document_title: Geodetic datum

question_text: where is the wgs84 datum used for measurements

text: Geodetic datum

text: Definition[edit]

text: In surveying and geodesy, a datum is a reference system or an approximation of the Earth's surface against which positional measurements are made for computing locations. Horizontal datums are used for describing a point on the Earth's surface, in latitude and longitude or another coordinate system. Vertical datums are used to measure elevations or underwater depths.

text: Horizontal datum[edit]

text: The horizontal datum is the model used to measure positions on the Earth. A specific point on the Earth can have substantially different coordinates, depending on the datum used to make the measurement. There are hundreds of local horizontal datums around the world, usually referenced to some convenient local reference point. Contemporary datums, based on increasingly accurate measurements of the shape of the Earth, are intended to cover larger areas. The WGS 84 datum, which is almost identical to the NAD83 datum used in North America and the ETRS89 datum used in Europe, is a common standard datum.[citation needed]

text: For example, in Sydney there is a 200 metres (700 feet) difference between GPS coordinates configured in GDA (based on global standard WGS 84) and AGD (used for most local maps), which is an unacceptably large error for some applications, such as surveying or site location for scuba diving.[3]

text: Vertical datum[edit]

text: A vertical datum is used as a reference point for elevations of surfaces and features on the Earth including terrain, bathymetry, water levels, and man-made structures. Vertical datums are either: tidal, based on sea levels; gravimetric, based on a geoid; or geodetic, based on the same ellipsoid models of the Earth used for computing horizontal datums.

text: In common usage, elevations are often cited in height above sea level, although what “sea level” actually means is a more complex issue than might at first be thought: the height of the sea surface at any one place and time is a result of numerous effects, including waves, wind and currents, atmospheric pressure, tides, topography, and even differences in the strength of gravity due to the presence of mountains etc.

text: For the purpose of measuring the height of objects on land, the usual datum used is mean sea level (MSL). This is a tidal datum which is described as the arithmetic mean of the hourly water elevation taken over a specific 19 years cycle. This definition averages out tidal highs and lows (caused by the gravitational effects of the sun and the moon) and short term variations. It will not remove the effects of local gravity strength, and so the height of MSL, relative to a geodetic datum, will vary around the world, and even around one country. Countries tend to choose the mean sea level at one specific point to be used as the standard “sea level” for all mapping and surveying in that country. (For example, in Great Britain, the national vertical datum, Ordnance Datum Newlyn, is based on what was mean sea level at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921).[citation needed] However, zero elevation as defined by one country is not the same as zero elevation defined by another (because MSL is not the same everywhere), which is why locally defined vertical datums differ from one another.

text: A different principle is used when choosing a datum for nautical charts. For safety reasons, a mariner must be able to know the minimum depth of water that could occur at any point. For this reason, depths and tides on a nautical chart are measured relative to chart datum, which is defined to be a level below which tide rarely falls. Exactly how this is chosen depends on the tidal regime in the area being charted and on the policy of the hydrographic office producing the chart in question; a typical definition is Lowest Astronomical Tide (the lowest tide predictable from the effects of gravity), or Mean Lower Low Water (the average lowest tide of each day), although MSL is sometimes used in waters with very low tidal ranges.

text: Conversely, if a ship is to safely pass under a low bridge or overhead power cable, the mariner must know the minimum clearance between the masthead and the obstruction, which will occur at high tide. Consequently, bridge clearances etc. are given relative to a datum based on high tide, such as Highest Astronomical Tide or Mean High Water Springs.

text: Sea level does not remain constant throughout geological time, and so tidal datums are less useful when studying very long-term processes. In some situations sea level does not apply at all — for instance for mapping Mars' surface — forcing the use of a different "zero elevation", such as mean radius.

text: A geodetic vertical datum takes some specific zero point, and computes elevations based on the geodetic model being used, without further reference to sea levels. Usually, the starting reference point is a tide gauge, so at that point the geodetic and tidal datums might match, but due to sea level variations, the two scales may not match elsewhere. An example of a gravity-based geodetic datum is NAVD88, used in North America, which is referenced to a point in Quebec, Canada. Ellipsoid-based datums such as WGS 84, GRS80 or NAD83 use a theoretical surface that may differ significantly from the geoid.

text: Geodetic coordinates[edit]

text:
In geodetic coordinates, the Earth's surface is approximated by an ellipsoid, and locations near the surface are described in terms of latitude (

ϕ

{\displaystyle \ \phi }

), longitude (

λ

{\displaystyle \ \lambda }

) and height (

h

{\displaystyle h}

).[footnotes 1]

text: Geodetic versus geocentric latitude[edit]

text:
It is important to note that geodetic latitude (

ϕ

{\displaystyle \ \phi }

) (resp. altitude) is different from geocentric latitude (

ϕ

′

{\displaystyle \ \phi ^{\prime }}

) (resp. altitude). Geodetic latitude is determined by the angle between the equatorial plane and normal to the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is determined by the angle between the equatorial plane and line joining the point to the centre of the ellipsoid (see figure). Unless otherwise specified latitude is geodetic latitude.

text: Earth reference ellipsoid[edit]

text: Defining and derived parameters[edit]

text:
The ellipsoid is completely parameterised by the semi-major axis

a

{\displaystyle a}

 and the flattening

f

{\displaystyle f}

.

text:
Parameter
Symbol

Semi-major axis
a

Reciprocal of flattening
1/f

text: From a and f it is possible to derive the semi-minor axis b, first eccentricity e and second eccentricity e′ of the ellipsoid

text:
Parameter
Value

semi-minor axis
b = a(1 − f)

First eccentricity squared
e2 = 1 − b2/a2 = 2f − f2

Second eccentricity squared
e′2 = a2/b2 − 1 = f(2 − f)/(1 − f)2

text: Parameters for some geodetic systems[edit]

text: AGD66 and AGD84 both use the parameters defined by Australian National Spheroid (see below)

text:
ANS Defining Parameters

Parameter
Notation
Value

semi-major axis
a
6 378 160.000 m

Reciprocal of Flattening
1/f
298.25

text: GDA94 uses the parameters defined by GRS80 (see below)

text:
GRS80 Parameters

Parameter
Notation
Value

semi-major axis
a
6 378 137 m

Reciprocal of flattening
1/f
298.257 222 101

text: see GDA Technical Manual document for more details; the value given above for the flattening is not exact.

text: The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) to determine the location of a point near the surface of the Earth.

text:
WGS 84 Defining Parameters

Parameter
Notation
Value

semi-major axis
a
6 378 137.0 m

Reciprocal of flattening
1/f
298.257 223 563

text:
WGS 84 derived geometric constants

Constant
Notation
Value

Semi-minor axis
b
6 356 752.3142 m

First eccentricity squared
e2
6.694 379 990 14x10−3

Second eccentricity squared
e′2
6.739 496 742 28x10−3

text: see The official World Geodetic System 1984 document for more details.

text: A more comprehensive list of geodetic systems can be found here

text: Conversion calculations[edit]

text: Datum conversion is the process of converting the coordinates of a point from one datum system to another. Datum conversion may frequently be accompanied by a change of grid projection.

