question_text: dragon ball z who is the legendary super saiyan

text: Plot[edit]

text: On his planet in the Otherworld, King Kai senses the destruction of the South Galaxy by an unknown Super Saiyan, and realizes that the North Galaxy will be next. To this end, King Kai contacts Goku telepathically while he and Chi-Chi are sitting down having an interview inside a private school which they hopefully plan to send Gohan to. In the middle of the interview, Goku teleports to King Kai's planet and is told the entire story.

text: Meanwhile, on Earth, while the Z-Fighters are picnicking in an unknown peaceful area, a spaceship lands and an army of humanoids appear and greet Vegeta as their king. Their leader is a Saiyan, Paragus, who claims that he has created a New Planet Vegeta and wishes for Vegeta to accompany him in order to rule as the new king. Vegeta initially refuses, but agrees after Paragus tells him that a being known as the "Legendary Super Saiyan" is running rampant throughout the galaxy and must be destroyed before he comes to Earth. Skeptical of Paragus' story, Gohan, Trunks, Krillin, Master Roshi and Oolong go along with Vegeta.

text: On New Vegeta, Vegeta meets Paragus' son, Broly, and the two leave together to hunt down the Legendary Super Saiyan. Gohan, Trunks and Krillin meet the planet's slaves and defend them from their abusive masters. During the struggle, Goku arrives via Instant Transmission, having followed their energy signals after King Kai's story. The slaves tell them that the Legendary Super Saiyan destroyed their planet, and they were found by Paragus, who made them into his slaves. That night, Vegeta and Broly return, having had no luck. While Vegeta receives Goku coldly, Broly appears agitated at the mere sight of him, and only calms down when Paragus raises his hand and a light shines on his bracelet. Despite this, Broly attacks Goku in the middle of the night. The two fight evenly matched for a while until Paragus appears and calms Broly down again. After the fight Goku suspects that Broly is the Legendary Super Saiyan due to their similar ki and also begins to doubt Paragus' claims. Paragus, for his part, has been controlling Broly with a mind control device, which he suspects may be malfunctioning. Paragus then realises that it is Broly's connection to Goku that has made him angry: Broly and Goku were born on the same day and were in neighbouring pods, and Goku's constant crying agitated Broly so much that it made him resent Goku for many years afterwards, and now, having come face to face with him, old wounds have begun to surface.

text: Vegeta soon loses patience with Paragus and decides to return to Earth with the others, but Goku and the others confront Paragus, having realised that Broly is in fact the Legendary Super Saiyan himself. The slaves, upon seeing Broly, also identify him as the one who destroyed their planet, but Broly again becomes fixated on Goku, and his rage erupts so much that he breaks free of the mind control device and transforms into a behemoth of a Super Saiyan: the Legendary Super Saiyan. Broly sets his eyes on Goku and begins fighting him and the others, while Vegeta, frightened of the Legendary Super Saiyan, loses the will to fight. Paragus taunts Vegeta for his naïveté and reveals his true story and intentions: many years ago, on Planet Vegeta, Broly was born with a power level of 10,000, (but Goku was born with a power level of 2), which was an impressive feat for anyone, let alone a baby to achieve. However, King Vegeta feared that the baby would grow up to become a threat to his royal family line and ordered him executed. Paragus barged into the court and begged King Vegeta to spare him, but he refused and severely wounded Paragus. Broly was stabbed in the stomach, and he and Paragus were left for dead. However, that same day, Frieza destroyed Planet Vegeta, and just before the explosion, Broly manifested his anger to blast him and Paragus away from planet Vegeta only seconds before demolition. Because of Goku's crying, the attempted execution, and having to survive the Saiyan eradication, Broly grew into a severely unstable child. At one point blinding Paragus in one eye, and Paragus only managed to pacify him via the mind control device. Since then, Paragus' goal has been revenge on King Vegeta through his son, Vegeta, and to take over the Earth as a new Planet Vegeta from which to rule the entire Universe. Furthermore, a comet, Camori, is approaching New Vegeta, and will destroy it upon impact.

text: Broly makes quick work of Goku, Gohan and Trunks. Piccolo arrives with Senzu beans but is also beaten, but summons enough will power to forcibly bring Vegeta to the battlefield. Seeing Broly pummel his friends repeatedly eventually gives Vegeta enough incentive to join the fight, but he also proves to be no match for Broly. Paragus tries to escape from New Vegeta by himself, but Broly catches him in the act and kills him by crushing the space pod with his bare hands and throwing it towards the comet. However, despite Broly's power, Goku refuses to stay down, and takes every blow Broly lands on him, even with his friends offering him their remaining power. After much reluctance, Vegeta finally gives some of his energy, which gives Goku enough power to resist Broly and punch him in exactly the same place where he was stabbed as a baby, causing Broly to bleed profusely and apparently explode.

text: Just as Camori hits and destroys New Vegeta, the Z Fighters and the slaves escape in the spaceship Piccolo used to follow Goku and Vegeta. Goku and Gohan teleport straight to their garden, where they are confronted by an angry Chi-Chi, who is annoyed with Goku for leaving during the interview. Goku then comically recites what Chi-Chi told him to say for the school interview, causing her to faint.

text: New characters[edit]

text: Broly[edit]

text: Broly is a supervillain in the eighth, tenth, and eleventh Dragon Ball Z movies. He was born with a power level of 10,000, a power level greater than most elite Saiyan warriors. He is mentally unstable partially due to the crying of the infant Goku in the incubator next to him when they were born, partially due to threatening events pertaining to his birth date, and partially because of his extreme power level. He eventually becomes the "Legendary Super Saiyan", although his destructive tendencies are quelled by a special control device created by scientists for his father, Paragus. After Paragus lures Vegeta, Goku, and their companions to another planet, Broly recalls Goku and goes into a rage, destroying the control device and becoming the unstoppable Legendary Super Saiyan. He effortlessly pummels Super Saiyan Goku, Super Saiyan Vegeta, Super Saiyan Gohan, and Super Saiyan Future Trunks, as well as Super Namekian Piccolo, before killing his father by crushing him in his escape pod. He is eventually defeated, but he manages to make his way to an escape pod. He later lands on Earth and goes into a frozen state until the crying of Goten awakens him. He is defeated by Goku, Gohan and Goten, with help from Trunks, though blood samples make their way into the hands of an industrialist, who creates a clone called Bio-Broly. The clone eventually wakes up and becomes mixed with bio-liquid, transforming him into Bio-Broly. He is eventually killed by Goten, Trunks, Krillin, and Android 18. He is voiced by Bin Shimada in the Japanese films, and Vic Mignogna in the English dub.

text: Cast[edit]

text: A third English dub produced and released exclusively in Malaysia by Speedy Video features an unknown voice cast.

