document_title: Mr. Darcy

question_text: who does mr darcy marry in pride and prejudice

text: Mr. Darcy

text: Character[edit]

text: In the novel, Mr. Darcy is a wealthy gentleman with an income exceeding £10,000 a year,[2] and the proprietor of Pemberley, a large estate in Derbyshire, England. Darcy first meets Elizabeth Bennet at a ball, where he slights her by refusing to dance with her, and by making rather demeaning remarks about her while she is within earshot. Gradually he becomes attracted to her and later attempts to court her while simultaneously struggling against his continued feelings of superiority. Ironically, Darcy disapproves when his friend Bingley develops a serious attachment to Elizabeth's elder sister Jane, and subtly persuades Bingley that Jane does not return his feelings (which Darcy honestly believes). He later explains this seeming hypocrisy by asserting "I was kinder to [Mr. Bingley] than to myself". Although he doesn't realize it, Elizabeth's discovery of Darcy's interference in Bingley and Jane's budding relationship, and Mr. Wickham's tale of how Darcy mistreated him, has caused her to dislike him intensely.

text: Eventually, Mr. Darcy declares his love for Elizabeth and offers her a proposal of marriage. He reminds her of the large gap in their social status. Elizabeth is offended and vehemently refuses him, expressing her reasons for disliking him, including her knowledge of his interference with Jane and Bingley and the account she received from Mr. Wickham of Darcy's alleged unfair treatment toward him. Insulted by Darcy's arrogant retorts, Elizabeth claims that the way by which he proposed to her prevented her from feeling concerns for him she "might have felt had you behaved in a more gentlemanlike manner". Darcy departs in anger and mortification and that night writes a letter to Elizabeth in which he defends his wounded honour, reveals the motives for his interference in Jane and Bingley's relationship, and gives a full account of his lifelong dealings with Wickham, who had attempted to seduce and elope with Darcy's younger sister, Georgiana, the previous summer.

text: Although initially angered by Elizabeth's vehement refusal and harsh criticism, Darcy is shocked to discover the reality of how his behaviour is perceived by others, particularly Elizabeth, and commits himself to re-evaluate his actions. A few months later, Darcy unexpectedly encounters Elizabeth when she is visiting his estate in Derbyshire with her aunt and uncle Gardiner. Elizabeth is first embarrassed to be discovered at Pemberley, having only visited on the belief that Darcy was absent; however, she is surprised to discover a marked change in Darcy's manner. Having responded to Elizabeth's criticism, Darcy is now determined to display the "gentlemanlike manner" she accused him of lacking and astonishes her with his kindness towards both her and her relations.

text: On discovering that Elizabeth's youngest sister Lydia, has fallen prey to and run off with Mr. Wickham, Darcy tracks them down and induces Wickham to marry Lydia, thus saving both Lydia and her family from social disgrace. Darcy's intervention was done not to win Elizabeth—he attempted to keep her from knowing of his involvement—but rather to ease her distress (the narrator hints through Mr. Bennet that Darcy's intervention to help Elizabeth may have cost him as much as a year's income: "Wickham's a fool if he takes [Lydia] with a farthing less than ten thousand pounds"). Darcy also felt partially responsible for failing to warn Elizabeth's family and the public of Wickham's true character.

text: Darcy then releases Mr. Bingley to return to Longbourn and woo Jane, accepting his misjudgement of her character. Accompanying his friend to Longbourn, Darcy proposes to Elizabeth again, who accepts his proposal.

text: Depictions in film and television[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Role
Film
Notes

1940
Laurence Olivier
Fitzwilliam Darcy
Pride and Prejudice

2001
Colin Firth
Mark Darcy
Bridget Jones's Diary
An adaptation of the novel Bridget Jones's Diary by Helen Fielding. Fielding's novel is loosely based on the novel Pride and Prejudice, the 1995 BBC TV series, and Colin Firth's portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy.

2003
Orlando Seale
Will Darcy
Pride & Prejudice: A Latter-Day Comedy
A Modern adaptation of Pride and Prejudice.

2004
Martin Henderson
William "Will" Darcy
Bride and Prejudice
A Bollywood adaptation of Pride and Prejudice.

Colin Firth
Mark Darcy
Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason
An adaptation of the novel Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason by Helen Fielding and a sequel to Bridget Jones's Diary.

2005
Matthew Macfadyen
Mr. Darcy
Pride & Prejudice

2016
Sam Riley
Colonel Darcy
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies
Based on the parody novel by Seth Grahame-Smith.

2016
Colin Firth
Mark Darcy
Bridget Jones's Baby
a sequel to 2004's Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, based on An adaptation of the novel Bridget Jones's Diary by Helen Fielding.

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Role
Television program
Notes

1949
John Baragrey
Fitzwilliam Darcy
The Philco Television Playhouse
Season 1, Episode 17 - "Pride and Prejudice"

1952
Peter Cushing
Fitzwilliam Darcy
Pride and Prejudice

1958
Alan Badel
Fitzwilliam Darcy
Pride and Prejudice

Patrick Macnee
Mr. Darcy
General Motors Theatre
Episode - "Pride and Prejudice" (Originally aired on December 21).

1967
Lewis Fiander
Fitzwilliam Darcy
Pride and Prejudice

1980
David Rintoul
Fitzwilliam Darcy
Pride and Prejudice

1995
Colin Firth
Fitzwilliam Darcy
Pride and Prejudice
The adaptation and Colin Firth's portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy inspired Helen Fielding to write Bridget Jones's Diary and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason. Colin Firth portrayed the character of Mark Darcy in all three film adaptations of Fielding's novels.

2008
Elliot Cowan
Fitzwilliam Darcy
Lost in Austen
A fantasy adaptation of Pride and Prejudice in which a modern woman trades places with Elizabeth Bennet.

2012-2013
Daniel Vincent Gordh
William Darcy
The Lizzie Bennet Diaries
A modern adaptation where the main character Lizzie tells the story of Pride and Prejudice through video blog format.

2013
Matthew Rhys
Fitzwilliam Darcy
Death Comes to Pemberley
A continuation based on P.D. James' book with the same name.

