document_title: Sign of the Times (Harry Styles song)

question_text: sign of the times harry styles video location

text: Sign of the Times (Harry Styles song)

text: Background and release[edit]

text: Early rumours about Styles going on a solo career sparkled in 2015, when it was reported that Sony Music wanted Styles to release a solo album during One Direction's hiatus.[5] By the end of 2015, four new songs written and performed by Styles were registered on the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) online database, which was believed to be for his potential debut solo album at the time.[6] Shortly after, Styles signed up with American agent Jeffrey Azoff and moved to Columbia Records.[7] In September 2016, Styles was in the cover of Another Magazine, which led the media to expect a new album in the future.[7]

text: In February 2017, chairman and CEO of Columbia Records, Rob Stringer, admitted that the album was close to finish and called it "authentic".[8] A month later, it was reported that the album sounded like David Bowie and Queen, while also being revealed that he worked on the album with only one producer, Jeff Bhasker. It was also hinted that the lead single would be released in late April or early May and it sounded "like it would be a smash in any decade".[9] In the same month, US radio host Elvis Duran accidentally revealed during his show that Styles' debut single would be released on 7 April 2017.[10] On 25 March, Styles teased the new single with a television ad during The Voice UK.[11] On 31 March, the singer revealed through social media that his single is titled "Sign of the Times".[12] On 7 April, the song premiered during Nick Grimshaw's breakfast show on BBC Radio 1.[13]

text: Composition[edit]

text: The song is a pop rock, soft rock, piano ballad.[1][14] According to a Billboard writer, it "folds in psychedelic soul, indie rock and spacey pop".[15] The "apocalyptic"[16] power ballad shows influences from 1970s British rock.[17] In an interview with Rolling Stone, Styles stated, "The song is written from a point of view as if a mother was giving birth to a child and there's a complication. The mother is told, 'The child is fine, but you're not going to make it.' The mother has five minutes to tell the child, 'Go forth and conquer.'"[18]

text: According to the song credits provided by Styles' label, the track was co-written by the song's producer, Jeff Bhasker, as well as his frequent collaborators and track co-producers Alex Salibian and Tyler Johnson. Songwriters also include Mitch Rowland, Ryan Nasci and Styles himself. Rowland played guitar and drums, Nasci the bass and Bhasker the piano, keyboard and lap steel parts. The track was recorded at Village Studios in Los Angeles and Geejam Hotel Recording Studio in Port Antonio, Jamaica. The song was mixed by Mark "Spike" Stent.[19]

text: Music video[edit]

text: Directed by Woodkid, the song's music video was released on 8 May.[20] It features Styles singing in a meadow, and soaring in the skies, walking on water. It was described to be Styles "auditioning to be Marvel Comics next superhero or in a new biblical epic". It was filmed on the Isle of Skye in Scotland.[21] The video's stunt pilot, Will Banks, stated that Styles flew more than 1,550 feet high during the shoot. Banks also claimed that no green screen or CGI effects were employed during filming.[22] A stunt double was used for some scenes.[23]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Billboard's Gil Kaufman wrote, "Every artist is an accumulation of their influences, and in [this song] they come fast and furious, as Styles appears to be both showing his range and making a clear effort to step boldly away from the manufactured, plastic pop of his past". Kaufman opined it "rakes in influences from Pink Floyd and David Bowie to Queen, Spacehog, Suede, Coldplay, The Beatles, Eric Carmen and Prince".[15] Also for Billboard, Jason Lipshutz wrote it is "resolute, determined, wholly committed to its messaging and sound, radio trends be damned. Although it wears its influences on its sleeve (Bowie) nothing about this single bends toward someone else’s expectations". He concluded saying the song "sounds effortless, but to arrive without any incomplete features is an accomplishment in a music industry where pop artists are expected to produce new music at an unsustainable rate".[24]

text: Tim Jonze of The Guardian described it as "a ballad, but not so much in the boyband style" and compared the song to the music of American indie rock band The Walkmen.[25] Jonze also addressed early rumors that the song would be influenced by the music of David Bowie, noting "If it is indeed Bowie-esque, then it’s the Bowie of Hunky Dory".[25] Jamieson Cox in Pitchfork felt the "skyscraping Bowie ballad" manages to sound like both fun.'s "We Are Young" and Coldplay's "The Scientist".[26] NPR's Ann Powers argued the song mirrors more closely "Britpop anthems" like Blur's "Tender" or The Verve's "Bittersweet Symphony" "than anything Bowie released in his prime".[27]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Brittany Spanos thought it "aligns much more with the Seventies-inspired pop-rock of One Direction's more recent albums like Made in the A.M.".[28] Anjali Raguraman from The Straits Times considered it the "strongest" track on the album, saying "the conviction of his delivery is beyond his years".[29]

text: In The Atlantic, Spencer Kornhaber wrote the song "continues with One Direction's po-mo project of recycling classic-rock sounds as bubblegum. But he’s now embracing such sounds with more abandon, less chirpiness, some trend bucking, and the kind of uplifting lyrics that nod to planetary anxiety". Kornhaber described the song opens with ballad piano, "encroaching" violins, and Styles "crooning in pain", "but then there’s the bwang of a guitar and the song rockets into an arena-rock reverie that feels so, so familiar to anyone who remembers the '90s but also so, so foreign to today’s landscape".[30]

text: In The Telegraph, Alice Vincent described it as a "swooning piano ballad with somewhat overdone production" and opined, "it is also... a little boring. A big, blousy singalong which shows off Styles's vocal prowess – especially with an unexpected, slightly yelping falsetto bridge – but isn't enormously fun".[14] Since it was released on the 30th anniversary of Prince's Sign o' the Times, Spin's Andy Cush commented, "it’s clear that this is Styles’s attempt to distinguish himself as an artist with real depth. But the music itself has almost nothing to do with Prince–instead, think Oasis, Elton John at his most bombastic, '70s John Lennon". Cush noted it "has only those three chords, and it goes straight for cruising altitude with an onslaught of cymbals and guitar on the first chorus, expecting you to be moved without pausing to consider why".[31]

text: Spin staff ranked it as the 13th best boy-band solo debut single.[32] Billboard staff considered it the 5th best song of the first semester of 2017.[33]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "Sign of the Times" reached number one on the UK Singles Chart with a combined sales of 62,900 units.[34] In its first week, it sold 39,000 downloads together with 3.5 million streams that give 23,472 equivalent units, pausing Ed Sheeran's run of 13 weeks at the top of the chart with "Shape of You".[35]

text: In the United States, the song debuted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. In its first week, it sold 142,000 copies (topping Digital Songs), earned 16.5 million streams and 23 million airplay impressions.[36]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: Styles performed the song on 15 April 2017 episode of Saturday Night Live's 42nd season.[37] On 21 April, Styles appeared on the BBC's The Graham Norton Show, for his first solo performance in his native UK.[38] He also performed the song on The Late Late Show with James Corden.[16] Styles performed the song on The Today Show on May 9.[39] He also performed it at The Garage in London, England on 13 May and at the Troubadour in West Hollywood, California on 19 May.[40] He performed it live on a French talk show, The Quotidien, on 26 April 2017.[41]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Argentina (Monitor Latino)[42]
10

Australia (ARIA)[43]
1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[44]
2

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[45]
8

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[46]
4

Brazil Hot 100 (Billboard)[47]
4

Brazil Hot Pop Songs (Billboard)[48]
20

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[49]
6

Canada AC (Billboard)[50]
7

Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[51]
14

Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[52]
6

Colombia (National-Report)[53]
83

Croatia (HRT)[54]
1

Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[55]
9

Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[56]
5

Denmark (Tracklisten)[57]
20

Finland Download (Latauslista)[58]
1

France (SNEP)[59]
3

Germany (Official German Charts)[60]
20

Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[61]
31

Hungary (Single Top 40)[62]
5

Iceland (RÚV)[63]
2

Ireland (IRMA)[64]
6

Italy (FIMI)[65]
9

Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)[66]
1

Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[67]
8

Malaysia (RIM)[68]
14

Mexico (Billboard Ingles Airplay)[69]
1

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[70]
16

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[71]
26

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[72]
6

Norway (VG-lista)[73]
20

Paraguay (Monitor Latino)[74]
13

Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)[75]
52

Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[76]
1

Portugal (AFP)[77]
6

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[78]
1

Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[79]
5

Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[80]
2

Slovenia (SloTop50)[81]
15

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[82]
4

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[83]
15

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[84]
4

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[85]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[86]
4

US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[87]
25

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[88]
21

US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[89]
12

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[90]
12

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[91]
2× Platinum
140,000^

Austria (IFPI Austria)[92]
Gold
15,000*

Belgium (BEA)[93]
Platinum
30,000*

Canada (Music Canada)[94]
Platinum
80,000^

Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[95]
Gold
30,000^

France (SNEP)[96]
Gold
75,000*

Germany (BVMI)[97]
Gold
200,000^

Italy (FIMI)[98]
Platinum
50,000

Mexico (AMPROFON)[99]
Gold
30,000*

New Zealand (RMNZ)[100]
Gold
15,000*

Poland (ZPAV)[101]
Platinum
20,000*

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[102]
Gold
20,000^

Sweden (GLF)[103]
Platinum
40,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[104]
Gold
400,000