text: Reference datums[edit]

text: A reference datum is a known and constant surface which is used to describe the location of unknown points on the Earth. Since reference datums can have different radii and different center points, a specific point on the Earth can have substantially different coordinates depending on the datum used to make the measurement. There are hundreds of locally developed reference datums around the world, usually referenced to some convenient local reference point. Contemporary datums, based on increasingly accurate measurements of the shape of the Earth, are intended to cover larger areas. The most common reference Datums in use in North America are NAD27, NAD83, and WGS 84.

text: The North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) is "the horizontal control datum for the United States that was defined by a location and azimuth on the Clarke spheroid of 1866, with origin at (the survey station) Meades Ranch (Kansas)." ... The geoidal height at Meades Ranch was assumed to be zero, as sufficient gravity data was not available, and this was needed to relate surface measurements to the datum. "Geodetic positions on the North American Datum of 1927 were derived from the (coordinates of and an azimuth at Meades Ranch) through a readjustment of the triangulation of the entire network in which Laplace azimuths were introduced, and the Bowie method was used." (http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#WhatDatum ) NAD27 is a local referencing system covering North America.

text: The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) is "The horizontal control datum for the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central America, based on a geocentric origin and the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80). "This datum, designated as NAD 83 ...is based on the adjustment of 250,000 points including 600 satellite Doppler stations which constrain the system to a geocentric origin." NAD83 may be considered a local referencing system.

text: WGS 84 is the World Geodetic System of 1984. It is the reference frame used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and is defined by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) (formerly the Defense Mapping Agency, then the National Imagery and Mapping Agency). WGS 84 is used by DoD for all its mapping, charting, surveying, and navigation needs, including its GPS "broadcast" and "precise" orbits. WGS 84 was defined in January 1987 using Doppler satellite surveying techniques. It was used as the reference frame for broadcast GPS Ephemerides (orbits) beginning January 23, 1987. At 0000 GMT January 2, 1994, WGS 84 was upgraded in accuracy using GPS measurements. The formal name then became WGS 84 (G730), since the upgrade date coincided with the start of GPS Week 730. It became the reference frame for broadcast orbits on June 28, 1994. At 0000 GMT September 30, 1996 (the start of GPS Week 873), WGS 84 was redefined again and was more closely aligned with International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) frame ITRF 94. It was then formally called WGS 84 (G873). WGS 84 (G873) was adopted as the reference frame for broadcast orbits on January 29, 1997.[4] Another update brought it to WGS84(G1674).

text: The WGS 84 datum, within two meters of the NAD83 datum used in North America, is the only world referencing system in place today. WGS 84 is the default standard datum for coordinates stored in recreational and commercial GPS units.

text: Users of GPS are cautioned that they must always check the datum of the maps they are using. To correctly enter, display, and to store map related map coordinates, the datum of the map must be entered into the GPS map datum field.

text: Examples[edit]

text: Examples of map datums are:

text:
WGS 84, 72, 64 and 60 of the World Geodetic System
NAD83, the North American Datum which is very similar to WGS 84
NAD27, the older North American Datum, of which NAD83 was basically a readjustment [1]
OSGB36 of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain
ED50, the European Datum
GDA94, the Australian Datum[5]
JGD2011, the Japanese Datum, adjusted for changes caused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami[6]
Tokyo97, the older Japanese Datum[7]
KGD2002, the Korean Datum[8]
TWD67 and TWD97, different datum currently used in Taiwan.[9]
BJS54 and XAS80, old geodetic datum used in China[10]
GCJ-02 and BD-09, Chinese encrypted geodetic datum.
PZ-90.11, the current geodetic reference used by GLONASS[11]
GTRF, the geodetic reference used by Galileo[12]
CGCS2000, or CGS-2000, the geodetic reference used by BeiDou Navigation Satellite System[12][13][14]
International Terrestrial Reference Frames (ITRF88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2014), different realizations of the ITRS.[15][16]
Hong Kong Principal Datum, a vertical datum used in Hong Kong.[17][18]


question_text: who played bobby ray in to wong foo

question_tokens: who played bobby ray in to wong foo

root

text: Plot[edit]

text: After tying for the win in New York City's "Drag Queen of the Year" contest, Noxeema Jackson (Wesley Snipes) and Vida Boheme (Patrick Swayze) win a trip to Hollywood to take part in the even bigger "Miss Drag Queen of America Pageant". Before they depart, Vida persuades Noxeema to take along the inexperienced "drag princess" Chi-Chi Rodriguez (John Leguizamo) as their protégé (they initially refer to him simply as a "boy in a dress" rather than as a fully-fledged drag queen). To do this, they trade in their airplane tickets for cash and buy a stylish but old Cadillac convertible with money given to them by John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt (Robin Williams). They set off for Los Angeles in it, carrying with them an iconic autographed photo of Julie Newmar (signed, "To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar") that Vida purloined from a restaurant wall.

tag: p

text: While on the road they are pulled over by the racist, homophobic, and sexist Sheriff Dollard (Chris Penn), who tries to rape Vida. He discovers Vida is not a woman and, in the commotion, he falls backwards and is knocked unconscious. They think he is dead, hurry off, and leave him behind. As they recover from the incident at a rest stop, their car breaks down. A young man, Bobby Ray (Jason London) from the nearby small town of Snydersville, happens to pass by and gives them a ride, where they take refuge in a bed and breakfast inn owned by Carol Ann (Stockard Channing) and her abusive car repairman husband, Virgil (Arliss Howard).

text: They become stranded in the town for the weekend as they wait for the replacement part for their car to arrive. Chi-Chi is harassed by a group of roughnecks, but is saved by Bobby Ray. While volunteering to help with the town's Strawberry Social, they decide its small band of women need a day with them, which consists of the following steps: get your hair done, pick out a new outfit, and then just sit in a cafe and talk. While searching for the new outfits, they are ecstatic to find vintage fashions from the 1960s in the town's clothing store and give the female residents (and themselves) a make-over.

text: Following their makeover, they are abused by the same roughnecks that attempted to attack Chi-Chi. Fed up, Noxeema handles the situation in a typically New York City manner and teaches their ringleader a lesson in manners. Vida, Noxeema, and Chi-Chi do what they can to be positive, and they set out to improve the lives of the townspeople, including offering assistance in organizing the Strawberry Social.

text: Meanwhile, Sheriff Dollard is ridiculed by his colleagues, who believe he was beat up by a girl. He goes off in search of the drag queens.

text: Vida, in the meantime, becomes acutely aware of Carol Ann's abuse at the hands of Virgil and, shortly thereafter, they overhear him giving her another beating. Vida decides to intervene and beats him up before throwing him out of the house.

text: Carol Ann is able to repair their car, but they remain for the Strawberry Social. Carol Ann reveals to Vida that she knew she was a drag queen all along due to her Adam's apple, which is less prominent in women.

text: Not too far away, Virgil runs into Sheriff Dollard at a bar and they realize that the newcomers are the same people Dollard has been searching for. They head back to Snydersville, and Dollard demands that the townspeople turn them over. The other townspeople, who now realize that their new friends are not women, begin to protect them. One by one they step up and confront Dollard, each one claiming to be a drag queen (in similar fashion to Spartacus). He is humiliated and flees. The Strawberry Social commences with everyone dressed in vibrant red outfits for it. The townfolk then say goodbye to their new friends as Noxeema, Vida and Chi-Chi prepare to leave. In honor of their friendship, Vida gives Carol Ann the autographed photo of Julie Newmar that has accompanied them on their trip.

