document_title: Paradise, California

question_text: how far is paradise ca from chico ca

question_tokens: how far is paradise ca from chico ca

text: Paradise, California

text: Geography[edit]

text: The town of Paradise is 10 miles (16 km) east of Chico and 85 miles (137 km) north of Sacramento. The population was 26,283 as of 2013,[8] down from 26,408 at the 2000 census.

text: It spreads out on a wide ridge between deep canyons formed by the west branch of the Feather River to the east and Butte Creek to the west. The Paradise area extends northward from Paradise to include the unincorporated town of Magalia, and such smaller communities as Stirling City, eleven miles north. Elevation of the town is 1,778 feet (542 m), according to the GNIS.[10] The town is approximately eight miles east of the city of Chico, and ten miles north of the Oroville area.

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 18.3 square miles (47 km2), over 99% of it land.

text: Soils are mostly well drained reddish brown loam, gravelly in some cases and often grading to clay loam or clay with increasing depth. They have developed on volcanic material. Paradiso is by far the most common soil series in town.[11]

text: History[edit]

text: The first post office was established at Paradise in 1877; it closed for a time in 1911, but was re-established later that year, when the post office at Orloff was closed.[12] Paradise incorporated in 1979.[12] For many years, the Butte County Railroad operated trains along the ridge, serving mines and sawmills.

text: A legend persists that the town was named because it was the home of the Pair o' Dice Saloon, an idea supported by the fact than an official 1900 railroad map referred to the town as "Paradice". However, according to folklorist Barbara Mikkelson of Snopes.com, there is no documentation of such an establishment, nor an explanation of how the map's spelling of the town originated. Gene Sylva, a former mayor of the nearby town of Oroville, has stated that the saloon story is false, and that the true etymology of the town's name is traced to his great-great-grandfather, William Pierce Leonard, who named the town on a summer day in 1864, after a hot and dusty ride from the Sacramento Valley. Arriving at his sawmill while the staff were on break, Leonard "took a deep breath of the cool, clean air, and exclaimed, 'Boys, this is paradise.'" Mikkelson, however, suggests that Sylva's explanation may also be "pleasingly inventive historical fiction", but surmises that the town was probably named for it being a pleasant place to live.[13]

text: Humboldt and Camp Fires[edit]

text: In June 2008, a wildfire, named the "Humboldt Fire" for its point of origin, swept over 22,800 acres (92 km2) of land between Chico and Paradise. As many as 9300 people were forced to evacuate southwestern Paradise until the fire could be brought under control.[14] Also in July 2008 another fire, the Camp Fire, burned on the northern side of Paradise in the canyon where the Feather River is located. Again, thousands were evacuated from their homes, but the fire failed to cross the river.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Paradise has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) according to the Köppen climate classification system.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Paradise (1957-2012)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
79
(26)
81
(27)
83
(28)
90
(32)
101
(38)
106
(41)
108
(42)
113
(45)
108
(42)
100
(38)
90
(32)
79
(26)
113
(45)

Average high °F (°C)
53.8
(12.1)
56.5
(13.6)
60
(16)
66
(19)
74.8
(23.8)
84.1
(28.9)
91.7
(33.2)
90.5
(32.5)
85.2
(29.6)
74.2
(23.4)
60.6
(15.9)
53.8
(12.1)
70.9
(21.6)

Average low °F (°C)
38.1
(3.4)
40.4
(4.7)
42.4
(5.8)
45.8
(7.7)
51.8
(11)
58.7
(14.8)
64.4
(18)
63.4
(17.4)
59.7
(15.4)
52.3
(11.3)
43.6
(6.4)
38.1
(3.4)
49.9
(9.9)

Record low °F (°C)
18
(−8)
17
(−8)
25
(−4)
23
(−5)
32
(0)
40
(4)
42
(6)
41
(5)
38
(3)
29
(−2)
26
(−3)
14
(−10)
14
(−10)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
10.46
(265.7)
9.07
(230.4)
7.95
(201.9)
4.09
(103.9)
1.87
(47.5)
0.7
(18)
0.08
(2)
0.23
(5.8)
0.79
(20.1)
3.13
(79.5)
6.88
(174.8)
9.58
(243.3)
54.84
(1,392.9)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
1.1
(2.8)
0.4
(1)
0.3
(0.8)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.4
(1)
2.2
(5.6)

Average precipitation days
12
11
12
8
5
2
0
1
2
5
10
11
79

Source: WRCC[15]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1960
8,268

—

1970
14,539

75.8%

1980
22,571

55.2%

1990
25,408

12.6%

2000
26,408

3.9%

2010
26,218

−0.7%

Est. 2016
26,551
[9]
1.3%

U.S. Decennial Census[16]

text: The 2010 United States Census[17] reported that Paradise had a population of 26,218. The population density was 1,430.9 people per square mile (552.5/km²). The racial makeup of Paradise was 24,129 (92.0%) White, 112 (0.4%) African American, 301 (1.1%) Native American, 330 (1.3%) Asian, 24 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 416 (1.6%) from other races, and 906 (3.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,836 persons (7.0%).