United States (RIAA)[105]
Gold
500,000

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone


document_title: Genesis 1:1

question_text: what are the first 3 words of the bible

question_tokens: what are the first 3 words of the bible

root

text: Genesis 1:1

text: Hebrew text[edit]

text:
Genesis 1:1–5

Genesis 1 verses 1–5 sung in Hebrew as a cantillation

Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: In the Masoretic Text the verse consists of 7 words and 28 letters and is as follows:

tag: p

text:
Vocalized: בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ
Transliterated: Bereshit bara Elohim et hashamayim ve'et ha'aretz.

tag: ul

text: The first word is b'reishit, or bereishit (בְּרֵאשִׁית). The definite article (i.e., the Hebrew equivalent of "the") is missing, but implied. The complete word literally means "in [the] beginning [of]". The same construction is found elsewhere in the Hebrew bible, usually dealing with the beginning of a reign.[1]

text: The second word is the Hebrew verb bara (ברא) ("([he] created/creating"). It is in the masculine form, so that "he" is implied. A peculiarity of this verb is that it is always used with God as its subject,[citation needed] meaning that only God can "bara"; it is the characteristic verb for God's creative activity in Genesis 1. "Bara" is also used in Genesis 2 verses 3 and 4. John Walton claims that the meaning of "bara" is not "create" in the modern sense, but to differentiate/separate and to allocate roles – e.g., in the creation of Adam and Eve, God allocates gender roles to "male and female".[2]

text: Elohim (אלהים) is the generic word for God, whether the God of Israel or the gods of other nations. It is used throughout Genesis 1, and contrasts with the phrase Elohim YHWH, "God YHWH", introduced in Genesis 2.

text: Et (אֵת) is a particle used in front of the direct object of a verb; in this case, it indicates that "the heavens and the earth" is what is being created. The word ha preceding shamayim (heavens) and aretz (earth) is the definite article, equivalent to the English word "the".

text: English translation[edit]

text: Genesis 1:1–2 can be translated into English in at least three ways:

text:
As a statement that the cosmos had an absolute beginning (In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth).
As a statement describing the condition of the world when God began creating (When in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth, the earth was untamed and shapeless).
Taking all of Genesis 1:2 as background information (When in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth, the earth being untamed and shapeless, God said, Let there be light!).[3]

tag: ol

text: The idea that God created the universe out of nothing (creatio ex nihilo) has become central to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, but it is not found directly in Genesis, nor in the entire Hebrew Bible, and is not the preferred option.[4][2][5] The Priestly authors of Genesis 1, writing around 500–400 BCE, had been concerned not with the origins of matter (the material which God formed into the habitable cosmos), but with the fixing of destinies. This was still the situation in the early 2nd century CE, although early Christian scholars were beginning to see a tension between the idea of world-formation and the omnipotence of God. By the beginning of the 3rd century this tension was resolved, world-formation was overcome, and creation ex nihilo had become a fundamental tenet of Christian theology.[6]


document_title: OLED

question_text: when did the first oled tv come out

question_tokens: when did the first oled tv come out

text: OLED

text: History[edit]

text: André Bernanose and co-workers at the Nancy-Université in France made the first observations of electroluminescence in organic materials in the early 1950s. They applied high alternating voltages in air to materials such as acridine orange, either deposited on or dissolved in cellulose or cellophane thin films. The proposed mechanism was either direct excitation of the dye molecules or excitation of electrons.[5][6][7][8]

text: In 1960 Martin Pope and some of his co-workers at New York University developed ohmic dark-injecting electrode contacts to organic crystals.[9][10][11] They further described the necessary energetic requirements (work functions) for hole and electron injecting electrode contacts. These contacts are the basis of charge injection in all modern OLED devices. Pope's group also first observed direct current (DC) electroluminescence under vacuum on a single pure crystal of anthracene and on anthracene crystals doped with tetracene in 1963[12] using a small area silver electrode at 400 volts. The proposed mechanism was field-accelerated electron excitation of molecular fluorescence.

text: Pope's group reported in 1965[13] that in the absence of an external electric field, the electroluminescence in anthracene crystals is caused by the recombination of a thermalized electron and hole, and that the conducting level of anthracene is higher in energy than the exciton energy level. Also in 1965, W. Helfrich and W. G. Schneider of the National Research Council in Canada produced double injection recombination electroluminescence for the first time in an anthracene single crystal using hole and electron injecting electrodes,[14] the forerunner of modern double-injection devices. In the same year, Dow Chemical researchers patented a method of preparing electroluminescent cells using high-voltage (500–1500 V) AC-driven (100–3000 Hz) electrically insulated one millimetre thin layers of a melted phosphor consisting of ground anthracene powder, tetracene, and graphite powder.[15] Their proposed mechanism involved electronic excitation at the contacts between the graphite particles and the anthracene molecules.

text: Roger Partridge made the first observation of electroluminescence from polymer films at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom. The device consisted of a film of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) up to 2.2 micrometers thick located between two charge injecting electrodes. The results of the project were patented in 1975[16] and published in 1983.[17][18][19][20]

text: The first practical OLEDs[edit]

text: American physical chemist Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke at Eastman Kodak built the first practical OLED device in 1987.[21] This device used a two-layer structure with separate hole transporting and electron transporting layers such that recombination and light emission occurred in the middle of the organic layer; this resulted in a reduction in operating voltage and improvements in efficiency.

text: Research into polymer electroluminescence culminated in 1990 with J. H. Burroughes et al. at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, UK, reporting a high efficiency green light-emitting polymer based device using 100 nm thick films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene).[22] Moving from molecular to macromolecular materials solved the problems previously encountered with the long-term stability of the organic films and enabled high-quality films to be easily made.[23] Subsequent research developed multilayer polymers and the new field of plastic electronics and OLED research and device production grew rapidly.[24]

text: Universal Display Corporation holds the majority of patents concerning the commercialization of OLEDs.[citation needed]

text: Working principle[edit]

text: A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two electrodes, the anode and cathode, all deposited on a substrate. The organic molecules are electrically conductive as a result of delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over part or all of the molecule. These materials have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, and are therefore considered organic semiconductors. The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of organic semiconductors are analogous to the valence and conduction bands of inorganic semiconductors.[25]

text: Originally, the most basic polymer OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer. One example was the first light-emitting device synthesised by J. H. Burroughes et al., which involved a single layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). However multilayer OLEDs can be fabricated with two or more layers in order to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, different materials may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile,[26] or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted.[27] Many modern OLEDs incorporate a simple bilayer structure, consisting of a conductive layer and an emissive layer. More recent developments in OLED architecture improves quantum efficiency (up to 19%) by using a graded heterojunction.[28] In the graded heterojunction architecture, the composition of hole and electron-transport materials varies continuously within the emissive layer with a dopant emitter. The graded heterojunction architecture combines the benefits of both conventional architectures by improving charge injection while simultaneously balancing charge transport within the emissive region.[29]

text: During operation, a voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. Anodes are picked based upon the quality of their optical transparency, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability.[30] A current of electrons flows through the device from cathode to anode, as electrons are injected into the LUMO of the organic layer at the cathode and withdrawn from the HOMO at the anode. This latter process may also be described as the injection of electron holes into the HOMO. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine forming an exciton, a bound state of the electron and hole. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are generally more mobile than electrons. The decay of this excited state results in a relaxation of the energy levels of the electron, accompanied by emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. The frequency of this radiation depends on the band gap of the material, in this case the difference in energy between the HOMO and LUMO.

text: As electrons and holes are fermions with half integer spin, an exciton may either be in a singlet state or a triplet state depending on how the spins of the electron and hole have been combined. Statistically three triplet excitons will be formed for each singlet exciton. Decay from triplet states (phosphorescence) is spin forbidden, increasing the timescale of the transition and limiting the internal efficiency of fluorescent devices. Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes make use of spin–orbit interactions to facilitate intersystem crossing between singlet and triplet states, thus obtaining emission from both singlet and triplet states and improving the internal efficiency.

text: Indium tin oxide (ITO) is commonly used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes into the HOMO level of the organic layer. A typical conductive layer may consist of PEDOT:PSS[31] as the HOMO level of this material generally lies between the work function of ITO and the HOMO of other commonly used polymers, reducing the energy barriers for hole injection. Metals such as barium and calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functions which promote injection of electrons into the LUMO of the organic layer.[32] Such metals are reactive, so they require a capping layer of aluminium to avoid degradation.

