-head writer.[32]

text: On September 18, 2014, former All My Children, Santa Barbara and General Hospital head writer Charles Pratt, Jr. was named as the new head writer of the show. Passanante, Altman and Thomson have been demoted to breakdown writers. Pratt was also named as co-executive producer sharing the credit with Phelps.[33] On June 7, 2016, Serial Scoop announced that Phelps had been terminated from her position as executive producer; a replacement was not named at the time of their reporting.[34] The following morning, Sony Pictures Television confirmed to several media outlets that Phelps had been let go from her position; British television producer Mal Young was announced as Phelps' replacement.[35] Phelps' last appearance as executive producer was July 12, 2016, while Young's first appearance occurred the following day on July 13.[36] On September 13, 2016, it was announced that Pratt was named as executive producer and show-runner of Lee Daniels' Star.[37][38] The same day, Daytime Confidential revealed that former Generations and Days of Our Lives head writer Sally Sussman, who previously had positions with the show, such as Associate Head Writer, was in-talks to replace Pratt as Head Writer.[39] On September 15, 2016, it was confirmed that Sussman was named as the soap's new head writer.[40][41]

text: On September 21, 2016, Daytime Confidential reported that after ten years since leaving the soap, Alden had been re-hired to be a story consultant under Sussman's regime.[42] Sussman's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20, 2016, and began airing on December 7, 2016.[43] On June 20, 2017, CBS announced its decision to renew the serial for three years.[44][45] On July 31, 2017, it was announced that both Alden and Sussman would retire from their positions; Young was named as Sussman's successor as head writer.[46][47] Sussman last aired as head writer on October 24, 2017. Young's tenure as head writer aired on October 25, 2017.[48][49]

text: Production[edit]

text: Videotaping and broadcasting[edit]

text: Taped at CBS Television City, studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26, 1973,[50] the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television, which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television.[4][51] The Young and the Restless originally aired as a half-hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production, creating "a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre."[3][4] Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them, soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue, characters, and story, with details like sets as secondary concerns.[3] The Young and the Restless stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles, similar to Hollywood-style productions.[51][52] The style of videotaping included using out-of-the-ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close-ups with bright lighting on the actors' faces.[3][51][52][53] Conboy said he used lighting to create "artistic effects".[52] Those effects made the series look dark, shadowy, and moody.[3][52] The Young and the Restless' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas.[3] When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer, he balanced the lighting of the scenes.[53]

text: Due to the success of the series, CBS and their affiliates pressured Bell to lengthen the series from 30 minutes to a full hour. Bell attributed this change to the show's fall from number one in the Nielsen ratings, since the lengthening of the show led to the departure of a number of cast members.[3] "The issue of performing in a one-hour show had not been part of their contracts," Bell said.[3] This forced the show to recast multiple main characters and eventually phase out the original core families in favor of new ones.[3] The show expanded to one hour on February 4, 1980. It airs at 12:30pm ET/11:00am CT/PT, although some stations opt to air it at 11:30am CT.

text: Exteriors used in the late 1980s and early 1990s (and reused years later) included locations in and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, including Allegheny General Hospital, One Oxford Centre, the Duquesne Club, Hampton Township and the prison. Phillip Chancellor died in the Richland, Pennsylvania area, where the police chief was not told and believed the accident really happened.[54]

text: On June 27, 2001, The Young and the Restless became the first daytime soap opera to be broadcast in high-definition.[55] In September 2011, its sister soap The Bold and the Beautiful became the last soap to make the transition from SD to HD before All My Children ended its ABC run on September 23, 2011 and began its TOLN run online on April 29, 2013. On April 24, 2006, SoapNet began airing same-day episodes of the series.[6] The final airing on SoapNet was on June 28, 2013. The soap has moved from SoapNet to TV Guide Network.[56] The same day episodes begin airing on TVGN (now Pop) weeknights on July 1, 2013.[57][58]

text: Casting and story development[edit]

text: Co-creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell centered The Young and the Restless around two core families, the wealthy Brooks' and the poor Fosters.[3][16][18] Bell borrowed this technique of soap opera building from his mentor, Irna Phillips.[51]

text: While casting for the series, Bell and executive producer John Conboy auditioned 540 actors for the 13 main characters.[59] They assembled the youngest group of actors ever cast on a soap opera at the time, hiring mostly unknown actors[60] who they considered "glamorous model types".[51] Chemistry between actors also factored into the criteria for casting.[52] The stories focused on the younger characters, with an emphasis in fantasy.[3][18] The fantasy element was reflected in the love story between Jill Foster and the millionaire Phillip Chancellor II; the Leslie Brooks, Brad Elliot, and Lorie Brooks love triangle; and Snapper Foster's romance with Chris Brooks.[3][52]

text: Sexuality also played a major role in the stories.[3][51][53] Formerly, soap operas did not delve into the sexual side of their romances. Bell changed that, first during his time as head writer of Days of Our Lives and again on The Young and the Restless.[51] William Gray Espy's Snapper Foster is considered the "first to discover sex on a soap opera."[53] During the story, the character is engaged to Chris Brooks (Trish Stewart) and having a sexual relationship with Sally McGuire (Lee Crawford).[53] Other plots reflected sexual themes as well. For the first time in the genre, the dialogue and the story situations included explicit sexual themes such as premarital intercourse, impotence, incest, and rape.[3] The first two rape storylines that would be told on the serial were controversial at the time as they reflected a more introspective and analytic storytelling style, the first time rape storylines would be addressed in this manner in the genre.[61] The first, in 1973-74, revolved around the rape of Chris Brooks and the aftermath, in which she entertained (and, eventually, rejected) the idea that she was perhaps at fault for her attack. The second, in 1976, involved Chris's sister Peggy (Pamela Peters Solow) and was meant to serve as a cut-and-dried story in which no viewer could justify this attack, committed out of the blue by an authority figure.[61]