2013
Dallas Sauer
Mr. Darcy
Once Upon a Time in Wonderland

2018
Thiago Lacerda
Darcy Williamson
Orgulho e Paixão
A telenovela based Jane Austen's works.

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Mr. Darcy is a proud and arrogant man, particularly to those that he considers of less social status. He apparently thinks he is better than the lower classes in both rank and connections and so he does not wish to interact with them; we see evidence of this in Meryton - at all of the parties, he seems to distance himself from the rest of the crowd because he does not think them as worthy acquaintances. At the dance, he does not wish to dance with any girl because they were all beneath him in class and beauty. He is honourable, friendly, and caring to those that are the same class as him. For example, his behaviour with Bingley is more than brotherly as he rescues him from a bad marriage and is constant companion at his side. Through Elizabeth, he learns to be less boastful and arrogant because he realizes that his actions have deeply affected others. This arrogance is seen in his first proposal to Elizabeth whereby he acts with more pride rather than in a loving manner. Despite the way in which Elizabeth often mocks him, she is surprised by his "gallantry" as he persists in pursuing her.[3]

text: Vivien Jones notes that Darcy's handsome appearance, wealth and original arrogance signify to the reader that he is the hero of a romance novel.[4] Wickham's irresponsible elopement with Lydia allows Darcy to demonstrate that he now feels responsible for Wickham's continued bad behaviour by his silence - if he had made Wickham's bad character known, Lydia would have been safe. Darcy chooses to involve himself in arranging Lydia's marriage, despite the risk to his own reputation.[5] Elizabeth dismisses him at first as "intricate", though she adds that "intricate" men are at least "amusing".[6] Though Darcy treats Elizabeth with contempt, he always finds her to be "uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression of her dark eyes" and is "caught by the easy playfulness of her manner".[7] At one point, Elizabeth notes that "Mr. Darcy is all politeness" and speaks of his "grave propriety".[8] The term "grave propriety" is meant ironically, noting that Darcy is polite, but only in the sense that he possesses the mere civility of "the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world".[9] However, despite his barely tactful behavior, it is implied he has deeper feelings of affection for Elizabeth, which he has difficulty in expressing and which she often does not notice..[10]

text: The 18th century had been a time of "Cult of Courtesy", a time that prized delicacy, refinement and exaggerated politeness above all, leading in the words of the British writer Adam Nicolson that "...wide swathes of English 18th century life become fragile and dainty, in a way that no age in England, before or since, has managed...In some ways, natural human dignity had been sacrificed on the altar of a kind of rococo politeness....Acceptable behavior had become toy-like and it was not long before the anti-heroic fashion for a delicate sensibility ran out of control. Manliness, or even the ability to survive had in fact almost entirely deserted those [who] were suffering from the cult of sensibility".[11] In the 18th century idea, a man was expected above all to be pleasant and pleasing, and so it was better for a man to lie rather say anything which might offend.[11] By the early 19th century, a tougher, more brooding version of masculinity was starting to come into the vogue and the character of Mr. Darcy exemplifies the trend.[11] Nicolson described the differences between Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy as follows: "Mr. Bingley is a[n] 18th century man: handsome, young, agreeable, delightful, fond of dancing, gentlemanlike, pleasant, easy, unaffected and not entirely in control of his own destiny. Darcy is fine, tall, handsome, noble, proud, forbidding, disagreeable and subject to no control but his own...Darcy is a 19th century man, manliness itself, uncompromising, dark and sexy. And it is Darcy, of course, whom the novel ends up loving".[11]

text: The character of Mr. Darcy very much reflects the changing standards of English masculinity as unlike the heroes of the 18th century with their excessive politeness and unwillingness to offend, Mr. Darcy says whatever he likes, which showed his authenticity and honesty, which were the most important attributes for a man in the new Romantic age.[11] Even after Mr. Darcy apologizes to Miss Bennet for his brusque rudeness, his honesty meant that change of heart was sincere, and not the polished words of a follower of the cult of sensibility. More broadly, the character of Mr. Darcy showed the emergence of a new type of rawer masculinity that could not tolerate the foppish, superficial values of the previous century.[11] Nicolson called Darcy "the template on which the severe and unbending model of Victorian manliness is founded".[11] Nicolson concluded that: "The implication of the novel is that there is something better than politeness and that the merely civil is inadequate...Darcy is 'silent, grave and indifferent', words in this new moral universe which signal pure approval".[11] At one point, Darcy states "disguise of every sort is my abhorrence" reflecting the fact he never pretends to be anything other than what he is.[12] When the lightweight and pretentious Miss Bingley lists all the attributes of "an accomplished woman", Darcy says "To all this she must yet add something more substantial, in the improvement of her mind by extensive reading", indicating he wants more from a woman than what Miss Bingley thinks is necessary.[13]

text: Nicolson further argued that a character like Mr. Darcy reflects changes in British life as the Romantic age was a time when "What mattered was authentic, self-generated worth".[11] In this regard, the novel says "Of this she was perfectly unaware; to her he was only the man who made himself agreeable nowhere, and who had not thought her handsome enough to dance with".[14] Darcy is attracted to Elizabeth early on, but he sees her as unfit socially as a wife; however his feelings for her are such that he decides to forgo convention to marry the woman he loves, fitting him into the mold of a Romantic hero.[15] After Darcy gets over his prejudices against marrying the middle-class Elizabeth, the scholar Bernard Paris wrote that Darcy "becomes the most romantic figure in the book" while at the same time upholding traditional British values as "he uses his great power in the service of both order and desire".[16] Darcy is equally opposed to the "anarchistic tendencies" of Wickham and the "tyranny" of Lady Catherine on the other.[17] The scholar Alison Sulloway noted that Darcy has little patience for polite society with its false courtesies and superficial talk, and much prefers to be running Pemberley or to be outdoors.[18] Darcy's heroic stance is shown by the way he pursues Elizabeth despite her repeated rejections of his offers of marriage, showing the depth of his feelings that he often has trouble expressing properly.[19] Even though Darcy is sometimes clumsy at expressing his love for Elizabeth, his tendency to speak only what he really feels stands in marked contrast to the polished words of Wickham who never means what he says.[20]