text: Experimental research has proven that the properties of the anode, specifically the anode/hole transport layer (HTL) interface topography plays a major role in the efficiency, performance, and lifetime of organic light emitting diodes. Imperfections in the surface of the anode decrease anode-organic film interface adhesion, increase electrical resistance, and allow for more frequent formation of non-emissive dark spots in the OLED material adversely affecting lifetime. Mechanisms to decrease anode roughness for ITO/glass substrates include the use of thin films and self-assembled monolayers. Also, alternative substrates and anode materials are being considered to increase OLED performance and lifetime. Possible examples include single crystal sapphire substrates treated with gold (Au) film anodes yielding lower work functions, operating voltages, electrical resistance values, and increasing lifetime of OLEDs.[33]

text: Single carrier devices are typically used to study the kinetics and charge transport mechanisms of an organic material and can be useful when trying to study energy transfer processes. As current through the device is composed of only one type of charge carrier, either electrons or holes, recombination does not occur and no light is emitted. For example, electron only devices can be obtained by replacing ITO with a lower work function metal which increases the energy barrier of hole injection. Similarly, hole only devices can be made by using a cathode made solely of aluminium, resulting in an energy barrier too large for efficient electron injection.[34][35][36]

text: Carrier balance[edit]

text: Balanced charge injection and transfer are required to get high internal efficiency, pure emission of luminance layer without contaminated emission from charge transporting layers, and high stability. A common way to balance charge is optimizing the thickness of the charge transporting layers but is hard to control. Another way is using the exciplex. Exciplex formed between hole-transporting (p-type) and electron-transporting (n-type) side chains to localize electron-hole pairs. Energy is then transferred to luminophore and provide high efficiency. An example of using exciplex is grafting Oxadiazole and carbazole side units in red diketopyrrolopyrrole-doped Copolymer main chain shows improved external quantum efficiency and color purity in no optimized OLED.[37]

text: Material technologies[edit]

text: Small molecules[edit]

text: Efficient OLEDs using small molecules were first developed by Ching W. Tang et al.[21] at Eastman Kodak. The term OLED traditionally refers specifically to this type of device, though the term SM-OLED is also in use.[25]

text: Molecules commonly used in OLEDs include organometallic chelates (for example Alq3, used in the organic light-emitting device reported by Tang et al.), fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes and conjugated dendrimers. A number of materials are used for their charge transport properties, for example triphenylamine and derivatives are commonly used as materials for hole transport layers.[38] Fluorescent dyes can be chosen to obtain light emission at different wavelengths, and compounds such as perylene, rubrene and quinacridone derivatives are often used.[39] Alq3 has been used as a green emitter, electron transport material and as a host for yellow and red emitting dyes.

text: The production of small molecule devices and displays usually involves thermal evaporation in a vacuum. This makes the production process more expensive and of limited use for large-area devices, than other processing techniques. However, contrary to polymer-based devices, the vacuum deposition process enables the formation of well controlled, homogeneous films, and the construction of very complex multi-layer structures. This high flexibility in layer design, enabling distinct charge transport and charge blocking layers to be formed, is the main reason for the high efficiencies of the small molecule OLEDs.

text: Coherent emission from a laser dye-doped tandem SM-OLED device, excited in the pulsed regime, has been demonstrated.[40] The emission is nearly diffraction limited with a spectral width similar to that of broadband dye lasers.[41]

text: Researchers report luminescence from a single polymer molecule, representing the smallest possible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device.[42] Scientists will be able to optimize substances to produce more powerful light emissions. Finally, this work is a first step towards making molecule-sized components that combine electronic and optical properties. Similar components could form the basis of a molecular computer.[43]

text: Polymer light-emitting diodes[edit]

text: Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED, P-OLED), also light-emitting polymers (LEP), involve an electroluminescent conductive polymer that emits light when connected to an external voltage. They are used as a thin film for full-spectrum colour displays. Polymer OLEDs are quite efficient and require a relatively small amount of power for the amount of light produced.

text: Vacuum deposition is not a suitable method for forming thin films of polymers. However, polymers can be processed in solution, and spin coating is a common method of depositing thin polymer films. This method is more suited to forming large-area films than thermal evaporation. No vacuum is required, and the emissive materials can also be applied on the substrate by a technique derived from commercial inkjet printing.[44][45] However, as the application of subsequent layers tends to dissolve those already present, formation of multilayer structures is difficult with these methods. The metal cathode may still need to be deposited by thermal evaporation in vacuum. An alternative method to vacuum deposition is to deposit a Langmuir-Blodgett film.

text: Typical polymers used in pleaded displays include derivatives of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene. Substitution of side chains onto the polymer backbone may determine the colour of emitted light[46] or the stability and solubility of the polymer for performance and ease of processing.[47] While unsubstituted poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) is typically insoluble, a number of PPVs and related poly(naphthalene vinylene)s (PNVs) that are soluble in organic solvents or water have been prepared via ring opening metathesis polymerization.[48][49][50] These water-soluble polymers or conjugated poly electrolytes (CPEs) also can be used as hole injection layers alone or in combination with nanoparticles like graphene.[51]

text: Phosphorescent materials[edit]

text: Phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes use the principle of electrophosphorescence to convert electrical energy in an OLED into light in a highly efficient manner,[53][54] with the internal quantum efficiencies of such devices approaching 100%.[55]

text: Typically, a polymer such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is used as a host material to which an organometallic complex is added as a dopant. Iridium complexes[54] such as Ir(mppy)3[52] are currently the focus of research, although complexes based on other heavy metals such as platinum[53] have also been used.

text: The heavy metal atom at the centre of these complexes exhibits strong spin-orbit coupling, facilitating intersystem crossing between singlet and triplet states. By using these phosphorescent materials, both singlet and triplet excitons will be able to decay radiatively, hence improving the internal quantum efficiency of the device compared to a standard PLED where only the singlet states will contribute to emission of light.

text: Applications of OLEDs in solid state lighting require the achievement of high brightness with good CIE coordinates (for white emission). The use of macromolecular species like polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in conjunction with the use of phosphorescent species such as Ir for printed OLEDs have exhibited brightnesses as high as 10,000 cd/m2.[56]

text: Device architectures[edit]

text: Structure[edit]

text: Patterning technologies[edit]

text: Patternable organic light-emitting devices use a light or heat activated electroactive layer. A latent material (PEDOT-TMA) is included in this layer that, upon activation, becomes highly efficient as a hole injection layer. Using this process, light-emitting devices with arbitrary patterns can be prepared.[61]

text: Colour patterning can be accomplished by means of laser, such as radiation-induced sublimation transfer (RIST).[62]

text: Organic vapour jet printing (OVJP) uses an inert carrier gas, such as argon or nitrogen, to transport evaporated organic molecules (as in organic vapour phase deposition). The gas is expelled through a micrometre-sized nozzle or nozzle array close to the substrate as it is being translated. This allows printing arbitrary multilayer patterns without the use of solvents.

text: Conventional OLED displays are formed by vapor thermal evaporation (VTE) and are patterned by shadow-mask. A mechanical mask has openings allowing the vapor to pass only on the desired location.

text: Like ink jet material depositioning, inkjet etching (IJE) deposits precise amounts of solvent onto a substrate designed to selectively dissolve the substrate material and induce a structure or pattern. Inkjet etching of polymer layers in OLED's can be used to increase the overall out-coupling efficiency. In OLEDs, light produced from the emissive layers of the OLED is partially transmitted out of the device and partially trapped inside the device by total internal reflection (TIR). This trapped light is wave-guided along the interior of the device until it reaches an edge where it is dissipated by either absorption or emission. Inkjet etching can be used to selectively alter the polymeric layers of OLED structures to decrease overall TIR and increase out-coupling efficiency of the OLED. Compared to a non-etched polymer layer, the structured polymer layer in the OLED structure from the IJE process helps to decrease the TIR of the OLED device. IJE solvents are commonly organic instead of water based due to their non-acidic nature and ability to effectively dissolve materials at temperatures under the boiling point of water.[63]

text: Backplane technologies[edit]

text: For a high resolution display like a TV, a TFT backplane is necessary to drive the pixels correctly. Currently, low temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) – thin-film transistor (TFT) is used for commercial AMOLED displays. LTPS-TFT has variation of the performance in a display, so various compensation circuits have been reported.[64] Due to the size limitation of the excimer laser used for LTPS, the AMOLED size was limited. To cope with the hurdle related to the panel size, amorphous-silicon/microcrystalline-silicon backplanes have been reported with large display prototype demonstrations.[65]

text: Fabrication[edit]

text: Transfer-printing is an emerging technology to assemble large numbers of parallel OLED and AMOLED devices efficiently. It takes advantage of standard metal deposition, photolithography, and etching to create alignment marks commonly on glass or other device substrates. Thin polymer adhesive layers are applied to enhance resistance to particles and surface defects. Microscale ICs are transfer-printed onto the adhesive surface and then baked to fully cure adhesive layers. An additional photosensitive polymer layer is applied to the substrate to account for the topography caused by the printed ICs, reintroducing a flat surface. Photolithography and etching removes some polymer layers to uncover conductive pads on the ICs. Afterwards, the anode layer is applied to the device backplane to form bottom electrode. OLED layers are applied to the anode layer with conventional vapor deposition, and covered with a conductive metal electrode layer. As of 2011[update] transfer-printing was capable to print onto target substrates up to 500mm X 400mm. This size limit needs to expand for transfer-printing to become a common process for the fabrication of large OLED/AMOLED displays.[66]

text: Advantages[edit]

text: The different manufacturing process of OLEDs lends itself to several advantages over flat panel displays made with LCD technology.

