document_title: Field goal

question_text: when did they move the field goal back

question_tokens: when did they move the field goal back

text: Field goal

text: Strategy[edit]

text: As a field goal is worth only three points, while a touchdown scores at least six (which usually becomes seven with a successful conversion, and potentially 8 with a two-point conversion), teams will generally attempt a field goal only in the following situations:

text:
It is fourth down (third down in Canadian rules), especially if the offense is more than a yard or two from a new first down, and within about 45 yards of the goal posts.
In the first half, there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play.
In the second half, there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play, and the team on offense needs three points to win or tie (four points in a few leagues given special circumstances).
The game is in overtime, and a FG is the quickest, easiest, and least risky way to end the match.

text: Except in desperate situations, a team will generally attempt field goals only when keeping a drive alive is unlikely, and its kicker has a significant chance of success, as a missed field goal results in a turnover at the spot of the kick (in the NFL) or at the line of scrimmage (in the NCAA). In American high school rules and Canadian football, where a missed field goal is treated the same as a punt, most teams still opt not to attempt field goals from very long range since field goal formations are not conducive to covering kick returns. Even under ideal conditions, the best professional kickers historically had difficulty making kicks longer than 50 yards consistently (the NFL record is 64 yards and the CFL record, 62 yards).[2] If a team chooses not to attempt a field goal on their last down, they can punt to the other team. A punt cannot score any points in American football unless the receiving team touches the ball first and the kicking team recovers it (though it can result in a single in Canadian football), but it may push the other team back toward its own end.

text: The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards, a record set by Matt Prater on December 8, 2013. The previous record was 63, originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam, Sebastian Janikowski, and David Akers. High school, college and most professional football leagues offer only a three-point field goal; however, some professional leagues have encouraged more rare kicks through four-point field goals. NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three (much like Australian rules' Super Goal or basketball's three-point line), a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League. Similarly, the sport of arena football sought (unsuccessfully) to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points; it failed, since only one kicker (Brian Mitchell) was able to do it with any semblance of proficiency. (In six-man football, where there is no offensive line, all field goals are worth four points instead of the usual three.)

text: The overall field goal percentage during the 2010 NFL season was 82.3. In comparison, Jan Stenerud, one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame (along with Ray Guy), had a career field goal percentage of 66.8 from 1967 to 1985.[2]

text: How field goals are kicked[edit]

text: When a team decides to attempt a field goal, it will generally line up in a very tight formation, with all but two players lined up along or near the line of scrimmage: the placekicker and the holder. The holder is usually the team's punter or backup quarterback.[citation needed] Instead of the regular center, a team may have a dedicated long snapper trained especially to snap the ball on placekick attempts and punts.

text: The holder usually lines up seven to eight yards behind the line of scrimmage, with the kicker a few yards behind him. Upon receiving the snap, the holder holds the ball against the ground vertically, with the stitches away from the kicker. The kicker begins his approach during the snap, so the snapper and holder have little margin for error. A split-second mistake can disrupt the entire attempt.

text: The measurement of a field goal's distance is from the goalpost to the point where the ball was positioned for the kick by the holder. In American football, where the goalpost is located at the back of the end zone (above the end line), the ten yards of the end zone are added to the yard line distance at the spot of the hold.

text: In the early days of the sport, placekickers approached the ball straight on, with the toe making first contact with the ball. The technique of kicking the ball "soccer-style", by approaching the ball at an angle and kicking it with the instep, was introduced by kicker Pete Gogolak in the 1960s.[3] The Hungarian-born Gogolak, reflecting his roots in European soccer, observed that kicking the ball at an angle could cover more distance than kicking straight on.

text: Successful field goals[edit]

text: If there is any time left in the half, the method of resuming play after a successful field goal varies between leagues.

text: Missed field goals[edit]

text: A missed field goal is said to be "no good" if the kicked ball does not cross between the uprights and/or over the crossbar of the goal posts. If it misses to the posts' left it may be called "wide left" and "wide right" if it misses to the posts' right. A field goal attempt may be described as "short" if it does not have sufficient distance to go over the cross bar. Some commentators will only describe a field goal attempt as being short if it appears to have been aimed correctly while others will describe an attempt appearing to lack both accuracy and distance as being both wide and short.

text: If a field goal attempt is missed and does not go out of bounds, a defensive player may catch the ball and return it, like a punt or kickoff. This type of play usually occurs during an extremely long field goal attempt due to the distance the defense must travel to reach the returner. If there is a significant likelihood of a miss and the strategic game situation warrants it, the defense places a player downfield, in or near their end zone, to catch the ball. The risk in this is that the return man may be tackled deep in his own territory, at a considerably worse position than he could have gotten by letting the ball go dead (see below); furthermore, should the returner fumble the ball, the kicking team can recover it and gain a new set of downs (the advantage is that the kicking team is lined up very close together to stop kick blockers, and not spread across the field like a kickoff or punt team, and is therefore in poor position to defend the return). Thus, teams will usually return a kick only towards the end of a half (when the kick will be the final play) or in a particularly desperate situation.

text: If a ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar, but lands in the field of play, the ball is considered dead and cannot be returned. (This is not the case in arena football, where large "rebound nets" surround the goal posts for the explicit purpose of keeping the ball in play.) However, if the ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar and continues into the goal, the score counts.

text: Situations where the defense does not return a missed field goal vary between leagues and levels of play:

text: Blocked field goals[edit]

text: Occasionally, the defense will succeed in blocking a field goal. If a blocked field goal is in or behind the neutral zone, it is treated like a fumble and can be advanced by either team. Beyond the neutral zone, a blocked kick is treated like a punt and can be advanced only by the defense, unless a defensive player fumbles the ball, after which an offensive player can advance it.

text: History[edit]

text: In the early days of football, kicking was highly emphasized. In 1883, the scoring system was devised, with field goals counting for 5 points, and touchdowns and conversions worth 4 apiece. In 1897, the touchdown was raised to 5 points while the conversion was lowered to 1 point. Field goals were devalued to 4 points in 1904, and then to the modern 3 points in 1909. The touchdown was changed to 6 points in 1912 in American football; the Canadian game followed suit in 1956.

text: The spot of the conversion has also changed through the years. In 1924, NCAA rules spotted the conversion at the 3-yard line, before moving it back to the 5-yard line in 1925. In 1929, the spot was moved up to the 2-yard line, which the NFL had done until 2014. In 1968, the NCAA diverged from the NFL rules in moving the spot back to the original 3-yard line. Canadian rules originally spotted the conversion at the 5-yard line, which remains closer than in the American code as the goalposts are at the front of the end zone. In 2015, to make conversion kicks harder, the NFL and CFL moved the spot of the kick to the 15 and 25-yard lines, respectively. In addition, the CFL moved the spot for a two-point conversion up to the 3-yard line to entice more teams to go for 2 points as opposed to one.

text: The goalposts were originally located on the goal line; this led to many injuries and sometimes interfered with play, and the NCAA moved the goal posts to the rear of the end zone 90 years ago in 1927. The NFL (still following NCAA rules at the time) followed suit, but moved the posts back to the goal line starting in the 1932 NFL Playoff Game, a change made necessary by the size of the indoor Chicago Stadium and kept when the NFL rules stopped mirroring the NCAA rules in 1933. The NFL kept the post at the goal line until 43 years ago, when they were moved back to the rear of the end zone for the 1974 season. This was partly a result of the narrowed hashmark distance of 1972, which had made for easier field-goal angles. The Canadian game still has posts on the goal line.

text: The width of the goalposts and the hashmarks have also varied throughout the years. In 1959, the NCAA goalposts were widened to 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m), the standard width for high school posts today. In 1991, the college goalposts were reduced in width to 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m), matching the NFL. For the 1991 and 1992 seasons, this meant potentially severe angles for short field goal attempts, since the hashmark width remained at 53 ft 4 in (16.26 m). In 1993, the NCAA narrowed the distance between the hashmarks to 40 ft (12.19 m), matching what was the width of hashmarks in the NFL from 1945 through 1971; the NFL narrowed the hashmarks in 1972 to goalpost width at 18.5 feet (5.64 m). In the CFL, the hashmarks are 51 feet (16 m), but the field is 195 feet (59 m) in width, 35 feet (11 m) wider than the American field.

text: The NFL increased the height of the uprights above the crossbar to 20 feet (6.10 m) in 1966 and 30 feet (9.14 m) in 1974. In 2014, they were raised five feet to 35 feet (10.67 m) after the adoption of a proposal by New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick.[7]

text: The "slingshot" goalpost, with a single post curving to support the crossbar, was invented by Jim Trimble and Joel Rottman in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[8] The first were built by Alcan and displayed at Expo 67,[8][9] the World's fair in Montreal. The NFL had standardized the goalposts in 1966 and adopted the slingshot for the 1967 season;[8] the NCAA later adopted the same rule, but later allowed the use of "offset" goalposts, with two posts rather than one. Three schools in Division I FBS currently use dual-support posts: Florida State, LSU, and Washington State. A special exemption was allowed by the NFL for the New Orleans Saints to use the offset goalposts during the 2005 season, when they used LSU's stadium for home games after Hurricane Katrina.

text: Goalposts at the professional level today are sometimes equipped with a camera mounted to the stanchion immediately behind the center of the crossbar. Since these cameras are both above and slightly behind the crossbar, a field goal attempt will be judged good if it strikes this equipment.

text: In 1989, the NCAA banned the kicking tee, requiring kicks from the ground.[10][11]

text: During the 2011 NFL season, a record 90 field goals of 50 yards or longer were made.[12] In 2012, this record was increased to 92 field goals of 50 yards or longer.[12]

text: Longest field goal records[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As recorded in Guinness World Records:

text: The record for a field goal at any level is 69 yards. It was kicked by Ove Johansson of the Abilene Christian University Wildcats in the 1976 game against East Texas State University Lions (now Texas A&M University–Commerce) in Shotwell Stadium, Abilene, Texas.[13]

text: NFL[edit]

text: The longest field goal made was 64 yards by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos on December 8, 2013.[14] The longest field goal attempt in an NFL game was 76 yards by Sebastian Janikowski on September 28, 2008.[15]

text: In the history of the NFL regular season, only 18 field goals have been made from at least 60 yards:[16]

text:
Distance
Kicker
Team
Result
Opposition
Date
Notes
Location
Elevation
Weather