text: The Census reported that 25,810 people (98.4% of the population) lived in households, 139 (0.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 269 (1.0%) were institutionalized.

text: There were 11,893 households, out of which 2,574 (21.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 5,227 (44.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,308 (11.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 511 (4.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 742 (6.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 94 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 4,038 households (34.0%) were made up of individuals and 2,126 (17.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17. There were 7,046 families (59.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.73.

text: The population was spread out with 4,501 people (17.2%) under the age of 18, 1,858 people (7.1%) aged 18 to 24, 4,822 people (18.4%) aged 25 to 44, 8,466 people (32.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 6,571 people (25.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.2 years. For every 100 females there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.

text: There were 12,981 housing units at an average density of 708.5 per square mile (273.5/km²), of which 7,975 (67.1%) were owner-occupied, and 3,918 (32.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.9%. 17,381 people (66.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 8,429 people (32.1%) lived in rental housing units.

text: As of the census[18] of 2000, there were 26,408 people, 11,591 households, and 7,244 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,447.1 people per square mile (558.7/km²). There were 12,374 housing units at an average density of 678.1 per square mile (261.8/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 93.73% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 1.07% Native American, 1.04% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 1.21% from other races, and 2.64% from two or more races. 4.27% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

text: There were 11,591 households out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.77.

text: In the town the population was spread out with 20.4% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 27.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

text: The median income for a household in the town was $31,863, and the median income for a family was $41,228. Males had a median income of $35,419 versus $25,231 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,267. About 9.7% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.

text: Government[edit]

text: Health care[edit]

text: The State of California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development defines Feather River Hospital as a General Acute Care Hospital in Paradise with Basic emergency care as of August 22, 2006. The facility is located at (NAD83) latitude/longitude 39°45′25″N 121°34′16″W / 39.75694°N 121.57111°W / 39.75694; -121.57111.

text: Education[edit]

text:
Paradise is served by Paradise Unified School District as well as several independent Charter and Private Schools.
PUSD schools include:

text:
Cedarwood Elementary School (K-5)
Paradise Elementary School (K-5)
Ponderosa Elementary School (K-5)
Pine Ridge School (K-8)
Paradise Intermediate School (6-8)
Paradise High School (9-12)
Ridgeview High School (continuation)
Honey Run Academy Elementary & Secondary (2 community day schools)
Children's Community Charter School (K-8)
Paradise Charter Middle School (6 -8)
HomeTech Charter School (K -12)

text: Other Paradise Schools include:

text:
Achieve Charter School,
Paradise Adventist Academy,
Paradise Elearning Charter (Online 9-12)
Butte Community College

text: Transportation[edit]

text: There are not many options for transportation within Paradise other than driving an automobile. The Paradise/Magalia area is served by the "B line" Butte County Transit. Butte Community College also runs bus service for students.

text: Paradise's link with Chico, Skyway Road (referred to locally as simply "Skyway"), begins in the Sacramento Valley, at the Highway 99 freeway in Chico, and runs up the ridge as a 4-lane divided highway until it reaches Paradise. Through the town it is a four-lane undivided highway, and it becomes a two-lane road as it continues up the Sierra's ridge to Magalia and numerous smaller communities to the north. Paradise is connected to Oroville via Highway 191, otherwise known as Clark Road upon entering the town.

text: The Paradise Memorial Trail is a paved pedestrian and bicycle path which runs through town on the path of the former railroad tracks leading up the ridge. However, aside from points along this path, the very hilly terrain of the town, coupled with the large spacing of commercial areas and large land area make Paradise difficult to navigate on foot or on a bicycle, in addition to the lack of sidewalks.

text: Paradise Skypark (FAA identifier: Q88) is an airport located parallel to State Route 191 and south of the town at 39°42′38″N 121°36′59″W / 39.71056°N 121.61639°W / 39.71056; -121.61639.

text: Media[edit]

text: Eclectic Internet radio station Radio Paradise webcasts from Paradise.

