document_title: United States at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time the world cup was played in the united states

text: United States at the FIFA World Cup

text: Record at the FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
Year
Host
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA

1930

Semi-finals
3rd
3
2
0
1
7
6

1934

Round of 16
16th
1
0
0
1
1
7

1938

Withdrew

1950

Group stage
10th
3
1
0
2
4
8

1954

Did not qualify

1958

1962

1966

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

Group stage
23rd
3
0
0
3
2
8

1994

Round of 16
14th
4
1
1
2
3
4

1998

Group stage
32nd
3
0
0
3
1
5

2002

Quarter-finals
8th
5
2
1
2
7
7

2006

Group stage
25th
3
0
1
2
2
6

2010

Round of 16
12th
4
1
2
1
5
5

2014

Round of 16
15th
4
1
1
2
5
6

2018

Did not qualify

2022

To be determined

2026

Qualified as one of the Host Nations

Total
10/21
-
33
8
6
19
37
62

text: By Match[edit]

text:
World Cup

Round

Opponent

Score

Result

Venue

Scorers

1930
Group stage
 Belgium
3–0
W
Montevideo
B. McGhee, T. Florie, B. Patenaude

 Paraguay
3–0
W
Montevideo
B. Patenaude (3)

Semi-finals
 Argentina
1–6
L
Montevideo
J. Brown

1934
Round of 16
 Italy
1–7
L
Rome
A. Donelli

1950
Group stage
 Spain
1–3
L
Curitiba
G. Pariani

 England
1–0
W
Belo Horizonte
J. Gaetjens

 Chile
2–5
L
Recife
F. Wallace, J. Maca

1990
Group stage
 Czechoslovakia
1–5
L
Florence
P. Caligiuri

 Italy
0–1
L
Rome
&—

 Austria
1–2
L
Florence
B. Murray

1994
Group stage
  Switzerland
1–1
D
Pontiac
E. Wynalda

 Colombia
2–1
W
Pasadena
A. Escobar (o.g.), E. Stewart

 Romania
0–1
L
Pasadena
&—

Round of 16
 Brazil
0–1
L
Stanford
&—

1998
Group stage
 Germany
0–2
L
Paris
&—

 Iran
1–2
L
Lyon
B. McBride

 FR Yugoslavia
0–1
L
Nantes
&—

2002
Group stage
 Portugal
3–2
W
Suwon
J. O'Brien, J. Costa (o.g.), B. McBride

 South Korea
1–1
D
Daegu
C. Mathis

 Poland
1–3
L
Daejeon
L. Donovan

Round of 16
 Mexico
2–0
W
Jeonju
B. McBride, L. Donovan

Quarter-finals
 Germany
0–1
L
Ulsan
&—

2006
Group stage
 Czech Republic
0–3
L
Gelsenkirchen
&—

 Italy
1–1
D
Kaiserslautern
C. Zaccardo (o.g.)

 Ghana
1–2
L
Nuremberg
C. Dempsey

2010
Group stage
 England
1–1
D
Rustenburg
C. Dempsey

 Slovenia
2–2
D
Johannesburg
L. Donovan, M. Bradley

 Algeria
1–0
W
Pretoria
L. Donovan

Round of 16
 Ghana
1–2 (a.e.t.)
L
Rustenburg
L. Donovan

2014
Group stage
 Ghana
2–1
W
Natal
C. Dempsey, J. Brooks

 Portugal
2–2
D
Manaus
J. Jones, C. Dempsey

 Germany
0–1
L
Recife
&—

Round of 16
 Belgium
1–2 (a.e.t.)
L
Salvador
J. Green

text: Record by Opponent[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup matches (by team)

Opponent

Wins

Draws

Losses

Total

Goals Scored

Goals Conceded

 Algeria
1
0
0
1
1
0

 Argentina
0
0
1
1
1
6

 Austria
0
0
1
1
1
2

 Belgium
1
0
1
2
4
2

 Brazil
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Chile
0
0
1
1
2
5

 Colombia
1
0
0
1
2
1

 Czech Republic
0
0
1
1
0
3

 Czechoslovakia
0
0
1
1
1
5

 England
1
1
0
2
2
1

 FR Yugoslavia
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Germany
0
0
3
3
0
4

 Ghana
1
0
2
3
4
5

 Iran
0
0
1
1
1
2

 Italy
0
1
2
3
2
9

 Mexico
1
0
0
1
2
0

 Paraguay
1
0
0
1
3
0

 Poland
0
0
1
1
1
3

 Portugal
1
1
0
2
5
4

 Romania
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Slovenia
0
1
0
1
2
2

 South Korea
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Spain
0
0
1
1
1
3

  Switzerland
0
1
0
1
1
1

text: Individual tournament results[edit]

text: Uruguay 1930 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteUnited States squad – 1930 FIFA World Cup third place
MF Auld
FW Bookie
MF Brown
GK Douglas
FW Florie (c)
DF Gallagher
DF Gentle
MF Gonsalves
FW McGhee
DF Moorhouse
MF Oliver
FW Patenaude
MF Slone
DF Tracey
DF Vaughn
DF Wood
Coach: Millar

text: Group 4 final standings[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 United States

2
2
0
0
6
0
+6
4

 Paraguay

2
1
0
1
1
3
−2
2

 Belgium

2
0
0
2
0
4
−4
0

text: Games[edit]

text: All times local (UYT)

text:
United States

3–0

 Belgium

Report

text:
United States

3–0

 Paraguay

Report

text:
Argentina

6–1

 United States

Report

text: Italy 1934 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteUnited States squad – 1934 FIFA World Cup
MF Amrhein
DF Czerkiewicz
FW Dick
FW Donelli
MF Fiedler
MF Florie
MF Gallagher
MF Gonsalves
DF Harker
GK Hjulian
MF Lehman
MF Lynch
DF Martinelli
FW McLean
DF Moorhouse
FW Nilsen
MF Pietras
DF Rapp
FW Ryan
Coach: Gould

text: Game[edit]

text:
Italy

7–1

 United States

Report

text: Brazil 1950 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteUnited States squad – 1950 FIFA World Cup
GK Borghi
GK Gard
DF Annis
DF Coombes
DF Keough
DF Maca
MF Bahr
MF Colombo
MF McIlvenny
FW Craddock
FW DiOrio
FW Gaetjens
FW Pariani
FW E. Souza
FW J. Souza
FW Wallace
FW Wolanin
Coach: Jeffrey

text: Group 2 final standings[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

Pts

 Spain

3
3
0
0
6
1
6

 England

3
1
0
2
2
2
2

 Chile

3
1
0
2
5
6
2

 United States

3
1
0
2
4
8
2

text: Games[edit]

text: All times local BRT (UTC-03)

text:
Spain

3–1

 United States

Report

text:
United States

1–0

 England

Report

text:
Chile

5–2

 United States

Report

text: Italy 1990 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteUnited States squad  –  1990 FIFA World Cup
1 Meola
2 Trittschuh
3 Doyle
4 Banks
5 Windischmann (c)
6 Harkes
7 Ramos
8 Bliss
9 Sullivan
10 Vermes
11 Wynalda
12 Krumpe
13 Eichmann
14 Stollmeyer
15 Armstrong
16 Murray
17 Balboa
18 Keller
19 Henderson
20 Caligiuri
21 Covone
22 Vanole
Coach: Gansler

text: Group A final standings[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Italy

3
3
0
0
4
0
+4
6

 Czechoslovakia

3
2
0
1
6
3
+3
4

 Austria

3
1
0
2
2
3
−1
2

 United States

3
0
0
3
2
8
−6
0

text: Games[edit]

text: All times local (CEST/UTC+2)

text:
United States

1–5

 Czechoslovakia

Report

text:
Italy

1–0

 United States

Report

text:
Austria

2–1

 United States

Report

text: United States 1994 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteUnited States squad  –  1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Meola (c)
2 Lapper
3 Burns
4 Kooiman
5 Dooley
6 Harkes
7 Pérez
8 Stewart
9 Ramos
10 Wegerle
11 Wynalda
12 Sommer
13 Jones
14 Klopas
15 Moore
16 Sorber
17 Balboa
18 Friedel
19 Reyna
20 Caligiuri
21 Clavijo
22 Lalas
Coach: Milutinović

text: Group A final standings[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Romania

3

2

0

1

5

5

0

6

Advance to knockout stage

2

  Switzerland

3

1

1

1

5

4

+1

4

3

 United States (H)

3

1

1

1

3

3

0

4

4

 Colombia

3

1

0

2

4

5

−1

3

text: Ranking of third-placed teams[edit]

text:
Pos

Grp

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

D

 Argentina

3

2

0

1

6

3

+3

6

Advance to knockout stage

2

F

 Belgium

3

2

0

1

2

1

+1

6

3

A

 United States

3

1

1

1

3

3

0

4

4

E

 Italy

3

1

1

1

2

2

0

4

5

B

 Russia

3

1

0

2

7

6

+1

3

6

C

 South Korea

3

0

2

1

4

5

−1

2

text: Games[edit]

text:
United States

1–1

  Switzerland

Report

text:
United States

2–1

 Colombia

Report

text:
United States

0–1

 Romania

Report

text:
Brazil

1–0

 United States

Report

text: France 1998 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteUnited States squad  –  1998 FIFA World Cup
1 Friedel
2 Hejduk
3 Pope
4 Burns
5 Dooley (c)
6 Regis
7 Wegerle
8 Stewart
9 Moore
10 Ramos
11 Wynalda
12 Agoos
13 Jones
14 Preki
15 Deering
16 Sommer
17 Balboa
18 Keller
19 Maisonneuve
20 McBride
21 Reyna
22 Lalas
Coach: Sampson

text: Group F final standings[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Germany