64 yards
Matt Prater
Denver Broncos
51–28
Tennessee Titans
December 8, 2013
End of 1st half
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
5,280 ft (1,610 m)
13 °F; Sunny; Wind: S at 3 mph; Humidity: 72%

63 yards
Tom Dempsey
New Orleans Saints
19–17
Detroit Lions
November 8, 1970
Born with a stub for a right foot. Game-winning kick as time expired. Detroit kicker Errol Mann had kicked a field goal with :08 remaining to give Lions the lead.
Tulane Stadium
16 ft (4.9 m)

63 yards
Jason Elam
Denver Broncos
37–24
Jacksonville Jaguars
October 25, 1998
First field goal to tie record; soccer-style kicker
Mile High Stadium
5,280 ft (1,610 m)

63 yards
Sebastian Janikowski
Oakland Raiders
23–20
Denver Broncos
September 12, 2011
left-footed
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
5,280 ft (1,610 m)
Light rain early

63 yards
David Akers
San Francisco 49ers
30–22
Green Bay Packers
September 9, 2012
left-footed; end of first half; ball bounced off crossbar before crossing the plane
Lambeau Field
640 ft (200 m)
70 °F; Mostly Cloudy; Wind: N at 7 mph; Humidity: 43%

62 yards
Matt Bryant
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
23–21
Philadelphia Eagles
October 22, 2006
game-winning kick as time expired
Raymond James Stadium
35 ft (11 m)

61 yards
Sebastian Janikowski
Oakland Raiders
9–23
Cleveland Browns
December 27, 2009
left-footed
FirstEnergy Stadium
580 ft (180 m)

61 yards
Jay Feely
Arizona Cardinals
16–19 (OT)
Buffalo Bills
October 14, 2012
right-footed; longest game-tying field goal with 1:09 remaining in the 4th quarter, missed a 38-yard field goal that would have won the game at the end of regulation
University of Phoenix Stadium
1,150 ft (350 m)
Retractable roof closed

61 yards
Justin Tucker
Baltimore Ravens
18–16
Detroit Lions
December 16, 2013
Right-footed; game-winning field goal with 43 seconds remaining; sixth field goal of the game
Ford Field
601 ft (183 m)[17]
Dome

61 yards
Greg Zuerlein
St. Louis Rams
18–21 (OT)
Minnesota Vikings
November 8, 2015
Right-footed
TCF Bank Stadium
869 ft (265 m)
58 °F (14 °C); sunny

61 yards
Jake Elliott
Philadelphia Eagles
27–24
New York Giants
September 24, 2017
Right-footed; game winning kick as time expired. Second game of NFL career.
Lincoln Financial Field
39 ft (12 m)
91 °F (33 °C); sunny

60 yards
Steve Cox
Cleveland Browns
9–12
Cincinnati Bengals
October 21, 1984
straight-ahead kick; on AstroTurf
Riverfront Stadium
490 ft (150 m)

60 yards
Morten Andersen
New Orleans Saints
17–20
Chicago Bears
October 27, 1991
left-footed; on AstroTurf; first 60-yard kick done indoors
Louisiana Superdome
Sea level
Dome

60 yards
Rob Bironas
Tennessee Titans
20–17
Indianapolis Colts
December 3, 2006
Right-footed; game winner with six seconds remaining
LP Field
400 ft (120 m)

60 yards
Dan Carpenter
Miami Dolphins
10–13
Cleveland Browns
December 5, 2010
End of 1st half
Sun Life Stadium
5 ft (1.5 m)
77 °F (25 °C), wind SW at 14 mph (23 km/h)

60 yards
Greg Zuerlein
St. Louis Rams
19–13
Seattle Seahawks
September 30, 2012
in his rookie season ; longest field goal in third quarter; also kicked a 58-yard field goal in the first quarter
Edward Jones Dome
466 ft (142 m)
Dome

60 yards
Chandler Catanzaro
Arizona Cardinals
18–33
Buffalo Bills
September 25, 2016
longest field goal in career
New Era Field
600 ft (180 m)

text: Prior to Dempsey's 1970 kick, the longest field goal in NFL history was a 56-yard field goal by Bert Rechichar in 1953. A 55-yard field goal, achieved by a drop kick, was recorded by Paddy Driscoll in 1924, and stood as the unofficial record until that point; some sources indicate a 54-yarder by Glenn Presnell in 1934 as the record, due to the inability to precisely verify Driscoll's 55-yarder.

text: In a pre-season NFL game between the Denver Broncos and the Seattle Seahawks on August 29, 2002, Ola Kimrin kicked a 65-yard field goal.[18] However, because pre-season games are not counted toward official records, this accomplishment is not the official record.

text: CFL[edit]

text:
62 yards, Paul McCallum, Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Edmonton Eskimos, October 27, 2001[19]
60 yards, Dave Ridgway, Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers, September 6, 1987[19]

text: College football[edit]

text:
69 yards, Ove Johansson, Abilene Christian vs. East Texas State on October 16, 1976. (NAIA)
67 yards, Tom Odle, Fort Hays State vs. Washburn, 1988. (NCAA)
67 yards, Joe Williams, Wichita State vs. Southern Illinois, 1978. (NCAA Division I)
67 yards, Russell Erxleben, Texas vs. Rice, 1977. (NCAA Division I)
67 yards, Steve Little, Arkansas vs. Texas, 1977.[20] (NCAA Division I)
65 yards, J. T. Haxall, Princeton vs. Yale, 1882.

text: All of the above kicks were successful with the use of a kicking tee, which was banned by the NCAA prior to the 1989 season.

text: 65 yards, Martin Gramatica, Kansas State vs. Northern Illinois, 1998 - without a tee [21]

text: The longest known drop-kicked field goal in college football was a 62-yard kick from Pat O'Dea, an Australian kicker who played on the Wisconsin Badgers football team. O'Dea's kick took place in a blizzard against Northwestern on November 15, 1898.[22]

text: U Sports[edit]

text: The longest field goal in U Sports football history is 57 yards, by Jerry Foster of St. Mary's Huskies, playing against the Mount Allison Mounties on October 18, 1986.[23]

text: High school[edit]

text:
68 yards, Dirk Borgognone, Reno High School vs. Sparks High School (Nevada), September 27, 1985[24][25]
67 yards, Austin Rehkow, Central Valley High School (Spokane Valley, Washington) vs. Shadle Park High School (Spokane, Washington), October 18, 2012, game-tying FG with :02 left in 4th quarter (CV would go on to win 62-55). [26][27] (tied with two others)
62 yards, David Rosenbaum, Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) vs. Spingarn High School, October 3, 2003. While no records are kept, considered to be the longest extra point scored. Penalties due to excessive celebration, unsportsmanlike conduct, and taunting.[28]

text: Independent amateur[edit]

text: 68 yards, Fabrizio Scaccia, Treasure Coast Bobcats (FL), March 29, 2009[29] (world record for a kick without the aid of a tee, which was banned for field goal attempts in the NCAA in 1989)

text: Independent Women's Football League[edit]

text: 44 yards, Sarah Oliver, California Quake vs. New Mexico Menace, April 26, 2008.[30]

text: Longest missed field goal return records[edit]

text: NFL[edit]

text: Field goal returns are rare in the NFL, since an attempt with sufficient distance that misses the uprights will automatically be dead. Returns are possible when a field goal is short, but in that case returners will usually down the ball so as to scrimmage from the spot of the kick. Normally, a return will only be attempted when there is not enough time left in the half to run a play from scrimmage. Nevertheless, four field goals have been returned for at least 107 yards in the 21st century:

text:
Distance returned
Returner
Team
Opposing kicker
Opposing team
Distance attempted
Date
Location

109 yards[31]
Antonio Cromartie
San Diego Chargers
Ryan Longwell
Minnesota Vikings
58 yards
November 4, 2007
Metrodome

108 yards[32]
Devin Hester
Chicago Bears
Jay Feely
New York Giants
52 yards
November 12, 2006
Giants Stadium

108 yards[33]
Nathan Vasher
Chicago Bears
Joe Nedney
San Francisco 49ers
52 yards
November 13, 2005
Soldier Field

107 yards[34]
Chris McAlister
Baltimore Ravens
Jason Elam
Denver Broncos
57 yards
September 30, 2002
Ravens Stadium

text: CFL[edit]

text: Because the goalposts in Canadian football are on the goal line, and because downing the ball in the end zone results in the kicking team scoring a single point, field goal returns are much more common. The longest missed field goal return in the CFL is 131 total yards. Against the Montreal Alouettes on August 22, 1958, the Toronto Argonauts' Boyd Carter ran 15 yards, then threw a lateral to Dave Mann, who then returned it for the final 116 yards.[35] This return, which started 21 yards behind the goal line, was during the era of 25-yard end zones and therefore cannot be met or exceeded on the modern field with 20-yard end zones. Since the shortening of the end zones, a field goal has been returned for the maximum 129 yards on two occasions: by Tristan Jackson of the Saskatchewan Roughriders on July 14, 2012 [36] and by Trent Guy of the Montreal Alouettes on September 23, 2012.[37]

text: NCAA[edit]

text: In NCAA college football, only five missed field goals returns for touchdowns have ever been returned 100 yards or more:[38]

text:
September 17, 1966: Don Guest (California Golden Bears), 108-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47-yard field goal attempt by Washington State.[38]
September 28, 1968: Richie Luzzi (Clemson Tigers), 108-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47-yard field goal attempt by Georgia.[39]
September 7, 2013: Odell Beckham Jr. (LSU Tigers), 109-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 59-yard field goal attempt by UAB.[38]
November 30, 2013: Chris Davis, Jr. (Auburn Tigers), 109-yard return for a touchdown after what would have been a tie-breaking 57-yard field goal attempt by Alabama fell short as time expired, what some writers and fans call the greatest play in college football history.[40][41][42][43]
September 3, 2016: Brandon Wilson (Houston Cougars), 109-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 53-yard field goal attempt by Oklahoma.[44]

text: U Sports[edit]

text: In U Sports football, the longest possible missed field goal return is 129 yards, and this has occurred three times.[23]

text:
Jeremy Botelho of the Manitoba Bisons playing against the Simon Fraser Clansmen on September 11, 2009
Jedd Gardner of the Guelph Gryphons playing against the McMaster Marauders on October 8, 2010
Tunde Adeleke of the Carleton Ravens playing against the Ottawa Gee-Gees on October 5, 2013


document_title: Olympus Has Fallen

question_text: who is the vice president in olympus has fallen

root

text: Olympus Has Fallen

text: Plot[edit]

text: Former Army Ranger Mike Banning (Gerard Butler) is the lead U.S. Secret Service agent assigned to head the U.S. Presidential detail. Banning maintains a personal, friendly relationship with President Benjamin Asher (Aaron Eckhart), First Lady Margaret (Ashley Judd) and their son Connor (Finley Jacobsen). During a snowy Christmas evening drive from Camp David to a campaign fundraiser, the car transporting the First Family spins out of control on a bridge due to icy conditions; Banning pulls Asher from the vehicle, but Margaret falls to her death while inside the car.

