document_title: NBA All-Star Celebrity Game

question_text: who won the celebrity all star game 2018 nba

question_tokens: who won the celebrity all star game 2018 nba

text: NBA All-Star Celebrity Game

text: Rules[edit]

text: The game is played with the standard NBA rules; however, there are several rule changes that are used in this game.[3][4]

text:
Games were played in four quarters of 8 minutes from 2003 to 2011; since 2012, the game was extended to 10 minutes a quarter.[5]
Each team is allowed one timeout per half.
From 2003 to 2012, the game clock does not stop while the play is not active except for timeouts, the final two minutes of the second and fourth quarters, or at the official's discretion. Since 2013, the clock stops during the final two minutes of every quarter except for timeouts, overtime and at the official's discretion.
Overtime periods are two minutes in length with a running clock, each team is allowed one timeout during the overtime period.
There are no foul-outs in the game; however, players and/or coaches can be assessed technical fouls and can be ejected from the game.
There was no Most Valuable Player until 2005. From 2005 to 2010, the media members in attendance voted for the MVP. Since 2011, the fans in attendance and TV viewers now vote for the MVP through text messaging and social media.[6]
The game did not use the shot clock rule put into place during the 2011-12 season in which the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second from 2012 to 2014; the rule was put in effect for the 2015 game and beyond.
In 2018, there is a 4 point line which will be active during the second half of the game.

text: Celebrity Game Most Valuable Player[edit]

text:
Year
Winner

2005
Brian McKnight

2006
Nelly*[a]

2007
Tony Potts

2008
Terrell Owens

2009
Terrell Owens (2)

2010
Michael Rapaport

2011
Justin Bieber*[b]

2012
Kevin Hart

2013
Kevin Hart (2)

2014
Kevin Hart (3) & Arne Duncan[c]

2015
Kevin Hart (4)*[d]

2016
Win Butler

2017
Brandon Armstrong

2018
Quavo

text: 2003 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The inaugural NBA All-Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 7, 2003 at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia.[7][8]

text: Celebrities like Justin Timberlake and Jamie Foxx highlighted this NBA All-Star Celebrity game playing alongside WNBA players, NBA legends, and other celebrities. Former NBA players and current Inside the NBA analysts Kenny Smith and Charles Barkley were the opposing coaches. Kenny Smith and the Jets wound up winning in a tight-knit game 46-43.

text: February 7, 2003

text: Recap

text: Kenny Smith and the Jets 46, Sir Charles and the Court Jesters 43

text: Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, Georgia

text:
Sir Charles and the Court Jesters

Player
Background

Mark McGrath
Singer

Ice Cube
Actor/Rapper

Nelly
Rapper/Producer

Tim McGraw
Singer

Ticha Penicheiro
WNBA player

Moses Malone
NBA legend

Nikki McCray
WNBA player

Spud Webb
NBA legend

Head Coach: Charles Barkley (NBA legend/TNT analyst/TV personality)

Kenny Smith and the Jets

Player
Background

Justin Timberlake
Singer/Actor

Jamie Foxx
Singer/Actor

Roger Lodge
Actor/TV host

Rebecca Lobo
WNBA player

Sue Bird
WNBA player

Jonathan Lipnicki
Actor

Manute Bol
NBA legend

Anthony Anderson
Actor

Muggsy Bogues
NBA legend

Brian McKnight
Singer

Head Coach: Kenny Smith (Former NBA player/TNT analyst)

text: 2004 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2004 McDonald's NBA All-Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 13, 2004 at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California.

text: The NBA All-Star Celebrity Game featured celebrities from Paris Hilton to Bill Walton.[9] Although Richard Jefferson of the Lakers led all scorers with 16 points,[10] the Lakers would lose to the Braves 60-52.[11]

text: February 13, 2004

text: Recap

text: Buffalo Braves 60, Minneapolis Lakers 52

text: Los Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, California

text:
Buffalo Braves

Player
Background

Sue Bird (2)
WNBA player

Nick Carter
Singer/actor

Tom Cavanagh
Actor

Morris Chestnut
Actor

DJ Clue
Rapper

Donald Faison
Actor

Mark Jackson
NBA player

Roger Lodge (2)
Blind Date host

Cuttino Mobley
NBA Player

Nelly (2)
Rapper

Henry Simmons
Actor

Head Coach: P Diddy (Rapper)

Assistant Coach: Paris Hilton (Socialite/actress)

General Manager: Greg Anthony (ESPN analyst)

Minneapolis Lakers

Player
Background

Bill Bellamy
Actor/comedian

Nick Cannon
Actor/singer

Kevin Hart
Actor/comedian

Steve Howey
Actor

Richard Jefferson
NBA Player

Mark McGrath (2)
Singer/Extra host

Frankie Muniz
Actor

Sean Paul
Reggae artist

Michael Rapaport
Actor

Nikki Teasley
WNBA player

Head Coach: Ashton Kutcher (Actor)

Assistant Coach: Lisa Leslie (WNBA player)

General Manager: Bill Walton (ESPN analyst)

text: 2005 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2005 McDonald's NBA All-Star Celebrity Game sponsored by Sprite was played on Friday, February 18, 2005 at the Colorado Convention Center in Denver, Colorado.[12]

text: Rapper Nelly, pop rock singer Ryan Cabrera, rapper/actor Ice Cube, and actor Danny Masterson were among some of the celebrities who participated.[13] After playing the first half with the Nuggets, Entertainment Tonight correspondent Kevin Frazier played the second half with Team Denver. R&B Singer Brian McKnight scored the game winning basket as he threw in an off-balance shot that sailed in while getting the foul call with 9.9 seconds in the fourth quarter, and he was named the first ever MVP of the NBA All-Star Celebrity game.[14]

text: February 18, 2005

text: Recap

text: Team Nuggets 55, Team Denver 54

text: Colorado Convention Center, Denver, Colorado

text:
Team Denver

Player
Background

DJ Clue (2)
Rapper

Jermaine Dupri
Rapper

Becky Hammon
WNBA player

Lisa Leslie
WNBA player

Roger Lodge (3)
Blind Date host

Danny Masterson
Actor

Mark McGrath (3)
Singer/Extra host

Wilmer Valderrama
Actor

Head Coach: Andre Miller (NBA Player)

Assistant Coach: Vivica A. Fox (Actress)

General Manager: Greg Anthony (ESPN analyst)

Team Nuggets

Player
Background

Ryan Cabrera
Singer

Donald Faison (2)
Actor

Kevin Frazier
Entertainment Tonight correspondent

Eric Koston
Professional skateboarder

Brian McKnight (2)
Singer

Nelly (3)
Rapper

Nykesha Sales
WNBA player

Diana Taurasi
WNBA player

Head Coach: Earl Boykins (NBA player)

Assistant Coach: Gabrielle Union (Actress)

General Manager: Stephen A. Smith (ESPN analyst)

text: 2006 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2006 McDonald's NBA All-Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 17, 2006 at the George R. Brown Convention Center in Houston, Texas.[15][16]

text: Nelly was named MVP with a game-high 14 points and 12 rebounds and hit H-Town's only two three-pointers in a losing effort as the Clutch City Team beat the H-Town Team 37-33.

text: February 17, 2006

text: Recap

text: Clutch City Team 37, H-Town Team 33

text: George R. Brown Convention Center, Houston, Texas

text:
H-Town Team

Player
Background

Carlos Bernard
Actor

Chris Brown
Singer

Nick Cannon (2)
Actor/signer

Becky Hammon (2)
WNBA player

Nelly (4)
Singer/actor

Tony Potts
Access Hollywood correspondent

Brandon Routh
Actor

Coach: Eva Longoria (Actress)

General Manager: Stephen A. Smith (ESPN analyst)

Clutch City Team

Player
Background

Bow Wow
Hip-Hop artist/actor

Swin Cash
WNBA player

Ice Cube (2)
Singer/actor

Donald Faison (3)
Actor

Andrew Firestone
ABC's The Bachelor (Season 3)

Kevin Frazier (2)
Entertainment Tonight correspondent

Chris Meloni
Actor

Head Coach: Queen Latifah (Singer/actress)

General Manager: Greg Anthony (ESPN analyst)

text: 2007 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2007 McDonald's NBA All-Star Celebrity Game Presented by 2K Sports was played on Friday, February 16, 2007 at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Winchester, Nevada. Jamie Foxx was scheduled to play but did not play to perform at a concert later that night.[17] Donald Faison started for the East but was traded to the West team in exchange for no one during the second quarter. During the third quarter New Orleans Saints running back and West player Reggie Bush slightly sprained his right ankle and did not play the rest of the game. However, Access Hollywood correspondent and fellow West teammate Tony Potts scored 14 points and eight rebounds for the West team as he helped the West beat the East 40-21 and was named the game's MVP. During the game, Jazz Bear, the mascot of the Utah Jazz,[18] ESPN reporter Jim Gray,[19] and former NBA player Jerome Williams played a few minutes in the game.[20][21]

text: February 16, 2007

text: Recap

text: West 40, East 21

text: Las Vegas Convention Center, Winchester, Nevada

text:
East

Player
Background

David Arquette
Actor

Michael Clarke Duncan
Actor

Taye Diggs
Actor

Donald Faison (4)
Actor

Bobby Flay
TV Chef

Jamie Kennedy
Actor/comedian

Nelly (5)
Hip-hop artist/actor

Katie Smith
WNBA player

LaDainian Tomlinson
NFL player

Carrot Top
Comedian

Chris Tucker
Actor/comedian

Head Coach: Tim Legler (ESPN analyst)

Assistant Coach: James Pickens Jr. (Actor)

West

Player
Background

Bow Wow (2)
Hip-Hop artist/actor

Reggie Bush
NFL player

Nick Cannon (3)
Actor/comedian

Tamika Catchings
WNBA player

James Denton
Actor

Jamie Foxx (2)
Actor/comedian/singer

Tony Potts (2)
Access Hollywood correspondent

Jonathan Silverman
Actor

Head Coach: Greg Anthony (ESPN analyst)

Assistant Coach: Wayne Newton (Singer/actor)

text: 2008 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The NBA All-Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 15, 2008 at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans, Louisiana. A total of 17 celebrities took part in the game. The game was marked by a surprise appearance by Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Terrell Owens in the middle of the second quarter, where he joined and played with the New Orleans team. Owens scored 18 points including a dunk. He was named MVP of the game after helping his team win 51-50. ESPN analyst Ric Bucher was the commissioner for the game.[22]

text: February 15, 2008

text: Recap

text: Team New Orleans 51, Team Hornets 50

text: Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, New Orleans, Louisiana

text:
Team New Orleans

Player
Background

A. J. Calloway
Extra correspondent

Seth Gilliam
Actor

Zach Gilford
Actor

Taylor Hicks
Singer/2006 American Idol winner

James Lafferty
Actor

Ne-Yo
Singer/actor

Terrell Owens
NFL player

Master P
Hip-hop artist

Ruth Riley
WNBA player

Coach: Gabrielle Union (Actress)

General Manager: Stephen A. Smith (ESPN analyst)

Team Hornets

Player
Background

Swin Cash (2)
WNBA player

Common
Singer/actor

Terry Crews
Actor

James Kyson Lee
Actor

Floyd Mayweather
Boxer

Tony Potts (3)
Access Hollywood correspondent

Chris Tucker (2)
Actor/comedian

Deion Sanders
NFL legend

Coach: Alyssa Milano (Actress)