text: In the Romantic age, those who prefer the "authentic" world of the outdoors are usually seen as the more sincere and passionate in their emotions, and in this sense, Darcy's preference for being in his garden at Pemberley or otherwise on the grounds of the estate shows him as a Romantic hero.[21] The very fact that Elizabeth is impressed by the beauty of Pemberley's gardens, hills, forests, fields, valleys, streams and pastures, which show Darcy's commitment to appreciating the beauty of nature, further underlines the point.[22] Like all of Jane Austen heroes, Darcy wore the standard dress of a Regency gentleman, described as a darkly colored, double-collared coat over a waistcoat together with breeches and riding boats in the day and a a darkly colored tailcoat, light breeches or dark trousers in the evening.[23] Beau Brummell had been very influential in settling the style for upper class men in Britain in the early 19th century, and most gentlemen tended to imitate his way of dressing.[24] In the 18th century, it was normal for spouses to address each other by their surnames, and Elizabeth Bennet's parents for example address each other as Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet despite having been married for 20 years; by contrast after his engagement, Darcy for the first time calls his fiancee Elizabeth, which shows the depth of his love.[25] A sign that this is marriage based on love can be seen in Darcy is described as having an annual income of £10, 000 pounds, and Elizabeth turns down his marriage proposals until she finally decides she loves him.[26]

text: The British cultural critic Robert Irvine described the appeal of Mr. Darcy to women as that of an "absolute and unconditioned male need for a woman".[27] Irvine argued that this was a female "fantasy" that was only possible in a context of general powerlessness on the part of women.[27] At the time of the French Revolution when elites all over Europe felt threatened, there was a tendency in British literature to glorify the aristocratic and gentry classes as the personification of British values in contrast to the French who guillotined their old elite to create the grasping, vulgar new elite of Napoleonic France. For the British middle class or "middling sort" as Austen called them to emulate the landed elite, however retained its social superiority.[28] The character of Mr. Darcy reflects this trend.[28] When Mr. Bingley suggests that he might like to one day build an estate like Pemberley, he is informed by Mr. Darcy that it is not the estate itself, but rather what it contains, its cultural heritage like the family library that makes Pemberley special as Mr. Bingley cannot be the heir to a family library built up over generations like the one Mr. Darcy is the heir to.[28] In this way, Austen suggests that there is more to Mr. Darcy than the proud and sneering man at the Meryton assembly, that there is a deepness to him as people like him are custodians of the national culture.[28] The scholar C.C. Barfoot described Pemberley as the "marvelous accretion of all the choices made by his predecessors", providing as the novel calls it "a kind of model" for how to live properly.[29] Barfoot argued that for Austen "civilization is not a gift, but is a possession that needs to be earned and sustained by practice"; in this regard, the fact that Darcy takes good care of his estate shows his basically civilized nature which he hides under his veneer of snobbery and coldness.[30]

text: A sign of the depth of Darcy's love for Elizabeth can be seen in that he tracks down Lydia and Wickham despite all of the costs.[31] The scholar James Brown observed at the time transport via the mud roads of Britain was hugely expensive, citing the remark by the novelist Sir Walter Scott that it had cost him £50 pounds to travel from Edinburgh to London in 1828; in today's money the sum was equal to £2, 500 pounds.[32] Brown wrote the readers in Austen's time would had known it had been an expensive burden for Darcy to go off searching for Wickham and Lydia, and readers today almost missed the significance of Darcy's financial sacrifice caused by his love for Elizabeth.[33] However, Brown wrote that Scott himself had admitted that he insisted on travelling in style on his trip, staying at the most expensive hotels and eating at the most expensive restaurants as befitting a gentleman of means, and that not all travelers at the time would stayed and eaten at the same sort of establishments patronised by Scott.[34]

text: Irvine argued that for someone like Darcy who lives about half of the year in London, which is a glittering and far-away place for people of Meryton, this proves his social superiority as his "London manners" are described variously in the novel as "fashionable" and "elegant".[35] Irvine argued that the union of Elizabeth and Darcy at the end of the novel was meant by Austen as a symbol of the union of the national and regional elites in England, forging together a united nation.[35] One scholar Rachel Brownstein noted of all the Austen romances that of Darcy and Elizabeth is the only one where the couple began as complete strangers at the beginning of the book, making Pride and Prejudice the most romantic of the Austen novels.[36]

text: Irvine argued that Elizabeth appears to be unworthy of Darcy not because of their differences in income level, but because of the class divide as she contemplates the glories of Pemberley.[37] Against the interpretation that Pride and Prejudice is primarily a novel about class, the American scholar Susan Morgan argued the novel is about character, stating Mr. Wickham may not be as wealthy as Darcy, but his commission in the militia would have made an eminently respectable man to marry in Regency England.[38] Morgan wrote though Darcy is rich, he does not represent "society" as some would have done, because he is reserved, vain, and quasi-isolated from society.[38] Morgan argued that Austen's message in Pride and Prejudice is that one should marry for love rather than money as Wickham disqualifies himself as a potential groom owing to his bad character, not his income.[38] Morgan observed that for most of the novel Darcy loves Elizabeth even when she loathes him and also when she comes to return his feelings. Austen writes it was because of "a motive within her of goodwill which could not be overlooked. It was gratitude - Gratitude, not merely for having loved her once, but for loving her still well enough, to forgive all the petulance and acrimony of her manner in rejecting him, and all the unjust accusations accompanying her rejection".[38] Morgan argued that the growth of Elizabeth's feelings for Darcy is a sign of her intellectual growth, as she comes to understand that freedom means the freedom to appreciate and understand the value of love.[38] In this sense, Darcy by seeking to improve himself, by ignoring repeated slights and insults, and by paying off Wickham's debts to rescue Lydia from her ill-conceived marriage just to impress her, proves himself worthy of Elizabeth's love.[38] Morgan wrote that the gratitude that Austen meant for Elizabeth to feel for Darcy "...is a gratitude that, despite all the obstacles which realism can provide, despite time, conventions, and misunderstanding, despite her wrongs and his own limitations, Mr. Darcy can see Elizabeth honestly and can love her as well."[38] One critic, Wilbur Cross, wrote at first Darcy displays outrageous arrogance to Elizabeth, but the novel ends with an "almost pitiable humiliation of Darcy", which was a testament to the power of women to tame men.[39]

