document_title: List of alcohol laws of the United States

question_text: how late can you buy alcohol in washington state

text: Table[edit]

text: Alabama–Hawaii[edit]

text:
State

Alcoholic beverage control state

Alcohol sale hours

Grocery store sales

Age

Notes

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

On-premises

Off-premises

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

Purchasing

Consumption

Alabama

Yes

Prohibited between midnight until noon on Sundays in some counties. Private clubs, which require a membership fee and a membership card, have no day or time restrictions.

Yes

No

21

21 No exceptions to the law

13.9% ABV cap on beerBeer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces (0.75 l)ABV > 14.9% wine sold in state storesAlcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances. Twenty-six of Alabama's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol. However, possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties. Of the 26 "dry" counties, 23 have at least one "wet" city; these are considered "moist" dry counties. Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities. State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to "go wet" if a referendum is passed by 50% of voters.  State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.
Distilled spirits (liquor) are purchasable in either state-owned retail liquor stores, known as ABC Stores, or privately owned retail liquor stores.
Privately owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays, public (federal & state) holidays, and later hours than state-owned liquor stores.

Alaska

No

8 a.m. – 5 a.m.,[10] except election days (liquor stores may not open until polls close)

No (although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well)

21

21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes, and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent [11]

Most communities have more restrictive laws, ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession.[12]  Sellers/servers may not, for any reason, give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost.  Sellers/servers may drink while on duty, but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises, so an impaired server could be arrested.[10]

Arizona

No

6 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days a week—no election day nor holiday restrictions [13]

Yes

21

21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for religious[14] and medical purposes[15]

Sales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off-premises liquor license, including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores. Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises. Drive-through liquor stores are allowed. Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 (95% alcohol) is legal. A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations, many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law, up to and including total prohibition. "Beer busts" (all the beer/liquor one can drink for a set price) in bars are illegal. Persons 18 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol. Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 50 ounces of beer, 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time.[16] DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation. A person convicted of a DUI (even first offense) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year. Arizona has an 'Impaired to the Slightest Degree' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than .08%.

Arkansas

No

7 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Restaurants)7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Class A license)10 a.m. – 5 a.m. (Class B license)

7 a.m. – 1 a.m.(Generally prohibited on Sundays, but exceptions can be made through local option.)

Yes

No

21

21 No exceptions to the law

Has numerous dry counties and other dry areas, but private clubs can serve even in dry areas.No sales on Christmas Day.

California

No

6 a.m. – 2 a.m.

Yes

21

21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for consuming alcohol if discovered or reported through a medical emergency.[17]

Relatively unrestricted; beer, wine and liquor available at grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, and warehouse clubs. No statewide holiday restrictions. Motor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol (duty-free). Sale or distribution of alcoholic beverages higher than 60% ABV is illegal (B&P 23403).[18]You may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age.City and county governments can set different sale hours.18-, 19- and 20-year-old wine and beer production students can taste—but not consume—what they are making and studying.[19]

Colorado

No

7 a.m. – 2 a.m.

Beer, wine, and liquor: 8 a.m. – midnight
3.2 beer: 5 a.m.-midnight

3.2 only*

No*

21

21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious, medical, and educational purposes.[20]

Spirituous, vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores only. Liquor stores closed on Christmas Day. Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1, 2008. Liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores may have only one location, while 3.2% beer may be sold in gas stations, supermarkets, and convenience stores. Appropriately licensed businesses may also sell 3.2% beer for both on and off-premises consumption. A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer, wine, and spirits.  As an example, a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer, wine, and spirits.

Connecticut

No

9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Thurs.)9 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Fri.–Sat.)11 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Sun.)

8 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon.–Sat.)    10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun.)

Yes

No

21 Exception: No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older[21]

21 Exception: Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for medical and religious purposes, and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent.[21]

Sunday off-premises sales allowed as of May 20, 2012;[22][23] Sunday on-premises sales subject to local ordinances.
Beer can be purchased at grocery/convenience stores. Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores.
No off-premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day.
Open container law applies only to drivers, not passengers.

Delaware

No

9 a.m. – 1 a.m.

9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.)noon–8 p.m. (Sun.) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance.

No

21

21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency. Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious purposes.[24][25]

For off-premises consumption, alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store, taproom, or a brew pub that has an off-premises license. Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21, no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason, even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets. No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving, Easter or Christmas.[26]

District of Columbia

No

8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sun.–Thu.,
8 a.m. – 3 a.m. Fri.–Sat.
[27]

Liquor Stores:
9 a.m. – midnight daily*
Grocery Stores:
9 a.m.-12 a.m. daily
[27]

Yes

No

21

21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency.[28][29]

*Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16, 2013.[30]
No singles sold, but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption.[31]
Certain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC, but as of  2005[update] none are
The day before a federal or district holiday, on-premises retailers may sell/serve from 8 a.m.-3 a.m. On New Yer's Eve, on-premises retailers may sell/serve until 4 a.m. on January 1.[27]

Florida

No

State law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m., unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later (FS 562.14(1)) ; such as for Sunday morning; Ormond Beach stays open until 7pm on Sundays. Miami-Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day.

Yes

No

21

21 Exception: 18 for educational purposes[32]

Sale, processing, or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal. (FSS 565.07)
No retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon.  FS 564.05
Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer, low-alcohol liquors, and wine. Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store. As of July 1, 2015, the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers, or growlers, has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces, in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes.

Georgia

No

Hours of sale determined by local jurisdiction.  No alcohol sales on Christmas Day.

Yes

No

21

21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent, and for religious and medical purposes.[33]

14% ABV cap on beer.
Sunday off-premises sales from 12:30 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum.[34]
In general, one may not be drunk in public.  Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public, most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property, with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell. A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly.

Hawaii

No

Bars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m., but some hold a special 'cabaret license' that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m.[35]

6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County  6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii counties

Yes

21

21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes[36]

text: Idaho–Massachusetts[edit]

text:
State

Alcoholic beverage control state

Alcohol sale hours

Grocery Store Sales

Age

Notes

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

On-premises

Off-premises

Beer

Wine

Distilled Spirits

Purchasing

Consumption

Idaho

No

Yes

6:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m., 7:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. in some counties

Yes

No

Alcoholic beverages exceeding 16% ABV can only be sold in Idaho State Liquor Dispensary stores, or contracted stores.

Illinois

No

Depending on local government; 24-hour bars are permitted in Cicero; a handful of 21- to 22-hour bars exist in Cook County, and the Metro East. In Rock Island County, many establishments sell alcohol 24 hours a day.

Yes

Opening/closing hours are up to the decision of counties or municipalities.

Indiana

No

7 a.m. – 3 a.m.

7 a.m. – 3 a.m.Noon - 8 p.m. on Sunday.

Yes

Indiana prohibits the sales of cold beer by grocery stores or gas stations, but allows cold beer to be sold from liquor stores (IC 7.1-5-10-11).
Minors, including babies, are not allowed to enter a liquor store.
Indiana has a photo identification requirement for all off-premises transactions to anyone who is or reasonably appears to be less than forty (40) years of age. (See IC 7.1-5-10-23).
Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor. (IC 7.1-5-1-3)

Iowa

No

Yes

6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Mon–Sat8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sun[37]

Yes

If a controlled substance is detected in a person's system at or near the time they were operating a motor vehicle, they can be charged and potentially convicted of  operating while intoxicated (OWI) even if they were not "impaired" by that substance.

Kansas

Yes

9 a.m. - 2 a.m. (in counties which allow on-premises sales)

9 a.m. - 11 p.m. (Mon–Sat) (in counties which allow off-premises sales)noon - 7 p.m. or 8 p.m. (Sun) (in communities which allow Sunday off-premises sales)

3.2 only

No

Kansas's alcohol laws are among the strictest in the United States. Kansas prohibited all alcohol from 1881 to 1948, and continued to prohibit on-premises sales of alcohol from 1949 to 1987. Sunday sales only have been allowed since 2005. Today, 29 counties still do not permit the on-premises sale of alcohol. 59 counties require a business to receive at least 30% of revenue from food sales to allow on-premises sale of alcohol. Only 17 counties allow general on-premises sales. Not all communities which allow off-premises sales allow sales on Sunday. Sales are prohibited on Christmas and Easter. The only alcoholic beverage which grocery stores and gas stations may sell is beer with no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight. Other liquor sales only are allowed at state-licensed retail liquor stores. Kansas has comprehensive open container laws for public places and vehicles, public intoxication laws, and requirements for prospective on-premises or off-premises licensees.

Kentucky

No

6 a.m. to 4 a.m. on Monday through Saturday

1 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Sundays

Yes

No

Local ordinance may vote to permit Sunday sales at restaurants. Sales 2–4 a.m. only in Louisville. As of 2005 Sunday sales were allowed per state law, but may still be prohibited in some areas by local ordinance (as of early 2006, such a situation existed with smaller cities within Louisville Metro, though these cities have since changed local ordinances).
Alcohol sale restriction and wet/dry (both by drink and package) allowed by both county and city local option.
Approximately 39 counties in the state (mostly eastern and southern counties) are dry, all alcohol sale and possession prohibited; 22 "moist" counties (with "wet" cities allowing package liquor sales in counties otherwise dry); 29 counties that are otherwise dry but have communities with local option that allow sales of liquor by the drink or under special exemptions allowing sales at wineries.  Majority of wet counties are around major metropolitan areas (Louisville, Lexington, Covington, Bowling Green).  Note:  Beginning in 2013 Liquor by the drink and beer by the drink are available on Sundays in Louisville, KY beginning at 10:00 am. Bowling Green, KY recently began allowing Sunday sales in December 2013 for carry-out beer, wine, and liquor.
Prohibition on liquor sales on Election Day was repealed effective June 24, 2013. Kentucky was one of only two states to still have Election Day prohibition, the other being South Carolina.