3

2

1

0

6

2

+4

7

Advance to knockout stage

2

 FR Yugoslavia

3

2

1

0

4

2

+2

7

3

 Iran

3

1

0

2

2

4

−2

3

4

 United States

3

0

0

3

1

5

−4

0

text: Games[edit]

text: All times local (CEST/UTC+2)

text:
Germany

2–0

 United States

Report

text:
United States

1–2

 Iran

Report

text:
United States

0–1

 FR Yugoslavia

Report

text: South Korea-Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteUnited States squad  –  2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Friedel
2 Hejduk
3 Berhalter
4 Mastroeni
5 O'Brien
6 Regis
7 Lewis
8 Stewart
9 Moore
10 Reyna (c)
11 Mathis
12 Agoos
13 Jones
14 Cherundolo
15 Wolff
16 Llamosa
17 Beasley
18 Keller
19 Meola
20 McBride
21 Donovan
22 Sanneh
23 Pope
Coach: Arena

text: Group D final standings[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 South Korea (H)

3

2

1

0

4

1

+3

7

Advance to knockout stage

2

 United States

3

1

1

1

5

6

−1

4

3

 Portugal

3

1

0

2

6

4

+2

3

4

 Poland

3

1

0

2

3

7

−4

3

text: Games[edit]

text: All times local (UTC+9)

text:
United States

3–2

 Portugal

Report

text:
South Korea

1–1

 United States

Report

text:
Poland

3–1

 United States

Report

text:
Mexico

0–2

 United States

Report

text:
Germany

1–0

 United States

Report

text: Germany 2006 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteUnited States squad  –  2006 FIFA World Cup
1 Howard
2 Albright
3 Bocanegra
4 Mastroeni
5 O'Brien
6 Cherundolo
7 Lewis
8 Dempsey
9 Johnson
10 Reyna (c)
11 Ching
12 Berhalter
13 Conrad
14 Olsen
15 Convey
16 Wolff
17 Beasley
18 Keller
19 Hahnemann
20 McBride
21 Donovan
22 Onyewu
23 Pope
Coach: Arena

text: Group E final standings[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Italy

3

2

1

0

5

1

+4

7

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Ghana

3

2

0

1

4

3

+1

6

3

 Czech Republic

3

1

0

2

3

4

−1

3

4

 United States

3

0

1

2

2

6

−4

1

text: Games[edit]

text: All times local (CEST/UTC+2)

text:
United States

0–3

 Czech Republic

Report

text:
Italy

1–1

 United States

Report

text:
Ghana

2–1

 United States

Report

text: South Africa 2010 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteUnited States squad  –  2010 FIFA World Cup
1 Howard
2 Spector
3 Bocanegra (c)
4 M. Bradley
5 Onyewu
6 Cherundolo
7 Beasley
8 Dempsey
9 Gomez
10 Donovan
11 Holden
12 Bornstein
13 Clark
14 Buddle
15 DeMerit
16 Torres
17 Altidore
18 Guzan
19 Edu
20 Findley
21 Goodson
22 Feilhaber
23 Hahnemann
Coach: B. Bradley

text: Group C final standings[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 United States

3

1

2

0

4

3

+1

5

Advance to knockout stage

2

 England

3

1

2

0

2

1

+1

5

3

 Slovenia

3

1

1

1

3

3

0

4

4

 Algeria

3

0

1

2

0

2

−2

1

text: Games[edit]

text: All times local (UTC+02)

text:
England

1–1

 United States

Report

text:
Slovenia

2–2

 United States

Report

text:
United States

1–0

 Algeria

Report

text:
United States

1–2 (a.e.t.)

 Ghana

Report

text: Brazil 2014 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteUnited States squad  –  2014 FIFA World Cup
1 Howard
2 Yedlin
3 Gonzalez
4 Bradley
5 Besler
6 Brooks
7 Beasley
8 Dempsey (c)
9 Jóhannsson
10 Diskerud
11 Bedoya
12 Guzan
13 Jones
14 Davis
15 Beckerman
16 Green
17 Altidore
18 Wondolowski
19 Zusi
20 Cameron
21 Chandler
22 Rimando
23 Johnson
Coach: Klinsmann

text: Group G final standings[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Germany

3

2

1

0

7

2

+5

7

Advance to knockout stage

2

 United States

3

1

1

1

4

4

0

4

3

 Portugal

3

1

1

1

4

7

−3

4

4

 Ghana

3

0

1

2

4

6

−2

1

text: Games[edit]

text:
Ghana

1–2

 United States

Report

text:
United States

2–2

 Portugal

Report

text:
United States

0–1

 Germany

Report

text:
Belgium

2–1 (a.e.t.)

 United States

Report

text: Record players[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Landon Donovan
12
2002, 2006 and 2010

2

Cobi Jones
11
1994, 1998 and 2002

Earnie Stewart
11
1994, 1998 and 2002

DaMarcus Beasley
11
2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014

5

Brian McBride
10
1998, 2002 and 2006

Claudio Reyna
10
1998, 2002 and 2006

Clint Dempsey
10
2006, 2010 and 2014

8

Tab Ramos
9
1990, 1994 and 1998

Eddie Pope
9
1998, 2002 and 2006

10

Marcelo Balboa
8
1990, 1994 and 1998

Eric Wynalda
8
1990, 1994 and 1998

Michael Bradley
8
2010 and 2014

Tim Howard
8
2010 and 2014

text: Top Goalscorers[edit]

text:
Player

Goals

1930

1934

1950

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

Landon Donovan

5

2

3

Bert Patenaude

4

4

Clint Dempsey

4

1
1
2

Brian McBride

3

1
2

Michael Bradley

1

1

Jim Brown

1

1

Paul Caligiuri

1

1

Aldo Donelli

1

1

Tom Florie

1

1

Joe Gaetjens

1

1

Julian Green

1

1

Joe Maca

1

1

Clint Mathis

1

1

Bart McGhee

1

1

Bruce Murray

1

1

John O'Brien

1

1

Gino Pariani

1

1

Earnie Stewart

1

1

Frank Wallace

1

1

Eric Wynalda

1

1

John Brooks

1

1

Jermaine Jones

1

1

Own goals

3

1

1
1

Total

37

7
1
4
2
3
1
7
2
5
5

text: Jeff Agoos (scored for Portugal in 2002)


document_title: A Few Good Men

question_text: who said you can't handle the truth

question_tokens: who said you ca n 't handle the truth

root

text: A Few Good Men

text: Plot

text: U.S. Marines Lance Corporal Harold Dawson and Private Louden Downey are facing a general court-martial, accused of killing fellow Marine Private William Santiago at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba. Santiago compared unfavorably to his fellow Marines, had poor relations with them, and failed to respect the chain of command in attempts at being transferred to another base. An argument evolves between base commander Colonel Nathan Jessup and his officers: while Jessup's executive officer, Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Markinson, advocates that Santiago be transferred immediately, Jessup regards this as akin to surrender and orders Santiago's commanding officer, Lieutenant Jonathan James Kendrick, to train Santiago to become a better Marine.

tag: p

text: When Dawson and Downey are later arrested for Santiago's murder, naval investigator and lawyer Lieutenant commander JoAnne Galloway suspects they carried out a "code red" order, a violent extrajudicial punishment. Galloway asks to defend them, but instead, the case is given to Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee, an inexperienced and unenthusiastic U.S. Navy lawyer. Initially, friction exists between Galloway, who resents Kaffee's tendency to plea bargain, and Kaffee, who resents Galloway's interference. Kaffee and the prosecutor, his friend Captain Jack Ross (USMC), negotiate a bargain, but Dawson and Downey refuse to go along. They insist they were ordered by Kendrick to shave Santiago's head, minutes after Kendrick publicly ordered the platoon not to touch the would-be victim, and did not intend their victim to die. Kaffee is finally won over by Galloway and takes the case to court.

text: In the course of the trial, the defense manages to establish the existence of "code red" orders at Guantanamo and that Dawson specifically had learned not to disobey any order, having been denied a promotion after helping out a fellow Marine who was under what could be seen as a "code red". However, the defense also suffers setbacks when a cross-examination reveals Downey was not actually present when Dawson and he supposedly received the "code red" order. Markinson reveals to Kaffee that Jessup never intended to transfer Santiago off the base, but commits suicide rather than testify in court because he feels that he had failed to do the right thing by protecting a Marine under his command.

text: Without Markinson's testimony, Kaffee believes the case lost and returns home in a drunken stupor, having come to regret he fought the case instead of arranging a plea bargain. Galloway, however, convinces Kaffee to call Jessup as a witness despite the risk of being court-martialled for smearing a high-ranking officer. Jessup initially outsmarts Kaffee's questioning, but is unnerved when the lawyer points out a contradiction in his testimony: Jessup had stated he wanted to transfer Santiago off the base for his own safety and that Marines never disobeyed orders. But, if he ordered his men to leave Santiago alone and if Marines always obey orders, then Santiago would not have been in danger. Unnerved by being caught in one of his own lies and disgusted by Kaffee's questioning of the imperative to impose discipline within his unit, an enraged Jessup extols his and the military's importance to national security, and when asked point-blank if he ordered the "code red" he bellows with contempt that he did. As he justifies his actions, an exasperated Jessup is arrested; Kendrick is later arrested for his actions, too.

text: Soon afterwards, Dawson and Downey are cleared of the murder charge, but found guilty of "conduct unbecoming a United States Marine" and dishonorably discharged. Dawson accepts the verdict, but Downey does not understand what they had done wrong. Dawson explains they had failed to stand up for those too weak to fight for themselves, like Santiago. As the two prepare to leave, Kaffee tells Dawson he does not need a patch on his arm to have honor. Dawson, who had previously shown contempt for Kaffee for not understanding the Marine ethos, recognizes him as an officer and renders a salute.