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text: Manufacturers and commercial uses[edit]

text: OLED technology is used in commercial applications such as displays for mobile phones and portable digital media players, car radios and digital cameras among others, as well as lighting[90]. Such portable display applications favor the high light output of OLEDs for readability in sunlight and their low power drain. Portable displays are also used intermittently, so the lower lifespan of organic displays is less of an issue. Prototypes have been made of flexible and rollable displays which use OLEDs' unique characteristics. Applications in flexible signs and lighting are also being developed.[91] OLED lighting offers several advantages over LED lighting, such as higher quality illumination, more diffuse light source, and panel shapes.[90] Philips Lighting have made OLED lighting samples under the brand name "Lumiblade" available online[92] and Novaled AG based in Dresden, Germany, introduced a line of OLED desk lamps called "Victory" in September, 2011.[93]

text: Nokia introduced OLED mobile phones including the N85 and the N86 8MP, both of which feature an AMOLED display. OLEDs have also been used in most Motorola and Samsung color cell phones, as well as some HTC, LG and Sony Ericsson models.[94]OLED technology can also be found in digital media players such as the Creative ZEN V, the iriver clix, the Zune HD and the Sony Walkman X Series.

text: The Google and HTC Nexus One smartphone includes an AMOLED screen, as does HTC's own Desire and Legend phones. However, due to supply shortages of the Samsung-produced displays, certain HTC models will use Sony's SLCD displays in the future,[95] while the Google and Samsung Nexus S smartphone will use "Super Clear LCD" instead in some countries.[96]

text: OLED displays were used in watches made by Fossil (JR-9465) and Diesel (DZ-7086).

text: Other manufacturers of OLED panels include Anwell Technologies Limited (Hong Kong),[97] AU Optronics (Taiwan),[98] Chimei Innolux Corporation (Taiwan),[99] LG (Korea),[100] and others.[101]

text: In 2009, Shearwater Research introduced the Predator as the first color OLED diving computer available with a user replaceable battery.[102][103]

text: DuPont stated in a press release in May 2010 that they can produce a 50-inch OLED TV in two minutes with a new printing technology. If this can be scaled up in terms of manufacturing, then the total cost of OLED TVs would be greatly reduced. DuPont also states that OLED TVs made with this less expensive technology can last up to 15 years if left on for a normal eight-hour day.[104][105]

text: The use of OLEDs may be subject to patents held by Universal Display Corporation, Eastman Kodak, DuPont, General Electric, Royal Philips Electronics, numerous universities and others.[106] There are by now thousands of patents associated with OLEDs, both from larger corporations and smaller technology companies.[25]

text: BlackBerry Limited, the maker of BlackBerry smartphones, uses OLED displays in their BlackBerry 10 devices.

text: Flexible OLED displays are already being produced and these are used by manufacturers to create curved displays such as the Galaxy S7 Edge but so far there they are not in devices that can be flexed by the consumer.[107] Apart from the screen itself the circuit boards and batteries would need to be flexible.[108] Samsung demonstrated a roll-out display in 2016.[109]

text: Fashion[edit]

text: Textiles incorporating OLEDs are an innovation in the fashion world and pose for a way to integrate lighting to bring inert objects to a whole new level of fashion. The hope is to combine the comfort and low cost properties of textile with the OLEDs properties of illumination and low energy consumption. Although this scenario of illuminated clothing is highly plausible, challenges are still a road block. Some issues include: the lifetime of the OLED, rigidness of flexible foil substrates, and the lack of research in making more fabric like photonic textiles.[110]

text: Samsung applications[edit]

text: By 2004 Samsung, South Korea's largest conglomerate, was the world's largest OLED manufacturer, producing 40% of the OLED displays made in the world,[111] and as of 2010 has a 98% share of the global AMOLED market.[112] The company is leading the world of OLED industry, generating $100.2 million out of the total $475 million revenues in the global OLED market in 2006.[113] As of 2006, it held more than 600 American patents and more than 2800 international patents, making it the largest owner of AMOLED technology patents.[113]

text: Samsung SDI announced in 2005 the world's largest OLED TV at the time, at 21 inches (53 cm).[114] This OLED featured the highest resolution at the time, of 6.22 million pixels. In addition, the company adopted active matrix based technology for its low power consumption and high-resolution qualities. This was exceeded in January 2008, when Samsung showcased the world's largest and thinnest OLED TV at the time, at 31 inches (78 cm) and 4.3 mm.[115]

text: In May 2008, Samsung unveiled an ultra-thin 12.1 inch (30 cm) laptop OLED display concept, with a 1,280×768 resolution with infinite contrast ratio.[116] According to Woo Jong Lee, Vice President of the Mobile Display Marketing Team at Samsung SDI, the company expected OLED displays to be used in notebook PCs as soon as 2010.[117]

text: In October 2008, Samsung showcased the world's thinnest OLED display, also the first to be "flappable" and bendable.[118] It measures just 0.05 mm (thinner than paper), yet a Samsung staff member said that it is "technically possible to make the panel thinner".[118] To achieve this thickness, Samsung etched an OLED panel that uses a normal glass substrate. The drive circuit was formed by low-temperature polysilicon TFTs. Also, low-molecular organic EL materials were employed. The pixel count of the display is 480 × 272. The contrast ratio is 100,000:1, and the luminance is 200 cd/m2. The colour reproduction range is 100% of the NTSC standard.

text: In the same month, Samsung unveiled what was then the world's largest OLED Television at 40-inch with a Full HD resolution of 1920 × 1080 pixels.[119] In the FPD International, Samsung stated that its 40-inch OLED Panel is the largest size currently possible. The panel has a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, a colour gamut of 107% NTSC, and a luminance of 200 cd/m2 (peak luminance of 600 cd/m2).

text: At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January 2010, Samsung demonstrated a laptop computer with a large, transparent OLED display featuring up to 40% transparency[120] and an animated OLED display in a photo ID card.[121]

text: Samsung's latest AMOLED smartphones use their Super AMOLED trademark, with the Samsung Wave S8500 and Samsung i9000 Galaxy S being launched in June 2010. In January 2011 Samsung announced their Super AMOLED Plus displays, which offer several advances over the older Super AMOLED displays: real stripe matrix (50% more sub pixels), thinner form factor, brighter image and an 18% reduction in energy consumption.[122]

text: At CES 2012, Samsung introduced the first 55" TV screen that uses Super OLED technology.[123]

text: On January 8, 2013, at CES Samsung unveiled a unique curved 4K Ultra S9 OLED television, which they state provides an "IMAX-like experience" for viewers.[124]

text: On August 13, 2013, Samsung announced availability of a 55-inch curved OLED TV (model KN55S9C) in the US at a price point of $8999.99.[125]

text: On September 6, 2013, Samsung launched its 55-inch curved OLED TV (model KE55S9C) in the United Kingdom with John Lewis.[126]

text: Samsung introduced the Galaxy Round smartphone in the Korean market in October 2013. The device features a 1080p screen, measuring 5.7 inches (14 cm), that curves on the vertical axis in a rounded case. The corporation has promoted the following advantages: A new feature called "Round Interaction" that allows users to look at information by tilting the handset on a flat surface with the screen off, and the feel of one continuous transition when the user switches between home screens.[127]

text: Sony applications[edit]

text: The Sony CLIÉ PEG-VZ90 was released in 2004, being the first PDA to feature an OLED screen.[129] Other Sony products to feature OLED screens include the MZ-RH1 portable minidisc recorder, released in 2006[130] and the Walkman X Series.[131]

text: At the 2007 Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Sony showcased 11-inch (28 cm, resolution 960×540) and 27-inch (68.5 cm), full HD resolution at 1920 × 1080 OLED TV models.[132] Both claimed 1,000,000:1 contrast ratios and total thicknesses (including bezels) of 5 mm. In April 2007, Sony announced it would manufacture 1000 11-inch (28 cm) OLED TVs per month for market testing purposes.[133] On October 1, 2007, Sony announced that the 11-inch (28 cm) model, now called the XEL-1, would be released commercially;[128] the XEL-1 was first released in Japan in December 2007.[134]

text: In May 2007, Sony publicly unveiled a video of a 2.5-inch flexible OLED screen which is only 0.3 millimeters thick.[135] At the Display 2008 exhibition, Sony demonstrated a 0.2 mm thick 3.5 inch (9 cm) display with a resolution of 320×200 pixels and a 0.3 mm thick 11 inch (28 cm) display with 960×540 pixels resolution, one-tenth the thickness of the XEL-1.[136][137]

text: In July 2008, a Japanese government body said it would fund a joint project of leading firms, which is to develop a key technology to produce large, energy-saving organic displays. The project involves one laboratory and 10 companies including Sony Corp. NEDO said the project was aimed at developing a core technology to mass-produce 40 inch or larger OLED displays in the late 2010s.[138]

text: In October 2008, Sony published results of research it carried out with the Max Planck Institute over the possibility of mass-market bending displays, which could replace rigid LCDs and plasma screens. Eventually, bendable, see-through displays could be stacked to produce 3D images with much greater contrast ratios and viewing angles than existing products.[139]

text: Sony exhibited a 24.5" (62 cm) prototype OLED 3D television during the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2010.[140]

text: In January 2011, Sony announced the PlayStation Vita handheld game console (the successor to the PSP) will feature a 5-inch OLED screen.[141]

text: On February 17, 2011, Sony announced its 25" (63.5 cm) OLED Professional Reference Monitor aimed at the Cinema and high end Drama Post Production market.[142]

text: On June 25, 2012, Sony and Panasonic announced a joint venture for creating low cost mass production OLED televisions by 2013.[143]

text: LG applications[edit]

text: As of 2010, LG Electronics produced one model of OLED television, the 15 inch 15EL9500[144] and had announced a 31" (78 cm) OLED 3D television for March 2011.[145] On December 26, 2011, LG officially announced the "world's largest 55" OLED panel" and featured it at CES 2012.[146] In late 2012, LG announces the launch of the 55EM9600 OLED television in Australia.[147]

text: In January 2015, LG Display signed a long term agreement with Universal Display Corporation for the supply of OLED materials and the right to use their patented OLED emitters.[148]

text: By 2017 brands using LG OLED panels include Panasonic, Sony, Toshiba, Philips and Loewe.[149]

text: Mitsubishi applications[edit]

text: Lumiotec is the first company in the world developing and selling, since January 2011, mass-produced OLED lighting panels with such brightness and long lifetime. Lumiotec is a joint venture of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, ROHM, Toppan Printing, and Mitsui & Co. On June 1, 2011, Mitsubishi installed a 6-meter OLED 'sphere' in Tokyo's Science Museum.[150]

text: Recom Group/video name tag applications[edit]

text: On January 6, 2011, Los Angeles based technology company Recom Group introduced the first small screen consumer application of the OLED at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. This was a 2.8" (7 cm) OLED display being used as a wearable video name tag.[151] At the Consumer Electronics Show in 2012, Recom Group introduced the world's first video mic flag incorporating three 2.8" (7 cm) OLED displays on a standard broadcaster's mic flag. The video mic flag allowed video content and advertising to be shown on a broadcasters standard mic flag.[152]

text: Automotive[edit]

text: Yet the number of automakers using OLEDs is still rare and limited to the high-end of the market. For example, the 2010 Lexus RX features an OLED display instead of a thin film transistor (TFT-LCD) display.