Louisiana

No

No state imposed restrictions on on-premises hours.  "24 hour" bars are common in New Orleans and in Jefferson Parish.  Some municipalities and parishes (including Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish) require on-premises service to stop at 2:00 am.

No statewide restrictions on hours of package sales.

Yes

21

Exceptions to state law include:[38]
For an established religious purpose;When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.

Packaged alcoholic beverages of any strength may be sold in supermarkets, drug stores, gas stations, and convenience stores. Local municipalities may not restrict this. As a result,  dedicated "liquor stores" are mostly specialty stores in larger cities, and some supermarkets have large selections of liquors and wines, and compete on the basis of liquor prices and selection.
Alcohol can be consumed in the streets of New Orleans as long as it is in an "unbreakable container" (no glass) and may be taken from club to club if both establishments allow it. Otherwise, it depends on the locality. Most parishes other than Orleans Parish do not permit alcoholic beverages served on premises to be carried out. However, many parishes and municipalities permit consumption of packaged beverages (for example, cans of beer) on the street. Glass bottles on the streets are prohibited. One can enter most bars at 18 years of age but must be 21 years old to purchase or consume alcohol. Also, it is legal in the state of Louisiana for a legal parent or guardian to purchase alcoholic beverages for their underaged child.
Drive-thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal and common, but the police can arrest you for driving with an open container, if you have put the straw in the cup [39]

Maine

No

Yes

6 a.m. to 1 a.m. (Mon–Sun)

Yes [40]

21

21

ABV > Alcohol may not be purchased after 1 a.m. any day of the week, may not be purchased prior to 6 a.m. Monday through Saturday, and not prior to 9 a.m. on Sunday. Bars and restaurants may serve until 1:15 a.m. On New Year's Day alcohol may be sold one hour later in all establishments.  When St. Patrick's Day falls on a Sunday, bars and restaurants may serve alcohol starting at 6 a.m that day.[41]  Wholesaling through state-licensed monopoly.[42]  Municipalities may prohibit the sale of alcohol by referendum; 56 towns have done so.[43][44]

Maryland

Variable by locality

Variable by locality

Variable by locality

Variable by locality

Baltimore County prohibits the sale on Sunday in some areas.  In the counties of Montgomery, Somerset, Wicomico, and Worcester sale of alcoholic beverages are controlled directly by the county Liquor Control Boards, there are exceptions in Montgomery where some liquors are still sold in grocery store due to being grandfathered before the change of the law.  Garrett County prohibits the sale on Sunday except in some areas.  The sale of alcohol at grocery and convenience stores varies by county.  There are no dry counties, but some individual voting districts within counties restrict or prohibit alcohol on a local-option basis.

Massachusetts

No

8:00 a.m. – 2:00 a.m. by state law, although individual cities and towns may prohibit sales before 11:00 a.m. and after 11:00 p.m.[45] Not before 11:00 a.m. on Sunday.[46]

8:00 a.m. – 11:00 p.m., or 8:00 a.m. – 11:30 p.m. on the day before a holiday.[47] Not before 10:00 am on Sunday.

Yes.[48][49]

21

21

As of January 2016, no individual, partnership, or corporation may have more than seven off-premises licences in the state, nor more than two in any city, nor more than one in any town.  No individual, partnership, or corporation not resident or headquartered in Massachusetts may apply for a license, although one may devolve thereupon.[47]As of 2012-10-29, a Massachusetts driver's license, Massachusetts Liquor ID card, RMV-issued Massachusetts non-driver ID card, passport (issued by the US or a US-recognized foreign entity), US-issued Passport Card, and military identification card are the only acceptable proofs of age under state law. Out of state or Canadian driver's licenses/ ID's and other forms of identification do not grant the establishment legal protection if accepted as proof of age (and many establishments will not accept out of state licenses for this reason).[50] On-premises regulations: No discounts at specific times (i.e. no "Happy Hour" discounts) or for specific individuals, no fixed-price open bar or all-you-can-drink (except at private functions), no more than two drinks per individual at any one time, no pitchers for fewer than two people, no drinking contests, no drinks as prizes, no free drinks.[51]Off-premises sale of alcohol is prohibited on the last Monday in May (Memorial Day), Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and the day after Christmas if Christmas falls on a Sunday.[46]Sale of alcohol is prohibited during polling hours on election days (subject to local exceptions).[46]"Malt beverages" defined as having not more than 12% alcohol by weight.[52]

text: Michigan–New Mexico[edit]

text:
State

Alcoholic beverage control state

Alcohol sale hours

Grocery Store Sales

Age

Notes

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

On-premises

Off-premises

Beer

Wine

Distilled Spirits

Purchasing

Consumption

Michigan

No

Yes

7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.)
noon-2 a.m. (Sunday)*sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension

7 a.m.-2 a.m. (Mon-Sat)
noon-2 a.m. (Sunday)*sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension
,[53]

Yes

21

21

The Michigan Liquor Control Commission allows the sale of alcoholic beverages until 11:59 p.m. on December 24 and after 12:00 p.m. on December 25. On-premises sales are permitted on January 1 until 4:00 a.m. Local or county ordinance may restrict Sunday or Sunday morning sales. State does not operate retail outlets; maintains a monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.[54] State owns liquor until purchased and distributor acts as a delivery service for cases sold to retailers.

Minnesota

No (but see note)

8 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days

8:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. (Mon–Sat);
11:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. (Sun)[55]

3.2% Only

No

Local or County ordinance prevails for hours of operation for off-sale licenses. Growler sales allowed until 10 p.m. 7 days a week. Certain municipalities may establish municipal liquor stores; they are permitted, but not required, to exclude privately owned stores.[56] Off-premises sales on Sundays became legal on July 1, 2017.[55]

Mississippi

No

Yes

Local authorities fix hours of alcohol sale

Yes

No

ABW > 5% wine and sparkling wine sold in state-contracted stores which are open from 10:00 am until 10:00 pm (Closed Sundays) statewide. Beer and light wine (ABW < 5%, ABV < ~6.3%) sold in convenience stores/supermarkets. Beer and light wine (ABW < 5%) may be consumed by persons age 18-20 with parental supervision. Governor Phil Bryant signed a bill permitting beer with 8% ABW/10% ABV on April 9, 2012.  The bill went into effect on July 1, 2012.[57]
No sales on Christmas Day. No state open container laws. Complimentary alcohol  all day and night in coastal casinos.In most counties, alcohol cannot be sold on Sundays. There are many dry counties in which it is illegal to possess alcoholic beverages, though some cities within dry counties have voted in beer sales.

Missouri

No

Most establishments:
(Mon–Sat) 6:00am–1:30am
(Sunday) 9:00am–12:00pm
Special licenses in Kansas City and St. Louis:
(Daily) 6:00am–3:00am

(Mon–Sat) 6:00am–1:30am
(Sunday) 9:00am–12:00am
Sales permitted until 3:00 am in those Kansas City and St. Louis bars grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores.

Yes

One of the most alcohol-permissive states, perhaps only behind Nevada and Louisiana:
No open container law.[58]
No state public intoxication law.
Liquor control law[59] covers all beverages containing more than 0.5% alcohol, without further particularities based on percentage.[60]
Cities and counties are prohibited from banning off-premises alcohol sales.[61]
No dry jurisdictions.
State preemption of local alcohol laws which do not follow state law.
Certain bars in Kansas City and St. Louis grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores.
Special licenses available for bars and nightclubs which allow selling alcohol until 3:00am in Kansas City,[62] Jackson County,[63] North Kansas City,[63] St. Louis,[64] and St. Louis County.[65]
Grocery stores, drug stores, and even gas stations may sell liquor without limitation other than hours.[66]
Patrons allowed to take open containers out of bars in Kansas City's Power & Light District.[67]
Parents and guardians may furnish alcohol to their children.[68]
Missourians over 21 may manufacture up to 100 gallons of any liquor per year for personal use, without any further state limitation, state taxation, or state license.[69] (Obtaining a permit from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and meeting other requirements under federal law probably still is required for private citizens to manufacture distilled alcohol - but not wine or beer - for personal use.[70][71][72][73][74])
Missouri law recognizes two types of alcoholic beverage: liquor, which is any beverage containing more than 0.5% alcohol except "non-intoxicating beer"; and "non-intoxicating beer,"[75] which is beer containing between 0.5% and 3.2% alcohol.  Liquor laws[76] apply to all liquor, and special laws apply to "non-intoxicating beer."[75]

Montana

No

Yes

Closing 2am

No alcohol sales between 2 am and 8 am

Yes

Distilled spirits cannot be sold in grocery stores

21

Minors can consume alcohol purchased by a parent or guardian in a private location.[77]

ABV > 16% wine sold in state-contracted stores, ABV < 16% may be sold in grocery stores. Some local ordinances restrict alcohol sales on Sundays. State run liquor stores are closed on Sundays.

Nebraska

No

6 a.m. – 1 a.m.  Legislation passed in 2010 allows for municipalities to extend on-premises sales to 2 a.m. with two-thirds approval of city or county councils.[78]

Yes

No on- or off-premises sales of spirits before noon on Sundays. All beer, wine, and champagne can be sold starting at 6 a.m.