text: Cast

text:
Tom Cruise as Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee, USN, JAG Corps
Jack Nicholson as Colonel Nathan R. Jessup, USMC
Demi Moore as Lieutenant Commander JoAnne Galloway, USN, JAG Corps
Kevin Bacon as Captain Jack Ross, USMC, Judge Advocate Division
Kiefer Sutherland as Lieutenant Jonathan James Kendrick, USMC
Kevin Pollak as Lieutenant Sam Weinberg, USN, JAG Corps
Wolfgang Bodison as Lance Corporal Harold Dawson, USMC
James Marshall as Private First Class Louden Downey, USMC
J. T. Walsh as Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Andrew Markinson, USMC
J. A. Preston as Judge (Colonel) Julius Alexander Randolph, USMC
Michael DeLorenzo as Private William T. Santiago, USMC
Noah Wyle as Corporal Jeffrey Owen Barnes, USMC
Cuba Gooding Jr. as Corporal Carl Edward Hammaker, USMC
Xander Berkeley as Captain Whitaker, USN
Matt Craven as Lieutenant Dave Spradling, USN, JAG Corps
John M. Jackson as Captain West, USN, JAG Corps
Christopher Guest as Commander (Dr.) Stone, USN, MC
Joshua Malina as Jessup's clerk, Tom, USMC
Aaron Sorkin as a lawyer bragging in a tavern

tag: ul

text: Note: Joshua Malina is the only actor to reprise his role from the original Broadway production.

text: Production

text: Screenwriter Aaron Sorkin got the inspiration to write the source play, a courtroom drama called A Few Good Men, from a phone conversation with his sister Deborah, who had graduated from Boston University Law School and signed up for a three-year stint with the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps. She was going to Guantanamo Bay to defend a group of Marines who came close to killing a fellow Marine in a hazing ordered by a superior officer. Sorkin took that information and wrote much of his story on cocktail napkins while bartending at the Palace Theatre on Broadway.[3] His roommates and he had purchased a Macintosh 512K, so when he returned home, he would empty his pockets of the cocktail napkins and type them into the computer, forming a basis from which he wrote many drafts for A Few Good Men.[4]

text: In 1988, Sorkin sold the film rights for his play to producer David Brown before it premiered, in a deal reportedly "well into six figures".[5] Brown had read an article in The New York Times about Sorkin's one-act play Hidden in This Picture, and he found out Sorkin also had a play called A Few Good Men that was having off-Broadway readings.[6]

text: William Goldman did an uncredited rewrite of the script that Sorkin liked so much, he incorporated the changes made into the stage version.[7]

text: Brown was producing a few projects at TriStar Pictures, and he tried to interest them in making A Few Good Men into a film, but his proposal was declined due to the lack of star-actor involvement. Brown later got a call from Alan Horn at Castle Rock Entertainment, who was anxious to make the film. Rob Reiner, a producing partner at Castle Rock, opted to direct it.[6]

text: The film had a production budget of $33,000,000.[8]

text: Nicholson would later comment of the $5 million he received for his role, "It was one of the few times when it was money well spent."[9]

text: The film starts with a performance of "Semper Fidelis" by a U.S. Marine Corps marching band, and a Silent Drill performed by the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets Fish Drill Team (portraying the United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon).[10][11]

text: Several former Navy JAG lawyers have been identified as the basis for Tom Cruise's character Lt. Kaffee. These include Don Marcari (now an attorney in Virginia), former U.S. Attorney David Iglesias, Chris Johnson (now practicing in California), and Walter Bansley III (now practicing in Connecticut.) However, in a September 15, 2011, article in The New York Times, Sorkin was quoted as saying, “The character of Dan Kaffee in A Few Good Men is entirely fictional and was not inspired by any particular individual.”[12][13][14][15][16]

text: Wolfgang Bodison was a film location scout when he was asked to take part in a screen test for the part of Dawson.[17]

text: Awards and honors

text: Academy Awards nominations

text: The film was nominated for four Academy Awards:[18]

text:
Best Picture
Best Supporting Actor (Jack Nicholson)
Best Film Editing (Robert Leighton)
Best Sound Mixing (Kevin O'Connell, Rick Kline and Robert Eber)

text: Golden Globe nominations

text: The film was nominated for five Golden Globe Awards:

text:
Best Motion Picture – Drama
Best Director (Rob Reiner)
Best Actor (Tom Cruise)
Best Supporting Actor (Jack Nicholson)
Best Screenplay (Aaron Sorkin)

text: Other honors

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Colonel Nathan R. Jessep – Nominated Villain[19]

2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Col. Nathan Jessep: "You can't handle the truth!" – #29[20]

2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

#5 Courtroom Drama Film[21]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: The film premiered at the Odeon Cinema, Manchester, England[22] and opened on December 11, 1992, in 1,925 theaters. It grossed $15,517,468 in its opening weekend and was the number-one film at the box office for the next three weeks. Overall, it grossed $141,340,178 in the U.S. and $101,900,000 internationally for a total of $243,240,178.[23]

text: Critical response

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 81% based on 58 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "An old-fashioned courtroom drama with a contemporary edge, A Few Good Men succeeds on the strength of its stars, with Tom Cruise, Demi Moore, and especially Jack Nicholson delivering powerful performances that more than compensate for the predictable plot."[24] On Metacritic the film has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 60 films in the history of the service to earn the score.[26]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine said, "That the performances are uniformly outstanding is a tribute to Rob Reiner (Misery), who directs with masterly assurance, fusing suspense and character to create a movie that literally vibrates with energy."[27] Richard Schickel in Time magazine called it "an extraordinarily well-made movie, which wastes no words or images in telling a conventional but compelling story."[28] Todd McCarthy in Variety magazine predicted, "The same histrionic fireworks that gripped theater audiences will prove even more compelling to filmgoers due to the star power and dramatic screw-tightening."[29] Roger Ebert was less enthusiastic in the Chicago Sun-Times, giving it two-and-a-half out of four stars and finding its major flaw was revealing the courtroom strategy to the audience before the climactic scene between Cruise and Nicholson. Ebert wrote, "In many ways this is a good film, with the potential to be even better than that. The flaws are mostly at the screenplay level; the film doesn't make us work, doesn't allow us to figure out things for ourselves, is afraid we'll miss things if they're not spelled out."[30]

text: Widescreenings noted that for Tom Cruise's character Daniel Kaffee, "Sorkin interestingly takes the opposite approach of Top Gun, where Cruise also starred as the protagonist. In Top Gun, Cruise plays Mitchell who is a "hotshot military underachiever who makes mistakes because he is trying to outperform his late father. Where Maverick Mitchell needs to rein in the discipline, Daniel Kaffee needs to let it go, finally see what he can do". Sorkin and Reiner are praised in gradually unveiling Kaffee's potential in the film.[31]


document_title: Hair of the dog

question_text: where does hair of the dog come from

question_tokens: where does hair of the dog come from

text: Hair of the dog

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The expression originally referred to a method of treatment of a rabid dog bite by placing hair from the dog in the bite wound.[1] Ebenezer Cobham Brewer writes in the Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898): "In Scotland it is a popular belief that a few hairs of the dog that bit you applied to the wound will prevent evil consequences. Applied to drinks, it means, if overnight you have indulged too freely, take a glass of the same wine within 24 hours to soothe the nerves. 'If this dog do you bite, soon as out of your bed, take a hair of the tail the next day.'" He also cites two apocryphal poems containing the phrase, one of which is attributed to Aristophanes. It is possible that the phrase was used to justify an existing practice, and the idea of Latin: similia similibus curantur ("like cures like") dates back at least to the time of Hippocrates and exists today as the basic postulate of classical homeopathy. In the 1930s cocktails known as Corpse Revivers were served in hotels.[2]

text: The earliest known reference to the phrase "hair of the dog" in connection with drunkenness is found in a text from ancient Ugarit dating from the mid to late second millennium BC, in which the god ʾIlu becomes hungover after a drinking binge. The text includes a recipe for a salve to be applied to the god's forehead, which consists of "hairs of a dog" and parts of an unknown plant mixed with olive oil.[3]

text: An early example of modern usage (poil de ce chien) can be found in Rabelais' 16th century pentology Gargantua and Pantagruel,[4] literally translated by Motteux in the late 17th century.[5]

text: In other languages[edit]

text: The phrase also exists in Hungarian, where the literal translation to English is "(You may cure) the dog's bite with its fur", but has evolved into a short phrase ("kutyaharapást szőrével") that is used frequently in other contexts when one is trying to express that the solution to a problem is more of the problem. Among the Irish and Mexicans, the phrase 'The Cure' ("curarse la cruda", in Spanish) is often used instead of 'hair of the dog'.[6] It is used, often sarcastically, in the question "Going for a Cure?" In Costa Rica (Central America), the same expression is used but it refers to a pig as in: hair of the same pig ("pelos de la misma chancha" in Central America) referring to the same method to cure the hangover.[citation needed]

text: In some Slavic languages (Polish, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian and Russian), hair of the dog is called "a wedge" (klin), mirroring the concept of dislodging a stuck wedge with another one; hence the popular Polish phrase "[to dislodge] a wedge [with] a wedge" – [wybijać] klin klinem – which is used figuratively both with regard to alcohol and in other contexts. The proper Russian term is опохмелка (opohmelka, "after being drunk"), which indicates a process of drinking to decrease effects of drinking the day before.[citation needed]

text: In German, drinking alcohol the next morning to relieve the symptoms is sometimes described as "having a counter-beer" (ein Konterbier trinken), whereas in Austria people talk about having a repair-beer (Reparatur-Seidl). In Portuguese, people speak of "a hit" (uma rebatida), meaning to strike away (the hangover with more alcohol).[citation needed]

text: A similar usage is encountered in Romanian, in the phrase "Cui pe cui se scoate" (A nail (fastener) pulls out a nail); in Bulgarian, in the phrase "Клин клин избива"; in Italian, in the phrase "Chiodo scaccia chiodo"; in Spanish, in the phrase "Un clavo saca otro clavo" (A nail pulls out another nail); and in Turkish, in the phrase "Çivi çiviyi söker". In all five cases, the English translation is "a nail dislodges a nail", though these phrases are not exclusively used to refer to the hangover cure.[citation needed]

text: In Italian, is also used the term "richiamino", which translates to "little recall": a recall is a booster shot. In this context, the booster shot consist of another small dose of alcohol to drink during the hangover to reduce the effects of drinking.[citation needed]

text: In Swedish, drinking alcohol to relieve a hangover is called having an "återställare", which translates roughly to "restorer". In Norwegian, it is usually called "repareringspils", meaning a "beer to repair". In Finnish, it is called "tasoittava" (smoothening) or "korjaussarja" (repair kit) and in Czech "vyprošťovák" (extricator). In Tanzania, the equivalent Swahili phrase used is "kuzimua" which means 'assist to wake up after a coma'.