text: The local newspaper is the Paradise Post.[19]

text: Scenes from Gone with the Wind were filmed in Paradise off of Stark Lane.[citation needed] Paradise was also used in the comic strip "Pickles", by Brian Crane, on June 22, 2011.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Actress Carla Gugino moved to Paradise with her mother at the age of 5.[20]
Norton Buffalo died in Paradise on 30 October 2009.[21]
Old West legend Luther Kelly resided in Paradise for the last 13 years of his life.
NFL wide receiver Jeff Maehl is from Paradise.
Musician Richard Campbell grew up in Paradise, graduated from Paradise High School in 1977, and went on to perform with Natalie Cole, Three Dog Night, Dave Mason, Edgar Winter and America.[22]


document_title: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

question_text: is harry potter and the cursed child a book or script

root

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

text: Plot[edit]

text: Act 1[edit]

text: In the opening scene, set during the epilogue of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in the year 2017, Harry Potter and Ginny Potter send their second son, Albus Severus Potter, on the Hogwarts Express to begin his first year at Hogwarts. Harry is now working in a desk job as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic, while Ginny is the editor of the sports section of The Daily Prophet. Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also send their daughter Rose Granger-Weasley on the train. Hermione is now Minister of Magic, while Ron manages Weasley's Wizard Wheezes in Diagon Alley. Albus makes an unlikely friend in Scorpius Malfoy, the son of Harry's former nemesis Draco Malfoy and Astoria (née Greengrass). The school is stunned when, in a break with the tradition of Potters being sorted into Gryffindor, Albus is sorted into Slytherin alongside Scorpius.

tag: p

text: Both boys are bullied by other students over the next few years, Albus due to his perceived failure to live up to his parents, Scorpius due to unproven rumours that he is the son of Lord Voldemort. In addition, Albus and Harry begin to drift apart, owing to Albus's struggles with his father's shadow and Harry's uncertainty on how to deal with his son's issues. Albus also drifts apart from Rose, with whom he was friends before meeting Scorpius and was sorted into Gryffindor. Prior to Albus and Scorpius's fourth year, Albus gets into a fight with his father after he is given Harry's baby blanket and a love potion from Ron. During the fight, Harry accidentally says that he sometimes wishes Albus was not his son, and Albus spills potion on the blanket.

text: Harry obtains a prototype of a more powerful version of the Time-Turner, built by a Slytherin contemporary of Harry's, Theodore Nott, that allows one to travel back several years into the past and change history. Simultaneously, Harry's scar begins to hurt again, causing him to become concerned that Voldemort may somehow be returning. Amos Diggory, who has become old and is cared for by his niece, Delphi Diggory, asks Harry to use the Time-Turner to prevent the death of his son, Cedric Diggory. After overhearing Harry refuse to help the Diggorys, Albus is inspired to do so himself and convinces Scorpius to help him. The two escape from the Hogwarts Express and the trolley operator, who is revealed to be a monster placed on the train to prevent students from escaping. The two arrive at St. Oswald's Home for Old Witches and Wizards in Yorkshire, where Amos lives, and team up with Delphi to steal the Time-Turner from Hermione's office, in the Ministry of Magic, while disguised with Polyjuice Potion.

text: Act 2[edit]

text: Knowing that Cedric's death was the result of him winning the Triwizard Tournament alongside Harry, the boys use the Time-Turner to travel back to the first challenge of the Triwizard Tournament in 1994 and sabotage Cedric during the tournament's first task in the hope of preventing his victory. Instead, they only succeed in creating an alternate reality in which Ron and Hermione never married, and thus Rose was never born, and Albus was sorted into Gryffindor. Albus discovers that this was because they chose to disguise themselves as Durmstrang students, causing Hermione to become suspicious of Viktor Krum and go to the Yule Ball with Ron instead of Viktor. As a result, Ron never experienced the jealousy fundamental to his relationship with Hermione, fell in love with Padma Patil at the Ball, and eventually became married to her, having a son named Panju. Hermione, in turn, became a frustrated and mean professor at Hogwarts, teaching Defense Against the Dark Arts.

text: At around the same time, Harry's fear that Voldemort may return increases as his scar continues to hurt and as he has Voldemort-related nightmares. After speaking with a portrait of Dumbledore, and being told by centaur Bane that a "dark cloud" is around Albus, he becomes convinced that Scorpius is a threat to Albus and tries to have the boys kept apart at Hogwarts by forcing a reluctant Minerva McGonagall, now Headmistress of Hogwarts, to keep tabs on Albus using the Marauder's Map, threatening to shut down the school otherwise.

text: Albus and Scorpius's friendship is destroyed, but the two eventually reconcile after Albus steals Harry's old Invisibility Cloak from James Sirius (Albus’ older brother), and after McGonagall refuses to enforce Harry's request. Harry himself is persuaded to relent after a conversation with Draco and Ginny. Meanwhile, Albus and Scorpius decide to make another attempt to use the Time-Turner to change Cedric's fate, this time by humiliating him during the Triwizard Tournament's second task. When Scorpius returns to the present day, however, Albus is not with him, and Scorpius finds himself in a reality in which Harry is dead, and Lord Voldemort rules the wizarding world.

