document_title: Dadasaheb Phalke Award

question_text: who got dada saheb falke award in 2013

question_tokens: who got dada saheb falke award in 2013

text: Dadasaheb Phalke Award

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
List of award recipients by year[1]

Year(Ceremony)

Image

Recipient

Film industry

Notes

1969(17th)

Devika Rani

Hindi

Widely acknowledged as "the first lady of Indian cinema",[15] the actress debuted in Karma (1933), which was the first Indian English-language film and the first Indian film to feature an on-screen kiss.[16] She also founded the first Indian public limited film company, Bombay Talkies, in 1934.[17]

1970(18th)

 –

Birendranath Sircar

Bengali

The founder of two production companies, International Filmcraft and New Theatres, Sircar is considered to be one of the pioneers of Indian cinema. He also built two cinema theatres in Calcutta, one for screening Bengali films and one for Hindi films.[18]

1971(19th)

Prithviraj Kapoor[b]

Hindi

Kapoor began his acting career in theatres and starred in India's first sound film, Alam Ara (1931). He founded Prithvi Theatre, a travelling theatre company in 1944 "to promote Hindi stage productions".[5]

1972(20th)

Pankaj Mullick

 • Bengali • Hindi

A composer, singer and actor, Mullick began his career providing background music by conducting live orchestras during the screening of silent films.[20] He is best known for Mahishasuramardini, a radio musical composed in 1931.[21]

1973(21st)

Ruby Myers (Sulochana)

Hindi

One of the highest-paid actresses of her time, Sulochana made her debut with Veer Bala (1925) and is considered to be "the first sex symbol of Indian cinema".[22]

1974(22nd)

 –

Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy

Telugu

The director of fifteen feature films in Telugu, Reddy was the first Indian film personality to be honoured with a Doctor of Letters and also the first to receive the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award in India.[23]

1975(23rd)

Dhirendra Nath Ganguly

Bengali

Considered one of the founders of Bengali film industry, Ganguly debuted as an actor in Bilat Ferat (1921). He established three production companies – Indo British Film Company (1918), Lotus Film Company (1922) and British Dominion Films Studio (1929) – to direct several Bengali films.[24]

1976(24th)

Kanan Devi

Bengali

Acknowledged as "the first lady of Bengali cinema", Kanan Devi made her acting debut in silent films in the 1920s. She also sang songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and was a producer with her film company, Shrimati Pictures.[25]

1977(25th)

 –

Nitin Bose

 • Bengali • Hindi

A cinematographer, director and screenwriter, Bose is noted for introducing playback singing to Indian cinema in 1935 through his Bengali film Bhagya Chakra and its Hindi remake Dhoop Chhaon.[26][27]

1978(26th)

 –

Raichand Boral

 • Bengali • Hindi

Considered one of the pioneers of Indian film music, Boral was a music director who, in collaboration with director Nitin Bose, introduced the system of playback singing in Indian cinema.[28]

1979(27th)

Sohrab Modi

Hindi

An actor and film-maker, Modi is credited with bringing Shakespearean classics to Indian cinema and was noted for his delivery of Urdu dialogue.[29]

1980(28th)

Paidi Jairaj

 • Hindi • Telugu

Initially having worked as a body double, actor-director Jairaj is known for his portrayal of Indian historical characters and was involved in instituting the Filmfare Awards.[30]

1981(29th)

Naushad

Hindi

Music director Naushad debuted with Prem Nagar (1940),[31] and is credited with introducing the technique of sound mixing to Indian cinema.[32]

1982(30th)

 –

L. V. Prasad

 • Telugu • Tamil • Hindi

Actor-director-producer L. V. Prasad has the distinction of acting in the first talkie films produced in three languages: the  Hindi Alam Ara, Tamil Kalidas and Telugu Bhakta Prahlada, all released in 1931.[33] He founded Prasad Studios in 1965 and the Colour Film Laboratory in 1976.[34] Prasad Studios has produced over 150 film in various Indian languages.[35]

1983(31st)

Durga Khote

 • Hindi • Marathi

Having acted in the first Marathi-language talkie Ayodhyecha Raja (1932), Khote is considered a pioneer among women in Indian cinema.[36] She set up two production companies, Fact Films and Durga Khote Productions, which produced short films and documentaries.[37]

1984(32nd)

Satyajit Ray

Bengali

Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali (1955),[38] the film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema.[39]

1985(33rd)

V. Shantaram

 • Hindi • Marathi

Actor and film-maker V. Shantaram produced and directed India's first colour film, Sairandhri (1931).[40] He also produced and direct the first Marathi-language talkie, Ayodhyecha Raja (1932), and was associated with nearly 100 films over 50 years.[41]

1986(34th)

 –

B. Nagi Reddy

Telugu

Reddy produced more than 50 films, beginning in the 1950s. He established Vijaya Vauhini Studios which was at that time the biggest film studio in Asia.[10]

1987(35th)

Raj Kapoor

Hindi

Often revered as "The Show Man",[42] actor and film-maker Kapoor's performance in the Hindi film Awara (1951) was ranked as one of the top ten greatest performances of all time by Time magazine in 2010.[43]

1988(36th)

Ashok Kumar

Hindi

Popularly known as "Dadamoni" (the grand old man), Kumar is noted for his roles in Achhut Kannya (1936), Bandhan (1940) and Kismet (1943), the first blockbuster in Indian cinema.[44]

1989(37th)

Lata Mangeshkar

 • Hindi • Marathi

Widely credited as the "nightingale of India",[45] playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages.[46]

1990(38th)

Akkineni Nageswara Rao

Telugu

Having debuted in Dharma Pathini (1941), Akkineni Nageswara Rao acted in more than 250 films, mostly in the Telugu language.[47]

1991(39th)

 –

Bhalji Pendharkar

Marathi

Film-maker Pendharkar started his career in the 1920s and produced more than 60 Marathi films and eight Hindi films. He has been widely recognised for the historical and social narratives depicted in these films.[48]

1992(40th)

Bhupen Hazarika

Assamese

Popularly referred to as "the Bard of Brahmaputra", musician Hazarika is best known for his folk songs and ballads sung in the Assamese language.[49]

1993(41st)

 –

Majrooh Sultanpuri

Hindi

Lyricist Sultanpuri penned his first Hindi song for Shahjehan (1946) and wrote around 8000 songs for over 350 Hindi films.[50]

1994(42nd)

Dilip Kumar

Hindi

Debuting in Jwar Bhata (1944), the "Tragedy King" Dilip Kumar acted in more than 60 Hindi films in a career that spanned over six decades.[51]

1995(43rd)

 –

Rajkumar

Kannada

In a career spanning over 45 years, Rajkumar acted in more than 200 Kannada-language films and also won a National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 1992.[52]

1996(44th)

Sivaji Ganesan

Tamil

Ganesan debuted as an actor in Parasakthi (1952) and went on to appear in more than 300 films. He is known for his "expressive and resonant voice".[53]

1997(45th)

 –

Kavi Pradeep

Hindi

Best known for the patriotic song "Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo", lyricist Pradeep wrote around 1700 songs, hymns and fiery nationalistic poems, including the lyrics for more than 80 Hindi films.[54]

1998(46th)

B. R. Chopra

Hindi

Film-maker B. R. Chopra established his own production house, B. R. Films, in 1956,[55] and is best known for the films such as Naya Daur (1957) and Hamraaz (1967), as well as the TV series Mahabharat based on the similarly-titled epic of Hindu literature.[56]

1999(47th)

 –

Hrishikesh Mukherjee

Hindi

Having directed 45 Hindi films, film-maker Mukherjee is credited with popularising "middle-of-the-road cinema" through films like Anuradha (1960), Anand (1971) and Gol Maal (1979).[57]

2000(48th)

Asha Bhosle

 • Hindi • Marathi

A playback singer of "extraordinary range and versatility",[58] Bhosle began her singing career in 1948 and is acknowledged by The Guinness Book of World Records as the "most recorded artist in music history".[59]

2001(49th)

Yash Chopra

Hindi

The founder of Yash Raj Films, Chopra debuted as a director with Dhool Ka Phool (1959). He directed 22 Hindi films.[60]

2002(50th)

Dev Anand

Hindi

Widely revered as "evergreen star of Hindi cinema",[61] actor and film-maker Anand co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 and produced 35 films.[62]

2003(51st)

Mrinal Sen

Bengali

Regarded as one of "India's most important film-makers",[63] Sen debuted as a director with Raat Bhore (1955) and made 27 films in 50 years.[64]

2004(52nd)

Adoor Gopalakrishnan

Malayalam

Credited with pioneering the new wave cinema movement in Malayalam cinema, director Gopalakrishnan won the National Film Award for Best Direction for his debut film, Swayamvaram (1972). He has been acclaimed for his "ability to portray complex problems in a simplistic way".[65]

2005(53rd)

Shyam Benegal

Hindi

Benegal started his career by making advertising films. He directed his first feature film, Ankur, in 1973. His films have focused on women and their rights.[66]

2006(54th)

 –

Tapan Sinha

 • Bengali • Hindi

Film-maker Sinha debuted as a director in 1954 and made more than 40 feature films in the Bengali, Hindi and Oriya languages. Most of the films addressed problems faced by ordinary people.[67]

2007(55th)

Manna Dey

 • Bengali • Hindi

In a career spanning over five decades, playback singer Dey sang over 3500 songs in various Indian languages. He is also credited with "pioneering a new genre by infusing Indian classical music in a pop framework".[68]

2008(56th)