text: In Danish, a beer the day after drinking, is called a "reparationsbajer", which translates to "repair beer". There is also a saying: "One must rise at the tree where one fell".[citation needed]

text: In Japanese, alcohol consumed to lighten a hangover is called "迎え酒" (mukae-zake), which literally means "counter alcohol".[citation needed]

text: In Korea, alcohol (typically soju) drunk in the morning to relieve hangovers is called "haejangsul."[7]

text: In China, alcohol drunk to relieve hangover is called "回魂酒", literally translates to "the drink that brings back your soul".[8]The phrase also exists in (Cheng) Swahili Slang: In Kenya taking alcohol to relieve a hangover is called " Kutoa Lock" Translated into "removing the Lock"

text: Scientific background[edit]

text: There are at least two theories as to how "hair of the dog" works:

text: In the first, hangovers are described as the first stage of alcohol withdrawal, which is then alleviated by further alcohol intake. Although "...Low [ethanol] doses may effectively prevent alcohol withdrawal syndrome in surgical patients",[9] this idea is questionable as the signs and symptoms of hangover and alcohol withdrawal are very different.[10]

text: In the second, hangovers are attributed to methanol metabolism.[11][12] Levels of methanol, present as a congener in alcohol, have been correlated with severity of hangover[13][14] and methanol metabolism to the highly toxic formate via formaldehyde[15] coincides with the rate of appearance of hangover symptoms.[16] As both ethanol and methanol are metabolised by alcohol dehydrogenase – and ethanol is a much better substrate for this enzyme – drinking more of the former then effectively prevents (or delays) the metabolism of the latter. As pure ethanol consumption has also been found to increase endogenous levels of methanol,[17] presumably for this reason, this suggests that if "hair of the dog" works in this way it effects a temporary hiatus rather than a cure.[clarification needed]

text: From the perspective of sugar metabolism, alcohol may cause a blood sugar spike, resulting in a hypoglycemic awakening "hangover".[citation needed] Consuming more alcohol might be a way to ingest more calories that quickly convert to sugar to raise the body's blood sugar, as well as lifting the fainting and headaches often associated with low blood sugar.[citation needed]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: In Stanley Kubrick's 1980 horror film, The Shining, the "hair of the dog" expression is used in the sequence in which Jack Torrance (Jack Nicholson) seats himself at the bar in the Gold Room for the second time and asks Lloyd the Bartender (Joe Turkel) for a drink:

text: At the 2011 Pinkpop Festival in Landgraaf, The Netherlands, Caleb Followill from Kings Of Leon (headlining the second day of the festival) said he was taking a "hair of the dog" to cure his hangover from last night's show. He said he got very drunk last night but is taking a "hair of the dog" so he can party with the Pinkpop crowd. He also notices that the hangover the next day is going to be worse than the hangover he has at the moment, but he doesn't care, because he wants to party with the crowd.


document_title: The Dark Tower (2017 film)

question_text: where was the movie dark tower filmed at

text: The Dark Tower (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Eleven-year-old Jake Chambers experiences visions involving a Man in Black who seeks to destroy a Tower and bring ruin to the Universe, and a Gunslinger who opposes him. Jake's mother, stepfather, and psychiatrists dismiss these as dreams resulting from the trauma of his father’s death the previous year.

text: At his apartment home in New York City, a group of workers from an alleged psychiatric facility offer to rehabilitate Jake; recognizing them from his visions as monsters wearing human skin, he flees. Jake tracks down an abandoned house from one of his visions, discovers a high-tech portal, and travels to a post-apocalyptic world called Mid-World.

text: In Mid-World, Jake encounters the last Gunslinger, Roland Deschain who emerged in his visions. Roland is pursuing Walter Padick, the Man in Black who had also appeared in Jake’s dreams, across a desert, seeking to kill him in revenge for the murder of his father, Steven, and all remaining gunslingers. He explains that Walter, over the decades, has been abducting psychic children, and is attempting to use their "shine" to bring down the Dark Tower, a fabled structure located at the center of the Universe; this will allow beings from the darkness outside to invade and destroy reality.

text: Roland takes Jake to a village to have his visions interpreted by a seer. Learning of Jake's escape and journey to Mid-World, Walter investigates and discovers from his minion Sayre that Jake has "pure Shine", i.e. enough psychic potential to destroy the Tower single-handedly. He kills Jake's stepfather, then interrogates his mother about his visions and kills her too. In Mid-World, the seer determines that the machine is six months away on foot and portal access is restricted to Walter's bases. Jake realizes that Walter has a base in New York that they can use to reach the machine. Walter's minions, the Taheen, attack the village, but Roland individually kills each of them. Roland and Jake return to Earth where Jake gets Roland's injuries treated at a hospital and learns the location of Walter's base from a homeless man that had earlier helped him. When Jake returns home to check in on his mother, he finds her charred remains and breaks down. Roland vows to kill Walter "for both of us" and comforts Jake by teaching him the Gunslinger's Creed, which he hasn't uttered since his own father’s death, as well as the basics of gun fighting.

text: As Roland re-arms himself at a gun store, he is attacked by Walter, who captures Jake and takes him through a portal at his base to a machine that will use Jake to destroy the Tower. Jake uses his psychic powers to alert Roland to the portal code he needs, and Roland battles his way through Walter's henchmen and reopens the portal which Jake forces to stay open. Walter is forced to return to New York to fight Roland and wounds him. After Jake reminds him of the Gunslinger’s Creed, Roland recovers and kills Walter with a trick shot after a brief fight. Roland destroys the machine, saving the Tower, Jake, and the other children.

text: Afterwards, Roland says that he must return to his own world and offers Jake a place by his side as his companion. Jake accepts the offer as he has nowhere else to go, and the two depart for Mid-World.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Idris Elba as Roland Deschain, the Gunslinger

text: Matthew McConaughey as Walter Padick, the Man in Black

text: Tom Taylor as Jake Chambers, the Pure Shine

text:
Claudia Kim as Arra Champignon, a seer
Fran Kranz as Pimli, one of Walter's Taheen techniciens[18]
Abbey Lee as Tirana, another of Walter's Taheen technicians and his love interest
Jackie Earle Haley as Sayre, a Taheen[19]
Katheryn Winnick as Laurie Chambers, Jake's mother[20]
Dennis Haysbert as Steven Deschain, Roland's father
Michael Barbieri as Timmy, Jake's neighbour
José Zúñiga as Dr. Hotchkiss
Nicholas Hamilton as Lucas Hanson
De-Wet Nagel as Taheen Tech[21]

text: Development history[edit]

text: Efforts to adapt The Dark Tower series for the screen have been ongoing since 2007, with periodic reports and official announcements. The project was shelved, before the rights were transitioned to a different production company. Development experienced starts and stops with various filmmakers and studios at different times, including Universal Pictures, Paramount, Columbia-Tristar Entertainment, and Lionsgate Entertainment. The adaptation went through three major phases of planning: with J. J. Abrams from 2007 to 2009, Ron Howard from 2010 to 2015, and finally, the current iteration, announced in March 2015, produced by Sony Pictures Entertainment and Media Rights Capital,[22] with Nikolaj Arcel directing and Howard remaining in a producing role.

text: J. J. Abrams (2007–2009)[edit]

text: By early February 2007, a film adaptation of The Dark Tower series was in the works. J. J. Abrams, co-creator of the television series Lost, was said to be attached to produce and direct. Carlton Cuse and Damon Lindelof, who co-created Lost with Abrams, optioned The Dark Tower from King for a reported amount of $19, a number that mysteriously recurs throughout the series.[23] According to issue #923 of Entertainment Weekly, King "is an ardent supporter of [Lost] and trusts Abrams to translate his vision" into a film franchise, with Lindelof being "the leading candidate to write the screenplay for the first installment."[24] It was around this time that Marvel Comics launched their graphic novel adaptation of The Dark Tower with The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Born. Later, in March 2007, Abrams noted in an interview with Wired that the project is "something that we are just now talking about with Stephen, so it's too early for me to say that we're even officially doing it yet just because the thing is in the early stages of discussion."[25]

text: A year later, in February 2008, Abrams reiterated that The Dark Tower adaptation was in the early stages of development, when interviewed by Reelz Channel.[26] When interviewed by AMC in September 2008, Abrams admitted that the project needs time he does not have because of Lost, especially since he would like to see a seven-film series (the eighth novel was published in 2012). However, in May 2009, Abrams stated to IGN that he and Lindelof were planning on beginning work on The Dark Tower as soon as Lost finished its run.[27] Speaking to MTV News around the same time, Lindelof revealed some apprehension regarding the project, noting that his "reverence for Stephen King is now getting in the way of what any good writer would do first when they're adapting a book, which is take creative license."[28] In a July 2009 interview with C21 Media, Lindelof revealed that he and Cuse had indeed optioned the rights for The Dark Tower, but said he was wary about committing to such an ambitious project: "The idea of taking on something that massive again after having done six seasons of Lost is intimidating and slightly frightening, to say the least."[29]

text: With these reservations being voiced by the producers, this initial phase of the project came to an end at the end of 2009 after three years, since this was a three-year option. In an interview with USA Today in October 2009, Damon Lindelof stated: "You'll be hard-pressed to find a huger fan of The Dark Tower than me, but that's probably the reason that I shouldn't be the one to adapt it. After working six years on Lost, the last thing I want to do is spend the next seven years adapting one of my favorite books of all time. I'm such a massive Stephen King fan that I'm terrified of screwing it up. I'd do anything to see those movies written by someone else. My guess is they will get made because they're so incredible. But not by me."[30] Finally, in November 2009, Abrams stated that he would not be adapting the series. During an interview with MTV News, Abrams made the following comments: "The Dark Tower thing is tricky. The truth is that Damon and I are not looking at that right now."[31]

text: Ron Howard (2010–2015)[edit]

