document_title: College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS

question_text: who has the most national titles in ncaa football

question_tokens: who has the most national titles in ncaa football

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of a national championship in college football dates to the early years of the sport in the late 19th century,[8] and the earliest contemporaneous polls can be traced to Caspar Whitney, Charles Patterson, and The Sun in 1901.[9] Therefore, the concept of polls and national champions predated mathematical ranking systems, but it was Frank Dickinson's math system that was one of the first to be widely popularized. His system named 10–0 Stanford the national champion of 1926, prior to their tie with Alabama in the Rose Bowl. A curious Knute Rockne, then coach of Notre Dame, had Dickinson backdate two seasons, which produced Notre Dame as the 1924 national champion and Dartmouth in 1925.[10]

text: A number of other mathematical systems were born in the 1920s and 1930s and were the only organized methods selecting national champions until the Associated Press began polling sportswriters in 1936 to obtain rankings. Alan J. Gould, the creator of the AP Poll, named Minnesota, Princeton, and SMU co-champions in 1935, and polled writers the following year, which resulted in a national championship for Minnesota.[10] The AP's main competition, United Press, created the first poll of coaches in 1950. For that year and the next three, the AP and UP agreed on the national champion. The first "split" championship occurred in 1954, when the writers selected Ohio State and the coaches chose UCLA.[10] The two polls also disagreed in 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, and 2003. The Coaches' Poll would stay with United Press (UP) when they merged with International News Service (INS) to form United Press International (UPI) but was acquired by USA Today and CNN in 1991. The poll was in the hands of USA Today and ESPN from 1997 to 2005 before moving to sole ownership by USA Today. Beginning in 2014, Amway became a joint sponsor with USA Today.[11]

text: Though some of the math systems selected champions after the bowl games, both of the major polls released their rankings after the end of the regular season until the AP polled writers after the bowls in 1965, resulting in what was perceived at the time as a better championship selection (Alabama) than UPI's (Michigan State).[10] After 1965, the AP again voted before the bowls for two years, before permanently returning to a post-bowl vote in 1968. The coaches did not conduct a vote after the bowls until 1974, in the wake of awarding their 1973 championship to Alabama, who lost to the AP champion, undefeated Notre Dame, in the Sugar Bowl.[10] The AP and Coaches' polls remain the major rankings to this day.

text: The Bowl Championship Series, famous for its use of math, was the successor of the Bowl Alliance (1995–1997), which was itself the successor of the Bowl Coalition (1992–1994).[12] Besides the many adjustments it underwent during its tenure, including a large overhaul following the 2004 season that included the replacement of the AP Poll with the Harris poll, the BCS remained a mixture of math and human polls since its inception in 1998, with the goal of matching the best two teams in the nation in a national championship bowl game which rotated yearly between the Sugar, Fiesta, Rose, and Orange Bowls from 1998 to 2005, and later a standalone game titled the BCS National Championship Game (2006 to 2013).[10] The winner of the BCS Championship Game was awarded the national championship of the Coaches' Poll thus winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy. The BCS winner also received the MacArthur Bowl from the National Football Foundation.[13] Neither the AP Poll, nor other current selectors, had contractual obligations to select the BCS champion as their national champion.[14] The BCS resulted in a number of controversies, most notably after the 2003 season, when the BCS championship game did not include eventual AP champion USC, the only time the two championships have diverged since the advent of the BCS. After many seasons of controversy, the BCS was replaced with the College Football Playoff, a Plus-One system aimed at reducing the controversy involved in which teams get to play in a championship game through use of a tournament.

text: National championships in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision records[edit]

text: The NCAA maintains an official records book of historical statistics and records for football. In the records book, with consultation from various college football historians, it has created and maintains a list of "major selectors" of national championships throughout the history of college football along with their championship picks for each season.[6]:107–116

text: Major selectors[edit]

text: A variety of selectors have named national champions throughout the years. They generally can be divided into four categories: those determined by mathematical formula, human polls, historical research, and recently, playoffs. The selectors below are listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records as having been deemed to be "major selectors" for which the criteria is that the poll or selector be "national in scope either through distribution in newspaper, television, radio and/or computer online".[6]:107–109 The former selectors, deemed instrumental in the sport of college football, and selectors that were included for the calculation of the BCS standing, are listed together.[6]:107–116,119

text: Math[edit]

text: The mathematical system is the oldest systematic selector of college football national champions. Many of the math selectors were created during the "championship rush" of the 1920s and 1930s, beginning with Frank Dickinson's system, or during the dawn of the computer age in the 1990s. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

A&H
Anderson & Hester
1997–present

AS
Alderson System
1994–1998

B(QPRS)
Berryman (QPRS)
1920–1989, 1990–2011

BR
Billingsley Reporta
1869–1870, 1872–1969, 1970–present

BS
Boand System
1919–1929, 1930–1960

CCR
Congrove Computer Rankings
1993–present

CM
Colley Matrix
2001–present

CW
Caspar Whitney
1905–1907

DeS
DeVold System
1939–1944, 1945–2006

DiS
Dickinson System
1924–1925, 1926–1940

DuS
Dunkel System
1929–present

ERS
Eck Ratings System
1987–2005

HS
Houlgate System
1885, 1887–1905, 1907–1926, 1927–1949

L
Litkenhous
1934–1972, 1974, 1978, 1981–1984

MCFR
Massey College Football Ratings
1995–present

MGR
Matthews Grid Ratings
1966–1972, 1974–2006

NYT
New York Times
1979–2004

PS
Poling System
1924–1934, 1935–1955, 1957–1984

R(FACT)
Rothman (FACT)
1968–2006

SR
Sagarin Ratings
1919–1977, 1978–present

W
Wolfe
2001–present

WS
Williamson System
1931, 1932–1963

text: aThe Billingsley Report also provides an alternate selection that uses margin-of-victory in its calculation. The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book notes both selections in years where they disagree.[6]:107–116

text: Poll[edit]

text: The poll has been the dominant national champion selector since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936. It is notable that the NFF merged its poll with UPI from 1991 to 1992, with USA Today from 1993 to 1996, and with the FWAA from 2014 forward. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.

text: For many years, the national champion of various polls were selected prior to the bowl games. The national champion was selected before bowl games as follows: AP (1936–1964 and 1966–1967), Coaches' Poll (1950–1973), FWAA (1954), and NFF (1959–1970). In all other latter-day polls, champions were selected after bowl games.[6]:107–119

text: During the BCS era, the winner of the BCS Championship Game was automatically awarded the national championship of the Coaches' Poll and the National Football Foundation.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

AP
Associated Press
1936–present

Coaches'
  BRC
  UP
  UPI
  USAT/CNN
  USAT/ESPN
  USAT
  USAT/AMWAY
American Football Coaches Association
  AFCA Blue Ribbon Commission
  United Press
  United Press International
  USA Today/CNN
  USA Today/ESPN
  USA Today
  USA Today/Amway
1922–present
  1922–1949a
  1950–1957
  1958–1990b
  1991–1996b c
  1997–2004
  2005–2013b
  2014–present

CFRA
College Football Researchers Association
1919–1935, 1936–1981, 1982–1992, 2010–present

FN
Football News
1958–2002

FWAA
Football Writers Association of America
1954–2013c

FWAA/NFF
FWAA-NFF Grantland Rice Super 16
2014–presentc

HAF
Helms Athletic Foundation
1883–1935, 1936–1940, 1941–1982

INS
International News Service
1952–1957

NCF
National Championship Foundation
1869–1870, 1872–1935, 1936–1979, 1980–2000

NFF
National Football Foundation
1959–1990, 1997–2013c d e

SN
Sporting News
1975–2006

UPI
United Press International
1993–1995f

UPI/NFF
United Press International/National Football Foundation
1991–1992e

USAT
USA Today
1982g

USAT/CNN
USA Today/CNN
1983–1990g

USAT/NFF
USA Today/National Football Foundation
1993–1996d

text: aAt the request of several schools, the AFCA established a "Blue Ribbon Commission" in 2016 to begin retroactively selecting Coaches' Trophy winners from 1922 through 1949.[15]

text: bServed as the Coaches' Poll during the designated years, but also conducted their own poll at different times.

text: cThe Football Writers Association of America merged its poll with that of the National Football Foundation members beginning in 2014; as a result, the Grantland Trophy was retired and the FWAA/NFF national champion now receives the MacArthur Bowl.[6]:116

text: dUSA Today took over, from the UPI, the poll of the National Football Foundation's members in 1993, and its winner was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl. The poll was conducted by USA Today through the 1996 season, although national championship selections in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records do not distinguish the NFF from the USAT/NFF poll in 1995 and 1996. Not to be confused with the USA Today/CNN Coaches' Poll, which USA Today conducted separately.

text: eUPI conducted the Coaches' Poll through the 1990 season, which was subsequently taken over by CNN/USA Today. UPI then conducted a poll of National Football Foundation members in 1991 and 1992, the winner of which was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl.

text: fUPI conducted its own poll from 1993 to 1995, after the National Football Foundation Poll was taken over by USA Today.

text: gUSA Today conducted its own poll of college football sportswriters in 1982, then joined with CNN to do their own joint poll until they took over the Coaches' Poll starting with the 1991 season.

text: Research[edit]

text: College football historian Parke H. Davis is the only selector considered by the NCAA to have primarily used research in his selections.[6]:107–109 Davis did all of his work in 1933, naming retroactive national champions for most of the years from 1869 to 1932 while naming Michigan and Princeton (his alma mater) co-champions at the end of the 1933 season.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

PD
Parke H. Davis
1869–1870, 1872–1909, 1911–1916, 1919–1932, 1933

text: Hybrid[edit]

text: The Bowl Championship Series used a mathematical system that combined polls (Coaches' and AP/Harris) and multiple computer rankings (including some individual selectors listed above) to determine a season ending matchup between its top two ranked teams in the BCS Championship Game. The champion of that game was contractually awarded the Coaches' Poll and National Football Foundation championships.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

BCS
Bowl Championship Series
1998–2013

text: Playoff[edit]

text: Unlike all selectors prior to 2014, the College Football Playoff does not use math, polls or research to select the participants. Rather, a 13-member committee selects and seeds the teams.[16] The playoff system marked the first time any championship selector arranged a bracket competition to determine whom it would declare to be its champion.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