text: The series also explored social issues. Jennifer Brooks underwent the first mastectomy on a soap opera.[52] Other social issue storylines included bulimia, alcoholism, and cancer.[62] Lesbianism was also touched on with Katherine Chancellor, who flirts with Jill while drunk in 1974 and has a brief relationship with Joann Curtis (Kay Heberle) in 1977.[62]

text: When the series lengthened from a half-hour to an hour in 1980, multiple cast members who portrayed characters from the original core families departed because their contracts only bound them to performing in a half-hour show.[3] A number of the characters were recast until one of the few remaining original actors, Jaime Lyn Bauer, who portrayed Lorie Brooks, decided to leave. When she announced her intention not to renew her contract, Bell decided to replace the original core families.[3] "As I studied the remaining cast, I realized I had two characters- Paul Williams, played by Doug Davidson, and Jack Abbott, played by Terry Lester- both of whom had a relatively insignificant presence on the show," Bell said. "They didn't have families. Hell, they didn't even have bedrooms. But these became the two characters I would build our two families around."[3]

text: The characters from the Abbott and Williams families were integrated into the series while the Brooks and Foster families, with the exception of Jill, were phased out. The continuity of the feud between Jill and Katherine, which began in the early years of the show, smoothed the transition.[3] The relationship between the two characters remained a central theme throughout the series and became the longest lasting rivalry in daytime history.[12]

text: Another character introduced in the 1980s was Eric Braeden's Victor Newman.[3][10] Originally, the character was "a despicable, contemptible, unfaithful wife abuser" who was intended to be killed off.[10] Braeden's tenure on the show was meant to last between eight and twelve weeks. "When I saw Eric Braeden's first performance- the voice, the power, the inner strength- I knew immediately that I didn't want to lose this man," Bell said. "He was exactly what the show needed. Not the hateful man we saw on-screen, but the man he could and would become."[10] Bell rewrote the story to save the character and put Braeden on contract. Victor's romance with Nikki Reed became a prominent plot in the series.[10]

text: With the success of another iconic character, Kimberlin Brown's Sheila Carter, Bell made daytime drama history in 1992 by successfully crossing her over from The Young and the Restless to his second soap, The Bold and the Beautiful. The success of the crossover was due, in part, to the creativity of Bell, as the nefarious character of Sheila was presumed to have died in a fire on The Young and the Restless.

text: In the 1980s, core black characters were introduced with the Barber and Winters families. Victoria Rowell (Drucilla Barber) and Tonya Lee Williams (Dr. Olivia Barber) were cast as the nieces of the Abbott's maid, Mamie Johnson, in 1990.[63] The brothers Neil (Kristoff St. John) and Malcolm Winters (Shemar Moore) were introduced as love interests for Olivia and Drucilla.[11] The Young and the Restless became popular among black viewers, which Williams and St. John attributed to the writing for the black characters.[11][64][65] "I play a CEO at a major corporation, that's something we don't see that often," St. John said. "And the show doesn't use the old African-American stereotypes that we have been seeing on TV, like the hustler, the pimp, the drug dealer. We have come a long way."[64] Though the characters held prominent positions in the fictional work place of Genoa City, they had little interaction with other characters outside of their jobs.[66]

text: Executive producers and head writers[edit]

text: Executive producers

text:
Name
Years
Production Notes/Contributions

William J. Bell
1973–2005
Also the show's creator and longtime head writer (until 1998), he served as the main executive producer while working alongside of other executive producers. He wasn't credited as an executive producer until 1982 when his credit began appearing with H. Wesley Kenney. Served as solo EP from 1986 to 1987 after the departure of Kenney. He received the title of "senior executive producer" when Edward Scott became EP and remained credited with the title until 2004 when he returned to the executive producer credit with John F. Smith as co-executive producer. William J. Bell died on April 29, 2005 and on the following Monday, his credit as EP was edited from the show; he was still living when those episodes were filmed.

John Conboy
1973–82
Served as the show's first executive producer while credited with the "produced by" credit as the title of executive producer was credited hardly on any soaps (other than a small few), until the mid-1970s to 1980s. It was under his run when CBS wanted Y&R expanded from 30 minutes to an hour with the cancellation of Love of Life. Also the show switched from the live-to-tape filming technique to pre-recording episodes, a practice that remains in effect to this date as with all soaps. John departed in 1982 to produce his newly created soap Capitol, which was later cancelled to make room for Y&R's sister show The Bold and the Beautiful.

H. Wesley Kenney
1982–86
Guided the show with more action-driven story direction inspired in large part by the more action oriented soap General Hospital which was a ratings smash at the time. The change to more action storylines are believed to be what helped the show win Daytime Emmy Awards in 1983, 1985 and 1986. Began crediting the show's cast in alphabetical order, a standard that remains to this date. Ceased the fade to next scene transition effect within the show's episodes. Had artist Sandy Dvore, who designed the art drawing photos in the shows main title, to design the show's signature stylized brush stroke logo on Y&R merchandise in 1982, leading to the debut of the logo in the show's main title in January 1984.