tag: p

text: Eighteen months later, having been removed from the presidential detail, Banning works at Treasury headquarters. During a meeting between Asher and South Korean Prime Minister Lee Tae-Woo (Keong Sim), a North Korean terrorist organization: Koreans for United Freedom (KUF) led by Kang Yeonsak (Rick Yune), mounts an air and ground assault that results in the capture of the White House. The group is also aided by treasonous members of the prime minister's own detail, including Dave Forbes (Dylan McDermott), a former Secret Service agent. Asher and several top officials are held hostage in the White House bunker; South Korean Prime Minister Lee is executed on live video. Before his own death, detail agent Roma (Cole Hauser) alerts the Director of the Secret Service Lynne Jacobs (Angela Bassett) that "Olympus has fallen".

text: Kang seeks to use Asher's hostage status as leverage to force U.S. officials to withdraw the Seventh Fleet and U.S. forces from the Korean Peninsula, removing American opposition to a North Korean invasion of South Korea. He also seeks to destroy the American nuclear weapons stockpile by detonating them in their respective silos across the country, turning the U.S. into an irradiated wasteland as revenge for the death of his family. To accomplish this, he requires the access codes to a system in the bunker called Cerberus, which are held by three top government officials within the bunker, including the President. Asher orders the other two officials to reveal their codes to save their lives, certain that he will not give up his code.

text: During the initial assault by Kang's forces, Banning joins the White House's defenders. He falls back into the White House, disabling the internal surveillance and gaining access to Asher's satellite ear phone, which he uses to maintain contact with Jacobs and Allan Trumbull (Morgan Freeman), the Speaker of the House, now the Acting President since the Vice President is being held hostage with the President and others.

text: Authorized to proceed, Banning’s first act is to save Connor, whom Kang plans to use to force Asher to reveal his Cerberus code. Banning finds Connor hiding in the walls, thanks to the training he had given him, and sneaks the boy to safety. Banning begins reconnaissance and reduces the terrorists' numbers. Banning kills Forbes, first convincing the traitor to report to Kang that Banning is dead. Meanwhile, Army Chief of Staff General Edward Clegg (Robert Forster) convinces Trumbull to order an aerial SEAL assault on the White House. Kang discovers the assault force and activates the Hydra 6, an advanced anti-aircraft system built by the military. Discovering the system, Banning advises Trumbull and Clegg to abort the mission, but the new weapon system annihilates most of the assault force before Banning can stop it. Kang retaliates for the infiltration by killing Vice President Charlie Rodriguez (Phil Austin).

text: After Banning disables Kang’s communications, Kang tries to execute Secretary of Defense Ruth McMillan (Melissa Leo) outside the White House in front of the media, but Banning rescues her, taking out several of Kang's men in the process. With his forces dwindling, Kang fakes his and Asher's death by sacrificing several of his men and the remaining hostages. However, knowing that Kang would never go down without fighting, Banning sees through his ruse. Kang eventually cracks Asher’s code using brute-force attack and activates Cerberus. As Kang and his remaining men attempt to escape, Banning ambushes them and kills the remaining terrorists in the process. During the fight, Asher tries to break free from Kang's grip and is subsequently shot by him in the stomach. Banning and Kang confront each other and a climactic fight breaks out, in which Kang quickly gains the upper hand. Eventually, Banning kills Kang by stabbing him in the head with a knife and then disables Cerberus with the assistance of Trumbull and his staff, with only seconds to spare. During daybreak that day, Banning walks out with Asher and is received by the soldiers posted to await their arrival. After the events, the U.S. begins to heal from the attack, while Banning once again heads the president's security detail. President Asher addresses the public while Banning, Jacobs, Clegg, and Connor observe.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gerard Butler as Mike Banning, a former member of the 75th Ranger Regiment and now Secret Service agent.[4]
Aaron Eckhart as Benjamin Asher, the President of the United States.[5]
Morgan Freeman as Speaker of the House Allan Trumbull[6]
Angela Bassett as Lynne Jacobs, Director of the Secret Service.[7]
Rick Yune as Kang Yeonsak, a North Korean ultra-nationalist mastermind disguised as a South Korean ministerial aide.[8]
Dylan McDermott as Dave Forbes, a former Secret Service agent now working for South Korean Prime Minister's private security detail.[9]
Finley Jacobsen as Connor Asher, the son of Benjamin and Margaret Asher.
Melissa Leo as Secretary of Defense Ruth McMillan[8]
Robert Forster as US Army General Edward Clegg, Army Chief of Staff.[10]
Ashley Judd as Margaret Asher, the First Lady of the United States.[10]
Cole Hauser as Agent Roma, a Secret Service Special Agent-in-Charge.[11]
Radha Mitchell as Leah Banning, a nurse and Mike's wife.[12]
Sean O'Bryan as Ray Monroe, Deputy Director of the National Security Agency.
Lance Broadway as Agent O'Neil, a member of the President's security detail.[13]
Tory Kittles as Agent Jones, a member of the President's security detail.[14]
Keong Sim as South Korean Prime Minister Lee Tae-Woo
Phil Austin as Vice President Charlie Rodriguez
James Ingersoll as Admiral Joe Hoenig, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs.
Freddy Bosche as Agent Diaz, Secret Service.
Kevin Moon as Cho, Kang's henchman
Malana Lea as Lim, Kang's henchwoman who serves as the technical expert of the group.[15]
Sam Medina as Yu, Kang's henchman

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Olympus Has Fallen was directed by Antoine Fuqua, based on a script by Creighton Rothenberger and Katrin Benedikt in their first screenwriting effort. The production company Millennium Films acquired the spec script in March 2012, and Gerard Butler was cast later in the month as the star.[4] The rest of the characters were cast throughout June and July.

text: In 2012, Millennium Films competed against Sony Pictures, which was producing White House Down (also about a takeover of the White House) to complete casting and to begin filming.[16]

text: Filming began in Shreveport, Louisiana, in mid-July 2012.[10] Because Olympus Has Fallen was filmed so far from its actual setting of Washington, D.C., the entire production relied heavily upon visual effects, particularly computer-generated imagery.[17] For example, computers were used to create nearly all of the opening sequence in which the First Lady is killed in a car accident, with chroma key greenscreen technology used to composite the actors into the computer-generated snowy scenery.[17] For scenes where actors walked in or out of the White House, a first-floor façade and entrance were built; computers added the second floor, roof, and downtown D.C. cityscape. Action scenes with the White House in the background were filmed in open fields and the White House and D.C. were added in post-production.[17]

text: Score[edit]

text: Musician and orchestral composer Trevor Morris produced the score. His past projects include shows The Tudors and The Borgias.[18] The record was released on March 15, 2013 via Relativity Music Group label. The runtime is 68 minutes.

text: Release[edit]

text: Olympus Has Fallen was released in the United States on March 22, 2013.[6] It was initially scheduled for an April 5, 2013 release, but moved to avoid competition with The Heat, which was to open at the same time (its release was later pushed back to June 28). FilmDistrict distributed the film.[19]

text: The film's trailer was criticized for using the U.S. Emergency Alert System, and several cable companies were fined by the Federal Communications Commission for airing the ad.[20]

text: Olympus Has Fallen grossed $98.9 million in the U.S. and Canada and $70.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $170.2 million against a budget of $70 million.[3] In its first weekend, the film earned $30.5 million finishing second at the box office, and exceeded predictions of $23 million.[21][22]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 13, 2013, in the U.S. It earned $38.2 million in video rental sales in the U.S.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 48% based on 186 reviews and a weighted average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It's far from original, but Olympus Has Fallen benefits from Antoine Fuqua's tense direction and a strong performance from Gerard Butler—which might be just enough for action junkies".[24] Metacritic assigns the film a weighted average score of 41 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[26]

text: Richard Roeper compared Olympus Has Fallen with the Die Hard series for sharing the same style and momentum, calling it as "just too much of a pale Die Hard ripoff." He gave the film a C.[27]

text: David Edelstein was much more negative about the film. While praising Butler's role as a "solid" character, Edelstein criticized the script and the violence of the film, writing "Olympus Has Fallen is a disgusting piece of work, but it certainly hits its marks – it makes you sick with suspense."[28]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Gerard Butler, Morgan Freeman, Aaron Eckhart, Angela Bassett and Radha Mitchell returned for a sequel titled London Has Fallen revolving around a plot to strike London during the funeral of the British Prime Minister.[29] Production was scheduled to begin in May 2014 in London, with Creighton Rothenberger and Katrin Benedikt returning to pen the script. Director Antoine Fuqua, however, was not returning due to his commitments with The Equalizer.[30]

text: On May 1, 2014, it was announced that Focus Features had acquired distribution rights to the sequel and would release it on October 2, 2015, though this was later pushed back to January 22, 2016.[31] However, the film's release was delayed to March 4, 2016. On August 18, 2014, it was announced that Charlie Countryman director Fredrik Bond would be taking over direction from Fuqua,[32] but Bond left the film on September 18, just six weeks before the shooting was set to begin.[33] However, on September 28, 2014, it was announced that Babak Najafi will take over direction of the sequel.[34]

text: On October 10, 2014, it was announced that Jackie Earle Haley would be joining London Has Fallen as a Deputy Chief Mason.[35] Filming for the sequel began on October 24, 2014.[36] The film was released on March 4, 2016.


document_title: List of mayors of Warner Robins, Georgia

question_text: who is the mayor of warner robins ga

question_tokens: who is the mayor of warner robins ga

text: This is a list of mayors of Warner Robins, Georgia.