CFP
College Football Playoff
2014–present

text: Yearly national championship selections from major selectors[edit]

text: Below is a list of the national champions of college football from 1869 to present (with the exception of 1871, in which no games were played) deemed to be chosen by "major selectors" as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109 Many teams did not have coaches as late as 1899. "Consensus" selectors in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records correspond to the period from 1950 to present which began with the introduction of the two poll system upon the appearance of the Coaches Poll in 1950. Selectors used to determine teams listed as "Consensus National Champions" in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records include the AP Poll, Coaches' Poll, Football Writers Association of America, and the National Football Foundation/College Football Hall of Fame.[6]:119

text: The first contemporaneous poll to include teams across the country and selection of a national champions can be traced to Caspar Whitney in 1901.[9] The last retroactive selection was made by Clyde Berryman in 1989 (Notre Dame). The tie was removed from college football in 1995 and the last consensus champion with a tie in its record was Georgia Tech in 1990. The 1947 Michigan Wolverines are often credited with a national championship on the basis of a "free poll" conducted by an AP sportswriter after the 1948 Rose Bowl, though that poll was unofficial and it is not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109

text: Note that the Harris Interactive Poll (2005–2013) was contracted by the BCS to help formulate its standings, and although its final ranking which occurs prior to the bowl games is listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it does not conduct a final poll or award or name a national champion on its own.[17]

text: As designated by the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, the table below shows:

text:
Teams listed in italics indicate retroactively-applied championships.
Teams listed in bold reflect the NCAA's designation as "Consensus National Champions" by virtue of their selection from 1950 onward by one or more selectors from Associated Press, United Press/UPI, Football Writers Association of America, NFF/College Football Hall of Fame, and USA Today.

tag: ul

text: A letter next to any season, team, record, coach or selector indicates a footnote that appears at the bottom of the table.

text:
Season
Champion(s)
Record
Coach
Selector(s)
Source

1869
Princeton
1–1

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

Rutgers
1–1

PD
[6]:110

1870
Princeton
1–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1871
None
No games played

1872
Princeton
1–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

Yale
1–0

PD
[6]:110

1873
Princeton
2–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1874
Harvard
1–1

PD
[6]:110

Princeton
2–0

BR, PD
[6]:110

Yale
3–0

NCF, PD
[6]:110

1875
Columbia
3–1–1

PD
[6]:110

Harvard
4–0

NCF, PD
[6]:110

Princeton
2–0

BR, PD
[6]:110

1876
Yale
3–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1877
Princeton
2–0–1

BR, PD
[6]:110

Yale
3–0–1

NCF, PD
[6]:110

1878
Princeton
6–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1879
Princeton
4–0–1

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

Yale
3–0–2

PD
[6]:110

1880
Princeton
4–0–1

NCF, PD
[6]:110

Yale
4–0–1

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1881
Princeton
7–0–2

BR, PD
[6]:110

Yale
5–0–1

NCF, PD
[6]:110

1882
Yale
8–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1883
Yale
9–0

BR, HAF, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1884
Princeton
9–0–1

BR, PD
[6]:110

Yale
8–0–1

HAF, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1885
Princeton
9–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1886
Princeton
7–0–1

BR, PD
[6]:110

Yale
9–0–1

HAF, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1887
Yale
9–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1888
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1889
Princeton
10–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1890
Harvard
11–0
George C. Adams, George A. Stewart
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1891
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1892
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1893
Princeton
11–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:110

Yale
10–1
William Rhodes
PD
[6]:110

1894
Penn
12–0
George Washington Woodruff
PD
[6]:110

Princeton
8–2

HS
[6]:110

Yale
16–0
William Rhodes
BR, HAF, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1895
Penn
14–0
George Washington Woodruff
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

Yale
13–0–2
John A. Hartwell
PD
[6]:110

1896
Lafayette
11–0–1
Parke H. Davis
NCF, PD
[6]:110

Princeton
10–0–1
Franklin Morse
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1897
Penn
15–0
George Washington Woodruff
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

Yale
9–0–2
Frank Butterworth
PD
[6]:110

1898
Harvard
11–0
William Forbes
BR, HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:110

Princeton
11–0–1

PD
[6]:110

1899
Harvard
10–0–1
Benjamin Dibblee
HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

Princeton
12–1

BR, PD
[6]:111

1900
Yale
12–0
Malcolm McBride
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1901
Harvard
12–0
Bill Reid
BR
[6]:111

Michigan
11–0
Fielding H. Yost
HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

Yale
11–1–1
George S. Stillman
PDa
[6]:111

1902
Michigan
11–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Yale
11–0–1
Joseph R. Swan
PD
[6]:111

1903
Michigan
11–0–1
Fielding H. Yost
NCF
[6]:111

Princeton
11–0
Art Hillebrand
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1904
Michigan
10–0
Fielding H. Yost
NCF
[6]:111

Minnesota
13–0
Henry Williams
BR
[6]:111

Penn
12–0
Carl S. Williams
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1905
Chicago
10–0
Amos Alonzo Stagg
BR, HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

Yale
10–0
Jack Owsley
CW, PD
[6]:111

1906
Princeton
9–0–1
William Roper
HAF, NCF
[6]:111

Yale
9–0–1
Foster Rockwell
BR, CW, PD
[6]:111

1907
Yale
9–0–1
William F. Knox
BR, CW, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1908
Harvard
9–0–1
Percy Haughton
BR
[6]:111

LSU
10–0
Edgar Wingard
NCF
[6]:111

Penn
11–0–1
Sol Metzger
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1909
Yale
10–0
Howard Jones
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1910
Harvard
8–0–1
Percy Haughton
BR, HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

Pittsburgh
9–0
Joseph Thompson
NCF
[6]:111

1911
Minnesota
6–0–1
Henry L. Williams
BR
[6]:111

Penn State
8–0–1
Bill Hollenback
NCF
[6]:111

Princeton
8–0–2
William Roper
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1912
Harvard
9–0
Percy Haughton
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Penn State
8–0
Bill Hollenback
NCF
[6]:111

1913
Auburn
8–0
Mike Donahue
BR
[6]:111

Chicago
7–0
Amos Alonzo Stagg
BR, PD
[6]:111

Harvard
9–0
Percy Haughton
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1914
Army
9–0
Charles Daly
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Illinois
7–0
Robert Zuppke
BR, PD
[6]:111

Texas
8–0
Dave Allerdice
BR
[6]:111

1915
Cornell
9–0
Albert Sharpe
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Minnesota
6–0–1
Henry L. Williams
BR
[6]:111

Oklahoma
10–0
Bennie Owen
BR
[6]:111

Pittsburgh
8–0
Glenn "Pop" Warner
PD
[6]:111

1916
Army
9–0
Charles Daly
PD
[6]:111

Georgia Tech
8–0-1
John Heisman
BR
[6]:111

Pittsburgh
8–0
Glenn "Pop" Warner
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1917
Georgia Tech
9–0
John Heisman
BR, HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

1918
Michigan
5–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, NCF
[6]:111

Pittsburgh
4–1
Glenn "Pop" Warner
HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

1919
Centre
9–0
Charley Moran
SR
[6]:111

Harvard
9–0–1
Bob Fisher
CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Illinois
6–1
Robert Zuppke
BR, BS, CFRA, PD, SR
[6]:111

Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
NCF, PD
[6]:111

Texas A&M
10–0
Dana X. Bible
BR, NCF
[6]:111

1920
California
9–0
Andy Smith
CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, SR
[6]:111

Georgia
8–0–1
Herman Stegeman
B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Harvard
8–0–1
Bob Fisher
BS
[6]:111

Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
BR, PD
[6]:111

Princeton
6–0–1
William Roper
BS, PD
[6]:111

1921
California
9–0–1
Andy Smith
BR, BS, CFRA, SR
[6]:111

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Iowa
7–0
Howard Jones
BR, PD
[6]:111

Lafayette
9–0
Jock Sutherland
BS, PD
[6]:111

Vanderbilt
7–0–1
Dan McGugin
B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Washington & Jefferson
10–0–1
Greasy Neale
BS
[6]:111

1922
California
9–0
Andy Smith
BR, HS, NCF, SR
[6]:111

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
HAF, PD
[6]:111

Iowa
7–0
Howard Jones
BR
[6]:111

Princeton
8–0
William Roper
BS, CFRA, NCF, PD, SR
[6]:111

Vanderbilt
8–0–1
Dan McGugin
B(QPRS)
[6]:111

1923
California
9–0–1
Andy Smith
HS
[6]:111

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
SR
[6]:111

Illinois
8–0
Robert Zuppke
BS, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PD, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Michigan
8–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, NCF
[6]:111

Yale
8–0
Tad Jones
B(QPRS)
[6]:111

1924
Notre Dame
10–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Penn
9–1–1
Lou Young
PD
[6]:111

1925
Alabama
10–0
Wallace Wade
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Dartmouth
8–0
Jesse Hawley
DiS, PD
[6]:111

Michigan
7–1
Fielding H. Yost
SR
[6]:111

1926
Alabama
9–0–1
Wallace Wade
BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Lafayette
9–0
Herb McCracken
PD
[6]:111

Michigan
7–1
Fielding H. Yost
SR
[6]:111

Navy
9–0–1
Bill Ingram
BS, HS
[6]:111

Stanford
10–0–1
Glenn "Pop" Warner
DiS, HAF, NCF, SR
[6]:111

1927
Georgia
9–1
George Cecil Woodruff
BS, PS, B(QPRS)
[6]:111–112

Illinois
7–0–1
Robert Zuppke
BR, DiS, HAF, NCF, PD
[6]:112

Notre Dame
7–1–1
Knute Rockne
HS
[6]:112

Texas A&M
8–0–1
Dana X. Bible
SR
[6]:112

Yale
7–1
Thomas Jones
CFRA
[6]:112

1928
Detroit
9–0
Gus Dorais
PD
[6]:112

Georgia Tech
10–0
William Alexander
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