Nevada

No

24 hours

Yes

There are few restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol in Nevada except for age. The maximum abv of alcohol sold is 80%.[79]
State law also renders public intoxication legal, and explicitly prohibits any local or state law from making it a public offence.[80] Alcohol purchase is only controlled in Panaca.[81]

New Hampshire

No

Yes

6 a.m. – 1 a.m.

6 a.m. – 11:45 p.m.

Yes

No

Liquor sold in state-run stores, many found at highway rest areas.14% ABV cap on beer.  State is wholesaler of wine. State taxes beer $0.30/gal at the wholesale level.

New Jersey

No

Each municipality can control hours by local ordinance.  Most municipalities have a last call of 2 or 3 a.m. Atlantic City, Brigantine, Absecon, Elwood, Pomona, Smithville, Galloway, and Mullica (All in Atlantic County) serve 24 hours. There are some dry towns in the southern part of the state, including Ocean City.

9 a.m.-10 p.m. for liquor. Beer and wine can be sold at any time  on-premise sales are permitted in that municipality. This causes most liquor stores to close at 10 PM, however some will stay open an hour later selling only beer and wine. Cities of the first class (e.g. Jersey City and Newark) are exempt from this law and may set their own hours for liquor sales.[82]

Rarely

21

21 (unless provided by parent or guardian in private)

Some dry communities in historically Methodist and Quaker communities in the southern part of the state.
Though there is not a ban on selling alcoholic beverages at grocery stores,  New Jersey limits each chain to two licenses, so with only a few exceptions, most supermarkets/convenience stores/gas stations/pharmacies do not sell alcoholic beverages. In addition, liquor sales are only permitted in a separate department or attached sister store.
The ability of a "liquor store" to sell other items, such as convenience store fare, is determined by municipality. Many towns permit beer/wine/liquor stores to sell non-alcohol items including convenience store items at the same register. In such towns, grocery stores including chains may theoretically apply for and receive a liquor license if the company does not already have two in the state.
Bars are allowed to off-sale packaged goods.
With the exception of Jersey City and Newark, all municipalities MUST allow off-sales of beer and wine at any time on-sales are permitted. However, since alcoholic beverages are generally only found in package stores, this right is rarely exercised.
Alcoholic beverages by the drink as well as off-sales of beer and wine are permitted 24 hours a day in Atlantic City and Brigantine.

New Mexico

No

7 a.m. – 2 a.m., except Sundays, for establishments with full dispenser license.[83]
7 a.m. – 11 p.m., except Sundays, for restaurants with beer and wine license.

7 a.m. – midnight except Sundays[84]

Yes

New Mexico issues two types of license for consumption on-premises: a full dispenser license allowing sale of all types of alcohol, or a restaurant license permitting sale of beer and wine only. An additional Sunday permit is available which allows sale (on or off premises) on Sundays from noon until midnight. Exceptions are the prohibition of alcohol sale on Christmas, regardless of the day it falls on,[85] and a Sunday permit allowing of sale (on or off premises) until 2:00 a.m. January 1, if December 31 falls on a Sunday.[86] Sunday permits are only available where approved by voters within a local option district.[87]  Selling, serving and giving alcohol to a minor is a class 4 felony punishable by up to 18 months in prison,[88] except when "a parent, legal guardian or adult spouse of a minor serves alcoholic beverages to that minor on real property, other than licensed premises, under the control of the parent, legal guardian or adult spouse",[89] or for religious purposes.

text: New York–South Dakota[edit]

text:
State

Alcoholic beverage control state

Alcohol sale hours

Grocery Store Sales

Age

Notes

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

On-premises

Off-premises

Beer

Wine

Distilled Spirits

Purchasing

Consumption

New York

No

8 a.m. – 4 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  Noon – 4 a.m. (Sun)  Some counties have more restrictive hours.

Beer: 24 hours  Wine & spirits: 8 a.m. – midnight (Mon–Sat)  Noon – 9 p.m. (Sun).

Yes

No

21

Off-premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores, and beer is not sold at liquor stores; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores. Exchanges for returned items are permitted (at store owners' discretion).[90]
Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30, 2006.
Twelve dry towns, mostly in western region of state.
Many counties have more restrictive off-premises hours, such as bans on beer sales overnight (hours vary).
All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner, who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it—effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state.
New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public.
Distilled spirits may not be sold within 200 feet of a school, church, synagogue or other place of worship.

North Carolina

No

Yes

7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  10 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Sun)

Beer and wine: 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  10 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Sun)  Liquor: 9 a.m. – 9 p.m. (Mon – Sat)

Yes

No

21

15% ABV cap on beer, 16% cap on unfortified wine, 24% cap on fortified wine.[91]  No "happy hour," "buy one get one free," or "ladies night" style specials allowed.[92]

North Dakota

No

8 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  Noon – 2 a.m. (Sun)

8 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  Noon – 2 a.m. (Sun)

No

21

No off-sale on Thanksgiving Day. No Christmas Day on-sale, nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m.

Ohio

No

Yes

5:30 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.

5:30 a.m. – 1 a.m.

Yes, under 21% ABV

21

21 or older, unrestricted under supervision of individual's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse[93]

12% ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31, 2016.[94]  21% ABV cap on wine. Some counties have more restrictive off-premises hours. The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission.  Normal proof spirits (>21% ABV) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores.  Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits (diluted by water to 21% ABV) under a more readily obtained permit. No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty-one years of age, except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales, and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel, restaurant, club, or night club.  .[95]
Beverages with less than 0.5% ABV can be sold/given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes, or the underage person is accompanied by a parent, spouse who is not an underage person, or legal guardian.[96]

Oklahoma

No

7 a.m. – 2 a.m.

Liquor stores: 8 a.m. – midnight (Mon – Sat)
Sunday sales vary by county.
Grocery stores: 6 a.m. - 2 a.m. seven days a week including holidays.

Yes

No

21

Consumption by those under 21 is not prohibited in private settings, where supervised by a parent or guardian.

As of October 1, 2018, strong beer (up to 9% ABV) and wine (up to 15% ABV) can be sold in grocery and convenience stores, and can be sold refrigerated. Prior to this date, only 3.2% ABV beer could be sold in these outlets, and liquor stores could only sell strong beer and wine at room temperature. Distilled spirits are only available in package liquor stores. State law prohibits public intoxication, many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication.

Oregon

No

Yes

7 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.

7 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.[97]

Yes

No

21

Liquor, all of which is state-owned prior to sale to consumers, is sold in private liquor stores. These stores are approved by Oregon's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state's behalf.[98]

Pennsylvania

No

Yes

Restaurants, and bars: 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  11 a.m. - 2 a.m. (Sun)[99]  Clubs: 7 a.m. – 3 a.m.[100]

Beverage Centers and State Run Stores:
9 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon – Sat)  Noon – 5 p.m .  (Sun)[101]
Grocery Stores:
7 a.m. - 10       p.m. (Mon -
Sat)
9 a.m. - 10pm
(Sun)

Yes*

No

21

Spirits can only be sold at state-operated stores. All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state-operated liquor store alone. Beer is not sold at state-operated liquor stores.
Beer (but not wine) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity.  Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater. The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016.
*Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores (at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores) (six and 12 packs/192oz max. purchase (two six packs)) with Liquor Control Board–issued licenses
Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 (selected locations) and beverage outlets (owner's option) until 2005.
Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year, and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants.[102]  Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage.

Rhode Island

No

9 am – 1 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  Noon – 1 a.m. (Sun)

9 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon – Sat)  10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun)[103]

No

21

21

All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores.  Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state-recognized holiday.

South Carolina

No

Yes

Liquor: 10 AM - 2 AM. Beer and Wine: Local Option.

Beer and low-alcohol wine: 24 hours  Liquor: 9 a.m. – 7 p.m. (Mon – Sat.)

Yes

No

21

14% ABW (17.5% ABV) cap on beerWine > 16% ABV sold in liquor storesNo hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays. No off-premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday, except in Aiken, Greenville, Pendleton, Spartanburg, Horry County, Colleton County, Richland County, Charleston County/city, Beaufort County, York County,[104] and Newberry County.[105]

South Dakota

No

Yes

21

14% ABV cap on beer

text: Tennessee–Wyoming, Puerto Rico[edit]

text:
State

Alcoholic beverage control state

Alcohol sale hours

Grocery Stores

Age

Notes

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

On-premises

Off-premises

Wine

Beer

Distilled Spirits

Purchasing

Consumption

Tennessee

No

Mon-Sat: 8 a.m. to 3 a.m.; Sun: Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission.

Beer: By municipality.Wine & Spirits: 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon–Sat[106]

Yes

No

21

Wine may be sold in grocery stores. As of January 2018, sales of wine and liquor are no longer limited to on-premises in restaurants on Sundays. Liquor stores may remain open on Sundays, and liquor is permitted to be sold from retail stores for off-premises consumption.There are no liquor sales in OFF Premise Grocery Stores as of 8/2018.[107] Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, Labor Day, New Year's Day, and the Fourth of July. Beer above 8% ABW /10.1% ABV must be sold in liquor stores. Open container law only applies to drivers, not passengers.[108] It is legal to carry alcohol in a non-glass container on the Beale Street stretch in Memphis. While most clubs allow drinks to be carried outside, many do not allow drinks from outside.

Texas

No

Monday-Friday: 7am-midnightSaturday: 7am-1amSunday: Noon to 12 midnight.Some cities/counties permit sale until 2am (with license).