V. K. Murthy

Hindi

Best known for his collaboration with director Guru Dutt, cinematographer Murthy shot India's first cinemascope film, Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959).[69] He is best remembered for his lighting techniques in Pyaasa (1957) and the "beam shot" in Kaagaz Ke Phool is considered a classic in celluloid history.[70]

2009(57th)

 –

D. Ramanaidu

Telugu

In a career spanning over 50 years, D. Ramanaidu produced more than 130 films in various Indian languages but mostly Telugu.[71] He features in The Guinness Book of World Records for having produced films in nine languages.[72]

2010(58th)

K. Balachander

 • Tamil • Telugu

Film-maker K. Balachander debuted as a director with Neerkumizhi (1965). In a career that spanned over forty years, he directed and produced (through his production house, Kavithalayaa Productions, established in 1981) over 100 films in various Indian languages.[73]

2011(59th)

Soumitra Chatterjee

Bengali

Best known for his frequent collaboration with director Satyajit Ray,[74] Chatterjee debuted as an actor in Apur Sansar (1959) and worked with other directors, such as Mrinal Sen and Tapan Sinha, in a career lasting over 50 years.[75]

2012(60th)

Pran

Hindi

Known for his "compelling and highly stylized performances", actor Pran mainly played villainous characters in Hindi films during a career spanning over 50 years.[76]

2013(61st)

Gulzar

Hindi

Gulzar began his career as a lyricist for Bandini (1963) and debuted as a director with Mere Apne (1971). Known for his successful collaboration with music directors like R. D. Burman and A. R. Rahman, Gulzar won several awards for his lyrics in a career spanning over 50 years.[77][78]

2014(62nd)

Shashi Kapoor

Hindi

Winner of two National Film Awards including Best Actor for New Delhi Times in 1985, Kapoor debuted as a child actor at the age of four in the plays directed by his father Prithviraj Kapoor and later as a leading man in the 1961 film Dharmputra. In 1978, Kapoor set up his production house Film "Valas" and played major role in reviving the Prithvi Theatre group, set up by his father.[11]

2015(63rd)

Manoj Kumar

Hindi

Known for his image as the patriotic hero, Kumar debuted as an actor with 1957 Hindi film Fashion. The actor and director of patriotic theme based movies, Kumar is fondly called as "Bharat Kumar".[14]

2016(64th)

 –

Kasinathuni Viswanath

Telugu

Viswanath started his career as a sound recordist. In a film career spanning sixty years, Viswanath has directed fifty three feature films in a variety of genres, including films based on performing arts, visual arts, and aesthetics. Viswanath has garnered five National Film Awards, and has received international recognition for his works.[79][80]

2017(65th)

Vinod Khanna[c]

Hindi

Debuted in Man Ka Meet (1968), Khanna was primarily known for his work as an actor in Hindi films during the 1970s.[82] He took a brief break from the films (1982–1987) and joined politics in 1997.[83]

text: Explanatory notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ In 1972, Raj Kapoor received the posthumous award given to his father, Prithviraj Kapoor. However, on 1 May 1988, when he was being conferred the award by the then President of India, R. Venkataraman, Kapoor had an asthmatic attack and was rushed in the President's ambulance. Kapoor died a month later on 2 June 1988.[8][9]

Jump up ^ Prithviraj Kapoor died on 29 May 1972, at the age of 65.[19] He was posthumously awarded for the year 1971.

Jump up ^ Vinod Khanna died on 27 April 2017, at the age of 70.[81] He was posthumously awarded for the year 2017.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Family Guy cast members

question_text: who does stewie's voice in family guy

question_tokens: who does stewie 's voice in family guy

root

text: List of Family Guy cast members

text: Current cast[edit]

text: From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members. Since season 5, there have been five main cast members. The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1.

tag: p

text: Seth MacFarlane[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire.[1] MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it.[2] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design.[3] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[4] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[5] MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian.[2]

text: MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman.[6] He is the only voice to be in every episode.

text: Alex Borstein[edit]

text: Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt.[7] Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen".[8] At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins.[7][8] The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original series), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours."[7]

text: Mila Kunis[edit]

text: Mila Kunis is the voice of the character named Meg Griffin.[6] Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show.[9] MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her.[9] Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat". She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot. But it's funny. It's like the middle child. She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not. She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation. And it's fun."[10]

text: Seth Green[edit]

text: Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[6][11] Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[12] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's.[13]

text: Mike Henry[edit]

text: Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert The Pervert and other various characters. A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005. Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors. Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently. Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags.

text: The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
(Out of 245 produced)
Notes

Benjamin, H. JonH. Jon Benjamin
Carl
14
Since 2005

Breckenridge, AlexandraAlexandra Breckenridge
Various
57
Since 2005. Currently voices most female “extras” not voiced by Alex Borstein.

Brennan, JohnnyJohnny Brennan
Goldman, MortMort Goldman, Horace the bartender
77

Callaghan, SteveSteve Callaghan
Various
37
Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner/EP of American Dad!. [14]

Garman, RalphRalph Garman
Various
138

Lakin, ChristineChristine Lakin
Kinney, JoyceJoyce Kinney
23
Since 2010.

LaMarr, PhilPhil LaMarr
Williams, OllieOllie Williams and the Quahog judge
56

MacFarlane, RachaelRachael MacFarlane
Olivia and various women
54
Formerly one of the most frequent female voices. She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad! in 2005 but still appears several times per season. Seth MacFarlane's sister.

Osment, EmilyEmily Osment
Various
14
Since 2012.

Richardson, Kevin MichaelKevin Michael Richardson
Jerome and Cleveland Jr.
30
Since 2009.

Sheridan, ChrisChris Sheridan
Various
33
Also a Family Guy writer.

Smith, DannyDanny Smith
Various, including Evil Monkey, Al Harrington and Ernie, the Giant Chicken
189
Also a Family Guy writer.

Sulkin, AlecAlec Sulkin
Christ, JesusJesus Christ and various others
147
Also a Family Guy writer.

Tatasciore, FredFred Tatasciore
Various
36

Tilly, JenniferJennifer Tilly
Swanson, BonnieBonnie Swanson
42
Has recurred as the Griffin's neighbor since the first season.

Viener, JohnJohn Viener
Various
182
Since 2005, he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane. Also a Family Guy writer.

Warburton, PatrickPatrick Warburton
Swanson, JoeJoe Swanson
163
Has appeared as the Griffins' neighbor since the first season, and usually appears in most episodes each season. Warburton is the most frequently appearing one-character actor in the supporting repertory.

Wingert, WallyWally Wingert
Various
41

tag: table

text: In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
Notes

Alan, LoriLori Alan
Simmons, DianeDiane Simmons
63
Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off. Was replaced in the series' context by Christine Lakin's Joyce Kinney

Alazraqui, CarlosCarlos Alazraqui
Weed, Mr.Mr. Weed
10
Peter's first boss, Mr. Weed, was killed off early in the series' run.

Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore
Russell, JillianJillian Russell
12
Played Jillian, Brian's former girlfriend. The character still appears in background roles

Cole, GaryGary Cole
Various
38
Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons, but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris' principal, Mr. Shepherd.

Hartman, ButchButch Hartman
Various
8

Henry, MikeMike Henry
Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, and various others

Was promoted to main cast in 2005. Also a Family Guy writer.

Hentemann, MarkMark Hentemann
Opie and various others
45
Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project. Also a Family Guy writer.

Fisher, CarrieCarrie Fisher
Angela
19
Has recurred as Peter's boss several times per season since 2005. Died in 2016.

Strong, TaraTara Strong
Various, as well as Meg's singing voice
21
Appeared frequently in the first four seasons. Returned briefly in 2010-2011 and again for one episode in 2014.

Sullivan, NicoleNicole Sullivan
Goldman, MurielMuriel Goldman
27
Muriel was killed off in season nine.

Whitman, MaeMae Whitman
Various
10
Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2007-2010.

Wild, WellesleyWellesley Wild
Various
14
No longer a recurring voice (since 2013). He was a producer, but left the show.

Wilhoit, LisaLisa Wilhoit
D'Amico, ConnieConnie D'Amico
15
Meg's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013.

West, AdamAdam West
Mayor West, AdamAdam West
93
Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog. Died in 2017.

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text: The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown. Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis. Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost. Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists. James Woods as James Woods.

text: Casting changes[edit]

text:
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited.[15] Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork.[16]
Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy. He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances.
Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance, before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane. The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned.
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season.

tag: ul

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Award
Category
Role
Result
Ref.