USC
9–0–1
Howard Jones
DiS, SR
[6]:112

1929
Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, NCF, PS, SR
[6]:112

Pittsburgh
9–1
Jock Sutherland
PD
[6]:112

USC
10–2
Howard Jones
HS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

1930
Alabama
10–0
Wallace Wade
CFRA, PD, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

Notre Dame
10–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS
[6]:112

1931
Pittsburgh
8–1
Jock Sutherland
PD
[6]:112

Purdue
9–1
Noble Kizer
PD
[6]:112

USC
10–1
Howard Jones
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

1932
Colgate
9–0
Andrew Kerr
PD
[6]:112

Michigan
8–0
Harry Kipke
DiS, PD, SR
[6]:112

USC
10–0
Howard Jones
BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

1933
Michigan
7–0–1
Harry Kipke
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

Ohio State
7–1
Sam Willaman
DuS
[6]:112

Princeton
9–0
Fritz Crisler
PD
[6]:112

USC
10–1–1
Howard Jones
WS
[6]:112

1934
Alabama
10–0
Frank Thomas
DuS, HS, PS, WS, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, L, NCF, SR
[6]:112

1935
LSU
9–2
Bernie Moore
WS
[6]:112

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, L, NCF, PS
[6]:112

Princeton
9–0
Fritz Crisler
DuS
[6]:112

SMU
12–1
Matty Bell
DiS, HS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

TCU
12–1
Dutch Meyer
WS
[6]:112

1936
Duke
9–1
Wallace Wade
B(QPRS)
[6]:112

LSU
9–1–1
Bernie Moore
SR, WS
[6]:112

Minnesota
7–1
Bernie Bierman
AP, BR, DiS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS
[6]:112

Pittsburgh
8–1–1
Jock Sutherland
BS, CFRA, HS
[6]:112

1937
California
10–0–1
Stub Allison
DuS, HAF
[6]:112

Pittsburgh
9–0–1
Jock Sutherland
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

1938
Notre Dame
8–1
Elmer Layden
DiS
[6]:112

TCU
11–0
Dutch Meyer
AP, HAF, NCF, WS
[6]:112

Tennessee
11–0
Robert Neyland
BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HS, L, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

1939
Cornell
8–0
Carl Snavely
L, SR
[6]:112

Texas A&M
11–0
Homer Norton
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

USC
8–0–2
Howard Jones
DiS
[6]:112

1940
Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
AP, B(QPRS), BS, CFRA, DeS, DiS, HS, L, NCF, SR
[6]:112

Stanford
10–0
Clark Shaughnessy
BR, HAF, PS
[6]:112

Tennessee
10–1
Robert Neyland
DuS, WS
[6]:112

1941
Alabama
9–2
Frank Thomas
HS
[6]:112

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR
[6]:112

Texas
8–1–1
Dana X. Bible
B(QPRS), WS
[6]:112

1942
Georgia
11–1
Wally Butts
B(QPRS), BR, DeS, HS, L, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

Ohio State
9–1
Paul Brown
AP, BS, DuS, CFRA, NCF
[6]:112

Wisconsin
8–1–1
Harry Stuhldreher
HAF
[6]:112

1943
Notre Dame
9–1
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

1944
Army
9–0
Earl Blaik
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

Ohio State
9–0
Carroll Widdoes
NCF, SR
[6]:112

1945
Alabama
10–0
Frank Thomas
NCF
[6]:112

Army
9–0
Earl Blaik
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

Oklahoma A&M
9–0
Jim Lookabaugh
BRC
[6]:112

1946
Army
9–0–1
Earl Blaik
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, PS
[6]:112

Georgia
11–0
Wally Butts
WS
[6]:112

Notre Dame
8–0–1
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR
[6]:112

1947
Michigan
10–0
Fritz Crisler
B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR
[6]:112

Notre Dame
9–0
Frank Leahy
AP, HAF, WS
[6]:112

1948
Michigan
9–0
Bennie Oosterbaan
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

1949
Notre Dame
10–0
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

Oklahoma
11–0
Bud Wilkinson
CFRA
[6]:112

1950
Kentucky
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
SR
[6]:112

Oklahoma
10–1
Bud Wilkinson
AP, B(QPRS), HAF, L, UP, WS
[6]:112

Princeton
9–0
Charley Caldwell
BS, PS
[6]:112

Tennessee
11–1
Robert Neyland
BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR
[6]:113

1951
Georgia Tech
11–0–1
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), BS
[6]:113

Illinois
9–0–1
Ray Eliot
BS
[6]:113

Maryland
10–0
Jim Tatum
CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR
[6]:113

Michigan State
9–0
Biggie Munn
BR, HAF, PS
[6]:113

Tennessee
10–1
Robert Neyland
AP, L, UP, WS
[6]:113

1952
Georgia Tech
12–0
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), BR, INS, PS, SR
[6]:113

Michigan State
9–0
Biggie Munn
AP, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS
[6]:113

1953
Maryland
10–1
Jim Tatum
AP, INS, UP
[6]:113

Notre Dame
9–0–1
Frank Leahy
BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:113

Oklahoma
9–1–1
Bud Wilkinson
B(QPRS), CFRA
[6]:113

1954
Ohio State
10–0
Woody Hayes
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, HAF, INS, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:113

UCLA
9–0
Henry Sanders
CFRA, DuS, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, UP
[6]:113

1955
Michigan State
9–1
Duffy Daugherty
BS
[6]:113

Oklahoma
11–0
Bud Wilkinson
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, PS, SR, UP, WS
[6]:113

1956
Georgia Tech
10–1
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), SR
[6]:113

Iowa
9–1
Forest Evashevski
CFRA
[6]:113

Oklahoma
10–0
Bud Wilkinson
AP, BR, BS, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS
[6]:113

Tennessee
10–1
Bowden Wyatt
SR
[6]:113

1957
Auburn
10–0
Ralph Jordan
AP, BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:113

Michigan State
8–1
Duffy Daugherty
DuS
[6]:113

Ohio State
9–1
Woody Hayes
BS, DeS, FWAA, INS, L, UP
[6]:113

Oklahoma
10–1
Bud Wilkinson
B(QPRS)
[6]:113

1958
Iowa
8–1–1
Forest Evashevski
FWAA
[6]:113

LSU
11–0
Paul Dietzel
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, UPI, WS
[6]:113

1959
Ole Miss
10–1
Johnny Vaught
B(QPRS), DuS, SR
[6]:113

Syracuse
11–0
Ben Schwartzwalder
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS
[6]:113

1960
Iowa
8–1
Forest Evashevski
B(QPRS), BS, L, SR
[6]:113

Minnesota
8–2
Murray Warmath
AP, FN, NFF, UPI
[6]:113

Ole Miss
10–0–1
Johnny Vaught
BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, NCF, WS
[6]:113

Missouri
11–0*
Dan Devine
PS
[6]:113

Washington
10–1
Jim Owens
HAF
[6]:113

1961
Alabama
11–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI, WS
[6]:113

Ohio State
8–0–1
Woody Hayes
FWAA, PS
[6]:113

1962
LSU
9–1–1
Charles McClendon
B(QPRS)
[6]:113

Ole Miss
10–0
Johnny Vaught
BR, L, SR
[6]:113

USC
11–0
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, UPI, WS
[6]:113

1963
Texas
11–0
Darrell Royal
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS
[6]:113

1964
Alabama
10–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), L, UPI
[6]:113

Arkansas
11–0
Frank Broyles
BR, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR
[6]:113

Michigan
9–1
Bump Elliott
DuS
[6]:113

Notre Dame
9–1
Ara Parseghian
DeS, FN, NFF
[6]:113

1965
Alabama
9–1–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, CFRA, FWAA, NCF
[6]:113

Michigan State
10–1
Duffy Daugherty
B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NFF, PS, SR, UPI
[6]:113

1966
Alabama
11–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
B(QPRS), SR
[6]:113

Michigan State
9–0–1
Duffy Daugherty
CFRA, HAF, NFF, PS
[6]:113

Notre Dame
9–0–1
Ara Parseghian
AP, BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI
[6]:113

1967
Notre Dame
8–2
Ara Parseghian
DuS
[6]:113

Oklahoma
10–1
Chuck Fairbanks
PS
[6]:113

USC
10–1
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI
[6]:113

Tennessee
9–2
Doug Dickey
L
[6]:113

1968
Georgia
8–1–2
Vince Dooley
L
[6]:113

Ohio State
10–0
Woody Hayes
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:113

Texas
9–1–1
Darrell Royal
DeS, MGR, SR
[6]:113

1969
Ohio State
8–1
Woody Hayes
MGR
[6]:113

Penn State
11–0
Joe Paterno
R(FACT), SR
[6]:113

Texas
11–0
Darrell Royal
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:113

1970
Arizona State
11–0
Frank Kush
PS
[6]:113

Nebraska
11–0–1
Bob Devaney
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SR
[6]:113

Notre Dame
10–1
Ara Parseghian
MGR, R(FACT), SR
[6]:113

Ohio State
9–1
Woody Hayes
NFF
[6]:113

Texas
10–1
Darrell Royal
B(QPRS), L, NFF, R(FACT), UPI
[6]:113

1971
Nebraska
13–0
Bob Devaney
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:113

1972
USC
12–0
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:113

1973
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
B(QPRS), UPI
[6]:113

Michigan
10–0–1
Bo Schembechler
NCF, PS
[6]:113

Notre Dame
11–0
Ara Parseghian
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF
[6]:113

Ohio State
10–0–1
Woody Hayes
NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

Oklahoma
10–0–1
Barry Switzer
CFRA, DeS, DuS, SR
[6]:114

1974
Ohio State
10–2
Woody Hayes
MGR
[6]:114

Oklahoma
11–0
Barry Switzer
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

USC
10–1–1
John McKay
FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, UPI
[6]:114

1975
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
MGR
[6]:114

Arizona State
12–0
Frank Kush
NCF, SN
[6]:114

Ohio State
11–1
Woody Hayes
B(QPRS), HAF, MGR, PS, R(FACT)
[6]:114

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:114

1976
Pittsburgh
12–0
Johnny Majors
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

USC
11–1
John Robinson
B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, MGR
[6]:114

1977
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
CFRA
[6]:114

Arkansas
11–1
Lou Holtz
R(FACT)
[6]:114

Notre Dame
11–1
Dan Devine
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

Texas
11–1
Fred Akers
B(QPRS), R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

1978
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT)
[6]:114

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
DeS, DuS, HAF, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

USC
12–1
John Robinson
B(QPRS), BR, FN, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