General Manager: Bill Walton (NBA legend/ESPN Analyst)

text: 2009 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2009 McDonald's NBA All-Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 13, 2009 at the Phoenix Convention Center in Phoenix, Arizona. A total of 17 celebrities took part in the game. Basketball Hall of Famers Magic Johnson and Julius Erving, who combined for 23 NBA All-Star appearances, served as coaches for the celebrity teams. NBA legends, Dominique Wilkins and Clyde Drexler, were joined by former players, Dan Majerle and Rick Fox, in the celebrity team roster. WNBA stars Lisa Leslie and Kara Lawson also participated in the game along with four Harlem Globetrotters players.[23]

text: Previous year's MVP, Terrell Owens scored a game-high 17 points and led the East Sunrisers to a 60–57 victory over the West Sunsetters. Owens, an American football star for Dallas Cowboys, was named as the Celebrity Game MVP for the second year in a row. The game was marked by a surprise appearance by another Hall of Famer Nancy Lieberman in the middle of the game, where she joined and played with the East Sunrisers. ESPN play-by-play commentator Mike Breen also made a surprise appearance as the referee for the game.[24]

text: February 13, 2009

text: Recap

text: East Sunrisers 60, West Sunsetters 57

text: Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona

text:
East Sunrisers

Player
Background

Dominique Wilkins
NBA legend

Rick Fox
Los Angeles Lakers legend

Kara Lawson
WNBA player

James Denton (2)
Actor

Zachary Levi
Actor

Terrell Owens (2)
NFL player

"Special K" Daley
Harlem Globetrotters

"Wildkat" Edgerson
Harlem Globetrotters

Nancy Lieberman
WNBA legend

Coach: Julius Erving (NBA legend)

West Sunsetters

Player
Background

Clyde Drexler
NBA legend

Dan Majerle
Phoenix Suns legend

Lisa Leslie (2)
WNBA player

Donald Faison (5)
Actor

Michael Rapaport (2)
Actor

Chris Tucker (3)
Actor/comedian

"Scooter" Christensen
Harlem Globetrotters

"Handles" Franklin
Harlem Globetrotters

Coach: Magic Johnson (NBA legend/ESPN analyst)

text: 2010 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2010 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game presented by Final Fantasy XIII was played on Friday, February 12, 2010 at the Dallas Convention Center in Dallas, Texas. A total of 20 celebrities took part in the game, including several former basketball players. Basketball Hall of Famer Magic Johnson and five-time NBA All-Star Alonzo Mourning, served as coaches for the celebrity teams. Three former NBA players, Robert Horry, Rick Fox and Chris Mullin, along with Hall of Famer Nancy Lieberman and Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban, participated in the game.[25] The West team won 41–37 over the East. "Special K" Daley, one of the four Harlem Globetrotters player that participated in the game, scored game-high 18 points for the West. Actor Michael Rapaport, who scored 4 points, was named as the Celebrity Game MVP for his defense on football player Terrell Owens, the MVP of the last two Celebrity Games. Owens, who played both college basketball and football in Chattanooga, led the East with 10 points.[23] The Globetrotters, joined by "Curly" Neal and "Bucket" Blakes, entertained the crowd during the timeouts with their signature ball-handling tricks.[26]

text: February 12, 2010

text: Recap

text: West 41, East 37

text: Dallas Convention Center, Dallas, Texas

text:
East

Player
Background

Dr. Oz
Doctor/TV host

Chris Tucker (4)
Actor/comedian

Joel Moore
Actor

Pitbull
Musician

Terrell Owens (3)
Football player

"Flight Time" Lang
Harlem Globetrotters

"Big Easy" Lofton
Harlem Globetrotters

Angel McCoughtry
WNBA player

Nancy Lieberman (2)
WNBA legend/Basketball Hall of Famer

Rick Fox (2)
NBA legend

Head coach: Alonzo Mourning (NBA legend)

Assistant coach: Mario Lopez (Actor)

West

Player
Background

Anthony Kim
Golfer

Terrence J
TV host

Mark Cuban
Dallas Mavericks owner

Common (2)
Actor/musician

Michael Rapaport (3)
Actor

"Scooter" Christensen (2)
Harlem Globetrotters

"Special K" Daley (2)
Harlem Globetrotters

Becky Hammon (3)
WNBA player

Chris Mullin
NBA legend

Robert Horry
NBA legend

Head coach: Magic Johnson (NBA legend/ESPN analyst)

Assistant coach: Drake (Musician)

text: 2011 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2011 BBVA Celebrity All-Star Game was played on Friday, February 18 at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California. The head coaches were Basketball Hall of Famers Bill Walton and Magic Johnson. Their assistants were comedians Ty Burrell and Jason Alexander. Each team featured fake "general managers" who simulated to have chosen the team.

text: The game's MVP was chosen by voting through text messaging and social media. At the end of the game, Justin Bieber was announced the MVP. Bieber scored eight points (3-11 FG), and had two rebounds and four assists. NBA legend Chris Mullin said of Bieber, "He's got a nice little game... but more importantly, he's got great passion. It looked like he loves the game."[27]

text: February 18, 2011

text: Recap

text: East 54, West 49

text:
West

Members
Occupation

Justin Bieber
singer/songwriter

Swin Cash (3)
current WNBA player

Rick Fox (3)
former NBA player/actor

A.C. Green
former NBA player

Rob Kardashian
TV personality/model

Zachary Levi (2)
actor/singer

Romeo Miller
entertainer/actor

Jalen Rose
former NBA player/ESPN analyst

Trey Songz
singer/songwriter

Head coach: Magic Johnson (NBA legend/ESPN analyst)

Assistant coach: Ty Burrell (Actor)

General manager: Jimmy Kimmel (Comedian)

East

Members
Occupation

Nick Cannon (4)
TV personality/actor

Tamika Catchings (2)
current WNBA player

Common (3)
singer/songwriter/actor

Arne Duncan
US Secretary of Education

Chris Mullin (2)
former NBA player/ESPN analyst

Scottie Pippen
NBA legend

Michael Rapaport (4)
entertainer/actor

Mitch Richmond
former NBA player

Jason Sudeikis
TV personality/actor

Head coach: Bill Walton (NBA legend/ESPN analyst)

Assistant coach: Jason Alexander (Actor)

General manager: Bill Simmons (ESPN columnist)

text: 2012 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2012 Sprint NBA All-Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 24, 2012 at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida. Participants in 2012's version of the game include J. Cole, Common, Vinny Guadagnino, Kevin Hart, and Ne-Yo.[28]

text: Arne Duncan scored 17 points, and grabbed eight rebounds for the East, but teammate Kevin Hart, who recorded 8 points and 6 assists, was named the game's MVP. Hart was also given two technical fouls and was ejected from the game with about a minute to go in the fourth quarter for protesting a call made against him. The East won the game 86-54. Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard coached for the East team and Oklahoma City Thunder forward Kevin Durant coached the West team.[29]

text: February 24, 2012

text: Recap

text: East 86, West 54

text: Orange County Convention Center, Orlando, Florida

text:
West

Player
Background

Javier Colon
Singer and songwriter

Common (4)
Rapper/actor

Tim Hardaway
NBA legend

Chris Mullin (3)
NBA legend/ESPN analyst

Ne-Yo (2)
Singer/actor

Mitch Richmond (2)
NBA legend

Drew Scott
Real estate expert, co-host of Property Brothers

J.B. Smoove
Actor/comedian

Jesse Williams
Actor/model

Coach: Kevin Durant (NBA player)

East

Player
Background

Nick Anderson
NBA legend

Tamika Catchings (3)
WNBA player

J. Cole
Rapper

Arne Duncan (2)
US Secretary of Education

Doug Gottlieb
ESPN analyst

Vinny Guadagnino
Jersey Shore personality

Penny Hardaway
NBA legend

Kevin Hart (2)
Actor/comedian

Jonathan Scott
Contractor, co-host of Property Brothers

Coach: Dwight Howard (NBA player)

text: 2013 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2013 Sprint NBA All-Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 15, 2013 at the George R. Brown Convention Center in Houston, Texas.[30] The game featured 18 players, including Jamaican Olympic sprinter Usain Bolt, Entertainment Tonight correspondent Rocsi Diaz, actor Josh Hutcherson, ABC News correspondent John Schriffen, and Kevin Hart. Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook and Houston Rockets shooting guard James Harden served as the game's head coaches.[31]

text: Josh Hutcherson was the leading scorer of the East Team with 11 points which included three 3-pointers. Arne Duncan and Terrence Jenkins were the leading scorers of the West Team with 11 points; teammate Kevin Hart, however, who scored five points, three rebounds, and one assist, was named Celebrity Game MVP for the second successive year. Hart became the second player to win the Most Valuable Player award twice joining Terrell Owens, who won it in 2008 and 2009.[32]

text: February 15, 2013

text: Recap

text: West 58, East 38

text:
East

Player
Background

Usain Bolt
Olympic sprinter

Bruce Bowen
Former NBA player

Nick Cannon (5)
TV personality/actor

Tamika Catchings (4)
WNBA player

Rocsi Diaz
Entertainment Tonight correspondent

Sean Elliott
NBA legend

Josh Hutcherson
Actor

Ne-Yo (3)
Singer/actor

Trey Songz (2)
Singer/songwriter

Head Coach: Russell Westbrook (NBA player)

Assistant Coach: Queen Latifah (Rapper/actress)

West

Player
Background

Common (5)
Rapper/actor

Clyde Drexler (2)
NBA legend

Kevin Hart (3)
Comedian/actor

Arne Duncan (3)
U.S. Secretary of Education

Terrence Jenkins (2)
E! News co-anchor

Maya Moore
WNBA player

Dikembe Mutombo
NBA legend

Ryen Russillo
SVP & Russillo co-host

John Schriffen
ABC News correspondent

Head Coach: James Harden (NBA player)

Assistant Coach: Samantha Harris (TV host/actress)

text: 2014 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2014 Sprint NBA All-Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 14, 2014 from the Sprint Arena at the New Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans, Louisiana.[33] The game featured 18 players including comedian/actor and two-time Celebrity Game MVP Kevin Hart, Victoria's Secret model Erin Heatherton, ESPN "Mike & Mike" co-hosts Mike Golic and Mike Greenberg, hip-hop artist Snoop Dogg, Actor Michael B. Jordan ("The Wire"), United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan, and others. ESPN's "NBA Countdown" co-hosts Bill Simmons and Jalen Rose were the head coaches.[34] Brandon Franklin was a fan who won the Sprint's Assistant Coach For A Day Sweepstakes and he served as assistant coach for the East team.[35]

text: Arne Duncan led the way with a celebrity game record of 20 points, and added 11 rebounds, and six assists as the East team beat the West team 60-56. The West's Kevin Hart scored 7 points and 4 assists was once again voted MVP by the fans; however, due to his lackluster play he passed the award to Arne Duncan.[36]

text: February 14, 2014

text: Recap

text: East 60, West 56

text: Sprint Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana

text:
East

Player
Background

Bruce Bowen (2)
Former NBA player

Nick Cannon (6)
TV personality/actor

Skylar Diggins
WNBA player

Arne Duncan (4)
U.S. Secretary of Education

Mike Greenberg
ESPN Radio's Mike & Mike co-host

Kristen Ledlow
NBA Inside Stuff co-host

Romeo Miller (2)
Entertainer/actor

Stan Verrett
ESPN's SportsCenter anchor

Wale
Rapper

Head Coach: Jalen Rose (Former NBA player and NBA analyst)