text: In April 2010, five months after Abrams revealed he would no longer pursue his adaptation of The Dark Tower, Universal Pictures was set to produce trilogy of feature films, alternating with two seasons of a television series to bridge gaps between the films. The involved parties included Akiva Goldsman writing the script, Ron Howard directing, and also producing with Brian Grazer and Stephen King.[32] The report was made official by NBC Universal five months later via a press release dated September 8, 2010.[33] In an interview with Entertainment Weekly following the announcement, King stated that "I always thought it would take more than a single movie, but I didn't see this solution coming—i.e., several movies and TV series. It was Ron [Howard] and Akiva [Goldsman]'s idea. Once it was raised, I thought at once it was the solution."[34] A month later, the first Dark Tower film was scheduled to open on May 17, 2013.[35] In December 2010, Howard offered the following in regards to the project's progress: "It is going well, and it has been incredibly stimulating to work on. I really can't stop thinking about it. We've been meeting and talking and I've been reading and researching and just kind of living with it. I hope it goes great. I hope it goes the way we think it will. It never does, really. But sometimes it goes better." Despite Howard's enthusiasm, Universal had not yet greenlit the project at that point.[36][37]

text: By the end of 2010 and the beginning of 2011, New York Post was reporting that Javier Bardem and Viggo Mortensen were in line to play the lead character of Roland Deschain, and Naomie Harris was being considered for the character of Susannah Dean.[38][39] Speaking on The Howard Stern Show in January 2011 and qualifying his words with the phrase "I don't know if it's going to happen or not", Howard said that after the first film, which would be more action-oriented, a six-episode television miniseries would follow, focusing more on character-driven drama.[40] For his part, Brian Grazer stated around the same time that a casting announcement could be made "within a week."[41]

text: By April 2011, Mark Verheiden was joining the television portion of the project as executive producer and Akiva Goldsman's co-writer. The same month, Javier Bardem was cast in the role of Roland.[42] However, just a month later, a report in Variety revealed that Universal may seek another studio's help, as the project's budget appeared to be more than they were willing to handle.[43] The Hollywood Reporter wrote later that the project was on the verge of turnaround, and Warner Bros. or Columbia Pictures could potentially take the project on, revealing that Universal had paid $5 million for the rights.[44] Shortly after that, Universal committed to a lower budget for the project and Goldsman began rewriting the script to reflect these changes.[45]

text: Originally, production was slated to begin in September 2011, but in May 2011 it was being pushed back to February 2012 or early spring. The project was still not greenlit by the studio, which had to happen by July 2011.[46][47] Then on July 18, 2011, Universal decided to cancel development of the entire project due to budgetary concerns.[48] Despite this, Stephen King was confident Howard would see the project through, stating that he was "sorry Universal passed, but not really surprised. I bear them no ill will, and trust Ron Howard to get Roland and his friends before the camera somewhere else. He's very committed to the project."[49] In August 2011, Howard stated that they were "trying to get outside financing to make it, and distribute it through a major [studio]", including the fact that Netflix might be an outlet.[50] Later, in October 2011, Howard confirmed the adaptation is still on track, noting that HBO would now carry the television portion of the project.[51]

text: By March 2012, Warner Bros. was expressing interested in taking on the project.[52] Several months later, Goldsman delivered a new script for the first film to Warner Bros., and the studio had to make a decision in August 2012 whether to go ahead with the project. As well, Russell Crowe was being talked about as the lead character.[53] On August 20, 2012, Warner Bros. officially passed.[54] At the same time, Media Rights Capital (MRC) was in talks to take over the project from Warner.[55]

text: In January 2014, Aaron Paul stated that he had a conversation with Howard and was possibly being considered to play Eddie Dean (earlier, in October 2012, Paul had tweeted that the role of Eddie Dean was a "huge dream" of his).[56][57] Following that, a rumor appeared that Liam Neeson was interested in the part of Roland.[58]

text: Nikolaj Arcel (2015–2017)[edit]

text: On April 10, 2015, it was announced that Sony Pictures Entertainment with MRC were fast-tracking the project, now with a completely reworked script by Goldsman and Jeff Pinkner. King appeared optimistic, saying: "I'm excited that The Dark Tower is finally going to appear on the screen." Howard appeared to be out as director, but would remain in a producing capacity.[59] By June 2, 2015, Sony was looking to Nikolaj Arcel to direct.[60] Arcel officially signed on July 10, 2015, with him and Anders Thomas Jensen rewriting the script.[61] On August 5, 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment set the film for a release of January 13, 2017.[62] By November 2015, Matthew McConaughey had been offered the role of the Man in Black (also known as Randall Flagg from The Stand, another role McConaughey had been offered in an upcoming adaptation).[63] In January 2016, it was officially announced that Idris Elba has been cast to play Roland Deschain.[64]

text: By February 18, 2016, Abbey Lee had been offered the role of Tirana.[65] On March 1, 2016, Entertainment Weekly confirmed the casting of Idris Elba as Roland and Matthew McConaughey as The Man in Black, with shooting set to begin in South Africa in April.[15] On March 5, Sony announced that the film would move back on the schedule from January 13 to February 17.[9] By March 10, 2016, Tom Taylor had been cast as Jake Chambers.[16] Filming began on April 12, 2016.[66][67][68] Abbey Lee, Jackie Earle Haley, and Fran Kranz were added to the cast when filming commenced, while Katheryn Winnick and Michael Barbieri joined the film at the end of April 2016, and Claudia Kim was cast as Arra Champignon in May 2016.[69][70][71][72][73] After poor initial test screenings, Sony contemplated replacing Arcel with "a more experienced filmmaker," but instead producers Ron Howard and Akiva Goldsman advised Arcel on cleaning up the music and narrative of the film.[74]

text: Production[edit]

text: The Dark Tower began filming in South Africa in April 2016.[75] The film also shot scenes in New York.[76] In October 2016, the film was screened to test audiences with negative results, with many labeling it confusing and messy. In response, Sony and MRC spent $6 million on reshoots to provide Deschain's backstory.[74]

text: Release[edit]

text: Originally, the film was scheduled to be released on January 13, 2017 and was pushed back from its original release date of January 13, 2017 to February 17, 2017. In November 2016, the film was pushed back again from February 17, 2017 to July 28, 2017, after the studio's Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle was moved from that date.[77] In late March 2017, the film was pushed back one week from July 28, 2017 to August 4, 2017, switching places with Sony Pictures Animation's The Emoji Movie.[78]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: An unfinished rough cut of the first trailer leaked online on October 10, 2016, but was later taken down almost all over the internet. On May 3, 2017, a full length trailer was released.[79]

text: A one-minute television spot titled Connected KINGdom featured Easter eggs of other Stephen King stories through the inter-dimensional setting of the titular location, the Dark Tower. Various references included The Shining (1980), Christine (1983), Cujo (1983), Misery (1990), The Shawshank Redemption (1994), Carrie, and It.[80][81]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Dark Tower grossed $50.7 million in the United States and Canada and $62.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $113 million, against a production budget of $60 million.[3]

text: In North America, The Dark Tower was released alongside the opening of Kidnap, as well as the wide expansion of Detroit, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,451 theaters in its opening weekend.[2] It made $1.8 million from Thursday previews at 2,770 theaters, with screenings beginning at 7:19 p.m. as an ode to the 19:19 of Stephen King lore present in the book series, and $7.7 million on its first day.[82] The film went on to debut to $19.5 million, dethroning two-time defender Dunkirk as the top film at the box office, although it was the second lowest gross for a film to finish number one in all of 2017.[83] In its second weekend the film dropped 58.9% to $7.9 million, finishing 4th at the box office.[84]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Critics called The Dark Tower "boring and flavorless" and "incomprehensible to newbies and wildly unfaithful and simplistic to fans of King's books."[85][86] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 16% based on 223 reviews, with an average rating of 4.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Go then, there are other Stephen King adaptations than these."[87] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 34 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[88] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while comScore reported filmgoers gave a 69% overall positive score and just a 43% "definite recommend".[82]

text: TheWrap's Dan Callahan was critical of the film's sloppiness and poor editing, saying, "The 95-minute culmination of years-long efforts to bring The Dark Tower to the big screen is a complete disaster, a limp, barely coherent shell of a movie."[89] Mike Ryan of Uproxx also criticized the incoherent plot, writing, "I’ve been told that The Dark Tower books are jam-packed with dense plot, wonderful characters, and a sprawling mythology – which is what made the movie so hard to make for all these years. Well, the solution seems to have been to just scrap all that and release a shockingly short 95-minute movie that just kind of glosses over everything to the point that has any meaning or purpose."[90] Eric Vespe of Ain't It Cool News praised Elba's performance, but said the actor was let down by the decision to make Roland a supporting character: "That puts us in a weird position because Elba's a good Roland in a movie that doesn't allow him to actually embody the character in any meaningful way. He's undercut at every turn. The strongest stuff in the film is when Roland and Jake are bonding, but that relationship is so accelerated that there's no room for an arc."[14]