2000
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Stewie Griffin
Won
[17]

2009
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Peter Griffin
Won
[18]

2006
Seth MacFarlane
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Stewie Griffin
Won
[19]

2007
Mila Kunis
Annie Award
Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Meg Griffin
Won
[20]


document_title: Borders of the oceans

question_text: where do the indian and pacific oceans meet

text: Borders of the oceans

text: Overview[edit]

text: Though generally described as several separate oceans, the world's oceanic waters constitute one global, interconnected body of salt water sometimes referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.[1][2] This concept of a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.[3]

text: The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria. The principal divisions (in descending order of area) are the: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean, and Southern (Antarctic) Ocean. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, bays, straits, and other names.

text: Geologically, an ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water. Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic basalt that covers the Earth's mantle. Continental crust is thicker but less dense. From this perspective, the Earth has three oceans: the World Ocean, the Caspian Sea,[citation needed] and the Black Sea. The latter two were formed by the collision of Cimmeria with Laurasia. The Mediterranean Sea is at times a discrete ocean, because tectonic plate movement has repeatedly broken its connection to the World Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus, but the Bosporus is a natural canal cut through continental rock some 7,000 years ago, rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar.

text: Despite their names, some smaller landlocked "seas" are not connected with the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea (which is nevertheless, geologically, itself a full-fledged ocean—see above) and numerous salt lakes such as the Aral Sea.

text: A complete hierarchy showing which seas belong to which oceans, according to the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and for the whole planet, is available at the European Marine Gazetteer website.[4] See also the list of seas article for the seas included in each ocean area. Also note there are many varying definitions of the world's seas and no single authority.

text: Arctic Ocean[edit]

text: The Arctic Ocean covers much of the Arctic and washes upon northern North America and Eurasia and is sometimes considered a sea or estuary of the Atlantic.[6][7]

text: The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the limits of the Arctic Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]

text: Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO (such as the Kara Sea and East Siberian Sea), though these are usually considered to be part of the Arctic Ocean.

text: The CIA defines the limits of the Arctic Ocean differently, as depicted in the map comparing its definition to the IHO's definition.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining the Northernmost point of Spitzbergen  [sic] [Svalbard] to the Northernmost point of Greenland".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "Cape Leigh Smith across the Islands Bolshoy Ostrov (Great Island) [Storøya], Gilles [Kvitøya] and Victoria; Cape Mary Harmsworth (Southwestern extremity of Alexandra Land) along the northern coasts of Franz-Josef Land as far as Cape Kohlsaat (81°14′N 65°10′E / 81.233°N 65.167°E / 81.233; 65.167)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "Cape Kohlsaat to Cape Molotov (81°16′N 93°43′E / 81.267°N 93.717°E / 81.267; 93.717) (Northern extremity of Severnaya Zemlya on Komsomolets Island)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Cape Molotov to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island (76°10′N 138°50′E / 76.167°N 138.833°E / 76.167; 138.833)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line from the Northernmost point of Wrangel Island (179°30'W) to the Northern sides of the De Long Islands (including Henrietta and Jeannette Islands) and Bennett Island, thence to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line from Point Barrow, Alaska (71°20′N 156°20′W / 71.333°N 156.333°W / 71.333; -156.333) to the Northernmost point of Wrangel Island (179°30'W)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Lands End, Prince Patrick Island (76°16′N 124°08′W / 76.267°N 124.133°W / 76.267; -124.133)".

text: Atlantic Ocean[edit]

text: The Atlantic Ocean separates the Americas from Europe and Africa. It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern and southern portions.

text: North Atlantic[edit]

text: The 3rd edition, currently in force, of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the North Atlantic Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]

text: South Atlantic[edit]

text: The 3rd edition (currently in force) of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the South Atlantic Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]

text: Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO (such as the Bay of Biscay and Gulf of Guinea), though these are usually considered to be part of the Atlantic Ocean.

text: In its 2002 draft, the IHO redefined the Atlantic Ocean, moving its southern limit to 60°S, with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean. This new definition has not yet been ratified (and, in addition, a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia.)[10] While the name "Southern Ocean" is frequently used, some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica. If and when adopted, the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, re-instituting the 2nd edition's "Southern Ocean", omitted from the 3rd edition.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "From Point San Diego (Puerto Rico) Northward along the meridian thereof (65°39'W) to the 100 fathom line, thence Eastward and Southward, in such a manner that all islands, shoals and narrow waters of the Lesser Antilles are included in the Caribbean Sea as far as Galera Point (Northeast extremity of the island of Trinidad). From Galera Point through Trinidad to Galeota Point (Southeast extreme) and thence to Baja Point (9°32′N 61°0′W / 9.533°N 61.000°W / 9.533; -61.000) in Venezuela".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Cape Catoche Light (21°37′N 87°04′W / 21.617°N 87.067°W / 21.617; -87.067) with the Light on Cape San Antonio in Cuba, through this island to the meridian of 83°W and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the Dry Tortugas (24°35'N), along this parallel Eastward to Rebecca Shoal (82°35'W) thence through the shoals and Florida Keys to the mainland at eastern end of Florida Bay, all the narrow waters between the Dry Tortugas and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running northwesterly from Cape St. Mary (44°05'N) Nova Scotia, through Machias Seal Island (67°06'W) and on to Little River Head (44°39'N) in the State of Maine".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line from Cape Canso (45°20′N 61°0′W / 45.333°N 61.000°W / 45.333; -61.000) to Red Point (45°35′N 60°45′W / 45.583°N 60.750°W / 45.583; -60.750) in Cape Breton Island, through this Island to Cape Breton and on to Pointe Blanche (46°45′N 56°11′W / 46.750°N 56.183°W / 46.750; -56.183) in the Island of St. Pierre, and thence to the Southwest point of Morgan Island (46°51′N 55°49′W / 46.850°N 55.817°W / 46.850; -55.817)" and "A line running from Cape Bauld (North point of Kirpon Island, 51°40′N 55°25′W / 51.667°N 55.417°W / 51.667; -55.417) to the East extreme of Belle Isle and on to the Northeast Ledge (52°02′N 55°15′W / 52.033°N 55.250°W / 52.033; -55.250). Thence a line joining this ledge with the East extreme of Cape St. Charles (52°13'N) in Labrador".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "The parallel of 60° North between Greenland and Labrador".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Straumness (NW extreme of Iceland) to Cape Nansen (68°15′N 29°30′W / 68.250°N 29.500°W / 68.250; -29.500) in Greenland".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "From a point on the West coast of Norway in Latitude 61°00' North along this parallel to Longitude 0°53' West thence a line to the NE extreme of Fuglö (62°21′N 6°15′W / 62.350°N 6.250°W / 62.350; -6.250 (Fuglö)) and on to the East extreme of Gerpir (65°05′N 13°30′W / 65.083°N 13.500°W / 65.083; -13.500 (Gerpir)) in Iceland".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "From Dunnet Head (3°22'W) in Scotland to Tor Ness (58°47'N) in the Island of Hoy, thence through this island to the Kame of Hoy (58°55'N) on to Breck Ness on Mainland (58°58'N) through this island to Costa Head (3°14'W) and to Inga Ness (59'17'N) in Westray through Westray, to Bow Head, across to Mull Head (North point of Papa Westray) and on to Seal Skerry (North point of North Ronaldsay) and thence to Horse Island (South point of the Shetland Islands)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running from Bloody Foreland (55°10′N 8°17′W / 55.167°N 8.283°W / 55.167; -8.283) in Ireland to the West point of Tory Island, on to Barra Head, the Southwest point of the Hebrides, thence through these islands, in such a manner that the West coasts of the main islands appertain to the Atlantic Ocean and all the narrow waters appertain to the Inner Seas, as far as the Butt of Lewis (North Point), and thence to Cape Wrath (58°37'N) in Scotland".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining St. David's Head (51°54′N 5°19′W / 51.900°N 5.317°W / 51.900; -5.317) to Carnsore Point (52°10′N 6°22′W / 52.167°N 6.367°W / 52.167; -6.367)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "a line joining Hartland Point [in Devon] (51°01′N 4°32′W / 51.017°N 4.533°W / 51.017; -4.533) to St. Govan's Head [in Pembrokeshire] (51°36′N 4°55′W / 51.600°N 4.917°W / 51.600; -4.917)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Isle Vierge (48°38′23″N 4°34′13″W / 48.63972°N 4.57028°W / 48.63972; -4.57028) to Lands End (50°04′N 5°43′W / 50.067°N 5.717°W / 50.067; -5.717)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Cap Ortegal (43°46′N 7°52′W / 43.767°N 7.867°W / 43.767; -7.867) to Penmarch Point (47°48′N 4°22′W / 47.800°N 4.367°W / 47.800; -4.367)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining the extremities of Cape Trafalgar (Spain) and Cape Spartel (Africa)".
^ Jump up to: a b Defined by IHO as "A line running Southeastward from Cape Palmas in Liberia to Cape Lopez (0°38′S 8°42′E / 0.633°S 8.700°E / -0.633; 8.700)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Punta del Este, Uruguay (34°58.5′S 54°57.5′W / 34.9750°S 54.9583°W / -34.9750; -54.9583) and Cabo San Antonio, Argentina (36°18′S 56°46′W / 36.300°S 56.767°W / -36.300; -56.767)".

text: Indian Ocean[edit]

text: The Indian Ocean washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia.

text: The 3rd edition, currently in force, of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the Indian Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]

text: Note that this definition excludes any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO (such as the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea), though these are usually considered to be part of the Indian Ocean.

text: In its 2002 draft, the IHO redefined the Indian Ocean, moving its southern limit to 60°S, with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean. This new definition has not yet been ratified (and, in addition, a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia.)[10] While the name "Southern Ocean" is frequently used, some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica. If and when adopted, the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, re-instituting the 2nd edition's "Southern Ocean", omitted from the 3rd edition.