Assistant Coach: David Jacoby (ESPN producer, Grantland writer and editor)

Assistant Coach: Brandon Franklin
(Winner of the Sprint's Assistant Coach For A Day Sweepstakes)

West

Player
Background

Tamika Catchings
WNBA player

Elena Delle Donne
WNBA player

Snoop Dogg
Rapper/actor

Mike Golic
ESPN Radio's Mike & Mike co-host

Kevin Hart (4)
Comedian/actor

Erin Heatherton
Victoria's Secret model

Terrence Jenkins (3)
E! News co-anchor

Michael B. Jordan
Actor

Jesse Williams (2)
Actor

Head Coach: Bill Simmons (Sports columnist, NBA analyst and author)

Assistant Coach: Zach Lowe (Grantland writer)

text: 2015 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game[edit]

text: The 2015 Sprint NBA All-Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 13, 2015. It was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City, home of the New York Knicks. This was the first celebrity game played at an NBA arena in the event's history. The game was televised nationally by ESPN.[37]

text: This game featured 20 players including Arcade Fire frontman, Win Butler, Bollywood actor Abhishek Bachchan, 2014 Little League World Series female pitcher Mo'ne Davis, WNBA player Skylar Diggins, Paralympic athlete Blake Leeper, NBA hall of famer Chris Mullin, and Memphis Grizzlies owner Robert Pera. This game also featured two All-Star Celebrity Game MVPs; 2010 winner Michael Rapaport and 2012, 2013, and 2014 winner Kevin Hart.[38]

text: ESPN Radio's "Mike & Mike" hosts Mike Golic and Mike Greenberg coached the West and East teams respectively. The West team assistant coaches were film director Spike Lee and tennis legend John McEnroe. New York Knicks' small forward Carmelo Anthony and former Baylor Bears center Isaiah Austin was the assistant coaches for the East team.[39] Actress and singer Keke Palmer sang the national anthem, and Canadian reggae fusion band Magic! performed at halftime.[40]

text: Although the West led by Atlanta Dream point guard Shoni Schimmel with 17 points beat the East 57-51, Kevin Hart of the East who scored 15 points and won the MVP award. This was Hart's fourth MVP award in a row, a record for the Celebrity Game. Hart would then announce his retirement from the annual celebrity game.[41]

text: February 13, 2015

text: Recap

text: West 57, East 51

text: Madison Square Garden, New York, New York

text:
West

Player
Background

Anthony Anderson (2)
Actor

Win Butler
Singer

Nick Cannon (7)
TV personality/actor

Mo'ne Davis
Little League pitcher

Skylar Diggins (2)
WNBA player

Ansel Elgort
Actor

Chris Mullin (4)
NBA legend

Robert Pera
Memphis Grizzlies owner

Sarah Silverman
Comedian/actress

Jesse Williams (3)
Actor

Head Coach: Mike Golic (ESPN Radio's Mike & Mike co-host)

Assistant Coach: Spike Lee (Film director/actor)

Assistant Coach: John McEnroe (Tennis legend)

East

Player
Background

Abhishek Bachchan
Bollywood actor

Chadwick Boseman
Actor

Tina Charles
WNBA player

Common (6)
Rapper/actor

Kevin Hart (5)
Comedian/actor

Allan Houston
NBA legend

Kristen Ledlow (2)
NBA Inside Stuff co-host

Blake Leeper
Paralympic athlete

Michael Rapaport (5)
Actor

Shoni Schimmel
WNBA player

Head Coach: Mike Greenberg (ESPN Radio's Mike & Mike co-host)

Assistant Coach: Carmelo Anthony (NBA player)

Assistant Coach: Isaiah Austin (Former Baylor Bears player)

text: 2016 NBA Celebrity All-Star Game[edit]

text: The 2016 NBA Celebrity All-Star Game was played on February 12th, 2016 at the Ricoh Coliseum in Toronto, Ontario.[42][43]

text: The game was a matchup of Team Canada vs. Team USA, coached by Canadian rapper Drake, and 4-time Celebrity Game MVP Kevin Hart, respectively. It featured 21 players, including actors Stephan James, Jason Sudeikis, Anthony Anderson, O'Shea Jackson, Jr., Joel David Moore, and Tom Cavanagh, and TV hosts Nick Cannon, Terrence Jenkins, and the Property Brothers. The game also included four NBA legends in Chauncey Billups, Muggsy Bogues, Tracy McGrady, and Rick Fox, as well as Elena Delle Donne and Tammy Sutton-Brown of the WNBA.[44][45]

text: Despite the efforts of head coach Kevin Hart who later played in the game in the second half, Team Canada won 74–64 and Win Butler was named MVP of the game.

text: ESPN

text:
February 12
7:00 pm ET

text: Recap

text:
Team USA 64, Team Canada 74

Scoring by quarter: 15–20, 13–17, 18–16, 18–21

text: Ricoh Coliseum, Toronto, Ontario

text:
Team USA

Player
Background

Anthony Anderson (3)
Actor

Chauncey Billups
former NBA champion and All-Star

Muggsy Bogues (2)
former NBA player

Nick Cannon (8)
TV personality/Actor

Elena Delle Donne (2)
WNBA superstar

O'Shea Jackson, Jr.
Actor

Terrence Jenkins (4)
TV personality/Actor

Marc Lasry
Milwaukee Bucks owner

Joel David Moore (2)
Actor

Jason Sudeikis (2)
Actor/Comedian

Head Coach: Kevin Hart (Actor)

Assistant Coach: Becky Hammon (Assistant Coach, San Antonio Spurs)

Assistant Coach: Isaiah Thomas (Player, Boston Celtics)

Assistant Coach: Andre Drummond (Player, Detroit Pistons)

Team Canada

Player
Background

Eugenie Bouchard
Professional tennis player

Win Butler (2)
Singer, Arcade Fire

Tom Cavanagh (2)
Actor

Rick Fox (4)
NBA TV analyst

Stephan James
Actor

Tracy McGrady
NBA legend

Milos Raonic
Professional tennis player

Drew Scott (2)
TV host, Property Brothers

Johnathan Scott (2)
TV host, Property Brothers

Tammy Sutton-Brown
Former WNBA player

Kris Wu
Actor/Singer

Head Coach: Drake (Rapper)

Assistant Coach: Steve Nash (NBA legend)

Assistant Coach: José Bautista (MLB All Star, Toronto Blue Jays)

Assistant Coach: DeMar DeRozan (Player, Toronto Raptors)

text: 2017 NBA Celebrity All-Star Game[edit]

text: The 2017 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 17, 2017 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome.[46]

text: The game was a matchup of Team East vs. Team West, coached by ESPN SportsCenter hosts Michael Smith and Jemele Hill, respectively. The game featured 23 players, including actors Ansel Elgort, Caleb McLaughlin, & Romeo Miller, and TV host Nick Cannon. The game also includes two NBA legends, Jason Williams, and Baron Davis, as well as Lindsay Whalen and Candace Parker of the WNBA.[47]

text: The game ended up being the second most lopsided game in Celebrity Game history to date. The East Team's 88 points were the most ever scored by one team, and their 29-point margin of victory was the second largest ever. Even though last year's MVP and the East Team player Win Butler scored 22 points and 11 rebounds, his teammate Brandon Armstrong won the 2017 All-Star Celebrity Game MVP award with 16 points and 15 rebounds.[48][49]

text: ESPN

text:
February 17, 2017
7:00 pm ET

text:
Team East 88, Team West 59

Scoring by quarter: 20–12, 19–11, 20–19, 29–17

text: Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana

text:
Team East

Player
Background

Brandon Armstrong
Social media star, former NBA D-League player

Win Butler (3)
Musician

Nick Cannon (9)
TV personality/Actor/Rapper

Rachel DeMita
NBA2K TV personality

Ansel Elgort (2)
Actor

Marc Lasry (2)
Milwaukee Bucks owner

Caleb McLaughlin
Actor

Peter Rosenberg
Media personality

Oscar Schmidt
Olympic Basketball legend

Lindsay Whalen
WNBA player

Jason Williams
NBA legend

Kris Wu (2)
Actor/Singer

Head Coach: Jemele Hill (ESPN host)

Assistant Coach: Kyle Lowry (Player, Toronto Raptors)

Assistant Coach: Fat Joe (Rapper)

Assistant Coach: DJ Khaled (Rapper)

Team West

Player
Background

Mark Cuban (2)
Dallas Mavericks owner

Baron Davis
NBA legend

Andy Grammer
Musician

Jiang Jinfu
Chinese Actor/Model

Anthony Mackie
Actor

Romeo Miller (3)
Actor

Hasan Minhaj
Actor/Comedian

Nneka Ogwumike
WNBA player

Master P (2)
Actor/Rapper

Candace Parker
WNBA player

Aarón Sanchez
Celebrity Chef

Head Coach: Michael Smith (ESPN host)

Assistant Coach: Draymond Green (Player, Golden State Warriors)

Assistant Coach: Rocsi Diaz (Television Personality)

text: 2018 NBA Celebrity All-Star Game[edit]

text: The 2018 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game presented by Ruffles will be played on Friday, February 16, 2018 at the Los Angeles Convention Center.[50][51][52] Since the All-Star Weekend was held in Los Angeles, the competition would be represented by the two NBA teams in the city with the Los Angeles Lakers (Team Lakers) and the Los Angeles Clippers (Team Clippers) instead of the typical West Vs. East affair like in previous years.

text: ESPN

text:
February 16, 2018
7:00 pm ET

text:
Team Lakers 66, Team Clippers 75

Scoring by quarter: 13–19, 17–18, 19–17, 17–21

text:
Team Lakers

Player
Background

Justin Bieber (2)
Singer/songwriter

Sterling Brim
TV personality/Host/Actor

Nick Cannon (10)
TV personality/Actor/Rapper

Terence Crawford
Boxer

Rachel DeMita (2)
NBA 2KTV personality

Jerry Ferrara
Actor

Flea
Musician

Michael B. Jordan
Actor

Marc Lasry (3)
Milwaukee Bucks owner

Tracy McGrady (2)
former NBA player

Caleb McLaughlin (2)
Actor

Candace Parker (2)
WNBA player

Nate Robinson
former NBA player

Drew Scott (3)
Actor

Kris Wu (3)
Actor/Singer

Head Coach: Rachel Nichols (ESPN host)

Assistant Coach: Tracy McGrady (former NBA player, ESPN analyst)

Assistant Coach: Michael B. Jordan (Actor)

Team Clippers

Player
Background

Anthony Anderson (4)
Actor

Brandon Armstrong (2)
Social media star, former NBA D-League player

Miles Brown
Actor

Win Butler (4)
Musician

Common (7)
Rapper/Actor

Andre De Grasse
Olympic sprinter

Stefanie Dolson
WNBA player

Jamie Foxx (3)
Actor/Comedian/Singer

Paul Pierce
former NBA player

Dascha Polanco
Actress

Quavo
Rapper

Offset
Rapper

Bubba Watson
Golfer

Jason Williams (2)
former NBA player

Head Coach: Katie Nolan (ESPN host)