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club maintained that the film was "ultimately done in by professionalism; it’s a movie that doesn’t seem to love itself, sidestepping its innate strangeness. [...] If you’re making a movie about weaponized psychic kids, Luciferian wizards, and gun-nut knight-cowboys from another dimension, and your only goal is to get from act one to act three as efficiently as possible, what’s the point?"[91] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone described the film as a "major misfire" and an "unholy mess that shouldn't happen to a King, much less a paying customer".[92] Writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, Richard Roeper panned the film with its criticism on the cinematography, special effects and dialogue, referring it as "dull", "mediocre", and "stilted" while calling Matthew McConaughey's performance as the lead villain "terrible" and calling it "the film's unfortunate elements".[93]

text: Vox's Aja Romano wrote that the film's disjointed narrative structure, favouring fast-paced action over exposition and backstory, gave it a "basic, wondrous glee" that made it "feel more like a Stephen King film than any other Stephen King film since Stand By Me", and applauded its faithfulness to King's fictional multiverse, an idea usually discarded by adaptations.[94]

text: In an interview with Vulture, King suggested that the film's critical and commercial underperformance was due to the length of the source material, and "the decision to do a PG-13 feature adaptation of books that are extremely violent and deal with violent behavior in a fairly graphic way". However, he also defended the film, believing that screenwriter Akiva Goldsman "did a terrific job in taking a central part of the book and turning it into what I thought was a pretty good movie".[95]

text: Future[edit]

text: Television series[edit]

text: By September 2016, a television series was scheduled to be released in 2018, with Glen Mazzara as showrunner. Elba and Taylor are set to reprise their roles as Roland and Jake respectively. The series has been confirmed to fill in the backstory to the film, being based on King's The Dark Tower IV: Wizard and Glass, The Dark Tower: The Wind Through the Keyhole and elements of The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, with a new actor playing young Roland, and Haysbert attached to return as Steven Deschain. Mazzara said that the series will explore "how Walter became the Man in Black, and how their rivalry cost Roland everything and everyone he ever loved", though McConaughey's involvement is not locked in.[96][97] While discussing the development of the series in the light of the film's critical and commercial underperformance, King expressed "we'll see what happens with that. It would be like a complete reboot, so we'll just have to see".[95]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In an interview with Collider, King expressed hope for a sequel film in addition to the television series, suggesting that it should be R-rated, have Roland wearing a hat, and include the "lobstrosities" from The Dark Tower II: The Drawing of the Three.[98] In an interview with ComingSoon.net, Arcel confirmed that The Drawing of the Three would form the basis for the sequel, and that Eddie and Susannah would appear alongside Elba, McConaughey, Taylor and Haley reprising their roles as Roland, Walter, Jake and Sayre respectively.[99]


document_title: Rhys Ifans

question_text: who plays luna's dad in harry potter

question_tokens: who plays luna 's dad in harry potter

text: Rhys Ifans

text: Early life[edit]

text: Ifans was born in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales, in 1967, the son of Beti-Wyn (née Davies), a nursery school teacher, and Eirwyn Evans, a primary school teacher.[6][7] He has a brother, actor Llŷr Ifans. Their first language was Welsh.[8] Ifans grew up in Ruthin, Denbighshire,[9] and received his primary education at Ysgol Pentrecelyn. He attended Ysgol Maes Garmon, a Welsh language secondary school in Mold, Flintshire, where he sat his O levels and A levels. He also attended youth acting schools at Theatr Clwyd, Mold, and trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.

text: Career[edit]

text: Stage[edit]

text: Early stage work by Ifans included Hamlet at Theatre Clwyd, A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Regent's Park Theatre, and Under Milk Wood and Volpone at the Royal National Theatre. He appeared at the Donmar Warehouse in 2003's Accidental Death of an Anarchist. In 2006 he returned to the London stage in Michael Grandage's production of Don Juan in Soho at the Donmar Warehouse. In 2016, Ifans played Fool alongside Glenda Jackson in Deborah Warner's production of King Lear, at the Old Vic.

text: Television[edit]

text: Ifans appeared in many Welsh-language television programmes before embarking on his film career, including the comedy show Pobol y Chyff (cy), as well as performing at the Royal National Theatre, London and the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester. In 1990, he presented Stwnsh (Welsh for "Mash"), an anarchic children's quiz programme. A total of 31 fifteen-minute programmes were broadcast on Welsh-language TV channel S4C.[10]

text: He narrated the children's animated series Sali Mali for S4C in 2000.

text: In 2008, he appeared in "Six Days One June", one of three episodes of the TV series The Last Word Monologues, written by Hugo Blick and broadcast on BBC Two. He played a lonely Welsh farmer trying to free himself from a domineering mother.

text: In autumn 2016, Ifans portrayed hard-nosed American CIA case officer Hector DeJean in the new, 10-episode U.S. pay-cable Epix network espionage thriller drama series Berlin Station, which was filmed on location in Berlin, Germany.

text: Feature films[edit]

text: Following his role as Jeremy Lewis in the Swansea-based movie Twin Town (1997), Ifans gained international exposure in his role as the slovenly housemate Spike in the British film Notting Hill (1999). Reportedly, in preparation for the role, Ifans did not wash himself or brush his teeth. He played Adrian, the pompous eldest brother in Little Nicky (2000). Other film roles include: Eyeball Paul in Kevin and Perry Go Large (2000), Nigel in The Replacements (2000), Iki in The 51st State (2001), William Dobbin in Vanity Fair (2004), and Vladis Grutas in Hannibal Rising (2007). He played Jed Parry in the film version of Ian McEwan's Enduring Love, and the lead role in Danny Deckchair (2003) as Danny Morgan.

text: Ifans revealed in March 2009 that he was to appear in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010).[11] He played Xenophillius Lovegood, editor of the wizarding magazine The Quibbler and father of the eccentric Luna Lovegood. In the same interview, he also announced that he would play the title role in the film Mr. Nice, based on the life of the drug smuggler Howard Marks. He played Nemo Nobody's father in Mr. Nobody, starring Jared Leto and Diane Kruger. He played a villain in Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang, which also starred Emma Thompson and Maggie Gyllenhaal.

text: On 11 October 2010, the Associated Press confirmed that Ifans would portray the villain in the Spider-Man reboot movie, The Amazing Spider-Man. The villain was revealed as the Lizard a few days later, and the film was released in July 2012.[12]

text: In 2015, Ifans starred with Jennifer Aniston in She's Funny That Way, directed by Peter Bogdanovich.

text: Music videos and as musician[edit]

text: He was briefly lead vocalist of the rock band Super Furry Animals before they released any records.[13]

text: In 2005, Ifans made a guest appearance for the rock band Oasis in the video for their single "The Importance of Being Idle," for which he accepted their award for Video of the Year at the 2006 NME Awards. He has also appeared in the music videos for "God! Show Me Magic" and "Hometown Unicorn" by Super Furry Animals, "Mulder and Scully" by Catatonia, and "Mama Told Me Not to Come" by Tom Jones with Stereophonics.

text: Since 2007, Ifans has sung with the psychedelic rock band The Peth (peth is Welsh for "thing"), featuring Super Furry Animals' Dafydd Ieuan, which played a number of concert dates in south Wales and in London in the autumn of 2008. The band played its first date outside London or Wales on 28 September 2008 at the Southampton Soul Cellar.[citation needed]

text: Other pursuits and activities[edit]

text: In 2002, Ifans caused some controversy, reported in the British media, for his alleged support of Welsh nationalist group Meibion Glyndŵr, a militant group which burnt more than 100 empty second homes in Wales in the 1980s. This was mainly because of comments he made in an interview conducted by Mariella Frostrup for the newspaper The Observer.[8]

text: In September 2012, Ifans became patron of the Welsh-language Wikipedia (Wicipedia Cymraeg), together with The Most Reverend Barry Morgan, Archbishop of Wales.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Ifans has a brother, Llŷr Ifans, who is also an actor. They starred together in the Welsh-produced film Twin Town.[14]

text: During 2011 Comic Con, Ifans was arrested for misdemeanour battery by San Diego police, after allegedly pushing a guard prior to speaking on a guest panel.[15] In August 2011, the local District Attorney's office announced that Ifans would not be charged due to lack of evidence.[16]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1995
Streetlife
Kevin

1996
August
Griffiths

1997
Twin Town
Jeremy Lewis

1997
Trial & Retribution
Michael Dunn
TV Series

1998
Dancing at Lughnasa
Gerry Evans

1999
Heart
Alex Madden

1999
You're Dead
Eddie

1999
Notting Hill
Spike

1999
Janice Beard 45 WPM
Sean

2000
Rancid Aluminium
Pete Thompson

2000
Love, Honour and Obey
Matthew

2000
Kevin & Perry Go Large
Eyeball Paul

2000
Sali Mali
Narrator

2000
The Replacements
Nigel Gruff

2000
Little Nicky
Adrian

2001
Hotel
Trent Stoken

2001
Christmas Carol: The Movie
Bob Cratchit
Voice

2001
The Shipping News
Beaufield Nutbeem

2001
Human Nature
Puff

2001
The 51st State
Iki

2002
Once Upon a Time in the Midlands
Dek

2003
Danny Deckchair
Danny Morgan

2004
Vanity Fair
William Dobbin

2004
Enduring Love
Jed

2004
Not Only But Always
Peter Cook
TV Movie

2005
Midsummer Dream
Lysander
Voice: English version

2005
Chromophobia
Colin

2005
"The Importance of Being Idle"
Lazy Man
Music video

2006
Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties
McBunny
Voice

2007
Four Last Songs
Dickie

2007
Hannibal Rising
Grutas

2007
Elizabeth: The Golden Age
Robert Reston

2008
Come Here Today
Alex

2008
A Number
Benard (B2)

2009
The Informers
Roger

2009
The Boat That Rocked
Gavin Kavanagh

2009
Mr. Nobody
Nemo's Father

2010
Mr. Nice
Howard Marks

2010
Greenberg
Ivan Schrank

2010
Passion Play
Sam Adamo

2010
Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang
Uncle Phil

2010
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
Xenophilius Lovegood

2010
Exit Through the Gift Shop
Narrator

2011
Anonymous
Edward de Vere

2011
Neverland
James Hook
TV Movie

2012
The Corrections
-
Unaired Pilot

2012
The Five-Year Engagement
Winton Childs

2012
The Amazing Spider-Man
Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard[12]
Nominated — Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain

2013
Another Me
Don

2013
Playhouse Presents - "Gifted"
Chris

2013
Elementary
Mycroft Holmes
7 episodes

2014
Serena
Galloway

2014
Madame Bovary
Monsieur Lheureux

2015
Dominion[17]
Dylan Thomas

2015
She's Funny That Way
Seth Gilbert

2015
Len & Company
Len Black

2015
Under Milk Wood
Captain Cat
Also Producer

2016
Berlin Station
Hector DeJean
TV Series; renewed by Epix for Season 2 in 2017

2016
Alice Through the Looking Glass
Zanik Hightopp

2016
Snowden
Corbin O'Brian

2018
Twin Town 2
Jeremy Lewis
TBA

tag: table

text: Honors, awards and nominations[edit]

text: In 2005, Ifans won a BAFTA for his portrayal of comedian Peter Cook in the TV film Not Only But Always.