text:
C. B. Watson (1943–1950)
W. T. Giles (1950–1956)
Kemp A. Harrison (1956–1961)
Robert P. Schroeder (1961–1964)
Roger H. Davis (1964–1968)
Homer J. Walker, Jr. (1968–1972)
Edward Bryant (1972–1976)
Foy Evans (1976–1984)
Ralph Johnson (1984–1988)
Edward Martin (1988–1993)
Henrietta McIntyre (1993–1994)
Donald S. Walker (1994–2009, his death)
John Havrilla (acting Mayor) (2009)
Chuck Shaheen (2009-2013)
Randy Toms (2014 to present)

text: Mayors of Warner Robins, GeorgiaLists of mayors of places in Georgia (U.S. state)

text: Incomplete lists from August 2008


document_title: List of mayors of Portland, Oregon

question_text: who is the current mayor of portland oregon

text: List of mayors of Portland, Oregon

text: List[edit]

text:
#
Image
Name
(Birth–Death)
Term start and end

1

Hugh O'Bryant
(1813–1883)
1851–1852[1][2]

2

A. C. Bonnell
(1801–1875)
April 1852 – November 1852

3

Simon B. Marye
(c. 1810–1868)
November 1852 – April 1853

4

Josiah Failing
(1806–1877)
1853–1854

5

William S. Ladd
(1826–1893)
1854–1855

6

George W. Vaughn
(1809–1877)
1855–1856

7

James O'Neill
(1824–1913)
1856–1857

8

William S. Ladd
(1826–1893)
1857–1858

9

A. M. Starr
(c. 1820–1891)
1858–1859

10

S. J. McCormick
(1828–1891)
1859–1860

11

G. Collier Robbins
(1823–19??)
1860–1861

12

John M. Breck
(1828–1900)
1861–1862

13

William H. Farrar
(1826–1873)
1862–1863

14

David Logan
(1824–1874)
1863–1864

15

Henry Failing
(1834–1898)
1864 – November 16, 1866[3]

16

Thomas J. Holmes
(1819–1867)
1866–1867

17

J. A. Chapman
(1821–1885)
1867–1868

18

Hamilton Boyd
1868–1869

19

Bernard Goldsmith
(1832–1901)
1869–1871

20

Philip Wasserman
(1828–1895)
1871–1873

21

Henry Failing
(1834–1898)
1873–1875

22

J. A. Chapman
(1821–1885)
1875–1877

23

William Spencer Newbury
(1834–1915)
1877–1879

24

David P. Thompson
(1834–1901)
1879–1882

25

J. A. Chapman
(1821–1885)
1882–1885

26

John Gates
(1827–1888)
1885 – April 27, 1888
(died in office)[4]

27

Van B. DeLashmutt
(1842–1921)
May 2, 1888[5] – 1891

28

William S. Mason
(1832–1899)
1891–1894

29

George P. Frank
(1852–1896)
1894–1896

30

Sylvester Pennoyer
(1831–1902)
1896–1898

31

William S. Mason
(1832–1899)
July 1, 1898[6] – March 27, 1899
(died in office)[7]

32

W. A. Storey
(1854–1917)
May 17, 1899[8] –1900

33

Henry S. Rowe
(1851–1914)
1900–1902

34

George Henry Williams
(1823–1910)
1902–1905

35

Harry Lane
(1855–1917)
1905–1909

36

Joseph Simon
(1851–1935)
1909–1911

37

Allen G. Rushlight
(1874–1930)
1911–1913

38

H. Russell Albee
(1867–1950)
June 1913 – July 1917[9]

39

George L. Baker
(1868–1941)
July 1917 – July 1933[9]

40

Joseph K. Carson
(1891–1956)
July 1933 – December 1940[9]

41

Earl Riley
(1890–1965)
January 1941 – December 1948[9]

42

Dorothy McCullough Lee
(1901–1981)
January 1949 – December 1952[9]

43

Fred L. Peterson
(1896–1985)
January 1953 – December 1956

44

Terry Schrunk
(1913–1975)
January 1957 – December 1972[9]

45

Neil Goldschmidt
(born 1940)
January 1973 – August 15, 1979[9][10]

46

Connie McCready
(1921–2000)
September 5, 1979[9][11] – November 23, 1980[9]

47

Frank Ivancie
(born 1924)
November 24, 1980[9][12] – January 2, 1985[13]

48

Bud Clark
(born 1931)
January 1985 – December 1992[9]

49

Vera Katz
(born 1933)
January 1993 – December 2004[9]

50

Tom Potter
(born 1940)
January 2005 – December 31, 2008[9]

51

Sam Adams
(born 1963)
January 1, 2009 – December 31, 2012[9]

52

Charlie Hales
(born 1956)
January 1, 2013 – December 31, 2016

53

Ted Wheeler
(born 1962)
January 1, 2017 – present

tag: table

text: Note: The color shown in the number (#) column denotes political party (red for Republican, blue for Democratic, teal for the People's Party (or Populist), gray for Independent, and none for unknown), but it must be noted that Mayor of Portland is a nonpartisan office.

text: The City of Portland mayor's office, in the City Hall, contains a collection of mounted portraits of all the mayors to date. As of November 2014 only two mayors are missing from the collection; William H. Farrar (1862–1863), and Hamilton Boyd (1868–1869).

text: Living former mayors[edit]

text:
Mayor
Term
Date of birth

Neil Goldschmidt
1973–1979
(1940-06-16) June 16, 1940 (age 77)

Frank Ivancie
1980–1985
(1924-07-19) July 19, 1924 (age 93)

Bud Clark
1985–1992
(1931-12-19) December 19, 1931 (age 85)

Vera Katz
1993–2005
(1933-08-03) August 3, 1933 (age 84)

Tom Potter
2005–2009
(1940-09-12) September 12, 1940 (age 76)

Sam Adams
2009–2013
(1963-12-03) December 3, 1963 (age 53)

Charlie Hales
2013–2017
(1956-01-22) January 22, 1956 (age 61)


document_title: List of Good Witch episodes

question_text: how many episodes are in good witch season 4

text: List of Good Witch episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired18February 28, 2015 (2015-02-28)April 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)Halloween/Something WickedOctober 24, 2015 (2015-10-24)210April 17, 2016 (2016-04-17)June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)Secrets of Grey HouseOctober 22, 2016 (2016-10-22)310April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)SpellboundOctober 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)410April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)July 1, 2018 (2018-07-01)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byLengthOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Starting Over...Again"Craig PryceStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham120 minutesFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28)10012.91[3]
After the death of her husband, Cassie Nightingale and her family find themselves caring for her ailing father-in-law. Moving in next door are the Radfords, Sam and Nick. Sam, the town's new doctor, has difficulty getting patients, as the town goes to Cassie's store for her more earthly herbal remedies.
22"Running Scared"Laurie LyndStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesMarch 7, 2015 (2015-03-07)10022.01[4]
Ashley, a troubled young woman, shows up at Grey House looking for a place to stay. Next door, after Nick's trouble at school, Sam attempts to discipline him without pushing him away. After being caught between them, Grace tries to avoid Nick, but soon finds herself a pawn in another one of his lies now involving her best friend Anthony. Using intuition and some of Cassie's advice, Grace plans to expose Nick's lie to Sam, who must finally improve his family's relationship. Meanwhile, Middleton prepares for the annual Heritage Festival, including a 10K race and grand ball, and bistro owner Stephanie hopes to spark a romantic connection and a date to the dance with Sam. Then, as a suspicious Brandon is eager to investigate Ashley's background, one of Cassie's coincidences draws Ashley and Derek together. A stranger then comes to Cassie claiming to know Ashley and reveals a long-kept secret. Cassie is caught in Ashley's lies and Middleton's new mystery.
33"Do The Right Thing"Laurie LyndStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesMarch 14, 2015 (2015-03-14)10031.99[5]
The Middleton police attempt to track down a missing Ashley, but it is Cassie who might know where to find her and how to change her direction. Meanwhile, the town is excited about the Heritage Ball at the Grey House, but a confrontation on the dance floor arises when Ryan's ex-fiancée shows up.
44"All In The Family"Craig PryceStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesMarch 21, 2015 (2015-03-21)10041.95[6]
Cassie's cousin Abigail arrives in Middleton. Sam hires her to be his receptionist, despite Stephanie wanting the job to get closer to him. Abigail also influences Grace's rebelliousness, often taking her side on several issues with Cassie, who states being the only one left to set limits for Grace. Anthony and Grace plan to team up on a history project, but she later disappears.
55"The Truth About Lies"Craig PryceStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesMarch 28, 2015 (2015-03-28)10052.16[7]
Grace returns home, accompanied by Nick, who escorted her, and lies about being at the library. Martha plans to re-develop Middleton, in order to improve her chances of running for governor. However, Ryan decides to take his business to Blairsville. Abigail offers to help Sam cook dinner for his date with Stephanie, but, when Abigail doesn't show, Cassie saves his dinner plans. Lori researches Abigail's past to learn she was being truthful about her life in New York City. Sam and Nick begin working on their damaged relationship.
66"The Storm"Don McBreartyStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesApril 4, 2015 (2015-04-04)10061.81[8]
When a blizzard threatens disaster in Middleton, Cassie must convince Sam to follow her intuition in order to help a young couple survive the storm. Brandon becomes involved in a crash and Abigail helps Stephanie after she takes a fall inside the Bistro. Grace, Anthony, & Nick get trapped inside the library.
77"Together We Stand..."Don McBreartyStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesApril 11, 2015 (2015-04-11)10071.92[9]
The storm continues to threaten the lives of the people in Middleton. Cassie and Sam work together to save a young man's life. Anthony, Grace, & Nick continue to wait out the storm in the library. Derek later takes them home. Nick's mother, Linda, arrives at Grey House.
88"True Colors"Craig PryceStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham120 minutesApril 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)10082.25[10]
Cassie receives a letter that her shop could be shut down after a greedy developer bought her building; Ryan could be to blame. Next door, Sam confronts his ex-wife Linda (Gabrielle Miller) as she threatens to sue for custody of Nick. Struggling to do what's best for Nick, Sam looks for Cassie's guidance, leading them to find comfort in each other's company. Likewise, Nick talks to Grace about his parents' stalemate, and her own insight helps her to see what Nick might not be ready to admit. Then, Brandon's wife Tara (Ashley Leggat) returns to Middleton, and the two must decide how to move forward in their marriage. When Tara surprises him with an overseas opportunity, Brandon is torn between needing to be with his wife and honoring his late father's wishes to look after a distraught Cassie possibly losing the shop. However, Cassie conjures up a plan to bring the two back together, and when a guilty Ryan attempts to save the Bell, Book, & Candle, he finds that her charm has always been at work. As Cassie considers the future of their romance, she finds her feelings for Sam turning into more than friendship, just as Grace and Martha conspire to bring all of Middleton together in hopes of saving the Bell, Book, & Candle.

text: Special (2015)[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byLengthOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)9"Good Witch Halloween""Something Wicked"[11]Craig PryceSue Tenney & Amy Palmer Robertson120 minutesOctober 24, 2015 (2015-10-24)20002.68[12]
As Middleton prepares for its annual Halloween Fall Festival, Cassie's neighbor Sam volunteers to set up a hay maze for it, hoping to bond with his son Nick. While Cassie tries to bring them closer together, she struggles to get her own family – daughter Grace, step-children Brandon and Lori and cousin Abigail – together to transform the Grey House into the town's most popular haunted attraction, under the watchful eye of Mayor Martha. Abigail is too busy campaigning against Stephanie in a heated competition for festival queen. Grace is being bullied at school as rumors circulate that she is a witch, prompting her to beg Cassie to put an end to their annual tradition. As Cassie welcomes a secretive stranger, Joseph, to the Grey House, she soon finds her intuition is no match for whatever is causing trouble for her family. While Brandon and Lori investigate Joseph's past, Cassie discovers a deeper connection that could put the whole community in danger.