Assistant Coach: Paul Pierce (former NBA player, ESPN analyst)

Assistant Coach: Common (Rapper/actor)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Nelly won the award while being on the losing team.
Jump up ^ Bieber won the award while being on the losing team.
Jump up ^ Hart originally won the award but passed the award to Arne Duncan.
Jump up ^ Hart won the award while being on the losing team.


document_title: Herbie

question_text: who starred in the original herbie the love bug movie

root

text: Herbie

text: History[edit]

text: Herbie's origins are firmly established in The Love Bug (1968). Before the events of the film, he was bought from Peter Thorndyke's (David Tomlinson) showroom by San Francisco socialite Mrs. Van Luit for her upstairs maid, but returned shortly afterwards due to reliability problems. He was then purchased by race-driver Jim Douglas (Dean Jones), who had earlier stood up for him against the pompous Thorndyke (David Tomlinson). Tennessee Steinmetz (Buddy Hackett), Jim's best friend and housemate, names the car "Herbie" after his uncle Herb, a middleweight boxer whose broken nose greatly resembled the trunk lid of a Volkswagen Beetle.

tag: p

text: In Herbie Rides Again (1974), Herbie has been left to Tennessee's widowed aunt, Mrs. Steinmetz (Helen Hayes). Mrs. Steinmetz and her displaced neighbor, Nicole Harris (Stefanie Powers), try to save her house from being bulldozed by Alonzo Hawk (Keenan Wynn) with the help of Herbie. During the film it is explained that after several successful races with Herbie, Douglas entered foreign racing circuits, while his sidekick Tennessee is residing in Tibet to help his ailing instructor.

text: By Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977), Douglas enters Herbie in the Trans-France Race and recruits mechanic friend Wheely Applegate (Don Knotts) to assist him. Herbie falls in love with a Lancia Montecarlo named Giselle and Douglas with her driver Diane Darcy (Julie Sommars). Herbie also finds himself in the wrong place at the wrong time when the stolen Etoile de Joie diamond is hidden in his fuel tank.

text: In Herbie Goes Bananas (1980), Douglas has retired from racing after Monte Carlo and leaves Herbie to his nephew, Pete Stancheck (Stephen W. Burns), who plans to enter Herbie in the Brazil Grand Primeo. In the interim, Herbie befriends an orphan named Paco (Joaquin Garay, III), with whom he wreaks havoc onboard cruise ship the Sun Princess, prompting the overzealous Captain Blythe (Harvey Korman) to force Herbie to "walk the plank". Having fallen into the ocean, Herbie is rescued by Paco and disguised as a taxi, later to stop a gang of con artists from stealing ancient Inca gold. Early in their partnership, Paco gives Herbie the nickname "Ocho", the Spanish word for the number 8; purportedly because the digits 5 and 3 in Herbie's racing number, 53, were combined to produce "8" (5+3 = 8) and possibly to rhyme with "Vocho", the Beetle's colloquial name in Mexico.

text: After the Mexico debacle, Douglas takes Herbie and opens a driving school in the TV series Herbie, the Love Bug, Then Douglas meets a woman named Susan Maclane and her three kids Julie, Matthew and Robbie.

text: Hank Cooper (Bruce Campbell) becomes the owner of Herbie in the 1997 made-for-television movie The Love Bug. Here Herbie's origins are explained: an elderly German engineer named Dr. Gustav Stumpfel, was building Herbie when a picture of his deceased wife fell into a vat of molten metal; Stumpfel's love for her animating Herbie. During the film Stumpfel is forced to build an evil Volkswagen counterpart to Herbie, "Horace the Hate Bug," from a sample of Herbie's original metal. Horace's personality is influenced by the narcissism of Herbie's former owner Simon when he has a picture of himself dropped into the metal vats, and kills Herbie during the film. Cooper buries Herbie, but the return of Jim Douglas sets Cooper to rebuild the fallen Love Bug (with the help of repentant Dr. Stumpfel) and have him race against Simon and Horace. In this race, Herbie ultimately divides himself in half (as in the original film) to win the race.

text: Over the years Herbie is passed down from owner to owner, competing in many races, until he is bought by Maggie Peyton (Lindsay Lohan) in Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005), eventually to compete in a demolition derby and NASCAR races. In this film, Herbie falls in love with a yellow Volkswagen New Beetle.

text: Films[edit]

text:
Occupation
Film

The Love Bug
(1968)
Herbie Rides Again
(1974)
Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo
(1977)
Herbie Goes Bananas
(1980)
The Love Bug
(1997)
Herbie: Fully Loaded
(2005)

Director
Robert Stevenson
Vincent McEveety
Peyton Reed
Angela Robinson

Producer(s)
Bill Walsh
Ron W. Miller
Kevin Corcoran
Ron Miller
Don Tait
Joan Van Horn
Irwin Marcus
Robert Simonds

Writer(s)
Screenplay by:
Bill Walsh
Don DaGradi
Story by:
Gordon Buford
Screenplay by:
Bill Walsh
Story by:
Gordon Buford
Arthur Alsberg
Don Nelson
Don Tait
Ryan Rowe
Screenplay by:
Thomas Lennon
Robert Ben Garant
Alfred Gough
Miles Millar
Story by:
Thomas Lennon
Robert Ben Garant
Mark Perez

Composer
George Bruns
Frank De Vol
Shirley Walker
Mark Mothersbaugh

Cinematography
Edward Colman
Frank Phillips
Leonard J. South
Frank Phillips
Russ Alsobrook
Greg Gardiner

Editor(s)
Cotton Warburton
Gordon D. Brenner
Chip Masamitsu
Wendy Greene Bricmont

Production company
Walt Disney Productions
Walt Disney Television
Walt Disney Pictures
Robert Simonds Productions

Distribution
Buena Vista Distribution
Buena Vista Television
Buena Vista Pictures

Runtime
108 minutes
88 minutes
104 minutes
98 minutes
88 minutes
101 minutes

Release date
December 24, 1968
June 6, 1974
June 24, 1977
June 25, 1980
November 30, 1997
June 22, 2005

tag: table

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
Release date
Box office gross (as of 2017)[1]
Rotten Tomatoes

Domestic
Domestic adjusted
Worldwide

The Love Bug
000000001968-12-24-0000December 24, 1968 (limited)
000000001969-03-13-0000March 13, 1969
$51,264,000
$312,277,200
N/A
75%

Herbie Rides Again
000000001974-06-06-0000June 6, 1974
$38,229,000
$176,834,700
N/A
80%

Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo
000000001977-06-24-0000June 24, 1977
$29,000,000
$111,721,400
N/A
67%

Herbie Goes Bananas
000000001980-06-25-0000June 25, 1980
$18,000,000
$57,776,900
N/A
40%

The Love Bug
000000001997-11-30-0000November 30, 1997
$0— TV film —
51%

Herbie: Fully Loaded
000000002005-06-22-0000June 22, 2005
$66,023,816
$89,096,100
$144,146,816
41%

Total
$205,516,816
$747,706,300
$280,639,816+
59%

text: Television series[edit]

text:
Herbie, the Love Bug

Genre
Sitcom

Starring

Dean Jones
Patricia Harty
Richard Paul
Claudia Wells
Nicky Katt
Douglas Emerson

Country of origin
United States

Original language(s)
English

Production

Running time
48 minutes

Release

Original network
CBS

Original release
March 17 (1982-03-17) – April 14, 1982 (1982-04-14)

text: A television series, Herbie, the Love Bug or Herbie the Matchmaker,[2] was aired in 1982 on CBS, Dean Jones reprised his movie role for the series.[3] Five episodes were made:[4]

text:
"Herbie the Matchmaker" — original air date: 17 March 1982 (also known as "The Love Bug")
"Herbie to the Rescue" — original air date: 24 March 1982
"My House Is Your House" — original air date: 31 March 1982
"Herbie, the Best Man" — original air date: 7 April 1982
"Calling Doctor Herbie" — original air date: 14 April 1982

tag: ul

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dean Jones - Jim Douglas
Patricia Harty - Susan MacLane
Richard Paul - Bo Philips
Claudia Wells - Julie MacLane
Nicky Katt - Matthew MacLane
Douglas Emerson - Robbie MacLane
Herbie - Herbie

text: A two-hour film, Herbie the Matchmaker, was created by re-editing the series episodes.[citation needed]

text: Other appearances[edit]

text:
In 1990, Herbie made an appearance in the second season of the 1980s revival of the Mickey Mouse Club.
An animated version of Herbie made a brief cameo in two episodes of House of Mouse.
Herbie appears as a wreck split in two that is later fixed and resprayed at the beginning of Superbug Goes Wild. This is the first of five German and Italian-language films in the 1971-1978 Superbug series, a knockoff of the Herbie franchise, that was eventually dubbed into multiple languages.
Herbie has an unofficial appearance along with Maggie Peyton in a segment of Robot Chicken titled Horny Robot Redux. In the segment, he is a New Beetle rather than an original Beetle and has animated eyes and a mouth. He unfortunately becomes the victim of Humping Robot's humping obsession.
Herbie has had numerous appearances in Disney parades, as well as unofficial parades. He has also had appearances in Disney on Ice, and Disney on Parade, usually in the latter with painted-on eyes and teeth, along with a moving tongue.
Herbie has a brief cameo in an episode of American Dad!, where he helps Stan Smith escape from poachers and wolves. In the episode, he has incorrect stripes and different 53 font. Stan clearly says Herbie's name while talking to him; Herbie beeps and opens his trunk lid in response. Herbie's theme song can be heard playing when he first appears. Herbie also pulls one of his signature stunts when he leaves: he pops a wheelie.
Herbie used to make an appearance in the Lights, Motors, Action! Extreme Stunt Show, but was later replaced by Lightning McQueen.

text: Guises and paint schemes[edit]

text: Herbie's appearance remained consistent throughout the first four film entries as well as the 1982 television series (Herbie the Matchmaker). There were only minor, subtle changes. The 1997 TV movie and Herbie: Fully Loaded featured major overhauls in Herbie's appearance, as there were different production crews working for Disney by this time.

text: In order to create the effect of Herbie driving himself, Disney concocted a detailed system of sprockets and pulleys connected to a second steering column under the front seat for a rear seat driver. There was also a second set of pedal assemblies, clutch cables and a shifter extension. In The Love Bug, the rear seat driver sat low enough to see over the windshield but still out of the view of the camera. For Herbie Rides Again and Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo, Disney installed a hood-mounted Carello fog light that concealed a small camera which allowed the rear seat driver to view the street and sit lower.[5]

text: The Love Bug (1968)[edit]

text: In the original film, The Love Bug, the original racing stripes differ from those in later movies; the stripes do not cover the valances or louvers of the car and the blue is a lighter shade. Also, Herbie features color-keyed running boards, while in later films the running boards are standard black.[6]

text: During the film, depending on the scene, the wheels change from standard VW wheels (although fitted with plain hubcaps with no VW logo) to specially widened wheels on the racing Herbies. During one scene (when Tennessee is hanging out of the window), the "53" logo (a.k.a. "gumball") on the passenger-side door is missing. The door is also cut along the lower edge at an angle to enable the car to tilt over to the right on two wheels.[6]

text: One of the modified racing Herbies featured a Porsche 356 engine, brakes and KONI shock absorbers. All Herbies in The Love Bug had the VW badges removed from the hood and featured plain non-VW hubcaps. The hood-mounted VW logo was replaced with a plain disc of the same diameter, colored to match the body. All VWs logos were removed to avoid any trademark conflicts.[6]

text: Herbie Rides Again (1974)[edit]

text: In Herbie Rides Again, Herbie features revised racing stripes, with the original blue switched to a dark navy. In addition, the stripes were applied over the valances and louvers, and the front hood was recycled for 1982's television series Herbie the Matchmaker. Herbie also received a hood-mounted Carello fog light, and his running boards were now the more conventional black.[6]

text: Additionally, Herbie was running on standard wheels yet again. Volkswagen also promoted the film by having a Type 1 Beetle, complete with Herbie livery, in every showroom. There are various model errors in this film, such as the later "big window" (post-1964) Beetles being used. Also of note is the "cut-n-shut" engine cover after the warehouse break-in. The Beetle used was a late model, having a more bulbous flat-bottomed lid with an earlier rounded bottom edge welded on.