text: Cultural influence and legacy[edit]

text: The character of Fitzwilliam Darcy has appeared in and inspired numerous works. Both Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet feature as part of science fiction author Philip Jose Farmer's fictional 'Wold Newton family', which links numerous literary characters (such as Tarzan and Sherlock Holmes) via an interconnected family tree of people and events.[citation needed] According to Farmer's works, both were exposed to radiation from a meteorite that struck Wold Newton in Yorkshire in the 1790s (a documented event). This allowed them to be the ancestors of many other famous literary characters, some of whom possessed unusual or even superhuman gifts and abilities. Numerous re-imaginings of the original work written from the perspective of Mr. Darcy have also been published, among them American writer Pamela Aidan's Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman trilogy, and English author Janet Aylmer's successful novel Darcy's Story published in the UK (ISBN 9780952821021) and later in the United States (ISBN 9780061148705).

text: Helen Fielding has admitted she "pillaged her plot"[40] for Bridget Jones's Diary from Pride and Prejudice. In Bridget Jones's Diary and its sequel Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, Bridget Jones is constantly mentioning the 1995 BBC adaptation and repeatedly watches the scene in the fourth episode where Darcy (Colin Firth) emerges from a pond wearing a wet white shirt,[41] and refers to the Darcy and Elizabeth of the TV series as "my chosen representatives in the field of shagging, or, rather, courtship".[42] When in The Edge of Reason Bridget becomes a journalist, she is flown to Italy where she is to interview Firth about his (then upcoming) film Fever Pitch, but finds herself only asking him questions about Mr. Darcy and the filming of the "pond scene".[41] This scene was shot but not included in the film adaptation of Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason. This scene can be seen in the DVD's extra features. Colin Firth's "pond scene" made it into Channel 4's Top 100 TV Moments.[43] Colin Firth has found it hard to shake off the Darcy image,[44] and he thought that playing Bridget Jones’s Mark Darcy, a character inspired by the other Darcy, would both ridicule and liberate him once and for all from the iconic character.[45]

text: Darcy's status as a romantic hero transcends literature. In 2010 a protein sex pheromone in male mouse urine, that is sexually attractive to female mice, was named Darcin in honour of the character.[46][47][48]

text: On 9 July 2013, a 12-foot (3.7 m) fibreglass statue of the figure of Mr. Darcy emerging from the water was installed in the Serpentine Lake of London's Hyde Park for a promotion of British television's UKTV channel.[49] Modelled on actor Colin Firth who played the role in the 1995 BBC miniseries, the statue will make the rounds of several English lakes before its final installation in Lyme Park, a location where the programme was partly filmed and already a pilgrimage site for Pride and Prejudice fans.

text:
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document_title: Name of Canada

question_text: when did the name of canada begin appearing on maps

root

text: Name of Canada

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The name Canada is now generally accepted as originating from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata or canada, meaning "village" or "settlement".[2] Related translations include "land" or "town", with subsequent terminologies meaning "cluster of dwellings" or "collection of huts".[2][3] This explanation is historically documented in Jacques Cartier's Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI.[2]

tag: p

text: Although the Laurentian language, which was spoken by the inhabitants of St. Lawrence Valley settlements such as Stadacona (modern-day Quebec City) and Hochelaga (modern-day Montreal) in the 16th century, is now extinct, it was closely related to other dialects of the Haudonosonee/ Iroquoian languages, such as the Oneida and Mohawk languages. The word kaná:ta' still means "town" in Mohawk,[4] and related cognates include ganataje and iennekanandaa in the Onondaga and Seneca languages respectively.[2] Prior to archeological confirmation that the St. Lawrence Iroquois were a separate people from the Mohawk, most sources specifically linked the name's origin to the Mohawk word instead of the Laurentian one.[5]

text: A widespread perception in Canadian folklore is that Cartier misunderstood the term "Canada" as the existing proper name of the Iroquois people's entire territory rather than the generic class noun for a town or village — for instance, the Historica Foundation of Canada's Heritage Minute film devoted to Cartier's landing at Hochelaga is scripted as having Cartier believe that "Kanata" or "Canada" was the established name of the entire country.[6] This is not supported by Cartier's own writings, however — in Bref récit, Cartier fully understands the actual meaning of the word ("They call a town Canada"),[7] and his earliest name for the wider territory is "le pays des Canadas" ("country of Canadas",[8] "land of Canadas" or "land of villages").

text: While the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian origin for the name Canada is now widely accepted, other theories have been put forth in the past.

text: Iberian origin theory[edit]

text: The most common alternative theory suggested that the name originated when Spanish or Portuguese explorers, having explored the northern part of the continent and unable to find gold and silver, wrote el cabo de nada ("Cape Nothing"), acá nada, aqui nada or cá nada ("nothing here") on that part of their maps.[9] An alternative explanation favoured by philologist Marshall Elliott linked the name to the Spanish word cañada, meaning "glen" or "valley".[10][11]

text: The earliest iterations of the Spanish "nothing here" theory stated that the explorers made the declaration upon visiting the Bay of Chaleur,[12] while later versions left out any identifying geographic detail. The known Portuguese presence in modern Canadian territory, meanwhile, was located in Newfoundland and Labrador. Neither region is located anywhere near Iroquoian territory, and the name "Canada" does not appear on any Spanish or Portuguese maps of the North American coast that predate Cartier's visit.[11] No name for the Bay of Chaleur is attested at all in Spanish sources from that period, while the only name for Newfoundland attested in Portuguese sources is "Terra Nova do Bacalhao", after the region's plentiful cod.

text: In most versions of the Iberian origin theory, the Spanish or Portuguese passed their name on to the Iroquois, who rapidly adopted it in place of their own prior word for a village;[11] however, no historical evidence for any such Iberian-Iroquoian interaction has ever actually been found.[11] Elliott's "valley" theory, conversely, was that the Spanish gave their name for the area directly to Cartier, who then entirely ignored or passed over the virtually identical Iroquoian word.[11] According to Elliott, Cartier never explicitly stated that there was a direct connection between canada or kanata as the Iroquoian word for "village" and Canada as the new name of the entire territory, and never accounted for the spelling difference between kanata and Canada—and thus the Spanish etymology had to be favoured because the spellings matched.[11] Notably, Cartier never wrote of having any awareness of any preexisting Spanish or Portuguese name for the region either, meaning that Elliott's allegation that the kanata derivation was not adequately supported by Cartier's own writing on the matter was also true of his own preferred theory.