text:
Character name
Japanese voice actor
English voice actor
(AB Groupe, c. 2003)[2]
English voice actor
(Funimation, 2003)

Goku/Kakarot
Masako Nozawa
David Gasman (adult)
Jodi Forrest (baby)
Sean Schemmel (adult)
Stephanie Nadolny (baby)

Gohan
Masako Nozawa
Jodi Forrest
Stephanie Nadolny

Piccolo
Toshio Furukawa
Paul Bandey as Big Green
Christopher Sabat

Kuririn
Mayumi Tanaka
Sharon Mann as Clearin
Sonny Strait as Krillin

Trunks
Takeshi Kusao (adult)
Hiromi Tsuru (baby)
Doug Rand (adult)
Jodi Forrest (baby)
Eric Vale (adult)
Stephanie Nadolny (baby)

Vegeta
Ryō Horikawa
Ed Marcus as Vejita
Christopher Sabat

Bulma
Hiromi Tsuru
Jodi Forrest as Blooma
Tiffany Vollmer

Kame-sen'nin (Turtle Hermit)
Kōhei Miyauchi
Ed Marcus as Old Tortoise
Mike McFarland as Master Roshi

Chichi
Naoko Watanabe
Sharon Mann
Cynthia Cranz

Oolong
Naoki Tatsuta
David Gasman
Bradford Jackson

Bulma's Mother
Hiroko Emori
Jodi Forrest as Blooma's Mother
Cynthia Cranz

Dr. Briefs
Jōji Yanami
Paul Bandey
Chris Forbis as Dr. Brief

Moa
Yasuhiko Kawazu
Ed Marcus
Sean Teague as Moah

King Vegeta
Masaharu Satō
Ed Marcus as King Vejita
Christopher Sabat

Broly
Bin Shimada (adult)
Hiroko Emori (baby)
Doug Rand (adult/baby in one scene)
Jodi Forrest (baby)
Vic Mignogna (adult)
Cynthia Cranz (baby)

Paragus
Iemasa Kayumi
Paul Bandey
Dameon Clarke

Octopus Scientist (タコ科学者, Tako kagaku-sha)
Naoki Tatsuta
Ed Marcus
Kent Williams as Krang

Kaiō
Jōji Yanami
Ed Marcus as Keish
Sean Schemmel as King Kai

Shamo
Hiroko Emori
Doug Rand
Amber Cotton

Shamo's Grandfather
Masaharu Satō
Ed Marcus
John Burgmeier

Narrator
Jōji Yanami
Ed Marcus
Kyle Hebert

text: Music[edit]

text:
OP (Opening Theme):

"CHA-LA HEAD-CHA-LA"

Lyrics by Yukinojō Mori
Music by Chiho Kiyooka
Arranged by Kenji Yamamoto
Performed by Hironobu Kageyama

ED (Ending Theme):

Bāningu Faito —Nessen • Ressen • Chō-Gekisen— (バーニング・ファイト―熱戦・烈戦・超激戦―, "Burning Fight —A Close, Intense, Super-Fierce Battle—")

Lyrics by Dai Satō
Music by Chiho Kiyooka
Arranged by Kenji Yamamoto
Performed by Hironobu Kageyama and Yuka

text: Funimation dub soundtrack[edit]

text: The following songs were present in the Funimation dub of Dragon Ball Z: Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan:[3] The remaining pieces of background music were composed by Mark Menza.

text:
Tendril - Eternal Sacrifice (Opening Theme of Movie)
El Gato - Lost in America (Part 1)
Brave Combo - Dance of the Hours (Part 1 & 2)
Pointy Shoe Factory - On Your Knees
Pointy Shoe Factory - Bump in the Night
Doosu - Louisiana House Fire. Mid 1950
The Aleph - Lazarus
Slow Roosevelt - Boys Lie, Girls Steal
Spoonfed Tribe - Beetle Orange
Dokodemo Doa - Fearful Yet Hopeful
Pointy Shoe Factory - The Dub and the Dead
Pantera - 10's
Tendril - Invisibles
Gravity Pool - Reach
Gravity Pool - Won't Give In
Haji's Kitchen - Day After Day
Slow Roosevelt - Silverback
Haji's Kitchen - Lost
El Gato - Stained-Glass Windshield

text: However, on the Broly Triple Feature, there is an alternate audio track containing the English dialogue and Japanese background music.


document_title: You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma

question_text: who sang your the reason god made oklahoma

root

text: You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma

text:
"You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma"

Single by David Frizzell and Shelly West

from the album The Sound Track Music From Clint Eastwood's Any Which Way You Can

B-side
"That's Where Lovers Go Wrong"

Released
January 1981

Format
7" single

Genre
Country

Length
3:24

Label
Warner Bros. Records

Songwriter(s)
Felice and Boudleaux Bryant
Larry Collins
Sandy Pinkard

Producer(s)
Snuff Garrett
Steve Dorff

David Frizzell and Shelly West singles chronology

"You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma"
(1981)
"A Texas State of Mind"
(1981)

"You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma"
(1981)
"A Texas State of Mind"
(1981)

tag: table

text: "You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma" is a 1981 single from the film Any Which Way You Can, performed by David Frizzell and Shelly West. It was written by Larry Collins and Sandy Pinkard (of Pinkard & Bowden). The song was Shelly West's debut on the country chart and David Frizzell's second hit on the country chart. "You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma", was the most successful of seven country hits by the duo, staying number one on the country chart for one week and eleven weeks in the Top 40 country chart.[1]

tag: p

text: Felice and Boudleaux Bryant, the writers of the song "Rocky Top", sued Collins and Pinkard for copyright infringement concerning this song, because the tune was similar to their song "Rocky Top."[2] They won the lawsuit and are now often credited as having co-written the song.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1981)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles
1

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
13


document_title: In the Still of the Night (Cole Porter song)

question_text: who wrote in the still of the night cole porter

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "In the Still of the Night" is a popular song written by Cole Porter for the MGM film Rosalie sung by Nelson Eddy and published in 1937.