text: Act 3[edit]

text: Scorpius discovers that – as a result of his actions – an embittered Cedric joined the Death Eaters and killed Neville Longbottom during the events of Deathly Hallows, preventing him from killing Nagini and allowing Voldemort to win the Battle of Hogwarts. With Harry now dead, Albus subsequently never existed, while Voldemort was able to completely consolidate power and transform the Ministry of Magic into a dictatorial regime. In the new timeline, Scorpius became a popular Head Boy and Quidditch star, helping the staff and students torment Muggle-borns. Dolores Umbridge became the new Headmistress of Hogwarts, and patrols the school with Dementors and a revived Inquisitorial Squad led by Scorpius. Draco Malfoy occupies Harry's old position as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement, using his post to encourage routine attacks on Muggles and bribe the Prime Minister to remain silent on the actions of the Death Eaters.

text: A powerful dark figure called "The Augurey" leads the Ministry of Magic. With help from Ron, Hermione, and Severus Snape, now the final members of a dwindling anti-Voldemort resistance movement, Scorpius is able to use the Time-Turner to prevent the interference of Albus and his past self and restore the events of the original timeline, the alternate Ron, Hermione, and Snape sacrificing themselves to the Dementors in order to allow him to do so. Scorpius reunites with Albus, and the two boys are eventually found by their parents, as well as Ron and Hermione. Following these events, Harry scolds Albus for his actions, but the two nevertheless begin to reconcile.

text: Realising the danger the Time-Turner poses and deciding their parents will continue to keep it (as Hermonie had done in the Ministry of Magic), Scorpius and Albus attempt to destroy it themselves, but they are joined by Delphi Diggory. Scorpius realizes that Delphi was in charge of the Ministry of Magic in the alternate timeline (from her tattoo of the wings of a magical bird, which she says is called an Augurey), and she takes them captive, later revealing her intention of restoring the alternate timeline.

text: After the adults learn Albus and Scorpius were seen disappearing with Delphi, they confront Amos, only to discover Delphi is not his niece, but the daughter of Lord Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange. Delphi had placed Amos under a "confundus" charm. Searching her room, they discover she is following a prophecy that, if fulfilled, would lead to Lord Voldemort's return. Delphi takes the boys to the final challenge of the Triwizard Tournament, but Albus and Scorpius prevent her from acting, and Delphi uses the Time-Turner again to travel further back in time. She inadvertently takes the boys with her and then destroys the Time-Turner to leave them all stranded in time.

text: Act 4[edit]

text: Abandoned by Delphi, Albus and Scorpius discover they have been taken back to the night Harry's parents were killed at Godric's Hollow (30 October 1981), and assume Delphi is planning to kill Harry before Voldemort attempts to so (and which severely weakens Voldemort). Albus and Scorpius write an invisible message on Harry's baby blanket, knowing in the present (which is now also the night of the anniversary of the death of Harry's parents, when he often looks for his blanket as it is the only physical memento he has), the blanket would become stained with love potion and expose the message to Harry.

text: Meanwhile, Draco reveals the Time-Turner was actually a prototype for a perfected model owned by him (it was made for his father), but they remain unable to rescue the boys due to their uncertainty over which time period they have entered. After Harry receives the message from the boys, he and his allies use Draco's Time-Turner to travel back in time to save them and stop Delphi. While waiting for Delphi, they deduce she intends to convince Voldemort to abandon his doomed attempt to kill Harry, ensuring her father's survival and allowing her to be with him.

text: Harry disguises himself as Voldemort using Transfiguration to distract Delphi, and after a struggle, the group manages to subdue her. Rather than killing Delphi, it is decided that she will be brought to Azkaban Prison. Lord Voldemort then appears and is oblivious to the presence of Harry and the group. The group allows the murder of Harry's parents to play out again, unwilling to risk the consequences of altering the past.

text: They all stand with Harry to watch the sad event replay. After returning to the present day, Delphi is sent to Azkaban. Albus and Scorpius now decide to be more active at Hogwarts, with Scorpius expressing interest in trying out for Quidditch and asking Rose on a date. Harry and Albus visit Cedric's grave, with Harry apologizing for his role in Cedric's death. Albus has also witnessed the death of a fellow student Craig Bowker Jr (the only current timeline murder in the play), who tried to intervene when Delphi held Albus and Scorpius captive on the Quidditch pitch.