text: They eventually make it to Los Angeles where Chi-Chi, after having received many tips from Vida and Noxeema during their ordeal, wins the title of Drag Queen of the Year. The crown is presented by Julie Newmar as herself.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Wesley Snipes as Noxeema Jackson
Patrick Swayze as Vida Boheme
John Leguizamo as Chi-Chi Rodriguez
Stockard Channing as Carol Ann
Blythe Danner as Beatrice
Arliss Howard as Virgil
Jason London as Bobby Ray
Chris Penn as Sheriff Dollard
Melinda Dillon as Merna
Beth Grant as Loretta
Alice Drummond as Clara
Michael Vartan as Tommy
Jennifer Milmore as Bobbie Lee

tag: ul

text: Cameo appearances[edit]

text:
Julie Newmar as Herself
Naomi Campbell as Girl at China Bowl restaurant
Joseph Arias as Joey Arias
Daniel T. "Sweetie" Boothe as Pageant Hostess
Lady Catiria as Herself
Laritza Dumont as Herself
Alexander Heimberg as Miss Understood
Candis Cayne as Herself (credited as Brendan McDanniel)
Clinton Leupp as Miss Coco Peru
Steven Polito as Hedda Lettuce
Jon Ingle as The Lady Bunny
Quentin Crisp as NY Pageant Judge
Flotilla DeBarge as NY Pageant Judge
José Sarria as NY Pageant Judge
RuPaul as Rachel Tensions
Robin Williams as John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt

text: Awards[edit]

text: Swayze and Leguizamo were nominated for Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and Best Supporting Actor, respectively.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: The opening and closing scenes were filmed in New York City featuring dozens of its local drag performers and underground stars in small roles or as featured extras. Included in the mix were RuPaul, Joey Arias, Lady Bunny, Miss Understood, Candis Cayne, Flotilla DeBarge, Miss Coco Peru, and Quentin Crisp. The three stars had previously spent some time in the local drag scene while researching their roles. The ending scene, the anticipated Miss Drag Queen USA contest, was filmed at The John S. Phipps Estate in Old Westbury, New York, now colloquially known as Old Westbury Gardens. Much of the rest of the film was shot on location in Montclair, New Jersey,[3] Loma, Nebraska, Lincoln, and Omaha. Though greatly faded, a "Welcome to Snydersville" outdoor mural remains in Loma.[4]

text: Champions Tour professional Chi Chi Rodriguez sued the production company and distributor over the use of his name in the film,[5] eventually settling with undisclosed terms.[6]

text: The film is similar to the earlier 1994 Australian comedy-drama, The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert which stars Hugo Weaving, Terence Stamp, and Guy Pearce in the roles of the three cross-country cabaret drag queens. To Wong Foo has sometimes erroneously been called a copy or a remake of Priscilla, although it was already in production before Priscilla was released.[7]

text: A DVD is available with several deleted scenes.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: With a lifetime box-office gross revenue of US$47.8 million worldwide (equivalent to $75.1 million in 2016),[1] the film was number one at the box office in the U.S. for its first two weeks in the theater.[7] It received mixed reviews from critics, as it holds a 41% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 32 reviews.[9] It has since become a cult classic.[10][11]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The movie's soundtrack includes:[12]

text:
"I Am the Body Beautiful" – Salt-N-Pepa
"Free Yourself" – Chaka Khan
"Turn It Out" – Labelle
"Who Taught You How" – Crystal Waters
"She's a Lady" – Tom Jones
"Brick House" – The Commodores
"Nobody's Body" – Monifah
"Do What You Wanna Do" – Charisse Arrington
"(Hey Now) Girls Just Want to Have Fun" – Cyndi Lauper
"Over the Rainbow" – Patti LaBelle
"To Wong Foo Suite (When I Get to Hollywood/A Day With the Girls/Moms Mabley/Stand Up)" – Rachel Portman[13]

tag: ol

text: Music and songs not included in the soundtrack:

text:
"Gotta Move" – Barbra Streisand
"Theme From Wonder Woman" – New World Symphony
"Je Cherche un Homme" [I Want a Man] – Eartha Kitt
"Behind Closed Doors" – Charlie Rich
"Stand by Your Man" – David Allan Coe
"This Is a Man's World" – Sara Hickman
"Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me" – Johnny Mathis
"(Hey Won’t You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song" – B.J. Thomas[13]
"1812 Overture" – Tchaikovsky
"Zampa Overture" – Ferdinand Herold
"China Girl" – Robert J. Walsh
"That Lady You're with Ain't No Lady" – Larry Applewhite/Gene Wisniewski[citation needed]


document_title: Rules of basketball

question_text: who devised the first set of rules in basketball

text: Rules of basketball

text: Original rules

text: In January 15, 1892, James Naismith published his rules for the game of "Basket Ball" that he invented:[1] The original game played under these rules was quite different from the one played today as there was no dribbling, dunking, three-pointers, or shot clock, and goal tending was legal.

text:
The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.
A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at a good speed if he tries to stop.
The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it.
No shouldering, holding, striking, pushing, or tripping in any way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next basket is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.
A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules three and four and such described in rule five.
If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the mean time making a foul).
A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there (without falling), providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.
When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that side.
The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify people according to Rule 5.
The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the baskets, with any other duties that are usually performed by a scorekeeper.
The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.
The side making the most points in that time is declared the winner.

text: The original rules of basketball are on display to the public at the University of Kansas.

text: Players, substitutes, teams and teammates

text: Naismith's original rules did not specify how many players were to be on the court. In 1900, five players became standard, and players that were substituted were not allowed to re-enter the game.[citation needed] Players were allowed to re-enter a game once from 1921, and twice from 1934; such restrictions on substitutions were abolished in 1945 when substitutions became unlimited. Coaching was originally prohibited during the game, but from 1949, coaches were allowed to address players during a time-out.

text: Originally a player was disqualified on his second foul. This limit became four fouls in 1911 and five fouls in 1945, still the case in most forms of basketball where the normal length of the game (before any overtime periods) is 40 minutes. When the normal length is 48 minutes (this is the case with the National Basketball Association in the United States) a player is accordingly disqualified on his sixth foul.

text: Shot clock and time limits

text: The first time restriction on possession of the ball was introduced in 1933, where teams were required to advance the ball over the center line within ten seconds of gaining possession. This rule remained until 2000, when FIBA reduced the requirement to eight seconds, the NBA following suit in 2001. The NCAA retains the 10-second rule for men's play, and adopted this rule for women's play starting with the 2013–14 season.[2] U.S. high schools, whose rules are drafted by NFHS, also use the 10-second rule for both sexes.

text: In 1936 the three-second rule was introduced. This rule prohibits offensive players from remaining near their opponents' basket for longer than three seconds (the precise restricted area is also known as the lane or the key). A game central to this rule's introduction was that between the University of Kentucky and New York University. Kentucky coach Adolph Rupp did not take one of his referees with him, despite being warned of discrepancies in officiating between the Midwest and East by Notre Dame coach George Keogan, and the game became especially rough. Because of this game and others, 6'5" (1.96 m) Kentucky All-American center Leroy Edwards is generally recognized as the player responsible for the 3 second rule.