text: Two popular early recordings were by Tommy Dorsey and Leo Reisman. Dorsey's charted on October 16, 1937 and peaked at #3. Reisman's charted on December 25, 1937 and peaked at #9. [1]

text: Notable recordings[edit]

text:
Al Bowlly recorded the song on January 20, 1938 with Maurice Winnick and His Sweet Music. (Source Al Bowlly Discography)
Roy Fox and His Orchestra - (1938)
David Rose and His Orchestra - (1946)
Jo Stafford - Autumn in New York (1950)
Django Reinhardt - Integrale Vol 5 (1936)
Charlie Parker - Big Band (1952)
Della Reese - Released as a single for Jubilee Records (1954)
Perry Como - (1955)
Ella Fitzgerald - Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Songbook (1956)
Joni James - In the Still of the Night album and title song (1956)
Doris Day - Hooray For Hollywood (1958)
The Four Freshmen - Voices in Love (1958)
Johnny Mathis - (1959)
Dion & The Belmonts - (1960) (this IS Cole Porter's song)
Bing Crosby - from the album El Señor Bing (1960)
Billy Eckstine - From the Album The Cole Porter Songbook - Night And Day
Frank Sinatra - Ring-A-Ding-Ding (1961), Sinatra 80th: Live in Concert (1995), Sinatra/Vegas (2006)
Shirley Bassey - Shirley (1961)
The Lettermen - (1962)
Sammy Davis, Jr. - Sammy Davis Jr. at the Cocoanut Grove (1963)
Eartha Kitt - The Romantic Eartha (1964)
Bobby Vinton - (1965)
Sergio Franchi - RCA Victor album, Live at the Coconut Grove (1965)[2]
Rosemary Clooney - Rosemary Clooney Sings the Music of Cole Porter (1982)
Michael Crawford - Songs from the Stage and Screen (1987)
Neville Brothers - Red Hot + Blue (1990)
Michael Nesmith - Tropical Campfires (1992)
Neil Diamond - The Movie Album: As Time Goes By (1998)
Aaron Neville - Nature Boy: The Standards Album (2003)
Carly Simon - Moonlight Serenade (2005)

tag: ul


document_title: Santa Fe, New Mexico

question_text: what is the altitude of santa fe new mexico

question_tokens: what is the altitude of santa fe new mexico

text: Santa Fe, New Mexico

text: History[edit]

text: Spain and Mexico[edit]

text: The area of Santa Fe was originally occupied by indigenous Tanoan peoples, who lived in numerous Pueblo villages along the Rio Grande. One of the earliest known settlements in what today is downtown Santa Fe came sometime after 900. A group of native Tewa built a cluster of homes that centered around the site of today's Plaza and spread for half a mile to the south and west; the village was called Ogapoge in Tewa[6] The Tanoans and other Pueblo peoples settled along the Santa Fe River for its water and transportation.

text: The river had a year-round flow until the 1700s. By the 20th century the Santa Fe River was a seasonal waterway.[7] As of 2007[update], the river was recognized as the most endangered river in the United States, according to the conservation group American Rivers.[8]

text: Don Juan de Oñate led the first European effort to colonize the region in 1598, establishing Santa Fe de Nuevo México as a province of New Spain. Under Juan de Oñate and his son, the capital of the province was the settlement of San Juan de los Caballeros north of Santa Fe near modern Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo. New Mexico's second Spanish governor, Don Pedro de Peralta, however, founded a new city at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in 1607, which he called La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís, the Royal Town of the Holy Faith of Saint Francis of Assisi. In 1610, he designated it as the capital of the province, which it has almost constantly remained,[9] making it the oldest state capital in the United States.

text: Discontent with the colonization practices led to the Pueblo Revolt, when groups of different Native Pueblo peoples were successful in driving the Spaniards out of the area now known as New Mexico, maintaining their independence from 1680 to 1692, when the territory was reconquered by Don Diego de Vargas. Santa Fe remained Spain's provincial seat until the outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810. It was considered important to fur traders based in present-day Saint Louis, Missouri. When the area was still under Spanish rule, the Chouteau brothers of Saint Louis gained a monopoly on the fur trade, before the United States acquired Missouri under the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The fur trade contributed to the wealth of St. Louis.

text: The city's status as the capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was formalized in the 1824 Constitution after Mexico achieved independence from Spain.

text: United States[edit]

text: When the Republic of Texas seceded from Mexico in 1836, it claimed Santa Fe as part of the western portion of Texas along the Rio Grande. In 1841, a small military and trading expedition set out from Austin, intending to take control of the Santa Fe Trail. Known as the Texan Santa Fe Expedition, the force was poorly prepared and was easily captured by the Mexican army. In 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico. Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny led the main body of his Army of the West of some 1,700 soldiers into Santa Fe to claim it and the whole New Mexico Territory for the United States. By 1848 the U.S. officially gained New Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

text: Colonel Alexander William Doniphan, under the command of Kearny, recovered ammunition from Santa Fe labeled "Spain 1776" showing both the [lack of] quality of communication and military support New Mexico received under Mexican rule.[10]

text: Some American visitors at first saw little promise in the remote town. One traveller in 1849 wrote:

text: I can hardly imagine how Santa Fe is supported. The country around it is barren. At the North stands a snow-capped mountain while the valley in which the town is situated is drab and sandy. The streets are narrow... A Mexican will walk about town all day to sell a bundle of grass worth about a dime. They are the poorest looking people I ever saw. They subsist principally on mutton, onions and red pepper.[11]

text: In 1851, Jean Baptiste Lamy arrived, becoming bishop of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado in 1853. During his leadership, he traveled to France, Rome, Tucson, Los Angeles, St. Louis, New Orleans, and Mexico City. He built the Santa Fe Saint Francis Cathedral and shaped Catholicism in the region until his death in 1888.[12]

text: As part of the New Mexico Campaign of the Civil War, General Henry Sibley occupied the city, flying the Confederate flag over Santa Fe for a few days in March 1862. Sibley was forced to withdraw after Union troops destroyed his logistical trains following the Battle of Glorieta Pass. The Santa Fe National Cemetery was created by the federal government after the war in 1870 to inter the Union soldiers who died fighting there.

text: On October 21, 1887, Anton Docher, "The Padre of Isleta", went to New Mexico where he was ordained as a priest in the St Francis Cathedral of Santa Fe by Bishop Jean-Baptiste Salpointe. After a few years serving in Santa Fe,[13] Bernalillo and in Taos,[14] he moved to Isleta on December 28, 1891. He wrote an ethnological article published in The Santa Fé Magazine in June 1913, in which he describes early 20th century life in the Pueblos.[15]

text: As railroads were extended into the West, Santa Fe was originally envisioned as an important stop on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. But as the tracks were constructed into New Mexico, the civil engineers decided that it was more practical to go through Lamy, a town in Santa Fe County to the south of Santa Fe. A branch line was completed from Lamy to Santa Fe in 1880.[16] The Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad extended the narrow gauge Chili Line from the nearby city of Española to Santa Fe in 1886.[17]

text: Neither were sufficient to offset the negative effects of Santa Fe having been bypassed by the main railroad route. It suffered gradual economic decline into the early 20th century. Activists created a number of resources for the arts and archaeology, notably the School of American Research, created in 1907 under the leadership of the prominent archaeologist Edgar Lee Hewett. In the early 20th century, Santa Fe became a base for numerous writers and artists. The first airplane to fly over Santa Fe was piloted by Rose Dugan, carrying Vera von Blumenthal as passenger. Together the two women started the development of the Pueblo Indian pottery industry, helping native women to market their wares. They contributed to the founding of the annual Santa Fe Indian Market.