text: Background[edit]

text: In December 2013, it was revealed that a stage play based on Harry Potter had been in development for around a year,[3] with the view to bringing it to the stage sometime in 2016.[4] At the time of the announcement, Rowling revealed that the play would "explore the previously untold story of Harry's early years as an orphan and outcast".[5] The following May, Rowling began establishing the creative team for the project.[6]

text: On 26 June 2015, the project was officially confirmed under the title of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child,[7] and it was revealed it would receive its world premiere in mid-2016 at London's Palace Theatre.[8] The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone,[9] published on 26 June 1997.[10]

text: On announcing plans for the project, Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel.[11] In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel, Rowling has stated that she "is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story".[12] Rowling has also assured audiences that the play will contain an entirely new story and will not be a rehashing of previously explored content.[13] On 24 September 2015, Rowling announced that the play had been split into two parts.[14] The parts are designed to be viewed on the same day or consecutively over two evenings.[15][16]

text: On 23 October 2015, it was confirmed the plays were set nineteen years after the conclusion of the final novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,[17] and would open at London's Palace Theatre in July 2016.[18] The plays principally follow Harry, now Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement, and his younger son Albus Severus Potter.[19] As of 22 July 2016, little more had been revealed about the plot even by those who had attended the previews since 7 June.[20]

text: #KeepTheSecrets[edit]

text: The producers, and Rowling, have maintained a campaign called #KeepTheSecrets, to ask people who have seen the play not to reveal its major twists. The slogan is printed on the tickets for the play and badges with the slogan are handed out for free during intervals. People buying their tickets online are emailed a video after the play from J.K. Rowling asking to support the campaign.[21]

text: Productions[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, a two-part play, was written by British playwright Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne, John Tiffany and Rowling. Some websites were listing all three as authors of the script[22] but by 26 July 2016, the official web site for the play[23] and many others (including the BBC)[24] were listing Thorne as the sole script writer.

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is directed by John Tiffany[25][26] with choreography by Steven Hoggett,[27] set design by Christine Jones,[28] costume design by Katrina Lindsay,[29] lighting design by Neil Austin,[30] music by Imogen Heap,[31] and sound design by Gareth Fry.[32] In addition, special effects were created by Jeremy Chernick,[33] with illusions by Jamie Harrison, and musical supervision by Martin Lowe.[34]

text: West End[edit]

text: Previews at the West End Palace Theatre, London began on 7 June 2016,[2] with the official opening night for both parts on 30 July,[35] and originally booking until 18 September 2016.[36] Tickets went on sale to pre-registered priority bookers on 28 October 2015, with a public sale scheduled to commence on 30 October.[37] In just under 8 hours of priority booking 175,000 tickets were sold for the world premiere production,[38] with the play's booking period extended to January 2017.[39] On commencement of the public sale booking was extended until 30 April 2017,[40] with a further extension issued the same day to 27 May 2017.[41]

text: Tickets for the opening performance were priced from £30 up to £130 for a ticket for both parts,[42] although ticket resale agencies were selling seats for up to £3,000.[38] Ticket resale has been banned by the producers, with tickets no longer valid if sold on.[43] In mid-July 2016, the theatre began holding a ticket lottery at 1 pm each Friday, releasing 40 for sale on their website for “some of the best seats” in the theatre for the lowest price, advertised at £20 per part. For example, the "Friday Forty" tickets sold on 29 July 2016 were for performances on 3, 5, 6, and 7 August.[44]

text: On 20 December 2015, initial casting was announced with Jamie Parker playing Harry Potter, Noma Dumezweni playing Hermione Granger and Paul Thornley playing Ron Weasley.[45][46][47] The casting of the dark-skinned Noma Dumezweni as Hermione sparked fervent discussion, to which Rowling responded that Hermione's skin was never specified as white.[48][49] Further notable casting includes Poppy Miller as Ginny Potter, Alex Price as Draco Malfoy, Sam Clemmett as Albus Severus Potter and Anthony Boyle as Scorpius Malfoy.[50] The production features an overall cast of 42.[51][52]

text: Broadway[edit]

text: The production began previews on 16 March 2018 and opened on 22 April 2018 at the Lyric Theatre. Clemmett, Boyle, Dumezweni, Miller, Parker, Price and Thornley reprised their roles.[53][54] The theatre removed 400 seats from the auditorium and moved the entrance to 43rd Street[55]. The production is produced by Sonia Friedman Productions, Sir Colin Callender, and Harry Potter Theatrical Productions. The initial ticket block went on sale through Ticketmaster Verified Fan on 18 October 2017 for performances from 16 March through 18 November 2018.[56] The New York Times estimates that it is the most expensive non-musical Broadway play ever, incurring $68 million in opening costs.[57]

text: Melbourne[edit]

text: On 24 October 2017, the Michael Cassel Group announced that it will be producing the Australian premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The production will begin performances early 2019 in Melbourne's Princess Theatre.[58] No casting or ticketing information has been announced.