text: The Aston Martin DB9 incorporated the first automotive application of the OLED display, namely PMOLED, then followed by 2004-on Jeep Grand Cherokee and Chevrolet Corvette C6.

text: Japanese manufacturer Pioneer Electronics produced first car stereos with monochrome OLED displays.

text: The 2015 Hyundai Sonata and Kia Soul EV uses a 3.5" white PMOLED display.

text: BMW plans to use OLEDs in tail lights and interior lights in their future cars; however, OLEDs are currently too dim to be used for brake lights, headlights and indicators.[153]

text: Dell[edit]

text: On January 6, 2016, Dell announced the Ultrasharp UP3017Q OLED monitor at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas[154]. The monitor was announced to feature a 30" 4K UHD OLED panel with a 120 Hz refresh rate, 0.1 millisecond response time, and a contrast ratio of 400,000:1.The monitor was set to sell at a price of $4,999 and release in March, 2016, just a few months later. As the end of March rolled around, the monitor was not released to the market and Dell did not speak on reasons for the delay. Reports suggested that Dell canceled the monitor as the company was unhappy with the image quality of the OLED panel, especially the amount of color drift that it displayed when you viewed the monitor from the sides[155]. On April 13, 2017, Dell finally released the UP3017Q OLED monitor to the market at a price of $3,499 ($1,500 less than its original spoken price of $4,999 at CES 2016). In addition to the price drop, the monitor featured a 60 Hz refresh rate and a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1. As of June, 2017, the monitor is no longer available to purchase from Dell's website.

text: Apple[edit]

text: Apple began using OLED panels in its watches in 2015 and in its laptops in 2016 with the introduction of an OLED touchbar to the MacBook Pro.[156] In 2017, Apple announced the introduction of their tenth anniversary iPhone X with their own optimized OLED display licensed from Universal Display Corporation.[157]

text: Research[edit]

text: In 2014, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (MCC), a subsidiary of the Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings developed an OLED panel with a life of 30,000 hours, twice that of conventional OLED panels.[158]

text: The search for efficient OLED materials has been extensively supported by simulation methods. By now it is possible to calculate important properties completely computationally, independent of experimental input.[159][160] This allows cost-efficient pre-screening of materials, prior to expensive synthesis and experimental characterisation.


document_title: List of The Royals episodes

question_text: how many episodes in the royals season 3

text: List of The Royals episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)

2
10
November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)
January 17, 2016 (2016-01-17)

3
10
December 4, 2016 (2016-12-04)
February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)

4
10[4]
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
May 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title[5]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Stand and Unfold Yourself"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)
1.41[6]

The Royal Family of England is thrown into disarray when the heir to the throne is killed in an accident.

2
2
"Infants of the Spring"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
March 22, 2015 (2015-03-22)
1.32[7]

Liam's ex-girlfriend Gemma reappears, while Jasper keeps Eleanor under his finger. Helena and Cyrus work to thwart Simon's intent to abolish the monarchy.

3
3
"We Are Pictures, or Mere Beasts"
Arlene Sanford
Mark Schwahn
March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)
0.83[8]

Helena and Eleanor face off with competing fashion shows. Liam avoids a scandal.

4
4
"Sweet, Not Lasting"
Jean de Segonzac
Johnny Richardson
April 5, 2015 (2015-04-05)
1.12[9]

Helena takes Liam on a promotional campaign in the countryside while Eleanor goes on her own charity tour.

5
5
"Unmask Her Beauty to the Moon"
Arlene Sanford
Julia Cohen
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
1.07[10]

At the annual masquerade ball, Liam and Ophelia eye each other from afar, Eleanor and Jasper come to an understanding, and Helena meets her lover.

6
6
"The Slings and Arrows of Outrageous Fortune"
Jean de Segonzac
Mark Schwahn
April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)
1.12[11]

During a weekend in Monaco, Liam and Ophelia explore a relationship, and Eleanor reconnects with an old flame. Back at the palace, Helena sleeps with Jasper.

7
7
"Your Sovereignty of Reason"
Tom Vaughan
Scarlett Lacey
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
1.13[12]

In the aftermath of the Monaco trip, Ophelia faces a scandal in the press while Helena suffers a visit from her imperious mother, the Grand Duchess of Oxford.

8
8
"The Great Man Down"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
1.19[13]

The Royal Family is secured following the attack on the King. Eleanor falls apart while Helena prepares Liam to assume the role of Prince Regent, acting King of England. Cyrus, however, has other ideas.

9
9
"In My Heart There Was a Kind of Fighting"
Tom Vaughan
Mark Schwahn
May 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)
1.17[14]

Declared illegitimate, Liam and Eleanor unravel. Simon remains in critical condition as Cyrus becomes Prince Regent. The circumstances of Robert's death come into question.

10
10
"Our Wills and Fates Do So Contrary Run"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)
1.15[15]

Not knowing that Cyrus manipulated the paternity announcement, Liam asks Ophelia to run away with him. Eleanor drops the charges against Jasper and enlists his aid in meeting Robert's killer. Helena does a television interview. Cyrus finally gets his wish.

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title[5]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"It Is Not, nor It Cannot Come to Good"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)
0.84[16]

Cyrus restores Liam and Eleanor's titles in an attempt to secure their allegiance and capitalize on their popularity, while they seek the access that may allow them to destroy Cyrus. Investigating the deaths of his father and brother, Liam enlists the aid of Jasper, who has been following a self-destructive Eleanor to protect her from herself. With the Prime Minister in her power, Helena plots to secure her grasp on the throne.

12
2
"Welcome Is Fashion and Ceremony"
Michael Lange
Mark Schwahn
November 22, 2015 (2015-11-22)
0.73[17]

Beck returns to Eleanor, while Liam and Jasper discover a secret about Cyrus that complicates their investigation.

13
3
"Is Not This Something More Than Fantasy?"
Tom Vaughan
Mark Schwahn
November 29, 2015 (2015-11-29)
0.53[18]

Helena faces off with the Deputy Prime Minister, Liam visits Ophelia in New York and Eleanor must face the inevitable in her rekindled relationship with Beck.

14
4
"What, Has This Thing Appear'd Again Tonight?"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
December 6, 2015 (2015-12-06)
0.63[19]

Eleanor escapes her troubles with her new friend Mandy as Cyrus puts a stop to Helena's monument for Simon, which does not sit well with the queen. Liam and Jasper loop in Ted on their investigation of the Domino symbol.

15
5
"The Spirit That I Have Seen"
Tom Vaughan
Julia Cohen
December 13, 2015 (2015-12-13)
0.65[20]

Eleanor and Mandy's relationship goes public, and Helena gets to the bottom of Lacey's disappearance.

16
6
"Doubt Truth to Be a Liar"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Johnny Richardson
December 20, 2015 (2015-12-20)
0.71[21]

As the twins celebrate their birthday, Helena makes a shocking discovery and Mandy's plan comes to fruition.

17
7
"Taint Not Thy Mind, nor Let Thy Soul Contrive Against Thy Mother"
James Lafferty
Scarlett Lacey
December 27, 2015 (2015-12-27)
0.67[22]

Helena confides her past in Eleanor as Liam and Ted each discover the truth about Domino.

18
8
"Be All My Sins Remembered"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
January 3, 2016 (2016-01-03)
0.82[23]

Cyrus is devastated when Violet goes missing; Liam and Eleanor confront Helena about Dominique Stewart.

19
9
"And Then It Started Like a Guilty Thing"
Les Butler
Mark Schwahn
January 10, 2016 (2016-01-10)
0.81[24]

Eleanor helps a friend while the Deputy Prime Minister makes Liam an offer, and Jasper finally discovers who murdered Simon.

20
10
"The Serpent That Did Sting Thy Father's Life"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
January 17, 2016 (2016-01-17)
0.85[25]

With Ted revealed as Simon's killer, the Royal Family bands together to foil Jeffrey Stewart's plan to destroy them.

text: Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title[5]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

21
1
"Together With Remembrance of Ourselves"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
December 4, 2016 (2016-12-04)
0.61[26]

As Helena tries to prove the twins' paternity, Liam feels the guilt of Ted's death. Meanwhile, Robert is alive on a remote island.

22
2
"Passing Through Nature to Eternity"
James Lafferty
Mark Schwahn
December 11, 2016 (2016-12-11)
0.68[27]

Eleanor wants to be exclusive with Jasper, but she is unsure of how to approach it. Helena, Rachel, and her new Lord Chamberlain secure Cyrus' DNA, while Robert grapples with the idea of possibly returning home.

23
3
"Aye, There's the Rub"
Les Butler
Mike Herro & David Strauss
December 18, 2016 (2016-12-18)
0.53[28]

Liam and Eleanor each take their romances to the next level, and the DNA results come in.