text: Franciscan priest André Thevet claimed that the word derived from "segada canada", an answer reportedly given by Spaniards in the St. Lawrence Valley area when asked what their purpose was; according to Thevet, the phrase meant that they were seeking land[13] or that they were hunting.[14]

text: Few academics subscribe to the Iberian origin theory today, although some Spanish or Portuguese historians continue to support it over an Iroquoian root.

text: Minor or humourous theories[edit]

text: British philologist B. Davies surmised that by the same process which initially saw the First Nations mislabelled as Indians, the country came to be named for the Carnata region of India or that region's Kannada ethnic group,[15] although his theory has attracted no significant support from other academics.[2]

text: Additional theories have attributed the name "Canada" to a word in an unspecified aboriginal language for "mouth of the country" in reference to the Gulf of St. Lawrence,[2] to a Cree word for "neat or clean",[16] to a claimed Innu war cry of "kan-na-dun, Kunatun",[14] to a shared Cree and Innu word, "p'konata", which purportedly meant "without a plan" or "I don't know",[17] to a short-lived French colony purportedly established by a settler whose surname was Cane,[2] to Cartier's description elsewhere in his writings of Labrador as "the land God gave to Cain", or to a claim that the early French habitants demanded a "can a day" of spruce beer from the local intendant[2] (a claim easily debunked by the facts that the habitants would have been speaking French, not English, and that canning did not exist until the 19th century.)

text: In their 1983 book The Anglo Guide to Survival in Québec, humourists Josh Freed and Jon Kalina tied the Iberian origin theory to the phrase nada mas caca ("nothing but shit").[18] No historian or linguist has ever analyzed this explanation as anything more than an obvious joke.

text: Canadian[edit]

text: The demonym "Canadien" or "Canadian" used to refer exclusively to the aboriginal groups who were native to the territory.[11] Its use was extended over time to the French settlers of New France, and later the English settlers of Upper Canada.[11]

text: New France[edit]

text: European explorer Jacques Cartier transcribed the word as "Canada" and was the first to use the word to refer not only to the village of Stadacona but also to the neighbouring region and to the Saint Lawrence River, which he called rivière de Canada during his second voyage in 1535.[19][20] By the mid 1500s, European books and maps began referring to this region as Canada. Canada became the name of a colony in New France that stretched along the St. Lawrence River.[21][22] The terms "Canada" and "New France" were often used interchangeably during the colonial period.[21]

text: British North America[edit]

text: After the British conquest of New France (including ceding of the French colony, Canada) in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province of Quebec. Following the American revolution and the influx of United Empire Loyalists into Quebec, the colony was split on 26 December 1791 into Upper and Lower Canada, sometime being collectively known as "The Canadas", the first time that the name "Canada" was used officially, in the British regime.[23]

text: Some reports from the 1840s suggest that in that era, the word "Canada" was commonly pronounced "Kaugh-na-daugh" rather than its more contemporary pronunciation.[11]

text: Upper and Lower Canada were merged into one colony, the Province of Canada, in 1841, based on the recommendations of the Durham Report.[2] The former colonies were then known as Canada East and Canada West, and a single legislature was established with equal representation from each. Underpopulated Canada West opposed demands by Canada East for representation by population, but the roles reversed as Canada West's population surpassed the east's. The single colony remained governed in this way until 1 July 1867, often with coalition governments. A new capital city was being built at Ottawa, chosen in 1857 by Queen Victoria, and became a national capital.

text: Selection of the name Canada[edit]

text: At the conferences held in London to determine the form of confederation that would unite the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec), the Province of New Brunswick and the Province of Nova Scotia, a delegate from either Nova Scotia or New Brunswick proposed the name Canada in February 1867, and it was unanimously accepted by the other delegates. There appears to have been little discussion,[24] though other names were suggested.

text: Other proposed names[edit]

text: While the provinces' delegates spent little time, if any, in settling on 'Canada' as the name for the new country, others proposed a variety of other names:[25][26]

text:
Anglia – the medieval Latin name for England
Albionoria – "Albion of the north"
Borealia – from 'borealis', the Latin word for 'northern'; compare with Australia
Cabotia – in honour of Italian explorer John Cabot, who explored the eastern coast of Canada for England
Colonia
Efisga – an acronym of "English, French, Irish, Scottish, German, Aboriginal"
Hochelaga – an old name for Montreal
Laurentia
Mesopelagia – "land between the seas"
New Albion
Norland
Superior
Tupona – derived from 'The United Provinces of North America'
Transatlantica
Ursalia – "place of bears"
Vesperia – "land of the evening star"
Victorialand – in honour of Queen Victoria

tag: ul

text: Walter Bagehot of The Economist newspaper in London argued that the new nation should be called 'Northland' or 'Anglia' instead of Canada.[27] On these names, the statesman Thomas D'Arcy McGee commented, "Now I would ask any honourable member of the House how he would feel if he woke up some fine morning and found himself, instead of a Canadian, a Tuponian or a Hochelegander?".[28]

text: Adoption of Dominion[edit]

text: During the Charlottetown Conference of 1864, John A. Macdonald, who later became the first Prime Minister of Canada, talked of "founding a great British monarchy", in connection with the British Empire. He advocated, in the fourth Canadian draft of the British North America Act, the name "Kingdom of Canada,"[29] in the text is said:

text:
The word 'Parliament' shall mean the Legislature or Parliament of the Kingdom of Canada.
The word 'Kingdom' shall mean and comprehend the United Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
The words 'Privy Council' shall mean such persons as may from time to time be appointed, by the Governor General, and sworn to aid and advise in the Government of the Kingdom.[30]