text: On 16 July 2007, he received an Honorary Fellowship of Bangor University, for services to the film industry.[18]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Award
Result

1999
Notting Hill
BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Nominated

1999
Notting Hill
Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Nominated

2005
Enduring Love
Empire Award for Best British Actor
Nominated

2012
The Amazing Spider-Man
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain
Nominated


document_title: Rare disease

question_text: a disease is considered as rare disease if

text: Rare disease

text: Definition[edit]

text: There is no single, widely accepted definition for rare diseases. Some definitions rely solely on the number of people living with a disease, and other definitions include other factors, such as the existence of adequate treatments or the severity of the disease.

text: In the United States, the Rare Diseases Act of 2002 defines rare disease strictly according to prevalence, specifically "any disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States",[3] or about 1 in 1,500 people. This definition is essentially the same as that of the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, a federal law that was written to encourage research into rare diseases and possible cures.

text: In Japan, the legal definition of a rare disease is one that affects fewer than 50,000 patients in Japan, or about 1 in 2,500 people.[4]

text: However, the European Commission on Public Health defines rare diseases as "life-threatening or chronically debilitating diseases which are of such low prevalence that special combined efforts are needed to address them."[5] The term low prevalence is later defined as generally meaning fewer than 1 in 2,000 people.[6] Diseases that are statistically rare, but not also life-threatening, chronically debilitating, or inadequately treated, are excluded from their definition.

text: The definitions used in the medical literature and by national health plans are similarly divided, with definitions ranging from 1/1,000 to 1/200,000.[4]

text: Relationship to orphan diseases[edit]

text: Because of definitions that include reference to treatment availability, a lack of resources, and severity of the disease, the term orphan disease is used as a synonym for rare disease.[4] But in the United States and the European Union, "orphan diseases" have a distinct legal meaning. The orphan drug movement began in the United States.[4]

text: The United States' Orphan Drug Act includes both rare diseases and any non-rare diseases "for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug for such disease or condition will [be] recovered from sales in the United States of such drug" as orphan diseases.[7]

text: The European Organization for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS) also includes both rare diseases and neglected diseases into a larger category of "orphan diseases".[8]

text: Prevalence[edit]

text: Prevalence (number of people living with a disease at a given moment), rather than incidence (number of new diagnoses in a given year), is used to describe the impact of rare diseases. The Global Genes Project estimates some 300 million people worldwide are affected by a rare disease.

text: The European Organization for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS) estimates that as many as 5,000 to 7,000 distinct rare diseases exist, and as much as 6% to 8% of the population of the European Union is affected by one.[8] Only about 400 rare diseases have therapies and about 80% have a genetic component according to Rare Genomics Institute.[9]

text: Rare diseases can vary in prevalence between populations, so a disease that is rare in some populations may be common in others. This is especially true of genetic diseases and infectious diseases. An example is cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease: it is rare in most parts of Asia but relatively common in Europe and in populations of European descent. In smaller communities, the founder effect can result in a disease that is very rare worldwide being prevalent within the smaller community. Many infectious diseases are prevalent in a given geographic area but rare everywhere else. Other diseases, such as many rare forms of cancer, have no apparent pattern of distribution but are simply rare. The classification of other conditions depends in part on the population being studied: All forms of cancer in children are generally considered rare,[10] because so few children develop cancer, but the same cancer in adults may be more common.

text: About 40 rare diseases have a far higher prevalence in Finland; these are known collectively as Finnish heritage disease.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Rare diseases are usually genetic[11] and are therefore chronic. EURORDIS estimates that at least 80% of them have identified genetic origins.[12] Other rare diseases are the result of infections and allergies or due to degenerative and proliferative causes.

text: Symptoms of some rare diseases may appear at birth or in childhood, whereas others only appear once adulthood is reached.

text: Research publications emphasize rare diseases that are chronic or incurable, although many short-term medical conditions are also rare diseases.[13]

text: Public research and government policy[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: The NIH's Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR) was established by H.R. 4013/Public Law 107-280 in 2002.[14] H.R. 4014, signed the same day, refers to the "Rare Diseases Orphan Product Development Act".[15] Similar initiatives have been proposed in Europe.[16] The ORDR also runs the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN). The RDCRN provides support for clinical studies and facilitating collaboration, study enrollment and data sharing.[17]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In 2013 the United Kingdom government published The UK Strategy for Rare Diseases which "aims to ensure no one gets left behind just because they have a rare disease", with 51 recommendations for care and treatment across the UK to be implemented by 2020.[18] Health services in the four constituent countries agreed to adopt implementation plans by 2014 but by October 2016 the Health Service in England had not produced a plan and the all-party parliamentary group on Rare, Genetic and Undiagnosed Conditions produced a report Leaving No One Behind: Why England needs an implementation plan for the UK Strategy for Rare Diseases in February 2017.[19] In March 2017 it was announced that NHS England would develop an implementation plan.[20] In January 2018 NHS England published its Implementation Plan for the UK Strategy for Rare Diseases.[21]

text: Public awareness[edit]

text: Rare Disease Day is held in Europe, Canada, and the United States on the last day of February to raise awareness for rare diseases.[22][23][24]


document_title: Tour de France records and statistics

question_text: who has most stage wins in tour de france

text: Tour de France records and statistics

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
The record for most appearances is held by Sylvain Chavanel with 18. George Hincapie had held the mark for the biggest number of consecutive finishes with sixteen, having completed every Tour de France that he participated in except his first  one, before his disqualification in October 2012 from the 2004, 2005 and 2006 Tour de France for the use of performance-enhancing drugs. Joop Zoetemelk and Chavanel jointly hold the record for the most finishes with sixteen each, with the former having completed all 16 of the Tours that he started. Zoetemelk held the record for the most Tour de France stages completed with 365, a record that was broken when Chavanel finished Stage 18 of the 2018 Tour de France.[2] [3]
[4]

text:
Participations
Finishes
Name
Nationality

18 (2001–2018)
16 (2001–2006, 2008–2011, 2013–2018)
Sylvain Chavanel
 France

17 (1997, 1998,[n 1] 1999–2013)
15 (1997, 1998,[n 2] 1999, 2001–2006, 2008–2013)
Stuart O'Grady
 Australia

17 (1998–2014)
14 (1998–2002, 2004, 2006–2008, 2010–2014)
Jens Voigt
 Germany

16 (1970–1973, 1975–1986)
16 (1970–1973, 1975–1986)
Joop Zoetemelk
 Netherlands

16 (2001–2009, 2011–2017)
15 (2001–2003, 2005–2009, 2011–2017)
Haimar Zubeldia
 Spain

15 (1969–1981, 1983, 1985)
15 (1969–1981, 1983, 1985)
Lucien Van Impe
 Belgium

15 (1990–1998, 2000–2004, 2006)
15 (1990–1998, 2000–2004, 2006)
Viatcheslav Ekimov
 Russia

15 (1980–1994)
13 (1981–1982, 1984–1994)
Guy Nulens
 Belgium

15 (1996–2010)
11 (1996–1997, 1999–2000, 2003–2007, 2009–2010)
Christophe Moreau
 France

15 (2003-2017)
15 (2003-2017)
Thomas Voeckler
 France

14 (1953–1966)
13 (1953–1962, 1964–1966)
André Darrigade
 France

14 (1994–2004, 2006–2008)
13 (1995–2004, 2006–2008)
Erik Zabel
 Germany

14 (1978–1985, 1987–1992)
12 (1978–1985, 1988–1990, 1992)
Sean Kelly
 Ireland

14 (1962–1976)
11 (1962–1965, 1967, 1969–1972, 1974–1976)
Raymond Poulidor
 France

14 (1908–1914, 1920–1928)
07 (1909–1914, 1921)
Jules Deloffre
 France

14 (1996–2003, 2007-2012)
13 (1997–2003, 2007-2012)[n 3]
George Hincapie
 United States

13 (1981–1988, 1989–1994)
13 (1981–1988, 1989–1994)
Phil Anderson
 Australia

13 (1969–1975, 1977–1981, 1983)
12 (1969–1975, 1977–1980, 1983)
Joaquim Agostinho
 Portugal

13 (1974–1982, 1984, 1986–1988)
11 (1974–1975, 1977–1982, 1984, 1986–1987)
Gerrie Knetemann
 Netherlands

13 (1977–1989)
11 (1977–1985, 1987, 1989)
Henk Lubberding
 Netherlands

13 (1951–1963)
10 (1951–1952, 1954, 1956–1957, 1959–1963)
Jean Dotto
 France

13 (1964–1976)
10 (1964–1965, 1967–1971, 1973–1974, 1976)
Jean-Pierre Genet
 France

13 (1979–1983, 1985–1988, 1990–1993)
09 (1979, 1981–1983, 1985, 1987–1988, 1990–1991)
Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle
 France

13 (1953–1965)
09 (1953–1955, 1957, 1959–1960, 1962–1963, 1965)
François Mahe
 France

13 (1992–1997, 1999–2005)
08 (1993–1994, 1996, 2000, 2002–2005)
Marc Wauters
 Belgium

13 (1994–2006)
07 (1995, 1997, 2000–2001, 2003, 2005–2006)
Didier Rous
 France

text: Winning margin[edit]

text: In the early years of the Tour, cyclists rode individually, and were sometimes forbidden to ride together. This led to large gaps between the winner and the number two. Since the cyclists now tend to stay together in a peloton, the margins of the winner have become smaller, as the difference usually originates from time trials, breakaways or on mountain top finishes, or from being left behind the peloton. In the table below, the nine smallest margins between the winner and the second placed cyclists at the end of the Tour are given. The largest margin, by comparison, remains that of the first Tour in 1903: 2h 49m 45s between Maurice Garin and Lucien Pothier.[5] The nine smallest margins between first and second placed riders are as follows:[6]

text:
Winning margin

Year

Opponents

8"

1989

Greg LeMond – Laurent Fignon

23"

2007

Alberto Contador – Cadel Evans

32"

2006

Óscar Pereiro – Andreas Klöden

38"

1968

Jan Janssen – Herman Van Springel

40"

1987

Stephen Roche – Pedro Delgado

48"