Beer/Non-hard liquor: 7 a.m. to midnight (Mon.-Fri.)7 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. (Sat.)Noon to midnight (Sun.) Hard Liquor:10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (Mon.-Sat.)

Yes

No

21

No alcohol cap but ABV > 15.5% requires additional license, so many places are beer/wine only.Wet/dry issues determined by city/county election.Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday.An alcoholic beverage served (on-premises) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer. Eleven Texas counties are completely dry.[109] In many counties, public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld.[110] Texas law permits consumption by minors (any age under 21) if in the "visible presence" of a parent, guardian or adult spouse. (Section 106.04) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education, or in the visible presence of an adult parent, guardian or spouse, or supervision of a commissioned peace officer. (Section 106.05) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention.

Utah

Yes

Restaurants: Noon to midnight for liquor, 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. for beer. Bars may serve liquor from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m.

Varies by state liquor store hours

3.2 only

No

21

ABV > 4.0+% sold in state-controlled stores only. 3.2% ABW (4.0% ABV) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores. State-controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week. Restaurants must buy from the state-controlled store (no delivery) at retail prices. No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food. Sales of kegs prohibited. Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited.

Vermont

No

Yes

8 a.m. – 2 a.m.

6 a.m. – midnight

Yes

No

21

ABV > 16% beer and ABV > 16% wine are only available through state liquor stores (most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores[111]). A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16%.

Virginia

No

Yes

6 a.m. – 2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees.

6 a.m. – 11:59 p.m. except local blue law.

Yes

No

21

Licensed supermarkets, convenience stores, and gas stations may sell beer and wine. Off-premises sales no later than 12 midnight. Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am-9pm Monday-Saturday and from 12pm-6pm on Sunday.

Washington

No

6 a.m. – 2 a.m. (A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours.)

Yes

21

Beer and wine are available in specialty stores, grocery stores, convenience stores, department stores, taverns, and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board. Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft (grocery stores, big box liquor chains). There are two exceptions to the 10,000-sq-ft rule: 1) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state. 2) Cities, mostly in rural areas, that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area.

West Virginia

No

Yes

Beer/Wine: Mon-Sat:7 am-2 am, Sun:1 pm-2 am
Liquor: Mon-Sat:8 am-Midnight, Sun: Prohibited

Mon-Fri:7 am-3:30 am, Sat: 7A-3:00A, Sun:1 pm-3 am

Yes

21

12% ABV Cap on Beer.  75% ABV spirits Permitted.  Liquor, wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations.  State no longer operates retail stores (formerly State ABC Stores); Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population. All stores are state contracted; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person. State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.

Wisconsin

No

6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sunday–Thursday, 2:30 a.m. Friday–Saturday, no closing time on New Year's Day.

6 a.m. – midnight for beer (some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer), 6 a.m. – 9 p.m. for liquor and wine

By local ordinance

21

Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors, provided they are being supervised by parents/guardians/spouses. Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales. Notable exceptions: Kenosha, Green Bay, La Crosse, Maple Bluff (near Madison), Baraboo (near the Dells). Supermarkets, liquor stores, and gas stations may sell liquor, wine, and beer. Law changed effective 12/7/2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m.
Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law.

Wyoming

No

Yes

6.00 a.m. – 2.00 a.m.

Yes[112]

21

Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority, but it does not seem to happen in practice

Puerto Rico

No

No territory-wide mandated last call

No territory-wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores, but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2:00 weekends.

Beer, wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets, convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores.

18

Minimum drinking age is 18.Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan (except in designated areas during selected street festivals) but not in all cities.


document_title: The Longest Yard (2005 film)

question_text: who is the running back in longest yard

question_tokens: who is the running back in longest yard

root

text: The Longest Yard (2005 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Paul Crewe (Adam Sandler) is a former NFL player who, one night, gets drunk and goes joyriding in the Bentley of his girlfriend (Courteney Cox in an uncredited role), crashing it. It is revealed that he was arrested for shaving points in a big game, although it was never proven.

tag: p

text: In prison, Warden Rudolph Hazen (James Cromwell), wishing to boost his prison's reputation for future elections as State Governor, uses threats and confinement in a hot box to coerce Crewe into helping the prison guards' football team, led by the hostile Captain Knauer (William Fichtner). Crewe informs Hazen that what Hazen's team needs is a tune-up game to boost the guards' confidence, and is therefore coerced to form an inmate team to play against the guards. He does so with the help of a newfound friend, Caretaker (Chris Rock). They start off with a poorly organized team, before being noticed by another prisoner, former college football star Nate Scarborough (Burt Reynolds), who decides to help coach the team by gathering several intimidating inmates as a boost to the team's strength.

text: Caretaker tells Crewe that they need more "brothers" on the team. When Crewe goes to the basketball court to ask the black inmates to join the team, their leader, Deacon Moss (Michael Irvin) rebuffs him. Crewe challenges Deacon to a one-on-one basketball game, saying that if he wins, the brothers will join the team, and if Deacon wins, Crewe will leave them alone. Deacon accepts, and despite Deacon's undisguised personal fouls in which he elbows, punches or grabs Crewe, Crewe continues without complaint, because the match is a question of pride and respect. On the game-winning shot, Crewe cleanly steals the ball from Deacon and scores, but Deacon calls a foul. Realizing he wouldn't be allowed to win, Crewe lets Deacon score the final shot. Although Deacon beats Crewe, one of the brothers, a fast runner named Earl Megget (Nelly), impressed with Crewe's decision to take the beating, joins the football team as its running back. When the guards learn of this, they confront Earl in an attempt to provoke an assault by him by saying the racial epithet "nigger", but Earl does not allow himself to be provoked despite intimidation and minor abuse. Having witnessed this, the other "brothers", including Deacon, decide to join the team too.

text: Hazen and the guards continue attempts to hinder Crewe's team by flooding their field, but the team decides to practice in the mud anyway.

text: Inmate Unger (David Patrick Kelly) spies on the activities of the inmates and after being pressured by the guards, rigs Crewe’s radio with an explosive. Caretaker unknowingly enters the cell to give a photo gift to Crewe, but is killed when he tries to turn the dial on the radio.

text: On game day, the inmates are revitalized in the wake of Caretaker's murder when Crewe reveals Caretaker's last gift to the team, quality gear and uniforms from his cousin at Reebok with the team name "Mean Machine" on the uniforms. The Mean Machine overcomes a rough start, due to individual inmates' attempts to retaliate against guards for the abuse they've suffered. Crewe angrily tells the inmates that winning the game is more important and will damage the guards more than their personal grudges, and gets them to play as a team. The first half ends with the score tied. The angered Hazen informs Crewe in private that if he does not lose he will be charged for Caretaker's murder. Crewe acquiesces to Hazen's threat, asking that the guards refrain from using excessive force on the field after getting a comfortable lead, to which Hazen agrees to do so after they obtain a two touchdown lead. After Crewe fakes an injury in order to leave the field, his teammates voice their displeasure over his obvious deserting over the team.

text: After seeing that Hazen has broken his promise and two members of the Mean Machine are injured, Crewe asks Skitchy if the time spent in jail for punching the warden was worth it. Skitchy replies, "It was worth every goddamn second," and inspired Crewe returns to the field. The team initially doubts Crewe’s resolve and allows him to be sacked twice. After running for a first down on 4th and Long, Crewe, realizing that his inmates are still not protecting him due to his prior actions, calls a huddle, and admits to the point shaving that disgraced him, and to the injury that he faked as a result of Hazen's threat, and sabotage to the other inmates, and asks for their forgiveness, putting his hands in the middle of all of them. Moss puts his hand in, followed by the rest of the team.

text: The Mean Machine, united again as a team, quickly scores two touchdowns to cut the guards' lead to 35-28. After Megget is injured after a long run, Scarborough comes in for one play as replacement and scores a touchdown off a trick play involving a fumble called a Fumblerooski. Mean Machine decides to go for the two-point conversion and the win. As they get up to the line they seem to be confused, and Crewe and Scarborough start arguing in order to trick the guards. Moss gets the snap and passes it to Crewe, who scores the winning conversion, winning the game. Knauer, with a newfound respect for Crewe, tells him that he showed extraordinary nerve, and lets him know that he will vouch that Crewe had nothing to do with Caretaker's death.

text: Hazen admonishes Knauer for losing a fixed game and notices that Crewe is heading towards the exit. Eagerly implying Crewe is trying to escape, Hazen orders that Crewe be shot for attempting to escape. Knauer hesitates and at the last moment realizes (and scornfully tells Hazen) that Crewe is only picking up the game football, losing a lot of respect for Hazen as he's left with a shocked look on his face. Crewe returns it to Hazen, telling him to "stick it in [his] trophy case." Moss (Michael Irvin) and Joey Battle (Bill Goldberg) give Hazen a Gatorade shower, and when he tells them that this has earned them a week in the hot box, Battle defiantly yells "Who gives a shit?!"