text: Canada's founders, led by Sir John A. Macdonald wished their new nation to be called the Kingdom of Canada, to "fix the monarchical basis of the constitution."[31] The governor general at the time, the Viscount Monck, supported the move to designate Canada a kingdom;[32] however, officials at the Colonial Office in London opposed this potentially "premature" and "pretentious" reference for a new country. They were also wary of antagonizing the United States, which had emerged from its Civil War as a formidable military power with unsettled grievances because British interests had sold ships to the Confederacy despite a blockade, and thus opposed the use of terms such as kingdom or empire to describe the new country.[33]

text: New Brunswick premier Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley suggested the term 'Dominion',[34] inspired by Psalm 72:8 (from the King James Bible): "He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth."[35] This is also echoed in Canada's motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin for "from sea to sea").[36]

text: The term had been used for centuries to refer to the lands held by a monarch,[37] and had previously been adopted as titles for the Dominion of New England and the Dominion and Colony of Virginia. It continued to apply as a generic term for the major colonial possessions of the British Empire until well into the 20th century,[38] although Tilley and the other Fathers of Confederation broadened the meaning of the word 'dominion' to a "virtual synonym for sovereign state".[39] Its adoption as a title for Canada in 1867 served the purpose of upholding the monarchist principle in Canada; in a letter to Queen Victoria, Lord Carnarvon stated: "The North American delegates are anxious that the United Provinces should be designated as the 'Dominion of Canada.' It is a new title, but intended on their part as a tribute to the Monarchical principle which they earnestly desire to uphold.".[40]

text: Macdonald, however, bemoaned its adoption. In a letter to Lord Knutsford on the topic of the loss of the use of the word kingdom, Macdonald said:

text: A great opportunity was lost in 1867 when the Dominion was formed out of the several provinces…The declaration of all the B.N.A. provinces that they desired as one dominion to remain a portion of the Empire, showed what wise government and generous treatment would do, and should have been marked as an epoch in the history of England. This would probably have been the case had Lord Carnarvon, who, as colonial minister, had sat at the cradle of the new Dominion, remained in office. His ill-omened resignation was followed by the appointment of the late Duke of Buckingham, who had as his adviser the then Governor General, Lord Monck - both good men, certainly, but quite unable, from the constitution of their minds, to rise to the occasion. Had a different course been pursued, for instance, had united Canada been declared to be an auxiliary kingdom, as it was in the Canadian draft of the bill, I feel sure almost that the Australian colonies would, ere this, have been applying to be placed in the same rank as The Kingdom of Canada.[41][42]

text: He added as a postscript that it was adopted on the suggestion of British colonial ministers to avoid offending republican sensibilities in the United States:

text: P.S. On reading the above over I see that it will convey the impression that the change of title from Kingdom to Dominion was caused by the Duke of Buckingham. This is not so. It was made at the instance of Lord Derby, then foreign minister, who feared the first name would wound the sensibilities of the Yankees. I mentioned this incident in our history to Lord Beaconsfield at Hughenden in 1879, who said, 'I was not aware of the circumstance, but it is so like Derby, a very good fellow, but who lives in a region of perpetual funk.'[43]

text: Use of the term dominion was formalized in 1867 through Canadian Confederation. In the Constitution of Canada, namely the Constitution Act, 1867 (British North America Acts), the preamble of the Act indicates:

text: Whereas the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their Desire to be federally united into One Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom....[44]

text: And section 2 indicates that the provinces:

text: ... shall form and be One Dominion under the Name of Canada; and on and after that Day those Three Provinces shall form and be One Dominion under that Name accordingly.[44]

text: In J.S. Ewart's two volume work, The Kingdom Papers,[45][46] it is noted that the following names were considered for the union of British North America: "The United Colony of Canada", "the United Provinces of Canada", and "the Federated Provinces of Canada".[47] Ewart was also an ardent advocate for the formation of "the Republic of Canada", a position which was rarely expressed in those times.[48]

text: French terms for Dominion[edit]

text: The French translation of the 1867 British North America Act translated "One Dominion under the Name of Canada" as "une seule et même Puissance sous le nom de Canada" using Puissance (power) as a translation for dominion. Later the English loan-word dominion was also used in French.[49]

text: The Fathers of Confederation met at the Quebec Conference of 1864 to discuss the terms of this new union. One issue on the agenda was to determine the Union's "feudal rank" (see Resolution 71 of the Quebec Conference, 1864). The candidates for the classification of this new union were: "the Kingdom of Canada" (le Royaume du Canada), "the Realm of Canada" (le Royaume du Canada), "the Union of Canada" (l'Union du Canada), and "the Dominion of Canada" (le Dominion du Canada).

text: Use of Canada and Dominion of Canada[edit]

text: There are numerous references in United Kingdom Acts of Parliament to "the Dominion of Canada" and the British North America Act, 1867 referred to the formation of "one Dominion under the name of Canada".[50] Nonetheless, the term "Dominion of Canada" appears in the Constitution Act, 1871 — usage of which was "sanctioned"[51] — and both appear in other texts of the period, as well as on numerous Canadian banknotes before 1935.

text: Until the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was commonly used to identify the country. As Canada acquired political authority and autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government began using simply Canada on state documents. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, which refers only to Canada. Later that year, the national holiday was renamed from Dominion Day to Canada Day. Section 4 of the 1867 BNA Act also declares that:

text: Unless it is otherwise expressed or implied, the Name Canada shall be taken to mean Canada as constituted under this Act.