1979
Alabama
12–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

USC
11–0–1
John Robinson
CFRA
[6]:114

1980
Florida State
10–2
Bobby Bowden
R(FACT)
[6]:114

Georgia
12–0
Vince Dooley
AP, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

Nebraska
10–2
Tom Osborne
R(FACT)
[6]:114

Oklahoma
10–2
Barry Switzer
DuS, MGR
[6]:114

Pittsburgh
11–1
Jackie Sherrill
CFRA, DeS, NYT, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

1981
Clemson
12–0
Danny Ford
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

Nebraska
9–3
Tom Osborne
NCF
[6]:114

Penn State
10–2
Joe Paterno
DuS
[6]:114

Pittsburgh
11–1
Jackie Sherrill
NCF
[6]:114

SMU
10–1
Ron Meyer
NCF
[6]:114

Texas
10–1–1
Fred Akers
NCF
[6]:114

1982
Nebraska
12–1
Tom Osborne
B(QPRS)
[6]:114

Penn State
11–1
Joe Paterno
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT
[6]:114

SMU
11–0–1
Bobby Collins
HAF
[6]:114

1983
Auburn
11–1
Pat Dye
BR, CFRA, NYT, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

Miami (FL)
11–1
Howard Schnellenberger
AP, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

Nebraska
12–1
Tom Osborne
B(QPRS), DeS, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

1984
BYU
13–0
LaVell Edwards
AP, BR, CFRA, FWAA, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

Florida
9–1–1
Galen Hall
DeS, DuS, MGR, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR
[6]:114

Nebraska
10–2
Tom Osborne
L
[6]:114

Washington
11–1
Don James
B(QPRS), FN, NCF
[6]:114

1985
Florida
9–1–1
Galen Hall
SR
[6]:114

Michigan
10–1–1
Bo Schembechler
MGR
[6]:114

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

1986
Miami (FL)
11–1
Jimmy Johnson
R(FACT)
[6]:114

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, NYT, SR
[6]:114

Penn State
12–0
Joe Paterno
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

1987
Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
B(QPRS)
[6]:114

Miami (FL)
12–0
Jimmy Johnson
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

1988
Miami (FL)
11–1
Jimmy Johnson
B(QPRS)
[6]:114

Notre Dame
12–0
Lou Holtz
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

1989
Miami (FL)
11–1
Dennis Erickson
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

Notre Dame
12–1
Lou Holtz
B(QPRS), ERS, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

1990
Colorado
11–1–1
Bill McCartney
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

Georgia Tech
11–0–1
Bobby Ross
DuS, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:114

Miami (FL)
10–2
Dennis Erickson
ERS, NYT, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

Washington
10–2
Don James
R(FACT)
[6]:114

1991
Miami (FL)
12–0
Dennis Erickson
AP, BR, CFRA, ERS, NCF, NYT, SN, SR
[6]:114

Washington
12–0
Don James
B(QPRS), DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

1992
Alabama
13–0
Gene Stallings
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
SR
[6]:114

1993
Auburn
11–0
Terry Bowden
NCF
[6]:114

Florida State
12–1
Bobby Bowden
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF
[6]:114

Nebraska
11–1
Tom Osborne
NCF
[6]:114

Notre Dame
11–1
Lou Holtz
MGR, NCF
[6]:114

1994
Florida State
10–1–1
Bobby Bowden
DuS
[6]:114

Nebraska
13–0
Tom Osborne
AP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF
[6]:114–115

Penn State
12–0
Joe Paterno
CCR, DeS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR
[6]:115

1995
Nebraska
12–0
Tom Osborne
AP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:115

1996
Florida
12–1
Steve Spurrier
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/CNN
[6]:115

Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
AS
[6]:115

1997
Michigan
12–0
Lloyd Carr
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN
[6]:115

Nebraska
13–0
Tom Osborne
A&H, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN
[6]:115

1998
Ohio State
11–1
John Cooper
SRb
[6]:115

Tennessee
13–0
Phillip Fulmer
A&H, AP, AS, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, USAT/ESPN
[6]:115

1999
Florida State
12–0
Bobby Bowden
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN
[6]:115

2000
Miami (FL)
11–1
Butch Davis
NYT
[6]:115

Oklahoma
13–0
Bob Stoops
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN
[6]:115

2001
Miami (FL)
12–0
Larry Coker
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W
[6]:115

2002
Ohio State
14–0
Jim Tressel
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W
[6]:115

USC
11–2
Pete Carroll
DuS, MGR, SR
[6]:115

2003
LSU
13–1
Nick Saban
A&H, BCS, BR, CM, DeS, DuS, MCFR, NFF, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN, W
[6]:115

Oklahoma
12–2
Bob Stoops
B(QPRS)
[6]:115

USC
12–1
Pete Carroll
AP, CCR, ERS, FWAA, MGR, NYT, SN
[6]:115

2004
USCc
11–0d
Pete Carroll
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, W
Vacated:c BCS, FWAA, USAT/ESPN
[6]:115

2005
Texas
13–0
Mack Brown
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

2006
Florida
13–1
Urban Meyer
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

Ohio State
12–1
Jim Tressel
DeS, R(FACT)
[6]:115

2007
LSU
12–2
Les Miles
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

Missouri
12–2
Gary Pinkel
A&H
[6]:115

USC
11–2
Pete Carroll
DuSe
[6]:115

2008
Florida
13–1
Urban Meyer
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, NFF, SR, USAT
[6]:115

Utah
13–0
Kyle Whittingham
A&H, MCFR, W
[6]:115

2009
Alabama
14–0
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

2010
Auburn
14–0
Gene Chizik
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

TCU
13–0
Gary Patterson
CCR
[6]:115

2011
Alabama
12–1
Nick Saban
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

LSU
13–1
Les Miles
A&H, CCR
[6]:115

Oklahoma State
12–1
Mike Gundy
CM
[6]:115

2012
Alabama
13–1
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

Notre Dame
12–1
Brian Kelly
CM
[6]:115

2013
Florida State
14–0
Jimbo Fisher
A&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

2014
Ohio State
14–1
Urban Meyer
A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W
[6]:115

2015
Alabama
14–1
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W
[6]:115

2016
Alabama
14–1
Nick Saban
CCR, CM, DuS
[6]:115

Clemson
14–1
Dabo Swinney
A&H, AP, BR, CFP, CFRA, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W
[6]:115

2017
Alabama
13–1
Nick Saban
A&H[18], AP[19], BR[20], CCR[21], CFP[22], CFRA[23], DuS[24], FWAA/NFF[25], MCFR[26], SR[27], USAT/AMWAY[28], W[29]

UCF
13–0
Scott Frost
CM
[30]

text:
aParke Davis' selection for 1901, as published in the 1935 Spalding's Foot Ball Guide (which he himself edited until his death), was Harvard.[31]:233
bThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Sagarin as having selected Tennessee,[6]:114 while Sagarin's official website gives Ohio State as its 1998 selection.[32]
cThe FWAA stripped USC of its 2004 Grantland Rice Trophy and vacated the selection of its national champion for 2004. The BCS also vacated USC's participation in the 2005 Orange Bowl and USC's 2004 BCS National Championship, and the AFCA Coaches' Poll Trophy was returned.[33][34]
dRecord does not count wins against UCLA, or against Oklahoma in the BCS Championship game on January 4, 2005, as they were vacated by the NCAA.[35]
eThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Dunkel as having selected LSU,[6]:114 while Dunkel's official website gives USC as its 2007 selection.[36]

text: Total championship selections from major selectors by school[edit]

text: The national title count listed below is a culmination of all championship awarded since 1869, regardless of consensus or non-consensus status, as listed in the table above according to the selectors deemed to be major as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (minus the Harris Interactive poll, 2005–2013, that is listed but does not conduct a final poll or award a championship).[6]:107–119

text: The totals can be said to be disputed. Individual schools may claim national championships not accounted for by the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records or may not claim national championship selections that do appear in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (see National championship claims by school below). For an alternative independent view of national championship totals for each team, please see the Poll era (1936–present) selections in the tables below.

text:
School
Championships

Princeton
28

Yale
27

Alabama
22

Notre Dame
22

Oklahoma
17

USC
17

Michigan
16

Ohio State
16

Harvard
12

Nebraska
11

Pittsburgh
11

Miami (FL)
9

Minnesota
9

Texas
9

Florida State
8

LSU
8

Georgia Tech
7

Penn State
7

Tennessee
7

Georgia
6

Michigan State
6

Penn
6

Iowa
5

Army
5

Auburn
5

California
5

Cornell
5

Florida
5

Illinois
5

Washington
4

Lafayette
3

Ole Miss
3

SMU
3

TCU
3

Texas A&M
3

Arizona State
2

Arkansas
2

Chicago
2

Clemson
2

Maryland
2

Missouri
2

Oklahoma State
2

Stanford
2

BYU
1

Centre
1

Colgate
1

Colorado
1

Columbia
1

Dartmouth
1

Detroit
1

Kentucky
1

Navy
1

Purdue
1

Rutgers
1

Syracuse
1

UCF
1

UCLA
1

Utah
1

Washington & Jefferson
1

Wisconsin
1

text: National championship claims by school[edit]

text: The following is a table of known schools' claims on national championships at the highest level of play in college football. Several of these schools no longer compete at the highest level, which is currently NCAA Division I FBS, but nonetheless maintain claims to titles from when they did compete at the highest level.

text: Because there is no one governing or official body that regulates, recognizes, or awards national championships in college football, and because many independent selectors of championships exist, many of the claims by the schools listed below are shared, contradict each other, or are controversial.[5][6]:107–119 In addition, because there is no one body overseeing national championships, no standardized requirements exist in order for a school to make a claim on a national championship, as any particular institution is free to make any declaration it deems to be fit. However, all known national championship claims are for seasons in which a national championship, or share of a championship, was believed to be awarded to that particular school by at least one independent third-party selector.[37] The majority of these claims, but not all, are based on championships awarded from selectors listed as "major" in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109 Not all championships awarded by third party selectors, nor those listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, are necessarily claimed by each school.[note 1] Therefore, these claims represent how each individual school sees their own history on the subject of national championships.