text: The boundary of the Indian Ocean is a constitutional issue for Australia. The Imperial South Australia Colonisation Act, 1834, which established and defined the Colony of South Australia defined South Australia’s southern limit as being the “Southern Ocean.” This definition was carried through to Australian constitutional law upon the Federation of Australia in 1901.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running from the South extremity of Addu Atoll (Maldives), to the Eastern extreme of Ràs Hafun (Africa, 10°26'N)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running from Dondra Head in Ceylon [Sri Lanka] to the most Southerly point of Addu Atoll".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "Adam's Bridge (between India and Ceylon and from the Southern extreme of Dondra Head (South point of Ceylon) to the North point of Poeloe Bras (5°44′N 95°04′E / 5.733°N 95.067°E / 5.733; 95.067)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as the southern limits of the Java Sea ("the North and West coasts of Java to Java Hoofd (6°46′S 105°12′E / 6.767°S 105.200°E / -6.767; 105.200) its Western point, and thence a line to Vlakke Hoek (5°55′S 104°35′E / 5.917°S 104.583°E / -5.917; 104.583) the Southern extreme of Sumatra"), the Bali Sea ("A line from Tanjong Banenan through the Southern points of Balt  [sic] and Noesa Islands to Tanjong Bt Gendang, the Southwest extreme of Lombok, and its South coast to Tanjong Ringgit the Southeast extreme, thence a line to Tanjong Mangkoen (9°01′S 116°43′E / 9.017°S 116.717°E / -9.017; 116.717) the Southwest extreme of Soembawa"), the Savu Sea ("By a line from the Southwest point of Timor to the Northeast point of Roti, through this island to its Southwest point, thence a line to Poeloe Dana (10°49′S 121°17′E / 10.817°S 121.283°E / -10.817; 121.283) and to Tanjong Ngoendjoe, the Southern extreme of Soemba and through this island to Tanjong Karosso, its Western point"), and the western limit of the Timor Sea ("A line from Cape Londonderry to the Southwest point of Roti Island (10°56′S 122°48′E / 10.933°S 122.800°E / -10.933; 122.800)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining West Cape Howe (35°08′S 117°37′E / 35.133°S 117.617°E / -35.133; 117.617) Australia to South West Cape, Tasmania".

text: Pacific Ocean[edit]

text: The Pacific is the ocean that separates Asia and Australia from the Americas. It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern and southern portions.

text: North Pacific[edit]

text: The 3rd edition, currently in force, of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the North Pacific Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]

text: South Pacific[edit]

text: The 3rd edition, currently in force, of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the South Pacific Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]

text: Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO (such as the Gulf of Alaska and Coral Sea), though these are usually considered to be part of the Pacific Ocean.

text: In its 2002 draft, the IHO redefined the Pacific Ocean, moving its southern limit to 60°S, with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean. This new definition has not yet been ratified (and, in addition, a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia.)[10] While the name "Southern Ocean" is frequently used, some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica. If and when adopted, the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, re-instituting the 2nd edition's "Southern Ocean", omitted from the 3rd edition.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "By the ridge joining Japan to the Bonin, Volcano and Ladrone (Mariana) Islands, all these being included in the Philippine Sea".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "In the Tsugaru Kaikô. From the extremity of Siriya Saki (141°28'E) to the extremity of Esan Saki (41°48'N)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running from Nosyappu Saki (Cape Noshap, 43°23'N) in the Islanad of Hokusyû (Yezo) through the Kuril or Tisima Islands to Cape Lopatka (South point of Kamchatka) in such a way that all the narrow waters between Hokusyû and Kamchatka are included in the Sea of Okhotsk".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running from Kabuch Point (54°48′N 163°21′W / 54.800°N 163.350°W / 54.800; -163.350) in the Alaskan Peninsula, through the Aleutian Islands to the South extremes of the Komandorski Islands and on to Cape Kamchatka in such a way that all the narrow waters between Alaska and Kamchatka are included in the Bering Sea".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line drawn from Cape Spencer, the Northern limit of [the Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia] to Kabuch Point, the Southeast limit of [the Bering Sea], in such a way that all the adjacent islands are included in the Gulf of Alaska".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running westerly from Black Rock Point (50°44',5N) in Vancouver Island through the Scott Islands in such a way that all the narrow waters between these islands are included in the Coastal Waters, thence to Cape St. James (Southern extremity of Queen Charlotte Islands), through this group in the same way, then from Cape Knox (54°10′N 133°06′W / 54.167°N 133.100°W / 54.167; -133.100) Northward to the Western extreme of Langara Island and on to Point Cornwallis (132°52'W) in the Prince of Wales group, thence along the Western shores of this group, of Baranof, Kruzof, Chicagof, and Yakobi Islands, so that all the narrow waters between them are included in the coastal waters, and, finally, from Cape Bingham (58°04'N) in Yakobi Island to Cape Spencer (58°12′N 136°39′W / 58.200°N 136.650°W / 58.200; -136.650)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Piastla Point (23°38'N) in Mexico, and the Southern extreme of Lower California".
Jump up ^ Southern limit defined by IHO as "A line joining the Southern point of Auckland Island (50°55′S 166°0′E / 50.917°S 166.000°E / -50.917; 166.000) to South East Cape, the Southern point of Tasmania"
Jump up ^ Eastern limit defined by IHO as "In Cook Strait. A line joining the South extreme of the foul ground off Cape Palliser (Ngawi) and the Lighthouse on Cape Campbell (Te Karaka)" and "In Foveaux Strait (46°45'S). A line joining the Light on Waipapapa Point  [sic] (168°33'E) with East Head (47'02'S) of Stewart Island (Rakiura)."
Jump up ^ Northeastern limit defined by IHO as "From the South East Rock to the North point of Three Kings Islands (34°10′S 172°10′E / 34.167°S 172.167°E / -34.167; 172.167) thence to North Cape in New Zealand".
Jump up ^ Southeastern limit defined by IHO as "A line from the Southeastern extreme of Aneityum Island to Southeast (Nokanhui) Islets (22°46′S 167°34′E / 22.767°S 167.567°E / -22.767; 167.567) off the Southeast extreme of New Caledonia, thence through the East point of Middleton Reef to the Eastern extreme of Elizabeth Reef (29°55′S 159°02′E / 29.917°S 159.033°E / -29.917; 159.033) and down this meridian to Latitude 30° South".
Jump up ^ Northeastern limit defined by IHO as "From the Northernmost island of the Duff or Wilson Group through these islands to their Southeastern extreme, thence a line to Mera Lava, New Hebrides Islands [Vanuatu] (14°25′S 163°03′E / 14.417°S 163.050°E / -14.417; 163.050) and down the Eastern coasts of the islands of this Group to Aneityum Island (20°11′S 169°51′E / 20.183°S 169.850°E / -20.183; 169.850) in such a way that all the islands of these Groups, and the straits separating them, are included in the Coral Sea".
Jump up ^ Southern limit defined by IHO as "The Northern limit of the Coral Sea between San Cristobal Island [Makira], Solomons, and Gado-Gadoa Island, off the Southeast extreme of New Guinea, thence a line to the Southern extreme of Rennell Island and from its Eastern point to Cape Surville, the Eastern extreme of San Cristobal Island".
Jump up ^ Eastern limit definied by IHO as "By a line from the Southern point of New Ireland to the North point of Buka Island, through this island to the Northwest point of Bougainville Island, along the Southern coasts of Bougainville, Choisel [Choiseul], Ysabel [Santa Isabel], Malaita and San Cristobal Islands".
Jump up ^ North and Eastern limit defined by IHO as "By the Northern and Northeastern coasts of the islands of New Ireland, New Hanover, the Admiralty Islands, Hermit Island, and the Ninigo Group, through Manu and Aua Islands to Wuvulu Island and thence a line to Baudissin Point in New Guinea (142°02'E)".

text: Southern or Antarctic Ocean[edit]

text: The Southern Ocean contains the waters that surround Antarctica and sometimes is considered an extension of Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.[8]

text: In 1928, the first edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas publication included the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. The Southern Ocean was delineated by land-based limits - the continent of Antarctica to the south, and the continents of South America, Africa, and Australia plus Broughton Island, New Zealand in the north. The detailed land-limits used were Cape Horn in South America, Cape Agulhas in Africa, the southern coast of Australia from Cape Leeuwin, Western Australia, to South East Cape, Tasmania, via the western edge of the water body of Bass Strait, and then Broughton Island before returning to Cape Horn.[14]

text: The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southwards in the IHO's 1937 second edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas. The Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northwards to latitude 40° south between Cape Agulhas in Africa (long. 20° east) and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia (long. 115° east), and extended to latitude 55° south between Auckland Island of New Zealand (long. 165° or 166° east) and Cape Horn in South America (long. 67° west).[15]

text: The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition because "...the northern limits ... are difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change ... Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits. (Great Britain uses the Latitude of 55° South)". Instead, in the IHO 1953 publication, the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans were extended southward, the Indian and Pacific Oceans (which had not previously touched pre 1953, as per the first and second editions) now abutted at the meridian of South East Cape, and the southern limits of the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea were moved northwards.[16]

text: The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000. Of its 68 member nations, 28 responded, and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean, reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents. The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes, beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean. Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean's northern limit at 60°S (with no land interruptions at this latitude), with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions, mostly 50°S, but a few for as far north as 35°S.

text: The 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas has yet to be published due to 'areas of concern' by several countries relating to various naming issues around the world. The IHB circulated a new draft of the 4th edition of the publication in August 2002, however there were still various changes, 60 seas were added or renamed from the 3rd edition, and even the name of the publication was changed.[17] A reservation had also been lodged by Australia regarding the Southern Ocean limits.[10] Effectively, the 3rd edition (which did not delineate the Southern Ocean leaving delineation to local hydrographic offices) has yet to be superseded and IHO documents declare that it remains "currently in force."