text: While the rule was originally adopted to reduce roughness in the area between big men, it is now considered to prevent tall offensive players from gaining an advantage by waiting close to the basket. When the NBA started to allow zone defense in 2001, a three-second rule for defensive players was also introduced.

text: The shot clock was first introduced by the NBA in 1954, to increase the speed of play. Teams were then required to attempt a shot within 24 seconds of gaining possession, and the shot clock would be reset when the ball touched the basket's rim or the backboard, or the opponents gained possession. FIBA adopted a 30-second shot clock two years later, resetting the clock when a shot was attempted. Women's basketball adopted a 30-second clock in 1971. The NCAA adopted a 45-second shot clock for men while continuing with the 30-second clock for women in 1985. The men's shot clock was then reduced to 35 seconds in 1993, and further reduced to 30 seconds in 2015. FIBA reduced the shot clock to 24 seconds in 2000, and changed the clock's resetting to when the ball touched the rim of the basket. Originally, a missed shot where the shot clock expired while the ball is in the air constituted a violation. In 2003 the rule was changed so that the ball remains live in this situation, as long as it touched the rim. If the ball touches the rim and slightly bounces over the basketball hoop it will be called as a loose ball.

text: Fouls, free throws and violations

text: Dribbling was not part of the original game, but was introduced in 1901. At the time, a player could only bounce the ball once, and could not shoot after he had dribbled. The definition of dribbling became the "continuous passage of the ball" in 1909, allowing more than one bounce, and a player who had dribbled was then allowed to shoot.

text: Running with the ball ceased to be considered a foul in 1922, and became a violation, meaning that the only penalty was loss of possession. Striking the ball with the fist has also become a violation. From 1931, if a closely guarded player withheld the ball from play for five seconds, play was stopped and resumed with a jump ball; such a situation has since become a violation by the ball-carrier. Goaltending became a violation in 1944, and offensive goaltending in 1958.

text: Free throws were introduced shortly after basketball was invented. In 1895, the free throw line was officially placed fifteen feet (4.6 m) from the backboard, prior to which most gymnasiums placed one twenty feet (6.1 m) from the backboard. From 1924, players that received a foul were required to shoot their own free throws. One free throw shot is awarded to a player who was fouled while making a successful field goal attempt. If the field goal attempt is unsuccessful, two free throw shots are awarded (three if the player was attempting a three-point field goal). If an offensive player is fouled while not in the act of shooting, or if a player is fouled in a loose-ball situation, the penalty varies by level of play and the number of fouls accumulated by the opposing team in a given period.

text:
In NCAA men's and all NFHS play:

If the player's team has 6 or fewer team fouls in the half, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
If the team has 7 to 9 team fouls, the player fouled goes to the line for what is called "one-and-one" or the "bonus"—that is, if the player makes the first free throw, he gets the opportunity to attempt a second, but if he misses, the ball is live.
If the team has 10 or more fouls in the half, the player fouled gets two free throws, often called the "double bonus".
All overtime periods are considered an extension of the second half for purposes of accumulated fouls. Also, NFHS rules accumulate fouls per half, even though games are played in quarters.

In NCAA women's play (as of 2015–16, when the game changed from 20-minute halves to 10-minute quarters):

If the player's team has 4 or fewer team fouls in the quarter, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
If the team has 5 or more fouls in the quarter, the player fouled gets two free throws—the "one-and-one" has now been removed from the women's game.
All overtime periods are considered an extension of the fourth quarter for purposes of accumulated fouls.

In the NBA:

If the player's team has 4 or fewer team fouls in the quarter, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
Starting with the team's fifth foul in the quarter, the player fouled gets two free throws.
Overtime is not considered an extension of any quarter. Instead, the "penalty" of two free throws is triggered on the team's fourth foul in that overtime period (instead of the fifth).
Foul limits are reset in the last two minutes of a quarter or overtime period. If a team has not reached its limit of accumulated fouls, the first team foul in the last two minutes results in possession by the team fouled, and all subsequent fouls result in two free throws.

In the WNBA:

All foul limits are identical to those in the NBA, except that the team foul limit does not reset until the final minute of a quarter or overtime period.

In FIBA (full-court) play:

If the player's team has 4 or fewer team fouls in the quarter, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
Starting with the team's fifth foul in the quarter, the player fouled gets two free throws.
During an interval of play, all team members entitled to play are considered as players.
The ball become dead when an official blows his whistle while the ball is live.
All overtime periods are considered an extension of the fourth quarter for purposes of accumulated fouls.

In FIBA 3x3 (half-court) play:

A player who is fouled on an unsuccessful field goal attempt receives one free throw if the attempt was from inside the 'three-point" arc, and two free throws if the attempt was from outside the arc. This reflects the different scoring of that variation, in which baskets from inside the arc are worth 1 point and those from outside the arc are worth 2 points.
If the player's team has 6 or fewer team fouls in the game, and the foul was not in the act of shooting, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
Starting with the team's seventh foul in the game, the player fouled gets two free throws.
Starting with the team's 10th foul in the game, the player fouled gets two free throws, and the shooter's team gets possession of the ball.

text: A player has 10 seconds to attempt a free throw. If the player does not attempt a free throw within 10 seconds of receiving the ball, the free throw attempt is lost, and a free throw violation is called. A free throw violation also occurs if a free throw misses the backboard, rim, and basket. If a free throw violation is assessed on the last free throw awarded to a player in a given situation, possession automatically reverts to the opposing team.

text: A charge is physical contact between an offensive player and a defensive player. In order to draw an offensive charge the defensive player must establish legal guarding positioning in the path of the offensive player. If contact is made, the officials would issue an offensive charge. No points will be allowed and the ball is turned over. The defensive player may not draw an offensive charge in the "restricted zone" (see below for more details).[3]

text: Blocking is physical contact between the offensive player and the defensive player. Blocking fouls are issued when a defensive player interferes with the path of the offensive player in the shooting motion. Blocking fouls are easily called when the defensive player is standing in the "restricted zone".[3]

text: Restricted zone: In 1997, the NBA introduced an arc of a 4-foot (1.22 m) radius around the basket, in which an offensive foul for charging could not be assessed. This was to prevent defensive players from attempting to draw an offensive foul on their opponents by standing underneath the basket. FIBA adopted this arc with a 1.25 m (4 ft 1.2 in) radius in 2010.[4]

text: Equipment

text: The ball was to be an "ordinary Association football". In other words, a soccer ball.[5] The goal is placed 10 feet (3.05m) above the court. Originally a basket was used (thus "basket-ball"), so the ball had to be retrieved after each made shot. Today a hoop with an open-bottom hanging net is used instead.

