document_title: Dance Moms

question_text: how many series of dance moms are there

question_tokens: how many series of dance moms are there

text: Dance Moms

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Primarily set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and later in Los Angeles, California, the show originally followed the Abby Lee Dance Company's Junior Elite Competition Team of mostly preteen girls as they traveled week-to-week to various dance competitions, winning awards and preparing for Nationals, while at the same time being prepared by Abby Lee Miller to be "professional, employable working dancers." The series depicted the doting mothers as rivals of each other on behalf of their own daughters, often arguing with Miller and each other, and sometimes closing ranks against rival teams. Dance performances were creatively conceptualized by Miller and her dance instructors, with input from the show's producers, while choreography was done by Miller, her staff, and occasionally a guest choreographer. Various rival dance teams spurred the team's competitiveness. The show's success was often credited to the drama and conflict among Miller and the moms, along with the weekly dances and the close relationships among the girls as viewers watched them grow up and improve their skills.

text: The show featured Miller as a strict dance team coach who, over the series, relied more and more on criticism, sometimes personal, to motivate the girls, with an emphasis on hard work and competition against teammates. Every week on the show, Miller used a pyramid of individual headshots and gives feedback to each girl about her ranking, previous week's performance, attitude, effort, and the behavior of the girl herself and her mother. Miller had never used a pyramid in her studio prior to Dance Moms, and when once asked about it, Miller stated, "I've never done that in my life. That has nothing to do with me. That's the show; they came up with that whole process."[2]

text: In season 5, Miller relocated the team to Los Angeles to help build her reputation on the west coast, and while the team continued weekly competitions, the focus shifted somewhat to include preparation for acting and music business careers.

text: During the second half of Season 7, several dancers and their mothers left the ALDC to form "The Irreplaceables." Abby left the show several episodes later, followed by the remaining ALDC dancers and mothers.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Abby Lee Dance Company[edit]

text:
Abby Lee Miller is the director of Reign Dance Productions (formerly Maryen Lorrain Dance Studio), which houses the Abby Lee Dance Company (ALDC), of which she is owner and chief choreographer.[3][4][5] She left the show during the second half of Season 7 due to her going to prison. On July 11, 2018 she announced her return in season 8.[6][7]
Gianna Martello is an instructor for RDP covering all genres of dance, and is also the assistant choreographer for the ALDC Junior Elite Competition team.[8] Martello studied dance under Miller's tutelage through Reign Dance Productions.
Melissa Gisoni is the mother of Maddie Ziegler, a  lyrical/tap dancer and Mackenzie Ziegler, acro/Hip hop dancer and singer (under the stage name Mack Z).[3] Maddie was known to be Abby's favorite student during her time on the show, which caused tension between the other moms and Abby. Maddie and Mackenzie studied dance at Miller's studio through Reign Dance Productions from the early ages of four and two respectively. They were original cast members of Dance Moms, and left during Season 6. After leaving the show Maddie and Mackenzie left ALDC and switched to Dance Mechanics.
Christi Lukasiak is the mother of Chloe Lukasiak, a ballet, lyrical/contemporary dancer; she is also professional at other forms of dance, such as acro, jazz, tap, bollywood, musical theatre and hip hop. Chloe began dancing at Miller's studio at age two. They were original cast members of the show, but left the show after the Season 4 finale. Chloe then quit ALDC for good and now dances at Studio 19. They returned to guest star for the Season 7 finale and Season 7 B. Chloe then joined "The Irreplaceables" as a guest.[9]
Kelly Hyland is the mother of Brooke Hyland, an acro dancer and singer and Paige Hyland, a jazz dancer and model. Kelly was a dancer at ALDC, but quit as a teenager to become a cheerleader. Brooke and Paige were original cast members, but Kelly assaulted Abby in the middle of Season 4, resulting in the Hyland's leaving the show. Brooke, Paige, and Kelly were eventually kicked out of ALDC because Kelly was reported for assaulting Abby. Brooke and Paige have since gone on to focus on school.
Holly Hatcher-Frazier, is the mother of Nia Frazier,[3] a contemporary and acro dancer and singer (Nia Sioux). Nia had earlier studied dance at Miller's studio through Reign Dance Productions. They were original cast members of "Dance Moms", and left the ALDC to join "The Irreplaceables".
Cathy Nesbitt-Stein is the mother of Vivi-Anne, a musical theatre/tap dancer who joined the ALDC for most of season 1. Vivi-Anne was previously a student and team member at her mother's studio, Candy Apples Dance Centre, where she continued her dance training after leaving the team and show. Cathy and Vivi-Anne have continued to appear occasionally since season 2. (Also see "Rival studios" below.)
Jill Vertes is the mother of Kendall,[3] a model and jazz dancer and aspiring singer (Kendall K). Before joining the ALDC in season 2, Kendall studied dance at Rogers Dance in Pittsburgh and Studio 19 in Cranberry Township, PA.[10] During season 2, they were portrayed as having switched teams (to the CADC) for several episodes, but they returned to the ALDC team/cast. They left the ALDC to join "The Irreplaceables".
Kristie Ray is the mother of Asia Monet Ray, a jazz/acro dancer and singer (Asia Monet). Asia first appeared on AUDC, where she was the youngest competitor from either season. Asia briefly danced with the Junior Elite Competition Team in Season 3, before leaving just before Nationals.
Kira Girard is the mother of Kalani Hilliker,[3][11][12] a lyrical dancer and model and fashion designer. Before joining the ALDC in season 4, Kira and Kalani appeared on season 2 of Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition (AUDC).[13] After several weeks with the ALDC team in season 4, she was made a permanent team member of the ALDC in season 5. They left the ALDC to join "The Irreplaceables".
Jessalynn Siwa is the mother of JoJo,[14] a jazz and contemporary dancer. Before originally joining the ALDC as guests in season 5, Jessalynn and JoJo appeared on season 2 of AUDC.[15] After several episodes as a guest dancer, JoJo was made a full-time team member, but left the show during Season 6.
Ashlee Allen is the mother of Brynn Rumfallo, a lyrical/acro dancer. Previously Brynn had joined the team in Season 5 as a guest. Brynn trained at Club Dance Studio, Arizona, like her teammate Kalani. She was given the opportunity to be a full-time member of the team in the first episode of Season 6. They left the show during Season 7 along with the other remaining ALDC members.
Stacey Ann Ketchman is the mother of Lilliana Ketchman, an acrobatic & jazz dancer. They joined the ALDC in Season 6, and Lilliana joined the elite team in Season 7.  They left the show during Season 7 along with the other remaining ALDC members.
Yolanda Walmsley is the mother of Elliana Walmsley, a jazz & lyrical dancer.  They joined the ALDC in Season 6, and Elliana joined the elite team in Season 7. They left the show during Season 7 along with the other remaining ALDC members.
Camille Bridges is the mother of Camryn Bridges, a contemporary & jazz dancer.  They joined the ALDC in Season 7, but they left the ALDC to join "The Irreplaceables".
Jaime Caes is the mother of Maesi Caes, a hip hop & contemporary dancer from Iowa who toured with Justin Bieber. They joined the ALDC in Season 7 after Jojo quit the team. They left the show during Season 7 along with the other remaining ALDC members.

tag: ul

text: "The Irreplaceables"[edit]

text:
Cheryl Burke is the dance coach for "The Irreplaceables." [16]
Christi Lukasiak and her daughter Chloe Lukasiak (See "Abby Lee Dance Company" above.)
Holly Hatcher-Frazier and her daughter Nia Frazier (See "Abby Lee Dance Company" above.)
Jill Vertes and her daughter Kendall Vertes (See "Abby Lee Dance Company" above.)
Kira Girard and her daughter Kalani Hilliker (See "Abby Lee Dance Company" above.)
Camille Bridges and her daughter Camryn Bridges (See "Abby Lee Dance Company" above.)

text: Rival studios[edit]

text:
Candy Apples Dance Center (Canton, Ohio) is owned and operated by Cathy Nesbitt-Stein,[3] the mother of Vivi-Anne, who danced with the ALDC in season 1.[17][18] The CADC has been the main rival for the ALDC throughout the five seasons of televised competitions. Over the five seasons of Dance Moms, show producers added several dancers who were well known in the dance competition world and/or had auditioned for Dance Moms in the past, making the "Candy Apples" a team that existed only for television (the real-life Candy Apple team ceased to be featured on the show). Partway through season 5, the CADC was completely recast for one week (see below).
Studio Bleu Dance Center (Ashburn, Virginia) is coached by Gloria Hampton, the mother of Kaeli, who danced with the ALDC as a guest team member briefly in season 3.[19][20][21] Studio Bleu's competition team, which the ALDC competed against several times, was portrayed as a respected and formidable opponent in several episodes.
Murrieta Dance Project (Murrieta, California) is owned and operated by Erin Babbs,[22] who has been an occasional guest choreographer for the CADC in seasons 4 and 5.[23][24] MDP competed against the ALDC several times in season 5.
Broadway Dance Academy (Fenton, Michigan) is owned and operated by Jeanette Cota,[25] the mother of Ava, who guest starred as part of the ALDC "Select Team" in season 4.[26][27][28] The real BDA team competed against the ALDC several times in season 5 before leaving the show (except for Ava) to be replaced on the TV team by the four dancers from the former CADC team.
Beginning with the start of season 5.5, BDA competed as "Candy Apples" for one week after which they resumed using their actual name. This team (consisting of Huelsman, Wilkenson, Smith, Roth and Ava Cota) won the Overall Group competition, handing the ALDC their first Nationals loss in the group overall category.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Season 2 included one special episode that is not acknowledged as a season episode, as well as another that was not allocated an episode number by Lifetime.