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)101"Second Time Around"Craig PryceSue TenneyApril 17, 2016 (2016-04-17)20012.19[13]
Cassie and Sam seem ready to move their relationship forward, but Sam's ex-wife, Linda (Gabrielle Miller), wishes to repair their fractured family for Nick's sake. Grace is nervous about her first driving test. She searches for the perfect teacher to help ace her test. Cassie hangs a help-wanted sign at Bell, Book & Candle. At the Bistro, Abigail approaches Stephanie with a business proposition, before scheming a startling betrayal. A seemingly happy couple arrives at Grey House to celebrate their upcoming nuptials, but Cassie sees beyond their façade, which leads to a confession. Elsewhere, Tara and Brandon have a difference of opinion on an important milestone, which could affect their future; and an intriguing visitor from Cassie's past arrives in Middleton.
112"Driven"Craig PryceSue TenneyApril 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)20021.96[14]
Cassie is surprised to learn her old college friend John (Dan Payne) has arrived in Middleton for a teaching job, but, as they reminisce, it seems John may have an ulterior motive behind his move to town. Meanwhile, Grace believes that Sam is the perfect person to help her master her driving skills before the road test. However, manipulative Linda is determined to keep Cassie and her family away, considering them as competition for Sam's attention. Cassie plans a fresh and honest start for her heartbroken Grey House guests, before helping her new shop assistant to follow her true passion. As Brandon and Tara come to an impasse after their pregnancy false alarm, Martha is forced to go silent to cure her laryngitis, which may be a gift unto itself. Abigail charms her way into a surprising solo business plan, as Stephanie is angry until she discovers the truth behind Abigail's betrayal. Lastly, just as Sam stands up to Linda to keep Cassie in his life, Cassie's rekindled friendship with John appears to head down a romantic path.
123"Out of the Past"Cal CoonsSue Tenney & Jed SeidelMay 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)20031.97[15]
Cassie is unnerved when John looks in her past, just as Ryan returns to Middleton with unfinished business. While Cassie attempts to keep both men from hindering her friendship with Sam, he still contends with Linda about what's best for Nick, who starts to see cracks in his parents' forced truce. Meanwhile, Grace postpones her driving test before her last road lesson, prompting Sam to question her motives. Abigail's new flower shop flourishes, despite her noticeable hands-off approach. When Abigail's overworked assistant becomes exasperated, Cassie senses her cousin is about to get her first real business lesson just as the town's number-one customer, Martha, is relying on her. At the bistro, Stephanie gets a surprise visit from her overbearing mother Betty (Sherry Miller), but decides to keep her new romance with Ben a secret, against Cassie's advice, which quickly unravels. At the same time, Martha is visited by her son, Michael. Cassie later meets with Ryan to put the past behind them, but suddenly finds herself questioning if she is ready for a new romance with anyone.
134"The Trouble With Love"Cal CoonsAmy Palmer Robertson & Jed SeidelMay 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)20041.92[16]
Cassie feels helpless when Grace admits to spending time with Sam because she's hurting from the loss of her father. Cassie turns to Sam for support, but John asks her to attend a university gala as his date. Meanwhile, Linda officially moves into Sam's house and quickly makes Nick miserable with her controlling ways. Abigail desperately searches for a new assistant at her shop to help finish Martha's large flower order. Abigail tries a shortcut to solve her problem but ultimately gets some help and hope from Cassie that gives her the push she needs to do things right. Cassie also gives Linda some intuition on Nick's true feelings, as Sam helps Grace heal her heart with an opportunity at his medical practice, showing he actually cares for Cassie and her family. While Linda makes a decision about her future in Middleton, Cassie learns the truth about John's long-distance girlfriend and the romantic dilemma deepens.
145"Surprise Me"Don McCutcheonAmy Palmer RobertsonMay 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)20052.01[17]
A new Grey House guest, Alexis (Meghan Heffern), checks in and quickly exhausts George and Cassie with her high-maintenance demands. While Cassie predicts there is more to the story behind Alexis's spoiled façade, Grace begins her medical internship at Sam's office. She enthusiastically takes on her new job responsibilities with ease, quickly making receptionist Eve (Kate Corbett) feel intimidated. At the same time, Sam asks Nick to find a new extracurricular activity at school, but, when Nick finally picks something he is passionate about, it isn't quite what Sam had in mind. At the bistro, Stephanie is still reeling from her breakup with Ben, who seems to be moving on. Cassie introduces her to a handsome attorney who seems almost too perfect – proving Cassie's plan isn't complete. Brandon looks for means to quell Tara's need to have a baby. After Cassie joins John to relive part of their past, Sam plans an unpredictable yet perfect first date, leaving Cassie surprised by her own increasingly complicated feelings.
156"Risk"Don McCutcheonSue Tenney & Jackson RockMay 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)20062.19[18]
Cassie goes on a horseback-riding date with Sam, but John's exciting news keeps her caught between the two men's affections. At Grey House, guest Alexis finally admits to Cassie about her financial falling out from her father but promises to settle her bill. Cassie knows Alexis will follow through, despite George and Abigail suggesting harsher punishment. Eve fears Grace will replace her as Sam's receptionist, but Grace puts a plan in motion to help restore Eve's confidence. Meanwhile, Sam worries Nick isn't ready to study abroad but an important job offer could make him reconsider. Stephanie receives an opportunity to move on from her heartbreak, only she realizes she deserves a second chance with Ben. As Cassie devises a plan to help Brandon and Tara agree on a change for their future, she gives Martha insight on helping her son. However, after Cassie agrees to assist John with a new project at his university, she realizes their connection could impede her growing feelings for Sam. She must decide if that is a risk worth taking.
167"What's Your Secret?"Laurie LyndAmy Palmer RobertsonMay 29, 2016 (2016-05-29)20072.05[19]
Cassie agrees to plan a surprise anniversary party for Martha and her husband Tom (Paul Miller), as long as the people of Middleton can keep a secret. Cassie enlists Stephanie to cater the event and Abigail begins arranging the flowers, as Martha is adamant to learn what everyone is plotting. Meanwhile, Sam declines the hospital's generous job offer, deciding time with Nick is more important. The hospital sends an attractive recruiter to persuade him, and Sam finds his decision more difficult. Cassie reassures him he is going in the right direction, as he considers buying a lakeside retreat to spend more time with his son and, possibly, Cassie as well. Grace feels friendless after she realizes Nick is serious about London and tries to make him stay. When a Grey House guest claims a ghost is haunting his room, Cassie knows a deeper problem lurks and promises he can trust her to solve it. Just as a big secret slips, John arrives to convince her to go on another wild adventure, and she discovers her life is still full of the unexpected.
178"Truth"Laurie LyndSue TenneyJune 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)20082.21[20]
Following an exhilarating date in the mountains with John, Cassie wonders if it is too late to chase old dreams. At the same time, she offers Sam advice to help him make two important decisions in his life. As he weighs his options, his expertise is needed with Grey House guest Dan (Riley Gilchrist), who claims to be seeing spirits, and the medical mystery could lead Sam to all the answers he is looking for. Meanwhile, Grace meets a new friend at school and devises a plan to help Nick reconsider his London trip. After Abigail creates a story to cover her accidental slip about Martha's surprise anniversary party, her little lie quickly becomes a rumor that puts Cassie's love life in question. As the party nears, Martha becomes increasingly suspicious. However, Cassie keeps the mayor distracted by helping her plan a surprise of her own for Tom. Cassie knowingly sends Stephanie on a path that helps her make a clear decision about the future of her catering business. Just as the anniversary party brings together all of Middleton for a grand celebration of love, Cassie receives an unexpected opportunity from John that could change her life. She must decide if what she really wants is right at home.
189"A Perfect Match, Part 1"Craig PryceAmy Palmer RobertsonJune 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)20092.12[21]
The people of Middleton are in final preparations for the annual Lights Festival, just as Cassie and Sam see sparks fly between them at his new lake house. However, John pressures her to join him on his adventure in the Maldives, and her future remains in question. Meanwhile, after Sam finally gives Nick permission to go to London, Grace senses her friend is having second thoughts about leaving his dad, but her plan to help him could backfire. At the bistro, Cassie helps Stephanie discover Ben's true feelings about commitment, while back at her shop, Cassie's instincts lead her to give a conflicted Tara a new beginning. Abigail volunteers to take over as the official festival planner, but doubts soon circulate about whether she is up to the job or up to something else. Also, just as Cassie and Sam decide to let their kids in on a secret, they find their big revelation may have already come to light.
1910"A Perfect Match, Part 2"Craig PryceStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Sue Tenney & Jackson RockJune 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)20102.30[22]
A dispute about London between Nick and Grace causes Cassie to slow things down with Sam. However, she does tell him that she is not going to join John in the Maldives. While weighing her future options, she explains to Grace about missing her father but loving someone new. Grace knows, after previously seeing Cassie and Sam kiss. Cassie also has Grace to deliver a letter to John at the festival. The letter is in Sanskrit, which Nick notices and talks with John about students helping him in the Maldives. Abigail's behavior was a ruse to force Martha into becoming more involved in the magical festival that brings the town together, except for Sam who has yet to arrive.