text: This table below includes only national championship claims originating from each particular school and therefore represents the point-of-view of each individual institution. Each total number of championships, and the years for which they are claimed, are documented by the particular school on its official website, in its football media guide, or in other official publications or literature (see Source). If a championship is not mentioned by a school for any particular season, regardless of whether it was awarded by a selector or listed in a third-party publication such as the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it is not considered to be claimed by that institution.[note 2]

text:
School
Claimed
national
championships
Seasons
Source

Princeton
28
1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1906, 1911, 1920, 1922, 1933, 1935, 1950
[38]

Yale
27
1872, 1874, 1876, 1877, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1897, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1927
[39][40]

Alabama
17
1925, 1926, 1930, 1934, 1941, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017
[41]

Michigan
11
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1997
[42]

Notre Dame
11
1924, 1929, 1930, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1988
[43]

USC
11a
1928, 1931, 1932, 1939, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1978, 2003, 2004
[44]

Pittsburgh
9
1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1976
[45]

Ohio State
8
1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014
[46][47]

Harvard
7
1890, 1898, 1899, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1919
[48]

Minnesota
7
1904, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1940, 1941, 1960
[49]

Oklahoma
7
1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, 2000
[50]

Penn
7
1894, 1895, 1897, 1904, 1907, 1908, 1924
[51]

Michigan State
6
1951, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1965, 1966
[52]

Tennessee
6
1938, 1940, 1950, 1951, 1967, 1998
[53][54]

California
5
1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1937
[55]

Cornell
5
1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1939
[56]

Illinois
5
1914, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1951
[57]

Miami (FL)
5
1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001
[58]

Nebraska
5
1970, 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997
[59]

Georgia Tech
4
1917, 1928, 1952, 1990
[60]

Iowa
4b
1921, 1956, 1958, 1960
[61]

Texas
4
1963, 1969, 1970, 2005
[62]

Washington
4
1960, 1984, 1990, 1991
[63]

Army
3
1944, 1945, 1946
[64]

Florida
3
1996, 2006, 2008
[65]

Florida State
3
1993, 1999, 2013
[66]

Lafayette
3
1896, 1921, 1926
[67]

LSU
3
1958, 2003, 2007
[68]

Ole Miss
3
1959, 1960, 1962
[69]

SMU
3
1935, 1981, 1982
[70]

Texas A&M
3
1919, 1927, 1939
[71]

Auburn
2c
1957, 2010
[72]

Chicago
2
1905, 1913
[73]

Clemson
2
1981, 2016
[74][75]

Georgia
2d
1942, 1980
[76][77]

Penn State
2
1982, 1986
[78]

TCU
2
1935, 1938
[79]

Stanford
2
1926, 1940
[80][81]

Arkansas
1
1964
[82]

Boston College
1
1940
[83]

BYU
1
1984
[84]

Centre
1
1921
[85]

Colorado
1
1990
[86]

Dartmouth
1
1925
[87]

Kentucky
1
1950
[88]

Maryland
1
1953
[89]

Navy
1
1926
[90]

Oklahoma State
1
1945
[91][92]

Rutgers
1
1869
[93]

Syracuse
1
1959
[94]

UCF
1
2017
[95]

UCLA
1
1954
[96]

text:
aUSC's January 4, 2005 win over Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game was vacated as mandated by the NCAA, its 2004 BCS National Championship vacated by the BCS, and its AFCA Coaches' Trophy returned. NCAA sanctions mandate that "any reference to the vacated results, including championships, shall be removed." USC still retains the 2004 Associated Press National Championship and has not abandoned its claim to a 2004 national championship.[97][98]
bIowa lists the awarding of the 1958 Grantland Rice National Championship in various publications, but describes championship selections from 3 other years as well in its annual media guide.
cAuburn's 1913, 1983, and 1993 (Auburn was disqualified from post-season play in 1993 and did not play in a bowl game) championships are not recognized by the school.
dGeorgia's website has multiple pages which list national championships by sport and only callout two seasons for football (1942 and 1980).[99][76][100] The Georgia football media guide contains a year-by-year results section in which five seasons (1927, 1942, 1946, 1968, 1980) have "National Champions#" headers paired with selector callouts,[77]:159–161, but also a "Championship History" page which pairs 1942 and 1980 into a "The Consensus National Champions" section and groups 1927, 1946, and 1968 together without description as national champions beyond identification of those specific selectors.[77]:192

text: Poll era (1936–present)[edit]

text: The polling system first gained widespread consistency with the introduction of the AP poll in 1936, followed by the Coaches' Poll in 1950. National championships are often popularly considered to be "consensus" when both of these polls are in agreement with their national championship selections, although other selectors exist and do make alternative selections. A more modern incarnation, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), was a consortium of college football conferences that uses a combination of various computer rankings and human polls to mathematically determine a post-season matchup between the two top teams as determined by its formula. The USA Today Coaches' Poll was contractually obligated to name the BCS champion as its national champion.

text: AP Poll[edit]

text: The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934 (compiled and organized by Charles Woodroof, former SEC Assistant Director of Media Relations, but not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records) and then continuously from 1936. Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA has never held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to take the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.

text: While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. And from 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to 25 teams in 1989.

text: Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP Poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP's decision to wait to crown its champion paid off, as top-ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth-ranked Alabama defeated third-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP's final poll. Michigan State was named national champion in the final United Press International poll of coaches, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll. At the end of the 1947 season, the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll. The AP national championship had been awarded before bowl games were played.

text: Beginning in the 1968 season, a post bowl game poll was released and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches' poll until the 1974 season.[101]

text: Coaches' Poll[edit]

text: The Coaches' poll began selecting the top 20 teams on a weekly basis during the 1950–1951 college football season. It is conducted among selected members of the American Football Coaches Association. In 1990 the poll expanded to a top 25, and it has retained this format since. The Coaches' Poll took their final poll prior to the bowl games from 1950–1973, and since 1974, has taken their final poll after bowl games. The Coaches' Poll does not include teams on either NCAA or conference-sanction probation, which also differentiates it from the AP poll.[102] The poll has been released through various media outlets and with differing sponsors over its history, and thus has taken a succession of different names, including United Press (UP) from 1950 thru 1957, the United Press International (UPI) from 1958 thru 1990, USA Today/CNN from 1991 thru 1996, USA Today/ESPN from 1997 to 2004, and USA Today from 2005 to present.

text: During the era of the BCS, the Coaches' Poll was under contractual obligation to award its national championship selection to the winner of the BCS Championship Game or its predecessors—who was presented with the AFCA National Championship Trophy during a post-game presentation. The College Football Playoff is not tied to the Coaches' Poll in this manner.[103]

text: Poll era national championships by school (1936–present)[edit]

text: The following table contains the national championships that have been recognized by the final AP or Coaches' Poll. Originally both the AP and Coaches' poll champions were crowned after the regular season, but since 1968 and 1974, respectively, both polls crown their champions after the bowl games are completed. The BCS champion was automatically awarded the Coaches' Poll championship. Of the current 120+ Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS, formerly Division I-A) schools, only 30 have won at least a share of a national title by the AP or Coaches' poll. Of these 30 teams, only 19 teams have won multiple titles. Of the 19 teams, only 7 have won five or more national titles: Alabama, Notre Dame, Oklahoma, USC, Miami (FL), Nebraska, and Ohio State. The years listed in the table below indicate a national championship selection by the AP or Coaches' Poll. The selections are noted with (AP) or (Coaches) when a national champion selection differed between the two polls for that particular season, which has occurred in twelve different seasons (including 2004, for which the coaches selection was rescinded) since the polls first came to coexist in 1950.

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Alabama
12
1961, 1964, 1965 (AP), 1973 (Coaches), 1978 (AP), 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017

Notre Dame
8
1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973 (AP), 1977, 1988

Oklahoma
7
1950, 1955, 1956, 1974 (AP), 1975, 1985, 2000

USC
7
1962, 1967, 1972, 1974 (Coaches), 1978 (Coaches), 2003 (AP), 2004 (AP)†

Ohio State
6
1942, 1954 (AP), 1957 (Coaches), 1968, 2002, 2014

Miami (FL)
5
1983, 1987, 1989, 1991 (AP), 2001

Nebraska
5
1970 (AP), 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997 (Coaches)

Minnesota
4
1936, 1940, 1941, 1960

Texas
4
1963, 1969, 1970 (Coaches), 2005

Florida
3
1996, 2006, 2008

Florida State
3
1993, 1999, 2013

LSU
3
1958, 2003 (Coaches), 2007

Army
2
1944, 1945 (AP)

Auburn
2
1957 (AP), 2010

Clemson
2
1981, 2016

Michigan
2
1948, 1997 (AP)

Michigan State
2
1952, 1965 (Coaches)

Penn State
2
1982, 1986

Pittsburgh
2
1937, 1976

Tennessee
2
1951, 1998

BYU
1
1984

Colorado
1
1990 (AP)

Georgia
1
1980

Georgia Tech
1
1990 (Coaches)

Maryland
1
1953

Oklahoma State
1
1945 (Coaches)‡

Syracuse
1
1959

TCU
1
1938

Texas A&M
1
1939

UCLA
1
1954 (Coaches)

Washington
1
1991 (Coaches)

text:
† USC's 2004–2005 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS and the AFCA Coaches' Trophy returned.[104]
‡ Retroactively awarded in 2016 by AFCA Blue Ribbon Panel[15]

text: BCS championships[edit]

text: The Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was a selection system designed to give the top two teams in NCAA Division I-A (now known as the FBS) an opportunity to compete in a "national championship game". This championship was intended as a surrogate for a playoff system since the NCAA does not formally determine a champion in this category. It began during the 1998 season, but a number of controversial selections spurred changes to the format over the years. Prior to the 2006 season, eight teams competed in four BCS Bowls (the Orange, Sugar, Rose, and Fiesta). The BCS replaced the Bowl Alliance (in place from 1995–1997), which itself followed the Bowl Coalition (in place from 1992–1994). One of the main differences was that the Rose Bowl participated in the BCS; previously, the Big Ten and Pac-12 champions automatically played in the Rose Bowl regardless of their poll rankings. However, after the change, those teams played in the BCS National Championship Game if they finished #1 or #2 in the BCS standings.

text: The BCS formula varied over the years, with the final version relying on a combination of the Coaches' and Harris polls and an average of various computer rankings to determine relative team rankings, and to narrow the field to two teams to play in the BCS National Championship Game held after the other college bowl games. The winner of this game was crowned Coaches' Poll national champion winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy and was also awarded the MacArthur Bowl by the National Football Foundation.[13]

text: BCS National Championships by school (1998–2013)[edit]