Jump up ^ Season 3 included one episode that was not allocated an episode number by Lifetime.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipients and nominees

Outcome

Ref.

2012

2012 Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Reality Show

Dance Moms

Nominated

2013

2013 Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Reality Show

Dance Moms

Nominated

Choice TV: Female Reality Star

Abby Lee Miller

Nominated

BMI Film & TV Awards

BMI Cable Award

Craig Owens

Won

2014

2014 Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Reality Show

Dance Moms

Nominated

Choice TV: Reality Personality (Female)

Abby Lee Miller

Nominated

2015

2015 Kids' Choice Awards

Nickelodeon: Favorite Reality Show

Dance Moms

Won

2015 Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Reality Show

Nominated

2016

2016 Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Talent Competition

Nominated

[29]

2017

2017 Teen Choice Awards

Choice Reality TV Show

Dance Moms

Nominated

[30]

text: Controversy and criticism[edit]

text: Several episodes featured controversial costume choices made by Miller, some of which were criticized by the moms, particularly Lukasiak and Frazier. Due to heavy criticism, the season 2 episode "Topless Showgirls", which aired on March 6, 2012, has been removed from rotation. The episode features the young dancers performing a burlesque-style routine and wearing sequined, flesh-toned bra tops and tights in an effort to make them appear nude. Miller defends her costume choice saying, "Everyone in the industry knows the girls are completely covered and everything's harmless." Lifetime confirmed pulling the episode.[31][32] The episode is not included on the season's DVD.[33]

text: Kelly Hyland was arrested in early January 2014 on charges of assaulting Miller during a dispute backstage at a dance competition held in New York City during filming for the show's fourth season in November 2013. Hyland appeared in court with Miller on January 21, 2014 and pleaded "not guilty". A hearing was scheduled for March but adjourned to May 5, 2014. Legal expert Rosemarie Arnold opined that because the episode aired on TV, Hyland's defense that the alleged assault was scripted was viable.[34] On a January 29 appearance on The View, Miller announced that Hyland and her daughters Brooke and Paige are no longer contracted with and would no longer appear on Dance Moms.[35][36] The episode featuring the incident between Hyland and Miller aired on February 11, 2014.[37] After the final episode of season 4, Christi and Chloe Lukasiak also left Dance Moms[38] because of continuing insults and dismissive treatment toward Chloe.[39] In October 2014, then-13-year-old Paige Hyland sued Miller, but Hyland's lawsuit was dismissed.[40]

text: On October 13, 2015, Abby Lee Miller was indicted in Pittsburgh on charges of concealing her income from her performances on the show in 2012 and 2013. She was charged with bankruptcy fraud, concealment of bankruptcy assets and false bankruptcy declarations in hiding some $755,000.[41][42] In June 2016, Miller pled guilty to the charges, and entered a plea deal with the IRS.[43] In May 2017, Miller was sentenced to one year and a day in prison, followed by two years of supervised release.[44][45] Season 7 B was the last season to feature the original cast members. Christi Lukasiak revealed that the original cast wouldn't be returning for a new season.[46] After filming for Season 7 B wrapped up The Irreplaceables announced that they were going on tour.[47]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: A spin-off series, Dance Moms: Miami, set in Miami, Florida, at Victor Smalley and Angel Armas' Stars Dance Studio, premiered on April 3, 2012,[48] and was cancelled in September 2012.

text: A sister program titled Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition[49] followed Miller and other dance professionals judging twelve young dancers aged 6–13 years on different styles of dance, hoping to find the most versatile dancer of the group. The series premiered on October 9, 2012 and ran for two seasons.

text: In 2014, Miller hosted another sister program titled Abby's Studio Rescue that followed Miller as she visited dance studios across the country to assist them to improve their choreography, studio decor, staff and other aspects. It premiered on June 24, 2014.

text: In July 2014, another spin-off titled Raising Asia starred Asia Monet Ray, a guest team member for several episodes of season 3 of Dance Moms.  The show followed Ray, her model mom, bodybuilder dad and younger sister Bella Blu, helping Asia to pursue her dreams of fame in show business.[50]

text: A British version of Dance Moms titled Dance Mums premiered on October 20, 2014 and ran for two seasons. Jennifer Ellison hosted the series, set at her Liverpool dance school, Jelli Studios.[51] Dance Mums was produced by Shiver Productions.

text: Ellen DeGeneres is developing a film based on Dance Moms.[52]


document_title: 60 Days In

question_text: what is jaclin from 60 days in last name

root

text: 60 Days In

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows seven individuals as they volunteer to go undercover, spending 60 days as inmates in the Clark County Jail [6] (also known as the Michael L. Becher Adult Correctional Complex[7]), in Jeffersonville, Indiana. Their goal is to obtain evidence of questionable or illegal activities within the jail that might be missed by the correctional officers and surveillance systems.

tag: p

text: The existence of the undercover program is kept secret from the inmates, the guards, and most of the jail officials.[8] Prior to entering the jail, the volunteers receive instruction on how to act around other inmates, and they are each given a pseudonym and a cover story, including details of the (fake) criminal charges on which they were arrested. Although it was repeatedly mentioned that Maryum Ali was given an alias to use because of her famous father (boxer Muhammad Ali), it was later revealed that volunteer Robert was also using an alias while imprisoned, and that he would blow his cover if he visited an emergency room and gave his real name.[9]

text: Because producers realized that it would be difficult for volunteers to remain undercover after the first season aired, a second season was produced before the series premiered.[10] Representatives from A&E told Business Insider that multiple corrections officers were fired due to the program.[8] According to the producers, valid legal releases to appear on television were obtained from inmates,[11] but they were not told the actual reason that the releases were needed.

text: The importance of tater tots was revealed throughout the series. Inmates were frequently served tater tots on their meal trays. The potato-based food was occasionally used as currency, and was allegedly the cause of one of the fights on the show between two of the real inmates.[12] The Clark County Sheriff's Office held a community fundraiser where they sold T-shirts and tater tots based on the show.[13]

text: Season 2 began airing on Thursday August 18, 2016, with 60 Days In: Meet the Participants premiering on August 11.[14] Season 2 episodes began airing on Wednesday, September 28, 2016 on Foxtel's crime + investigation network in Australia.[15]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Season 1 cast[edit]

text: Jamey Noel is the Sheriff of Clark County, Indiana, and the originator of the undercover program. Sheriff Noel is also prominently featured in "60 Days In: Season 2".

text: Scottie Maples is the Captain and Public Information Officer in the Clark County Sheriff's Office. He took responsibility for briefing the volunteers before the program began and debriefing them afterward. Captain Maples is also prominently featured in "60 Days In: Season 2".

text: Maryum May May Ali went by "Yazmin Brown" on the show and is the daughter of Muhammad Ali.[16] She has earned a Bachelor of Arts in Social Work from UNLV,[17] and worked in the field. A former rapper and comedian,[18] she has appeared previously on television as herself.

text: Barbra Roylance Williams went by "Barbra Weldon" on the show. She is married to Sam Williams and they have two children together.[19][20][21] As an inmate, she developed friendships and compassion for the women of Clark County Jail. She completed the full 60 days, but then refused to film an update episode. It is rumored that she chose not to film the update episode because she was in danger after the production of the show. Barbra is currently finishing her bachelor's degree and was spotted at a University in Florida.

text: Tami Ferraiuolo, a loss prevention agent and former police officer from Providence, Rhode Island,[22] also appeared in truTV's Caught Red Handed, a show about shoplifters. She went by "Tami Ferguson" on the show.[23] She was visited in jail by her wife, Joelle. Together they have one daughter.

text: Robert Holcomb, a teacher living in Philadelphia, spent a month in solitary confinement during his five-week stay in jail for tampering with a security camera. He left the program due to an alleged illness. The doctor told him a severe flank strain could not be detected by a CT scan, but was most likely caused from constipation. He previously appeared in TLC's Extreme Time Cheaters.[24]

text: Isaiah Jenkins is a recent high school graduate and has a brother who, at the time of filming, had been in jail for five years. He went by "Isaiah Johnson" on the show. He was visited by his mother during the show. Jenkins reported on Twitter that he visited his jailed brother who said, "Wassup, hot coffee?"[25] (the code phrases for the volunteers to be extricated from jail were "good coffee" or "hot coffee"). Isaiah had not previously appeared on television.

text: Zachary Baker is from Knoxville, Tennessee[26] and was in the US Marine Corps. He went by "Zac Holland" on the show. Baker participated in the show to help him in pursuing a career as a DEA agent. He was visited by his wife, Ashleigh Marie (Park) Baker, during the show. Baker discussed his wife's struggles on the show, as she has spent real time in jail.