text: Despite this, the 4th edition definition has de facto usage by many organisations, scientists and nations - even at times by IHO committees.[18] Some nations' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries; the United Kingdom used the 55°S parallel for example.[16]

text: Other sources, such as the National Geographic Society, show the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans as extending to Antarctica, although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean.[19]

text: In Australia, cartographic authorities defined the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand. This delineation is basically the same as the original (first) edition of the IHO publication and effectively the same as the second edition. In the second edition, the Great Australian Bight was defined as the only geographical entity between the Australian coast and the Southern Ocean. Coastal maps of Tasmania and South Australia label the sea areas as Southern Ocean,[20] while Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet.[21]


document_title: American Horror Story: Apocalypse

question_text: when does ahs apocalypse ep 2 come out

question_tokens: when does ahs apocalypse ep 2 come out

text: American Horror Story: Apocalypse

text: Plot

text: Apocalypse takes place in the West Coast of the United States in the near future. Following a nuclear blast that wipes out the world, Outpost 3, an underground bunker, is constructed in order to shelter specific survivors with strong genetic makeup. Wilhemina Venable (Sarah Paulson) and Miriam Mead (Kathy Bates) both command the bunker, dispensing torture towards those who reside there. People inside consist of hairdresser Mr. Gallant (Evan Peters), his grandmother Evie (Joan Collins), talk show host Dinah Stevens (Adina Porter), her son Andre (Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman), the billionaire Coco St. Pierre Vanderbilt (Leslie Grossman), her assistant Mallory (Billie Lourd), and couple Timothy Campbell (Kyle Allen) and Emily (Ash Santos), all of which face the wrath of the two women. However, Michael Langdon (Cody Fern) arrives and begins to throw the order into chaos as he intends to bring those worthy to a "sanctuary".

text: Furthermore in the season, the arrival of Cordelia Goode, Madison Montgomery (Emma Roberts), Myrtle Snow (Frances Conroy) as well as the return of Zoe Benson (Taissa Farmiga), Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe) and Misty Day (Lily Rabe), provides background of the world before the fateful apocalypse as well as the inclusion of characters from Murder House.

text: Cast and characters

text: Main

text:
Sarah Paulson as Wilhemina Venable, Cordelia Goode, and Billie Dean Howard[3][4][5]
Evan Peters as Mr. Gallant, James Patrick March, and Tate Langdon[6][7][8]
Adina Porter as Dinah Stevens[9][4]
Billie Lourd as Mallory[10][4]
Leslie Grossman as Coco St. Pierre Vanderbilt[9][4]
Cody Fern as Michael Langdon[11]
Emma Roberts as Madison Montgomery[12]
Cheyenne Jackson as John Henry Moore[9]
Kathy Bates as Miriam Mead[6][4][5]

text: Recurring and guest

text:
Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman as Andre Stevens[13][14]
Kyle Allen as Timothy Campbell[13][8]
Ash Santos as Emily[15][8]
Erika Ervin as the Fist[16]
Billy Eichner as Brock[9]
Chad James Buchanan as Stu
Sean Blakemore as a cooperative agent
Lesley Fera as a cooperative agent[17]
Joan Collins as Evie Gallant and Bubbles McGee[18][8]
Frances Conroy as Myrtle Snow and Moira O'Hara[19][20]
Taissa Farmiga as Zoe Benson and Violet Harmon[19][20][7]
Gabourey Sidibe as Queenie[19][21]
Jon Jon Briones as Ariel Augustus[22]
Billy Porter as Behold Chablis[23]
BD Wong as Baldwin Pennypacker[24][25]
Lily Rabe as Misty Day[19][20]
Stevie Nicks as herself[19][20]
Wayne Pére as Mr. Kingery
Dylan McDermott as Dr. Ben Harmon[26][27]
Connie Britton as Vivien Harmon[26][27]
Jessica Lange as Constance Langdon[3]
Carlo Rota as Anton LaVey
Naomi Grossman as Samantha Crowe[28]
Mena Suvari as Elizabeth Short
Sam Kinsey as Beau Langdon
Celia Finkelstein as Gladys
Lance Reddick as Papa Legba
Jamie Brewer as Nan

text: Episodes

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)851"The End"Bradley BueckerRyan Murphy & Brad FalchukSeptember 12, 2018 (2018-09-12)8ATS013.08[29]
In the near future, nuclear missiles destroy the world and start a nuclear winter. Thanks to her family's private plane, Coco St. Pierre Vanderbilt manages to escape the destruction of Los Angeles with her assistant Mallory, her hairdresser Mr. Gallant, and his grandmother, Evie. Meanwhile, an organization known as "The Cooperative", selects young adults to save from the apocalypse, based on their genetic makeup. Two of the selected, Timothy and Emily, are sent to Outpost 3, an underground base led by Ms. Venable. There, they are reunited with other survivors, including Coco, Mallory, Mr. Gallant, and Evie. Life at the Outpost includes strict rules and severe punishments. Eighteen months pass and the situation and food supplies are at critical condition at the Outpost. A man from the Cooperative, Michael Langdon, arrives and announces that he will judge who deserves to be truly saved.
862"The Morning After"Jennifer LynchJames WongSeptember 19, 2018 (2018-09-19)8ATS022.21[30]
Langdon introduces himself to the guests of Outpost 3 and explains his duty. He inquires Mr. Gallant about his sexual orientation and his hatred towards his grandmother. Later, the Rubber Man approaches Gallant in his bedroom and Evie catches the two having sex. She reports their insubordination to Ms. Mead. Timothy and Emily discover recent Cooperative e-mails detailing Venable's transgressions against proper Outpost protocol. Gallant refuses to reveal the identity of the Rubber Man to Venable. Gallant assures Langdon that he did not reveal his identity and Langdon asserts that he is not the Rubber Man and that he would never have sex with him. Timothy and Emily cast aspersions on the rules of Outpost 3 and they have sex for the first time. The Rubber Man attempts to seduce Gallant once again and Gallant stabs him with scissors. Langdon appears and Gallant finds himself looking upon his grandmother's bloody corpse. Timothy and Emily are caught in bed and are sentenced to death. Timothy shoots Mead in the stomach and her wound reveals internal wiring and white liquid.
873"Forbidden Fruit"Loni PeristereManny CotoSeptember 26, 2018 (2018-09-26)8ATS031.95[31]
Langdon unveils his true demonic form to Mallory and she makes flames shoot from a fireplace. Venable confides to Mead that she has not been selected to move on to the Sanctuary and Mead suggests they kill everyone. Brock navigates a nuclear wasteland and guns down a cannibalistic tribe. He then beholds a horse-drawn carriage pass by. The carriage delivers apples to Outpost 3 and Venable resolves to inject them with venom. Brock infiltrates Outpost 3 and attends Venable's Halloween masquerade ball. Coco, presuming Brock to be Langdon in costume, seduces him back to her bedroom. Brock then reveals himself to Coco and stabs her in the forehead. The Outpost 3 guests bob for poisonous apples. Venable instructs everyone to wait to eat simultaneously. The guests comply and concurrently succumb to the poison. Venable and Mead confront Langdon and Venable proclaims that they will be making the selections. Mead shoots Venable under order from Langdon. Langdon tells Mead she was modeled after a caregiver from his childhood, which consoles her. Later, Cordelia Goode, Madison Montgomery, and Myrtle Snow descend upon Outpost 3 and Cordelia resurrects Mallory, Dinah, and Coco.
884"Could It Be... Satan?"Sheree FolksonTim MinearOctober 3, 2018 (2018-10-03)8ATS042.02[32]
Three years before the nuclear bomb, the Hawthorne School for Exceptional Young Men seeks out Michael Langdon, who has been arrested for killing a man who insulted the woman Mead is modeled after. He is put to the test and displays tremendous abilities. Miss Robichaux's Academy is summoned for a meeting and Cordelia scoffs at the Grand Chancellor's suspicion that Michael may be the first male Supreme, known as the Alpha. To prove his power, Michael saves Queenie from eternal damnation at the Hotel Cortez and fetches Madison from her personal hell.
895"Boy Wonder"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonJohn J. GrayOctober 10, 2018 (2018-10-10)8ATS052.12[33]
Cordelia has a frightening vision of a destroyed Miss Robichaux's Academy and being attacked by disease-ridden people. Later, she announces that Langdon will take the Seven Wonders, something that she is berated for by Myrtle. Mallory's abilities soon intensify and Cordelia reveals that she is dying and slowly starting to lose her Supremacy. John Henry Moore discovers Langdon's true self but Mead interferes before he can warn anyone and kills him. During the test, Cordelia asks Langdon to bring Misty Day back to life, so he breaks her out of her personal hell. It is revealed that Cordelia has been planning an army against Langdon and used him to resurrect her students. Later, Cordelia asks Madison and a suspicious Behold to investigate Langdon's origins at the Murder House.
906"Return to Murder House"Sarah PaulsonCrystal LiuOctober 17, 2018 (2018-10-17)8ATS062.01[34]
Madison and Behold buy the Murder House on behalf of the Coven, under the pretense that they are a married couple. They cast a spell to force the spirits of the house to appear to them. They encounter the ghost of Constance Langdon, who agrees to provide information on her grandson Michael if they banish her old nemesis, Moira O'Hara, from the house. Madison and Behold exhume Moira's bones, and bury them with her mother's; Moira is then set free from the house. Constance tells them that she sensed an evil in Michael from very early on. In his youth, he began killing animals, and then his babysitter. After Michael ages ten years overnight, Constance enlists the help of a Catholic priest, whom Michael kills. Constance, out of hopelessness, commits suicide in the Murder House, where she is reunited with Tate, Beauregard, and her fourth child, a little girl with no eyes. Madison and Behold then interview Ben and Vivien Harmon, who further reveal the evil in Michael's soul. Vivien tells them that Michael's father is neither Ben nor Tate, but the evil of the Murder House. Before leaving with Behold, Madison reunites Tate and Violet.
917"Traitor"Jennifer LynchAdam PennOctober 24, 2018 (2018-10-24)8ATS071.85[35]
With the help of voodoo queen Dinah Stevens, Cordelia arranges a meeting with Papa Legba in an attempt to prevent Langdon's plans. Legba reveals that he owns Nan's soul, and agrees to help entrap Langdon under the condition that Cordelia give him the souls of the remaining girls. Cordelia refuses, and Legba disappears. In order to learn more about the warlocks and their plans, Madison enlists the help of Myrtle's long time friend, witch-actress Bubbles McGee, who specialises in reading the thoughts and souls of others. At a dinner party held by Myrtle, Bubbles discovers that Ariel and Baldwin know about the death of John Henry, and that they are planning to kill the women of the coven. Zoe suspects Mallory to be the true next Supreme after she saves Coco from choking and confides in Cordelia. Later, Mallory passes the Seven Wonders after successfully resurrecting John Henry. The coven then capture Ariel, Baldwin, and Mead, and burn them at the stake for treason.
928"Sojourn"[36]TBATBAOctober 31, 2018 (2018-10-31)TBATBD
939"Fire and Reign"[36]TBATBANovember 7, 2018 (2018-11-07)TBATBD
9410"Apocalypse Then"[36]TBATBANovember 14, 2018 (2018-11-14)TBATBD