text: Officiating and procedures

text: Originally, there was one umpire to judge fouls and one referee to judge the ball; the tradition of calling one official the "referee" and the other one or two the "umpires" has remained (the NBA, however, uses different terminology, referring to the lead official as "crew chief" and the others as "referees"). Today, both classes of officials have equal rights to control all aspects of the game. The NBA added a third official in 1988, and FIBA did so afterward, using it for the first time in international competition in 2006. The use of video evidence to inform referee's decisions has always been banned, except in the case of determining whether or not the last shot of a period was attempted before time expired. This exception was introduced by the NBA in 2002 and adopted by FIBA in 2006. The NCAA, however, has permitted instant replay for timing, the value of a field goal (two or three points), shot clock violations, and for purposes of disqualifying players because of unsportsmanlike conduct. The NBA changed its rules starting in 2007 to allow officials the ability to view instant replay with plays involving flagrant fouls, similar to the NCAA. In Italy's Serie A, an American football-style coach's challenge is permitted to challenge (at the next dead ball) an official's call on any situation similar to the NCAA.

text: The center jump ball that was used to restart a game after every successful field goal was eliminated in 1938, in favor of the ball being given to the non-scoring team from behind the end line where the goal was scored, in order to make play more continuous. The jump ball was still used to start the game and every period, and to restart the game after a held ball. However, the NBA stopped using the jump ball to start the second through fourth quarters in 1975, instead using a quarter-possession system where the loser of the jump ball takes the ball from the other end to start the second and third periods, while the winner of that jump ball takes the ball to start the fourth period from the other end of the court.

text: In 1981, the NCAA adopted the alternating possession system for all jump ball situations except the beginning of the game, and in 2003, FIBA adopted a similar rule, except for the start of the third period and overtime. In 2004, the rule was changed in FIBA that the arrow applies for all situations after the opening tap.

text: In 1976, the NBA introduced a rule to allow teams to advance the ball to the center line following any legal time-out in the final two minutes of the game. FIBA followed suit in 2006.

text: International Rules of Basketball

text: The most recent international rules of basketball were approved February 2, 2014 by FIBA and became effective October 1 of that year.[6]

text: There are eight rules encompassing 50 articles, covering equipment and facilities, regulations regarding teams, players, captains and coaches, playing regulations, violations, fouls and their penalties, special situations, and the officials and table officials. The rules also cover officials' signals, the scoresheet, protest procedure, classification of teams and television timeouts.


document_title: Deccan Airways Limited

question_text: which ruler did tatas jointly found deccan airways in 1945

text: Deccan Airways Limited

text:
Deccan Airways

Founded
1945 (1945)

Commenced operations
1946

Ceased operations
1953

Hubs
Begumpet Airport

Headquarters
Hyderabad

tag: table

text: Deccan Airways Limited was a commercial airline based in Hyderabad. Founded in 1945, it was one of the nine airlines existing in India during independence. The airline, a joint venture of Nizam Government of erstwhile Hyderabad State and Tata Airlines was launched with a fleet of three aircraft. By the time it was merged with Indian Airlines in 1953, it had a fleet of thirteen Douglas DC-3 'Dakota' aircraft. The airline operated on Madras-Hyderabad-Nagpur- Bhopal-Gwalior-Delhi, Hyderabad-Bombay and Hyderabad-Bangalore sectors.

text: 71 per cent of Deccan Airways was owned by the Nizam's Government and the rest was owned by Tata Sons and others. Its first flight began in July 1946. The DC-3 aircraft were brought from US Air Force at a throw away price after they were left unused at Assam after World War 2. Hyderabad had five airfields with concrete runways in Aurangabad, Warangal, Bidar, Hakimpet and Begumpet. In 1952 Government of India held 78% of shares of Deccan Airways. The shares were acquired from the Hyderabad Government & Nizam State Railways. 13% of the shares was still held by Tatas & 9% by the general public[1]

text: In 1953 Deccan Airways Limited along with seven other airlines under the Air Corporations Act were merged to form a single domestic carrier called Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC). After this on 10 October 1953, Deccan Airways resigned its associate membership of IATA.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

text: Accidents and incidents[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deccan Airways Limited.


document_title: List of World Number One male golfers

question_text: who has been number 1 in golf the longest

text: List of World Number One male golfers

text: Number one ranked men[edit]

text:
*
Current number one player as of May 27, 2018

text:
#
Country
Player
Start date
End date
Number
of weeks
Cumulative
total
Ref.

7000100000000000000♠1
 FRG
Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer
000000001986-04-06-0000April 6, 1986
000000001986-04-26-0000April 26, 1986
7000300000000000000♠3
7000300000000000000♠3
[1]

7000200000000000000♠2
 ESP
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros
000000001986-04-27-0000April 27, 1986
000000001986-09-13-0000September 13, 1986
7001200000000000000♠20
7001200000000000000♠20

7000300000000000000♠3
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman
000000001986-09-14-0000September 14, 1986
000000001987-11-21-0000November 21, 1987
7001620000000000000♠62
7001620000000000000♠62

7000200000000000000♠
 ESP
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros (2)
000000001987-11-22-0000November 22, 1987
000000001987-11-28-0000November 28, 1987
7000100000000000000♠1
7001210000000000000♠21
[2]

7000300000000000000♠
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman (2)
000000001987-11-29-0000November 29, 1987
000000001988-10-29-0000October 29, 1988
7001480000000000000♠48
7002110000000000000♠110
[3]

7000200000000000000♠
 ESP
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros (3)
000000001988-10-30-0000October 30, 1988
000000001988-11-05-0000November 5, 1988
7000100000000000000♠1
7001220000000000000♠22
[4]

7000300000000000000♠
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman (3)
000000001988-11-06-0000November 6, 1988
000000001988-11-12-0000November 12, 1988
7000100000000000000♠1
7002111000000000000♠111
[5]

7000200000000000000♠
 ESP
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros (4)
000000001988-11-13-0000November 13, 1988
000000001989-03-25-0000March 25, 1989
7001190000000000000♠19
7001410000000000000♠41
[6]

7000300000000000000♠
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman (4)
000000001989-03-26-0000March 26, 1989
000000001989-04-01-0000April 1, 1989
7000100000000000000♠1
7002112000000000000♠112
[7]

7000200000000000000♠
 ESP
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros (5)
000000001989-04-02-0000April 2, 1989
000000001989-08-19-0000August 19, 1989
7001200000000000000♠20
7001610000000000000♠61
[8]

7000300000000000000♠
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman (5)
000000001989-08-20-0000August 20, 1989
000000001990-09-01-0000September 1, 1990
7001540000000000000♠54
7002166000000000000♠166
[9]

7000400000000000000♠4
 ENG
Faldo, NickNick Faldo
000000001990-09-02-0000September 2, 1990
000000001990-10-13-0000October 13, 1990
7000600000000000000♠6
7000600000000000000♠6
[10]

7000300000000000000♠
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman (6)
000000001990-10-14-0000October 14, 1990
000000001991-02-02-0000February 2, 1991
7001160000000000000♠16
7002182000000000000♠182
[11]

7000400000000000000♠
 ENG
Faldo, NickNick Faldo (2)
000000001991-02-03-0000February 3, 1991
000000001991-04-06-0000April 6, 1991
7000900000000000000♠9
7001150000000000000♠15

7000500000000000000♠5
 WAL
Woosnam, IanIan Woosnam
000000001991-04-07-0000April 7, 1991
000000001992-03-21-0000March 21, 1992
7001500000000000000♠50
7001500000000000000♠50

7000600000000000000♠6
 USA
Couples, FredFred Couples
000000001992-03-22-0000March 22, 1992
000000001992-03-28-0000March 28, 1992
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1