text: Jeffrey Downs is from Iowa[27] and went by "Jeff Donahue" on the show. He participated in the show due to his interest in becoming a Correctional Officer. He left the project early, fearing for his safety after being punched in the face by a mentally ill inmate who was off his medication. Downs and his wife, Emily, previously participated in BYUtv's reality show Relative Race as relatives of contestants Heather and Bradley. He appears in the first two episodes and he and his wife are credited as Jeff and Emily Downs. Downs reveals to his newfound cousin they are both connected in their family trees to serial killer Ted Bundy.[28]

text: In 2014 and earlier, Downs also appeared in several Reno, Nevada online news episodes called News 4 Forum, for NBC affiliate KRNV-DT in an episode feature where people use webcams to comment on current events. These episodes also appeared on local TV. Episodes remain available on news anchor Melissa Carlson's YouTube account.[29]

text: DiAundré Newby (real inmate),[30] has criticized the editing, saying that events and timelines were altered. In June 2014, DiAundré Newby was charged with IC 35-42-4-2: Criminal Deviate Conduct, a Class B felony; IC 35-46-1-3: Incest, a Class C felony; and IC 35-42-4-8: Sexual Battery Compelled To Submit to the Touching By Force/Imminent Threat, a Class D felony. A male relative of Newby said Newby had performed a sexual act on a minor boy against the boy's will. Newby denied the allegations when interviewed by the ISP (Intensive Supervision Program) officer.[31][32]

text: Jaime Lind (real female inmate), has posted YouTube videos explaining, among other things, her opinion on the volunteers and the interpersonal relations between inmates.[33]

text: Season 2 cast[edit]

text: Ashleigh Marie (Park) Baker, wife of Season 1's Zachary Baker.[34] Ashleigh is an alcoholic from childhood but had been sober for four years before appearing on the show.[35]

text: Brian Thomas is an attorney for the California Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation's Office of Legal Affairs' Employment Advocacy Prosecution Team.[36][37] He is responsible for administratively prosecuting Correctional Officers who commit job-related misconduct. He entered the program to see how Correctional Officers behave when they believe nobody is looking.[38] He exited the program after being threatened by Corey Daffron, a real inmate charged with attempted murder.[36][39]

text: Chris Graf entered the program to better understand how jail impacted his younger brother, a former inmate.[40] He left the program within 24 hours after becoming violently ill.

text: Dion Shepherd is a criminology student from Detroit, Michigan. He grew up one of nine siblings and his parents separated shortly after he was born. He felt he could have easily ended up behind bars like many of his friends and family. He was able to leave home without a criminal record and is about to receive a Masters in Criminology, Law and Society.[38][41]

text: Monalisa Johnson is the founder of Parents of Incarcerated Children, a national support and advocacy group for parents with incarcerated children. Her daughter is serving a ten-year mandatory sentence.[42]

text: Quintin (Last Name Unknown) is a recently retired State Police Captain and currently works as a licensed private investigator and bounty hunter.[43]

text: Sheri Ray is a former corrections officer and mother of three children.[44] She is looking to re-enter her career after her husband's return from Afghanistan and learn from the show what changes she can make as she enters her field.[45] After the program, Sheri was offered a position at the Clark County Jail to continue her career as a correction officer.

text: Ryan Secord went by "Kyle Ryan" on the show. is a former military medic who wants to become a police officer and eventually a homicide detective.[46]

text: Shane Garza (real inmate). was a real inmate in season 2 and was very close with Ryan. After filming completed, Ryan and Garza remained close.

text: Season 3 cast[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Mark Adger is the Colonel in the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Georgia.

text: Calvin Crosby is a special education teacher at a local Public School. He hopes he will be able to relate to his students on a deeper level and he thinks it may even shock them into changing their own behaviors and patterns.

text: Don (Last Name Unknown) grew up in the projects of Newark, Delaware. His father and two brothers were all in and out of prison during his youth. As a convicted felon, his father could never find a job, so he continually returned to selling and using drugs. Don believes that the system has failed African Americans. He wants to join the program in order to uncover discrimination, unite the inmates, and learn how to actively fight recidivism and the escalating trends of convicted black men in America.

text: Gerson (Last Name Unknown) moved from El Salvador to California when he was seven years old. He went from a civil war to a gang war and living in the Los Angeles area during the 1980s and 90s. He eventually left California and moved to the east coast as he worked to escape the risk of becoming a statistic by his surroundings, including gangs, drugs, and violence. He works as a mentor to help people who are in schools, colleges and universities. When the program started, Gerson had concerns about it. So he called the producers and met him at a hotel near his home and decide not risk it.

text: Jessica Speigner-Page met her husband on an inmate pen pal site, and she was shocked at how institutionalized he was when he got released. After a decade behind bars, he was struggling to reintegrate. His "inmate-like" behavior has been a strain on their relationship. Jessica is determined to understand where these behaviors and instincts of his come from in order to help him and others, who recently released, reintegrate into society. Jessica believes this program will help her relate to her husband and strengthen their marriage. However, she left the program early.

text: Jon McAdams is a veteran and former law enforcement agent who became disenchanted with the system and now wants to dedicate his professional life to civil-rights activism. With his new MBA which he earned last year, Jon plans on starting a nonprofit organization in his conservative town. He wants to "walk the walk" and put his words into action, starting by living among a population he once put behind bars but now wants to serve.

text: Matt Michael served in the Marine Corps for four years. He was the honor graduate in his boot camp class, was promoted quickly and ultimately attaining the rank of Sergeant (E-5) in the infantry. Matt supports law enforcement, but he thinks the system needs a reality check. He believes if one has committed a serious crime, they should do their time.

text: Mauri Jackson worked three years as a correctional officer in a men's maximum security facility. As CO, Mauri was shocked by how many incarcerated men and women suffer from mental illness and are on medications while serving out their time behind bars. she is determined to be part of the solution when it comes to prison reform and mental health.

text: Michelle Polley is currently working in Property Management, but she has been interested in the Criminal Justice field all her life. She has taken various classes on criminal justice and criminal law. She hopes to connect with women inside through creating positive activities so they know there is more to life than four concrete walls.

text: Nate Burrell served as an active duty marine in the United States Marine Corps from 2006 to 2010 in the infantry where he completed two combat tours in Iraq. He continued to serve for three years in the reserves, and he was honorably discharged in 2013. Subsequently, he received his associate degree in criminal justice and law enforcement in 2014 in order to become a fish and wildlife officer. Nate decided to remain in custody for an additional 60 days when Colonel Adger offered him to opportunity to do so due to Nate's outstanding work in the program to date.

text: Season 4 cast[edit]

text:
Cast Member
Occupation
Cover
Biography
Reference

Mark Adger
Chief Jailer
Colonel of Jail
N/A
Returns from Season 3.
[47]

Alan Oliver
Police Officer

Entered the program to observe the behaviours of correction officers
[48]

Andrew Fellows
Substitute Teacher

Volunteered to join his father, Matt, in the program.
[49]

Angele Cooper 1
Writer

Desires to better understand the trauma experienced by those behind bars in order to help in their rehabilitation. Former high school and collegiate track and field athlete ranked among the top ten internationally for the 400M hurdles.
[50]

Emmanuel
Public Health Official

Nigerian born, Emmanuel believes the key to breaking the negative cycle of criminality amongst African-American men, especially youth, is for leaders like him to foster education, positive self-perception, and a culture of respect within the African-American community. He currently works for California Department of Corrections and is an active speaker at colleges and high schools nationally.
[51]

Jaclin Owen 2
Paralegal

Desires to gain knowledge of the criminal justice system to further her law career.
[52]

Johnny Ramirez

Grew up influenced by gangs. Wanted to experience what his life would have been like if he continued the lifestyle, and to understand his currently incarcerated son.
[53]

Matt Fellows 2
Mixed Martial Arts Trainer and former Prison Chaplain at Utah State Prison.

Brought his son, Andrew, into the program with him.
[54]

Stephanie
Pharmacy Tech

Has family members incarcerated; joined the program to understand what they go through.
[55]

Nate Burrell
US Marine

Returns from Season 3. Was offered an extension due to having already established a trustful and positive rapport with the inmates.
[56]

text:
^Note1 : Participant was removed for safety concerns and did not complete the program.
^Note2 : Participant left early and did not complete the program.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
#
Title
Original Air Date
Viewers

1
"Unusual Suspects"
March 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)
1.164

Seven volunteer civilians become undercover inmates in an effort to root out crime and corruption in Indiana's Clark County Jail.

2
"First Timers"
March 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)
1.314

The experimental program begins; the first participants include a Marine, a police officer; a teacher and a stay-at-home mother.

3
"Cell Shock"
March 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)
1.618

Maryum, the eldest daughter of boxer Muhammad Ali, joins the program and fits into F-pod effortlessly; the inmates grow suspicious of Robert; a mistake places Zac in peril; Barbra questions her commitment to the experiment.

4
"Fight Face"
March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)
1.767

Isaiah and Robert worry that their covers may be blown; Capt. Maples follows through with consequences after Robert makes a risky move; Zac hunts for illegal drug use in C-pod; Tami clashes with another inmate.

5
"Friends Without Benefits"
March 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)
1.706

An unexpected call to court tests Zac's strength as an inmate; Barbra abandons a friendship with Tami in order to survive; a series of catastrophic mistakes endangers Jeff.

6
"Full Inmate"
April 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)
1.719

The midway point of the experiment approaches; anger rises among the women of F-Pod; an inmate in C-Pod poses a danger to one of the men.

7
"Pod Drama"
April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
1.772

Inmate Ricky attacks Jeff, jeopardizing the program; Zac and Isaiah move from the familiar confines of C-Pod to the more violent D-Pod; Barbra feels betrayed by her F-Pod bunkmates; Robert learns that he will return to general population.

8
"Shakedown"
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
1.805

The participants cross the halfway point of the experiment; the sheriff orders a raid due to increased tensions and drug activity in D-pod; the residents of F-pod worry about a contagious rash.