text: Evan Peters will direct an episode of the season.[37]

text: Production

text: Development

text: On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth season, which premiered on September 12, 2018.[1][2] In October 2016, series co-creator Ryan Murphy announced a "crossover" season between previous cycles Murder House and Coven.[38] In January 2018, he stated that the ninth season would most likely feature the crossover;[39] however, in June 2018, he announced that the eighth season was chosen instead.[40] Murphy has also stated that the eighth season would be set 18 months in the future and would feature an Asylum and Coven tone.[39][18] In July 2018, it was announced at the San Diego Comic-Con that the title of the season would be Apocalypse.[41]

text: In April 2018, it was revealed that series veterans Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters would each make their directorial debuts in an episode of the season.[37] It was later revealed that Paulson would direct the sixth episode.[3]

text: As with previous seasons, several teasers were released.[42] On September 4, 2018, a short trailer was released, followed by a longer trailer the next day.[43][44]

text: Casting

text: In October 2017, it was announced that series mainstay Sarah Paulson would return for the season. In March 2018, it was announced that Kathy Bates and Evan Peters would also return, leading the season with Paulson.[6] In April 2018, Joan Collins joined the cast as the grandmother of Peters' character.[18] In April and May 2018, Cult alumni Adina Porter, Cheyenne Jackson, Billy Eichner, Leslie Grossman, and Billie Lourd were also confirmed to return.[9][10]

text: In June 2018, Emma Roberts revealed that she would return for Apocalypse, reprising her role as Madison Montgomery from Coven.[12] That same month, Murphy revealed that other witches from Coven had all been invited to return,[12] and also stated that he had asked Anjelica Huston to join the cast,[45] while Paulson confirmed that she would reprise her Coven role, Cordelia Goode.[3] In July 2018, it was reported that Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman and Kyle Allen would guest star in the season.[13] Later that month, Murphy revealed via Twitter that American Crime Story alum Cody Fern joined the cast as a grown-up Michael Langdon, the Antichrist born during the events of Murder House.[11]

text: In August 2018, Pose alum Billy Porter announced via Instagram that he would appear in the season.[23] Later, during the Television Critics Association press tour, it was announced that Jessica Lange would appear in the season's sixth episode as her Murder House character, Constance Langdon.[3] After FX released the season's first teaser, actress Lesley Fera revealed via Twitter that she would appear in the season premiere.[17] Later, Ryan Murphy confirmed via Twitter that Taissa Farmiga, Gabourey Sidibe, Lily Rabe, Frances Conroy, and Stevie Nicks would all appear during the season,[19] and that they would all reprise their Coven roles.[21][20] In the same month, Angela Bassett, who appeared in four previous seasons, confirmed that she would not appear in the season.[21] Later, Finn Wittrock, who appeared in three past seasons, confirmed that he would not appear in Apocalypse.[46] The same day, it was announced that original cast members Connie Britton and Dylan McDermott would be returning for the season,[26] and Ryan Murphy later confirmed that they would reprise their Murder House roles, Vivien and Ben Harmon, respectively.[27] Later, Murphy revealed that Evan Peters and Taissa Farmiga would be reprising their Murder House roles, Tate Langdon and Violet Harmon, respectively.[7]

text: In September 2018, it was revealed that Erika Ervin would be returning for Apocalypse after having a recurring role in Freak Show.[16] It was also reported that actress Ash Santos would appear in the season.[15]

text: Filming

text: In April 2018, Murphy revealed that filming for the season would begin in June 2018.[18]

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text: American Horror Story: Apocalypse received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 92% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.86/10, based on 117 reviews.[47] On Metacritic, the season was given a score of 63 out of 100 based on 6 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[48]

text:
American Horror Story (season 8): Critical reception by episode

Season 8 (2018): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[49]

text: Ratings

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"The End"

September 12, 2018
1.5
3.08[29]
1.5
3.17
3.0
6.26[50]

2

"The Morning After"

September 19, 2018
1.1
2.21[30]
1.2
2.41
2.3
4.63[51][a]

3

"Forbidden Fruit"

September 26, 2018
0.9
1.95[31]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4

"Could It Be... Satan?"

October 3, 2018
1.0
2.02[32]
1.6
3.05
2.6
5.08[52]

5

"Boy Wonder"

October 10, 2018
1.0
2.12[33]
1.4
2.82
2.4
4.95[53]

6

"Return to Murder House"

October 17, 2018
0.9
2.01[34]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7

"Traitor"

October 24, 2018
0.9
1.85[35]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Jump up ^ Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.


document_title: Rocky Mountaineer Station

question_text: where does the rocky mountaineer leave from in vancouver

text: Rocky Mountaineer Station

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Rocky Mountaineer Station

Location
1755 Cottrell St,
Vancouver, BC
Canada

Coordinates
49°16′07″N 123°05′09″W / 49.26861°N 123.08583°W / 49.26861; -123.08583Coordinates: 49°16′07″N 123°05′09″W / 49.26861°N 123.08583°W / 49.26861; -123.08583

History

Opened
1954 (shed) 2005 (station)

Services

Preceding station

Rocky Mountaineer

Following station

Terminus

First Passage to the West

Kamloops
toward Calgary

Journey through the Clouds

Kamloops
toward Jasper

Pacific Central (Vancouver)
toward Seattle

Coastal Passage

Kamloops
toward Banff or Jasper

text: Rocky Mountaineer Station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, is a railway station which acts as the western terminus of the Rocky Mountaineer train service to Jasper, Banff and Calgary. Prior to 2005, the Vancouver terminus for the Rocky Mountaineer was the Pacific Central Station.

text: The station was originally built for Canadian National Railway as a locomotive repair shed. At a cost of $4M CDN, the building was renovated by Rocky Mountaineer Rail Tours into a railway station, with the first train departing on April 17, 2005.[1]

text: In February 2010, the east and west facades were updated with large signage identifying this structure as 'Alberta Station,' replacing the words 'Rocky Mountaineer Station.' The building reverted to its 'Rocky Mountaineer' signs the first week of March 2010. The temporary signage change was related to the government of Alberta leasing a Rocky Mountaineer train for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.[2]


document_title: New Year's Day

question_text: when did new year's day become a holiday

question_tokens: when did new year 's day become a holiday

text: New Year's Day

text: History[edit]

text: Mesopotamia (Iraq) instituted the concept of celebrating the new year in 2000 BC and celebrated new year around the time of the vernal equinox, in mid-March.[4][5] The early Roman calendar designated March 1 as the new year. The calendar had just ten months, beginning with March. That the new year once began with the month of March is still reflected in some of the names of the months. September through December, our ninth through twelfth months, were originally positioned as the seventh through tenth months. (Septem is Latin for "seven"; octo, "eight"; novem, "nine"; and decem, "ten".) Roman legend usually credited their second king Numa with the establishment of the months of January and February. These were first placed at the end of the year, but at some point came to be considered the first two months instead.

text: The January Kalends (Latin: Kalendae Ianuariae) came to be celebrated as the new year at some point after it became the day for the inaugurating new consuls in 153 BC. Romans had long dated their years by these consulships, rather than sequentially, and making the kalends of January start the new year aligned this dating. Still, private and religious celebrations around the March new year continued for some time and there is no consensus on the question of the timing for January 1's new status.[6] Once it became the new year, however, it became a time for family gatherings and celebrations. A series of disasters, notably including the failed rebellion of M. Aemilius Lepidus in 78 BC, established a superstition against allowing Rome's market days to fall on the kalends of January and the pontiffs employed intercalation to avoid its occurrence.[7][8]

text: In AD 567, the Council of Tours formally abolished January 1 as the beginning of the year. At various times and in various places throughout medieval Christian Europe, the new year was celebrated on December 25 in honor of the birth of Jesus; March 1 in the old Roman style; March 25 in honor of Lady Day and the Feast of the Annunciation; and on the movable feast of Easter. These days were also astronomically and astrologically significant since, at the time of the Julian reform, March 25 had been understood as the spring equinox and December 25 as the winter solstice. (The Julian calendar's small disagreement with the solar year, however, shifted these days earlier before the Council of Nicaea which formed the basis of the calculations used during the Gregorian reform of the calendar.) Medieval calendars nonetheless often continued to display the months running from January to December, despite their readers reckoning the transition from one year to the next on a different day.