text: Cast[edit]

text: Cons[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Paul "Wrecking" Crewe
Chris Rock as James "Caretaker" Farrell
Nelly as Earl Megget
David Patrick Kelly as Unger
Terry Crews as "Cheeseburger Eddy"
Nicholas Turturro as Brucie
Bill Goldberg as Joey "Battle" Battaglio
Bob Sapp as Switowski
Steve Reevis as Billy "Baby Face Bob" Rainwater
Lobo Sebastian as Torres
Dalip Singh as Turley
Joey "Coco" Diaz as Anthony "Big Tony" Cobianco
Eddie Bunker as "Skitchy" Rivers
Tracy Morgan as Miss Tucker
Cloris Leachman as Lynette Grey
Burt Reynolds as Coach Nate Scarborough
Michael Irvin as Deacon Moss
D12 as Basketball Convicts

tag: ul

text: Guards[edit]

text:
James Cromwell as Warden Rudolph Hazen
Bill Romanowski as Guard Lambert
Brian Bosworth as Guard Garner
Kevin Nash as Sgt. Engleheart
Steve Austin as Guard Dunham
Michael Papajohn as Guard Papajohn
Conrad Goode as Guard Webster
Brandon Molale as Guard Malloy
Todd Holland as Guard Holland
Walter Williamson as Errol Dandridge
William Fichtner as Cpt. Brian Knauer
John Hockridge as Guard Hock

text: Others[edit]

text:
Allen Covert as Referee
Rob Schneider as Punky
Chris Berman as Himself
Jim Rome as Himself
Patrick Bristow as Walt
Lauren Sanchez as Herself
Dan Patrick as Officer Jack Pugh
Christopher Neiman as Big Ear Cop
Ed Lauter as Duane
Sean Salisbury as Vic
Rob "Revolution" Moore as Gavin
Big Boy as Jesse
Marc S. Ganis as Lorenzo
Shane Ralston as Bradlee
Courteney Cox as Lena (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: The movie was filmed at the New Mexico State Penitentiary on Route 14, Santa Fe, New Mexico. The football game at the end of the film was filmed at Murdock Stadium at the El Camino College in Torrance, California. The car chase scene was filmed whereabouts in Long Beach, California. Other parts of the film were filmed in Los Angeles and New Mexico.[citation needed] The golf course scene was filmed at Lost Canyons Golf Club in Simi Valley, California.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film did well at the box office. Its $47.6 million opening weekend was the largest of Sandler's career and only second to The Day After Tomorrow as the largest opening by a movie that was not #1. The film would go on to gross $158.1 million in the United States and Canada and $190 million worldwide. It was the highest-grossing film produced by MTV Films, until it was surpassed by Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters. Despite the large number of remakes released at the theaters, it's worth noting that The Longest Yard is the highest grossing comedy remake of the modern box office era (from 1980 on).[2]

text: Critical response [edit]

text: The overall critical response was mixed. It received a 31% Freshness rating on Rotten Tomatoes, though users, who rated it 62%, generally agreed that it was a play-by-play remake; the greatest complaint from critics was that it replaced the original's uncompromising violence, dark comedy and grit with juvenile humor and visual gags. Roger Ebert, in the critical minority with this title, gave it a "Thumbs Up", defending it later in his Chicago Sun-Times review as a film that "...more or less achieves what most of the people attending it will expect." In the print review, Ebert beseeches his readers to "...seek out a movie you could have an interesting conversation about", citing films not in wide release such as Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist and Kontroll, until finally encouraging his readers to "drop any thought of seeing anything else instead" if they can see Crash.[3] According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[4]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film earned Chris Rock a BET Comedy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Theatrical Film.[citation needed]

text: Burt Reynolds earned a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in the film.[citation needed]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The official soundtrack, which consisted entirely of hip-hop music, was released on May 24, 2005 by Universal Records. It peaked at 11 on the Billboard 200 and 10 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

text: The film itself contains a mixture of hip hop and rock music, featuring music by Creedence Clearwater Revival, Norman Greenbaum and AC/DC among others.


document_title: Mantis

question_text: what are the predators of the praying mantis

text: Mantis

text: Taxonomy and evolution

text: Over 2,400 species of mantis in about 430 genera are recognized.[1] They are predominantly found in tropical regions, but some live in temperate areas.[2][3] The systematics of mantises have long been disputed. Mantises, along with stick insects (Phasmatodea), were once placed in the order Orthoptera with the cockroaches (now Blattodea) and rock crawlers (now Grylloblattodea). Kristensen (1991) combined the Mantodea with the cockroaches and termites into the order Dictyoptera, suborder Mantodea.[4][5] The name mantodea is formed from the Ancient Greek words μάντις (mantis) meaning "prophet", and εἶδος (eidos) meaning "form" or "type". It was coined in 1838 by the German entomologist Hermann Burmeister.[6][7] The order is occasionally called the mantes, using a Latinized plural of Greek mantis. The name mantid properly refers only to members of the family Mantidae, which was, historically, the only family in the order. The other common name, praying mantis, applied to any species in the order,[8] (though in Europe mainly to Mantis religiosa), comes from the typical "prayer-like" posture with folded fore limbs.[9][10] The vernacular plural "mantises" (used in this article) was confined largely to the USA, with "mantids" predominantly used as the plural in the UK and elsewhere, until the family Mantidae was further split in 2002.[11][12]

text: One of the earliest classifications splitting an all-inclusive Mantidae into multiple families was that proposed by Beier in 1968, recognizing eight families[13], though it was not until Ehrmann's reclassification into 15 families in 2002[12] that a multiple-family classification became universally adopted. Klass, in 1997, studied the external male genitalia and postulated that the families Chaeteessidae and Metallyticidae diverged from the other families at an early date.[14] However, the Mantidae and Thespidae are still both considered polyphyletic, so the Mantodea will have to be revised.[15]

text: The earliest mantis fossils are about 135 million years old, from Siberia.[15] Fossils of the group are rare: by 2007, only about 25 fossil species were known.[15] Fossil mantises, including one from Japan with spines on the front legs as in modern mantises, have been found in Cretaceous amber.[16] Most fossils in amber are nymphs; compression fossils (in rock) include adults. Fossil mantises from the Crato Formation in Brazil include the 10 mm (0.39 in) long Santanmantis axelrodi, described in 2003; as in modern mantises, the front legs were adapted for catching prey. Well-preserved specimens yield details as small as 5 μm through X-ray computed tomography.[15]

text: Because of the superficially similar raptorial forelegs, mantidflies may be confused with mantises, though they are unrelated. Their similarity is an example of convergent evolution; mantidflies do not have tegmina (leathery forewings) like mantises, their antennae are shorter and less thread-like, and the raptorial tibia is more muscular than that of a similar-sized mantis and bends back further in preparation for shooting out to grasp prey.[17]

text: Biology

text: Anatomy

text: Mantises have large, triangular heads with a beak-like snout and mandibles. They have two bulbous compound eyes, three small simple eyes, and a pair of antennae. The articulation of the neck is also remarkably flexible; some species of mantis can rotate their heads nearly 180°.[10] The mantis thorax consists of a prothorax, a mesothorax, and a metathorax. In all species apart from the genus Mantoida, the prothorax, which bears the head and forelegs, is much longer than the other two thoracic segments. The prothorax is also flexibly articulated, allowing for a wide range of movements of the head and fore limbs while the remainder of the body remains more or less immobile.[18][19]

text: Mantises have two spiked, grasping forelegs ("raptorial legs") in which prey items are caught and held securely. In most insect legs, including the posterior four legs of a mantis, the coxa and trochanter combine as an inconspicuous base of the leg; in the raptorial legs, however, the coxa and trochanter combine to form a segment about as long as the femur, which is a spiky part of the grasping apparatus (see illustration). Located at the base of the femur is a set of discoidal spines, usually four in number, but ranging from none to as many as five depending on the species. These spines are preceded by a number of tooth-like tubercles, which, along with a similar series of tubercles along the tibia and the apical claw near its tip, give the foreleg of the mantis its grasp on its prey. The foreleg ends in a delicate tarsus used as a walking appendage, made of four or five segments and ending in a two-toed claw with no arolium.[18][20]

text: Mantises can be loosely categorized as being macropterous (long-winged), brachypterous (short-winged), micropterous (vestigial-winged), or apterous (wingless). If not wingless, a mantis has two sets of wings: the outer wings, or tegmina, are usually narrow and leathery. They function as camouflage and as a shield for the hind wings, which are clearer and more delicate.[18][21] The abdomen of all mantises consists of 10 tergites, with a corresponding set of nine sternites visible in males and seven visible in females. The abdomen tends to be slimmer in males than females, but ends in a pair of cerci in both sexes.[18]

text: Vision

text: Mantises have stereo vision.[22][23][24] They locate their prey by sight; their compound eyes contain up to 10,000 ommatidia. A small area at the front called the fovea has greater visual acuity than the rest of the eye, and can produce the high resolution necessary to examine potential prey. The peripheral ommatidia are concerned with perceiving motion; when a moving object is noticed, the head is rapidly rotated to bring the object into the visual field of the fovea. Further motions of the prey are then tracked by movements of the mantis's head so as to keep the image centered on the fovea.[20][25] The eyes are widely spaced and laterally situated, affording a wide binocular field of vision and precise stereoscopic vision at close range.[26] The dark spot on each eye that moves as it rotates its head is a pseudopupil. This occurs because the ommatidia that are viewed "head-on" absorb the incident light, while those to the side reflect it.[27]

text: As their hunting relies heavily on vision, mantises are primarily diurnal. Many species, however, fly at night, and then may be attracted to artificial lights. Mantises in the family Liturgusidae collected at night have been shown to be predominately males;[28] this is probably true for most mantises. Nocturnal flight is especially important to males in locating less-mobile females by detecting their pheromones. Flying at night exposes mantises to fewer bird predators than diurnal flight would. Many mantises also have an auditory thoracic organ that helps them avoid bats by detecting their echolocation calls and responding evasively.[29][30]