text: After the success of The Love Bug, the film was heavily endorsed by Volkswagen, whose sales of the Beetle were seriously lagging. As such, the company insisted that the VW logos appear on Herbie. Both the hub cap VW logo and hood-mounted VW logo were reinstated.

text: Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977)[edit]

text: In Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo, Herbie is again fitted with wide racing wheels (Goodyear GT radials), and has an external fuel filler cap. Post-1967 Beetles did feature the fuel tank accessible on the right side behind the fender; the silver cap itself, however, was fake and added for the film's storyline.[7] With the addition of the fuel filler, the antenna is now a retractable unit fitted on the front cowling, near the windshield wipers. He has a roll cage again, and he has Monte Carlo racing stickers on his windows (one on the front window, two on the left back window, and one on the rear window). Herbie still sports the hood-mounted Carello fog light with an added black cover sporting the company name. He now has gray bucket seats instead of stitched seats. Throughout this film, Herbie has an asymmetrical door mirror. There were a total of 9 VWs used in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Many of these cars were recycled for use in Herbie Goes Bananas.[6]

text: Herbie Goes Bananas (1980)[edit]

text: In Herbie Goes Bananas, the hood-mounted light, the grey roll cage bar, the Monte Carlo racing stickers and the silver gas cap were removed. He still had his gray bucket seats, asymmetrical door mirror and his Goodyear GT Radial racing tires and rims, and Herbie's sunroof was the original light gray rather than the dark gray from Monte Carlo. The rust seen on the car in this film was painted on some of the Herbies. The car that "walks the plank" in the movie was never recovered from the sea. It was tossed overboard from the SS Cozumel ferry ship (not The Sun Princess cruise ship). The car is somewhere between La Paz and Baja California. The car thrown overboard was not a proper car and had many wooden parts.

text: Herbie Goes Bananas also featured the same later model door mirror as Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Herbie set a Guinness World Record as the first car to go through the Panama Canal during filming in 1979. Herbie's name is only mentioned 3 times in the film by the garage owner, apart from the two times Herbie honks his horn at Paco trying to say his name.

text: Some of these cars were recycled for Herbie the Matchmaker in 1982.

text: One of the actual film cars used with its flip wheel chassis in the bullfighting scenes now resides in Sydney, Australia. Another one was displayed in the Cars of the Stars Motor Museum until the museum's closure in 2011. Since then its new location remains unknown.

text: Volkswagen ceased the sale of Beetles in the USA one year before the film's release.

text: The Love Bug (1997)[edit]

text: In the television film, The Love Bug, there were some significant changes. The graphics used were copied from the 1974 Volkswagen of America decal kit, and the position on the front hood 53 was higher up. The racing stripes were different sizes, and the shade of blue reverted to the lighter version used in the original 1968 movie. The sunroof was a solid white (vs. gray) and was missing the racing stripes. Herbie's wheels were standard Beetle wheels, instead of the wider GoodYear GT Radial racing tires used in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo and Herbie Goes Bananas, and the seats were regular instead of the gray bucket seats he had previously had.

text: Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005)[edit]

text: In Herbie: Fully Loaded, Herbie went through several "costume changes" throughout the movie, changing his style dramatically from scene to scene.

text:
Again, the font of the 53 is different, and it is slightly bigger and lower down on the front hood. The racing stripe is also missing once more from the sunroof and the stripes are painted the way they were in the other four Herbie movies.
For the "street racer" look, Herbie has brighter white paint, a whale-tail rear spoiler, intake air vents ahead of the rear wheels, lowered suspension, wider tires and a windowed rear engine cover through which blue LED lighting shows.
During the demolition derby, Herbie is stripped down with no interior panels, racing seats or special body parts. The sunroof cover has been removed, although the cutout remains to play important roles during the demolition derby. He still retains the same 53 logos on the sides that he wore in his street race look and the white paint and all modifications in his Street Version were dismantled and thrown away for good. He later gets a red Bull's-eye target spray-painted on his front doors and hood by Crash.
For the "NASCAR" look, Herbie gets a new, more off-white paint job, NASCAR sponsor decals, a different duck-tail rear spoiler, wider NASCAR tires and matching wheel wells and no turn signals.

text: More than 30 different Herbies were used during the shooting of this film.[6] One is on display at the Volo Auto Museum,[8] and another one used during the NASCAR racing segment of the film is preserved at the Peterson Automotive Museum.[9]


document_title: Timeline of the European colonization of North America

question_text: first permanent european settlement in the new world

text: Before Columbus[edit]

text:
986: Norsemen settle Greenland and Bjarni Herjólfsson sights coast of North America, but doesn't land (see also Norse colonization of the Americas).
c. 1000: Norse settle briefly in L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland.[4]
c. 1450: Norse colony in Greenland dies out.
1473: João Vaz Corte-Real perhaps reaches Newfoundland; writes about the "Land of Cod fish" in his journal.

text: Late Fifteenth century[edit]

text:
1492: Columbus reaches The Bahamas,[5] Cuba and Hispaniola.
1492: the colony of La Isabela is established on the island of Hispaniola.[6]
1496: Santo Domingo, the first European permanent settlement is built.[7]
1497: John Cabot reached Newfoundland.[8]
1498: in his third voyage, Columbus reaches what is now Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago
1498: La Isabela is abandoned by the Spanish.
1499: João Fernandes Lavrador maps Labrador and Newfoundland

text: Sixteenth century[edit]

text:
1500: Pedro Álvares Cabral reaches the coast of present-day Brazil
1501: Corte-Real brothers explored the today Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador
1502: Columbus sails along the mainland coast south of Yucatán, and reaches present-day Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama
1503: Las Tortugas noted by Columbus in passage through the Western Caribbean present-day Cayman Islands
1508: Ponce de Leon founds Caparra on San Juan Bautista (now Puerto Rico)
1511: Conquest of Cuba begins
1513: Ponce de Leon in Florida
1515: Conquest of Cuba completed
1517: Francisco Hernández de Córdoba lands on the Yucatán Peninsula
1519: Founding of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz (Veracruz)
1521: Hernán Cortés completes the conquest of Mexico.
1521: Juan Ponce de León tries and fails to settle in Florida
1524: Pedro de Alvarado conquests present-day Guatemala and El Salvador
1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano sails along most of the east coast
1525:  Estêvão Gomes enters Upper New York Bay[9][10]
1526: Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón tries to settle in South Carolina
1527: Fishermen are using the harbor at St. John's, Newfoundland and other places on the coast
1535: Jacques Cartier reaches Quebec
1536: Cabeza de Vaca reaches Mexico City after wandering through North America.
1538: Failed Huguenot settlement on St. Kitts in the Caribbean (destroyed by the Spanish)
1539: Hernando de Soto explores the interior from Florida to Arkansas.
1540: Coronado travels from Mexico to eastern Kansas.
1540: Spanish reach the Grand Canyon (the area is ignored for the next 200 years)
1541: Failed French settlement at Charlesbourg-Royal (Quebec City) by Cartier and Roberval
1542: Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo on the California coast.
1555: France Antarctique founded on the island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay in Brazil
1559: Failed Spanish settlement at Pensacola, Florida
1562: Failed Huguenot settlement in South Carolina (Charlesfort-Santa Elena site)
1564: French Huguenots at Jacksonville, Florida (Fort Caroline)
1565: Spanish slaughter French 'heretics' at Fort Caroline.
1565: Spanish found Saint Augustine, Florida
1566–87: Spanish in South Carolina (Charlesfort-Santa Elena site)
1567: France Antarctique destroyed by Portuguese
1568: Dutch revolt against Spain. The economic model developed in Holland would define colonial policies in the next two centuries
1570: Failed Spanish settlement on Chesapeake Bay (Ajacán Mission)
1576: Martin Frobisher on the coast of Labrador and Baffin Island
1579: Sir Francis Drake claims New Albion.
1583: England formally claims Newfoundland (Humphrey Gilbert)
1585: Failed English settlement on Roanoke Island, North Carolina (Lost Colony).
1598: Failed French settlement on Sable Island off Nova Scotia
1598: Spanish reach Northern New Mexico
1600: By 1600 Spain and Portugal were still the only significant colonial powers. North of Mexico the only settlements were Saint Augustine and the isolated outpost in northern New Mexico. Exploration of the interior was largely abandoned after the 1540s. Around Newfoundland 500 or more boats annually were fishing for cod and some fishermen were trading for furs, especially at Tadoussac on the Saint Lawrence.

text: Seventeenth Century[edit]

text:
1604 – Acadia – French
1605 – Port Royal – French
1607 – Jamestown – English
1607 – Popham Colony – English
1608 – Quebec – French
1610 – Cuper's Cove – English
1610 – Kecoughtan, Virginia – English
1610 – Santa Fe – Spanish
1611 – Henricus – English
1612 – Bermuda - English
1615 – Fort Nassau – Dutch
1615 – Renews, Newfoundland – English
1618 – Bristol's Hope – English
1620 – St. John's, Newfoundland – English
1620 – Plymouth Colony – English
1621 – Nova Scotia – Scottish
1622 – Province of Maine – English
1623 – Portsmouth – English
1623 – Stage Point  – English
1623 – Dover  – English
1623 – Pannaway  – English
1623 – New Castle  – English
1623 – Fort Nassau – Dutch
1624 – Governors Island – Dutch
1625 – Cape Breton –  Scottish
1625 – New Amsterdam – Dutch
1626 – Salem – English
1630 – Massachusetts Bay Colony – English
1630 – Pavonia – Dutch
1631 – Saint John, New Brunswick – English
1632 – Williamsburgh – English
1633 – Fort Hoop – Dutch
1633 – Windsor, Connecticut – English
1634 – Maryland Colony  – English
1634 – Wethersfield – English
1635 – Territory of Sagadahock – English
1635 – Saybrook Colony - English
1636 – Providence Plantations – English
1636 – Connecticut Colony – English
1638 – New Haven Colony – English
1638 – Fort Christina – Swedish
1638 – Exeter – English
1638 – Hampton, New Hampshire - English[11]
1639 – Bridgeport, Connecticut – English
1639 – Newport – English
1639 – San Marcos – Spanish
1640 – New Stockholm – Swedish
1640 – Swedesboro- Swedish
1642 – Montreal – French
1651 – Fort Casimir – Dutch
1652 - York, Maine
1653 - Biddeford, Maine
1658 - Scarborough, Maine
1660 – Bergen – Dutch
1665 – Elizabethtown – English
1666 – Newark- English
1668 – Sault Ste. Marie (Michigan) - French,
1669 – English Neighborhood – Dutch, English,
1670 – Charleston – English
1678 – New Paltz, New York – French
1679 – Dundee Island - New Jersey – Dutch[12][13]
1680 – Fort Crevecoeur (Peoria, IL) – French
1682 – Pennsylvania – English
1683? – Fort Saint Louis (Illinois)- French
1683 – East New Jersey – Scottish
1684 – Stuarts Town, Carolina – Scottish
1685 – Fort Saint Louis (Texas)- French
1686 – Arkansas Post - French
1691 – Fort Pimiteoui (Fort Crevecoeur, Peoria, IL) – French
1698 – Pensacola, Florida – Spanish
1699 – Louisiana – French