1977

Bernard Thévenet – Hennie Kuiper

54"

2017

Chris Froome – Rigoberto Urán

55"

1964

Jacques Anquetil – Raymond Poulidor

58"

2008

Carlos Sastre – Cadel Evans

text: Successful breakaways[edit]

text: The longest successful post-war breakaway by a single rider was by Albert Bourlon in the 1947 Tour de France. In the stage Carcassone-Luchon, he stayed away for 253 kilometres (157 mi).[7] It was one of seven breakaways longer than 200 km, the last being Thierry Marie's 234 km escape in 1991.[7] Bourlon finished 16 m 30s ahead. This is one of the biggest time gaps but not the greatest. That record belongs to José-Luis Viejo, who beat the peloton by 22 mins 50 secs in the 1976 stage Montgenèvre-Manosque.[7] He was the fourth and most recent rider to win a stage by more than 20 minutes.

text: Overall speed[edit]

text: The 2005 edition was the fastest Tour de France in history. Lance Armstrong rode 3,592.5 km in 86h 15' 02", thus realising an overall speed of 41.7 km/h (25.9 mph), though his win was later annulled.

text: The slowest Tour de France was the edition of 1919, when Firmin Lambot's average speed was 24.1 km/h.[8]

text: Stage speeds[edit]

text: The fastest massed-start stage was in 1999 from Laval to Blois (194.5 km), won by Mario Cipollini at 50.4 km/h (31.32 mph).[9] The fastest  time-trial is Rohan Dennis' stage 1 of the 2015 Tour de France in Utrecht, won at an average of 55.446 km/h (34.5 mph).[10][11] The fastest stage win was by the 2013 Orica GreenEDGE team in a team time-trial. It completed the 25 km time-trial at 57.7 km/h (35.85 mph).[12]

text: The fastest climb of Alpe d'Huez was by Marco Pantani in 1997 Tour de France at 23.1 km/h (14.35 mph).[13]

text: Stage wins per rider[edit]

text: 34 riders have won 10 or more stages (including half-stages, excluding Team Time Trials). Riders who are still active are indicated in bold. Riders with the same number of stage wins are listed alphabetically.

text:
Rank

Name

Country

Wins[14]

1
Eddy Merckx
 Belgium
34

2
Mark Cavendish
 United Kingdom
30

3
Bernard Hinault
 France
28

4
André Leducq
 France
25

5
André Darrigade
 France
22

6
Nicolas Frantz
 Luxembourg
20

7
François Faber
 Luxembourg
19

8
Jean Alavoine
 France
17

9
Jacques Anquetil
 France
16

René Le Grevès
 France
16

Charles Pélissier
 France
16

12
Freddy Maertens
 Belgium
15

13
Marcel Kittel
 Germany
14

14
Philippe Thys
 Belgium
13

Louis Trousselier
 France
13

16
Gino Bartali
 Italy
12

Mario Cipollini
 Italy
12

Miguel Indurain
 Spain
12

Robbie McEwen
 Australia
12

Erik Zabel
 Germany
12

21
Jean Aerts
 Belgium
11

Louison Bobet
 France
11

Raffaele Di Paco
 Italy
11

André Greipel
 Germany
11

Peter Sagan
 Slovakia
11

26
Maurice Archambaud
 France
10

Charly Gaul
 Luxembourg
10

Walter Godefroot
 Belgium
10

Thor Hushovd
 Norway
10

Gerrie Knetemann
 Netherlands
10

Antonin Magne
 France
10

Henri Pélissier
 France
10

Jan Raas
 Netherlands
10

Joop Zoetemelk
 Netherlands
10

text: Three riders have won 8 stages in a single year:

text:
Charles Pélissier (FRA) (1930, in addition to seven 2nd places)[15]
 Eddy Merckx (BEL) (1970, 1974)[16]
 Freddy Maertens (BEL) (1976, in addition to four 2nd and two 3rd places)[17]

text: Mark Cavendish has the most mass finish stage wins with 30 ahead of André Darrigade and André Leducq with 22, François Faber with 19 and Eddy Merckx with 18.[18]

text: The youngest Tour de France stage winner is Fabio Battesini, who was 19 when he won one stage in the 1931 Tour de France.[19]

text: Stage wins per country[edit]

text: Riders from 33 countries have won at least one stage in the Tour de France.

text:
Country

#

 France
702

 Belgium
471

 Italy
268

 Netherlands
174

 Spain
129

 Germany
88

 Luxembourg
70

 United Kingdom
69

Country

#

  Switzerland
60

 Australia
30

 Colombia
19

 Denmark
19

 United States
18

 Norway
17

 Portugal
12

 Ireland
12

Country

#

 Slovakia
12

 Russia[20]
11

 Uzbekistan
9

 Kazakhstan
5

 Poland
5

 Austria
4

 Estonia
4

 Ukraine
4

Country

#

 Czech Republic
3

 Mexico
2

 Latvia
2

 Slovenia
2

 Brazil
1

 Canada
1

 South Africa
1

 Sweden
1

 Lithuania
1

text: Detailed table[edit]

text:
1903
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1904
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1905
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1906
13
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1907
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1908
10
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1909
7
1
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1910
11
-
1
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1911
12
1
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1912
8
5
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1913
2
10
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1914
7
4
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1919
11
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1920
3
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1921
5
9
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1922
6
8
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1923
12
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1924
4
4
5
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1925
1
8
5
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1926
-
12
1
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1927
6
15
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1928
13
4
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1929
10
9
-
-
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1930
13
3
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1931
8
6
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1932
7
6
7
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1933
9
9
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1934
20
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1935
13
8
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1936
13
9
-
1
1
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1937
9
10
3
-
2
4
1
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1938
8
11
5
3
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1939
17
7
-
1
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1947
12
2
4
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1948
6
4
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1949
8
5
6
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1950
9
2
6
-
-
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1951
6
4
5
1
2
-
1
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1952
9
3
7
2
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1953
10
1
3
5
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1954
15
4
-
3
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1955
9
3
2
4
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1956
8
4
6
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1957
17
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1958
9
2
5
1
2
-
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1959
12
1
4
-
1
-
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1960
10
5
4
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1961
12
6
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1962
7
8
4
1
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1963
8
10
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1964
8
7
-
4
5
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1965
3
7
5
4
4
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1966
2
8
4
5
2
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1967
8
6
4
1
2
1
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1968
10
10
2
2
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1969
3
14
3
-
1
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1970
5
14
5
1
2
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1971
4
11
3
3
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1972
7
15
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1973
6
7
-
2
8
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1974
7
15
1
2
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1975
3
11
4
5
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1976
3
12
3
7
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1977
8
6
1
5
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1978
7
5
-
9
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1979
10
4
1
8
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1980
7
4
-
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1981
6
10
-
7
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1982
6
5
-
6
-
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1983
9
3
1
5
1
-
-
1
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1984
12
7
-
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1985
6
6
-
4
2
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
3
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1986
6
5
3
1
5
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1987
7
2
1
6
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1988
2
-
4
8
3
1
-
1
1
-
1
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-

1989
4
1
2
6
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
3
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1990
3
2
5
6
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1991
5
1
6
2
2
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-

1992
6
2
3
3
4
1
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1993
1
2
4
-
2
1
-
-
3
-
2
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1994
4
-
5
1
2
-
-
1
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-

1995
3
1
6
1
2
2
-
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1996
4
-
3
3
-
3
-
-
3
-
3
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1997
6
-
7
1
1
5
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1998
1
4
6
2
-
4
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-

1999
-
4
7
-
3
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2000
2
2
5
4
3
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2001
4
3
-
1
1
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2002
2
-
1
2
2
1
-
1
1
3
-
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2003
2
-
5
1
4
1
-
1
-
2
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2004
3
2
2
-
2
-
-
-
1
3
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2005
1
2
3
1
3
-
-
-
-
3
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2006
3
-
1
-
4
2
1
-
-
3
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2007
2
3
3
-
1
1
1
-
2
2
2
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-

2008
3
1
-
-
6
1
1
4
1
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2009
4
-
-
-
4
1
1
6
1
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2010
6
-
2
-
1
-
2
5
2
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2011
1
2
-
-
2
2
1
5
-
1
-
2
-
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2012
5
-
-
-
2
3
-
7
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2013
1
1
1
-
-
6
-
5
-
2
-
-
1
-
2
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2014
2
-
5
1
-
7
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-

2015
3
1
1
-
3
6
-
3
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2016
1
2
-
2
1
2
-
7
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2017
5
-
1
2
-
5
-
1
-
2
-
-
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

2018
3
-
-
3
1
1
-
2
-
-
1
-
3
1
-
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

TOTAL
705
471
268
174
129
88
70
69
60
30
19
18
19
18
12
12
12
11
9
5
4
4
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2

text: Stage towns[edit]

text: Some cities and towns have hosted 25 or more stage starts and finishes:

text:
Paris – 141 (most recent finish: 2018)
Bordeaux – 80 (most recent: 2010)
Pau – 70[21] (most recent: 2018)
Bagnères-de-Luchon – 60 (most recent: 2018)
Metz – 40 (most recent: 2012)
Grenoble – 39 (most recent: 2014)
Marseille – 36 (most recent: 2017)
Nice – 36 (most recent: 2013)
Perpignan – 36 (most recent: 2009)
Caen – 35 (most recent: 2006)
Briançon – 35 (most recent: 2017)
Bayonne – 32 (most recent: 2003)
Montpellier – 31 (most recent: 2016)
Nantes – 30 (most recent: 2008)
Belfort – 29 (most recent: 2000)
Brest – 29 (most recent: 2018)
L'Alpe d'Huez – 29 (most recent: 2018)
Roubaix – 26 (most recent: 2018)
Toulouse – 25 (most recent: 2008)
Saint-Étienne – 25 (most recent: 2014)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Assisted by illicit   performance-enhancing drug use in the 1998 Tour de France

Jump up ^ Assisted by illicit performance-enhancing drug use in the 1998 Tour de France

Jump up ^ All appearances from 2004 to 2006 have been disqualified due to Hincapie's suspension for performance-enhancing drug use

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