text: Among the 7th century pagans of Flanders and the Netherlands, it was the custom to exchange gifts on the first day of the new year. This custom was deplored by Saint Eligius (died 659 or 660), who warned the Flemish and Dutch: "(Do not) make vetulas, [little figures of the Old Woman], little deer or iotticos or set tables [for the house-elf, compare Puck] at night or exchange New Year gifts or supply superfluous drinks [another Yule custom]."[9] However, on the date that European Christians celebrated the New Year, they exchanged Christmas presents because New Year's Day fell within the twelve days of the Christmas season in the Western Christian liturgical calendar;[10] the custom of exchanging Christmas gifts in a Christian context is traced back to the Biblical Magi who gave gifts to the Child Jesus.[11][12]

text: Because of the leap year error in the Julian calendar, the date of Easter had drifted backward since the First Council of Nicaea decided the computation of the date of Easter in 325. By the sixteenth century, the drift from the observed equinox had become unacceptable. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII declared the Gregorian calendar widely used today, correcting the error by a deletion of 10 days. The Gregorian calendar reform also (in effect) restored January 1 as New Year's Day. Although most Catholic countries adopted the Gregorian calendar almost immediately, it was only gradually adopted among Protestant countries. The British, for example, did not adopt the reformed calendar until 1752. Until then, the British Empire  –  and its American colonies  –  still celebrated the new year on 25 March.

text: Most nations of Western Europe officially adopted 1 January as New Year's Day somewhat before they adopted the Gregorian Calendar. In Tudor England, New Year's Day, along with Christmas Day and Twelfth Night, was celebrated as one of three main festivities among the twelve days of Christmastide.[13] There, until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in 1752, the first day of the new year was the Western Christian Feast of the Annunciation, on 25 March, also called "Lady Day". Dates predicated on the year beginning on 25 March became known as Annunciation Style dates, while dates of the Gregorian Calendar commencing on 1 January were distinguished as Circumcision Style dates,[14] because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, the observed memorial of the eighth day of Jesus Christ's life after his birth, counted from the latter's observation on Christmas, 25 December. Pope Gregory acknowledged 1 January as the beginning of the new year according to his reform of the Catholic Liturgical Calendar.[15]

text: New Year's Days in other calendars[edit]

text: In cultures which traditionally or currently use calendars other than the Gregorian, New Year's Day is often also an important celebration. Some countries concurrently use the Gregorian and another calendar. New Year's Day in the alternative calendar attracts alternative celebrations of that new year:

text: African[edit]

text:
Sep

11

37
Tue

text: Nayrouz and Enkutatash are the New Year's Days of the Coptic Egyptians and the Ethiopians, respectively. Between AD 1900 and 2100, both occur on September 11 in most years and on September 12 in the years before Gregorian leap years. They preserve the legacy of the ancient Egyptian new year Wepet Renpet, which originally marked the onset of the Nile flood but which wandered through the seasons until the introduction of leap years to the traditional calendar by Augustus in the 20s BC.[16] In Ethiopia, the new year is held to mark the end of the summer rainy season.

text:
Jun

10

23
Sun

text: The Odunde Festival is also called the African New Year is celebrated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States on the second Sunday of June. While the name was based on the Yoruba African culture, its celebration marks the largest African celebration in the world, which more or less was started by a local tradition.[17]

text: East Asian[edit]

text:
Jan

28

04
Sat

text:
Chinese New Year is celebrated in many countries around the world. It is the first day of the lunar calendar and is corrected for the solar every three years. The holiday normally falls between January 20 and February 20. The holiday is celebrated with food, families, lucky money (usually in a red envelope), and many other red things for good luck. Lion and dragon dances, drums, fireworks, firecrackers, and other types of entertainment fill the streets on this day.
Vietnamese New Year (Tết Nguyên Đán or Tết), more commonly known by its shortened name Tết or "Vietnamese Lunar New Year", is the most important and popular holiday and festival in Vietnam, the holiday normally falls between 20 January and 20 February. It is the Vietnamese New Year marking the arrival of spring based on the Chinese calendar, a lunisolar calendar. The name Tết Nguyên Đán is Sino-Vietnamese for Feast of the First Morning, derived from the Hán nôm characters 節 元 旦.

text:
Jan

1

01
Mon

text:
Japanese New Year is celebrated on January 1 because the Gregorian calendar is now used instead of the Chinese calendar.
Korean New Year, called Seollal (설날), is the first day of the lunar calendar. Koreans also celebrate solar New Year's Day on January 1 each year, following the Gregorian Calendar. New Year's Day is a national holiday, so people get the day off while they have a minimum of three days off on Lunar New Year. Koreans celebrate New Year's Day by preparing food for their ancestors' spirits, visiting ancestors' graves, and playing Korean games such as Yunnori (윷놀이) with families. Young children give respect to their parents, grandparents, relatives, and other elders by bowing down in a traditional way and are given good wishes and some money by the elders. Families enjoy the New Year also by counting down until 12:00 am on New Year's Eve.

text: Southeast Asian[edit]

text:
Apr

13

15
Fri

text:
Cambodian New Year (Chaul Chnam Thmey) is celebrated on April 13 or April 14. There are three days for the Khmer New Year: the first day is called "Moha Songkran", the second is called "Virak Wanabat" and the final day is called "Virak Loeurng Sak". During these periods, Cambodians often go to pagoda or play traditional games. Phnom Penh is usually quiet during Khmer New Year as most of the Cambodians prefer spending it at their respective hometowns.
Thai New Year is celebrated on April 13 or April 14 and is called Songkran in the local language. People usually come out to splash water on one another. The throwing of water originated as a blessing. By capturing the water after it had been poured over the Buddhas for cleansing, this "blessed" water is gently poured on the shoulder of elders and family for good fortune.

text: South Asian[edit]

text:
Apr

14

15
Sat

text:
Christians in India celebrate January 1 as the New Year according to the Gregorian calendar. Catholic Christians also celebrate January 1 as The Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God, the liturgical feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Diwali related New Year's celebrations include Marwari New Year and Gujrati New Year.
Indian New Year's days has several variations depending on the region and is based on the Hindu calendar.
Hindu In Hinduism, different regional cultures celebrate new year at different times of the year. In Assam, Bengal, Kerala, Nepal, Odisha, Punjab,Telangana, Andrapradesh and Tamil Nadu households celebrate the new year when the Sun enters Aries on the Hindu calendar. This is normally on April 14 or April 15, depending on the leap year. Elsewhere in northern/central India, the Vikram Samvat calendar is followed. According to that the new year day is the first day of the Chaitra Month, also known as Chaitra Shukla Pratipada or Gudi Padwa. This basically is the first month of the Hindu calendar, the first shukla paksha (fortnight) and the first day. This normally comes around March 23–24, mostly around the Spring Equinox in Gregorian Calendar. The new year is celebrated by paying respect to elders in the family and by seeking their blessings. They also exchange tokens of good wishes for a healthy and prosperous year ahead.
Malayalam New Year (Puthuvarsham) is celebrated either on the first day of the month of Medam in mid-April which is known as Vishu or the first day of the month of Chingam, in the Malayalam Calendar in mid-August according to another reckoning. Unlike most other calendar systems in India, the New Year's Day on the Malayalam Calendar is not based on any astronomical event. It is just the first day of the first of the twelve months on the Malayalam Calendar. The Malayalam Calendar (called Kollavarsham) originated in 825 CE, based on general agreement among scholars, with the re-opening of the city of Kollam (on Malabar Coast), which had been destroyed by a natural disaster.
Nepal Sambat is the Nepalese New Year celebration, which also coincides with the Diwali festival.
The Sikh New Year is celebrated as per the Nanakshahi calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak in 1469. New Year's Day falls annually on what is March 14 in the Gregorian Western calendar.[18]
Sinhalese New Year is celebrated in Sri Lankan culture predominantly by the Sri Lankan Sinhalese, while the Tamil New Year on the same day is celebrated by Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sinhalese New Year (aluth avurudda), marks the end of harvest season, by the month of Bak (April) between April 13 and April 14. There is an astrologically generated time gap between the passing year and the New Year, which is based on the passing of the sun from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries) in the celestial sphere. The astrological time difference between the New Year and the passing year (nonagathe) is celebrated with several Buddhist rituals and customs that are to be concentrated on, which are exclusive of all types of 'work'. After Buddhist rituals and traditions are attended to, Sinhala and Tamil New Year-based social gatherings and festive parties with the aid of firecrackers, and fireworks would be organized. The exchange of gifts, cleanliness, the lighting of the oil lamp, making kiribath (Milk rice), and even the Asian Koel are significant aspects of the Sinhalese New Year.
Tamil New Year (Puthandu) is celebrated on April 13 or April 14. Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chiththirai Thirunaal in parts of Tamil Nadu to mark the event of the Sun entering Aries. Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.
Telugu New Year (Ugadi), Kannada New Year (Yugadi) is celebrated in March (generally), April (occasionally). Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chaitram Chaitra Shuddha Padyami in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka to mark the event of New Year's Day for the people of the Deccan region of India. It falls on a different day every year because the Hindu calendar is a lunisolar calendar. The Saka calendar begins with the month of Chaitra (March–April) and Ugadi/Yugadi marks the first day of the new year. Chaitra is the first month in Panchanga which is the Indian calendar. Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.