9
"Alone for the Holidays"
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
1.599

Thanksgiving presents new challenges and opportunities; one of the six remaining participants is pushed to the breaking point.

10
"Institutionalized"
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
1.628

The participants near the end of the experiment; the program is compromised when a woman in F-Pod is pushed over the edge; both men in D-Pod struggle to avoid serious criminal activity.

11
"11th Hour"
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
1.627

The five remaining participants try to finish up their final days inside jail as pressure builds within the pods.

12
"Exodus"
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
1.978

Three participants remain in jail; Tami finds herself on the verge of a meltdown after a woman is released from F-Pod; a power struggle erupts when a boss is removed from D-Pod.

13
"The Aftermath"
May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26)
1.338

All seven participants discuss their experiences; the women relive a contentious moment from inside jail; Tami confronts Robert about not taking the program seriously. Hosted by Dan Abrams.

*
"The Full Story With Robert, Tami and Barbra"
July 14, 2016 (2016-07-14)
N/A

After serving time in the dangerous world of the Clark County Jail, Barbra, Robert and Tami are released, look back, and share never-before-seen insight into their time in jail.

*
"The Full Story With Zac, Isaiah, Jeff and Maryum"
July 21, 2016 (2016-07-21)
N/A

After serving time in the dangerous world of the Clark County Jail, Zac, Isaiah, Jeff and Maryum are released, look back, and share never-before-seen insight into their time in jail.

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
#
Title
Original Air Date
Viewers

1
"Meet the Participants"
August 18, 2016 (2016-08-18)
0.891

A former corrections officer, a bounty hunter and a young lawyer join others in the new group of innocent civilians selected to secretly live among the general population of Indiana's Clark County Jail.

2
"Re-entry"
August 18, 2016 (2016-08-18)
0.914

Phase two of Sheriff Jamey Noel's unprecedented program begins with four new participants entering the Clark County Jail to continue the covert operation designed to root out corruption and contraband.

3
"Friend or Foe"
August 25, 2016 (2016-08-25)
1.198[57]

As three new participants enter the program, the others fight for acceptance in the pods. One participant is forced into a confrontation that quickly turns physical.

4
"All Pain, No Gain"
September 1, 2016 (2016-09-01)
1.136[58]

The last participant enters the Clark County Jail and all eight must now face their new reality of life behind bars.

5
"Hazed and Confused"
September 8, 2016 (2016-09-08)
1.102[59]

Hazing, drug use, and violence envelop Clark County Jail as two participants are on the brink of dropping out of the program.

6
"Pod Wars"
September 15, 2016 (2016-09-15)
1.203[60]

All hell breaks loose in the Clark County Jail when two pod bosses threaten the safety of three participants.

7
"Criminal Justice"
September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)
1.278[61]

While trying to survive constant harassment, violence, and the stress of incarceration, the participants continue to grind out their time in the Clark County Jail. But two of them are reaching a tipping point and for them everything is about to change.

8
"Dangerous Loyalty"
September 29, 2016 (2016-09-29)
1.241[62]

The remaining six participants face turning points; Ashleigh has a life-altering realization; Quintin and Sheri feel conflicted as they go deep under cover; Monalisa and Dion realize that they cannot escape their pasts.

9
"Institutional Knowledge"
October 6, 2016 (2016-10-06)
1.21[63]

New challenges arise after the men switch pods; the women suspect a snitch in their midst.

10
"Sewer Gate"
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
1.199[64]

Ryan, Quintin and the other inmates of C-Pod wake up to raw sewage spewing out of their floor drain; as the odious situation threatens to invade F-Pod, the jail's water supply is shut off.

11
"Trouble in Store"
October 20, 2016 (2016-10-20)
1.077[65]

Following the repair of the sewer line, the participants return to their pods only to encounter new challenges and threats.

12
"Blood, Sweat and Tears"
October 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)
1.188[66]

Tension runs high in the pods as the six remaining participants enter their final days in the Clark County Jail.

13
"Bed and Baggage"
November 3, 2016 (2016-11-03)
1.209[67]

The three remaining participants gather evidence; conflict is narrowly avoided before names are called.

14
"The Aftermath: Part Two"
November 10, 2016 (2016-11-10)
0.892[68]

Following the end of the program, the eight participants meet with Sheriff Noel and Capt. Maples to discuss their journey as inmates and what they discovered while in the Clark County Jail.

*
"Season 2 Memorable Moments"
November 17, 2016 (2016-11-17)
N/A

Most memorable moments from Season 2.

15
"Where Are They Now?"
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
N/A

After serving time in the dangerous world of the Clark County Jail, all 8 participants gave us an update after 60 days in. Ryan tells Garza the truth about the program. Also, Dion was engaged to his fiancé Ashlee and Brian, Chris, Ryan, Monalisa, Quintin and Sheri celebrate with them.

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
#
Title
Original Air Date
Viewers

1
"Fulton County Jail: Welcome to the A-T-L"
March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)
TBD

The participants who infiltrate Atlanta's Fulton County Jail for this season include a special education who works as at-risk youth, a wife of a former convict, a marine, a criminal justice student and a youth mentor.

2
"Truth or Dare"
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)
TBD

The first five participants enter the Fulton County Jail and are immediately met with drug use, sexual behavior, and what it feels like to be locked in a cell for 12 hours. Gerson decided not to do the program. Don and Calvin begin to enter the jail but in different sections of the jail.

3
"Trust Issues"
March 16, 2017 (2017-03-16)
TBD

As participants settle into Fulton County Jail and Nate enters into the jail. Inmate Suspicions and power-plays keep everyone on the edge.

4
"Cellies"
March 23, 2017 (2017-03-23)
TBD

A violent fight in the women's pod in South Annex just 45 minutes away from the main jail. A power outage in pod 600 causes extended lockdowns, proving that the luck of the draw with cell mates can make or break the experience in jail. Meanwhile, The final participant Matt enters the Fulton County Jail.

5
"Dangerous Liaisons"
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
TBD

The participants face difficult obstacles and must make risky alliances as they struggle to survive life on the inside.

6
"Vulnerable Positions"
April 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
TBD

A flood in the Fulton County Jail's South Annex, escalating problems with cellmates, and respect issues push the participants to the brink of despair.

7
"Tapping Out"
April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)
TBD

Suspicions surround the male participants; the women struggle to continue, as one considers dropping out of the program.

8
"Bloods Rising"
April 20, 2017 (2017-04-20)
TBD

The participants at Atlanta's Fulton County Jail learn that small mistakes can have big consequences; the Bloods in 500 continue to grow more powerful.

9
"Code Red"
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
TBD

Inmates escape their restraints during a chaotic mass evacuation drill in 500; Mauri and Michelle are placed in a vulnerable position after a rumor spreads about the program in the women's pod.

10
"The Marine Test"
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
TBD

An uproar in Zone 500 results when an inmate claims to be a Marine, Jon is taken advantage of by a new inmate with the same name, and Michelle gets caught in the middle of a drug deal gone wrong.

11
"Atlanta: High Times"
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
TBD

Participants Matt and Michelle face tough choices regarding drug use that put their safety, and time in the program, at risk.

12
"Atlanta: In or Out? Part 1"
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
TBD

The participants endure their final days at the Fulton County Jail; one of them has to make the tough decision to stay another 60 days.

13
"Atlanta: In or Out? Part 2"
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
TBD

The participants endure their final days at the Fulton County Jail; one of them has to make the tough decision to stay another 60 days.

14
"Atlanta: The Aftermath"
May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)
TBD

The eight participants from Season 3 come together with Col. Mark Adger to discuss how they assimilated, survived and navigated the challenges of being an inmate at the Fulton County Jail. Calvin and Mauri and others were not pleased with the fact that Gerson back down cause he thought the program was still in the Clark County Jail but it was in the Fulton County Jail and he explains it. Also, a sneak peek of the participants in Season 4 of 60 Days In.

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
#
Title
Original Air Date
Viewers

1
"The Beginning of the End"
January 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)
TBD

With two participants already inside the jail and three more entering, phase two will shatter expectations, open old wounds, and put everyone’s safety in jeopardy.

2
"Shank Anxiety"
January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04)
TBD

As the Phase Two participants settle into Fulton County Jail and new ones enter, inmate feuds and power-plays bring participants face to face with real danger and real charges.

3
"Pissed Off"
January 11, 2018 (2018-01-11)
TBD

In I-Pod, Jaclin begins to alienate the officers, inmates and her fellow participant, Stephanie, who decides to plot against her. Meanwhile, Zone 500 is raided for contraband after Alan’s roommate makes a shank, and Matt is at odds with his roommate Lawrence in Zone 600, and fears he may have to fight him.

4
"Party Favors"
January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
TBD

The participants toe the line between blowing their cover or going full inmate, all the while trying to stay focused on their purpose in the midst of wild parties and difficult cellmates. The inmates in Nate's pod celebrate his birthday in jail.

5
"Jail Crush"
January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
TBD

While Stephanie chooses to use drugs to bond with her fellow inmates, Jaclin finds acceptance by creating her own jail clothing line, bringing pink flare and positivity to the inmates of I-Pod, but causing heated confrontations with the officers.

6
"Blood Rules"
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
TBD

The participants are faced with challenges when a gas scare happens in the women’s pod, a football kitty goes missing in 500 prompting a gang fight, and a new inmate in 600 tests Matt.

7
"Sexual Preference"
February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
TBD

When Jaclin tries to help Stephanie switch rooms, it puts a target on Jaclin’s back, Emmanuel also becomes a target when he tries to break up a fight, and a rumor about Andrew being gay could put him in harm’s way.