text: Eighteenth Century[edit]

text:
1701 – Cornwallis - French
1702 – Mobile - French
1704 – Delaware separated from PA
1714 – Germanna, VA - Germans from Hessen-Nassau
1717 – Germanna, VA - Germans from Baden-Wurttemberg
1718 – New Orleans – French
1718 – San Antonio – Spanish
1721 – Germanna, VA - Germans
1721 – Greenland – Danish
1729 – Baltimore - British
1733 – Province of Georgia – British
1734 – Culpeper, VA - Germans
1738 – Culpeper, VA; some to Bethlehem, PA -Germans
1763 – St. Louis (Missouri) - French
1769 – San Diego – Spanish
1770 – Monterey – Spanish
1775 – Tucson – Spanish
1776 – San Francisco – Spanish
1777 – San Jose – Spanish
1781 – Los Angeles – Spanish
1784 – Kodiak Island – Russian
1787 – US constitution written - American
1791 – Santa Cruz – Spanish


document_title: Government

question_text: a government that is chosen by its citizens is called a

text: Government

text: Definitions and etymology[edit]

text: A government is the system to govern a state or community.[3]

text: The word government derives, ultimately, from the Greek verb κυβερνάω [kubernáo] (meaning to steer with gubernaculum (rudder), the metaphorical sense being attested in Plato's Ship of State).[4]

text: The Columbia Encyclopedia defines government as "a system of social control under which the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them, is vested in a particular group in society".[5]

text: While all types of organizations have governance, the word government is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 independent national governments on Earth, as well as their subsidiary organizations.[2]

text: In the Commonwealth of Nations, the word government is also used more narrowly to refer to the ministry (collective executive), a collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state[citation needed] or, metonymically, to the governing cabinet as part of the executive.

text: Finally, government is also sometimes used in English as a synonym for governance.

text: History[edit]

text: The moment and place that the phenomenon of human government developed is lost in time; however, history does record the formations of early governments. About 5,000 years ago, the first small city-states appeared.[6] By the third to second millenniums BC, some of these had developed into larger governed areas: Sumer, Ancient Egypt, the Indus Valley Civilization, and the Yellow River Civilization.[7]

text: The development of agriculture and water control projects were a catalyst for the development of governments.[8] For many thousands of years when people were hunter-gatherers and small scale farmers, humans lived in small, non-hierarchical and self-sufficient communities.[citation needed] On occasion a chief of a tribe was elected by various rituals or tests of strength to govern his tribe, sometimes with a group of elder tribesmen as a council. The human ability to precisely communicate abstract, learned information allowed humans to become ever more effective at agriculture,[9] and that allowed for ever increasing population densities.[6] David Christian explains how this resulted in states with laws and governments:[10]

text: As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between different groups increased and the social pressure rose until, in a striking parallel with star formation, new structures suddenly appeared, together with a new level of complexity. Like stars, cities and states reorganize and energize the smaller objects within their gravitational field.

text: Starting at the end of the 17th century, the prevalence of republican forms of government grew. The Glorious Revolution in England, the American revolution, and the French revolution contributed to the growth of representative forms of government. The Soviet Union was the first large country to have a Communist government.[2] Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, liberal democracy has become an even more prevalent form of government.[11]

text: In the nineteenth and twentieth century, there was a significant increase in the size and scale of government at the national level.[12] This included the regulation of corporations and the development of the welfare state.[11]

text: Political science[edit]

text: Classifying government[edit]

text: In political science, it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of polities, as typologies of political systems are not obvious.[13] It is especially important in the political science fields of comparative politics and international relations. Like all categories discerned within forms of government, the boundaries of government classifications are either fluid or ill-defined.

text: Superficially, all governments have a official form. The United States is a constitutional republic, while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic. However self-identification is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, defining regimes can be tricky.[14] For example, elections are a defining characteristic of an electoral democracy,[citation needed] but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union were not "free and fair" and took place in a one-party state. Voltaire argued that "the Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire".[15] Many governments that officially call themselves a "democratic republic" are not democratic, nor a republic; they are usually a dictatorship de facto. Communist dictatorships have been especially prone to use this term. For example, the official name of North Vietnam was "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam". China uses a variant, "The People's Republic of China". Thus in many practical classifications it would not be considered democratic.

text: Identifying a form of government is also difficult because a large number of political systems originate as socio-economic movements and are then carried into governments by specific parties naming themselves after those movements; all with competing political-ideologies. Experience with those movements in power, and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government, can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves.

text: Other complications include general non-consensus or deliberate "distortion or bias" of reasonable technical definitions to political ideologies and associated forms of governing, due to the nature of politics in the modern era. For example: The meaning of "conservatism" in the United States has little in common with the way the word's definition is used elsewhere. As Ribuffo notes, "what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism".[16] Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been chiefly associated with the Republican Party. However, during the era of segregation many Southern Democrats were conservatives, and they played a key role in the Conservative Coalition that controlled Congress from 1937 to 1963.[17]

text: Social-political ambiguity[edit]

text: Every country in the world is ruled by a system of governance that combines at least three or more political or economic attributes.[citation needed] Additionally, opinions vary by individuals concerning the types and properties of governments that exist. "Shades of gray" are commonplace in any government and its corresponding classification. Even the most liberal democracies limit rival political activity to one extent or another while the most tyrannical dictatorships must organize a broad base of support thereby creating difficulties for "pigeonholing" governments into narrow categories. Examples include the claims of the United States as being a plutocracy rather than a democracy since some American voters believe elections are being manipulated by wealthy Super PACs.[18]

text: The dialectical forms of government[edit]

text: The Classical Greek philosopher Plato discusses five types of regimes: aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. Plato also assigns a man to each of these regimes to illustrate what they stand for. The tyrannical man would represent tyranny for example. These five regimes progressively degenerate starting with aristocracy at the top and tyranny at the bottom.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: arch-, prefix derived from the Greek archon, 'rulership', which means "higher in hierarchy".[19] The Greek word κράτος krátos, "power", which means "right to lead" is the suffix root in words like aristocrat and democracy.

text: Forms of government[edit]

text: Societies with aristocracy attributes are controlled and organised by a small class of privileged people, typically sharing some common trait.

text: Societies with despotism attributes are ruled by a single entity with absolute power, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regular mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for implicit threat). That entity may be an individual, as in an autocracy, or it may be a group, as in an oligarchy. The word despotism means to "rule in the fashion of despots".

text: Countries with monarchy attributes are those where a family or group of families (rarely another type of group), called the royalty, represents national identity, with power traditionally assigned to one of its individuals, called the monarch, who mostly rule kingdoms. The actual role of the monarch and other members of royalty varies from purely symbolical (crowned republic) to partial and restricted (constitutional monarchy) to completely despotic (absolute monarchy). Traditionally and in most cases, the post of the monarch is inherited, but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected.

text: Rule by authoritarian governments is identified in societies where a specific set of people possess the authority of the state in a republic or union. It is a political system controlled by unelected rulers who usually permit some degree of individual freedom. Rule by a totalitarian government is characterised by a highly centralised and coercive authority that regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life.[citation needed]

text: In a general sense, in a democracy, all the people of a state or polity are involved in making decisions about its affairs. Also refer to the rule by a government chosen by election where most of the populace are enfranchised. The key distinction between a democracy and other forms of constitutional government is usually taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person's wealth or race (the main qualification for enfranchisement is usually having reached a certain age). A democratic government is, therefore, one supported (at least at the time of the election) by a majority of the populace (provided the election was held fairly). A "majority" may be defined in different ways. There are many "power-sharing" (usually in countries where people mainly identify themselves by race or religion) or "electoral-college" or "constituency" systems where the government is not chosen by a simple one-vote-per-person headcount.[citation needed]

text: In democracies, large proportions of the population may vote, either to make decisions or to choose representatives to make decisions. Commonly significant in democracies are political parties, which are groups of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed. Different political parties have different ideas about how the government should handle different problems.

text: Liberal democracy is a variant of democracy. It is a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism. It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the protection of human rights and civil liberties for all persons. To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution, either formally written or uncodified, to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract. After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world. A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms: it may be a republic, such as France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Taiwan, or the United States; or a constitutional monarchy, such as Japan, Spain, or the United Kingdom. It may have a presidential system (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, or the United States), a semi-presidential system (France, Portugal, or Taiwan), or a parliamentary system (Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, India, Italy, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom).[citation needed]

text: Governments with oligarchic attributes are ruled by a small group of segregated, powerful or influential people who usually share similar interests or family relations. These people may spread power and elect candidates equally or not equally. An oligarchy is different from a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things. An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic. An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler but several rulers.

text: Some historical examples of oligarchy are the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Some critics of representative democracy think of the United States as an oligarchy. The Athenian democracy used sortition to elect candidates, almost always male, Greek, educated citizens holding a minimum of land, wealth and status.

text: A theocracy is rule by a religious elite; a system of governance composed of religious institutions in which the state and the church are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity. The Vatican's (see Pope), Iran's (see Supreme Leader), Tibetan government's (see Dalai Lama), Caliphates and other Islamic states are historically considered theocracies.

text: Republics[edit]

text: A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter" (Latin: res publica), not the private concern or property of the rulers, and where offices of states are subsequently directly or indirectly elected or appointed rather than inherited.

text:
Term
Definition

Republic
Rule by a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people.[20][21] A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.[22][23] Montesquieu included both democracies, where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government.[24]

Constitutional Republic
Rule by a government whose powers are limited by law or a formal constitution, and chosen by a vote amongst at least some sections of the populace (Ancient Sparta was in its own terms a republic, though most inhabitants were disenfranchised). Republics that exclude sections of the populace from participation will typically claim to represent all citizens (by defining people without the vote as "non-citizens"). Examples include the United States, South Africa, India, etc.

Democratic republic
A republic form of government where the country is considered a "public matter" (Latin: res publica), not a private concern or property of rulers/3rd world, and where offices of states are subsequently, directly or indirectly, elected or appointed – rather than inherited – where all eligible citizens have an equal say in the local and national decisions that affect their lives.

Parliamentary republic
A republic, like Germany, India or Singapore, with an elected head of state, but where the head of state and head of government are kept separate with the head of government retaining most executive powers, or a head of state akin to a head of government, elected by a parliament.

Federal republic
A federal union of states or provinces with a republican form of government. Examples include United States, Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Germany, India, Mexico, Russia, and Switzerland.

Islamic Republic
Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law. Examples include Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran.