text: Special (2016)[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byLengthOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)20"Good Witch Secrets of Grey House"Craig PryceDean Batali120 minutesOctober 22, 2016 (2016-10-22)30002.24[23]
Sam fails to keep his date with Cassie at the Lights Festival, but his absence was due to a patient dying on the operating table. The experience weighs heavily on him, and Cassie offers support while giving him needed space. Meanwhile, she welcomes popular fantasy author Jessica Carrington and her editor Sean (Jeff Roop) to Grey House. Before long, Cassie inspires her to hold the launch party for her latest book in Middleton, which shares mysterious and surprising similarities with her stories. Middleton begins to transform into the book's Halloween-themed setting of Tarynsville, with the effort led by Mayor Tinsdale to ensure the town impresses. When the event is threatened, Cassie must devise a plan to save the day; and intriguing information about Grey House and Middleton's past arises. Also, Cassie helps Jessica and Sean discover their long-simmering love for each other. Trying to keep his mind off his patient's death, Sam immerses himself in work at the hospital. When Grace arrives at the emergency room after a rock-climbing accident – a sudden adventure inspired by her new friend Courtney, the crisis brings Sam and Cassie closer together and helps her realize her feelings for him.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)211"A Budding Romance"Michael KennedyDean BataliApril 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)30012.14[24]
Cassie and the residents of Middleton anticipate the blossoming of the rare Middleton Merriwick plant for the first time in decades. Martha plans to publicize that the town houses the rarity, by escorting a curious botanist from the university to the botanical gardens to study its wonder. George accidentally reveals Sam and Cassie's pseudo-secret that they are officially together, causing Grace to feel hurt as she wasn't told first. A cryptic text from Nick leads Grace to think he plans to ask her out, but she worries that this could complicate their friendship. Later in the botanical gardens, it is discovered someone cut a stalk off the Merriwick and it seems its decline affects the ladies in town.
222"Without Magic for a Spell"Michael KennedyDawn DeKeyserMay 7, 2017 (2017-05-07)30022.11[25]
Not feeling like herself, Cassie closes her store for a few days. Martha begins investigating the Merriwick culprit and worries it won't bloom in time to feature the plant and Middleton in the state tourism book. Meanwhile, a former colleague of Abigail's makes a surprise visit, and she starts to question his intentions when it becomes evident he has ulterior motives. Ben discusses with Stephanie a unique investment opportunity he is considering, but, after realizing it is beyond his financial means, she helps him consider an alternative solution. Inside the botanical gardens, Sam realizes Cassie and the Merriwick are connected and shares with Martha that he believes in Cassie. Following a strange turn of events, Derek uncovers the culprit, while the town eagerly waits to see what the mystical Merriwick will do next.
233"Day After Day"Craig PryceSkander HalimMay 14, 2017 (2017-05-14)30031.88[26]
Cassie welcomes Grey House guests Jim (Morgan Kelly) and Annabel (Tara Yelland), who are in town for the same job interview and immediately clash. Despite their constant bickering, Cassie senses they could be right for each other and turns their one-night stay into several. Suddenly, every day in Middleton is just like the one that came before and everyone is feeling the impact. Sam tries to plan the perfect date for Cassie but various roadblocks repeatedly thwart his attempts and their romantic evening never fully happens. When Grace finally takes a test that keeps getting delayed, she learns a valuable lesson when she receives her grade. Meanwhile, Abigail is swamped with daily deliveries of flowers that she never ordered for her shop and cannot seem to stop them from coming. These repetitious days ultimately bring about some important revelations that allow time to finally resume.
244"How to Say, "I Love You!""Craig PryceBill FullerMay 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)30041.78[27]
Cassie and Sam reminisce about the day they met, and he shares how happy he is with her. He later finds constant reminders about saying "I love you" to that special someone, which is something he can't bring himself to do. Meanwhile, Ben renovates the iconic and historic Middleton Theatre for its grand re-opening, and Stephanie offers to make the concessions but gets a little carried away. Martha must approve multiple city projects, only to learn that the account is empty. Grace makes a surprising discovery that allows Martha to keep her promises. As Cassie and Grace clean out the attic in Grey House, they uncover a long-forgotten box filled with old film canisters, including a 1930s-era romantic comedy, titled How to Say, "I Love You!", that becomes the feature film for the theatre's grand re-opening. The movie clearly affects Sam, as he glances at Cassie throughout and holds her hand tightly. Afterwards, he admits to her that he enjoyed it more than he thought, shares a loving kiss with her, and, finally, tells he that he loves her.
255"A Birthday Wish"Phillip EarnshawSheryl A. AndersonMay 28, 2017 (2017-05-28)30051.98[28]
Cassie wants to make Grace's upcoming milestone birthday the best of all and presents her with the Merriwick Wish Book, passed down for hundreds of years to every Merriwick girl when she turns a certain age, to write down her deepest wish for it to come true. Abigail shares with Grace her own birthday wish, along with the disappointment that came with wishing for something trivial, and reveals the heart-breaking reason why Cassie's page in the book is blank. Grace's friends, Nick and Courtney, whisk her away for a day of celebration, but she longs to spend time with Cassie. At the end of the fun-filled day, mother and daughter finally enjoy cake and ice cream. Grace gives Cassie an unexpected and touching gift. Cassie then takes a faded envelope out of an old jewelry box and reads her wish that she had made on her special birthday: "a life filled with love". Grace pastes Cassie's wish on the blank page, and then, after pasting her own, shares with her mom her special birthday wish, and the only thing she truly wanted: "the perfect moment" with just the two of them.
266"Say it with Candy"Phillip EarnshawDawn DeKeyserJune 4, 2017 (2017-06-04)30062.20[29]
Cassie's ability for helping people find exactly what they need charms her customers. Abigail notices this and, with slight jealousy, feels overlooked and invisible. Taking some of Cassie's advice, she devises a plan to sell chocolates with her own flair and offer Cassie-like words of comfort and advice with each box, hoping to replicate the same success. Abigail's frazzled customers begin to see surprising results with their problems, and sales rapidly increase. However, the demand for her chocolates exhausts her. Grace shows her that listening, offering advice, and caring for each customer, as Cassie does, is what helps them find exactly what they need. Meanwhile, Sam's New York friend, Liam, settles in Middleton with his teenage son Noah. Sam is excited for Nick to have an old friend around but is puzzled by his son's lack of enthusiasm for Noah's return. At a welcome dinner planned by Cassie and Grace, Nick reveals that his disdain for Noah stems from an incident in their past.
277"In Sickness and in Health"Laurie LyndDean BataliJune 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)30072.38[30]
Grey House guest and artist Harrison Boyd (Michael Therriault) doesn't say much but lets his work do the talking. After Cassie offers for him to choose a unique paintbrush from her shop, the scenes he paints depict events with people close to her that haven't yet happened. As he begins a new painting, he is not sure what it will become nor do the faces take shape until the very end. Meanwhile, Grace is upset when a classmate is appointed the academic decathlon team captain since she was expecting to land the position herself. When the captain has a series of mishaps and unexplained memory lapses, Grace worries that she is somehow responsible. Martha asks Cassie to once again oversee Middleton's annual Healthfest. Cassie convinces Sam to help and, despite their different approaches, plans fall into place. In the process, they discover some of her customers and his patients suffer from the same illness, so the couple works together discover the commonality and find a solution. Later, as Harrison readies to depart Grey House, he leaves behind one painting as a gift, surprising everyone as those depicted are hardly doing anything at all. When Cassie takes a closer look, she notices several significant details that cause concern about what it might mean for each person's future.
288"Somewhat Surprising"Laurie LyndDean BataliJune 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)30082.09[31]
On the one-year anniversary of the Radfords' move to Middleton, Cassie wants to honor the occasion. Martha excitedly insists on a surprise party for Sam, and, when those plans quickly escalate into an extravagance Sam wouldn't want, Cassie designs the perfect way to celebrate. Intuitively believing people want to remember things from their past, she learns Sam cherished a 1967 Chevrolet Camaro during medical school and asks Officer Sanders (Noah Cappe) to help remind Sam of his treasured car. At Grey House, an old coat belonging to Abigail's father is discovered, prompting her to reminisce about the last time she saw him as a young girl and how he brought her gifts from his overseas travels to let her know he was thinking of her. A man claiming to be from the U.S. Postal Service delivers her a package sent from out of the country that was lost for 20 years. Grace's interest in Noah grows but she is frustrated by Nick's constant interruptions. She decides to help the two reconcile, hoping it will clear the way for her to spend more time with Noah. Later, Cassie invites Sam over, and he expects to walk into a party; however, she is alone and gives him a special gift to remind him of the Camaro he loved. He admits he wouldn't have minded a party, and she leads him to one while reminding him of how many people in his life love him. He realizes he got exactly what he wanted.
299"Not Getting Married Today, Part 1"Craig PryceSean Alexander & Sarah LarsenJune 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)30092.39[32]
Martha's son is now engaged, so a Middleton wedding is in the works. The mother of the bride, Elizabeth (Allison Hossack), arrives in town, decides Martha's plans aren't elegant enough, and takes over, leaving Martha feeling left out and dejected. Meanwhile, Sam's globetrotting sister Joanne visits. After seeing how loving he is toward Cassie, she is surprised to learn he hasn't changed his mind about not remarrying. At Grey House, Cassie welcomes new adoptive parents and daughter Pavla as guests. After Abigail watches the young girl struggle to accept them, she shares with Pavla her own difficulty dealing with the sudden absence of her father. After confessing to Cassie she feels like she doesn't make a difference to anyone, Abigail helps bring Pavla closer to her new parents and discovers how valued she is to others. Later, during the final walkthrough at the wedding venue, Elizabeth decides none of what has been planned is good enough and calls in her vendors from the city instead of using Middleton's own. In the wake of this abrupt about-face, Cassie and Joanne reflect on how stressful wedding planning can be. Joanne mentions Sam's feelings towards marriage, quickly realizing this is news to Cassie. She tries to reassure Cassie that Sam does love her and leaves Cassie alone in her thoughts to take in this unexpected revelation.
3010"Not Getting Married Today, Part 2"Craig PryceDean BataliJuly 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)30102.34[33]
Unfocused and distracted with Joanne's info about Sam, Cassie goes to Chicago to visit her old friend and mentor, Olympia (Wendy Crewson). Meanwhile, in an effort to keep Sam from letting Cassie slip away, Joanne encourages her brother to focus on the good things in life instead of worrying about the bad things that could happen. After realizing his true feelings, he surprises Cassie in Chicago. As the two of them talk things through, she assures him that she is willing to live in each moment and see what comes. Back in Middleton, Vanessa and Michael's wedding plans have spiraled so far out of  Elizabeth's control that the couple abruptly cancels the entire affair. After taking some time to reconsider, they decide to move ahead with something simple: a ceremony at City Hall the next day. Martha officiates and reads a touching passage that clearly affects the attendees, including Sam. Following the reception, he proposes to Cassie, and she accepts.