8
"See Nothing, Say Nothing"
February 15, 2018 (2018-02-15)
TBD

Jaclin and Matt both struggle with the decision to leave the program early, while the rest try to keep their wits as they finish the back half of the program. Jaclin decides to leave the program while Matt is still undecided.

9
"Nachos, Strippers, Whippit"
February 22, 2018 (2018-02-22)
TBD

Matt wrestles with the most devastating moment of his life. Alan gets a mysterious new cellmate, and the inmates in the South Annex Jail throw an unforgettable birthday party for Angele. Meanwhile Jaclin returns to the jail to tell them about her experience. After that, she is sent home. Matt makes his final decision to leave the program.

10
"The Inmate Who Loved Me"
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
TBD

Alan is not sure he can continue in the program after his emotions begin effecting his resolve, Nate expands his meth investigation, and Johnny confronts an inmate on his lack of respect and attitude towards a female prison guard. Meanwhile in the South Annex Angele becomes more infatuated with a fellow inmate and reveals that she may have done something that impacts the entire program, potentially placing all participants at risk.

11
"Cover Blown"
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
TBD

In the South Annex, Angele reveals to the producers and Stephanie that she has disclosed her undercover status to Gabrielle a fellow inmate not in the program and is immediately removed from the program by Colonel Adger for safety concerns while they evaluate the situation. In the Men's Facility, Alan sets up a buy to purchase meth being smuggled into the prison, and Johnny begins to sense repercussions from his confrontation in the previous episode. Even though Angele believed Gabrielle would not disclose her undercover status to the other inmates, after her sudden removal this information is revealed. Colonel Adger tells Angele of this fact and immediately decides all participants should be removed for their own safety.

12
"Get Them Out"
March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)
TBD

Colonel Adger races against the clock to safely remove all the participants from Fulton County Jail.

13
"The Aftermath"
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)
TBD

After the most shocking finale in the program's history, all nine participants sit down with Journalist Soledad O' Brien and Colonel Mark Adger to discuss their experiences at the jail.

14
"Six Months Later: Where Are They Now?"
March 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)
TBD

Catching up with the series' most controversial group of participants six months after the Season 4 program at the Fulton County Jail ends.


document_title: Speaking clock

question_text: phone number that tells you the time uk

question_tokens: phone number that tells you the time uk

text: Speaking clock

text: ASEAN[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2017)

text: In 1995, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations has set up nine speaking clocks.

text:
Brunei
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia 1051 (within Kuala Lumpur), 03-1051 (from other states), +60-3-1051 (from other countries), 1052 (English)
Philippines
Singapore 171 (English) (1711 if called from other ASEAN countries, +65-171 from other countries), 172 (Chinese), 173 (Tamil)
Thailand 181 (1811 if called from other ASEAN countries, +66-181 from other countries), 182 for English[citation needed]
Vietnam

text: The voice is computer-generated in ten languages: Chinese (Singapore), English (every country), Indonesian (Indonesia), Khmer (Cambodia), Lao (Laos), Malay (Malaysia, Brunei), Tagalog (Philippines), Tamil (Singapore), Thai (Thailand) and Vietnamese (Vietnam).

text: This service replaced services in Malaysia (owned by F3), Philippines, Singapore and Thailand (owned by the navy), which already had speaking clock services.

text: Argentina[edit]

text: In Argentina, users can reach the automatic time service dialing 113 from almost every fixed line operator.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, the number 1194 gives the speaking clock in all areas and from all providers.  It is always the current time from where the call originates. A male voice, often known by Australians as George,[2] says "At the third stroke, it will be (hours) (minutes) and (seconds) seconds/precisely. (three beeps)" e.g. "At the third stroke, it will be three thirty three and forty seconds ...  beep beep beep".  These are done in 10 second increments and the beep is 1 kHz.

text: Prior to automatic systems, the subscriber rang an operator who would quote the time from a central clock in the exchange with a phrase such as "The time by the exchange clock is...". This was not precise and the operator could not always answer when the subscriber wanted. In 1954, British-made systems were installed in Melbourne and Sydney. The mechanical speaking clock used rotating glass discs where different parts of the time were recorded on the disc. A synchronous motor drove the disc with the driving source derived from a 5 MHz quartz oscillator via a multi stage valve divider. This was amplified to give sufficient impetus to drive the motor. Because of the low torque available, a hand wheel was used to spin the motor on start up. The voice was provided by Gordon Gow. The units were designed for continuous operation. Both units in Melbourne and Sydney were run in tandem (primary and backup). For daylight saving time changes, one would be on line while the second was advanced or delayed by one hour and at the 02:00:00 Australian Eastern Standard time, would be switched over to the standby unit.

text: As well as the speaking clocks, there was ancillary equipment to provide timing signals, 1 pulse per second, 8 pulses per minute and 8 pulses per hour. The Time and Frequency Standards Section in the PMG Research Laboratories at 59 Little Collins Street, Melbourne maintained the frequency checks to ensure that the system was "on time". From a maintenance point of view, the most important part of the mechanical clocks was to ensure that they were well oiled to minimise wear on the cams and to replace blown bulbs in the optical pickups from the glass disk recordings. When Time & Frequency Standards moved from 59 Collins Street to Clayton, the control signals were duplicated and a second bank of Caesium Beam Primary standards installed so the cutover was transparent with no loss of service.

text: This mechanical system was replaced with a digital system in 1990. Each speaking clock ensemble consisted of two announcing units (Zag 500), a supervisory unit (CCU 500), two phase-locked oscillators, two pulse distribution units, a Civil Time Receiver (plus a spare), and two or four Computime 1200 baud modems. The voice was provided by Richard Peach, a former ABC broadcaster. The various components were sent for commercial production after a working prototype was built in the Telstra Research Laboratory (TRL). Assmann Australia used a German announcing unit and built a supervisory unit to TRL specifications. Design 2000 incorporated TRL oscillators in the phase locked oscillator units designed at TRL and controlled by two tone from the Telstra Caesium beam frequency standards. Ged Company built civil time receivers. The civil time code generators and two tone generators were designed and built within TRL. The changeover occurred at 11:59:52, September 12, 1990.

text: Each state capital had a digital speaking clock for the local time of day with one access number for all Australia, 1194. In 2002 the Telstra 1194 service was migrated to Informatel (which uses its own digital technology, in conjunction with the National Measurement Institute — but kept the original voice of Richard Peach), whilst the other time services (e.g. hourly pips to radio stations) were retained as a service by Telstra. In May 2006 the remaining Telstra services were withdrawn and the digital hardware was decommissioned.[3] The 1194 service, though no longer provided by Telstra, is still operated by Informatel in partnership with Telstra.

text: Austria[edit]

text:
In Austria, the speaking clock ("Zeitansage", which literally means "time announcement") can be reached at 0810 00 1503 since 2009. A recorded female voice says (for instance): "Es wird mit dem Summerton 15 Uhr, 53 Minuten und 10 Sekunden", meaning "At the buzzing tone, the time will be 15 hours, 53 minutes and 10 seconds", followed by a short pause and a 1 kHz, 0.25 seconds long beep (even though the announcement "buzzing tone" suggests otherwise). The time is announced in 10 second intervals.
Before 2009, the speaking clock was available by dialing 1503. Until there, the voice was generated by an Assmann ZAG500, which was also used in Australia. This has been replaced by a voice server.

text: Barbados[edit]

text: In Barbados, daily time and temperature conditions are provided by the firm Accuweather and can obtained by the number +1.246.976.8463.  Daily weather conditions are now at a separate number +1.246.976.2376.

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
In Belgium, the speaking clock used to be reachable on the numbers 1200 (Dutch language), 1300 (French language), and 1400 (German language). Starting September 2012, the service is only reachable on the numbers +32 78 05 12 00 (Dutch Language), +32 78 05 13 00 (French language) and +32 78 05 14 00 (German language). At the time of the number change, the service received 5000 calls per day.
[4]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, the user can access a non-free Speaking clock service, dialing the "130" number.

text: Cambodia[edit]

text: In Cambodia, the speaking clock number is 107 for Phnom Penh and 023-107 for other provinces. The call rate is KHR 300 per minute in Phnom Penh.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, the National Research Council (NRC) is the federal agency responsible for official time.

text: NRC time is referred to its primary cesium atomic clocks designed, built, and maintained at the NRC time standards laboratory in Ottawa.

text: The NRC provides a Telephone Talking Clock service; voice announcements of Eastern Time are made every 10 seconds, followed by a tone indicating the exact time.  This service is available to the general public by dialing +1 613 745-1576 for English service and +1 613 745-9426 for French service. Long-distance charges apply for those calling from outside the Ottawa/Gatineau area.  The voices of the time announcements are Harry Mannis in English and Simon Durivage in French.

text: The NRC also offers CHU as a continuous shortwave time broadcast, and an FM broadcast time signal once daily at 1:00 pm EST on the main CBC Radio One and Première Chaîne networks.

text: Chile[edit]

text: The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy provides a toll-free speaking clock at +56 (800) 800 780.

text: China[edit]

text: Dialing 117 in any city connects to a speaking clock that tells you the current Beijing Time.  If you dial 117 via a landline or mobile phone in the country, you will still be charged for communication. Rates are charged according to the ordinary local number, generally around 0.25 RMB/minute. [5].  Please note that despite the vast area of China, all areas keep the same time.