Edward J. Scott
1987–2001
Debuted on the show in 1976 as an associate producer eventually becoming the "produced by" producer under John Conboy until 1987. Briefly filled in as EP for H. Wesley Kenney in 1986. Helped the show rise to co-#1 in 1987 with General Hospital in ratings before it solely dethroned GH as #1 in 1988 and has since remained there. Retired the longtime art drawings cast montage of the opening credits in 1988. Began the practice of crediting production principals on opening scenes of the show and adding the cast members' real-life names to the opening credits in 1999. Ceased the last commercial break between the last scene and end credits. Converted the show into HDTV in 2001, making it the first soap in history to do so. Returned from 2004 to 2007 as "supervising producer", a position he previously had briefly in 1987. Real-life husband of actress Melody Thomas Scott (Nikki Reed Newman).

David Shaughnessy
2001–04
Assumed executive producer position after serving as a producer and supervising producer since 1991. The Bell Dramatic Serial Co. production logo began appearing with end credits under his run. He managed to score brief returns by veteran actors such as Jaime Lyn Bauer, William Gray Espy, Meg Bennett and James Houghton (who wrote on the show between 1991 and 2006), all of whom who left the show back in the 1970s and 1980s, for brief storylines in 2002 and 2003. Debuted "next episode" preview scenes in 2003, a practice started with the ABC soaps in 1998.

John F. Smith
2003–06
Became co-executive producer with William J. Bell and David Shaughnessy while still serving as co-head writer with Kay Alden and Trent Jones (until 2004). Worked as a writer on the show since the early 1980s. Still maintained the co-EP title after William J. Bell's passing in 2005. Stepped down in 2006 as EP while remaining as co-head writer until November 2006.

Lynn Marie Latham
2006–07
Brought on as a "creative consultant" under John F. Smith in November 2005; Latham would later fire Smith as co-head writer in 2006. Promoted to head writer with Kay Alden and Smith in February 2006, then promoted to executive producer, becoming the show's first female EP in October 2006, after the show went that summer without an EP. Tenure as EP/HW was criticized by viewers and insiders for damaging the show's history with out-of-text writing, firing several longtime cast and crew members in favor of several unknowns, and doing too much favoritism. She was fired when she abandoned her post as EP to go on strike for the 2007–08 writer's strike.

Josh Griffith
2006–08
Brought on by Lynn Marie Latham as her co-executive producer in 2006. Assumed full producer duties in December 2007, when Latham was fired. He also served as head writer with Maria Arena Bell during the 2007–08 writers strike. Remained as EP when Bell became sole head writer until he was fired when it was learned that he was tampering with Bell's stories; this was also known as former EP Edward Scott, who is friends with Griffith, was said to be doing the same thing on Days of Our Lives, leading to his departure from that show.

Paul Rauch
2008–11
The veteran producer debuted as Maria Arena Bell's co-executive producer in October 2008. It was established that his role as co-executive producer would be to only foresee everything with the production of the show while Bell was solely responsible for the stories. This was the only time Paul ever been a co-EP and his first stop back to soap operas in six years since his 2002 departure from Guiding Light. He opted not to renew his contract with Y&R after three years with the show and stepped down in May 2011.

Maria Arena Bell
2008–12
Bell is the wife of William Bell, Jr., the oldest son of William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell. Under her run, she brought the show's fictional Jabot Cosmetics to life by teaming up with a real cosmetics marketing company to help distribute the products. Named head writer in December 2007. Bell was named executive producer in October 2008, after Josh Griffith was ousted for tampering with her stories. Bell brought along veteran producer Paul Rauch to help her with the production of the show while she mostly focused on the stories. She was known for steering away from character-driven storylines in favor of plot-driven ones, which was criticized. From 2008 to 2010, she was credited as co-executive producer as well as Rauch, while her credit appeared first. Bell was let go in July 2012; an official reason was never given for her departure, however many sources speculate it was due to the controversial pairing of characters Sharon and Victor Newman (Sharon Case and Eric Braeden).[67] One of the final milestones to happen under Bell's regime was the celebration of the 10,000th episode.[68] The final episode under Bell's direction was broadcast on October 11, 2012; but she was credited until October 22.[69]

Jill Farren Phelps
2012–16
Named executive producer in July 2012 upon the dismissal of Maria Arena Bell. This marked the second CBS soap opera Phelps executive produced, with the first being Guiding Light from 1991 to 1995. While Maria Arena Bell was still credited, Phelps began her tenure by August as she made several immediate casting changes (such as hiring Robert Adamson and Hunter King, two young actors she worked with on the primetime soap Hollywood Heights, respectively). By October, she was still uncredited as executive producer although her first episode aired on October 12, 2012,[69] and received her first official credit on October 23, 2012. On June 7, 2016, Serial Scoop and Daytime Confidential reported that Phelps had been terminated at that soap, with no confirmation of final airdate made at press time.[34] Phelps' exit was confirmed the following day by Sony Pictures Television.[35] Phelps was last credited as executive producer on July 12, 2016.[36][70]

Charles Pratt, Jr.
2015–16
Named co-executive producer in September 2014, sharing the position with Phelps, a position he previously served on NBC soap opera Santa Barbara.[71] Pratt's first episode as HW and co-EP aired on January 16, 2015.[72][73] On September 13, 2016, it was announced that Pratt would no longer co-executive producer the soap, given his new position as show-runner of Lee Daniels' Star.[37][38] Pratt was last credited as head writer and co-executive producer on December 6, 2016.