Socialist republic
Countries like China and Vietnam are meant to be governed for and by the people, but with no direct elections. The term People's Republic is used to differentiate themselves from the earlier republic of their countries before the people's revolution, like the Republic of China.

text: Federalism[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)

text: Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. The term "federalism" is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). Federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often called federalists.

text:
Term
Definition

Federalism
Rule by a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people.[20][21] Montesquieu included both democracies, where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government.[24]
Examples include the Russian Federation, USSR, the United States, Mexico, Brazil and India.

Federal monarchy
A federal monarchy is a federation of states with a single monarch as overall head of the federation, but retaining different monarchs, or a non-monarchical system of government, in the various states joined to the federation.
Modern examples include Malaysia and the UAE.

Federal republic
A federal union of states or provinces with a republican form of government. Examples include Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Germany, India, Russia, and Switzerland.

text: By significant constitutional attributes[edit]

text: Certain major characteristics are defining of certain types; others are historically associated with certain types of government.

text:
Rule according to higher law (unwritten ethical principles) vs. written constitutionalism
Separation of church and state or free church vs. state religion
Civilian control of the military vs. stratocracy
Totalitarianism or authoritarianism vs. libertarianism
Majority rule or parliamentary sovereignty vs. constitution or bill of rights with separation of powers and supermajority rules to prevent tyranny of the majority and protect minority rights
Androcracy (patriarchy) or gynarchy (matriarchy) vs. gender quotas, gender equality provision, or silence on the matter

text: Economic systems[edit]

text: Historically, most political systems originated as socioeconomic ideologies. Experience with those movements in power and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves.

text:
Term
Definition

Capitalism
A social-economic system in which workers negotiate with owners of means of production (machines, tools, factories, etc.) to use those means of production in exchange for a portion of what the workers produce, usually in the form of capital. The owners of the means of production are entitled to whatever portion of the products of the workers' labor that the workers dictate.

Communism
A social-economic system in which means of production are commonly owned (either by the people directly, through the commune or by communist society), and production is undertaken for use, rather than for profit.[25][26] Communist society is thus stateless, classless, moneyless, and democratic.

Distributism
A social-economic system in which widespread property ownership as fundamental right;[27] the means of production are spread as widely as possible rather than being centralized under the control of the state (state socialism), a few individuals (plutocracy), or corporations (corporatocracy).[28] Distributism fundamentally opposes socialism and capitalism,[29][30] which distributists view as equally flawed and exploitative. In contrast, distributism seeks to subordinate economic activity to human life as a whole, to our spiritual life, our intellectual life, our family life".[31]

Feudalism
A social-economic system of land ownership and duties. Under feudalism, all the land in a kingdom was the king's. However, the king would give some of the land to the lords or nobles who fought for him. These presents of land were called manors. Then the nobles gave some of their land to vassals. The vassals then had to do duties for the nobles. The lands of vassals were called fiefs.

Socialism
A social-economic system in which workers, democratically and socially own the means of production[32] and the economic framework may be decentralized, distributed or centralized planned or self-managed in autonomous economic units.[33] Public services would be commonly, collectively, or state owned, such as healthcare and education.

Statism
A social-economic system that concentrates power in the state at the expense of individual freedom. Among other variants, the term subsumes theocracy, absolute monarchy, Nazism, fascism, authoritarian socialism, and plain, unadorned dictatorship. Such variants differ on matters of form, tactics and ideology.

Welfare state
A social-economic system in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.

text: Regional autonomy[edit]

text: This list focuses on differing approaches that political systems take to the distribution of sovereignty, and the autonomy of regions within the state.

text:
Sovereignty located exclusively at the centre of political jurisdiction.

Empire
Unitary state

Sovereignty located at the centre and in peripheral areas.

Hegemony
Federation and federal republic
Confederation
Federal monarchy

Diverging degrees of sovereignty.

Alliance
Asymmetrical federalism
Federacy
Associated state
Corpus separatum
Colony
Crown colony
Chartered company
Dependent territory
Occupied territory
Occupied zone
Mandate
Exclusive mandate
Military Frontier
Neutral zone
Colonial dependency
Protectorate
Vassal state
Satellite state
Puppet state
Thalassocracy
Unrecognized state

States with limited recognition
Separatist movement
Government in exile
Micronation

Provisional government
Territorial disputes
Non-self-governing territories
League of Nations
League
Commonwealth
Decentralisation and devolution (powers redistributed from central to regional or local governments)

text: Maps[edit]

text:
Full Democracies
  9–10
  8–9

Flawed Democracies
  7–8
  6–7

Hybrid Regimes
  5–6
  4–5

Authoritarian Regimes
  3–4
  2–3
  1–2
  Not determined

text:
Sinosphere
  Indosphere
  Western Europe cultural sphere

  Islamic cultural sphere
  South American cultural sphere

  Eastern Europe cultural sphere
  African cultural sphere


document_title: List of Houston Rockets seasons

question_text: when was the last time the houston rockets went to the nba finals

text: List of Houston Rockets seasons

text: Table key[edit]

text:
AMVP
All-Star Game Most Valuable Player

COY
Coach of the Year

DPOY
Defensive Player of the Year

EOY
Executive of the Year

Finish
Final position in league or division standings

FMVP
Finals Most Valuable Player

GB
Games behind first-place team in division[a]

L
Number of regular-season losses

JWKC
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship

MVP
Most Valuable Player

ROY
Rookie of the Year

W
Number of regular-season wins

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct as of the 2017–18 season.

text:
NBA Champions
(1968–present)
Conference Champions
(1971–present)
Division Champions
(1971–present)
Playoff Berth
(1968–present)

text:
Season
League
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards

San Diego Rockets

1967–68
NBA
—
—
Western
6th
15
67
.183
41

—

1968–69
NBA
—
—
Western
4th
37
45
.461
18
Lost Division Semifinals (Hawks) 4–2[4]
—

1969–70
NBA
—
—
Western
7th
27
55
.329
21

—

1970–71
NBA
Western
7th
Pacific[b]
3rd
40
42
.488
8

—

Houston Rockets

1971–72
NBA
Western
7th
Pacific
4th
34
48
.415
35

—

1972–73
NBA
Eastern
5th
Central
3rd
33
49
.402
19

—

1973–74
NBA
Eastern
6th
Central
3rd
32
50
.390
15

—

1974–75
NBA
Eastern
4th
Central
2nd
41
41
.500
19
Won First Round (Knicks) 2–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–1[7]
—

1975–76
NBA
Eastern
6th
Central
3rd
40
42
.488
9

—

1976–77
NBA
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
49
33
.598
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Bullets) 4–2
Lost Conference Finals (76ers) 4–2[8]
Tom Nissalke (COY)
Ray Patterson (EOY)

1977–78
NBA
Eastern
9th
Central
6th
28
54
.341
24

—

1978–79
NBA
Eastern
4th
Central
2nd
47
35
.573
1
Lost First Round (Hawks) 2–0[9]
Calvin Murphy (JWKC)
Moses Malone (MVP)

1979–80
NBA
Eastern
4th
Central
2nd
41
41
.500
9
Won First Round (Spurs) 2–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–0[10]
—

1980–81
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
3rd[c]
40
42
.488
12
Won First Round (Lakers) 2–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Kings) 4–1
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–2[12]
—

1981–82
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
3rd[d]
46
36
.561
2
Lost First Round (SuperSonics) 2–1[14]
Moses Malone
(MVP)

1982–83
NBA
Western
12th
Midwest
6th
14
68
.171
39

—

1983–84
NBA
Western
12th
Midwest
6th
29
53
.354
16

Ralph Sampson
(ROY)

1984–85
NBA
Western
3rd
Midwest
2nd
48
34
.585
4
Lost First Round (Jazz) 3–2[15]
Ralph Sampson
(AMVP)

1985–86
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
51
31
.622
—
Won First Round (Kings) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Nuggets) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–1
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–2[16]
—

1986–87
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
3rd
42
40
.512
13
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–2[17]
—

1987–88
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
4th
46
36
.561
8
Lost First Round (Mavericks) 3–1[18]
—

1988–89
NBA
Western
5th
Midwest
2nd
45
37
.549
6
Lost First Round (SuperSonics) 3–1[19]
—

1989–90
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
5th
41
41
.500
15
Lost First Round (Lakers) 3–1[20]
—

1990–91
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
3rd
52
30
.634
3
Lost First Round (Lakers) 3–0[21]
Don Chaney
(COY)

1991–92
NBA
Western
9th
Midwest
3rd
42
40
.512
13

—

1992–93
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
55
27
.671
—
Won First Round (Clippers) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–3[22]
Hakeem Olajuwon
(DPOY)

1993–94
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
58
24
.707
—
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Jazz) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Knicks) 4–3[23]
Hakeem Olajuwon
(MVP, FMVP, DPOY)

1994–95
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
3rd
47
35
.573
15
Won First Round (Jazz) 3–2
Won Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Spurs) 4–2
Won NBA Finals (Magic) 4–0[24]
Hakeem Olajuwon
(FMVP)

1995–96
NBA
Western
5th
Midwest
3rd
48
34
.585
11
Won First Round (Lakers) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–0[25]
—

1996–97
NBA
Western
3rd
Midwest
2nd
57
25
.695
7
Won First Round (Timberwolves) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Jazz) 4–2[26]
—

1997–98
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
4th
41
41
.500
21
Lost First Round (Jazz) 3–2[27]
—

1998–99[e]
NBA
Western
5th
Midwest
3rd
31
19
.620
6
Lost First Round (Lakers) 3–1[29]
—

1999–2000
NBA
Western
11th
Midwest
6th
34
48
.415
21

Steve Francis[f]
(ROY)

2000–01
NBA
Western
9th
Midwest
5th
45
37
.549
13

—

2001–02
NBA
Western
11th
Midwest
5th
28
54
.341
30

—

2002–03
NBA
Western
9th
Midwest
5th
43
39
.524
17

—

2003–04
NBA
Western
7th
Midwest
5th
45
37
.549
13
Lost First Round (Lakers) 4–1[31]
—

2004–05
NBA
Western
5th
Southwest
3rd
51
31
.622
8
Lost First Round (Mavericks) 4–3[32]
—

2005–06
NBA
Western
12th
Southwest
5th
34
48
.415
29

—

2006–07
NBA
Western
5th
Southwest
3rd
52
30
.634
15
Lost First Round (Jazz) 4–3[33]
—

2007–08
NBA
Western
5th
Southwest
3rd
55
27
.671
1
Lost First Round (Jazz) 4–2[34]
—

2008–09
NBA
Western
5th
Southwest
2nd
53
29
.646
1
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–3
Dikembe Mutombo
(JWKC)

2009–10
NBA
Western
9th
Southwest
3rd
42
40
.512
13

Aaron Brooks
(MIP)

2010–11
NBA
Western
9th
Southwest
5th
43
39
.524
18

—

2011–12[g]
NBA
Western
9th
Southwest
4th
34
32
.515
16

—

2012–13
NBA
Western
8th
Southwest
3rd
45
37
.549
15
Lost First Round (Thunder) 4–2
—

2013–14
NBA
Western
4th
Southwest
2nd
54
28
.659
8
Lost First Round (Trail Blazers) 4–2
—

2014–15
NBA
Western
2nd
Southwest
1st
56
26
.683
—
Won First Round (Mavericks) 4–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Clippers) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Warriors) 4–1
—