text: Colombia[edit]

text: In Bogotá, ETB provides a speaking clock service which can be reached by dialing 117 from a landline phone

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In the Czech Republic, the speaking clock can be reached by dialing 14112.[6]

text: Denmark[edit]

text: The Danish telephone company KTAS introduced the automated time service Frøken Klokken (Miss Clock) in 1939, originally voiced by telephonist Anna Edith Sommer-Jensen (1918–2008). In 1970, a new system used the voice recordings of Marianne Germers. The service was digitised in 1993.

text: The TDC Speaking Clock can be heard by calling +45 70 10 11 55 outside Denmark and on 70 10 11 55 within Denmark.

text: Finland[edit]

text: In Finland the speaking clock service is known as Neiti Aika in Finnish or Fröken Tid in Swedish, both of which mean "Miss Time". The first Neiti Aika service was started in 1936 and was the first automated phone service in Finland.[7] The service is provided by regional phone companies and can be reached by dialling 10061 in the whole country. The voice of the speaking clock can be male or female depending on whose phone company service you are using.[8] Nowadays the use of the Neiti Aika service has decreased pretty much to null and the press officer of Auria, the regional phone company of Turku, stated in an article of the Turun Sanomat newspaper that when the company started the service in 1938 it was used 352,310 times in its starting year compared to 1300 times in September 2006.[9]

text: France[edit]

text: In France, the speaking clock (horloge parlante) has been in service since 14 February 1933.[1] It is available on 36.99 from within France, and was formerly available from overseas by dialing +33 8.36.99.xx.xx (where x could be anything).  However, since September 2011 a call placed from outside France or its territories yields only a recording indicating that the number is no longer available.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, the speaking clock from Deutsche Telekom is available by dialing 0180 4 100 100. At the beginning of the call, the date is announced.

text: A speaking clock in Hamburg is available by dialing

text:
040 - 42 89 90 (domestic calls)
+49 - 40 - 42 89 90 (from abroad)

text: Just the normal fixed line phone rate applies.

text: Greece[edit]

text: In Greece, the speaking clock can be heard by calling 14814.[10]

text: Iceland[edit]

text: The Icelandic speaking clock service ("klukkan"), provided by Síminn, can be reached by dialing (+354) 155.

text: Iran[edit]

text: All over the country, calling 20119 will connect people to the speaking clock in Persian language.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: The Eir speaking clock was permanently closed down on 27 August 2018. The standardised service, introduced in July 1970, ran for some 48 years. It was originally reached by dialling the short code 191, later changed to 1191.

text: The format used was an announcement at 10 second intervals saying: "At the signal it will be, HH:MM and XX seconds" followed by a short high-pitched tone.

text: Israel[edit]

text: All over the country calling 1455 will connect to the speaking clock in Hebrew or English provided by Bezeq.

text: Japan[edit]

text: The Japanese telephone company NTT provides a non-free speaking clock on the nationally universal number 117[11].

text: Latvia[edit]

text: The non-free Lattelecom speaking clock is provided in both Latvian and Russian languages and can be reached by dialing either (+371) 82154 or 82174, respectively. The precise time is given immediately upon connection, rather than after a certain signal.[12]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: In Malaysia, there are two speaking clock services.  The first one is obtained by dialling 1051, which is owned by SIRIM Berhad, another one can ve heard by calling 181, which is owned by LKS Group, a private group of companies. Both are available only in Malay language.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: On 1 October 1930, a system was installed in the Haarlem telephone exchange (automated in 1925) which indicated the time using series of tones, with number 15290.[13]

text: In 1934, electronic engineer and inventor F.H. Leeuwrik was requested to build a speaking clock for the municipal telephone service of The Hague. His experience with sound film made him decide to use optically recorded speech, looping on a large drum. There were loops for the hours and for the minutes, each one read with a photodetector. Every minute the clock gave an electric pulse, causing the mechanism to shift to the next minute. Every hour, the minute mechanism was reset (and every day the hour mechanism), the clock was accurate within one minute only. The female voice was provided by the then 24-year-old school teacher Cor Hoogendam, hence the machine was nicknamed Tante Cor (Aunt Cor). The speaking clock came into service at November 9, 1934 and could be reached by dialing 393131. The service became so popular, that in 1935 a second machine was ordered and built. In total F.H. Leeuwrik built 19 machines, one for each telephone district. Starting with the 's-Hertogenbosch exchange in 1941,[14] the number was gradually harmonized nationwide to 002 (or K 02) for all automated exchanges. Even during the Nazi occupation in World War II, the speaking clock was called over two million times a year. During World War II, 12 machines were destroyed and rebuilt after the War by the inventor himself.

text: In 1969 this system was decommissioned and replaced by a machine that looked like a record player with three pick-up arms. The speaking clock was now much more accurate, telling the time at 10 second intervals followed by a beep, indicating the precise moment. The text was spoken by actress Willie Brill and had the following format: "Bij de volgende toon is het .. uur, .. minuten en .. seconden" (at the following tone, it is .. hour, .. minutes and .. seconds). The service was now called over 130 million times a year.

text: Finally, in April 1992, all of this machinery was replaced by a digital device with no moving parts. The (digitized) voice was provided by actress Joke Driessen and the clock's accuracy is maintained by linking it to the German longwave radio transmitter DCF77. To comply with international guidelines limiting double-zero to use as an international prefix, the 002 number was changed on 3 December 1990[15] to 06-8002, and later to 0900-8002. Even though many people today have access to accurate time displays from digital wristwatches, mobile phones, and computers, the service still receives approximately four million calls a year, especially around New Year's Eve and whenever the clocks change in connection with daylight saving time.[16]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The speaking clock in New Zealand is run by the Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand. The service is reached by dialling 0900 45 678 (calls are 99c per minute). MSL has been running the service since 1989.[17]

text: Norway[edit]

text: The speaking clock (Norwegian: Frøken Ur, meaning Miss Clock) in Norway was in service between 1932 and 15 January 2007 14h00 local time. The service could be reached by dialling 09170 (1999–2007), and 170 (until 1999). Among the women who contributed with their voices for the service were actress Randi Brennes (–1992) and Kristin Johnson (1992–2007). When the service ceased it still got about 2000–3000 calls per month.

text: Poland[edit]

text:
The speaking clock in Poland is known as Zegarynka which means the clock girl.
The service became first available in 1936 and it was using a device invented and patented in Poland. It was speaking with the recorded voice of actress Lidia Wysocka. The first cities to be equipped with this device were Katowice, Warszawa (dialing number 05[18]), Gdynia, Toruń and Kraków (July 1936[19]).

text: For many years the number was 926, but due to the EU regulations reserving all 3-digit numbers for emergency services only[citation needed], it was changed in the early 2000s. The connection is charged on a per-minute basis. In 2009 the number was changed to 19226.

text: Since 1936, the voiced has been changed twice.

text: Russia[edit]

text:
To hear the current time in Russia you dial 100 or 060, depending on the city where this service is available. These calls are free if made from non-mobile phones.
In Moscow, the Speaking Clock number is 100 if dialed from within the city, or +7-495-100-xxxx from other countries (where x can be anything).
At one time in Moscow there were advertisements before and after the announcement of the current time; this practice has since ceased.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The speaking clock in South Africa is reached by dialling 1026 from fixed or mobile networks and consists of a female voice reading the time in 24-hour format, alternating between Afrikaans and English. All of South Africa is in the time zone UTC+2 without any daylight saving time so the speaking clock is the same all over the country.

text: Spain[edit]

text: In Spain, the speaking clock could be heard by calling 093.

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: Sri Lanka Telecom provides a Speaking Clock service in three languages.

text:
1292 - Sinhala
1293 - Tamil
1294 - English

text: More details can be found on SLT telephone directories.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: The speaking clock (Swedish: Fröken Ur, literally Miss Clock) in Sweden has been in service since 6 October 1934, and can be reached by dialling 90510 (+46 33 90510 or +46 8 90510 from outside Sweden). Four women have contributed with their voices for the service: Eva Ulvby (1934–1956), Berit Hofling (1956–1968), Ebba Beckman (1968–2000), Johanna Hermann Lundberg (2000-).[20][21]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: The speaking clock can be reached under 161 and is bilingual in French and German with the voices alternating between the two languages, the time in German being announced at 0, 20 and 40 seconds and the time in French announced at 10, 30 and 50 seconds past the minute.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: In Taiwan, the speaking clock can be reached by dialing 117.