text: Special (2017)[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byLengthOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)31"Good Witch Spellbound"Craig PryceDean Batali and Ron Osborn & Jeff Reno120 minutesOctober 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)40002.70[34]
Cassie discovers an old photograph of former Middleton resident Cotton Perriwood, along with muslin sheets bearing the cryptic Perriwood prophecy. A mysterious stranger (Noam Jenkins) arrives just as bizarre events begin to occur in town as foretold in the prophecy. The fear that the curse Perriwood vowed as revenge for being driven out of town and kept from his true love is coming to life. At Cassie's party at Grey House on Halloween night, the last of the bizarre events occurs as predicted. Grace searches for the missing final page of the Perriwood prophecy, and Cassie must interpret the clues to figure out how to stop the curse and, along the way, discovers the future isn't always written exactly as it seems.

text: Season 4 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)321"With This Ring"Andy MikitaDean BataliApril 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)40012.30[35]
Sam, now engaged to Cassie, visits the local jewelry store with Abigail to find the perfect engagement ring. He finds a most unique vintage ring, which unbeknownst to him is a Merriwick family heirloom. However, the ring is missing a piece, and the owner says the partial ring is not for sale. Abigail devises a plan to reconnect the past with the present with a truly selfless act, surprising herself and Sam. Meanwhile, Martha's attempt to boost tourism puts her on a quest to find the most romantic spot in Middleton; an old wedding album at Bell Book & Candle acts as an ancient map of sorts. With Abigail's help, the journey around town leads her to not only discover that romance is everywhere you look, but also to the exact place where more Merriwick women got engaged, which is not at all what she expected to find.
332"In 4/4, With Emotion"Andy MikitaSkander HalimMay 6, 2018 (2018-05-06)40021.93[36]
Handwritten sheet music of an old, original song is discovered hidden inside a piano bench at Grey House, and its tune seemingly follows Cassie and Sam  around town. At the bistro, news of their engagement begins to spread. After seeing Cassie's beautiful ring, Stephanie reflects on her own recent breakup, prompting Abigail to scheme to get Stephanie noticed, which quickly unravels. Meanwhile, Cassie sees Nick and Grace's feigned truce start to crumble and arranges to have them work together. He has an opportunity to right a wrong, which helps put the past behind them. Sam offers Cassie several ideas for their upcoming wedding, but she is uneasy about voicing her opinion. After a reminder that a good marriage takes great communication, they agree to make plans together. Back at Grey House, Abigail answers a late-night knock on the door to find an unexpected and startling visitor on the other side.
343"Daddy's Home"Fred GerberAnthony Epling & Amy Van CurenMay 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)40031.83[37]
Cassie welcomes a young, expecting couple to Grey House and helps them accept how their lives will change once their baby arrives. Abigail's father Arthur (Art Hindle), who walked out of her life 22 years ago, returns. When Cassie suggests compassion, Abigail is clearly struggling. She reluctantly agrees to meet Arthur for dinner, where he explains his long absence and wants to make amends. When Grace is unenthusiastic about winning another math competition, Sam challenges her to find her true passion. Meanwhile, Martha seeks to blend the past with the present to encourage women to be future small-business owners. Later, Abigail is notified from her bank's fraud department and is more convinced her father has ulterior motives. She confronts him and listens to what he has to say, realizing that life is about second chances and that she can have a future she never imagined.
354"Family Time"Fred GerberDean BataliMay 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)40041.77[38]
Cassie and Sam hope that bringing Grace and Nick for an overnight stay at the lake house will help the soon-to-be family to bond. Upon arrival, Cassie realizes that, despite her efforts, there are many distractions at the lake house. Nick finds himself in trouble, and Grace must decide if she wants to rescue him or snitch. While Cassie is away, Abigail is in charge of Grey House, and, after meddling in the love lives of guests, soon sees that Cassie's knack of making it a magical place is much harder than it seems. Meanwhile, Martha, Tara, and Brandon ponder the purpose of a mysterious box at Bell, Book & Candle, before a visitor reveals its surprising meaning, and it causes life-changing discoveries.
365"Written Like a Merriwick"T. W. PeacockeDonna ThorlandMay 27, 2018 (2018-05-27)40052.02[39]
Cassie and Sam try to determine what is causing a mysterious medical issue suffered by one of her customers, combining Cassie's natural remedies and with Sam's scientific studies. Grace has writer's block on a school assignment, but an old trunk that arrives at Grey House with belongings from her ancestor, Elizabeth Merriwick, provides inspiration. Meanwhile, Stephanie seeks out a customer who left her bistro a bad review, which leads to a surprising culprit.
376"Match Game"T. W. PeacockeRon Osborn & Jeff RenoJune 3, 2018 (2018-06-03)40062.10[40]
Grey House guest Phil Sturgis (Sebastian Pigott) creates a high-tech dating app, and Cassie discovers that his research identified two Middleton residents as perfect matches. She tries to bring the anonymous two together, getting help from Sam, who is concerned that one's questionnaire indicates a medical condition. Meanwhile, Abigail feels a connection with the app creator, but she is thwarted when he accuses her of stealing his idea. When she receives a clue from Martha, Abigail must find the real culprit, clear her name, and maybe even reignite their spark.
387"Til Death Do Us Part"Martin WoodDean BataliJune 10, 2018 (2018-06-10)40072.02[41]
Cassie gives Sam a good luck charm for his trip to South America during a treacherous storm, but she still worries about losing him as she lost her late husband. Sam does face danger while providing medical help, but believes Cassie is watching over him. While working on Middleton's website, Grace discovers a discrepancy in Martha's esteemed family history and investigates to learn the surprising truth. Abigail shows Phil around town, and, as their romance blooms, he considers moving there. While waiting for Sam's return, Cassie helps Nick focus on his future and encourages him to fill out his college applications.
398"All Dressed Up"Martin WoodNicole DemerseJune 17, 2018 (2018-06-17)40081.97[42]
Cassie tries to track down a long-lost wedding dress that once belonged to Elizabeth Merriwick; the special gown has been passed down from bride to bride.  Grace plans to make a long-distance relationship work after Noah is accepted to college in New York, but, when she starts sacrificing major events in her life, she realizes their relationship may change after graduation. Meanwhile, Abigail speeds along a building permit process with Martha, hoping Phil will move his business to Middleton.
409"How to Make a Middleton Quilt"Rich NeweyZoila Amelia Galeano & Bill FullerJune 24, 2018 (2018-06-24)40092.12[43]
The women in town make Cassie and Sam a wish quilt for their wedding, which, according to Middleton legend, grants wishes for anyone contributing a square. When wishes start coming true, Sam suspects Cassie might be behind it. Grace hosts a bachelorette party for Cassie, and Martha promises to find Cassie's wedding day "somethings." Proving wishes do come true, Cassie gets a surprise at her party. Meanwhile, Abigail looks for a house that she can officially call a home and tries to meet more people who share her love of Middleton.
4110"Tossing the Bouquet"Rich NeweyDean BataliJuly 1, 2018 (2018-07-01)40102.20[44]
Cassie and Sam's wedding is just days away. He begins moving into Grey House and adjusting to the difference between his quiet home and the bustling bed-and-breakfast. Grace and Nick prepare their wedding toasts, which unleashes some sibling rivalry. Meanwhile, Abigail joins the city council to solve a landscaping issue at her shop but gets more than she bargained for when Martha is unexpectedly removed from office. On their wedding day, Cassie convinces Sam to postpone their nuptials to allow a military wedding to occur.


document_title: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

question_text: new york times co v sullivan held that there must be proof of

text: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

text: Background[edit]

text: On March 29, 1960, The New York Times carried a full-page advertisement titled "Heed Their Rising Voices", paid for by the "Committee to Defend Martin Luther King and the Struggle for Freedom in the South."[5][6]  In the advertisement, the Committee solicited funds to defend Martin Luther King, Jr., against an Alabama perjury indictment. The advertisement described actions against civil rights protesters, some of them inaccurately, some of which involved the police force of Montgomery, Alabama. Referring to the Alabama State Police, the advertisement stated: "They have arrested [King] seven times...."[1] However, at that point, he had been arrested four times.[1] Although African-American students staged a demonstration on the State Capitol steps, they sang The Star-Spangled Banner, not My Country, 'Tis of Thee.[1]  Although the Montgomery Public Safety commissioner, L. B. Sullivan, was not named in the advertisement, Sullivan argued that the inaccurate criticism of actions by the police was defamatory to him as well because it was his duty to supervise the police department.[1]

text: Because Alabama law denied public officers recovery of punitive damages in a libel action on their official conduct unless they first made a written demand for a public retraction and the defendant failed or refused to comply, Sullivan sent such a request.[1] The Times did not publish a retraction in response to the demand. Instead, its lawyers wrote a letter[7] stating, among other things, that "we... are somewhat puzzled as to how you think the statements in any way reflect on you," and "you might, if you desire, let us know in what respect you claim that the statements in the advertisement reflect on you."[1]

text: Sullivan did not respond but instead filed a libel suit a few days later. He also sued four African-American ministers mentioned in the ad: Ralph Abernathy, S.S. Seay, Sr., Fred Shuttlesworth, and Joseph Lowery.

text: Sullivan won $500,000 in an Alabama court judgment.[8]

text: The Times subsequently published a retraction of the advertisement upon the demand of Governor John Patterson of Alabama, who alleged the publication charged him with "grave misconduct and... improper actions and omissions as Governor of Alabama and ex officio chairman of the State Board of Education of Alabama."[1] When asked to explain why there had been a retraction for the Governor but not for Sullivan, the Secretary of the Times testified:

text: We did that because we didn't want anything that was published by the Times to be a reflection on the State of Alabama and the Governor was, as far as we could see, the embodiment of the State of Alabama and the proper representative of the state and, furthermore, we had by that time learned more of the actual facts which the ad purported to recite and, finally, the ad did refer to the action of the state authorities and the Board of Education presumably of which the Governor is the ex officio chairman ...