text: In 1912, New Mexico was admitted as the United States of America's 47th state, with Santa Fe as its capital.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: 1912 plan[edit]

text: In 1912, when the town's population was approximately 5,000 people, the city's civic leaders designed and enacted a sophisticated city plan that incorporated elements of contemporary movements for the City Beautiful movement, city planning, and historic preservation; the latter particularly influenced by similar movements in Germany. The plan anticipated limited future growth, considered the scarcity of water, and recognized the future prospects of suburban development on the outskirts. The planners foresaw conflicts between preservationists and scientific planners. They set forth the principle that historic streets and structures be preserved and that new development must be in harmony with the city's character.[18]

text: Artists and tourists[edit]

text: After the mainline of the railroad bypassed Santa Fe, it lost population. However artists and writers, as well as retirees, were attracted to the cultural richness of the area, the beauty of the landscapes, and its dry climate. Local leaders began promoting the city as a tourist attraction. The city sponsored architectural restoration projects and erected new buildings according to traditional techniques and styles, thus creating the Santa Fe Style. Edgar L. Hewett, founder and first director of the School of American Research and the Museum of New Mexico in Santa Fe, was a leading promoter. He began the Santa Fe Fiesta in 1919 and the Southwest Indian Fair in 1922 (now known as the Indian Market).

text: When he tried to attract a summer program for Texas women, many artists rebelled saying the city should not promote artificial tourism at the expense of its artistic culture. The writers and artists formed the Old Santa Fe Association and defeated the plan.[19]

text: Japanese American internment camp[edit]

text: During World War II, the federal government ordered a Japanese American internment camp to be established. Beginning in June 1942, the Department of Justice arrested 826 Japanese-American men after the attack on Pearl Harbor; they held them near Santa Fe, in a former Civilian Conservation Corps site that had been acquired and expanded for the purpose. Although there was a lack of evidence and no due process, the men were held on suspicion of fifth column activity. Security at Santa Fe was similar to a military prison, with twelve-foot barbed wire fences, guard towers equipped with searchlights, and guards carrying rifles, side arms and tear gas.[20] By September, the internees had been transferred to other facilities—523 to War Relocation Authority concentration camps in the interior of the West, and 302 to Army internment camps.

text: The Santa Fe site was used next to hold German and Italian nationals, who were considered enemy aliens after the outbreak of war.[21] In February 1943, these civilian detainees were transferred to DOJ custody.

text: The camp was expanded at that time to take in 2,100 men segregated from the general population of Japanese American inmates. These were mostly Nisei and Kibei who had renounced their U.S. citizenship when asked to sign a loyalty oath that had confusing language, saying the person agreed to "give up loyalty to the Japanese emperor." Men born in America who had never identified with the emperor were insulted, especially as they were being asked to enroll in the armed forces while their Japanese-born parents were interned in camps. and other "troublemakers" from the Tule Lake Segregation Center.[20] In 1945, four internees were seriously injured when violence broke out between the internees and guards in an event known as the Santa Fe Riot. The camp remained open past the end of the war; the last detainees were released in mid 1946. The facility was closed and sold as surplus soon after.[21] The camp was located in what is now the Casa Solana neighborhood.[22]

text: Geography[edit]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 37.4 sq mi (96.9 km2), of which 37.3 sq mi (96.7 km2) is land and 0.077 sq mi (0.2 km2) (0.21%) is water.

text: Santa Fe is located at 7,199 feet (2,194 m) above sea level, making it the highest state capital in the United States.[1]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Santa Fe experiences a dry steppe climate (BSk in Köppen climate classification), with chilly, dry winters and hot summers and high potential evaporation compared to precipitation. The 24-hour average temperature in the city ranges from 30.3 °F (−0.9 °C) in December to 70.1 °F (21.2 °C) in July. Due to the relative aridity and elevation, average diurnal temperature variation exceeds 25 °F (14 °C) in every month, and 30 °F (17 °C) much of the year. The city usually receives 6 to 8 snowfalls a year between November and April. The heaviest rainfall occurs in July and August, with the arrival of the North American Monsoon.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Santa Fe, New Mexico (1981–2010 normals), elevation 6,756 ft (2,059.2 m)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
65
(18)
73
(23)
77
(25)
84
(29)
96
(36)
99
(37)
99
(37)
96
(36)
94
(34)
87
(31)
75
(24)
65
(18)
99
(37)

Average high °F (°C)
43.5
(6.4)
48.2
(9)
55.9
(13.3)
64.7
(18.2)
74.2
(23.4)
83.5
(28.6)
85.9
(29.9)
83.4
(28.6)
77.7
(25.4)
66.5
(19.2)
53.1
(11.7)
43.2
(6.2)
65.0
(18.3)

Daily mean °F (°C)
30.5
(−0.8)
34.9
(1.6)
41.0
(5)
48.5
(9.2)
57.6
(14.2)
66.5
(19.2)
70.1
(21.2)
68.4
(20.2)
62.1
(16.7)
51.0
(10.6)
38.9
(3.8)
30.3
(−0.9)
50.0
(10)

Average low °F (°C)
17.5
(−8.1)
21.5
(−5.8)
26.1
(−3.3)
32.3
(0.2)
41.0
(5)
49.4
(9.7)
54.4
(12.4)
53.3
(11.8)
46.5
(8.1)
35.5
(1.9)
24.6
(−4.1)
17.4
(−8.1)
35.0
(1.7)

Record low °F (°C)
−14
(−26)
−24
(−31)
−6
(−21)
10
(−12)
19
(−7)
28
(−2)
37
(3)
36
(2)
26
(−3)
5
(−15)
−12
(−24)
−17
(−27)
−24
(−31)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
.60
(15.2)
.53
(13.5)
.94
(23.9)
.77
(19.6)
.94
(23.9)
1.29
(32.8)
2.33
(59.2)
2.23
(56.6)
1.54
(39.1)
1.33
(33.8)
.85
(21.6)
.83
(21.1)
14.18
(360.2)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
4.0
(10.2)
2.9
(7.4)
4.4
(11.2)
.4
(1)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1.0
(2.5)
2.3
(5.8)
8.0
(20.3)
23
(58)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
3.4
3.7
4.7
4.0
4.7
5.6
9.6
10.3
6.3
5.2
4.0
4.2
65.7

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
1.9
1.5
1.3
.4
0
0
0
0
0
.3
.8
2.2
8.4