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: To hear the local current time in Ukraine, a person can reach a service of the exact time by dialing 121 from any city in that country.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand, the number of the speaking clock is 181.[22]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
In the United Kingdom, the speaking clock can be reached by dialling 123 on a BT phone line; the number may vary on other networks.
Every ten seconds, a voice announces:

text: For times that are an exact minute, "precisely" is substituted for the seconds portion of the announcement.  Similarly, announcements for times between the hour and one minute past the hour substitute "o'clock" for the (zero) minutes.  Other operators run their own speaking clocks, with broadly similar formats, or redirect to BT's service.  Virgin Media have their own service available by dialling 123 from a Virgin Media line.  [23]

text: A speaking clock service was first introduced in the United Kingdom on July 24, 1936. The mechanism used was an array of motors, glass discs, photocells and valves which took up the floorspace of a small room. The voice was that of London telephonist Ethel Jane Cain, who had won a prize of 10 guineas in a competition to find the right voice. Cain's voice was recorded optically onto the glass disks in a similar way to a film soundtrack.[24] The service was obtained by dialling the letters TIM (846) on a dial telephone, and hence the service was often colloquially referred to as "Tim". However this code was only used in the telephone systems of the cities of London, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. Other areas initially dialled 952 but with the introduction of subscriber trunk dialling it was changed to 80 and later 8081 as more 'recorded services' were introduced and was standardised to 123 by the early 1990s.[citation needed]

text: The time announcements were made by playing short, recorded phrases or words in the correct sequence. In an interview with Manchester Radio in 1957 Miss Cain said:

text:
“

The way I recorded it was in jerks as it were. I said: "At the Third Stroke" (that does for all the times), and then I counted from One, Two, Three, Four, for the hours, we even went as far as twenty-four, in case the twenty-four-hour clock should need to be used, and then I said "...and ten seconds, and twenty seconds, and thirty, forty, fifty seconds", and "o'clock" and "precisely". The famous "precisely". So what you hear is "At the Third Stroke it will be one, twenty-one and forty seconds".[25]

”

text: In 1963, the original device was replaced by more modern recording technology using a magnetic drum. The company that manufactured the rotating magnetic drum part of the Speaking Clock was Roberts & Armstrong (Engineers) Ltd of North Wembley. They took on the licence from the British Post Office to manufacture complete clocks for the telecommunications authorities of Denmark, Sweden and the Republic of Ireland, and a third (spare) clock for the British Post Office. This latter was installed in Bow Street, London. The European clocks were modified for the 24-hour system by lengthening the drum and adding extra heads. Roberts & Armstrong subcontracted the electronic aspects to the Synchronome Company of Westbury. The clocks were designed to run non-stop for 20 years. This system gave way to the present digital system in 1984, which uses a built-in crystal oscillator and microprocessor logic control. The complete apparatus comprises solid-state microchips, occupies no more shelf space than a small suitcase and has no moving parts at all. The BT service is assured to be accurate to five-thousandths of a second.[24]

text: In 1986, BT allowed Accurist to sponsor its franchise, the first time a sponsor had been used for the service. In the latter years of this sponsorship, it cost 30 pence to call the speaking clock.[26] Accurist announced its withdrawal from the deal and the launch of an online "British Real Time" website on 24 August 2008.[27]

text: During the Cold War, the British Telecom speaking clock network was designed to be used in case of nuclear attack to broadcast messages from Strike Command at RAF High Wycombe to HANDEL units at regional police stations.[28] From there, automatic warning sirens could be started and alerts sent to Royal Observer Corps monitoring posts and other civil defence volunteers equipped with manual warning devices. The rationale for using an existing rather than a dedicated system was that it was effectively under test at all times, rather than being activated (and possibly found to be faulty) only in the event of war. The signals to automatic sirens were sent down the wires of individual (unaware) subscribers for the same reason — a customer would report any fault as soon as it occurred, whereas a problem with a dedicated line would not be noticed until it was needed.

text: A version of the speaking clock was also used on recordings of proceedings at the Houses of Parliament made by the BBC Parliament Unit, partly as a time reference and partly to prevent editing. On a stereo recording, one track was used for the sound and the other for an endless recording of the speaking clock – without the pips, as these were found to cause interference.[citation needed]

text: On the occasion of a leap second, such as at 23:59:60 on December 31, 2005, there is an extra second pause between the second and third beeps thus keeping the speaking clock in sync with Coordinated Universal Time. So it will sound like this: “At the third stroke, the time from BT will be, twelve o’clock precisely. Beep, Beep, <pause> Beep.”  The current source of UK time is provided, though not monitored, by the National Physical Laboratory, UK.[29] Since 2003, the British speaking clock has changed voices four times. Almost all changes have occurred on days when the clocks have switched from standard time to daylight saving time or vice versa. This is due to the fact that 123 is most commonly dialled on these days.

text: The speaking clock service is not available on the 3 and Orange mobile telephone networks, as they use 123 as the number for their voicemail services.

text: The BT Speaking Clock receives around 70 million calls a year.[24]

text: A separate, non-BT service to access a speaking clock using the voice of Pat Simmons, is available at 0871 976 2819. However, the number of calls it can receive at any one time is limited.[24] Another service, available at 0871 976 2839, announces the time in different voices from the past British, American and Australian services. The service always announces UK time regardless of the voice used.[24]

text: List of voices heard on the British "BT Speaking Clock"[edit]

text: There have been five permanent voices for the speaking clock.  Temporary voices have been used on special occasions, usually with BT donating the call fees collected to charity.

text: Permanent voices[edit]

text:
Ethel Jane Cain, first permanent voice: from July 24, 1936 to 1963.
Pat Simmons, second permanent voice: from 1963 to April 2, 1985 (may still be heard).[24]
Brian Cobby, third permanent voice: from April 2, 1985 to April 2, 2007.
Sara Mendes da Costa, fourth permanent voice: from April 2, 2007 to November 9, 2016.[30]
Alan Steadman, fifth permanent voice: from November 9, 2016.[31][32]

tag: ol

text: Temporary voices[edit]

text:
Lenny Henry, comedian, temporary voice for Comic Relief: from March 10 to March 23, 2003.
Alicia Roland,[33] 12-year-old schoolgirl, temporary voice for the children's charity ChildLine, from October 13 to October 20, 2003, having won a BBC TV Newsround competition and stating, before announcing the time, "It's time to listen to young people".
Mae Whitman, temporary voice as part of a deal to promote the Disney production of Tinker Bell, for three months from 26 October 2008 until 2 February 2009.[34]
UK celebrities Kimberley Walsh, Cheryl Fernandez-Versini, Gary Barlow, Chris Moyles, and Fearne Cotton for Comic Relief charity: from 3 February to 23 March 2009.[35][36]
UK celebrities David Walliams, Gary Barlow, Chris Moyles, Kimberley Walsh, Fearne Cotton and a mystery voice for Sport Relief charity from 7 March to 9 April 2012.[37][38]
Clare Balding temporary voice for Comic Relief from 12 February to 15 March 2013 (with the help of a barking dog, time announced as "at the third woof".)[39]
Davina McCall temporary voice for Sport Relief from 27 January to 23 March 2014.[40]
Ian McKellen temporary voice for Comic Relief from 24 February to 13 March 2015.[41]
Jo Brand temporary voice for Sport Relief from 22 January to 30 March 2016.[42]

text: United States[edit]

text: The first automated time service in the United States began in Atlanta, Georgia in 1934 as a promotion for Tick Tock Ginger Ale. Company owner John Franklin modified Western Electric technology to create the machine that would become known as the Audichron.[43] The Audichron Company became the chief supplier of talking clocks in the US, maintained by local businesses and, later, the regional Bell System companies.

text: The service became typically known as the "Time of Day" service, with the term "speaking clock" never being used.  Occasionally it would be called "Time and Temperature" or simply "Time".  However, the service had been phased out in most states (Nevada and Connecticut still maintain service). AT&T discontinued its California service in September 2007, citing the widespread availability of sources such as mobile phones and computers.[44][vague]

text: For all area codes in Northern California, and on the West Coast generally, the reserved exchange was 767[44] which was often indicated by its phoneword, POPCORN;[45][44] the service was discontinued in 2007. In other locations, different telephone exchanges are or were used for the speaking clock service.

text:
In Wisconsin, the former Wisconsin Bell reserved the ending numbers -0123 in the dominant exchange for a city for time and temperature information.
(920) 734-0123 Appleton, WI, originally provided by AT&T, the incumbent LEC, the service was terminated after decades in existence and the number was taken over by a privately operated talking clock offering the time, temperature and brief sponsored advertisements.
(203) 777-4647 (203-SPRINGS), New Haven, Connecticut is still an active time of day service. Working as of July 2018.
(219) 933-9000 Northwest Indiana Time & Temperature. Time/Temperature Service is working as of July 2018.
(406) 442-1730 Helena, MT Time/Temperature service. Working as of July 2018.
(408) 767-2676 (408-POPCORN). San Jose, CA. Time/Temperature Service now provided by a CLEC. Working as of July 2018.
(415) 767-2676 (415-POPCORN). San Francisco, CA. Time/Temperature Service now provided by a CLEC. Working as of July 2018.
(541) 917-6885 Speaking Clock, Albany, Oregon "the time is ..." Service is working as of July 2018.
(817) 844-6611 Fort Worth, Texas. Time/Temperature/Weather Service is working as of August 2018. Provided by Haltom's Jewelers (previously provided by Chase Bank).
(919) 362-1226 Apex, North Carolina. Apex WeatherNow! Time/Temperature/Weather Service is working as of July 2018.
(919) 468-8463 468-TIME Service, Cary, North Carolina. Service is working as of July 2018.
(704) 933-1181 Kannapolis, North Carolina time and temperature service is working as of July 2018.
(513) 721-1700 Cincinnati Bell's Parkway 1-1700 for time. Service is working as of July 2018.
(740) 774-2151 Chillicothe, Ohio Chillicothe Telephone Company Date/Time/Temperature/Weather Service is working as of July 2018.
(251) 660-0044 Mobile, Alabama's Date/Time/Temperature service is working as of July 2018.
(770) 455-7141 Atlanta, GA Time/Weather service working as of July 2018.
(330) 823-8211 Alliance, Ohio Date/Time/Weather service working as of July 2018.
(435) 257-5141 Tremonton, UT Time/Temperature service. Provided by vintage digital hardware. No longer working as of July 2018.
(919) 249-1130 Apex, North Carolina Time & Temperature. Time/Temperature/Weather Service is not working as of October 2014.