text: However, the Secretary also testified he did not think that "any of the language in there referred to Mr. Sullivan."[1]

text: Constitutional law scholar Herbert Wechsler successfully argued the case before the United States Supreme Court. Louis M. Loeb, a partner at the firm of Lord Day & Lord who served as chief counsel to the Times from 1948 to 1967,[9] was among the authors of the brief of the Times.

text: Loeb later called the libel cases he argued for The New York Times "the heaviest responsibility I've ever had since I began practicing law."[10]

text: Decision[edit]

text: The Supreme Court held that news publications could not be sued for libel by public officials unless the plaintiffs were able to establish actual malice in the false reporting of a news story. The Court ruled for The Times, 9–0.[8] The rule of law applied by the Alabama courts was found constitutionally deficient for its failure to provide safeguards for freedom of speech and of the press, as required by the First and Fourteenth Amendment. The decision further held that even with the proper safeguards, the evidence presented in the case was insufficient to support a judgment for Sullivan. In sum the court ruled that "the First Amendment protects the publication of all statements, even false ones, about the conduct of public officials except when statements are made with actual malice (with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity)."[11]

text: The decision allowed newspapers more freedom to report on the widespread chaos and police abuse during the Civil Rights Movement.

text: Common law malice[edit]

text: The Court held that a public official suing for defamation must prove that the statement in question was made with actual malice. That phrase refers to knowledge or reckless lack of investigation, rather than its ordinary meaning of malicious intent. In his concurring opinion, Justice Black explained, "'Malice,' even as defined by the Court, is an elusive, abstract concept, hard to prove and hard to disprove. The requirement that malice be proved provides at best an evanescent protection for the right critically to discuss public affairs and certainly does not measure up to the sturdy safeguard embodied in the First Amendment."

text: The term "malice" came from existing libel law, rather than being invented in the case. In many jurisdictions, including Alabama, where the case arose, proof of "actual malice" (actual knowledge of falsity, or reckless disregard for the truth) was required for punitive damages other increased penalties. Since a writer's malicious intent is hard to prove, proof that the writer knowingly published a falsehood was generally accepted as proof of malice, under the assumption that only a person with ill intent would knowingly publish something false. In Hoeppner v. Dunkirk Printing Co., 254 N.Y. 95 (1930), similarly, the court said:

text: The plaintiff alleges that this criticism of him and of his work was not fair and was not honest; it was published with actual malice, ill will and spite. If he establishes this allegation, he has made out a cause of action. No comment or criticism, otherwise libelous, is fair or just comment on a matter of public interest if it be made through actual ill will and malice. (p. 106)

text: In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, the Supreme Court adopted the term "actual malice" and gave it constitutional significance.

text: International comparisons[edit]

text: The rule that somebody alleging defamation should have to prove untruth, rather than that the defendant should have to prove the truth of a statement, stood as a departure from the previous common law. In England, the development was specifically rejected in Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers Ltd[12] and it was also rejected in Canada in Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto[13] and more recently in Grant v. Torstar Corp.[14]  In Australia, the outcome of the case was followed in Theophanous v. The Herald & Weekly Times Ltd,[15] but Theophanous was itself overruled by the High Court of Australia in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520.

text: 50th anniversary[edit]

text: In 2014, on the 50th anniversary of the ruling, The New York Times released an editorial in which it stated the background of the case, laid out the rationale for the Supreme Court decision, critically reflected on the state of freedom of the press 50 years after the ruling and compared the state of freedom of the press in the United States with other nations. The editorial board of The New York Times heralded the Sullivan decision as "the clearest and most forceful defense of press freedom in American history"[16] and added:

text: The ruling was revolutionary, because the court for the first time rejected virtually any attempt to squelch criticism of public officials—even if false—as antithetical to “the central meaning of the First Amendment.” Today, our understanding of freedom of the press comes in large part from the Sullivan case. Its core observations and principles remain unchallenged, even as the Internet has turned everyone into a worldwide publisher—capable of calling public officials instantly to account for their actions, and also of ruining reputations with the click of a mouse.[16]

text: Later developments[edit]

text:
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130 (1967) held that public figures who are not public officials may still sue news organizations if they disseminate information about them which is recklessly gathered and unchecked.
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974): Actual malice not necessary for defamation of private person if negligence is present.
Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374 (1967). Extension of actual malice standard to false light invasion of privacy tort.
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988): Extending standard to intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1 (1990): Existing law is sufficient to protect free speech without recognizing opinion privilege against libel claims.


document_title: Mexico at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time mexico made it to the quarter finals in the world cup

text: Mexico at the FIFA World Cup

text: Records[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup record

Year

Round

Position

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930

Group stage

13th

3

0

0

3

4

13

 1934

Did not qualify

 1938

Withdrew

 1950

Group stage

12th

3

0

0

3

2

10

 1954

Group stage

14th

2

0

0

2

2

8

 1958

Group stage

16th

3

0

1

2

1

8

 1962

Group stage

11th

3

1

0

2

3

4

 1966

Group stage

12th

3

0

2

1

1

3

 1970

Quarterfinal

6th

4

2

1

1

6

4

 1974

Did not qualify

 1978

Group stage

16th

3

0

0

3

2

12

 1982

Did not qualify

 1986

Quarterfinal

6th

5

3

2

0

6

2

 1990

Banned

 1994

Round of 16

13th

4

1

2

1

4

4

 1998

Round of 16

13th

4

1

2

1

8

7

  2002

Round of 16

11th

4

2

1

1

4

4

 2006

Round of 16

15th

4

1

1

2

5

5

 2010

Round of 16

14th

4

1

1

2

4

5

 2014

Round of 16

10th

4

2

1

1

5

3

 2018

Round of 16

12th

4

2

0

2

3

6

 2022

To be determined

 2026

To be determined

Total

Quarterfinal

16/21

57

16

14

27

60

98

text:
showMexico's World Cup record

First Match

 Mexico 1–2 France  (13 July 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)

Biggest Win

 Mexico 4–0 El Salvador  (7 June 1970; Mexico City, Mexico)

Biggest Defeat

 West Germany 6-0 Mexico  (6 June 1978; Cordoba, Argentina)

Best Result

Quarterfinals in 1970 and 1986

Worst Result

Group stage in 1930, 1950, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1966 and 1978

text: By match[edit]

text:
World Cup

Round

Against

Score

Scorers

1930
Group stage
 France
1–4
Carreño

 Chile
0–3

 Argentina
3–6
Manuel Rosas (2), Gayón

1950
Group stage
 Brazil
0–4

 Yugoslavia
1–4
Héctor Ortiz

  Switzerland
1–2
Casarín

1954
Group stage
 Brazil
0–5

 France
2–3
Lamadrid, Balcázar

1958
Group stage
 Sweden
0–3

 Wales
1–1
Belmonte

 Hungary
0–4

1962
Group stage
 Brazil
0–2

 Spain
0–1

 Czechoslovakia
3–1
Díaz, del Águila, Hernández

1966
Group stage
 France
1–1
Borja

 England
0–2

 Uruguay
0–0

1970
Group stage
 Soviet Union
0–0

 El Salvador
4–0
Valdivia (2), Fragoso, Basaguren

 Belgium
1–0
Peña

Quarterfinal
 Italy
1–4
González

1978
Group stage
 Tunisia
1–3
Vázquez Ayala

 West Germany
0–6

 Poland
1–3
Rangel

1986
Group stage
 Belgium
2–1
Quirarte, Hugo Sánchez

 Paraguay
1–1
Luis Flores

 Iraq
1–0
Quirarte

Round of 16
 Bulgaria
2–0
Negrete, Servín

Quarterfinal
 West Germany
0–0 (AET), 1–4 (p)

1994
Group stage
 Norway
0–1

 Republic of Ireland
2–1
García (2)

 Italy
1–1
Bernal

Round of 16
 Bulgaria
1–1 (AET), 1–3 (p)
García Aspe

1998
Group stage
 South Korea
3–1
Peláez, Hernández (2)

 Belgium
2–2
García Aspe, Blanco

 Netherlands
2–2
Peláez, Hernández

Round of 16
 Germany
1–2
Hernández

2002
Group stage
 Croatia
1–0
Blanco

 Ecuador
2–1
Borgetti, Torrado

 Italy
1–1
Borgetti

Round of 16
 United States
0–2

2006
Group stage
 Iran
3–1
Bravo (2), Zinha

 Angola
0–0

 Portugal
1–2
Fonseca

Round of 16
 Argentina
1–2 (AET)
Márquez

2010
Group stage
 South Africa
1–1
Márquez

 France
2–0
Javier Hernández, Blanco

 Uruguay
0–1

Round of 16
 Argentina
1–3
Javier Hernández

2014
Group stage
 Cameroon
1–0
Peralta

 Brazil
0–0

 Croatia
3–1
Márquez, Guardado, Javier Hernández

Round of 16
 Netherlands
1–2
G. Dos Santos

2018
Group stage
 Germany
1–0
Lozano

 South Korea
2–1
Vela, Javier Hernández

 Sweden
0–3

Round of 16
 Brazil
0–2

text: Record players[edit]

text: Mexico's record World Cup player, Rafael Márquez, and goalkeeper Antonio Carbajal have appeared in five FIFA World Cups each, a record they only share with German midfielder Lothar Matthäus.

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Rafael Márquez
19
2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018

2

Andrés Guardado
12
2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018

Javier Hernández
12
2010, 2014 and 2018

4

Antonio Carbajal
11
1950, 1954, 1958, 1962 and 1966

Cuauhtémoc Blanco
11
1998, 2002 and 2010

Gerardo Torrado
11
2002, 2006 and 2010

7

Carlos Salcido
10
2006, 2010 and 2014

8

Chava Reyes
9
1958, 1962 and 1966

Giovani Dos Santos
9
2010, 2014 and 2018

Héctor Moreno
9
2010, 2014 and 2018

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Luis Hernández
4
1998

Javier Hernández
4
2010 (2), 2014 (1), and 2018 (1)

3

Cuauhtémoc Blanco
3
1998, 2002 and 2010

Rafael Márquez
3
2006, 2010 and 2014

5

Manuel Rosas
2
1930

Javier Valdivia
2
1970

Fernando Quirarte
2
1986

Luis García
2
1994

Alberto García Aspe
2
1994 and 1998

Ricardo Peláez
2
1998

Jared Borgetti
2
2002

Omar Bravo
2
2006