Source: NOAA[23][24]

text: Santa Fe style and "The City Different"[edit]

text: This year we are making a studied conscious effort not to be studied or conscious. Santa Fe is now one of the most interesting art centers in the world and you, O Dude of the East, are privileged to behold the most sophisticated group in the country gamboling freely. ... And Santa Fe, making you welcome, will enjoy itself hugely watching the Dude as he gazes. Be sure as you stroll along looking for the quaint and picturesque that you are supplying your share of those very qualities to Santa Fe, the City Incongruous. ... Be yourself, even if it includes synthetic cowboy clothes, motor goggles and a camera.

text: The Spanish laid out the city according to the "Laws of the Indies", town planning rules and ordinances which had been established in 1573 by King Philip II. The fundamental principle was that the town be laid out around a central plaza. On its north side was the Palace of the Governors, while on the east was the church that later became the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi.

text: An important style implemented in planning the city was the radiating grid of streets centering from the central Plaza. Many were narrow and included small alley-ways, but each gradually merged into the more casual byways of the agricultural perimeter areas. As the city grew throughout the 19th century, the building styles evolved too, so that by statehood in 1912, the eclectic nature of the buildings caused it to look like "Anywhere USA".[26] The city government realized that the economic decline, which had started more than twenty years before with the railway moving west and the federal government closing down Fort Marcy, might be reversed by the promotion of tourism.

text: To achieve that goal, the city created the idea of imposing a unified building style – the Spanish Pueblo Revival look, which was based on work done restoring the Palace of the Governors. The sources for this style came from the many defining features of local architecture: vigas (rough, exposed beams that extrude through supporting walls, and are thus visible outside as well as inside the building) and canales (rain spouts cut into short parapet walls around flat roofs), features borrowed from many old adobe homes and churches built many years before and found in the Pueblos, along with the earth-toned look (reproduced in stucco) of the old adobe exteriors.

text: After 1912 this style became official: all buildings were to be built using these elements. By 1930 there was a broadening to include the "Territorial", a style of the pre-statehood period which included the addition of portales (large, covered porches) and white-painted window and door pediments (and also sometimes terra cotta tiles on sloped roofs, but with flat roofs still dominating). The city had become "different". However, "in the rush to pueblofy"[27] Santa Fe, the city lost a great deal of its architectural history and eclecticism. Among the architects most closely associated with this new style are T. Charles Gaastra and John Gaw Meem.

text: By an ordinance passed in 1957, new and rebuilt buildings, especially those in designated historic districts, must exhibit a Spanish Territorial or Pueblo style of architecture, with flat roofs and other features suggestive of the area's traditional adobe construction. However, many contemporary houses in the city are built from lumber, concrete blocks, and other common building materials, but with stucco surfaces (sometimes referred to as "faux-dobe", pronounced as one word: "foe-dough-bee") reflecting the historic style.

text: In a September 2003 report by Angelou Economics, it was determined that Santa Fe should focus their economic development efforts in the following seven industries: Arts and Culture, Design, Hospitality, Conservation Technologies, Software Development, Publishing and New Media, and Outdoor Gear and Apparel. Three secondary targeted industries for Santa Fe to focus development in are health care, retiree services, and food & beverage. Angelou Economics recognized three economic signs that Santa Fe's economy was at risk of long term deterioration. These signs were; a lack of business diversity which tied the city too closely to fluctuations in tourism and the government sector; the beginnings of urban sprawl, as a result of Santa Fe County growing faster than the city, meaning people will move farther outside the city to find land and lower costs for housing; and an aging population coupled with a rapidly shrinking population of individuals under 45 years old, making Santa Fe less attractive to business recruits.

text: The seven industries recommended by the report "represent a good mix for short-, mid-, and long-term economic cultivation."[28]

text: In 2005/2006, a consultant group from Portland, Oregon, prepared a "Santa Fe Downtown Vision Plan" to examine the long-range needs for the "downtown" area, roughly bounded by the Paseo de Peralta on the north, south and east sides and by Guadalupe Street on the west. In consultation with members of community groups, who were encouraged to provide feedback, the consultants made a wide range of recommendations in the plan now published for public and city review.[29]

text: Government[edit]

text:
Santa Fe City officials[30]

Mayor
Javier Gonzales

Mayor Pro-Tem
Peter Ives

City manager
Brian Snyder

City attorney
Kelley Brennan (interim)[31]

City clerk
Yolanda Y. Vigil, CMC

Municipal Judge
Ann Yalman

Chief of police
Patrick Gallagher[32]

Fire chief
Erik Litzenberg

City councilors
Signe Lindel, Renee Villareal, Peter Ives, Joseph Maestas, Carmichael Domiguez, Christopher Rivera, Ronald S. Trujillo, Michael Harris

text: The city of Santa Fe is a charter city.[33] It is governed by a mayor-council system. The city is divided into four electoral districts, each represented by two councilors. Councilors are elected to staggered four-year terms and one councilor from each district is elected every two years.[33]:Article VI

text: The municipal judgeship is an elected position and a requirement of the holder is that they be a member of the state bar. The judge is elected to four-year terms.[33]:Article VII

text: The mayor is the chief executive officer of the city and is a member of the governing body. The mayor has numerous powers and duties, and while previously the mayor could only vote when there was a tie among the city council, the city charter was amended by referendum in 2014 to allow the mayor to vote on all matters in front of the council. Starting in 2018, the position of mayor will be a full-time professional paid position within city government.[33]:Article V Day-to-day operations of the municipality are undertaken by the city manager's office.[33]:Article VIII

text: Federal representation[edit]

text: The Joseph M. Montoya Federal Building and Post Office serves as an office for U.S. federal government operations. It also contains the primary United States Postal Service post office in the city.[34] Other post offices in the Santa Fe city limits include Coronado,[35] De Vargas Mall,[36] and Santa Fe Place Mall.[37] The U.S. Courthouse building, constructed in 1889, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[38]

text: Arts and culture[edit]

text: The city is well known as a center for arts that reflect the multicultural character of the city; it has been designated as a UNESCO Creative City in Design, Crafts and Folk Art.[39]

text: In 2012, the city was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U.S. by CBS MoneyWatch and U.S. News.[40][41]

text: Visual arts[edit]

text: Canyon Road, east of the Plaza, has the highest concentration of art galleries in the city, and is a major destination for international collectors, tourists and locals. The Canyon Road galleries showcase a wide array of contemporary, Southwestern, indigenous American, and experimental art, in addition to Russian, Taos Masters, and Native American pieces.

text: Santa Fe also contains a lively contemporary art scene, with Meow Wolf as its main art collective. Backed by author George R. R. Martin,[42] Meow Wolf opened an elaborate art installation space, called House of Eternal Return, in 2016.[43]

text: There are many outdoor sculptures, including many statues of Francis of Assisi, and several other holy figures, such as Kateri Tekakwitha. The styles run the whole spectrum from Baroque to Post-modern.