24
4
"Our (Late) Dear Brother's Death"
Erica Dunton
Johnny Richardson
January 1, 2017 (2017-01-01)
0.46[29]

Robert's return is good and bad news for Liam. A defeated Cyrus is sparked to action by his ex-wife.

25
5
"Born to Set it Right"
James Lafferty
Scarlett Lacey
January 8, 2017 (2017-01-08)
0.54[30]

Cyrus makes it clear he does not intend to stand aside for Robert, who chooses the diplomatic approach. Jasper is threatened by Beck's return.

26
6
"More Than Kin, and Less Than Kind"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15)
0.46[31]

Liam gives the staff the day off for Christmas, and the Royal Family must fend for themselves. Jasper's past catches up to him and threatens his relationship with Eleanor.

27
7
"The Counterfeit Presentment of Two Brothers"
Menhaj Huda
Brian Fernandes
January 22, 2017 (2017-01-22)
0.57[32]

Devastated over her breakup with Jasper, Eleanor focuses on the charity gala, where Kathryn is again compelled to choose Robert over Liam. The brothers' simmering rivalry finally explodes in the boxing ring, while Cyrus blackmails Lord Westcott to ensure that the privy council will vote in favor of him keeping the throne.

28
8
"In the Same Figure, Like the King That's Dead"
Clark Mathis
Mark Schwahn
January 29, 2017 (2017-01-29)
0.50[33]

Eleanor spends the day with Sebastian, and Jasper tries to neutralize Margo with the help of Boone, the man who crashed Robert's plane. Spencer is jealous of Helena's new love interest, and Robert uses Helena to put an end to Liam's aspirations to the throne.

29
9
"O, Farewell, Honest Soldier"
Les Butler
Mark Schwahn
February 12, 2017 (2017-02-12)
0.47[34]

Jasper faces the consequences of his actions while the privy council decides who will be king.

30
10
"To Show My Duty in Your Coronation"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)
0.52[35]

As Robert's coronation arrives, the full extent of his machinations becomes clear. Meanwhile, Jasper makes one last play for Eleanor's heart.

text: Season 4 (2018)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title[4]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date[4]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"How Prodigal the Soul"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
0.50[36]

Jasper and Liam learn of Robert's shocking crime, while Eleanor decides whether to return to England or remain abroad.

32
2
"Confess Yourself to Heaven"
Les Butler
Terrence Coli
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
0.45[37]

Liam goes to Cyrus for help gathering evidence against Robert. With Jasper critically injured, Eleanor waits at his bedside.

33
3
"Seek For thy Noble Father in The Dust"
Clark Mathis
Mark Schwahn
March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)
0.42[38]

As Eleanor helps the less fortunate, Liam confronts Robert in a shocking way.

34
4
"Black As His Purpose Did The Night Resemble"
Mark Schwahn
Mark Schwahn
April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)
0.35[39]

As London suffers an extended blackout, Helena is trapped in the wine cellar with her mother and Cyrus; Liam faces the consequences of using Greta; Eleanor steps up to help the populace; and a recovering Jasper is in danger.

35
5
"There's Daggers in Men's Smiles"
James Lafferty
Scarlett Lacey
April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)
0.39[40]

Robert dissolves Parliament, and Jasper faces off against his con artist father.

36
6
"My News Shall Be The Fruit To That Great Feast"
Erica Dunton
Mark Schwahn
April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)
0.35[41]

37
7
"Forgive Me This My Virtue"
TBA
TBA
April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)
TBD

38
8
"In The Dead Vast and Middle of The Night"
TBA
TBA
April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)
TBD

39
9
"Foul Deeds Will Rise"
TBA
TBA
May 6, 2018 (2018-05-06)
TBD

40
10
"With Mirth in Funeral and With Dirge in Marriage"
TBA
TBA
May 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)
TBD


document_title: Macroeconomics

question_text: the book that is the basis for modern macroeconomic theory is

text: Macroeconomics

text: Basic macroeconomic concepts[edit]

text: Macroeconomics encompasses a variety of concepts and variables, but there are three central topics for macroeconomic research.[3] Macroeconomic theories usually relate the phenomena of output, unemployment, and inflation. Outside of macroeconomic theory, these topics are also important to all economic agents including workers, consumers, and producers.

text: Output and income[edit]

text: National output is the total amount of everything a country produces in a given period of time. Everything that is produced and sold generates an equal amount of income. Therefore, output and income are usually considered equivalent and the two terms are often used interchangeably. Output can be measured as total income, or it can be viewed from the production side and measured as the total value of final goods and services or the sum of all value added in the economy.[4]

text: Macroeconomic output is usually measured by gross domestic product (GDP) or one of the other national accounts. Economists interested in long-run increases in output study economic growth. Advances in technology, accumulation of machinery and other capital, and better education and human capital are all factors that lead to increased economic output over time. However, output does not always increase consistently over time. Business cycles can cause short-term drops in output called recessions. Economists look for macroeconomic policies that prevent economies from slipping into recessions and that lead to faster long-term growth.

text: Unemployment[edit]

text: The amount of unemployment in an economy is measured by the unemployment rate, i.e. the percentage of workers without jobs in the labor force. The unemployment rate in the labor force only includes workers actively looking for jobs. People who are retired, pursuing education, or discouraged from seeking work by a lack of job prospects are excluded.

text: Unemployment can be generally broken down into several types that are related to different causes.

text:
Classical unemployment theory suggests that unemployment occurs when wages are too high for employers to be willing to hire more workers.[citation needed] Other more modern economic theories[which?] suggest that increased wages actually decrease unemployment by creating more consumer demand. According to these more recent theories, unemployment results from reduced demand for the goods and services produced through labor and suggest that only in markets where profit margins are very low, and in which the market will not bear a price increase of product or service, will higher wages result in unemployment.
Consistent with classical unemployment theory, frictional unemployment occurs when appropriate job vacancies exist for a worker, but the length of time needed to search for and find the job leads to a period of unemployment.[5]
Structural unemployment covers a variety of possible causes of unemployment including a mismatch between workers' skills and the skills required for open jobs.[6] Large amounts of structural unemployment can occur when an economy is transitioning industries and workers find their previous set of skills are no longer in demand. Structural unemployment is similar to frictional unemployment as both reflect the problem of matching workers with job vacancies, but structural unemployment also covers the time needed to acquire new skills in addition to the short term search process.[7]
While some types of unemployment may occur regardless of the condition of the economy, cyclical unemployment occurs when growth stagnates. Okun's law represents the empirical relationship between unemployment and economic growth.[8] The original version of Okun's law states that a 3% increase in output would lead to a 1% decrease in unemployment.[9]

text: Inflation and deflation[edit]

text: A general price increase across the entire economy is called inflation. When prices decrease, there is deflation. Economists measure these changes in prices with price indexes. Inflation can occur when an economy becomes overheated and grows too quickly. Similarly, a declining economy can lead to deflation.

text: Central bankers, who manage a country's money supply, try to avoid changes in price level by using monetary policy. Raising interest rates or reducing the supply of money in an economy will reduce inflation. Inflation can lead to increased uncertainty and other negative consequences. Deflation can lower economic output. Central bankers try to stabilize prices to protect economies from the negative consequences of price changes.

text: Changes in price level may be the result of several factors. The quantity theory of money holds that changes in price level are directly related to changes in the money supply. Most economists believe that this relationship explains long-run changes in the price level.[10] Short-run fluctuations may also be related to monetary factors, but changes in aggregate demand and aggregate supply can also influence price level. For example, a decrease in demand due to a recession can lead to lower price levels and deflation. A negative supply shock, such as an oil crisis, lowers aggregate supply and can cause inflation.

text: Macroeconomic models[edit]

text: Aggregate demand–aggregate supply[edit]

text: The AD-AS model has become the standard textbook model for explaining the macroeconomy.[11] This model shows the price level and level of real output given the equilibrium in aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The aggregate demand curve's downward slope means that more output is demanded at lower price levels.[12] The downward slope is the result of three effects: the Pigou or real balance effect, which states that as real prices fall, real wealth increases, resulting in higher consumer demand of goods; the Keynes or interest rate effect, which states that as prices fall, the demand for money decreases, causing interest rates to decline and borrowing for investment and consumption to increase; and the net export effect, which states that as prices rise, domestic goods become comparatively more expensive to foreign consumers, leading to a decline in exports.[12]

text: In the conventional Keynesian use of the AS-AD model, the aggregate supply curve is horizontal at low levels of output and becomes inelastic near the point of potential output, which corresponds with full employment.[11] Since the economy cannot produce beyond the potential output, any AD expansion will lead to higher price levels instead of higher output.