text: Cast and principal roles[edit]

text:
Character
Original West End Cast[59]
(2016–2017)
Original Broadway Cast[60]
(2018)

Harry Potter
Jamie Parker

Ron Weasley
Paul Thornley

Hermione Granger
Noma Dumezweni

Ginny Potter
Poppy Miller

Draco Malfoy
Alex Price

Albus Severus Potter
Sam Clemmett

Scorpius Malfoy
Anthony Boyle

Rose Granger-Weasley
Cherrelle Skeete
Susan Heyward

Young Hermione

Delphi Diggory
Esther Smith
Jessie Fisher

Craig Bowker Jr.
Jeremy Ang Jones
Joshua DeJesus

Moaning Myrtle
Annabel Baldwin
Lauren Nicole Cipoletti

Lily Potter Sr.

Polly Chapman
Claudia Grant
Madeline Weinstein

Vernon Dursley
Paul Bentall
Byron Jennings

Severus Snape

Lord Voldemort

Rubeus Hagrid
Chris Jarman
Brian Abraham

Sorting Hat

Yann Fredericks
James Le Lacheur
Jess Barbagallo

Petunia Dursley
Helena Lymbery
Kathryn Meisle

Madam Hooch

Dolores Umbridge

Amos Diggory
Barry McCarthy
Edward James Hyland

Albus Dumbledore

Trolley Witch
Sandy McDade
Geraldine Hughes

Minerva McGonagall

Cedric Diggory
Tom Milligan
Benjamin Wheelwright

James Sirius Potter

James Potter Sr.

Dudley Dursley
Jack North
Joey LaBrasca

Karl Jenkins

Viktor Krum

Bane
Nuno Silva
David St. Louis

Young Harry Potter
Rudi Goodman
Alfred Jones
Bili Keogh
Ewan Rutherford
Nathaniel Smith
Dylan Standen
Will Coombs
Landon Maas

Lily Luna Potter
Zoe Brough
Cristina Fray
Christiana Hutchings
Olivia Bond
Brooklyn Shuck

tag: table

text: West End cast replacements[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In May 2017, Jamie Glover took over from Jamie Parker as Harry Potter, while Emma Lowndes will play his wife Ginny Potter. Thomas Aldridge is to play Ron Weasley, replacing Paul Thornley, while Rakie Ayola will play Hermione Granger, replacing Noma Dumezweni. Annabel Baldwin, previously playing Moaning Myrtle will take over from Esther Smith as Delphi.

text: Original cast members Helen Aluko and James Howard play Rose Granger-Weasley and Draco Malfoy respectively. Samuel Blenkin and Theo Ancient made their professional debut, playing Scorpius Malfoy and Albus Potter, respectively.

text: The lead cast are joined by new cast members David Annen, Ruthxjiah Bellenea, Danny Dalton, Leah Haile, Rupert Henderson, Elizabeth Hill, April Hughes, James McGregor, Sarah Miele, Jordan Paris, James Phoon, Henry Rundle, Ged Simmons, Mark Theodore, Gideon Turner and Ed White.

text: Original cast members who will continue include Nicola Alexis, Rosemary Annabella, Phoebe Austen, Annabel Baldwin, Jabez Cheeseman, Morag Cross, Esme Grace, Lowri James, Martin Johnston, Alfred Jones, Barry McCarthy, Sandy McDade, Tom Mackley, Harrison Noble, Ben Roberts, Nuno Silva, Hope Sizer and Joshua Wyatt.

text: The second cast took over on 24 May 2017, with the original cast having their final performance on 21 May 2017.[61]

text: The third cast took over on 23 May 2018.

text: Script publication[edit]

text: Editions[edit]

text:
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

Special Rehearsal Edition cover

Author
Jack Thorne (script)
J. K. Rowling, John Tiffany & Jack Thorne (story)

Country
United Kingdom

Language
English

Series
Harry Potter

Genre
Fantasy, Drama

Published
31 July 2016 (Special Rehearsal Edition)
25 July 2017 (Definitive Collector's Edition)

Publisher

Little, Brown and Company (UK)
Scholastic (US)
Pottermore (digital)

Publication date

31 July 2016

Pages
328 (Special Rehearsal Edition)
321 (Definitive Collector's Edition)

ISBN
978-1-338-09913-3 (US); 978-0-7515-6535-5 (UK)

text: Both parts of the stage play's script have been released in print and digital formats as Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II.[62][63]

text: The first edition, entitled "Special Rehearsal Edition", corresponded to the script used in the preview shows and was scheduled to be published on 31 July 2016,[64] the date of Harry's birthday in the series and Rowling's birthday, as well.[65] Since revisions to the script continued after the book was printed, an edited version was released on 25 July 2017, as the "Definitive Collector's Edition".[66] According to CNN, this was the most preordered book of 2016.[67]

text: Sales[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, the book sold over 2 million copies in its first two days of release.[68] 847,885 copies were sold during the book's first week of release in the United Kingdom. By June 2017, the book had sold over 4.5 million copies in the United States.[69]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child has received critical acclaim. Audiences and critics have complimented the casting and performances, while many debate the quality of the piece and how it compares to entries in the main Harry Potter series.