text: Literature[edit]

text: Numerous authors followed the influx of specialists in the visual arts. Well-known writers like D. H. Lawrence, Cormac McCarthy, Kate Braverman, Douglas Adams, Tony Hillerman, Roger Zelazny, Alice Corbin Henderson, Mary Austin, Witter Bynner, Dan Flores, Paul Horgan, Rudolfo Anaya, George R. R. Martin, Mitch Cullin, David Morrell, Evan S. Connell, Richard Bradford, John Masters, Jack Schaefer, Hampton Sides and Michael McGarrity are or were residents of Santa Fe. Walker Percy lived on a dude ranch outside of Santa Fe before returning to Louisiana to begin his literary career.[44]

text: Media[edit]

text: Santa Fe's daily newspaper is the Santa Fe New Mexican and each Friday, it publishes Pasatiempo, its long-running calendar and commentary on arts and events.. The Magazine has been the arts magazine of Santa Fe since its founding by Guy Cross in 1992. It publishes critical reviews and profiles New Mexico based artists monthly. Each Wednesday the alternative weekly newspaper, The Santa Fe Reporter, publishes information on the arts and culture of Santa Fe.

text: Music, dance, and opera[edit]

text: Performance Santa Fe, formerly the Santa Fe Concert Association, is the oldest presenting organization in Santa Fe. Founded in 1937, Performance Santa Fe brings celebrated and legendary musicians as well as some of the world's greatest dancers and actors to the city from August through May.[45] The Santa Fe Opera's productions take place between late June and late August each year. The city also hosts the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival which is held at about the same time, mostly in the St. Francis Auditorium and in the Lensic Theater. Also in July and August, the Santa Fe Desert Chorale holds its summer festival. Santa Fe has its own professional ballet company, Aspen Santa Fe Ballet, which performs in both cities and tours nationally and internationally. Santa Fe is also home to internationally acclaimed Flamenco dancer's Maria Benitez Institute for Spanish Arts which offers programs and performance in Flamenco, Spanish Guitar and similar arts year round. Other notable local figures include the National Dance Institute of New Mexico and German New Age musician Deuter.

text: Museums[edit]

text: Santa Fe has many museums located near the downtown Plaza:

text:
New Mexico Museum of Art – collections of modern and contemporary Southwestern art
Museum of Contemporary Native Arts – contemporary Native American arts with political aspects
Georgia O'Keeffe Museum – devoted to the work of O'Keeffe and others whom she influenced
New Mexico History Museum – located behind the Palace of the Governors
Site Santa Fe – a contemporary art space

text: Several other museums are located in the area known as Museum Hill:[46]

text:
Museum of International Folk Art – folk art from around the world
Museum of Indian Arts and Culture – Native American arts
Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian – Native American art and history
Museum of Spanish Colonial Art[47] – Tradition arts from the Spanish-colonial era to contemporary times.

text: Sports[edit]

text: The New Mexico Style were an American Basketball Association franchise founded in 2005, but reformed in Texas for the 2007–8 season as the El Paso S'ol (which folded without playing an ABA game in their new city). The Santa Fe Roadrunners were a North American Hockey League team, but moved to Kansas to become the Topeka Roadrunners. Santa Fe's rodeo, the Rodeo De Santa Fe, is held annually the last week of June.[48] In May 2012 Santa Fe became the home of the Santa Fe Fuego of the Pecos League of Professional Baseball Clubs. They play their home games at Fort Marcy Park. Horse racing events were held at The Downs at Santa Fe from 1971 until 1997.

text: Science and technology[edit]

text: Santa Fe has had an association with science and technology since 1943 when the town served as the gateway to Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), a 45-minute drive from the city. In 1984, the Santa Fe Institute (SFI) was founded to research complex systems in the physical, biological, economic, and political sciences. It hosts such Nobel laureates as Murray Gell-Mann (physics), Philip Warren Anderson (physics), and Kenneth Arrow (economics). The National Center for Genome Resources (NCGR)[49] was founded in 1994 to focus on research at the intersection among bioscience, computing, and mathematics. In the 1990s and 2000s several technology companies formed to commercialize technologies from LANL, SFI and NCGR.

text: Due to the presence of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories and the Santa Fe Institute, and because of its attractiveness for visitors and an established tourist industry, Santa Fe routinely serves as a host to a variety of scientific meetings, summer schools, and public lectures, such as International q-bio Conference on Cellular Information Processing, Santa Fe Institute's Complex Systems Summer School,[50] and LANL's Center For Nonlinear Studies[51] Annual Conference.

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Touch the country [of New Mexico] and you will never be the same again.

text: Tourism is a major element of the Santa Fe economy, with visitors attracted year-round by the climate and related outdoor activities (such as skiing in years of adequate snowfall; hiking in other seasons) plus cultural activities of the city and the region. Tourism information is provided by the convention and visitor bureau[53] and the chamber of commerce.[54]

text: Most tourist activity takes place in the historic downtown, especially on and around the Plaza, a one-block square adjacent to the Palace of the Governors, the original seat of New Mexico's territorial government since the time of Spanish colonization. Other areas include "Museum Hill", the site of the major art museums of the city as well as the Santa Fe International Folk Art Market, which takes place each year during the second full weekend of July. The Canyon Road arts area with its galleries is also a major attraction for locals and visitors alike.

text: Some visitors find Santa Fe particularly attractive around the second week of September when the aspens in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains turn yellow and the skies are clear and blue. This is also the time of the annual Fiestas de Santa Fe, celebrating the "reconquering" of Santa Fe by Don Diego de Vargas, a highlight of which is the burning Zozobra ("Old Man Gloom"), a 50-foot (15 m) marionette.

text: Popular day trips in the Santa Fe area include locations such as the town of Taos, about 70 mi (113 km) north of Santa Fe. The historic Bandelier National Monument and the Valles Caldera can be found about 30 mi (48 km) away. Santa Fe's ski area, Ski Santa Fe, is about 16 mi (26 km) north of the city. Chimayo is also nearby and many locals complete the annual pilgrimage to the Santuario de Chimayo.

text: Architectural highlights[edit]

text:
New Mexico State Capitol
Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santa Fe
Loretto Chapel
Palace of the Governors
San Miguel Mission and the rest of the Barrio De Analco Historic District
Santuario de Guadalupe
De Vargas Street House

text: Districts[edit]

text:
Barrio De Analco Historic District
Don Gaspar Historic District
Santa Fe Historic District
Santa Fe Railyard arts district