7000400000000000000♠
 ENG
Faldo, NickNick Faldo (3)
000000001992-03-29-0000March 29, 1992
000000001992-04-04-0000April 4, 1992
7000100000000000000♠1
7001160000000000000♠16

7000600000000000000♠
 USA
Couples, FredFred Couples (2)
000000001992-04-05-0000April 5, 1992
000000001992-07-18-0000July 18, 1992
7001150000000000000♠15
7001160000000000000♠16

7000400000000000000♠
 ENG
Faldo, NickNick Faldo (4)
000000001992-07-19-0000July 19, 1992
000000001994-02-05-0000February 5, 1994
7001810000000000000♠81
7001970000000000000♠97

7000300000000000000♠
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman (7)
000000001994-02-06-0000February 6, 1994
000000001994-08-13-0000August 13, 1994
7001270000000000000♠27
7002209000000000000♠209

7000700000000000000♠7
 ZIM
Price, NickNick Price
000000001994-08-14-0000August 14, 1994
000000001995-06-17-0000June 17, 1995
7001440000000000000♠44
7001440000000000000♠44

7000300000000000000♠
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman (8)
000000001995-06-18-0000June 18, 1995
000000001997-04-19-0000April 19, 1997
7001960000000000000♠96
7002305000000000000♠305

7000800000000000000♠8
 USA
Lehman, TomTom Lehman
000000001997-04-20-0000April 20, 1997
000000001997-04-26-0000April 26, 1997
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1

7000300000000000000♠
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman (9)
000000001997-04-27-0000April 27, 1997
000000001997-06-14-0000June 14, 1997
7000700000000000000♠7
7002312000000000000♠312

7000900000000000000♠9
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods
000000001997-06-15-0000June 15, 1997
000000001997-06-21-0000June 21, 1997
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1

7001100000000000000♠10
 ZAF
Els, ErnieErnie Els
000000001997-06-22-0000June 22, 1997
000000001997-06-28-0000June 28, 1997
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1

7000300000000000000♠
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman (10)
000000001997-06-29-0000June 29, 1997
000000001997-07-05-0000July 5, 1997
7000100000000000000♠1
7002313000000000000♠313

7000900000000000000♠
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (2)
000000001997-07-06-0000July 6, 1997
000000001997-09-06-0000September 6, 1997
7000900000000000000♠9
7001100000000000000♠10

7000300000000000000♠
 AUS
Norman, GregGreg Norman (11)
000000001997-09-07-0000September 7, 1997
000000001998-01-10-0000January 10, 1998
7001180000000000000♠18
7002331000000000000♠331

7000900000000000000♠
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (3)
000000001998-01-11-0000January 11, 1998
000000001998-04-11-0000April 11, 1998
7001130000000000000♠13
7001230000000000000♠23

7001100000000000000♠
 ZAF
Els, ErnieErnie Els (2)
000000001998-04-12-0000April 12, 1998
000000001998-05-09-0000May 9, 1998
7000400000000000000♠4
7000500000000000000♠5

7000900000000000000♠
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (4)
000000001998-05-10-0000May 10, 1998
000000001998-05-16-0000May 16, 1998
7000100000000000000♠1
7001240000000000000♠24

7001100000000000000♠
 ZAF
Els, ErnieErnie Els (3)
000000001998-05-17-0000May 17, 1998
000000001998-06-13-0000June 13, 1998
7000400000000000000♠4
7000900000000000000♠9

7000900000000000000♠
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (5)
000000001998-06-14-0000June 14, 1998
000000001999-03-27-0000March 27, 1999
7001410000000000000♠41
7001650000000000000♠65

7001110000000000000♠11
 USA
Duval, DavidDavid Duval
000000001999-03-28-0000March 28, 1999
000000001999-07-03-0000July 3, 1999
7001140000000000000♠14
7001140000000000000♠14

7000900000000000000♠
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (6)
000000001999-07-04-0000July 4, 1999
000000001999-08-07-0000August 7, 1999
7000500000000000000♠5
7001700000000000000♠70

7001110000000000000♠
 USA
Duval, DavidDavid Duval (2)
000000001999-08-08-0000August 8, 1999
000000001999-08-14-0000August 14, 1999
7000100000000000000♠1
7001150000000000000♠15

7000900000000000000♠
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (7)
000000001999-08-15-0000August 15, 1999
000000002004-09-04-0000September 4, 2004
7002264000000000000♠264
7002334000000000000♠334

7001120000000000000♠12
 FJI
Singh, VijayVijay Singh
000000002004-09-05-0000September 5, 2004
000000002005-03-05-0000March 5, 2005
7001260000000000000♠26
7001260000000000000♠26

7000900000000000000♠
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (8)
000000002005-03-06-0000March 6, 2005
000000002005-03-19-0000March 19, 2005
7000200000000000000♠2
7002336000000000000♠336

7001120000000000000♠
 FJI
Singh, VijayVijay Singh (2)
000000002005-03-20-0000March 20, 2005
000000002005-04-09-0000April 9, 2005
7000300000000000000♠3
7001290000000000000♠29

7000900000000000000♠
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (9)
000000002005-04-10-0000April 10, 2005
000000002005-05-21-0000May 21, 2005
7000600000000000000♠6
7002342000000000000♠342

7001120000000000000♠
 FJI
Singh, VijayVijay Singh (3)
000000002005-05-22-0000May 22, 2005
000000002005-06-11-0000June 11, 2005
7000300000000000000♠3
7001320000000000000♠32

7000900000000000000♠
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (10)
000000002005-06-12-0000June 12, 2005
000000002010-10-30-0000October 30, 2010
7002281000000000000♠281 (record)
7002623000000000000♠623

7001130000000000000♠13
 ENG
Westwood, LeeLee Westwood
000000002010-10-31-0000October 31, 2010
000000002011-02-26-0000February 26, 2011
7001170000000000000♠17
7001170000000000000♠17
[12][13]

7001140000000000000♠14
 DEU
Kaymer, MartinMartin Kaymer
000000002011-02-27-0000February 27, 2011
000000002011-04-23-0000April 23, 2011
7000800000000000000♠8
7000800000000000000♠8

7001130000000000000♠
 ENG
Westwood, LeeLee Westwood (2)
000000002011-04-24-0000April 24, 2011
000000002011-05-28-0000May 28, 2011
7000500000000000000♠5
7001220000000000000♠22

7001150000000000000♠15
 ENG
Donald, LukeLuke Donald
000000002011-05-29-0000May 29, 2011
000000002012-03-03-0000March 3, 2012
7001400000000000000♠40
7001400000000000000♠40

7001160000000000000♠16
 NIR
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy
000000002012-03-04-0000March 4, 2012
000000002012-03-17-0000March 17, 2012
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
[14]

7001150000000000000♠
 ENG
Donald, LukeLuke Donald (2)
000000002012-03-18-0000March 18, 2012
000000002012-04-14-0000April 14, 2012
7000400000000000000♠4
7001440000000000000♠44
[15]

7001160000000000000♠
 NIR
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy (2)
000000002012-04-15-0000April 15, 2012
000000002012-04-28-0000April 28, 2012
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
[16]