Mal Young
2016–present
Named executive producer in June 2016 upon the dismissal of Jill Farren Phelps. This marks the first American soap opera Young executive produced, having previously been the producer and executive producer of British soap operas Brookside, EastEnders and Holby City.[35] July 13, 2016, marked Young's first appearance as executive producer.[36][74] Immediate changes made under Young included the return of actress Elizabeth Hendrickson and a return guest appearance from Michael Graziadei in the roles of Chloe Mitchell and Daniel Romalotti, respectively. The series will also celebrate its 11,000th episode under Young's credit on September 1, 2016.[1] In 2017, it was announced that Young would take on head writer duties after Sally Sussman's retirement.[46] Young's first credit as head writer will appear on October 25, 2017.[49]

Sally Sussman
2016–17
Named co-executive producer in September 2016 upon the dismissal of Pratt, Jr.. Sussman shares the position with Young, a position she previously served on NBC soap opera Generations.[39][40][41] Sussman's first credit as head writer and co-executive producer appeared on December 7, 2016.[43] In July 2017, it was announced that Sussman would retire; she received her last credit as head writer and co-executive producer on October 24, 2017.[46][49]

text: Head writers

text:
Years
Head writer(s)

March 26, 1973–97
William J. Bell

1997–98

William J. Bell
Kay Alden

1998–2000
Kay Alden

2000–02

Kay Alden
Trent Jones

2002–06

Kay Alden
John F. Smith

2006

Kay Alden
John F. Smith
Lynn Marie Latham

2006–07

Lynn Marie Latham
Scott Hamner

2007–08

Josh Griffith
Maria Arena Bell

2008–12

Maria Arena Bell
Hogan Sheffer
Scott Hamner

2012–13

Josh Griffith
Hogan Sheffer
Tracey Thomson
Shelly Altman

2013–15

Shelly Altman
Jean Passanante
Tracey Thomson

2015–16
Charles Pratt, Jr.

2016–17
Sally Sussman

2017–
Mal Young

text: Awards[edit]

text: The serial has won 116 Daytime Emmys, among 360 nominations. The following list summarizes awards won by The Young and the Restless:

text: Daytime Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
Category
Recipient
Role
Year(s)

Outstanding Drama Series

1975,[75] 1983,[76] 1985,[77] 1986,[78] 1993,[79] 2004,[80] 2007 (tied with Guiding Light),[81] 2014,[82] 2015 (tied with Days of Our Lives)[83]

Outstanding Individual Director in a Daytime Drama Series
Richard Dunlap

1975,[84] 1978[85]

Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team

1986, 1987, 1988, 1989,[86] 1996,[87] 1997,[88] 1998,[89] 1999,[90] 2001,[91] 2002,[92] 2011[93]

Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team

1992,[94] 1997,[88] 2000, 2006,[95] 2011,[93] 2014,[82] 2017

Lead Actor
Peter Bergman
Eric Braeden
Christian LeBlanc
Doug Davidson
Billy Miller
Jack Abbott
Victor Newman
Michael Baldwin
Paul Williams
Billy Abbott
1991,[96] 1992,[97] 2002[92]
1998[89]
2005,[98] 2007[81] 2009[99]
2013[100]
2014[82]

Lead Actress
Jess Walton
Michelle Stafford
Jeanne Cooper
Gina Tognoni
Jill Foster Abbott
Phyllis Summers
Katherine Chancellor
Phyllis Summers
1997[88]
2004[80]
2008[101]
2017

Supporting Actor
Shemar Moore
Greg Rikaart
Kristoff St. John
Billy Miller
Steve Burton
Malcolm Winters
Kevin Fisher
Neil Winters
Billy Abbott
Dylan McAvoy
2000[102]
2005[98]
2008[101]
2010,[103] 2013 (tied with Scott Clifton)[104]
2017

Supporting Actress
Beth Maitland
Jess Walton
Michelle Stafford
Sharon Case
Amelia Heinle
Jessica Collins
Traci Abbott Connolly
Jill Foster Abbott
Phyllis Summers
Sharon Newman
Victoria Newman
Avery Bailey Clark
1985[77]
1991[96]
1997[88]
1999[105]
2014[82]
2015, 2016

Younger Actress
Tracey E. Bregman
Tricia Cast
Heather Tom
Camryn Grimes
Christel Khalil
Hunter King
Lauren Fenmore
Nina Webster
Victoria Newman
Cassie Newman
Lily Winters
Summer Newman
1985[77]
1992[97]
1993,[79] 1999[90]
2000[102]
2012[106]
2014,[82] 2015

Younger Actor
Kristoff St. John
David Tom
David Lago
Bryton James
Neil Winters
Billy Abbott
Raul Guittierez
Devon Hamilton
1992[97]
2000[102]
2005 [98]
2007[81]

Lifetime Achievement Award
William J. Bell
Jeanne Cooper
Lee Phillip Bell
creator
Katherine Chancellor
co-creator
1992[97]
2004[80]
2007[81]

text: TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards[edit]

text: 2006 "Hall of Fame Inductee" Eric Braeden (Victor Newman)

tag: ul

text: Writers Guild of America Awards[edit]

text:
2003 "Best Daytime Serial" Written by Kay Alden, Trent Jones, John F. Smith, Jerry Birn, Jim Houghton, Natalie Minardi, Janice Ferri, Eric Freiwald, Joshua McCaffrey, Michael Minnis, Rex M. Best
2006 "Best Daytime Serial" Written by Kay Alden, John F. Smith, Janice Ferri, Jim Houghton, Natalie Minardi Slater, Sally Sussman Morina, Sara Bibel, Eric Freiwald, Linda Schreiber, Joshua S. McCaffrey, Marc Hertz, Sandra Weintraub
2008 "Best Daytime Serial" Written by Lynn Marie Latham, Scott Hamner, Bernard Lechowick, Cherie Bennett, Jeff Gottesfeld, Jim Stanley, Natalie Minardi Slater, Lynsey Dufour, Marina Alburger, Sara Bibel, Sandra Weintraub

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Belize, Channel 5 Great Belize Television airs the soap, while rival Channel 7 Tropical Vision Limited also airs the soap.