text: and this has been interpreted to mean that the name of the country is simply Canada. No constitutional statute amends this name, and the subsequent Canada Act 1982 does not use the term dominion. However, the Canadian constitution includes the preceding BNA Acts, where the term is used; also, the Canada Act 1982 does not state that Canada is not a dominion. Official sources of the United Nations system,[52][53] international organizations (such as the Organization of American States[54]), the European Union,[55] the United States,[56] and other polities with which Canada has official relations as a state consistently use Canada as the only official name, state that Canada has no long-form name, or that the formal name is simply Canada. While no legal document ever says that the name of the country is anything other than Canada,[57] Dominion and Dominion of Canada remain official titles of the country.[58][59][60]

text: In recent years, the terms Dominion of Canada and Dominion are occasionally used to distinguish modern (post-1867) Canada from either the earlier Province of Canada or from the even earlier The Canadas. The terms are also used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though in this usage "federal" has replaced "dominion". The federal government continues to produce publications and educational materials that specify the currency of these official titles, although these publications are not themselves legal or official documents.[61][62][63] For instance, in 2008 the Canadian government registered the Maple Leaf Tartan with the Scottish Tartans Authority under the name Dominion of Canada.[64]


document_title: White Christmas (song)

question_text: who sings with bing crosby in white christmas

text: White Christmas (song)

text: Origin[edit]

text: Accounts vary as to when and where Berlin wrote the song.[5] One story is that he wrote it in 1940, in warm La Quinta, California, while staying at the La Quinta Hotel, a frequent Hollywood retreat also favored by writer-director-producer Frank Capra, although the Arizona Biltmore also claims the song was written there.[6] He often stayed up all night writing—he told his secretary, "Grab your pen and take down this song. I just wrote the best song I've ever written—heck, I just wrote the best song that anybody's ever written!"[7]

text: Bing Crosby version[edit]

text: The first public performance of the song was by Bing Crosby, on his NBC radio show The Kraft Music Hall on Christmas Day, 1941; a copy of the recording from the radio program is owned by Crosby's estate and was loaned to CBS News Sunday Morning for their December 25, 2011, program.[5] He subsequently recorded the song with the John Scott Trotter Orchestra and the Ken Darby Singers and for Decca Records in just 18 minutes on May 29, 1942, and it was released on July 30 as part of an album of six 78-rpm discs from the musical film Holiday Inn.[5][8] At first, Crosby did not see anything special about the song. He just said "I don't think we have any problems with that one, Irving."[9] The song established that there could be commercially successful secular Christmas songs[10]—in this case, written by a Jewish-American songwriter.

text: The song initially performed poorly and was overshadowed by Holiday Inn's first hit song: "Be Careful, It's My Heart".[8] By the end of October 1942, "White Christmas" topped the Your Hit Parade chart. It remained in that position until well into the new year.[8] It has often been noted that the mix of melancholy—"just like the ones I used to know"—with comforting images of home—"where the treetops glisten"—resonated especially strongly with listeners during World War II. A few weeks after the attacks on Pearl Harbor, Crosby introduced "White Christmas" on a Christmas Day broadcast.[11] The Armed Forces Network was flooded with requests for the song. The recording is noted for Crosby's whistling during the second chorus.[8]

text: In 1942 alone, Crosby's recording spent eleven weeks on top of the Billboard charts. The original version also hit number one on the Harlem Hit Parade for three weeks,[12] Crosby's first-ever appearance on the black-oriented chart. Re-released by Decca, the single returned to the No. 1 spot during the holiday seasons of 1945 and 1946 (on the chart dated January 4, 1947), thus becoming the only single with three separate runs at the top of the U.S. charts. The recording became a chart perennial, reappearing annually on the pop chart twenty separate times before Billboard magazine created a distinct Christmas chart for seasonal releases.

text: In Holiday Inn, the composition won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1942.[13] In the film, Crosby sings "White Christmas" as a duet with actress Marjorie Reynolds, though her voice was dubbed by Martha Mears. This now-familiar scene was not the moviemakers' initial plan. In the script as originally conceived, Reynolds, not Crosby, would sing the song.[8] The song would feature in another Crosby film, the 1954 musical White Christmas, which became the highest-grossing film of 1954. (Crosby made yet another studio recording of the song, accompanied by Joseph J. Lilley's orchestra and chorus, for the film's soundtrack album.)

text: The version most often heard today on radio during the Christmas season is the 1947 re-recording. The 1942 master was damaged due to frequent use. Crosby re-recorded the track on March 19, 1947, accompanied again by the Trotter Orchestra and the Darby Singers, with every effort made to reproduce the original recording session.[7] The re-recording is recognizable by the addition of flutes and celesta in the beginning.

text: Although Crosby dismissed his role in the song's success, saying later that "a jackdaw with a cleft palate could have sung it successfully," he was associated with it for the rest of his career.

text: Formats and track listing[edit]

text: These are the formats and track listings of single releases of "White Christmas".

text:
10" shellac single – U.S. (Decca – 18429)[14][15]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length

1.
"White Christmas"
Irving Berlin
3:02

2.
"Let's Start The New Year Right"
Irving Berlin

tag: table

text:
CD single – UK (MCA Records – MCSTD48105)[16]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length

1.
"White Christmas"
Irving Berlin
3:06

2.
"Auld Lang Syne"
Traditional
1:38

3.
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"
Henry W. Longfellow, K.Davis/H.Onorati
2:37

text: Sales figures[edit]

text: Crosby's "White Christmas" single has been credited with selling 50 million copies, the most by any release and therefore it is the biggest-selling single worldwide of all time. The Guinness Book of World Records 2009 Edition lists the song as a 100-million seller, encompassing all versions of the song, including albums.[4][5] Crosby's holiday collection Merry Christmas was first released as an LP in 1949, and has never been out of print since.

text: There has been confusion and debate on whether Crosby's record is or is not the best-selling single, due to a lack of information on sales of "White Christmas," because Crosby's recording was released before the advent of the modern-day US and UK singles charts.[17] However, after careful research, Guinness World Records in 2007 concluded that, worldwide, Crosby's recording of "White Christmas" has, in their estimation, sold at least 50 million copies, and that Elton John's recording of "Candle in the Wind 1997" has sold 33 million, making Crosby's recording the best-selling single of all time.[2] However, an update in the 2009 edition of the book decided to further help settle the controversy amicably by naming both John's and Crosby's songs to be "winners" by stating that John's recording is the "best-selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s," while maintaining that "the best-selling single of all time was released before the first pop charts," and that this distinction belongs to "White Christmas," which it says "was listed as the world's best-selling single in the first-ever Guinness Book of Records (published in 1955) and—remarkably—still retains the title more than 50 years later."[18]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In 1999, National Public Radio included it in the "NPR 100", which sought to compile the one hundred most important American musical works of the 20th century. Crosby's version of the song also holds the distinction of being ranked No. 2 on the "Songs of the Century" list, behind only Judy Garland's "Over the Rainbow," as voted by members of the RIAA.[19] In 2002, the original 1942 version was one of 50 historically significant recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. In 2004, it finished at No. 5 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