7001150000000000000♠
 ENG
Donald, LukeLuke Donald (3)
000000002012-04-29-0000April 29, 2012
000000002012-05-05-0000May 5, 2012
7000100000000000000♠1
7001450000000000000♠45
[17]

7001160000000000000♠
 NIR
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy (3)
000000002012-05-06-0000May 6, 2012
000000002012-05-26-0000May 26, 2012
7000300000000000000♠3
7000700000000000000♠7
[18]

7001150000000000000♠
 ENG
Donald, LukeLuke Donald (4)
000000002012-05-27-0000May 27, 2012
000000002012-08-11-0000August 11, 2012
7001110000000000000♠11
7001560000000000000♠56
[19]

7001160000000000000♠
 NIR
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy (4)
000000002012-08-12-0000August 12, 2012
000000002013-03-24-0000March 24, 2013
7001320000000000000♠32
7001390000000000000♠39

7000900000000000000♠
 USA
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (11)
000000002013-03-25-0000March 25, 2013
000000002014-05-17-0000May 17, 2014
7001600000000000000♠60
7002683000000000000♠683 (record)

7001170000000000000♠17
 AUS
Scott, AdamAdam Scott
000000002014-05-18-0000May 18, 2014
000000002014-08-02-0000August 2, 2014
7001110000000000000♠11
7001110000000000000♠11

7001160000000000000♠
 NIR
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy (5)
000000002014-08-03-0000August 3, 2014
000000002015-08-15-0000August 15, 2015
7001540000000000000♠54
7001930000000000000♠93

7001180000000000000♠18
 USA
Spieth, JordanJordan Spieth
000000002015-08-16-0000August 16, 2015
000000002015-08-29-0000August 29, 2015
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2

7001160000000000000♠
 NIR
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy (6)
000000002015-08-30-0000August 30, 2015
000000002015-09-05-0000September 5, 2015
7000100000000000000♠1
7001940000000000000♠94

7001180000000000000♠
 USA
Spieth, JordanJordan Spieth (2)
000000002015-09-06-0000September 6, 2015
000000002015-09-12-0000September 12, 2015
7000100000000000000♠1
7000300000000000000♠3

7001160000000000000♠
 NIR
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy (7)
000000002015-09-13-0000September 13, 2015
000000002015-09-19-0000September 19, 2015
7000100000000000000♠1
7001950000000000000♠95

7001190000000000000♠19
 AUS
Day, JasonJason Day
000000002015-09-20-0000September 20, 2015
000000002015-09-26-0000September 26, 2015
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1

7001180000000000000♠
 USA
Spieth, JordanJordan Spieth (3)
000000002015-09-27-0000September 27, 2015
000000002015-10-17-0000October 17, 2015
7000300000000000000♠3
7000600000000000000♠6

7001190000000000000♠
 AUS
Day, JasonJason Day (2)
000000002015-10-18-0000October 18, 2015
000000002015-11-07-0000November 7, 2015
7000300000000000000♠3
7000400000000000000♠4

7001180000000000000♠
 USA
Spieth, JordanJordan Spieth (4)
000000002015-11-08-0000November 8, 2015
000000002016-03-26-0000March 26, 2016
7001200000000000000♠20
7001260000000000000♠26

7001190000000000000♠
 AUS
Day, JasonJason Day (3)
000000002016-03-27-0000March 27, 2016
000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017
7001470000000000000♠47
7001510000000000000♠51

7001200000000000000♠20
 USA
Johnson, DustinDustin Johnson
000000002017-02-19-0000February 19, 2017
000000002018-05-12-0000May 12, 2018
7001640000000000000♠64
7001640000000000000♠64

7001210000000000000♠21
 USA
Thomas, JustinJustin Thomas *
000000002018-05-13-0000May 13, 2018
Present
7000300000000000000♠3
7000300000000000000♠3

text: Weeks at number one[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Country
Weeks
Order
Majors

7000100000000000000♠1
Woods, TigerTiger Woods
 United States
683
9
14

7000200000000000000♠2
Norman, GregGreg Norman
 Australia
331
3
2

7000300000000000000♠3
Faldo, NickNick Faldo
 England
97
4
6

7000400000000000000♠4
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy
 Northern Ireland
95
16
4

7000500000000000000♠5
Johnson, DustinDustin Johnson
 United States
64
20
1

7000600000000000000♠6
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros
 Spain
61
2
5

7000700000000000000♠7
Donald, LukeLuke Donald
 England
56
15
0

7000800000000000000♠8
Day, JasonJason Day
 Australia
51
19
1

7000900000000000000♠9
Woosnam, IanIan Woosnam
 Wales
50
5
1

7001100000000000000♠10
Price, NickNick Price
 Zimbabwe
44
7
3

7001110000000000000♠11
Singh, VijayVijay Singh
 Fiji
32
12
3

7001120000000000000♠12
Spieth, JordanJordan Spieth
 United States
26
18
3

7001130000000000000♠13
Westwood, LeeLee Westwood
 England
22
13
0

7001140000000000000♠14
Couples, FredFred Couples
 United States
16
6
1

7001150000000000000♠15
Duval, DavidDavid Duval
 United States
15
11
1

7001160000000000000♠16
Scott, AdamAdam Scott
 Australia
11
17
1

7001170000000000000♠17
Els, ErnieErnie Els
 South Africa
9
10
4

7001180000000000000♠18
Kaymer, MartinMartin Kaymer
 Germany
8
14
2

7001190000000000000♠19
Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer
 West Germany
3
1
2

Thomas, JustinJustin Thomas *
 United States
3
21
1

7001210000000000000♠21
Lehman, TomTom Lehman
 United States
1
8
1

text:
Order – indicates the sequence in which the players first reached number 1.
Majors – number of major championships each player has won throughout his golfing career.

text: Weeks at number one by country[edit]

text:
*
Country with the current number one player as of May 27, 2018

text:
Rank
Country
Weeks
Order
Majors
Players
Top player
First player
Latest player
Zone

7000100000000000000♠1
 United States
808
6
22
7
Woods, TigerTiger Woods
Couples, FredFred Couples
Thomas, JustinJustin Thomas
USA

7000200000000000000♠2
 Australia
393
3
4
3
Norman, GregGreg Norman
Norman, GregGreg Norman
Day, JasonJason Day
IT

7000300000000000000♠3
 England
175
4
6
3
Faldo, NickNick Faldo
Faldo, NickNick Faldo
Donald, LukeLuke Donald
EUR

7000400000000000000♠4
 Northern Ireland
95
10
4
1
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy

EUR

7000500000000000000♠5
 Spain
61
2
5
1
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros

EUR

7000600000000000000♠6
 Wales
50
5
1
1
Woosnam, IanIan Woosnam

EUR

7000700000000000000♠7
 Zimbabwe
44
7
3
1
Price, NickNick Price

IT

7000800000000000000♠8
 Fiji
32
9
3
1
Singh, VijayVijay Singh

IT

7000900000000000000♠9
 Germany (including West Germany)
11
1
4
2
Kaymer, MartinMartin Kaymer
Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer
Kaymer, MartinMartin Kaymer
EUR