text: In Canada, the Global Television Network airs new episodes a day ahead of the US broadcast. Most Global stations use The Young and the Restless as a late-afternoon lead-in for their local newscasts,[citation needed] but times vary by market. It also airs on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador which airs the program on a same-day-as-CBS basis.

text: In Jamaica, the show airs on CVMTV.

text: In Trinidad, the show airs weekdays on CBS and has been airing in Trinidad since the 1980s. In 1988, 70 percent of Trinidadians who had access to a television watched daily episodes of The Young and the Restless, a series that emphasized family problems, sexual intrigue, and gossip.[107]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: In Australia, The Young and the Restless airs after Days of Our Lives on Arena. It previously aired on the Nine Network from April 1, 1974 to February 23, 2007, before joining the W line-up on April 2, 2007, to August 17, 2012, On July 20, 2012, it was announced that the show would move to Arena on August 20, 2012, after W rebranded as SoHo. Episodes are approximately one week behind those airing in the US at present.

text: In New Zealand, The Young and the Restless aired alongside Days of Our Lives on TV ONE and ended on November 6, 2009. The soap was approximately four seasons behind the CBS season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming.

text: In the Philippines, aired from 1987 to 1989 on ABS-CBN.

text: Europe[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, The Young and The Restless has aired on many TV channels starting in 1990, when episodes from 1987 debuted on BSB Galaxy in a regular weekday timeslot. When BSB merged with Sky in November 1990, the soap moved to Sky's flagship channel Sky One and aired at 11:00 weekdays until the end of 1992. When BSB's original three-year contract to air the soap expired, Sky chose not to renew it. In 1993, Y&R was picked up by UK Living (then known as simply Living, now Sky Living) in a primetime timeslot, picking up where Sky left off. This lasted until late 1995. In 2007, Zone Romantica, now CBS Drama began broadcasting the show weekdays [four years behind US]. In 2009, when CBS went into partnership with and took over the Chellozone Channels the show was relegated to just one showing a day [in favor of repeating shows such as Dynasty and Dallas in the daytime]. It was attracting around 18–20,000 viewers at midnight in the last week of its broadcast in the UK in August 2010.

text: African/Eastern[edit]

text: In India, the show began airing in February 2007 on Zee Café. The channel started with episodes from 2004.

text: In South Africa, the show airs on e.tv. The show was originally aired in South Africa in the early 1990s, dubbed into the Afrikaans language, and entitled 'Rustelose Jare' (Restless Years). In 1999 The Young and the Restless was canceled but the show returned to South African television screens in June 2004, with no overhead foreign translations. As of June 2014, episodes are screened nine months behind the US. Because of "continual viewing" with no breaks, South African audiences will catch up with the US broadcast by mid-2016.

text: Theme music and other music[edit]

text: "Nadia's Theme" has been the theme music of The Young and the Restless since the show's debut in 1973.[5][9] The melody, originally titled "Cotton's Dream", was composed by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin, Jr. for the 1971 theatrical film Bless the Beasts and Children. The melody was later renamed "Nadia's Theme" after the ABC television network's sports summary program Wide World of Sports lent the music for a montage of Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci's routines during the 1976 Summer Olympics;[108] despite the title, Nadia never performed her floor exercises using this piece of music. Instead, she used a piano arrangement of a medley of the songs "Yes Sir, That's My Baby" and "Jump in the Line."

text: Botkin wrote a rearranged version of the piece specifically for The Young and the Restless' debut.[9] The song remained unchanged, save for a slight remix in 1988 and a three-year stint in the early 2000s (decade), when an alternate, more jazzy arrangement of that tune was used, using portions of the longer closing version of the original theme.[9]

text: An LP album was published in 1976 by A&M Records. The track list contains two titles of the French composer Michel Colombier, Rainbow and Emmanuel, a success track[clarification needed] which he wrote in memory of the death of his son.[citation needed]

text: In late September and early October 2012, upon the show's 10,000th episode, the current form of opening credits were updated. In the years prior, fans criticized them for their lack of updates and cast additions (some contract players, such as Adrienne Frantz, and Kimberlin Brown came and went without being added).

text: In mid-February 2017, the current form of opening credits were updated to honor the history on CBS Daytime and to carry them into the future as they approach the 44th anniversary.[109]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: As of 2010, The Young and the Restless has managed over 1,000 consecutive weeks in the #1 spot for daytime dramas.[110] On the week ending April 6, 2012, The Young and the Restless was watched by a new low of an average of 3,960,000 viewers for the week, beating its previous low of 4.209 million in October 2011, as well as being the only week to date below 4 million viewers.[111] Currently, the show is still the most-watched daytime drama; and for the season 2011–12, has a household rating of 3.5, and 1.5 for the Women 18–49 demographic.[112] As of 2008, the Tuesday episodes of The Young and the Restless on average is the most-watched daytime drama showing.[113]

text: When introduced during the 1972–73 season, the show was at the bottom of the ratings, but rose rapidly: ninth by 1974–75 and third by 1975–76. By 1988–89 it had dethroned long-time leader General Hospital as the top-rated soap, a position it has held ever since. During the week of December 2, 2013, the series celebrated their twenty-fifth year as the number one daytime drama.[114] The Young and the Restless airs every weeknight on Pop, where it averaged 362,000 viewers from July to September 2013.[115]

text: Ratings history[edit]