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Alabama
3
2009, 2011, 2012

Florida
2
2006, 2008

Florida State
2
1999, 2013

LSU
2
2003, 2007

Auburn
1
2010

Miami (FL)
1
2001

Ohio State
1
2002

Oklahoma
1
2000

Tennessee
1
1998

Texas
1
2005

USC
0*
2004*

text: *USC's victory in the 2005 Orange Bowl and subsequent 2004–05 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS.[97][105]

text: College Football Playoff championships[edit]

text: The College Football Playoff (CFP) was designed as a replacement for the BCS. While the NCAA still does not officially sanction the event, organizers sought to bring a playoff system similar to all other levels of NCAA football to the Football Bowl Subdivision.

text: The College Football Playoff relies on a 13-member selection committee to choose the top four teams to play in a two-round single-elimination playoff bracket. The winner of the final game is awarded the College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy.

text: CFP National Championships by school (2014–present)[edit]

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Alabama
2
2015, 2017

Clemson
1
2016

Ohio State
1
2014


document_title: Dorothy Gale

question_text: where did dorothy from wizard of oz live

root

text: Dorothy Gale

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In literature[edit]

text: In the Oz books, Dorothy is an orphan raised by her aunt and uncle in the bleak landscape of a Kansas farm. Whether Aunt Em or Uncle Henry is Dorothy's blood relative remains unclear. Uncle Henry makes reference to Dorothy's mother in The Emerald City of Oz, possibly an indication that Henry is Dorothy's blood relative. (It is also possible that "Aunt" and "Uncle" are affectionate terms of a foster family and that Dorothy is not related to either of them, although Zeb in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz claims to be Dorothy's second cousin, related through Aunt Em. Little mention is made of what happened to Dorothy's birth parents, other than a passing reference to her mother being dead.) Along with her small black dog, Toto, Dorothy is swept away by a tornado to the Land of Oz and, much like Alice of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, they enter an alternative world filled with talking creatures. In many of the Oz books, Dorothy is the main heroine of the story. She is often seen with her best friend and the ruler of Oz, Princess Ozma. Her trademark blue and white gingham dress is admired by the Munchkins because blue is their favorite color and white is worn only by good witches and sorceresses, which indicates to them that Dorothy is a good witch.

tag: p

text: Dorothy has a forthright and take-charge character, exhibiting no fear when she slaps the Cowardly Lion, and organizing the Winkies' rescue mission of her friends who have been dismembered by the Winged monkeys. She is not afraid of angering the Wicked Witch of the West, as shown when the Witch stole one of Dorothy's slippers, and in retaliation, Dorothy hurled a bucket of water over her, not knowing water was fatal to the witch. She brazenly rebuffs Princess Langwidere's threat to take her head for her collection — "Well, I b'lieve you won't." (Following Anna Laughlin's portrayal of the character in the popular 1903 Broadway version of The Wizard of Oz, Baum scripts Dorothy to speak in childlike contractions with Ozma of Oz, which she continues to do throughout the series). This aspect of her character was somewhat lessened by her companionship of Ozma, in whom Baum placed the greater level of wisdom and dignity. Yet even this is complicated by her associations with her cousin, Zeb of Hugson's Ranch, a rugged, manly boy who does not take well to Oz and cannot think of anything much more interesting than defeating the Munchkins' wrestling champion, which he proves unable to do.

text: Dorothy has several other pets, including her white/pink/purple kitten, Eureka. Popular in crossword puzzles is Dorothy's cow, Imogene, from the 1902 stage version, and is implied, though unnamed, in the 1910 film. Eric Shanower's novel, The Giant Garden of Oz, features a cow named Imogene.

text: In the sixth Oz book by Baum, The Emerald City of Oz (1910), when Uncle Henry and Aunt Em are unable to pay the mortgage on the new farmhouse built at the end of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy brings them to live in Oz; the plot features a tour of Oz as a marvelous, Utopian land in which they have escaped the troubles of Kansas. She becomes princess of Oz and Ozma's "companion," essentially marrying the queen.[2]

text: Dorothy is a standard character, having at least a cameo role in thirteen of the fourteen Oz books written by L. Frank Baum (while she did not appear at all in The Marvelous Land of Oz, she is mentioned several times in that story, as it was her actions in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz that led to the events in the former) and is at least a frequent figure in the nineteen that followed by author Ruth Plumly Thompson, getting at least a cameo in all her books except Captain Salt in Oz (in which neither Oz nor any of its inhabitants appear, though they are mentioned). Major subsequent appearances by Dorothy in the "Famous Forty" are in The Lost Princess of Oz, Glinda of Oz, The Royal Book of Oz, Grampa in Oz, The Lost King of Oz, The Wishing Horse of Oz, Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz, and The Magical Mimics in Oz. Most of the other books focus on different child protagonists, some Ozite, some from other Nonestican realms, and some from the United States, and as such, her appearances in the main series become more and more limited. In Jack Snow's The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946), Ozma places Dorothy on the throne of Oz while she is away visiting Queen Lurline's fairy band.

text: The magic of Oz keeps Dorothy young. In The Lost King of Oz (1925), a Wish Way carries Dorothy to a film set in Hollywood, California. She begins to age very rapidly to her late 20s, making up for at least some of the years that have already passed. The Wish Way carries her back to Oz and restores her to her younger self, but she learns then that it would be unwise for her ever to return to the outside world. Baum never states Dorothy's age, but he does state in The Lost Princess of Oz that she is a year younger than Betsy Bobbin and a year older than Trot, whose age was specified as 10 in Ruth Plumly Thompson's The Giant Horse of Oz.

text: Thompson's Oz books show a certain intolerance in Dorothy. In The Cowardly Lion of Oz, circus clown Notta Bit More arrives in the Emerald City "disguised" as a traditional witch, and Dorothy immediately starts dumping buckets water on him without provocation (although she reacted this way on the assumption that the "witch" Notta was an evil witch like her old enemy, the Wicked Witch of the West). In The Wishing Horse of Oz, she makes unsavory comments about the dark coloration Gloma and her subjects take on as a disguise, making them somewhat resemble black people. This behavior is not characteristic of Dorothy in Baum's Oz books. In The Patchwork Girl of Oz, she pushes and slaps through crowds of black Tottenhots to rescue the Scarecrow, whom they are tossing around, but this is more an example of her gumption than any sort of prejudice, as she is otherwise kind and polite to the Tottenhots, and accepts that their ways are different from those who dwell in the Emerald City.

text: The authorized sequels of Sherwood Smith, The Emerald Wand of Oz and Trouble Under Oz, center on the child characters Dori and Em, who live with their Aunt Susan. All three are indirect descendants of Dorothy, though their specific relationship to her is unclear.

text: Philip José Farmer's 1982 science-fiction novel A Barnstormer in Oz tells the story of aviator Henry "Hank" Stover — who is not surprised one beautiful spring day in 1923 when he flies his Curtiss Jenny biplane through a strange green cloud and finds himself in Oz. Hank knows that he is in Oz because his mother, Dorothy Gale-Stover, had been there back in 1890 and later told him of her experiences. Farmer's premise is that Dorothy only visited Oz once and told her story to a journalist called Frank Baum. This journalist would later create a series of books from Dorothy's only adventure in Oz. Farmer's Oz is on the brink of both a civil war and an invasion by the United States Army.

text: Dorothy's last name is never mentioned in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz or The Marvelous Land of Oz, the first two Oz books. It is disclosed in the third book Ozma of Oz (1907). The last name of Gale was originally mentioned in Baum's script for the 1902 Broadway stage version of The Wizard of Oz, in which it was originally a setup for a punning joke. (DOROTHY: "I am Dorothy, and I am one of the Kansas Gales." SCARECROW: "That accounts for your breezy manner.")

text: Conception[edit]

text: An influence on the creation of Dorothy appears to be the Alice books of Lewis Carroll. Although Baum reportedly found these plots incoherent, he identified their source of popularity as Alice herself, a character with whom child readers could identify; this influenced his choice of a protagonist for his own books.[3]

text: Dorothy's character was probably named after Baum's own niece, Dorothy Louise Gage, who died in infancy. Baum's wife was very attached to her and was deeply grieved by her death, so there is speculation that Baum inserted her name into his stories as a memorial. Elements of Dorothy Gale's character are possibly derived from Matilda Joslyn Gage, Dorothy Gage's grandmother. Dorothy Gage is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Bloomington, Illinois.[4]

text: Lee Sandlin writes that L. Frank Baum read a disaster report of a tornado in Irving, Kansas, in May 1879 which included the name of a victim, Dorothy Gale, who was "found buried face down in a mud puddle."[5]

text: In film[edit]

text: In Baum's 1902 stage musical adaptation, Dorothy was played by Anna Laughlin. In 1908 L. Frank Baum adapted his early Oz novels as The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, with Romola Remus as Dorothy. This was followed by The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a motion picture short that Otis Turner, one of the directors of Fairylogue, made without Baum as part of a contract fulfillment. In this 1910 film, Dorothy was played by Bebe Daniels. It was followed by two sequels (the same year), Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz and The Land of Oz, both of which included Dorothy, but whether Daniels participated is unknown. Baum subsequently loosely adapted The Wonderful Wizard of Oz into a 1914 motion picture directed by J. Farrell MacDonald titled His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz with Violet MacMillan as Dorothy.

text: Dorothy does not appear in The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914), although some film books claim that Mildred Harris, who had yet to sign her contract with The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, played the role. The character, is, in fact, eliminated from the film version, although she has a fairly large role in the novel.

text: Dorothy Dwan portrayed Dorothy in the 1925 film Wizard of Oz. In this film, Aunt Em (Mary Carr) informs her on her eighteenth birthday that she was left on their doorstep and is really a princess of Oz destined to marry Prince Kynd (Bryant Washburn), who has currently lost the throne to Prime Minister Kruel (Josef Swickard), in a storyline similar to that of His Majesty the Scarecrow of Oz, only with Dorothy as the love interest. In the end, the story proves to be the dream of a little girl who has fallen asleep listening to the story of Kynd and Kruel, said to be the story of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The film also introduced the idea of the farmhands also being the Scarecrow, Tin Woodsman and Cowardly Lion, albeit as costumes they don in order to conceal themselves in Oz.