text: European[edit]

text:
Jan

13

02
Sat

text:
The Old New Year in Serbia is commonly called the Serbian New Year (Српска Нова година / Srpska Nova godina),[19] celebrated on January 14 as the start of the New Year by the Julian calendar. The Serbian Orthodox Church, with traditional adherence in Serbia (including Kosovo), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Croatia, celebrates its feasts and holidays according to the Julian calendar.[19] A part of the population celebrates Serbian New Year in a similar way as the New Year on January 1. This time, usually one concert is organized in front of either City Hall or the National Parliament (in Belgrade), while fireworks are prepared by the Serbian Orthodox Church and fired from the Church of Saint Sava, where people also gather. Other cities also organize such celebrations. Restaurants, clubs, cafes and hotels are usually fully booked and organize New Year's celebrations with food and live music.[19]
In the Gwaun Valley, Pembrokeshire, Wales the new year is celebrated on January 13, based on the Julian calendar. See New Year celebrations in Gwaun Valley.

text: Middle Eastern[edit]

text:
Muharram

1

Mon
 ( for native Arabs)

text: Hijri New Year in the Islamic culture is also known as Islamic new year (Arabic: رأس السنة الهجرية Ras as-Sanah al-Hijriyah) is the day that marks the beginning of a new Islamic calendar year. New Year moves from year to year because the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar. The first day of the year is observed on the first day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar.

text:
Mar

21±1

Wed
 equinox

text: Nowruz also known as Persian New Year marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. Nowruz has been celebrated for over 3,000 years by the related cultural continent. The holiday is also celebrated and observed by many parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in the Indian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals.

text:
Tishrei

½

Mon

text: Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year, is celebrated by Jews in Israel and throughout the world. The date is not set according to the Gregorian calendar, but it always falls during September or October. The holiday is celebrated by religious services and special meals. The night of December 31/January 1, the New Year according to the Gregorian calendar, is also celebrated widely in Israel and is referred to as Sylvester or the civil new year.[20]

text: Traditional and modern celebrations and customs[edit]

text: New Year's Eve[edit]

text: January 1 represents the fresh start of a new year after a period of remembrance of the passing year, including on radio, television, and in newspapers, which starts in early December in countries around the world. Publications have year-end articles that review the changes during the previous year. In some cases publications may set their entire year work alight in hope that the smoke emitted from the flame brings new life to the company. There are also articles on planned or expected changes in the coming year.

text: This day is traditionally a religious feast, but since the 1900s has also become an occasion to celebrate the night of December 31, called New Year's Eve. There are fireworks at midnight at the moment the new year arrives (a major one is in Sydney, Australia). Watchnight services are also still observed by many.[21]

text: Regional celebrations[edit]

text:
In European countries, the New Year is greeted with private fireworks.
On New Year's Day, people in certain countries gather on beaches and run into the water to celebrate the new year. In Canada, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Netherlands this is very popular. These events are sometimes known as polar bear plunges, and are sometimes organized by groups to raise money for charity. Polar Bear Clubs in many Northern Hemisphere cities near bodies of water, have a tradition of holding organized plunges on New Year's Day.

text: National celebrations[edit]

text:
Throughout Great Britain there are many celebrations across the island, particularly in Scotland.

In London, thousands gather along the Embankment on the River Thames to watch the fireworks around the London Eye. The New Year officially starts when Big Ben strikes twelve.
In Scotland, there are many unique customs associated with the New Year. These form the Scottish celebration Hogmanay—the Scots name for New Year's Eve. The street party in Princes Street in Edinburgh is one famous example.
In Wales, Calennig is celebrated, with celebrations attracting thousands of people to the capital, Cardiff.

In Greece and Cyprus, families and relatives switch off the lights at midnight, then celebrate by cutting the vassilopita (Basil's pie) which usually contains one coin or equivalent. Whoever wins expects luck for the whole year.[22] After the pie, a traditional game of cards called triantaena (31) follows.
In Nassau, Bahamas, the Junkanoo parade takes place.
In the Philippines, New Year's is considered part of the Christmas holiday. Noise is made on New Year's Eve with firecrackers and horns (amongst other methods) to dispel evil spirits and to prevent them from bringing bad luck to the coming new year. Tables are laden with food for the Media Noche (midnight meal), and a basket of twelve, different round fruits is displayed to symbolise prosperity in each of the coming twelve months.[23] Public New Year's parties are organised by city governments, and are very well-attended.
In Russia and the other 14 former republics of the Soviet Union, the celebration of Novi God is greeted by fireworks and drinking champagne. Because religion was suppressed in the Soviet Union the New Year holiday took on many attributes associated with Christmas in other countries, including Christmas trees, Ded Moroz (a variant of Santa Claus) and family celebrations with lavish food and gifts. In Moscow, the president of Russia counts down the final seconds of the "old year". The Kremlin's landmark Spassky Clock Tower chimes in the new year and then the anthem starts. It is customary to make a wish while the Clock chimes. The Old New Year is celebrated on January 13 (equivalent to January 1 in the "old style" Julian calendar). Although not an official holiday, it marks the end of the holiday season and is usually when people take down trees and other decorations.
In Davos, Switzerland, the final match of the Spengler Cup ice hockey Tournament is usually held on this day by tradition.
In the United States, it is traditional to spend this occasion together with loved ones. A toast is made to the new year, with kisses, fireworks and parties among the customs. It is popular to make a New Year's resolution, although that is optional. In the country's most famous New Year celebration in New York City, the 11,875-pound (5,386-kg), 12-foot-diameter (3.7-m) Times Square Ball located high above One Times Square is lowered starting at 11:59 pm, with a countdown from sixty seconds until one second, when it reaches the bottom of its tower. The arrival of the new year is announced at the stroke of midnight with fireworks, music and a live celebration that is broadcast worldwide. (Hundreds of local imitations of the ball drop also occur throughout the United States.)
In France,[24] some regard the weather as the prediction of that year: wind blowing east, fruit will yield; wind blowing west, fish and livestock will be bumper; wind blowing south, there will be good weather all year round and wind blowing north, there will be crop failure. People would like to toast for the new year.
In Spain, it is customary to have 12 grapes at hand when the clock strikes 12 at midnight. One grape is eaten on each stroke. If all the grapes are eaten within the period of the strikes, it means good luck in the new year.[25]

text: New Year's Day[edit]

text: The celebrations and activities held worldwide on January 1 as part of New Year's Day commonly include the following:

text:
Parades
American football: In the United States, January 1 is the traditional date for many post-season college football bowl games, which are usually accompanied by parades and other activities to celebrate the events
Beginning in the 2010s, it is also the day that First Day Hikes take place in the fifty state park systems of the United States.[26]
Football: In England, a full-fixture programme [clarification needed] is usually played throughout the Premier League
Ice hockey, most famously the Winter Classic in the United States, a National Hockey League game that is played outdoors
Concerts
Entertainment - usually enjoyed from the comfort of home
Family time
Local walks
Traditional meals
Church services
An annual dip in ice-cold water by hearty individuals, most famously by members of the Polar Bear Club
in the Southern United States traditional New Year's Day menu includes ham, blackeyed peas or Hoppin' John, cabbage, sweet potatoes, and cornbread.[27]
There is horse racing at Cheltenham.

text: Music[edit]

text: Music associated with New Year's Day comes in both classical and popular genres, and there is also Christmas song focus on the arrival of a new year during the Christmas and holiday season.

text:
Johann Sebastian Bach, in the Orgelbüchlein, composed three chorale preludes for the new year: Helft mir Gotts Güte preisen ["Help me to praise God's goodness"] (BWV 613); Das alte Jahr vergangen ist ["The old year has passed"] (BWV 614); and In dir ist freude ["In you is joy"] (BWV 615).[28]
The year is gone, beyond recall is a traditional Christian hymn to give thanks for the new year, dating back to 1713.[29]
Auld Lang Syne by Robert Burns.[30]

text: The annual Vienna New Year's Concert, primarily featuring music composed by the Strauss family, is broadcast around the world.

text: New Year's babies[edit]

text: A common image used, often as an editorial cartoon, is that of an incarnation of Father Time (or the "Old Year") wearing a sash across his chest with the previous year printed on it passing on his duties to the Baby New Year (or the "New Year"), an infant wearing a sash with the new year printed on it.[31]

text: Babies born on New Year's Day are commonly called New Year babies. Hospitals, such as the Dyersburg Regional Medical Center[32] in the US, give out prizes to the first baby born in that hospital in the new year. These prizes are often donated by local businesses. Prizes may include various baby-related items such as baby formula, baby blankets, diapers, and gift certificates to stores which specialize in baby-related merchandise.

text: Other celebrations on January 1[edit]

text: The Anglican Church and the Lutheran Church celebrate the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ on January 1, based on the belief that if Jesus was born on December 25, then according to Hebrew tradition, his circumcision would have taken place on the eighth day of his life (January 1). The Roman Catholic Church celebrates on this day the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, which is also a Holy Day of Obligation. In the United States, New Year's Day is a postal holiday.[33]

text: Johann Sebastian Bach composed several church cantatas for the double occasion:

text:
Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied, BWV 190, 1 January 1724
Jesu, nun sei gepreiset, BWV 41, 1 January 1725
Herr Gott, dich loben wir, BWV 16, 1 January 1726
Gott, wie dein Name, so ist auch dein Ruhm, BWV 171, 1 January ?1729
Fallt mit Danken, fallt mit Loben 1 January 1735 (Christmas Oratorio Part IV)