text:
Season
Rating
Season rank

1972–73A
5.0
15th

1973–74
6.2
13th

1974–75
8.4
9th

1975–76
8.6
3rd

1976–77
8.7
4th

1977–78
7.8
5th

1978–79
8.6
3rd

1979–80
8.8
3rd

1980–81
7.8
6th

1981–82
7.4
5th

1982–83
8.0
4th

1983–84
8.8
3rd

1984–85
8.1
3rd

1985–86
8.3
2nd

1986–87
8.0
2nd

1987–88B
8.1
1st

1988–89
8.1
1stC

1990–91
8.1
1st

1991–92
8.2
1st

1992–93
8.4
1st

1993–94
8.6
1st

1994–95
7.5
1st

1995–96
7.6
1st

1996–97
7.1
1st

1997–98
6.8
1st

1998–99
6.9
1st

1999–00
6.8
1st

2000–01
5.8
1st

2001–02
5.0
1st

2002–03
4.7
1st

2003–04
4.4
1st

2004–05
4.2
1st

2005–06
4.2
1st

2006–07
4.2
1st

2007–08
4.1
1st[116]

2008–09
3.7
1st[117]

2009–10
3.8
1st[118]

2010–11
3.6
1st[119]

2011–12
3.5
1st[112]

2012–13
3.6
1st[112]

2013–14
3.4
1st[112]

2014–15
3.5
1st[112]

2015-16
3.6
1st[112]

2016-17
3.5
1st[112]

text:
^A (debut)
^B Tied in rating (8.1) with General Hospital; however General Hospital drew more viewers in millions.
^C The Young and the Restless was number-one solo (for the first time) for the 1988–89 and has retained this position ever since.


document_title: Eastern Ghats

question_text: where does eastern ghats and western ghats meet

text: Eastern Ghats

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Eastern Ghats are older than the Western Ghats, and have a complex geologic history related to the assembly and breakup of the ancient supercontinent of Rodinia and the assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent.

text: The Eastern Ghats are made up of charnockites, granite gneiss, khondalites, metamorphic gneisses and quartzite rock formations. The structure of the Eastern Ghats includes thrusts and strike-slip faults[2] all along its range. Limestone, bauxite and iron ore are found in the Eastern Ghats hill ranges.

text: The Eparchaean Unconformity of the Tirumala Hills is a major discontinuity of stratigraphic significance that represents an extensive period of erosion and non-deposition. It is seen at the steep natural slopes, road scars and ravines in the Tirumala ghat roads in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh.[3][4]

text: Hill ranges[edit]

text: As with the Western Ghats, these mountain ranges also have local names along the discontinuous hill ranges.

text: At their southern end, the Eastern Ghats form several ranges of low hills. The southernmost of the Eastern Ghats are the low Sirumalai and Karanthamalai Hills of southern Tamil Nadu.

text: North of the Kaveri River are the higher Kollimalai, Pachaimalai, Shevaroy (Servarayan), Kalrayan Hills, Chitteri, Palamalai and Mettur Hills in northern Tamil Nadu state. The climate of the higher hill ranges is generally cooler and wetter than the surrounding plains, and the hills are home to coffee plantations and enclaves of dry forest.

text: The hill station of Yercaud is located in the Shevaroy Hills. The Biligiriranga Hills, which run east from the Western Ghats to the River Kaveri, form a forested ecological corridor that connects the Eastern and Western Ghats, and allows the second-largest wild Asian elephant population in India to range between the South Eastern Ghats, the Biligiriranga Hills and Nilgiri Hills, and the South Western Ghats.

text: The Malai Mahadeshwara Hills Temple is situated in Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka state in the Eastern Ghats.

text: The Ponnaiyar and Palar rivers flow from headwaters on the Kolar Plateau eastward through gaps in the Ghats to empty into the Bay of Bengal; the Javadi Hills lie between the two rivers. There are waterfalls in remote areas, such as the Kiliyur Falls.[5]

text: Some 40 km from the south end of the Javadu Hills starts the Kalvarayan Hill range. The name Kalvarayan comes from the native people known as "kalvar". This hill range brings much more rainfall to the eastern part of its surrounding areas during the northwest monsoon. The Thenponnaiyar River divides this hill range from the Javadu Hills in the north. The hills continue as the Shervarayan Hills further southwest divided by Manchavaadi Pass. The Komuki River originates in this range and flows into the Bay of Bengal, along with the Kaveri River.

text: North of the Palar River in Andhra Pradesh, the central portion of the Eastern Ghats consists of two parallel ranges running approximately north-south. The lower Velikonda Range lies to the east, and the higher Palikonda-Lankamalla-Nallamalai Ranges lie to the west. They run in a nearly north-south alignment, parallel to the Coromandel Coast for close to 430 km between the Krishna and Pennar rivers. Its northern boundaries are marked by the flat Palnadu basin, while in the south it merges with the Tirupati hills. An extremely old system, the hills have been extensively weathered and eroded over the years. The average elevation today is about 520 m, but reaches 1,100 m at Bhairani Konda and 1,048 m at Gundla Brahmeswara.

text: The Tirumala Hills are located along the Seshachalam-Velikonda Range of the Eastern Ghats. The Palar River cuts through the ranges. The Velikonda Range eventually descends to the coastal plain in northern Nellore district, while the Nallamalla Range in kurnool continues to the River Krishna.

text: The Kondapalli Hills are a range of low hills which lie between the Krishna and the Godavari rivers. These hills are located in the Guntur, Krishna, West Godavari and Khammam districts of Andhra Pradesh. The Krishna River bisects these hills of the Eastern Ghats. The main hill range starts from Nandigrama to Vijayawada known as Kondapalli.

text: The Papi Hills (Papi Kondalu) are distributed among the Khammam, East Godavari and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh and lie in the Eastern Ghats.