text: Many shortwave radio time signal services provide speaking clock services, such as WWV (voiced by John Doyle) and WWVH (voiced by Jane Barbe), operated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology from the United States of America. To avoid disruption with devices that rely on the accurate timings and placement of the service tones from the radio, the voice recording is "notched" clear of some of the tones.

text: The time as provided by WWV is also available by telephone, by calling +1 303 499-7111. WWVH (an auxiliary location in Hawaii) is available at +1 808 335-4363.[citation needed]

text: In addition, the United States Naval Observatory operates two speaking clocks: in Washington, D.C. at +1 202 762 1401 or +1 202 762 1069, and in Colorado Springs, Colorado at +1 719 567 6742.[46]

text: Electronic speaking clocks and wristwatches are available, many marketed to the visually impaired.

text: Many telephone answering machines and similar devices include a speaking clock capability so they can announce the time when a message was received.


document_title: Anatomical terms of muscle

question_text: which muscle/muscle group would be the prime mover for an arm curl

question_tokens: which muscle / muscle group would be the prime mover for an arm curl

text: Anatomical terms of muscle

text: Types[edit]

text: There are three types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

text: Skeletal muscle[edit]

text: Skeletal striated muscle, or "voluntary muscle", primarily joins to bone with tendons. Skeletal muscle enables movement of the bones of the human skeleton and maintains posture.[1]

text: Smooth muscle[edit]

text: Smooth muscle tissue is found in parts of the body where it conveys action without conscious intent. The majority of this type of muscle tissue is found in the digestive and urinary systems where it acts by propelling forward food, chyme, and feces in the former and urine in the latter. Other places smooth muscle can be found are within the uterus, where it helps facilitate birth, and the eye, where the pupillary sphincter controls pupil size.[2]

text: Cardiac muscle[edit]

text: Cardiac muscle is specific to the heart. It is also involuntary in its movement, and is additionally self-excitatory, contracting without outside stimuli.[3]

text: Actions of skeletal muscle[edit]

text: As well as anatomical terms of motion, which describe the motion made by a muscle, unique terminology is used to describe the action of a set of muscles.

text: Agonists and antagonists [edit]

text: Agonist muscles and antagonist muscles refer to muscles that cause or inhibit a movement.

text: Agonist muscles cause a movement to occur through their own activation.[4] For example, the triceps brachii contracts, producing a shortening contraction, during the up phase of a push-up (elbow extension). During the down phase of a push-up, the same triceps brachii actively controls elbow flexion while producing a lengthening contraction. It is still the agonist, because while resisting gravity during relaxing, the triceps brachii continues to be the prime mover, or controller, of the joint action. Agonists are also interchangeably referred to as "prime movers," since they are the muscles considered primarily responsible for generating or controlling a specific movement.

text: Another example is the dumbbell curl at the elbow. The "elbow flexor" group is the agonist, shortening during the lifting phase (elbow flexion). During the lowering phase the "elbow flexor" muscles lengthen, remaining the agonists because they are controlling the load and the movement (elbow extension). For both the lifting and lowering phase, the "elbow extensor" muscles are the antagonists (see below). They lengthen during the dumbbell lifting phase and shorten during the dumbbell lowering phase. Here it is important to understand that it is common practice to give a name to a muscle group (e.g. elbow flexors) based on the joint action they produce during a shortening (concentric) contraction. However, this naming convention does not mean they are only agonists during shortening. This term typically describes the function of skeletal muscles.[5]

text: Antagonist muscles are simply the muscles that produce an opposing joint torque to the agonist muscles.[6] This torque can aid in controlling a motion. The opposing torque can slow movement down - especially in the case of a ballistic movement. For example, during a very rapid (ballistic) discrete movement of the elbow, such as throwing a dart, the triceps muscles will be activated very briefly and strongly (in a "burst") to rapidly accelerate the extension movement at the elbow, followed almost immediately by a "burst" of activation to the elbow flexor muscles that decelerates the elbow movement to arrive at a quick stop. To use an automotive analogy, this would be similar to pressing your gas pedal rapidly and then immediately pressing the brake. Antagonism is not an intrinsic property of a particular muscle or muscle group; it is a role that a muscle plays depending on which muscle is currently the agonist. During slower joint actions that involve gravity, just as with the agonist muscle (mentioned above), the antagonist muscle can shorten and lengthen. Using the example above of the triceps brachii during a push-up, the elbow flexor muscles are the antagonists at the elbow during both the up phase and down phase of the movement. During the dumbbell curl, the elbow extensors are the antagonists for both the lifting and lowering phases.[citation needed]

text: Agonist-antagonist pairs[edit]

text: Antagonist and agonist muscles often occur in pairs, called antagonistic pairs. As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. An example of an antagonistic pair is the biceps and triceps; to contract - the triceps relaxes while the biceps contracts to lift the arm. "Reverse motions" need antagonistic pairs located in opposite sides of a joint or bone, including abductor-adductor pairs and flexor-extensor pairs. These consist of an extensor muscle, which "opens" the joint (by increasing the angle between the two bones) and a flexor muscle, which does the opposite by decreasing the angle between two bones.

text: However muscles don't always work this way - sometimes agonists and antagonists contract at the same time to produce force, as per Lombard's paradox. Also, sometimes during a joint action controlled by an agonist muscle (see above definition of agonist), the antagonist will be slightly activated, naturally. This occurs normally and is not considered to be a problem unless it is excessive or uncontrolled and disturbs the control of the joint action. This is called agonist/antagonist co-activation and serves to mechanically stiffen the joint.

text: Not all muscles are paired in this way. An example of exception is the deltoid.

text: Synergistic action [edit]

text: Synergist muscles perform, or help perform, the same set of joint motion as the agonists. Synergists muscles act on movable joints. Synergists are sometimes referred to as "neutralizers" because they help cancel out, or neutralize, extra motion from the agonists to make sure that the force generated works within the desired plane of motion.

text: Muscle fibers can only contract up to 40% of their fully stretched length. Thus the short fibers of pennate muscles are more suitable where power rather than range of contraction is required. This limitation in the range of contraction affects all muscles, and those that act over several joints may be unable to shorten sufficiently to produce the full range of movement at all of them simultaneously (active insufficiency, e.g., the fingers cannot be fully flexed when the wrist is also flexed). Likewise, the opposing muscles may be unable to stretch sufficiently to allow such movement to take place (passive insufficiency). For both these reasons, it is often essential to use other muscles, called fixators or synergists, in this type of action to fix certain of the joints so that others can be moved effectively, e.g., fixation of the wrist during full flexion of the fingers in clenching the fist. Synergists are muscles that facilitate the fixation action.

text: There is an important difference between a helping synergist muscle and a true synergist muscle. A true synergist muscle is one that only neutralizes an undesired joint action, whereas a helping synergist is one that neutralizes an undesired action but also assists with the desired action.[citation needed]

text: Neutralizer Action[edit]

text: A muscle that fixes or holds a bone so that the agonist can carry out the intended movement is said to have a neutralising action. A good famous example of this are the hamstrings; the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles perform knee flexion and knee internal rotation whereas the biceps femoris carries out knee flexion and knee external rotation. For the knee to flex while not rotating in either direction, all three muscles contract to stabilize the knee while it moves in the desired way.

text: Composite muscle[edit]

text: Composite or hybrid muscles have more than one set of fibers that perform the same function, and are usually supplied by different nerves for different set of fibers. For example, the tongue itself is a composite muscle made up of various components like longitudinal, transverse, horizontal muscles with different parts innervated having different nerve supply.

text: Form[edit]

text: Insertion and origin [edit]

text: The insertion and origin of a muscle are the two places where it is anchored, one at each end. The tissue of the attachment is called an enthesis.

text: The origin of a muscle is the bone, typically proximal, which has greater mass and is more stable during a contraction than a muscle's insertion. [7] For example, with the latissimus dorsi muscle, the origin site is the torso, and the insertion is the arm. When this muscle contracts, normally the arm moves due to having less mass than the torso. This is the case when grabbing objects lighter than the body, as in the typical use of a lat pull down machine. This can be reversed however, such as in a chin up where the torso moves up to meet the arm.

text: The insertion of a muscle is the structure that it attaches to and tends to be moved by the contraction of the muscle. [8] This may be a bone, a tendon or the subcutaneous dermal connective tissue. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone.[9] The insertion is a bone that tends to be distal, have less mass, and greater motion than the origin during a contraction.

text: Muscle fibres[edit]

text: Muscles may also be described by the direction that the muscle fibres run in.

text:
Fusiform muscles have fibres that run parallel to the length of the muscle, and are spindle-shaped. [10] For example, the pronator teres muscle of the forearm.
Unipennate muscles have fibres that run the entire length of only one side of a muscle, like a quill pen. For example, the fibularis muscles.
Bipennate muscles consist of two rows of oblique muscle fibres, facing in opposite diagonal directions, converging on a central tendon. Bipennate muscle is stronger than both unipennate muscle and fusiform muscle, due to a larger physiological cross-sectional area. Bipennate muscle shortens less than unipennate muscle but develops greater tension when it does, translated into greater power but less range of motion. Pennate muscles generally also tire easily. Examples of bipennate muscles are the rectus femoris muscle of the thigh, and the stapedius muscle of the middle ear.

text: State[edit]

text: Hypertrophy and atrophy[edit]

text: Hypertrophy is increase in muscle size from an increase in size of individual muscle cells. This usually occurs as a result of exercise.