text: Diet and predation

text: Mantises are generalist predators of arthropods.[2] The majority of mantises are ambush predators that only feed upon live prey within their reach. They either camouflage themselves and remain stationary, waiting for prey to approach, or stalk their prey with slow, stealthy movements.[31] Larger mantises sometimes eat smaller individuals of their own species,[32] as well as small vertebrates such as lizards, frogs, and small birds.[33][34]

text: Most mantises stalk tempting prey if it strays close enough, and will go further when they are especially hungry.[35] Once within reach, mantises strike rapidly to grasp the prey with their spiked raptorial forelegs.[36] Some ground and bark species pursue their prey in a more active way. For example, members of a few genera such as the ground mantises, Entella, Ligaria, and Ligariella run over dry ground seeking prey, much as tiger beetles do.[18]

text: The fore gut of some species extends the whole length of the insect and can be used to store prey for digestion later. This may be advantageous in an insect that feeds intermittently.[37] Chinese mantises live longer, grow faster, and produce more young when they are able to eat pollen.[38]

text: Antipredator adaptations

text: Mantises are preyed on by vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, and birds, and by invertebrates such as spiders, large species of hornets, and ants.[39] Some hunting wasps, such as some species of Tachytes also paralyse some species of mantis to feed their young.[40] Generally, mantises protect themselves by camouflage, most species being cryptically colored to resemble foliage or other backgrounds, both to avoid predators and to better snare their prey.[41] Those that live on uniformly colored surfaces such as bare earth or tree bark are dorsoventrally flattened so as to eliminate shadows that might reveal their presence.[42] The species from different families called flower mantises are aggressive mimics: they resemble flowers convincingly enough to attract prey that come to collect pollen and nectar.[43][44][45] Some species in Africa and Australia are able to turn black after a molt towards the end of the dry season; at this time of year, bush fires occur and this coloration enables them to blend in with the fire-ravaged landscape (fire melanism).[42]

text: When directly threatened, many mantis species stand tall and spread their forelegs, with their wings fanning out wide. The fanning of the wings makes the mantis seem larger and more threatening, with some species enhancing this effect with bright colors and patterns on their hind wings and inner surfaces of their front legs. If harassment persists, a mantis may strike with its forelegs and attempt to pinch or bite. As part of the bluffing (deimatic) threat display, some species may also produce a hissing sound by expelling air from the abdominal spiracles. Mantises lack chemical protection, so their displays are largely bluff. When flying at night, at least some mantises are able to detect the echolocation sounds produced by bats; when the frequency begins to increase rapidly, indicating an approaching bat, they stop flying horizontally and begin a descending spiral toward the safety of the ground, often preceded by an aerial loop or spin. If caught, they may slash captors with their raptorial legs.[42][46][47]

text: Mantises, like stick insects, show rocking behavior in which the insect makes rhythmic, repetitive side-to-side movements. Functions proposed for this behavior include the enhancement of crypsis by means of the resemblance to vegetation moving in the wind. However, the repetitive swaying movements may be most important in allowing the insects to discriminate objects from the background by their relative movement, a visual mechanism typical of animals with simpler sight systems. Rocking movements by these generally sedentary insects may replace flying or running as a source of relative motion of objects in the visual field.[48] As ants may be predators of mantises, genera such as Loxomantis, Orthodera, and Statilia, like many other arthropods, avoid attacking them. Exploiting this behavior, a variety of arthropods, including some early-instar mantises, mimic ants to evade their predators.[49]

text:
Leaf mimicry: Choeradodis has leaf-like fore wings and a widened green thorax.

Adult female Iris oratoria performs a bluffing threat display, rearing back with the forelegs and wings spread and mouth opened.

The jeweled flower mantis, Creobroter gemmatus: the brightly colored wings are opened suddenly in a deimatic display to startle predators.

Some mantis nymphs mimic ants to avoid predators.

text: Reproduction and life history

text: The mating season in temperate climates typically takes place in autumn,[50][51] while in tropical areas, mating can occur at any time of the year.[51] To mate following courtship, the male usually leaps onto the female's back, clasping her thorax and wing bases with his forelegs. He then arches his abdomen to deposit and store sperm in a special chamber near the tip of the female's abdomen. The female lays between 10 and 400 eggs, depending on the species. Eggs are typically deposited in a froth mass-produced by glands in the abdomen. This froth hardens, creating a protective capsule, which together with the egg mass is called an ootheca. Depending on the species, the ootheca can be attached to a flat surface, wrapped around a plant, or even deposited in the ground. Despite the versatility and durability of the eggs, they are often preyed on, especially by several species of parasitoid wasps. In a few species, mostly ground and bark mantises in the family Tarachodidae, the mother guards the eggs.[50] The cryptic Tarachodes maurus positions herself on bark with her abdomen covering her egg capsule, ambushing passing prey and moving very little until the eggs hatch.[4] An unusual reproductive strategy is adopted by Brunner's stick mantis from the southern United States; no males have ever been found in this species, and the females breed parthenogenetically.[2] The ability to reproduce by parthenogenesis has been recorded in at least two other species, Sphodromantis viridis and Miomantis sp., although these species usually reproduce sexually.[52][53][54] In temperate climates, adults do not survive the winter and the eggs undergo a diapause, hatching in the spring.[5]

text: As in closely related insect groups in the superorder Dictyoptera, mantises go through three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult (mantises are among the hemimetabolous insects). For smaller species, the eggs may hatch in 3–4 weeks as opposed to 4–6 weeks for larger species. The nymphs may be colored differently from the adult, and the early stages are often mimics of ants. A mantis nymph grows bigger as it molts its exoskeleton. Molting can happen five to 10 times before the adult stage is reached, depending on the species. After the final molt, most species have wings, though some species remain wingless or brachypterous ("short-winged"), particularly in the female sex. The lifespan of a mantis depends on the species; smaller ones may live 4–8 weeks, while larger species may live 4–6 months.[2][19]

text:
Mantis religiosa mating (brown male, green female)

Stagmomantis carolina laying ootheca

Recently laid ootheca by Mantis religiosa

Newly hatched mantises

text: Sexual cannibalism

text: Sexual cannibalism is common among most predatory species of mantises in captivity. It has sometimes been observed in natural populations, where about a quarter of male-female encounters result in the male being eaten by the female.[55][56][57] Around 90% of the predatory species of mantises participate in sexual cannibalism.[58] Adult males typically outnumber females at first, but their numbers may be fairly equivalent later in the adult stage,[5] possibly because females selectively eat the smaller males.[59] In Tenodera sinensis, 83% of males escape cannibalism after an encounter with a female, but since multiple matings occur, the probability of a male's being eaten increases cumulatively.[56]

text: The female may begin feeding by biting off the male's head (as they do with regular prey), and if mating has begun, the male's movements may become even more vigorous in its delivery of sperm. Early researchers thought that because copulatory movement is controlled by a ganglion in the abdomen, not the head, removal of the male's head was a reproductive strategy by females to enhance fertilization while obtaining sustenance. Later, this behavior appeared to be an artifact of intrusive laboratory observation. Whether the behavior is natural in the field or also the result of distractions caused by the human observer remains controversial. Mantises are highly visual organisms and notice any disturbance in the laboratory or field, such as bright lights or moving scientists. Chinese mantises that had been fed ad libitum (so that they were not hungry) actually displayed elaborate courtship behavior when left undisturbed. The male engages the female in a courtship dance, to change her interest from feeding to mating.[60] Under such circumstances, the female has been known to respond with a defensive deimatic display by flashing the colored eyespots on the inside of her front legs.[61]

text: The reason for sexual cannibalism has been debated; experiments show that females on low quality diets have a higher chance to engage in sexual cannibalism compared to females on high quality diets.[62] Some consider that submissive males gain a selective advantage by producing offspring. This theory is supported by a quantifiable increase in the duration of copulation among males which are cannibalized, in some cases doubling both the duration and the chance of fertilization. This is contrasted by a study where males were seen to approach hungry females with more caution, and were shown to remain mounted on hungry females for a longer time, indicating that males that actively avoid cannibalism may mate with multiple females. The same study also found that hungry females generally attracted fewer males than those that were well fed.[63] The act of dismounting after copulation is dangerous for males, for at this time, females most frequently cannibalize their mates. An increase in mounting duration appears to indicate that males wait for an opportune time to dismount a hungry female, who would be likely to cannibalize her mate.[61]

text: Relationship with humans

text: In literature and art

text: One of the earliest mantis references is in the ancient Chinese dictionary Erya, which gives its attributes in poetry, where it represents courage and fearlessness, and a brief description. A later text, the Jingshi Zhenglei Daguan Bencao ("Great History of Medical Material Annotated and Arranged by Types, Based upon the Classics and Historical Works") from 1108, gives accurate details of the construction of the egg packages, the development cycle, anatomy, and the function of the antennae. Although mantises are rarely mentioned in Ancient Greek sources, a female mantis in threat posture is accurately illustrated on a series of fifth-century BC silver coins, including didrachms, from Metapontum in Sicily.[64] In the 10th century AD, Byzantine era Adages, Suidas describes an insect resembling a slow-moving green locust with long front legs.[65] He translates Zenobius 2.94 with the words seriphos (maybe a mantis) and graus, an old woman, implying a thin, dried-up stick of a body.[66]

text: Western descriptions of the biology and morphology of the mantises became more accurate in the 18th century. Roesel von Rosenhof illustrated and described mantises and their cannibalistic behavior in the Insekten-Belustigungen (Insect Entertainments).[67]

text: Aldous Huxley made philosophical observations about the nature of death while two mantises mated in the sight of two characters in his 1962 novel Island (the species was Gongylus gongylodes). The naturalist Gerald Durrell's humorously autobiographical 1956 book My Family and Other Animals includes a four-page account of an almost evenly matched battle between a mantis and a gecko. Shortly before the fatal dénouement, Durrell narrates:

text: he [Geronimo the gecko] crashed into the mantis and made her reel, and grabbed the underside of her thorax in his jaws. Cicely [the mantis] retaliated by snapping both her front legs shut on Geronimo's hindlegs. They rustled and staggered across the ceiling and down the wall, each seeking to gain some advantage.[68]

text: M. C. Escher's woodcut Dream depicts a human-sized mantis standing on a sleeping bishop.[69] The 1957 film The Deadly Mantis features a mantis as a giant monster.