text: The AD–AS diagram can model a variety of macroeconomic phenomena, including inflation. Changes in the non-price level factors or determinants cause changes in aggregate demand and shifts of the entire aggregate demand (AD) curve. When demand for goods exceeds supply there is an inflationary gap where demand-pull inflation occurs and the AD curve shifts upward to a higher price level. When the economy faces higher costs, cost-push inflation occurs and the AS curve shifts upward to higher price levels.[13] The AS–AD diagram is also widely used as a pedagogical tool to model the effects of various macroeconomic policies.[14]

text: IS–LM[edit]

text: The IS–LM model represents all the combinations of interest rates and output that ensure the equilibrium in the goods and money markets.[15] The goods market is represented by the equilibrium in investment and saving (IS), and the money market is represented by the equilibrium between the money supply and liquidity preference.[16] The IS curve consists of the points where investment, given the interest rate, is equal to savings, given output.[17]

text: The IS curve is downward sloping because output and interest rate have an inverse relationship in the goods market: as output increases, more money is saved, which means interest rates must be lower to spur enough investment to match savings.[17] The LM curve is upward sloping because interest rate and output have a positive relationship in the money market: as output increases, the demand for money increases, resulting in a rise in interest rate.[18]

text: The IS/LM model is often used to demonstrate the effects of monetary and fiscal policy.[15] Textbooks frequently use the IS/LM model, but it does not feature the complexities of most modern macroeconomic models.[15] Nevertheless, these models still feature similar relationships to those in IS/LM.[15]

text: Growth models[edit]

text: The neoclassical growth model of Robert Solow has become a common textbook model for explaining economic growth in the long-run.[citation needed] The model begins with a production function where national output is the product of two inputs: capital and labor. The Solow model assumes that labor and capital are used at constant rates without the fluctuations in unemployment and capital utilization commonly seen in business cycles.[19]

text: An increase in output, or economic growth, can only occur because of an increase in the capital stock, a larger population, or technological advancements that lead to higher productivity (total factor productivity). An increase in the savings rate leads to a temporary increase as the economy creates more capital, which adds to output. However, eventually the depreciation rate will limit the expansion of capital: savings will be used up replacing depreciated capital, and no savings will remain to pay for an additional expansion in capital. Solow's model suggests that economic growth in terms of output per capita depends solely on technological advances that enhance productivity.[20]

text: In the 1980s and 1990s endogenous growth theory arose to challenge neoclassical growth theory. This group of models explains economic growth through other factors, such as increasing returns to scale for capital and learning-by-doing, that are endogenously determined instead of the exogenous technological improvement used to explain growth in Solow's model.[21]

text: Macroeconomic policy[edit]

text: Macroeconomic policy is usually implemented through two sets of tools: fiscal and monetary policy. Both forms of policy are used to stabilize the economy, which can mean boosting the economy to the level of GDP consistent with full employment.[22] Macroeconomic policy focuses on limiting the effects of the business cycle to achieve the economic goals of price stability, full employment, and growth. [23]

text: Monetary policy[edit]

text: Central banks implement monetary policy by controlling the money supply through several mechanisms. Typically, central banks take action by issuing money to buy bonds (or other assets), which boosts the supply of money and lowers interest rates, or, in the case of contractionary monetary policy, banks sell bonds and take money out of circulation. Usually policy is not implemented by directly targeting the supply of money.

text: Central banks continuously shift the money supply to maintain a targeted fixed interest rate. Some of them allow the interest rate to fluctuate and focus on targeting inflation rates instead. Central banks generally try to achieve high output without letting loose monetary policy that create large amounts of inflation.

text: Conventional monetary policy can be ineffective in situations such as a liquidity trap. When interest rates and inflation are near zero, the central bank cannot loosen monetary policy through conventional means.

text: Central banks can use unconventional monetary policy such as quantitative easing to help increase output. Instead of buying government bonds, central banks can implement quantitative easing by buying not only government bonds, but also other assets such as corporate bonds, stocks, and other securities. This allows lower interest rates for a broader class of assets beyond government bonds. In another example of unconventional monetary policy, the United States Federal Reserve recently made an attempt at such a policy with Operation Twist. Unable to lower current interest rates, the Federal Reserve lowered long-term interest rates by buying long-term bonds and selling short-term bonds to create a flat yield curve.

text: Fiscal policy[edit]

text: Fiscal policy is the use of government's revenue and expenditure as instruments to influence the economy. Examples of such tools are expenditure, taxes, debt.

text: For example, if the economy is producing less than potential output, government spending can be used to employ idle resources and boost output. Government spending does not have to make up for the entire output gap. There is a multiplier effect that boosts the impact of government spending. For instance, when the government pays for a bridge, the project not only adds the value of the bridge to output, but also allows the bridge workers to increase their consumption and investment, which helps to close the output gap.

text: The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by crowding out. When the government takes on spending projects, it limits the amount of resources available for the private sector to use. Crowding out occurs when government spending simply replaces private sector output instead of adding additional output to the economy. Crowding out also occurs when government spending raises interest rates, which limits investment. Defenders of fiscal stimulus argue that crowding out is not a concern when the economy is depressed, plenty of resources are left idle, and interest rates are low.[24][citation needed]

text: Fiscal policy can be implemented through automatic stabilizers. Automatic stabilizers do not suffer from the policy lags of discretionary fiscal policy. Automatic stabilizers use conventional fiscal mechanisms but take effect as soon as the economy takes a downturn: spending on unemployment benefits automatically increases when unemployment rises and, in a progressive income tax system, the effective tax rate automatically falls when incomes decline.

text: Comparison[edit]

text: Economists usually favor monetary over fiscal policy because it has two major advantages. First, monetary policy is generally implemented by independent central banks instead of the political institutions that control fiscal policy. Independent central banks are less likely to make decisions based on political motives.[22] Second, monetary policy suffers shorter inside lags and outside lags than fiscal policy. Central banks can quickly make and implement decisions while discretionary fiscal policy may take time to pass and even longer to carry out.[22]

text: Development[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Macroeconomics descended from the once divided fields of business cycle theory and monetary theory.[25] The quantity theory of money was particularly influential prior to World War II. It took many forms, including the version based on the work of Irving Fisher:

text: In the typical view of the quantity theory, money velocity (V) and the quantity of goods produced (Q) would be constant, so any increase in money supply (M) would lead to a direct increase in price level (P). The quantity theory of money was a central part of the classical theory of the economy that prevailed in the early twentieth century.

text: Austrian School[edit]

text: Ludwig Von Mises's work Theory of Money and Credit, published in 1912, was one of the first books from the Austrian School to deal with macroeconomic topics.

text: Keynes and his followers[edit]

text: Macroeconomics, at least in its modern form,[26] began with the publication of John Maynard Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.[25][27] When the Great Depression struck, classical economists had difficulty explaining how goods could go unsold and workers could be left unemployed. In classical theory, prices and wages would drop until the market cleared, and all goods and labor were sold. Keynes offered a new theory of economics that explained why markets might not clear, which would evolve (later in the 20th century) into a group of macroeconomic schools of thought known as Keynesian economics – also called Keynesianism or Keynesian theory.

text: In Keynes's theory, the quantity theory broke down because people and businesses tend to hold on to their cash in tough economic times – a phenomenon he described in terms of liquidity preferences. Keynes also explained how the multiplier effect would magnify a small decrease in consumption or investment and cause declines throughout the economy. Keynes also noted the role uncertainty and animal spirits can play in the economy.[26]

text: The generation following Keynes combined the macroeconomics of the General Theory with neoclassical microeconomics to create the neoclassical synthesis. By the 1950s, most economists had accepted the synthesis view of the macroeconomy.[26] Economists like Paul Samuelson, Franco Modigliani, James Tobin, and Robert Solow developed formal Keynesian models and contributed formal theories of consumption, investment, and money demand that fleshed out the Keynesian framework.[28]

text: Monetarism[edit]

text: Milton Friedman updated the quantity theory of money to include a role for money demand. He argued that the role of money in the economy was sufficient to explain the Great Depression, and that aggregate demand oriented explanations were not necessary. Friedman also argued that monetary policy was more effective than fiscal policy; however, Friedman doubted the government's ability to "fine-tune" the economy with monetary policy. He generally favored a policy of steady growth in money supply instead of frequent intervention.[29]

text: Friedman also challenged the Phillips curve relationship between inflation and unemployment. Friedman and Edmund Phelps (who was not a monetarist) proposed an "augmented" version of the Phillips curve that excluded the possibility of a stable, long-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.[30][citation needed] When the oil shocks of the 1970s created a high unemployment and high inflation, Friedman and Phelps were vindicated. Monetarism was particularly influential in the early 1980s. Monetarism fell out of favor when central banks found it difficult to target money supply instead of interest rates as monetarists recommended. Monetarism also became politically unpopular when the central banks created recessions in order to slow inflation.

text: New classical[edit]

text: New classical macroeconomics further challenged the Keynesian school. A central development in new classical thought came when Robert Lucas introduced rational expectations to macroeconomics. Prior to Lucas, economists had generally used adaptive expectations where agents were assumed to look at the recent past to make expectations about the future. Under rational expectations, agents are assumed to be more sophisticated. A consumer will not simply assume a 2% inflation rate just because that has been the average the past few years; she will look at current monetary policy and economic conditions to make an informed forecast. When new classical economists introduced rational expectations into their models, they showed that monetary policy could only have a limited impact.

text: Lucas also made an influential critique of Keynesian empirical models. He argued that forecasting models based on empirical relationships would keep producing the same predictions even as the underlying model generating the data changed. He advocated models based on fundamental economic theory that would, in principle, be structurally accurate as economies changed. Following Lucas's critique, new classical economists, led by Edward C. Prescott and Finn E. Kydland, created real business cycle (RBC) models of the macroeconomy.[31]

text: RBC models were created by combining fundamental equations from neo-classical microeconomics. In order to generate macroeconomic fluctuations, RBC models explained recessions and unemployment with changes in technology instead of changes in the markets for goods or money. Critics of RBC models argue that money clearly plays an important role in the economy, and the idea that technological regress can explain recent recessions is implausible.[31] However, technological shocks are only the more prominent of a myriad of possible shocks to the system that can be modeled. Despite questions about the theory behind RBC models, they have clearly been influential in economic methodology.[citation needed]

text: New Keynesian response[edit]

text: New Keynesian economists responded to the new classical school by adopting rational expectations and focusing on developing micro-founded models that are immune to the Lucas critique. Stanley Fischer and John B. Taylor produced early work in this area by showing that monetary policy could be effective even in models with rational expectations when contracts locked in wages for workers. Other new Keynesian economists, including Olivier Blanchard, Julio Rotemberg, Greg Mankiw, David Romer, and Michael Woodford, expanded on this work and demonstrated other cases where inflexible prices and wages led to monetary and fiscal policy having real effects.