2015–16
NBA
Western
8th
Southwest
4th
41
41
.500
26
Lost First Round (Warriors) 4–1
—

2016–17
NBA
Western
3rd
Southwest
2nd
55
27
.671
6
Won First Round (Thunder) 4–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–2
Mike D'Antoni (COY)
Eric Gordon (SMOY)

2017–18
NBA
Western
1st
Southwest
1st
65
17
.793
—
Won First Round (Timberwolves) 4–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–1
Lost Conference Finals (Warriors) 4–3

Total (51 seasons)
2,172
1,962
.525

2 NBA Championships

text: All-time records[edit]

text:
Statistic
Wins
Losses
Win%

San Diego Rockets regular season record (1968–1971)
119
209
.363

Houston Rockets regular season record (1971–present)
2,053
1,753
.539

All-time regular season record (1968–2018)
2,172
1,962
.525

San Diego Rockets post-season record (1969)
2
4
.333

Houston Rockets post-season record (1975–present)
145
148
.495

All-time post-season record (1969–2018)
147
152
.492

All-time regular and post-season record
2,319
2,114
.523

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The formula is as followed:

G
a
m
e
s

b
e
h
i
n
d

=

(

T
e
a
m

A
′

s

w
i
n
s

−

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

w
i
n
s

)
+
(

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

l
o
s
s
e
s

−

T
e
a
m

A
′

s

l
o
s
s
e
s

)

2

{\displaystyle \mathrm {Games} \ \mathrm {behind} ={\frac {(\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {wins} -\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {wins} )+(\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {losses} -\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {losses} )}{\mathrm {2} }}}

Jump up ^ The Western Division was renamed to the Western Conference and split into the Midwest and Pacific divisions.[5][6]
Jump up ^ Though the Rockets had the same record as the Kansas City Kings in the Midwest Division, the Rockets lost the tiebreaker and finished third.[11]
Jump up ^ Though the Rockets had the same record as the Denver Nuggets in the Midwest Division, the Rockets lost the tiebreaker and finished third.[13]
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule.[28]
Jump up ^ Francis shared Rookie of the Year honors with Elton Brand of the Chicago Bulls.[30]
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 game regular season schedule.[35]

tag: ol


document_title: Skywalker family

question_text: why were luke and leia separated at birth

text: Skywalker family

text: History[edit]

text: In terms of the series' internal chronology, the Skywalkers first appeared in the 1999 film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. In this film, Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn discovers Shmi Skywalker and her son Anakin as slaves on the planet Tatooine. Qui-Gon finds that Anakin has a higher count of midi-chlorians (force-imparting microorganisms) than any Jedi, even Yoda, counting to about 20,000. Shmi informs Qui-Gon that Anakin has no father, leading Qui-Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi-chlorians, an example of a miraculous birth. As the film progresses, Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training.

text: Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones reveals that, in Anakin's absence, Shmi has married Cliegg Lars, becoming the stepmother of Owen. Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers. Owen later marries Beru Whitesun. As a Jedi Knight, Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala.

text: In Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine. While Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan.

text: In Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Leia and her husband Han Solo, after marrying have a son named Ben Solo, who later adopts the name Kylo Ren. The family breaks apart following Ben's descent into the dark side, with Leia and Han separating.

text: Family members[edit]

text: Shmi Skywalker-Lars[edit]

text: Shmi Skywalker is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe, portrayed by Pernilla August. She appears in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace and Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones. She is the mother of Anakin Skywalker, paternal grandmother to Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa and paternal-maternal great-grandmother to Kylo Ren. Her first name is derived from Lakshmi, a Hindu goddess.

text: In The Phantom Menace, she and her son are introduced as slaves of junk merchant Watto on the desert world Tatooine.[1] She welcomes Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) into their home, and tells him that Anakin has no father; she simply became pregnant with him. Qui-Gon helps Anakin win his freedom, but cannot get Shmi out of slavery. She allows Anakin to leave with Qui-Gon, assuring her heartbroken son that they will meet again.

text: In Attack of the Clones, Anakin (Hayden Christensen), now a young adult Jedi apprentice, senses through the Force that she is in pain. He travels to Tatooine to find her, and, upon arriving, learns that she had been freed by and married to moisture farmer Cliegg Lars (Jack Thompson), but had recently been abducted by Tusken Raiders. He finds her inside one of their encampments, but it's too late—beaten and tortured beyond help, she dies in his arms. Heartbroken and enraged, Anakin slaughters every single Tusken in the camp, including the women and children. His mother's death ignites a strong anger in Anakin, and sets him on the path to becoming Darth Vader.

text: Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader)[edit]

text: Anakin Skywalker is the son of Shmi Skywalker and no father, due to being conceived through the force. Anakin is discovered on Tatooine by Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn who is sure that the boy is the "Chosen One" of Jedi Prophecy, who will bring balance to the Force. After the death of Qui-Gon, he becomes the Padawan of Obi-Wan Kenobi. He also forms a close bond with Padmé Amidala, the young senator of Naboo. The newly elected Chancellor of the Galactic Republic, Palpatine, also befriends Anakin, promising to watch the boy's progress "with great interest" and advise him. Torn between his loyalty to the Jedi and his drive for power, Anakin succumbs to temptation and becomes Darth Vader.

text: Padmé Amidala[edit]

text: The secret wife of Anakin Skywalker, and mother of Luke and Leia and maternal grandmother of Kylo Ren. She served as Queen of Naboo, and later as a Senator for her planet. Her closest friend in the Senate was Senator Bail Organa. She reconnected and fell in love with Anakin Skywalker after he was assigned to protect her from an assassination attempt, and secretly married him shortly after the Battle of Geonosis, and died while giving birth to her children shortly after the first Empire Day. Obi-Wan and Yoda decided to separate the children in order to keep them hidden from Darth Vader.

text: Luke Skywalker[edit]

text: Luke Skywalker is the son of Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and Senator of Naboo, Padmé Amidala. He is taken in by his uncle and aunt, Owen and Beru Lars, after the death of Padmé and Anakin's fall to the dark side. He is force sensitive and skilled with a lightsaber. In Return of the Jedi, a dying Yoda confirms to Luke, that Darth Vader (previously Anakin Skywalker) is actually his father, despite Luke's belief that Vader's claim to fatherhood in The Empire Strikes Back was a ruse to pull Luke to the dark side. He also finds out from Obi-Wan's force ghost that Princess Leia Organa is his sister. In The Force Awakens, as the last known Jedi, Luke is in hiding after failing to prevent his nephew Ben (now Kylo Ren) from turning to the dark side to join Supreme Leader Snoke.

text: Leia Organa[edit]

text: The daughter of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala, Leia Organa was adopted by Bail and Breha Organa of Alderaan. At age 19 she is the Princess of Alderaan, and is captured by Darth Vader while in the Tantive IV blockade runner on a so-called "diplomatic mission". Leia is shown to be force sensitive. In The Empire Strikes Back, Leia professes her love for Han Solo when he is put into carbonite stasis, although it is originally Han and Luke who compete for her affections. In Return of the Jedi, planning to feed Luke, Han, and Chewbacca to the flesh eating Sarlacc, Jabba the Hutt is instead strangled to death by Leia by a chain he has on her. She later becomes involved in the Battle of Endor. In the years that follow, she becomes General Organa, the leader of the Resistance, a military organization unofficially backed by the New Republic to counter the First Order. She married Han Solo and had a son named Ben Solo, later Kylo Ren, whose turning to the dark side separated the couple before the events of The Force Awakens. Leia has been on a search to find her missing brother Luke[2] and save her son from the dark side.

text: Ben Solo (Kylo Ren)[edit]

text: Ben Solo[3] is the son of Leia Organa and Han Solo. He initially trains to be a Jedi under his uncle, Luke Skywalker, before he falls to the dark side and becomes Kylo Ren, working for the First Order and under the influence of Supreme Leader Snoke. He is obsessed with the legacy of his grandfather, the Sith Lord Darth Vader, and aspires to finish what Vader started: the elimination of the Jedi.

text: Family tree[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Skywalker family tree

Aika
Lars[a]

Cliegg
Lars[b]

Shmi
Skywalker[c]

Jobal
Naberrie[d]

Ruwee
Naberrie[d]

Beru
Whitesun[e]

Owen
Lars[f]

Anakin
Skywalker[g][h]

Padmé
Amidala[i]

Bail
Organa[j][k]

Breha
Organa[l]

Luke
Skywalker[m][n]

Leia
Organa[o]

Han
Solo[p]

Ben
Solo[p][q]

References:

Jump up ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2016). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Cliegg Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Shmi Skywalker Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Jump up ^ "Databank: Beru Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Owen Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Anakin Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Darth Vader". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Padmé Amidala". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Bail Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Luke Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends), Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Princess Leia Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Force Awakens. 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends) continuity, Han and Leia have three children: Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.

text: Legends[edit]

text: With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.[4][5][6]

text: In the Star Wars expanded universe, Luke, following his sister's marriage to Han Solo and the birth of the Solo children (Anakin, Jacen, and Jaina), marries Mara Jade, who has a son named Ben. A further complication in this continuity is the fact that the Return of the Jedi novelization includes a detail about Owen Lars being Obi-Wan Kenobi's estranged brother.[7] To explain subsequent references,[8] Star Wars: Lone Wolf: A Tale of Obi-Wan and Luke[9] introduces "Owen Kenobi", a personification of the bond Kenobi feels toward Owen Lars.

text: In the Expanded Universe book Tatooine Ghost, Shmi's granddaughter, Leia, is given Shmi's old journal, which describes Anakin's childhood. Leia learns, through Shmi's love for Anakin, to forgive her father for his role in the destruction of Alderaan and for torturing her aboard the Death Star, as depicted in A New Hope.

text: Ben Skywalker[edit]

text: Luke Skywalker and Mara Jade Skywalker's son. Named after Obi-Wan "Ben" Kenobi, Jedi Knight. Former student of Jacen Solo, his cousin. In Fate of the Jedi: Outcast, he voluntarily accompanies his father into exile. He proves himself as both a fighter and as an investigator to carry on his father's name.

text: His love interest is Vestara Khai, formerly a Sith apprentice, then a Jedi apprentice.

text: The character was voted the 40th top Star Wars character by IGN[10] and the top 6th Star Wars Expanded Universe character by UGO Networks.[11]

text: Nat Skywalker[edit]

text: Nat is a former/returned Jedi master and the older brother of Kol. He took the name "Bantha" Rawk He was also with him all the time.

text: Kol Skywalker[edit]

text: Kol Skywalker is a character in Star Wars: Legacy. He is a descendant of Luke Skywalker and is a Jedi master. He is the father of Cade Skywalker.

text: Cade Skywalker[edit]

text: The descendant of Anakin Skywalker, Luke Skywalker, Mara Jade Skywalker and Ben Skywalker, and the son of Kol Skywalker. He is a protagonist of the Star Wars: Legacy comic series. According to the comic book series from Dark Horse called Star Wars: Legacy, which takes place 125 years after Return of the Jedi, Cade Skywalker, son of Kol Skywalker and a direct descendant of Luke Skywalker, is the last surviving Skywalker of his time. It is shown that he has completely abandoned the Jedi way after an attack by the New Sith Order on the Jedi Academy on Ossus. Nevertheless, he still encounters other Jedi, as well as the ghost of Luke Skywalker. The character was voted the 84th top Star Wars character by IGN.[10]