text: A cultural trope imagines the female mantis as a femme fatale. The idea is propagated in cartoons by Cable, Guy and Rodd, LeLievre, T. McCracken, and Mark Parisi, among others.[70][71][72][73] It ends Isabella Rossellini's short film about the life of a praying mantis in her 2008 Green Porno season for the Sundance Channel.[74][75]

text: Martial arts

text: Two martial arts separately developed in China have movements and fighting strategies based on those of the mantis.[76][77] As one of these arts was developed in northern China, and the other in southern parts of the country, the arts are nowadays referred to (both in English and Chinese) as 'Northern Praying Mantis'[78] and 'Southern Praying Mantis'.[77] Both are very popular in China, and have also been exported to the West in recent decades.[77][78][79][80]

text: In mythology and religion

text: The mantis was revered by the southern African Khoi and San in whose cultures man and nature were intertwined; for its praying posture, the mantis was even named Hottentotsgot ("god of the Khoi") in the Afrikaans language that had developed among the first European settlers.[81] However, at least for the San, the mantis was only one of the manifestations of a trickster-deity who could assume many other forms, such as a snake, hare or vulture.[82] Several ancient civilizations did consider the insect to have supernatural powers; for the Greeks, it had the ability to show lost travelers the way home; in the Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead the "bird-fly" is a minor god that leads the souls of the dead to the underworld; in a list of 9th-century BC Nineveh grasshoppers (buru), the mantis is named necromancer (buru-enmeli) and soothsayer (buru-enmeli-ashaga).[67][83]

text: As pets

text: Mantises are among the insects most widely kept as pets.[84][85] Because the lifespan of a mantis is only about a year, people who want to keep mantises often breed them. In 2013 at least 31 species were kept and bred in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States.[86] In 1996 at least 50 species were known to be kept in captivity by members of the Mantis Study Group.[87] The Independent described the "giant Asian praying mantis" as "part stick insect with a touch of Buddhist monk",[88] and stated that they needed a vivarium around 30 cm (12 in) on each side.[88] The Daily South argued that a pet insect was no weirder than a pet rat or ferret, and that while a pet mantis was unusual, it would not "bark, shed, [or] need shots or a litter box".[89]

text: For pest control

text: Gardeners who prefer to avoid pesticides may encourage mantises in the hope of controlling insect pests.[90] However, mantises do not have key attributes of biological pest control agents; they do not specialize in a single pest insect, and do not multiply rapidly in response to an increase in such a prey species, but are general predators.[90] They eat whatever they can catch, including both harmful and beneficial insects.[89] They therefore have "negligible value" in biological control.[90]

text: Two species, the Chinese mantis and the European mantis, were deliberately introduced to North America in the hope that they would serve as pest controls for agriculture; they have spread widely in both the United States and Canada.[91]

text: Mantis-like robot

text: A prototype robot inspired by the forelegs of the praying mantis has front legs that allow the robot to walk, climb steps, and grasp objects. The multi-jointed leg provides dexterity via a rotatable joint. Future models may include a more spiked foreleg to improve the grip and ability to support more weight.[92]


document_title: List of most-followed Instagram accounts

question_text: who has the most no. of followers on instagram

text: Top accounts

text: All-time

text: The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user and country of origin.[1]

text:
Rank
Chg
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
Country

1.

@instagram
Instagram
234
Social media platform
 USA

2.

@selenagomez
Selena Gomez
135
Musician and actress
 USA

3.

@cristiano
Cristiano Ronaldo
123
Footballer
 POR

4.

@arianagrande
Ariana Grande
118
Musician and actress
 USA

5.

@beyonce
Beyoncé
113
Musician and actress
 USA

6.

@kimkardashian
Kim Kardashian
110
Reality TV personality
 USA

7.

@kyliejenner
Kylie Jenner
107
Reality TV personality
 USA

8.

@taylorswift
Taylor Swift
107
Musician and actress
 USA

9.

@therock
Dwayne Johnson
103
Actor and professional wrestler
 USA

10.

@justinbieber
Justin Bieber
98
Musician
 CAN

11.

@neymarjr
Neymar
91
Footballer
 BRA

12.

@leomessi
Lionel Messi
89
Footballer
 ARG

13.

@kendalljenner
Kendall Jenner
89
Model
 USA

14.

@natgeo
National Geographic
87
Magazine
 USA

15.

@nickiminaj
Nicki Minaj
86
Musician
 TRI

16.

@nike
Nike
77
Sportswear multinational corporation
 USA

17.

@mileycyrus
Miley Cyrus
75
Musician and actress
 USA

18.

@khloekardashian
Khloé Kardashian
74
Reality TV personality
 USA

19.

@jlo
Jennifer Lopez
74
Musician and actress
 USA

20.

@katyperry
Katy Perry
69
Musician
 USA

21.

@ddlovato
Demi Lovato
67
Musician and actress
 USA

22.

@kourtneykardash
Kourtney Kardashian
62
Reality TV personality
 USA

23.

@badgalriri
Rihanna
61
Musician
 BAR

24.

@victoriassecret
Victoria's Secret
59
Lingerie retailer
 USA

25.

@kevinhart4real
Kevin Hart
58
Comedian
 USA

As of April 17, 2018[update]

text: By country

text: The following table lists the top 14 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user.[1]

text:
Rank
Chg
Country
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession

1.

 United States
@instagram
Instagram
234
Social media platform

2.

 Portugal
@cristiano
Cristiano Ronaldo
123
Footballer

3.

 Canada
@justinbieber
Justin Bieber
98
Musician

4.

 Brazil
@neymarjr
Neymar
91
Footballer

5.

 Argentina
@leomessi
Lionel Messi
89
Footballer

6.

 Trinidad and Tobago
@nickiminaj
Nicki Minaj
86
Musician

7.

 Barbados
@badgalriri
Rihanna
61
Musician

8.

 Spain
@realmadrid
Real Madrid C.F.
57
Football club

9.

 Colombia
@shakira
Shakira
46
Musician

10.

 United Kingdom
@emmawatson
Emma Watson
45
Actress

11.

 Hong Kong
@9gag
9GAG
44
Social media platform

12.

 Sweden
@iamzlatanibrahimovic
Zlatan Ibrahimović
31
Footballer

13.

 France
@chanelofficial[3]
Chanel
27
Clothing retailer

14.

 Indonesia
@raffinagita1717[4]
Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
22
Presenter and musician

As of March 31, 2018[update]


document_title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)

question_text: who played the governor in best little whorehouse in texas

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ed Earl Dodd, the sheriff of Gilbert, Texas, has a relationship of long standing with Miss Mona Stangley, who runs a brothel called the "Chicken Ranch" outside of town. Illegal or not, Earl does not interfere with her business, which has been a fixture in the town for as long as either can remember.

text: Lovers on the side, occasionally interrupted by Deputy Fred, the sheriff and madam have a pleasant arrangement. Not everyone in town approves of her, but Miss Mona is a public-minded citizen who regularly donates to charity, decent and law-abiding in every respect but her line of work.

text: A big-city television personality, do-gooder Melvin P. Thorpe, is about to do a segment about the town, so the sheriff travels there to introduce himself to Thorpe, who greets him warmly. He is shocked by Thorpe's live telecast, in which Thorpe reveals to a huge audience his discovery that "Texas has a whorehouse in it."

text: The Chicken Ranch is an institution, where the winning team from the football game between Texas Longhorns and the Texas A&M Aggies traditionally is brought to "celebrate" its victory. The negative publicity puts a spotlight on the place, so Ed Earl gets Miss Mona's word that she will shut the doors until the attention goes away. She shuts it down to regular customers, but elects to let the football players have their party, at which point Thorpe and his TV cameras sneak onto the property and ambush them all.

text: Earl compounds the problem by insulting and threatening Thorpe in the town public square, all also caught on TV. A quarrel and bitter breakup between the sheriff and Miss Mona ensues, punctuated by him calling her "a whore."

text: The Governor of Texas, who cannot make a decision on a single issue until he first sees what voters say in the polls, listens to Earl's appeals to keep the Chicken Ranch open, but when the polls say no he orders Ed Earl to close down the Chicken Ranch. The working girls leave the Chicken Ranch for good. Miss Mona is disconsolate, at least until finding out the effort made by the sheriff on her behalf.