text: Madhurawada Dome in the Eastern Ghats mobile belt is formed by a tectonic arrangement with the khondalite suite and quartz Archean rocks along the Eastern Ghats north of Visakhapatnam.[6]

text: The Maliya Range is located in the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats. The Maliya Range generally ranges between elevations of 900–1200 m, although some of its summits soar higher. The tallest peak in this range is Mahendragiri (1,501 m).[7]

text: The Madugula Konda Range is located in the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats. The Madugula Konda range is higher than the Maliyas and generally ranges between elevations of 1100–1400 m. Prominent summits include the highest peak of the Eastern Ghats - Arma Konda (1680 m), Gali Konda (1643 m) and Sinkram Gutta (1620 m).[7]

text: The highest mountain peak in the state of Odisha is Deomali (1672 m), which is situated in the Koraput district of southern Odisha. It is part of the Chandragiri-Pottangi mountain system. The region covers about three-fourths of the entire Odisha state. Geologically it is a part of the Indian Peninsula which was a part of the ancient land mass of Gondwanaland. The major rivers of Odisha with their tributaries have cut deep and narrow valleys.

text: The Garhjat Range is a northeastern prolongation of the eastern Ghats which rises abruptly and steeply in the east and slopes gently to a dissected plateau in the west running from north-west (Mayurbhanj) to south-west (Malkangiri). The Odisha highlands are also known as the Garhjat Hills. This region is well marked by a number of interfluves or watersheds which interrupt the terrain in the form of broad and narrow river valleys and flood plains. The average height of this region is about 900 metres above mean sea level.

text: The Similipal Massif is considered the farthest northeast extension of the Eastern Ghats.[8]

text: Rivers[edit]

text: The Eastern Ghats are the source points for many small and medium rivers[9] along the east coastal plains of South India.

text: Rivers flowing through Eastern Ghats include:

text:
Godavari
Kaveri
Krishna
Mahanadi
Tungabhadra

text: Rivers originating on the Eastern Ghats include:

text:
Bahuda River
Rushikulya River
Vamsadhara River
Nagavali River
Champavathi River
Vegavathi River
Gosthani River
Sarada River
Varaha River
Tandava River
Indravathi River
Sabari River
Sileru River
Tammileru
Gundlakamma River
Pennai Yaru River
Swarnamukhi
Kundu River
Vellar River
Papaghni River
Chitravati River

text: Ecoregions[edit]

text: The Eastern Ghats consist of different ecoregions along its range from south to north along the east coast of India. The important ecoregions consist of Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests, East Deccan dry evergreen forests, Deccan thorn scrub forests, shrub lands, and South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests.

text: Flora[edit]

text: The southern tropical thorn scrub type forests consist of open, low vegetation that is characterised by thorny trees with short trunks and low, branching crowns that rarely meet to form a closed canopy. Typical grasses of the ecoregion include Chrysopogon fulvus, Heteropogon contortus, Eremopogon foveolatus, Aristida setacea, and Dactyloctenium species. The plants that dominate the vegetation in these forests are acacia species, Balanites roxburghii, Cordia myxa, Capparis spp., Prosopis spp., Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Diospyros chloroxylon, Carissa carandas, and Phoenix sylvestris. There are also several other habitat types found in these forests.

text: Flora of medicinal and botanical interest include an endemic cycad (Cycas beddomei) and Psilotum nudum. A small patch of the tree Shorea talura also exists within the Chittoor forest division, part of which is being maintained as a preservation plot by the Forest Department of Andhra Pradesh. The area between the Nallamalai and Seshachalam Hills is well known for the red sandal (Pterocarpus santalinus), a rare, endemic tree species that is harvested for the medicinal value of its wood.

text: The Eastern Highlands moist deciduous ecoregion's forests are dominated by sal (Shorea robusta), in association with Terminalia, Adina, Toona, Syzygium, Buchanania, Cleisanthus, and Anogeissus. The flora of the ecoregion share many affinities with the moist forests of the Western Ghats and the eastern Himalayas.

text: The original vegetation of the Deccan dry evergreen forests ecoregion consisted of forests with an understory of evergreen trees and an emergent canopy of taller deciduous trees, including sal (Shorea robusta), Albizia amara and Chloroxylon spp. Intensive human use of the forests over the centuries has mostly eliminated the deciduous canopy species, and the ecoregion's remaining forests are now characterized by areas of leathery-leaved evergreen forest, with a relatively low (10-metre) closed canopy.

text: Predominant species are Manilkara hexandra, Mimusops elengi, Ceylon ebony (Diospyros ebenum), strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica), Eugenia spp., Drypetes sepiaria, and Flacourtia indica. A few small enclaves of deciduous sal forest exist but are under intensive human pressure. Most of the ecoregion's forests have been degraded into tropical dry evergreen scrublands, characterized by thorny species such as Ziziphus glaberrima, Dichrostachys cinerea, Catunaregam spinosa, and Carissa spinarum.

text:
Calophyllum inophyllum

Pterocarpus santalinus

Dichrostachys cinerea

Helicteres isora

Blepharis maderaspatensis

Artocarpus heterophyllus

text: Fauna[edit]

text: The endemic fauna of the Eastern Ghats are the Jerdon's courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus) and grey slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus). The rare geckos[10] found here are the Indian golden gecko (Calodactylodes aureus), rock gecko (Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus), and Sharma's skink Eutropis nagarjuni.