7001100000000000000♠10
 South Africa
9
8
4
1
Els, ErnieErnie Els

IT

text:
Order – indicates the sequence in which the country first had a number 1 player.
Majors – number of major championships the country's world-ranked number 1 players have won throughout their golfing careers.
Players – number of players from that country who have been world-ranked number 1.
Top player – the player from that country who has spent most weeks as the world-ranked number 1 player.
First player – the player from that country who was first to be world-ranked number 1 player, left blank if that country has only one such player.
Latest player – the player from that country who was most recently world-ranked number 1 player, left blank if that country has only one such player.
Zone – The zone to which that country now belongs for Ryder Cup or Presidents Cup purposes:

text:
EUR = Europe (plays in Ryder Cup)
IT = International Team (plays in Presidents Cup)
USA = United States of America (plays in both cups)

text: Weeks at number one by Ryder Cup or Presidents Cup zone[edit]

text:
*
Zone with the current number one player as of May 27, 2018

text:
Rank
Zone
Weeks
Order
Majors
Players
Top player
First player
Latest player

7000100000000000000♠1
 United States (plays in both cups)
808
3
22
7
Woods, TigerTiger Woods
Couples, FredFred Couples
Thomas, JustinJustin Thomas

7000200000000000000♠2
International team (plays in Presidents Cup)
478
2
14
6
Norman, GregGreg Norman
Norman, GregGreg Norman
Day, JasonJason Day

7000300000000000000♠3
 Europe (plays in Ryder Cup)
392
1
20
8
Faldo, NickNick Faldo
Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy

text:
Weeks – the total number of weeks players from the zone have been world-ranked number 1, including any weeks Australia's Greg Norman was world-ranked number 1 before the Presidents Cup and its International Team zone were first created. It was first played in September 1994, shortly after the August 1994 end of Greg Norman's first 7 periods (starting in September 1986) and 209 weeks at Number 1 (out of his total of 11 periods and 331 weeks).
Order – indicates the sequence in which the zone first had a number 1 player.
Majors – number of major championships the zone's world-ranked number 1 players have won throughout their golfing careers.
Players – number of players from that zone who have been world-ranked number 1.
Top player – the player from that zone who has spent most weeks as the world-ranked number 1 player.
First player – the player from that zone who was first to be world-ranked number 1 player.
Latest player – the player from that zone who was most recently world-ranked number 1 player.

text: Earlier number ones[edit]

text: Before the start of the Official World Golf Ranking in 1986, unofficial world golf rankings were published in Mark McCormack's World of Professional Golf Annual from 1968 to 1985. These annual world golf rankings gave Jack Nicklaus as the number one from 1968 to 1977, Tom Watson from 1978 to 1982 and Seve Ballesteros from 1983 to 1985.


document_title: When in Rome, do as the Romans do

question_text: meaning of proverb when in rome do as the romans do

text: When in Rome, do as the Romans do

text: Look up when in Rome, do as the Romans do in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I

text: Wikiquote has quotations related to: Rome

text: When in Rome, do as the Romans do[1] (often shortened to when in Rome...)[2] or a later version when in Rome, do as the Pope does,[3] a proverb attributed to Saint Ambrose, means that it is advisable to follow the conventions of the area in which you are residing or visiting.[1]

text: Saint Monica and her son, Saint Augustine, found out that Saturday was observed as a fast day in Rome, where they planned to visit. However, it was not a fast day where they lived in Milan. They consulted Saint Ambrose who said "When I am here (in Milan) I do not fast on Saturday, when in Rome I do fast on Saturday." That reply is said to have brought about the saying "When in Rome, do as the Romans do."[4][5]


document_title: The Blue Lagoon (novel)

question_text: how did patty die in the blue lagoon

question_tokens: how did patty die in the blue lagoon

text: The Blue Lagoon (novel)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The story centers on two cousins, Dicky and Emmeline Lestrange, who are marooned with a galley cook on an island in the South Pacific following a shipwreck. The galley cook, Paddy Button, assumes responsibility for the children and teaches them how to survive, cautioning them to avoid the "arita" berries, which he calls "the never-wake-up berries."

text: Two-and-a-half years after the shipwreck, Paddy dies following a drinking binge. The children survive on their resourcefulness and the bounty of their remote paradise. They live in a hut and spend their days fishing, swimming, diving for pearls, and exploring the island.

text: As the years pass, Dicky and Emmeline grow into physically mature young adults and begin to fall in love. Ignorant of their human sexuality, they do not understand or know how to express their physical attraction to one another. Eventually, they consummate their relationship. The author, Henry De Vere Stacpoole, describes their sexual encounter as having been "conducted just as the birds conduct their love affairs. An affair absolutely natural, absolutely blameless, and without sin. It was a marriage according to nature, without feast or guests."[1][where?]

text: Dicky becomes very attentive toward Emmeline, listening to her stories and bringing her gifts. Over several months they make love often and eventually Emmeline becomes pregnant. The couple does not understand the physical changes happening to Emmeline's body and have no knowledge of childbirth. When the day comes for delivery, Emmeline disappears into the forest and returns with a child. They discover over time that the baby requires a name and they call him Hannah because they have only ever known an infant called by that name.

text: Dicky and Emmeline teach Hannah how to swim, fish, throw spears, and play in the mud. They survive a violent tropical cyclone and other natural hazards of island life.

text: Back in San Francisco, Arthur, Dicky's father and Emmeline's uncle, believes the two are still alive and is determined to find them, after recognizising a child's tea set belonging to Emmeline which was retrieved by a whaler on an island. Arthur finds a captain willing to take him to the island and they set out.

text: Meanwhile, Dicky, Emmeline, and Hannah row their lifeboat to the place where they had once lived with Paddy as children. Emmeline breaks a branch off the deadly arita plant as Dicky cuts bananas on the shore. While in the boat with her son, Emmeline fails to notice that Hannah has tossed one of the oars into the sea. The tide comes in and sweeps the boat into the lagoon, leaving Emmeline and Hannah stranded. As Dicky swims to them, he is pursued by a shark. Emmeline strikes the shark with the remaining oar, earning Dicky time to climb into the boat safely.

text: Although they are not far from shore, the trio cannot get back without the oars and they are unable to retrieve them from the water because of the shark. The boat is then caught in the current and drifts out to sea; all the while Emmeline still grasps the arita branch.

text: Sometime later, Arthur's ship comes across the lifeboat and finds the three unconscious but still breathing. The arita branch is now bare save for one berry. Arthur asks, "Are they dead?" and the captain replies, "No, sir. They are asleep."[2] The ambiguous ending leaves it uncertain whether or not they can be revived.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Emmeline Lestrange, a shipwrecked orphan, the heroine
Dicky Lestrange, Emmeline's cousin, the hero
Paddy Button, the galley cook of the wrecked ship
Arthur Lestrange, Dicky's father and Emmeline's uncle
Hannah, Dicky and Emmeline's son

text: Films[edit]

text: Four films have been based on this novel:

text:
The Blue Lagoon (1923), a silent film directed by W. Bowden and Dick Cruickshanks, starring Molly Adair and Dick Cruickshanks
The Blue Lagoon (1949), directed by Frank Launder, starring Jean Simmons and Donald Houston
The Blue Lagoon (1980), directed by Randal Kleiser, starring Brooke Shields and Christopher Atkins
Blue Lagoon: The Awakening (2012)