text: As Miss Mona is departing the whorehouse for the last time, Earl stops her and proposes to her. She turns him down, knowing that his dream is to run for state legislature, and that having a wife who worked in prostitution would hurt his chances. He again insists that he wants to marry her and that he does not care about what people will think or say. Deputy Fred, in a voiceover, states that Earl and Miss Mona married and that Earl successfully ran for the legislature. Deputy Fred states that he succeeded Earl as Sheriff.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Burt Reynolds as Sheriff Ed Earl Dodd
Dolly Parton as Mona Stangley
Dom DeLuise as Melvin P. Thorpe
Charles Durning as The Governor
Theresa Merritt as Jewel
Jim Nabors as Deputy Fred
Lois Nettleton as Dulcie Mae
Noah Beery, Jr as Edsel
Robert Mandan as Senator Charles Wingwood
Barry Corbin as C.J.
Mary Jo Catlett as Rita Crowell
Mary Louise Wilson as Miss Modene
Howard K. Smith as himself
Donald F. Colson as Jeff Gerald
Helen Kleeb as Dora
Mickey Jones as Henry
Bobby Fite as Dulcie Mae's son
Paula Shaw as Wulla Jean
Kenneth White as Sheriff Jack Roy
Ted Gehring as Sheriff Chapman
Verne Lundquist as Football Announcer
Lee Grosscup as Football Color Man
Alice Drummond as Governor's secretary
Terri Treas as Chicken Ranch Girl: Taddy-Jo
Randy Bennett as Privates Boy
Andrea Pike as Chicken Ranch Girl: Shy (Speaking scenes cut)
Valerie Leigh Bixler as Chicken Ranch Girl: Angel (Speaking scenes cut)

text: Production[edit]

text: Originally, Larry King and Pete Masterton were going to write the script and Masterton and Tommy Tune, who had directed the stage production, were to direct the film together. King recommended Shirley Maclaine, Dyan Cannon, Cari Glynn and Jill Clayburgh as the possibles to star but was told they were not a sufficient box office draw. When Dolly Parton was cast King suggested Willie Nelson as a co star and Universal executives met with him but in the end Burt Reynolds was cast. Reynolds was paid $3.5 million and Parton $1.5 million. Reynolds wanted script changes and wanted to sing. Universal became nervous about giving the film to first time directors and ended up replacing Masterton and Tune with Colin Higgins.[4]

text: The book of the play was restructured to make it a vehicle for Parton and Reynolds. Higgins prepared for directing it by watching old George Cukor films and Dr. Pepper commercials ("They have a lot of wonderful movement," said Higgins.[5])

text: Parton and Reynolds were rumored to have had a relationship during filming, but in reality they did not get along. Parton described her experience making the movie as 'a nightmare.'[6] For his part, Reynolds described Parton as 'very self deprecating - in public.'[7]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: The plot is basically the same as that of the stage production, with one significant difference. In the original, Ed Earl and Miss Mona had a one-night stand 15 years earlier, but in the film they maintain an ongoing affair.

text: The relationship in the film brings about not only the accusatory scene, when the sheriff—disappointed that Mona has broken her promise to close the Chicken Ranch down long enough for things to cool off—calls her a whore, but also the happy ending, when he proposes marriage to Mona, even though that might endanger his chances to be elected as a state legislator; the epilogue comments state that he is elected anyway.

text: Music[edit]

text: Much of Carol Hall's original Broadway score was performed in the movie version. Omitted were Good Old Girl, The Bus From Amarillo, "24 Hours of Lovin", "No Lies" and Doatsie Mae.  Two additional Parton compositions appear in the film: "Sneakin' Around", performed as a duet with Parton and Reynolds, and a two-stanza version of Parton's 1973 composition "I Will Always Love You".  The film version of "I Will Always Love You"—the original recording having been a U.S. country chart topper for Parton in the spring of 1974—was released as a single in July 1982, and again reached number one on the U.S. country singles chart.  (It also was a mid-level hit on Billboard pop and adult contemporary charts.)  An altered version of Hall's "Hard Candy Christmas", in which Parton sings both the chorus and the verses of the song (as opposed to the film version, which is partially sung by some of the other female cast members), was also released as a single, reaching the top-ten on the country singles chart in late 1982.

text: Parton wrote several new songs which were filmed but ultimately not used, including "A Gamble Either Way" and "Where Stallions Run". The latter was restored for the ABC network television broadcast of the film, as the film was too short for its time slot after the censors finished their broadcast edits and additional material was needed. "A Gamble Either Way" replaced "Girl You're a Woman" from the Broadway score and was sung by Parton after Miss Mona interviewed "Shy" (Andrea Pike) for a job at the Chicken Ranch. The characters of Shy and Angel from the Broadway show were reduced in the film.  Their footage was eventually  edited out. "Down At The Chicken Ranch" was written for the trailer. Parton recorded two of the deleted songs, "A Gamble Either Way", and "A Cowboy's Ways" (a reworking of "Where Stallions Run"), and included them on her 1983 album Burlap & Satin.

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The film presented some difficulties for Universal, particularly with advertising. In 1982, the word "whorehouse" was considered obscene in parts of the United States, resulting in the film being renamed The Best Little Cathouse in Texas in some print ads, while television ads were either banned outright in some areas, or the offending word was censored; on WXYZ-TV in Detroit, the announcer on the station's "Now Showing" segment merely clicked his tongue to eliminate the offending word: "The Best Little [click, click] in Texas!" During interviews, Parton sometimes referred to the film as The Best Little Chicken House in Texas.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas opened in 1,400 theaters on July 23, 1982 and earned $11,874,268 in its opening weekend, ranking number one in the United States box office, dethroning E.T. The Extra Terrestrial's six-week run at the top of the box office.[8] The film closed on October 21, having grossed $69,701,637 domestically.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 56% rating based on 9 reviews.[9] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two out of four stars, stating, "If they ever give Dolly her freedom and stop packaging her so antiseptically, she could be terrific. But Dolly and Burt and Whorehouse never get beyond the concept stage in this movie."[10]

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: The film and the original Broadway musical it was based on were spoofed in the 1982 pornographic film Memphis Cathouse Blues,[11]  which starred Annette Haven in the Dolly Parton role of the madam and Mike Horner in the Burt Reynolds role as the sheriff. Porn star Kay Parker, who played one of the prostitutes in the film, had an uncredited bit role in The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The house used in the film is located at Universal Studios in Hollywood and can be viewed as part of the backlot tram tour. (It was also seen in the Ghost Whisperer television series episode "The Lost Boys.") The inspiration for the set came from a real ranch house located outside Austin, Texas, which is featured in scenes from the movie.[12]

text: The house was also featured in Rob Zombie's 2003 horror film House of 1000 Corpses.

text: The house is also featured as the residence of Sabrina and her two aunts on the '90s sitcom Sabrina the Teenage Witch.

text: The film was mentioned in an episode of The Venture Bros., where Dr. Venture mistaken it for a phonographic film, given it's "racey" history.[13]


document_title: List of oldest dogs

question_text: what's the oldest age a dog can live

question_tokens: what 's the oldest age a dog can live

text: List of oldest dogs

text: Oldest verified dogs by age[edit]

text: The following dogs' ages were authenticated via Guinness World Records.  A document is required by Guinness, such as a birth certificate, to prove his or her age.[citation needed]

text:
Rank

Name

Birth date

Death date

Age

Breed

Country of death

1

Bluey[1][2]

7 June 1910

14 November 1939

7004107520000000000♠29 years, 160 days

Australian Cattle Dog[a]

Australia

3

Butch[5][6]

1975

2003

≥7004102270000000000♠28 years, 0 days

Beagle

United States

4

Taffy[2]

–

–

27 years, 317 days

Welsh Collie

United Kingdom

5

Bramble[6]

1 September 1975

31 March 2003

7004100730000000000♠27 years, 211 days

Border Collie

United Kingdom

6

Adjutant[6]

14 August 1936

20 November 1963

7003995900000000000♠27 years, 98 days

Labrador Retriever cross

United Kingdom

7

Buksi[7][8]

1990

26 August 2017

27 years

Mutt

Hungary

8

Pusuke[6]

1 April 1985

5 December 2011

7003974400000000000♠26 years, 248 days

Shiba Inu mix

Japan

9

Sugar[6]

18 August 1952

13 August 1977

7003912600000000000♠24 years, 360 days

N/A[clarification needed]

United States

10

Piccolo[6]

1 October 1987

26 December 2010

7003848700000000000♠23 years, 86 days

Mutt

Italy

11

Chanel[6][9]

6 May 1988

28 August 2009

7003778400000000000♠21 years, 114 days

Dachshund

United States

12

Otto[6][9]

14 February 1989

14 January 2010

7003763900000000000♠20 years, 334 days

Dachshund-Terrier cross

United Kingdom

13

Seamus[6]

24 July 1993

18 May 2014

7003760300000000000♠20 years, 298 days

Toy Poodle

United States

14

Sotirakis[6]

11 April 1993

16 January 2014

7003758500000000000♠20 years, 280 days

Stray

Greece

15

Megabyte[6]

11 April 1993

1 January 2014

7003757000000000000♠20 years, 265 days

Chihuahua

United States

16

Winston Rha[6]

12 December 1992

15 May 2013

7003745900000000000♠20 years, 154 days

Schnoodle

United States

17

Willie[6]

21 May 1994

4 September 2014

7003741100000000000♠20 years, 106 days

Jack Russell Terrier

United Kingdom

18

Scolly[6]

15 June 1993

18 July 2013

7003733800000000000♠20 years, 33 days

Dachshund

Mexico

text: Jake, a Rat Terrier owned by Ronald W. Johnson, Jr. of Davenport, Iowa, received the Guinness World Record for "oldest dog living" on July 21, 2015.  Jake was born July 21, 1994 and became the "oldest dog living" by Guinness standards on his 21st birthday.[10] Jake died on July 27, 2015.