text: Publications awarding five star ratings included The Independent, the London Evening Standard, The Stage and WhatsOnStage.com.[70][71][72][73] The Telegraph also gave five, although "there are some quibbles," while The Guardian's Michael Billington awarded four stars.[74][75]

text: Anthony Boyle's performance as Scorpius Malfoy garnered particular acclaim. WhatsOnStage.com wrote that "Boyle gives a career-making performance," while The Wall Street Journal described him as "the break-out performance".[73][76] Variety's critic, Matt Trueman, agreed, writing, "it's Boyle who really stands out", and both Trueman and Henry Hitchings, in the Evening Standard, noted that his performance was sure to be a fan favourite.[71][77]

text: Response within the Harry Potter fandom[edit]

text: The response to the play from the Harry Potter fandom was mixed. Some fans said the story seemed "like a work of fan fiction" and claimed that it diverged from previously established rules of the universe, criticising the script's characterisation.[78][79][80] Some also took issue with the style and plot of the script, complaining that the Time-Turner storylines had already been used, as had Cedric Diggory's death, and that the writers were rehashing old storylines.[81][82] These criticisms have led some of the fandom to reject the play as separate from the Potter canon.[83] Some potential “plot holes” in the story have been highlighted, such as the likelihood of Lord Voldemort's infertility, the speed at which Polyjuice Potion is created, the unexplained non-operation of the Fidelius Charm,[84][85] and Cedric Diggory's dramatic turn to becoming a Death Eater.[86][87]

text: However, some fans responded positively to the play and its characters, with Scorpius Malfoy being particularly popular.[88] Some fans commented that the dialogue between the familiar characters was "spot on",[89] celebrating it as a faithful continuation of the books.[90][91] Others have noted that the play sheds light on some of the relationships between the characters, such as Harry and Dumbledore's.[92] The response had been particularly positive among fans who watched the play on stage.[93]

text: Who is the Cursed Child?[edit]

text: The play never explicitly states who the "Cursed Child" is. There are several possible answers, including Delphi who is cursed by her parentage, Harry himself whose difficult childhood is the subject of several flashbacks in the play and who must accept and relive the death of his parents to conquer Lord Voldemort, Albus who at one stage Harry says he wished "was not his son" and can do no right in this father's eyes being "cursed" by the Potter reputation, Scorpius who is rumoured to be Lord Voldemort's child and whose mother dies during the play, and Cedric Diggory whose tragic death is a focus of the play, and whose death is also finally accepted as a necessary condition for future peace.[94]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Original London Production[edit]

text:
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

2016
Evening Standard Theatre Awards
Best Play
Won

Best Director
John Tiffany
Nominated

Best Design
Christine Jones
Nominated

Emerging Talent Award
Anthony Boyle
Nominated

Critics' Circle Theatre Awards
Best Director
John Tiffany
Won

Best Designer
Christine Jones
Won

Most Promising Newcomer
Anthony Boyle
Won

2017
WhatsOnStage Awards
Best New Play
Won

Best Actor in a Play
Jamie Parker
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Play
Anthony Boyle
Won

Paul Thornley
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Play
Poppy Miller
Nominated

Noma Dumezweni
Won

Best Direction
John Tiffany
Won

Best Costume Design
Katrina Lindsay
Nominated

Best Set Design
Christine Jones
Won

Best Lighting Design
Neil Austin
Won

Best Video Design
Finn Ross and Ash Woodward
Won

Laurence Olivier Awards
Best New Play
Won

Best Director
John Tiffany
Won

Best Actor
Jamie Parker
Won

Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Noma Dumezweni
Won

Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Anthony Boyle
Won

Best Costume Design
Katrina Lindsay
Won

Best Set Design
Christine Jones
Won

Best Sound Design
Gareth Fry
Won

Best Lighting Design
Neil Austin
Won

Best Theatre Choreographer
Steven Hoggett
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Music
Imogen Heap
Nominated

2018
WhatsOnStage Awards
Best West End Show
Won

Best Show Poster
Won

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

2018
Tony Awards
Best Play
Won
[95][96]

Best Actor in a Play
Jamie Parker
Nominated

Best Featured Actor in a Play
Anthony Boyle
Nominated

Best Featured Actress in a Play
Noma Dumezweni
Nominated

Best Direction of a Play
John Tiffany
Won

Best Choreography
Steven Hoggett
Nominated

Best Scenic Design in a Play
Christine Jones
Won

Best Costume Design in a Play
Katrina Lindsay
Won

Best Lighting Design in a Play
Neil Austin
Won

Best Sound Design in a Play
Gareth Fry
Won

Drama Desk Awards
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play
Anthony Boyle
Nominated
[97]