text: In the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy was played by Judy Garland, who received an Academy Juvenile Award for her performance. She was sixteen years old when the film was released, with a brace on her chest to make her look more youthful. Since fantasy films generally were unsuccessful at that time, MGM portrayed Oz as a head-trauma-induced delirium, instead of a real place. It is implied that Oz is merely Dorothy's dream since she awakens in bed at the end, though Dorothy is convinced that her journey was all in fact real.

text: A window knocked out Dorothy when the tornado was approaching the farm. After that storm lifted the farmhouse, she and Toto saw a chicken coop, an old lady knitting calmly in a rocking chair with a cat on her lap, a cow, and two men rowing a boat who doff their hats to her as well as miscellaneous debris flying by them. Finally, Dorothy saw Miss Almira Gulch, who was going to abduct Toto to the sheriff, fly on her bicycle outside the window, becoming a witch on a broom. As one of the first movies to be filmed in Technicolor, the director had the color of the famous magic slippers changed from silver to red because the Ruby slippers were more visually appealing on film.

text: She is reunited with Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, their three farm workers (Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion's alter egos), and Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego) when she awakens from being unconscious at the end of this film, back at home and safe.

text: Dorothy's characterization in the 1939 film is more of a damsel in distress, somewhat unlike the adventurous, forthright and bold Dorothy of the books.

text: In the video for Blues Traveler's 1994 hit song "Run-Around", Dorothy tries to get into a club where the band is performing. She is portrayed by actress Diana Marquis.[6]

text: In Disney's 2013 film Oz the Great and Powerful, Dorothy's maternal origins are hinted at when Annie (Michelle Williams) informs her friend Oscar Diggs that her fiancé's surname is Gale.[7]

text: In television[edit]

text: The 2007 Sci-Fi Channel miniseries Tin Man reworked her into DG, a descendant of Dorothy's, and is played by Zooey Deschanel. In this iteration, the trademark dress is actually a diner waitress uniform; the rest of the time she wears a leather jacket and jeans and rides a motorcycle. When she is taken into Oz, she learns that she is actually the princess of the kingdom of Oz, sent to another world and raised by androids to protect her after her sister was possessed by the spirit of an ancient witch that she unleashed by accident.

text: In the 2012 TV miniseries Dorothy and the Witches of Oz, Dorothy (played by Paulie Rojas) is shown as an adult writer and starts regaining suppressed memories of her actual adventures in the Land of Oz when the Wicked Witch of the West plans to conquer the Land of Oz and all of Earth.

text: In Emerald City, Dorothy is an adult when she is taken to Oz, working as a nurse. She is still living with Em and Henry, but here they are identified as her adopted parents, her biological mother having left her with them as a baby and only recently getting back in touch with Dorothy. Months after receiving the letter, Dorothy makes her first official visit to her biological mother when the tornado occurs that takes her to Oz. Faced with an Oz that is increasingly opposed to magic on the Wizard's orders and accused of the death of the Witch of the East- which was initially an accident and later self-defence when the Witch survived her injuries- Dorothy learns more about her true ties to this world as she searches for answers, accompanied by a police German Shepherd she names 'Toto' and the amnesic Lucas. The TV series concludes with her returning to Earth after the wizard's forces are decimated by the Beast Forever, but she is subsequently contacted by Lucas and Toto- both of whom she left behind in Oz- appearing to her in Kansas to ask for help.

text: Dorothy appears in the third and fifth seasons of the TV series Once Upon a Time. In this show, Dorothy is from a fictional version Kansas and not from Earth (dubbed the Land Without Magic in the show). She is portrayed as an adult by Teri Reeves and as a child by Matreya Scarrwener. Dorothy, caught in her Kansas farmhouse during a raging cyclone, is swept away to Oz. Taken in by the protectors of Oz, the sisterhood of witches, she comes to view them as family. One night, she is confronted by Zelena the Witch of the West (Rebecca Mader), while getting water from a well. Zelena intends to get rid of Dorothy as she believes the girl is destined to usurp her seat in the sisterhood. In defense, Dorothy throws a bucket of water at Zelena; causing the witch to melt. Glinda the Witch of the South (Sunny Mabrey), then appears to offer her to take Zelena's place as the Witch of the West, but Dorothy declines; wishing only to return home. With Glinda's help, she is taken to see the Wizard and given a pair of silver slippers to travel to any world. Dorothy thanks the Wizard of Oz (Christopher Gorham) and proceeds to click the slippers' heels three times to send herself home. Only after the girl's departure, Glinda discovers too late that Zelena masqueraded as the Wizard in order to usher Dorothy out of Oz.

text: Upon returning to Kansas, Dorothy tells her family about her experiences in Oz. However, her family doesn't believe her, and attempts to get her admitted into an asylum. Her aunt, Emily Brown (Gina Stockdale) is the only person who believes her, and refuses to let her be admitted. However, Aunt Em dies, gifting Dorothy a puppy named Toto before she does. Years pass, and Dorothy returns to Oz. Learning from the munchkins that Zelena is still alive and no longer fearing the witch, Dorothy storms the palace in time to stop Zelena from stealing the Scarecrow's (Paul Scheer) brain for a time spell. Dorothy taunts Zelena about having one thing she'll never obtain, the love of the people, as Zelena prepares a fireball to destroy her. Toto, hopping out of the bag, trots up to the palace curtains, while Dorothy ducks to avoid Zelena's fireball, which hits an approaching guard. Toto then tugs a string, causing the curtains to fall on Zelena, who fumbles to get free. While she is occupied, Dorothy escapes the palace with the Scarecrow and her dog. Later, she and her companions hide out in a cottage, but Zelena eventually finds them, after putting a tracking spell on Dorothy's old bicycle. Dorothy does her best to protect the Scarecrow, but Zelena ends up ripping out his brain. Fearlessly standing up to the witch, Dorothy dares Zelena to do her worst, while boasting that she'll never be afraid of her again. Zelena expresses brief interest in her brave attitude, wondering what made her change. In the end, Zelena leaves Dorothy unharmed to let the people of Oz see that, for once, their great hero has failed them.

text: When Zelena gets banished to Oz once again in a later episode, she steals Dorothy's dog Toto. When Dorothy tries to rescue Toto, Zelena puts her under a sleeping curse and she can only be awoken by true love's kiss. At the end of the episode Ruby/Red Ridding Hood wakes Dorothy up by giving Dorothy true loves kiss, making them the show's first LGBT couple.

text: In video games[edit]

text: Dorothy is one of the non-playable characters that appears in the 2015 crossover video game LEGO Dimensions.[8] While on her way to the Emerald City with Toto and her three companions, they encounter Batman who thinks that the Scarecrow is the same one from his world. The interrogation is short lived, as Dorothy and her gang are sucked into a vortex where they are captured by the game's central antagonist, Lord Vortech. Lord Vortech imprisons Dorothy and uses the Ruby Slippers as one of the foundation elements needed to create his "perfect world". Whatever becomes of Dorothy after Vortech's demise is up for questioning.

text: Portrayals[edit]

text:
The Wizard of Oz (1902 stage musical): Anna Laughlin
The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908): Romola Remus
The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz (1910): Bebe Daniels
His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914): Violet MacMillan
The Wizard of Oz (1925): Dorothy Dwan
The Wizard Of Oz (1939): Judy Garland
Rainbow Road to Oz (1957): Darlene Gillespie
Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961): Corinne Conley
Return to Oz (1964): Susan Conway (speaking voice), Susan Morse (singing voice)
Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971): Zeynep Değirmencioğlu (Ayşecik)
Journey Back to Oz (1971): Liza Minnelli (voice)
Oz (1976): Joy Dunstan
The Wiz (1975): Stephanie Mills
The Wiz (1978): Diana Ross
The Wizard of Oz (1982): Aileen Quinn (voice)
Return to Oz (1985): Fairuza Balk
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: Sumi Shimamoto (1986 Japanese track), Morgan Hallet (1987 Canadian English track)
Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987): Janice Hiromi Kawaye
The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1990): Mariko Kouda
The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990): Courtney Barilla (as Dorothy Gage and Dorothy Gale)
The Wizard of Oz (1991): Liz Georges (voice)
The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (1995): Jewel
The Oz Kids animated series (1996-1997): Erika Schickel
The Wizard of Oz (2001 stage show): Nikki Webster
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005): Ashanti
The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's (2007): Lisa Vischer as Junior Asparagus as Darby (replacing Dorothy)
Tin Man (TV miniseries) (2007): Zooey Deschanel as DG; Rachel Pattee & Alexis Llewellyn as Young DG; Grace Wheeler as the Grey Gale
The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical): Danielle Hope and later Sophie Evans 2012 Toronto production Danielle Wade
The Witches of Oz (2011): Paulie Redding
Dorothy and the Witches of Oz: Paulie Rojas
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz: Grey DeLisle
After the Wizard: Jordan Van Vranken as "Elizabeth Haskins"
Supernatural (US TV series): Tiio Horn as "Dorothy" (Episode: Slumber Party)
Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return: Lea Michele (voice)
The Wiz Live!: Shanice Williams
Dorothy Must Die (2014 book): Danielle Paige
Lego Dimensions: Laura Bailey
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz: Grey DeLisle
Emerald City: Adria Arjona
Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz: Kari Wahlgren
Lost in Oz: Ashley Boettcher


document_title: Kelly's Heroes

question_text: who sang the theme to kelly's heroes

question_tokens: who sang the theme to kelly 's heroes

text: Kelly's Heroes

text: Plot[edit]

text: During a thunderstorm in early September 1944, units of the 35th Infantry Division are nearing the French town of Nancy. One of the division's mechanized reconnaissance platoons is ordered to hold their position when the Germans counterattack. The outnumbered platoon also receives friendly fire from their own mortars.

text: Private Kelly, a former lieutenant scapegoated for a failed infantry assault, captures Colonel Dankhopf of Wehrmacht Intelligence. Interrogating his prisoner, Kelly notices the officer's briefcase has several gold bars disguised under lead plating. Curious, he gets the colonel drunk and learns that there is a cache of 14,000 gold bars, worth $16,000,000, stored in a bank vault 30 miles behind enemy lines in the town of Clermont. When their position is overrun and the Americans pull back, a Tiger I kills Dankhopf.