text: Mammals[edit]

text: Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), Madras treeshrew (Anathana ellioti), common grey mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii), sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), Indian bison (Bos gaurus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), common muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), dhole (Cuon alpinus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica), Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis), Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus), tufted grey langur (Semnopithecus priam), Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus), bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis), smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), jungle cat (Felis chaus), cheetal (Axis axis), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Indian mole-rat (Bandicota bengalensis)[11]

text: Birds[edit]

text: Great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps), red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus), spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), blue peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Indian pond heron (Ardeola grayii), hoopoe (Upupa epops), spotted owlet (Athene brama), greater coucal (Centropus sinensis), pied crested cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus), Oriental white ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Indian pitta (Pitta brachyura), Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi), red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), jungle babbler (Turdoides striata), painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala), black-rumped flameback (Dinopium benghalense), brahminy kite (Haliastur indus), jungle myna (Acridotheres fuscus), Indian spotted eagle (Aquila hastata), Indian vulture[12] (Gyps indicus)[13], Malabar whistling thrush (Myophonus horsfieldii)

text: Butterflies[edit]

text:
Indian sunbeam (Curetis thetis)

Common Mormon (Papilio polytes)

Yellow pansy (Junonia hierta)- female

Three-spot grass yellow (Eurema blanda)

Common pierrot (Castalius rosimon)

Tawny coster (Acraea terpsicore)

text: Amphibians[edit]

text: Up to 30 species of amphibians including the Gunther's toad (Bufo hololius), pond frogs (Euphlyctis), cricket frog (Fejervarya), bull frogs (Hoplobatrachus), burrowing frogs (Sphaerotheca), balloon frogs (Uperodon), small-mouthed frogs (Microhyla), and tree frog (Polypedates) occur here. Endemic ones include the golden-backed frogs (Hylarana spp.), the bush frog Raorchestes terebrans and the recently described caecilian Gegeneophis orientalis and an Ichthyophis species that is known from old records.[14][15]

text: Reptiles[edit]

text: Nearly 100 species of reptiles occur in the Eastern Ghats. Many endangered species are also present, including the mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Indian black turtle (Melanochelys trijuga), Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata), Indian tent turtle (Pangshura tentoria), Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans), Leith's softshell turtle (Nilssonia leithii), many of which are found in the northern rivers and riverine valley tracts.

text: Among lizards are the Roux's forest calotes Calotes rouxii, those of the genera (Psammophilus ), (Sitana), Indian chameleon (Chamaeleo zeylanicus), Reticulated gecko (Hemidactylus reticulatus), the rock geckoes Hemidactylus giganteus, Hemidactylus graniticolus, the golden gecko (Calodactylodes aureus), the slender gecko (Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus), the rare ground geckoes (Geckoella nebulosa), (Geckoella collegalensis), the recently rediscovered (Geckoella jeyporensis), Leschenault's snake-eye (Ophisops leschenaultii), Blinking snake-eye (Ophisops minor), Ashwamedh's skink (Eutropis ashwamedhii), Beddome's skink Eutropis beddomei, Nagarjun's skink (Eutropis nagarjuni) and Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis). Noteworthy lizards include the endemic, fossorial genera of leg-less skinks such as Sepsophis punctatus, Barkudia melanosticta and Barkudia insularis that are known only from the northern ranges and along the adjoining Eastern coastal plains in northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.

text: Among snakes are the beaked worm snake (Grypotyphlops acutus), the endemic shield-tailed snakes like Uropeltis ellioti, Uropeltis shorttii, the recently described Rhinophis goweri, the endangered Indian rock python (Python molurus), Forsten's cat snake (Boiga forsteni), yellow-green cat snake (Boiga flaviviridis), Srilankan flying snake (Chrysopelea taprobanica), Nagarjun Sagar racer (Coluber bholanathi), green keelback (Macropisthodon plumbicolor), Duméril's black-headed snake (Sibynophis subpunctatus), Indian reed snake (Liopeltis calamaria). Apart from the Big Four Indian venomous snakes, endemic ones like the Beddome's coral snake (Calliophis beddomei) and the Indian green Bamboo pit viper (Trimeresurus gramineus) and the rare King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) and the Banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) are also known from parts of this region.[14][15]

text: Protected areas[edit]

text: Sanctuaries and national parks of the Eastern Ghats:

text:
Badrama Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Kalaphat
Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Khalasuni Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Kotagarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Rollapadu Bird Sanctuary
Satkosia Tiger Reserve, Odisha
Simlipal National Park, Odisha
Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Sri Venkateswara National Park, Andhra Pradesh
Sunabeda Tiger Reserve, Odisha
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu

text: Buddhist culture[edit]

text: The Eastern Ghats are home to many Buddhist ruins, from Odisha to South Andhra. Andhra Pradesh has 140 listed Buddhist sites, which provide a panoramic view of the history of Buddhism from the 3rd century BCE to the 14th century CE. There are as many as 501 inscriptions engraved upon various media, including lithic, copper plates, crystals, pots, and conch, of which 360 are lithic records, 7 are sets of copper plates, and 134 are inscribed pots and conches.

text: Some of the famous Buddhist sites in the Eastern Ghats include:

text:
Amaravati
Bojjannakonda
Bavikonda
Guntupalle
Kapavaram
Lalitgiri
Nagarjunakonda
Pavurallakonda
Ramatheertham
Ratnagiri
Salihundam
Thotlakonda
Udayagiri
Undavalli caves

text: Hindu pilgrimage sites[edit]

text: Some Hindu pilgrimage sites in the Eastern Ghats are:

text:
Ahobilam
Amararama
Annamalaiyar Temple
Annavaram
Ardhagiri
Jaugada
Kadiri
Kalahandi
Kanipakam
Mahanandi
Mangalagiri
Namakkal
Pattiseema
Penchalakona
Rayagada
Simhachalam
Srikalahasti Temple
Srisailam
Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
Vijayawada
Yaganti