Outstanding Director of a Play
John Tiffany
Won

Outstanding Music in a Play
Imogen Heap
Won

Outstanding Costume Design for a Play
Katrina Lindsay
Nominated

Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play
Neil Austin
Won

Outstanding Projection Design
Finn Ross and Ash Woodward
Won

Outstanding Sound Design in a Play
Gareth Fry
Won

Outstanding Wig and Hair
Carole Hancock
Nominated

Outer Critics Circle Awards
Outstanding New Broadway Play
Won
[98]

Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play
Anthony Boyle
Nominated

Outstanding New Score (Broadway or Off-Broadway)
Imogen Heap
Nominated

Outstanding Director of a Play
John Tiffany
Won

Outstanding Choreographer
Steven Hoggett
Nominated

Outstanding Scenic Design (Play or Musical)
Christine Jones
Won

Outstanding Costume Design (Play or Musical)
Katrina Lindsay
Nominated

Outstanding Lighting Design (Play or Musical)
Neil Austin
Won

Outstanding Projection Design (Play or Musical)
Finn Ross and Ash Woodward
Won

Outstanding Sound Design (Play or Musical)
Gareth Fry
Won

Drama League Awards
Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Play
Won
[99]

Distinguished Performance Award
Anthony Boyle
Nominated

Noma Dumezweni
Nominated


document_title: Fear of the dark

question_text: where does the fear of the dark come from

text: Fear of the dark

text: Fear of the Dark[edit]

text: Fear of the dark is usually not a fear of darkness itself, but a fear of possible or imagined dangers concealed by darkness.[1] Some degree of fear of the dark is natural, especially as a phase of child development.[2] Most observers report that fear of the dark seldom appears before the age of 2 years.[3] When fear of the dark reaches a degree that is severe enough to be considered pathological, it is sometimes called scotophobia (from σκότος – "darkness"), or lygophobia (from λυγή – "twilight").

text: Some researchers, beginning with Sigmund Freud, consider the fear of the dark to be a manifestation of separation anxiety disorder.[4]

text: An alternate theory was posited in the 1960s, when scientists conducted experiments in a search for molecules responsible for memory. In one experiment, rats, normally nocturnal animals, were conditioned to fear the dark and a substance called "scotophobin" was supposedly extracted from the rats' brains; this substance was claimed to be responsible for remembering this fear. These findings were subsequently debunked.[5]

text: Nyctophobia[edit]

text: Nyctophobia is a phobia characterized by a severe fear of the dark. It is triggered by the brain’s disfigured perception of what would, or could happen when in a dark environment. It can also be temporarily triggered if the mind is unsteady or scared about recent events or ideas, or a partaking in content the brain considers a threat (examples could include indulging in horror content, witnessing vulgar actions, or having linked dark environments to prior events or ideas that disturb the mind). Normally, since humans are not nocturnal by nature, humans are usually a bit more cautious or alert at night than in the day, since the dark is a vastly different environment. Nyctophobia produces symptoms beyond the normal instinctive parameters, such as breathlessness, excessive sweating, nausea, dry mouth, feeling sick, shaking, heart palpitations, inability to speak or think clearly or sensation of detachment from reality and death. Nyctophobia can be severely detrimental physically and mentally if these symptoms are not resolved. There are many types of therapies to help manage Nyctophobia. Exposure therapy can be very effective when exposing the person to darkness. With this method a therapist can help with relaxation strategies such as meditation. Another form of therapy is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Therapists can help guide patients with behavior routines that are performed daily and nightly to reduce the symptoms associated with Nyctophobia. In severe cases anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medication drugs can be effective to those dealing with symptoms that may not be manageable if therapy could not reduce the symptoms of Nyctophobia.

text: Despite its pervasive nature, there has been a lack of etiological research on the subject. Nyctophobia is generally observed in children but, according to J. Adrian Williams’ article titled, "Indirect Hypnotic Therapy of Nyctophobia: A Case Report", many clinics with pediatric patients have a great chance of having adults who have nyctophobia. The same article states that “the phobia has been known to be extremely disruptive to adult patients and… incapacitating”.[6]

text: The word nyctophobia comes from the Greek νυκτός, nyktos, genitive of νύξ, nyx, "night"[7] and φόβος, phobos, "fear".[8] The fear of darkness or night has several non-clinical terminologies—lygophobia, scotophobia and achluophobia.