text: The recording was broadcast on Armed Forces Radio on April 30, 1975, as a secret, pre-arranged signal precipitating the U.S. evacuation from Saigon.[20]

text: Original verse[edit]

text: Irving Berlin's opening verse is often dropped in recordings. It is included on A Christmas Gift for You from Philles Records, sung by Darlene Love; on Barbra Streisand's A Christmas Album; on the Carpenters' Christmas Portrait, sung by Karen Carpenter; on Neil Diamond's The Christmas Album; on Bette Midler's Cool Yule; on Libera's Christmas Album; and on Crash Test Dummies' Jingle All the Way.[7]

text:
The sun is shining, the grass is green,
The orange and palm trees sway.
There's never been such a day
in Beverly Hills, L.A.
But it's December the twenty-fourth,—
And I am longing to be up North—[21]

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[22]
Gold
45,000^

Sweden (GLF)[23]
Platinum
50,000^

^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: Other versions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "White Christmas" is the most-recorded Christmas song; there have been more than 500 recorded versions of the song, in several different languages.[24] The following have received some charting success.

text: Gordon Jenkins and his Orchestra (with Bob Carroll on lead vocal) released a version (Capitol F-124) that reached No. 16 on Billboard magazine's pop singles chart in 1942[25] and Charlie Spivak and his Orchestra (with Garry Stevens on lead vocal) released a version that reached No. 18 on Billboard's pop singles chart[26] as did Freddy Martin and his Orchestra (with Clyde Rogers on lead vocal), reaching No. 20 on Billboard's pop singles chart (and again in December 1945, reaching No. 16).[27]

text: In 1944, Frank Sinatra with a backing orchestration under the direction of Axel Stordahl reached No. 7 on Billboard's pop singles chart (two more times: December 1945, No. 5; December 1946, No. 6)[28] Jo Stafford reaching No. 9 on Billboard's pop singles chart in 1946, with backing vocals by the Lyn Murray Singers and backing orchestration by Paul Weston.[26] Eddy Howard and his Orchestra released a version that reached No. 21 on Billboard's pop singles chart the same year[29] while Perry Como, with backing orchestration by Lloyd Shaffer, reachead No. 23 on Billboard's pop singles chart.[30]

text: In 1949 The Ravens peacked at No. 9 on Billboard's Rhythm & Blues Records chart in January 1949[31] while Ernest Tubb, with female backing vocals by The Troubadettes, peaked at No. 7 on Billboard's Country & Western Records chart.[32]

text: In 1952 Mantovani and his orchestra reached No. 23 on Billboard's pop singles chart[27] while The Drifters showcased the talents of lead singer Clyde McPhatter and the bass vocals of Bill Pinkney in 1954, peaking at No. 2 on Billboard's Rhythm & Blues Records chart. It returned to the same chart in the next two years.[33] The Drifters rendition of this song can be heard in Home Alone

text: Andy Williams recorded it in 1963's, The Andy Williams Christmas Album, where ir reached No. 1 on Billboard's special, year-end, weekly Christmas Singles chart. It was released in 1968 as a posthumous single from Otis Redding, and reached No. 12 on the Christmas Singles chart[31] In 1980, Darts's version peaked at No. 48 on the UK singles chart.

text: Michael Bolton performed it on his 1992 non-holiday album, Timeless: The Classics, where it peaked at No. 73 on Billboard's Hot 100 Airplay chart in January 1993.[34] Garth Brooks version included on his first holiday album, Beyond the Season, peaked at No. 70 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in January 1995.[35] In Martina McBride recorded it for, White Christmas, charting twice, reaching No. 75 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1999, and No. 62 on the same chart in 2000[36]

text: Bette Midler's version, released on her non-holiday album, Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook, reached No. 15 on Billboard's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart in 2003.[37] The version released on Andrea Bocelli 2009 album, My Christmas, reached No. 16 on the Portuguese Singles Chart.[38] Despite not being released as a single, Marco Mengoni's version, released on the compilation album X Factor – The Christmas Album, charted at No. 13 on the Italian Singles Chart based on digital downloads of the track.[39]


document_title: Disabled (poem)

question_text: what type of poem is disabled by wilfred owen

text: Disabled (poem)

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Disabled

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "Disabled" is a war poem by Wilfred Owen written in 1917. It expresses the tormented thoughts and recollections of a teenaged soldier in World War I who has lost his limbs in battle and is now confined to a wheelchair. The subject contrasts the predicament he is now in with the youthful pleasures he had enjoyed "before he threw away his knees". He recalls the impetuous circumstances in which he enlisted, notes how the crowds that greeted his return were smaller and less enthusiastic than those who cheered his departure, and laments how women no longer look at him but at "the strong men who were whole".


document_title: Boiling chip

question_text: why is it necessary to add a boiling chips during distillation

text: Boiling chip

text: A boiling chip, boiling stone, or anti-bumping granule is a tiny, unevenly shaped piece of substance added to liquids to make them boil more calmly. Boiling chips are frequently employed in distillation and heating. When a liquid becomes superheated, a particle of dust or a stirring rod can cause flash boiling. This very rapid boiling can be extremely violent and cause reagents to splatter, possibly causing severe burns, ruining experiments, and damaging equipment. Boiling chips work by providing nucleation sites so the liquid boils smoothly without becoming superheated or bumping.[1][2]

text: Use[edit]

text: Boiling chips should not be added to liquid that is already near its boiling point, as this could also induce flash boiling.[3]

text: The structure of a boiling chip traps liquid while in use, meaning that they cannot be re-used in laboratory setups. They also don't work well under vacuum; if a solution is boiling under vacuum, it's best to constantly stir it instead.[4][5]

text: Materials[edit]

text: Boiling chips are typically made of a porous material, such as alumina, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, porcelain or carbon, and often have a nonreactive coating of PTFE. This ensures that the boiling chips will provide effective nucleation sites, yet are chemically inert. In less demanding situations, like school laboratories, pieces of broken porcelainware or glassware are often used.[6][7]