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1850
4,846

—

1860
4,635

−4.4%

1870
4,756

2.6%

1880
6,635

39.5%

1890
6,185

−6.8%

1900
5,603

−9.4%

1910
5,073

−9.5%

1920
7,326

44.4%

1930
11,176

52.6%

1940
20,325

81.9%

1950
27,998

37.8%

1960
34,394

22.8%

1970
41,167

19.7%

1980
48,053

16.7%

1990
52,303

8.8%

2000
61,109

16.8%

2010
67,947

11.2%

Est. 2016
83,875
[3]
23.4%

U.S. Decennial Census[56]

text: As of the 2010 census, there were 67,947 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city residents was 78.9% White, 2.1% Native American; 1.4% Asian; and 3.7% from two or more races. A total of 48.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Non-Hispanic Whites were 46.2% of the population.[57]

text: As of the census[58] of 2000, there were 62,203 people, 27,569 households, and 14,969 families living in the city. The population density was 1,666.1 people per square mile (643.4/km2). There were 30,533 housing units at an average density of 817.8 per square mile (315.8/km2). According to the Census Bureau's 2006 American Community Survey, the racial makeup of the city was 75% White, 2.5% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.4% African American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 16.9% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 44.5% of the population.

text: There were 27,569 households out of which 24.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.6% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.7% were non-families. 36.4% of all households were made up of individuals living alone and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.90.

text: The age distribution was 20.3% under 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 91.7 males. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there were 89.0 men.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $40,392, and the median income for a family was $49,705. Men had a median income of $32,373 versus $27,431 for women. The per capita income for the city was $25,454. About 9.5% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.2% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

text: Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

text: Santa Fe has ten sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International: [59]

text:
Bukhara, Uzbekistan
 Holguín, Cuba
 Icheon, Republic of Korea
 Livingstone, Zambia
 Parral, Mexico
 San Miguel de Allende, Mexico
 Santa Fe, Spain
 Sorrento, Italy
 Tsuyama, Japan
 Zhangjiajie, China

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Air[edit]

text: Santa Fe is served by the Santa Fe Municipal Airport. Currently, American Eagle provides regional jet service to and from Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, which began on June 11, 2009. An additional flight to and from Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport was added on November 19, 2009 alongside a new flight to and from Los Angeles International Airport. Since December 2012, Great Lakes Airlines has offered twice daily flight service between Santa Fe, NM and Denver, CO.[60] Many people fly into the Albuquerque International Sunport and connect by other means to Santa Fe.[61][62]

text: Road[edit]

text: Santa Fe is located on I-25. In addition, U.S. Route 84 and U.S. Route 285 pass through the city along St. Francis Drive. NM-599 forms a limited-access road bypass around the northwestern part of the city.

text: In its earliest alignment (1926–1937) U.S. Route 66 ran through Santa Fe.[63]

text: Public transportation[edit]

text: Santa Fe Trails, run by the city, operates a number of bus routes within the city during business hours and also provides connections to regional transit.

text: The New Mexico Rail Runner Express is a commuter rail service operating in Valencia, Bernalillo (including Albuquerque), Sandoval, and Santa Fe Counties. In Santa Fe County, the service uses 18 miles (29 km) of new right-of-way connecting the BNSF Railway's old transcontinental mainline to existing right-of-way in Santa Fe used by the Santa Fe Southern Railway. Santa Fe is currently served by three stations, Santa Fe Depot, South Capitol, and Santa Fe County/NM 599. A fourth station, Zia Road, is under construction and does not yet have a planned opening date.

text: New Mexico Park and Ride, a division of the New Mexico Department of Transportation, and the North Central Regional Transit District operate primarily weekday commuter coach/bus service to Santa Fe from Torrance, Rio Arriba, Taos, San Miguel and Los Alamos Counties in addition to shuttle services within Santa Fe connecting major government activity centers.[64][65] Prior to the Rail Runner's extension to Santa Fe, Park and Ride operated commuter coach service between Albuquerque and Santa Fe.

text: Rail[edit]

text: Along with the New Mexico Rail Runner Express, a commuter rail line serving the metropolitan areas of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, the city or its environs are served by two other railroads. The Santa Fe Southern Railway, now mostly a tourist rail experience but also carrying freight, operates excursion services out of Santa Fe as far as Lamy, 15 miles (24 km) to the southeast. The Santa Fe Southern line is one of the United States' few rails with trails. Lamy is also served by Amtrak's daily Southwest Chief for train service to Chicago, Los Angeles, and intermediate points. Passengers transiting Lamy may use a special connecting coach/van service to reach Santa Fe.

text: Trails[edit]

text: Multi-use bicycle, pedestrian, and equestrian trails are increasingly popular in Santa Fe, for both recreation and commuting. These include the Dale Ball Trails,[66] a 30-mile (48 km) network starting within two miles (3.2 km) of the Santa Fe Plaza; the long Santa Fe Rail Trail to Lamy; and the Santa Fe River Trail, which is in development. Santa Fe is the terminus of three National Historic Trails: El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail, the Old Spanish National Historic Trail, and the Santa Fe National Historic Trail.

text: Education[edit]

text: Santa Fe has three public high schools:

text:
Santa Fe High School (1,500 students)
Capital High School (1,300 students)
New Mexico School for the Arts

text: Public schools in Santa Fe are operated by Santa Fe Public Schools, with the exception of the New Mexico School for the Arts, which is a public/private partnership comprising the NMSA-Art Institute, a nonprofit art educational institution, and NMSA-Charter School, an accredited New Mexico state charter high school.

text: The city has three private liberal arts colleges: St. John's College, Santa Fe University of Art and Design (formerly the College of Santa Fe), and Southwestern College; plus Santa Fe Community College and the Institute of American Indian Arts.