text: Like classical models, new classical models had assumed that prices would be able to adjust perfectly and monetary policy would only lead to price changes. New Keynesian models investigated sources of sticky prices and wages due to imperfect competition,[32] which would not adjust, allowing monetary policy to impact quantities instead of prices.

text: By the late 1990s economists had reached a rough consensus. The nominal rigidity of new Keynesian theory was combined with rational expectations and the RBC methodology to produce dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. The fusion of elements from different schools of thought has been dubbed the new neoclassical synthesis. These models are now used by many central banks and are a core part of contemporary macroeconomics.[33]

text: New Keynesian economics, which developed partly in response to new classical economics, strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand management.


document_title: Andi Mack

question_text: when does season two of andy mac start

question_tokens: when does season two of andy mac start

text: Andi Mack

text: Plot[edit]

text: Andi Mack is turning 13 when her older sister Bex returns home. Andi works through her teenage life, with the help of her family and her friends Cyrus and Buffy, including coping with the revelation that Bex is actually her mother and that her mother Celia is actually her grandmother, and managing her crush on classmate Jonah Beck.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Peyton Elizabeth Lee as Andi Mack[1]
Joshua Rush as Cyrus Goodman[1]
Sofia Wylie as Buffy Driscoll[1]
Asher Angel as Jonah Beck[1]
Lilan Bowden as Rebecca "Bex" Mack[1]
Lauren Tom as Celia Mack[1]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Stoney Westmoreland as Henry "Ham" Mack[1]
Emily Skinner as Amber
Trent Garrett as Bowie

text: Production[edit]

text: Development of the series began in 2015 when Disney Channels Worldwide president Gary Marsh convinced Terri Minsky to consider developing another series for Disney Channel. Back in 2001, Minsky had created the popular sitcom Lizzie McGuire, but was initially reluctant to create another teen-oriented series. She eventually found inspiration for the series in an article on how Jack Nicholson had learned as an adult that the woman he thought was his sister was actually his mother.[2] The series started filming in Salt Lake City in September 2016[3] and finished filming in December 2016.[4]

text: The series premiered on Disney Channel on April 7, 2017.[5] The first episode became available on the Disney Channel App, On-Demand, Disney Channel's YouTube, iTunes, Amazon, and Google Play on March 10, 2017, while the second episode became available the same day via Disney Channel On-Demand as well as to subscribers using the Disney Channel App.[5] The first season was planned to consist of 13 episodes;[6] however, only 12 episodes were aired.

text: Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season on May 25, 2017.[7] The second season premiered on Disney Channel on October 27, 2017. One week before the season two premiere, a music video for the full version of the series' theme song was released, starring the entire cast.[8] On October 25, 2017, TVLine revealed that in season two, Cyrus will begin to realize that he has feelings for Jonah, making him Disney Channel's first gay main character.[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)

2
TBA
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
TBA

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
12
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)
1.24[10]
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
1.94[11]
1.39

2
2
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
1.62[12]
TBA
TBD
1.64


document_title: The Doctor Blake Mysteries

question_text: who plays patrick tyneman in the doctor blake mysteries

text: The Doctor Blake Mysteries

text: Original broadcasts[edit]

text: The series is produced by Tony Wright and George Adams.[6] A fifth series was commissioned as the final season of the programme, followed by a telemovie to end the series in 2017;[7] It was anticipated that the fifth series would air from April 2017, but instead commenced in September, so that the movie-length finale could be shown at the close of the series with no gap.[8]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Doctor Lucien Blake left Australia in his 20s to study medicine in Scotland. Following a posting at a London hospital, he joined the British Army as a medical officer. During World War II, Blake's service included the Far East, where he fell in love with and married a Chinese woman, with whom he had a child. However, at the fall of Singapore, he lost sight of both of them. He searched for them all the time he was away, and continues the search after he arrives in Ballarat. Dr Blake also spent time in Thailand's Ban Pong POW camp. After a 33-year absence, Blake returned home in 1959 to take over his late father's practice as a medical general practitioner and also becomes the Ballarat area police surgeon.

text: Jean Beazley is Blake's receptionist and housekeeper. Having previously served in the same capacity for his father, Jean has difficulty adjusting to Lucien's eccentric and sometimes oblivious behaviour; although considered old-fashioned in her ideas about womanhood, she occasionally challenges Blake's expectation that she wait on him hand and foot. Her husband died in the war and she is aware that her living with the unattached Blake is a source of gossip. Shrewd and observant, she guards her territory zealously, missing nothing and expertly sifting gossip for kernels of fact, which she dispenses when necessary. Her maternal tendencies are often a source of annoyance to her nephew Danny Parks, whom she treats like a son, and lodger Mattie O'Brien, whose outgoing attitude she does not understand at all. When Danny Parks moves out, police sergeant Charlie Davis becomes a lodger in the house.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Craig McLachlan as Doctor Lucien Blake
Nadine Garner as Jean Beazley
Cate Wolfe as Matilda "Mattie" O'Brien (Series 1–4.2)
Joel Tobeck as Chief Superintendent (later Chief Inspector) Matthew Lawson (Series 1–4.1, 5.1–)
Rick Donald as Constable (later Sergeant) Daniel Parks (Series 1, 5)
Sara Gleeson as Joy McDonald (Series 1–2.1)
Charlie Cousins as Constable (later Sergeant) Charlie Davis (Series 2–)
Belinda McClory as Alice Harvey (Series 2–)
John Wood as Patrick Tyneman (Series 1–5)
Craig Hall as Chief Supt William Munro (Series 3, 5)
John Stanton as Douglas Ashby (Series 1–3)
Neil Pigot as Major Derek Alderton (Series 1, 4)
David Whiteley as Sergeant Bill Hobart
Ian Rooney as Cec Drury
Lee Beckhurst as Edward Tyneman (Series 1–5)
Rodger Corser as Chief Supt Frank Carlyle (Series 4)
Anna McGahan as Rose Anderson (Series 4–)
Ling-Hsueh Tang as Mei Lin Blake (Series 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: The series is set and mostly filmed in the gold rush city of Ballarat, in Victoria.[6] It features Lydiard Street and many of the heritage buildings, including the Colonists Club, of which Lucien Blake is a member. External shots of the house and studio formerly owned by the muralist Napier Waller, in Melbourne, are used as a backdrop to represent Dr Blake's house.[9][10]

text: The Doctor Blake Mysteries is produced by Melbourne-based December Media in association with Film Victoria and ABC Television, which also broadcasts it in Australia on ABC. The international sales are handled by British ITV Studios Global Entertainment.[11]

text: The fourth series began airing on 5 February 2016.[12] In March 2017, it was announced that the programme would be ending, with a television-movie airing after season five.[7] Filming of the fifth season began in August 2016, then recommenced in August 2017 for filming of the movie-length finale.[13] The fifth series began airing on 17 September 2017.[14]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: It premiered in the United Kingdom on 25 November 2013 on BBC One.[15] It is also shown by a number of other European TV channels and in New Zealand.[16]  The series airs on selected Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) stations in the United States.[17] For streaming video, Series 1 through 3 are available on Netflix and Series 4 and 5 on BritBox in the US.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetwork1101 February 2013 (2013-02-01)5 April 2013 (2013-04-05)ABC2107 February 2014 (2014-02-07)11 April 2014 (2014-04-11)3813 February 2015 (2015-02-13)3 April 2015 (2015-04-03)485 February 2016 (2016-02-05)25 March 2016 (2016-03-25)5817 September 2017 (2017-09-17)5 November 2017 (2017-11-05)Telemovie12 November 2017 (2017-11-12)

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In October 2017, the Seven Network announced they acquired production rights for 2018.[2] A sequel series, possibly titled The Blake Mysteries is proposed by the Seven Network and supported by Screen Australia. The series would open with a telemovie, similar in length to the finale that closed the five seasons of The Doctor Blake Mysteries.[4] Although lead actor Craig McLachlan was cleared of sexual harassment charges, he and his character will not be part of the plots of the sequel, which will begin three years after the end of the present series, and is expected to include the regular characters of the present cast.[4] The plots of four telemovies will see Doctor Lucien Blake disappear in mysterious circumstances, with his new bride Jean Beazley to take on a more central role.[5]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

2014

Logie Awards

Most Outstanding Actor[18]

Craig McLachlan

Nominated

2015

Most Popular Actor[19]

Nominated

2016

Best Actor[20]

Nominated

text: Home Media[edit]

text:
DVD Title

Episodes

Aspect ratio

Running time

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

Series One
10
16:9
570 minutes
April 26, 2016
December 9, 2013
April 24, 2013

Series Two
10
16:9
570 minutes
September 30, 2016
March 30, 2015
June 9, 2014

Series Three
8
16:9
570 minutes
January 3, 2017
January 8, 2016
April 30, 2015

Series Four
8
16:9
450 minutes
January 16, 2018

January 30, 2017
May 5, 2016

Series Five
8
16:9
450 minutes
January 15, 2019
January 2018
June 2017