text: Kelly decides to go after the gold. He visits the opportunistic Supply Sergeant "Crapgame" to obtain the supplies and guns that will be needed for the operation. A spaced-out tank platoon commander known as "Oddball" and his three M4 Sherman tanks from the 6th Armored Division invite themselves into the plan. With their commanding officer, Captain Maitland, busy pursuing opportunities to enrich himself and thus severely neglecting the welfare of his troopers, the men of Kelly's platoon are all eager to join Kelly. After much argument, Kelly finally persuades cynical Master Sergeant "Big Joe" to go along.

text: Kelly decides that his infantrymen and Oddball's tanks will proceed separately and meet near Clermont. Oddball's tanks fight their way through the German lines, managing to destroy a German railway depot, but their route is blocked when the bridge they need to cross is blown up by Allied fighter-bombers. This forces Oddball to bring a bridging unit in on the caper. An American fighter plane mistakes Kelly's group for the enemy, destroying their vehicles and forcing them to continue on foot. They stray into a minefield, and Private Grace is killed. Kelly's troops engage an enemy patrol; Private Mitchell and Corporal Job, still stuck in the minefield, are killed.

text: The two units rendezvous two nights later. They battle their way across the river to Clermont, losing two of the three tanks and leaving the bridging unit behind. When intercepted radio messages from the private raid are brought to the attention of the gung-ho Major General Colt, he misinterprets them as the efforts of aggressive patrols pushing forward on their own initiative and immediately rushes to the front to exploit the "breakthrough".

text: Kelly's men find that Clermont is defended by three Tiger tanks of the 1st SS Panzer Division with infantry support. The Americans are able to eliminate the German infantry and two of the Tigers, but the final tank parks itself right in front of the bank and Oddball's Sherman breaks down, leaving them stalemated. At Crapgame’s suggestion, Kelly offers the German tank commander and his crew an equal share of the loot.

text: After the Tiger blows the bank doors open, the Germans and Americans divide the spoils and go their separate ways, just barely managing to avoid meeting the still-oblivious General Colt, who is blocked from entering Clermont by the French residents who have been deceived by Big Joe into thinking that General Charles de Gaulle is coming. Not long after the freelancers have gone, Captain Maitland enters the bank, to find a Kilroy and the words "Up Yours, Baby" painted by one of Kelly's crew on the wall.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Clint Eastwood as Private Kelly
Telly Savalas as Master Sergeant "Big Joe"
Don Rickles as Staff Sergeant "Crapgame"
Carroll O'Connor as Major General Colt
Donald Sutherland as Sergeant "Oddball"
Gavin MacLeod as Moriarty
Shepherd Sanders as "the Turk"
Stuart Margolin as Private "Little Joe"
Jeff Morris as PFC "Cowboy"
Hal Buckley as Captain Maitland
Richard Davalos as Private Gutowski
Perry Lopez as Private "Pachuco" Petuko
Tom Troupe as Corporal Job
Harry Dean Stanton as Private Willard
Len Lesser as Tech Sergeant Bellamy
David Hurst as Oberst Dankhopf
George Savalas as First Sergeant Mulligan
Karl-Otto Alberty as Tiger tank commander
Ross Elliott as Colonel Booker

text: Production[edit]

text: The project was announced by MGM in November 1968 under the title of The Warriors.[5]

text: George Kennedy turned down a role despite an offered fee of $300,000 because he did not like the part.[6]

text: The film was going to have a female role, but prior to filming, it was cut from the script. Ingrid Pitt, who was cast in the role (and had been in the movie Where Eagles Dare with Eastwood the previous year), revealed that she was "virtually climbing on board the plane bound for Yugoslavia when word came through that my part had been cut".[7]

text: Filming commenced in July 1969 and was completed in December.[2] It was shot on location in the Istrian village of Vižinada in Croatia (then part of Yugoslavia) and London.[8] Yugoslavia was chosen mostly because earnings from previous showings of movies there could not be taken out of the country, but could be used to fund the production.[citation needed] Another reason Yugoslavia was selected was that in 1969, Yugoslavia was one of the few nations whose army was still equipped with operating World War II mechanized equipment, both German and American. This simplified logistics tremendously.[9]

text: The film was made and released during a time of great turbulence for MGM.[10]

text: There is a nod to the ending of The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, right down to a very similar musical score, and the overdubbing of the sound of non-existent jangling spurs.[8]

text: Deleted scenes[edit]

text: Approximately 20 minutes were cut from the film by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer before theatrical release. Eastwood said later in interviews that he was very disappointed about the re-cut by MGM because he felt that many of the deleted scenes not only gave depth to the characters, but also made the movie much better.[11][12] Some of the deleted scenes were shown on promotional stills and described in interviews with cast and crew for Cinema Retro's special edition article about Kelly's Heroes:[13]

text:
Oddball and his crew pack up to go across the lines to meet up with Kelly and others while local village girls are running around half naked.
The platoon encounters a group of German soldiers and naked girls swimming in a pool.
While they wait for Oddball in the barn at night, Kelly and Big Joe talk about their disillusionment with the war and why Kelly was made as a scapegoat for the attack that resulted in his demotion. Another scene was deleted from this part where the platoon decides they do not want to continue with the mission, and Gutowski threatens Kelly at gunpoint, but Big Joe and Crapgame side with Kelly.
General Colt is in bed with some women when he gets a call that Kelly and others have broken through the enemy lines.
During the attack on the town, production designer Jon Barry had a cameo as a British airman hiding from the Germans.
One promotional still shows Kelly finding a wounded German soldier among the ruined houses during the final town attack.
Kelly, Oddball and Big Joe discuss tactics while standing on an abandoned Tiger tank before the scene where they negotiate with the German tank commander.
When Kelly and platoon drive off at the end, a bunch of soldiers yell at them that they are headed in the wrong direction.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mostly positive reviews. It was voted at number 34 in Channel 4's 100 Greatest War Films of All Time.[14] The film earned $5.2 million in US theatrical rentals,[15] making it the 25th highest-grossing film of 1970.[16][unreliable source?] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 80% based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10.[17]

text: Musical score and soundtrack[edit]

text:
Kelly's Heroes

Soundtrack album by Lalo Schifrin

Released
1970

Recorded
April 21 and June, 1970
TTG Studios Hollywood, California

Genre
Film score

Label
MGM
ISE-23ST

Producer
Mike Curb and Jesse Kaye

Lalo Schifrin chronology

Che!
(1969)Che!1969
Kelly's Heroes
(1970)
Rock Requiem
(1971)Rock Requiem1971

tag: table

text: The film score was composed, arranged and conducted by Lalo Schifrin and the soundtrack album was released on the MGM label in 1970.[18]

text: The soundtrack was released on LP, as well a subsequent CD featuring the LP tracks, by Chapter III Records. This album was mostly re-recordings. An expanded edition of the soundtrack was released by Film Score Monthly in 2005.[19] The main musical theme of the movie (at both beginning and end) is "Burning Bridges," sung by the Mike Curb Congregation with music by Schifrin. There is also a casual rendition of the music in the background near the middle of the film. The Mike Curb Congregation's recording of "Burning Bridges" reached number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on March 6, 1971, but did much better on the charts in Australia, where it spent two weeks at No. 1 in May that year. In Canada, the song reached number 23 in March 1971. [20]

text: The soundtrack to the film also contains the song, "All for the Love of Sunshine," which became the first No. 1 country hit for Hank Williams, Jr.. The inclusion of the song in the film is an anachronism, because the song was not released until 1970, twenty-five years after the end of the war.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All compositions by Lalo Schifrin except as indicated

text:
"Kelly's Heroes" – 2:52
"All for the Love of Sunshine" (Schifrin, Mike Curb, Harley Hatcher) – 3:49
"Burning Bridges (instrumental)" – 2:10
"Tiger Tank" – 1:58
"Clairmont Waltz" – 2:15
"Battle Hymn of the Republic" (Traditional) – 2:58
"Burning Bridges" (Schifrin, Curb) – 2:44
"Quick Draw Kelly" – 3:12
"All For The Love Of Sunshine (instrumental)" – 2:50
"I've Been Working on the Railroad" (Traditional) – 3:43
"Commando Opus" – 2:37

tag: ol

text: Musicians[edit]

text:
Lalo Schifrin – arranger, conductor
Maurice Harris – trumpet
Lloyd Ulyate, Dick Nash, Dick Noel, George Roberts – trombone
Vincent DeRosa, David Duke, Bill Hinshaw – French horn
Ronnie Lang, Bud Shank – woodwinds
John Ellis – oboe
Tommy Morgan – harmonica
Ralph Grierson – piano
Carl Fortina – accordion
Tommy Tedesco, Howard Roberts, Bob Bain, Alton Hendrickson – guitar
Ray Brown – bass
Emil Richards, Larry Bunker, Joe Porcaro – percussion
Israel Baker – concert master
David Frisina, Anatol Kaminsky, Sam Freed, Marvin Limonick, Alexander Murray, Herman Clebanoff, Thelma Beach, Irma Neumann, James Getzoff, Dorothy Wade, Joseph Stepansky – violin
Dan Neufeld, Myra Kestenbaum, Robert Ostrowsky, Joseph Di Fiore – viola
Gloria Strassner, Edgar Lustgarten, Armand Kaproff, Justin Di Tullio – cello
Robert Helfer – orchestra manager
David Axelrod, H.B. Barnum, Dick Hazard – arranger
Lloyd Basham – orchestra manager
Unnamed orchestra conducted by Don Peake (tracks 2 & 10)
Hank Williams, Jr (track 2), The Mike Curb Congregation (track 7) – vocals

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the 2012 anime series Girls und Panzer, the film is referenced several times, including by supporting character Yukari Akiyama once calling herself "Sergeant Oddball"[21] and as reference material for urban tank-to-tank combat by the protagonist Rabbit Team. The latter reference is made during a slumber party when the girls are watching Kelly's Heroes on DVD, depicted by an animated version of the sequence in which Kelly and Oddball take out the second Tiger tank in the streets of Clermont.[22]

text: DVD[edit]

text: Kelly's Heroes was released to DVD by Warner Home Video on August 1, 2000, in a Region 1 widescreen DVD (one of several solo DVD's marketed as the Clint Eastwood Collection) and also to Blu-ray on June 1, 2010 as part of a double feature with Where Eagles Dare.