text: The city has six private college preparatory high schools: Santa Fe Waldorf School,[67] St. Michael's High School, Desert Academy,[68] New Mexico School For The Deaf, Santa Fe Secondary School, and Santa Fe Preparatory School. The Santa Fe Indian School is an off-reservation school for Native Americans. Santa Fe is also the location of the New Mexico School for the Arts, a public-private partnership, arts-focused high school. The city has many private elementary schools as well, including Little Earth School,[69] Santa Fe International Elementary School,[70] Rio Grande School, Desert Montessori School,[71] La Mariposa Montessori, The Tara School, Fayette Street Academy, The Santa Fe Girls' School and The Academy for the Love of Learning.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
David W. Alexander, 19th-century Los Angeles politician and sheriff
Antonio Armijo, explorer and merchant who led the first commercial caravan between Santa Fe, Nuevo México and Los Angeles, Alta California in 1829–1830
Mary Austin, writer
Gustave Baumann (1881-1971), print-maker, marionette-maker and painter; resident artist for more than fifty years; died in Santa Fe
William Berra, painter
Florence Birdwell, musician, teacher
Paul Burlin, modern and abstract expressionist painter
Witter Bynner, poet
Zach Condon, lead singer and songwriter of band Beirut
Bronson Cutting, politician
Chris Eyre, actor, director
Tom Ford, fashion designer[72]
Garance Franke-Ruta, journalist
Alix Generous, mental health advocate and writer
Anna Gunn, Emmy-winning actress
Gene Hackman, Oscar-winning actor
Dorothy B. Hughes, novelist
J.B. Jackson, landscape architect
Jeffe Kennedy, author
Jean Kraft, operatic singer (mezzo-soprano)
Oliver La Farge, writer
Jean-Baptiste Lamy, archbishop
Ali MacGraw, actress
Shirley MacLaine, actress[73]
George R. R. Martin, author and screenwriter, Game of Thrones
Cormac McCarthy, author, winner of Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
Sylvanus Morley, archaeologist
Georgia O'Keeffe, artist, winner of National Medal of Arts
Hib Sabin, indigenous-style sculptor
Brad Sherwood, actor and comedian
Wes Studi, actor and musician
Sheri S. Tepper, writer[74]
Charlene Teters, artist, activist
Jeremy Ray Valdez, actor
Josh West, Olympic medalist rower
Roger Zelazny, writer


document_title: Dosha

question_text: what is pitta in human body called in english

text: Dosha

text: A dosha (Sanskrit दोषः, doṣa), according to Ayurveda, is one of three substances that are present in a person's body. In literature since the twentieth century, this idea is called "the three-dosha theory (Sanskrit त्रिदोषोपदेशः, tridoṣa-upadeśaḥ).[1]" Authoritative Ayurvedic treatises describe how the quantity and quality of these three substances fluctuates in the body, according to the seasons, time of day, diet and several other factors. Ayurvedic doshas are markedly different from Greek Humors. [2]

text: The central concept of Ayurvedic medicine is the theory that health exists when there is a balance between three fundamental bodily bio-elements or doshas called Vata, Pitta and Kapha.[3]

text:
Vāta or Vata is characterised by properties of dry, cold, light, minute, and movement. All movement in the body is due to property of vata. Pain is the characteristic feature of deranged vata. Some of the diseases due to vata is flatulence, gout, rheumatism, etc.[4][5] It is not to be interpreted as air.[2]
Pitta element represents metabolism;[2] It is characterised by hotness, moist, liquid, sharp and sour, its chief quality is heat.[6] It is the energy principle which uses bile to direct digestion and enhance metabolism. It is primarily characterised by body heat or burning sensation and redness.
Kapha is the watery element, it is characterised by heaviness, cold, tenderness, softness, slowness, lubrication, and the carrier of nutrients. It is nourishing element of the body. All the soft organs are made by kapha, it plays an important role in taste perception, Joint nourishment and lubrication

text:
5 types of vata dosha[citation needed][7]
5 types of pitta dosha[citation needed][8]
5 types of kapha dosha[citation needed][9]

Prana Vata - Governs inhalation, perception through the senses and governs the mind. Located in the brain, head, throat, heart and respiratory organs.
Udana Vata - Governs speech, self-expression, effort, enthusiasm, strength and vitality. Located in the navel, lungs and throat.
Samana Vata - Governs peristaltic movement of the digestive system. Located in the stomach and small intestines.
Apana Vata - Governs all downward impulses (urination, elimination, menstruation, sexual discharges etc.) Located between the navel and the anus.
Vyana Vata - Governs circulation, heart rhythm, locomotion. Centred in the heart and permeates through the whole body.

Pachaka Pitta - Governs digestion of food which is broken down into nutrients and waste. Located in the lower stomach and small intestine.
Ranjaka Pitta - Governs formation of red blood cells. Gives colour to blood and stools. Located in the liver, gallbladder and spleen.
Alochaka Pitta - Governs visual perception. Located in the eyes.
Sadhaka Pitta - Governs emotions such as contentment, memory, intelligence and digestion of thoughts. Located in the heart.
Bharajaka Pitta - Governs lustre and complexion, temperature and pigmentation of the skin. Located in the skin.

Kledaka Kapha - Governs moistening and liquefying of the food in the initial stages of digestion. Located in the upper part of the stomach.
Avalambhaka Kapha - Governs lubrication of the heart and lungs. Provides strength to the back, chest and heart. Located in the chest, heart and lungs.
Tarpaka Kapha - Governs calmness, happiness and stability. Nourishment of sense and motor organs. Located in the head, sinuses and cerebrospinal fluid.
Bodhaka Kapha - Governs perception of taste, lubricating and moistening of food. Located in the tongue, mouth and throat
Shleshaka Kapha - Governs lubrication of all joints. Located in the joints.

text: Doshas are the forces that create the physical body, they determine our conditions of growth and aging, health and disease. Typically, one of the three doshas predominates and determines your constitution or mind-body type. By understanding our individual habits, emotional responses, and body type, we can adapt our yoga practice accordingly. The same goes for Ayurveda treatments focused on alleviating any doshic excesses (illness) via powerful herbs and/or via the improvement of general lifestyle practices such as pranayama, meditation and yoga postures.

text: Something will indicate when you have an excess of a dosha, as it throws your system off balance. For example, with excess vata, there can be mental, nervous and digestive disorders, including low energy and weakening of all body tissues. With excess pitta, there is toxic blood that gives rise to inflammation and infection. With excess kapha, there is an increase in mucus, overweight, edema, lung diseases, amongst other. The key to managing all doshas is taking care of vata, as it is the origin of the other two.[10]

text: Prana, Tejas and Ojas

text: Yoga is an alchemical process of balancing and transforming energies of the psyche. At the root of vata, pitta and kapha are its subtle counterparts called prana, tejas and ojas. Unlike the doshas, which in excess create diseases, these promote health, creativity and well-being.

text: • Prana is our life force and is the healing energy of vata (air)

text: • Tejas is our inner radiance and is the healing energy of pitta (fire)

text: • Ojas is the ultimate energy reserve of the body derived from kapha (water)

text: Ultimately, Ayurveda is seeking to reduce diseases, in particular those that are chronic, and increase positive health in the body and mind via these three vital essences that aid in renewal and transformation. Increased prana gives us more enthusiasm, adaptability and creativity, all necessary when pursuing our spiritual path, in yoga this force is necessary to enable us to perform. Tejas provides us with courage, fearlessness and insight, important when taking decisions. Last, ojas gives us peace, confidence and patience to keep our development consistent and avoiding that we give up. Eventually, the most important element we want to develop is ojas as it gives us physical and psychological endurance. This can be achieved via the right diet, tonic herbs, control of the senses, and devotion.[11]