document_title: List of Australian Football League records

question_text: who has kicked the most goals in an afl match

text: Team records[edit]

text: Team wins, losses and draws[edit]

text:
Team
Matches
Won
Drawn
Lost
GF-BF
%
For
GA-BA
%
Agn
%

Win%

Adelaide
602
321
2
280
8326.7567
52.4
57523
7821.6877
53.2
53803
106.91
53.41

Brisbane Bears †
222
72
2
148
2852.2606
52.3
19718
3521.3259
51.9
24385
80.86
32.88

Brisbane Lions
461
216
6
239
6269.5714
52.3
43328
6390.5655
53.1
43995
98.48
47.51

Carlton
2447
1415
34
998
29836.31440
48.7
210456
27173.29237
48.2
192275
109.46
58.52

Collingwood
2485
1504
26
955
30694.32504
48.6
216668
27165.29277
48.1
192267
112.69
61.05

Essendon
2411
1350
35
1026
29803.30539
49.4
209357
27523.28946
48.7
194084
107.87
56.72

Fitzroy †
1928
869
25
1034
21102.23701
47.1
150313
22350.24426
47.8
158526
94.82
45.72

Fremantle
499
224
1
274
6332.5641
52.9
43633
6762.5922
53.3
46494
93.85
44.99

Geelong
2381
1289
22
1070
29242.30059
49.3
205511
27257.28631
48.8
192173
106.94
54.60

Gold Coast
132
34
1

97
1476.1433
50.7
10289
2014.1772
53.2
13856
74.26
26.14

Greater Western Sydney
112
37
3

75
1302.1188
52.3
9000
1720.1439
54.4
11759
76.54
33.04

Hawthorn
1930
947
10
973
25131.24345
50.8
175131
24658.25008
49.6
172956
101.26
49.33

Melbourne
2352
1057
21
1274
27192.28398
48.9
191550
28733.29645
49.2
202043
94.81
45.39

North Melbourne
1920
856
17
1047
24200.23814
50.4
169014
25652.25281
50.4
179193
94.32
45.03

Port Adelaide
462
234
5
223
6213.5514
53.0
42792
6212.5449
53.3
42721
100.17
51.19

Richmond
2206
1108
22
1076
27442.28400
49.1
193052
27527.28066
49.5
193228
99.91
50.73

St Kilda
2328
904
26
1398
25575.26974
48.7
180424
28966.29964
49.2
203760
88.55
39.39

Sydney
2383
1131
24
1228
27807.29483
48.5
196325
28295.29768
48.7
199538
98.39
47.96

University †
126
27
2
97
841.1135
42.6
6181
1245.1597
43.8
9067
68.17
22.22

West Coast
705
393
6
306
9740.8866
52.3
67306
9082.8045
53.0
62537
107.63
56.17

Western Bulldogs
1894
851
22
1021
23018.23099
49.9
161207
24327.24156
50.2
170118
94.76
44.51

Source: AFL Tables. Last updated: 18 March 2017.(†) = Defunct Club

text: Highest and lowest scores[edit]

text:
Highest

Rank
Score
Club
Opponent
Year
Round
Venue

1
37.17.239
Geelong
Brisbane Bears
1992
7
Carrara Stadium

2
36.22.238
Fitzroy
Melbourne
1979
17
VFL Park

3
36.20.236
Sydney
Essendon
1987
17
Sydney Cricket Ground

4
37.11.233
Geelong
Melbourne
2011
19
Kardinia Park

5
36.15.231
Hawthorn
Fitzroy
1991
6
North Hobart Oval

Source:  [1]. Last updated: 20 August 2013.

text:
Lowest

Rank
Score
Club
Opponent
Year
Round
Venue

1
0.1.1
St Kilda
Geelong
1899
3 (FS)
Corio Oval

2
0.2.2
St Kilda
South Melbourne
1897
3
Lake Oval

0.2.2
St Kilda
Geelong
1899
14
Corio Oval

0.2.2
Melbourne
Fitzroy
1899
2 (FS)
Brunswick Street Oval

5
0.3.3
St Kilda
South Melbourne
1897
10
Junction Oval

0.3.3
St Kilda
Essendon
1897
12
East Melbourne Cricket Ground

Source:  [2]. Last updated: 20 August 2013.(FS) = Sectional Round in Finals

text: All these scores were from the first three years of VFL competition, when scores in general were much lower. The following table shows the lowest scores since 1919 (the first year of complete competition following World War I):

text:
Lowest since 1919

Rank
Score
Club
Opponent
Year
Round
Venue

1
1.0.6
Fitzroy
Footscray
1953
5
Western Oval

2
0.8.8
Richmond
St Kilda
1961
16
Junction Oval

3
1.5.11
St Kilda
Melbourne
1957
16
Junction Oval

4
1.7.13
Hawthorn
Melbourne
1926
9
Melbourne Cricket Ground

1.7.13
Richmond
Collingwood
1927
GF
Melbourne Cricket Ground

1.7.13
Fremantle
Adelaide
2009
15
Football Park

Source:  [3]. Last updated: 20 August 2013.

text: Highest losing scores and lowest winning scores[edit]

text:
Highest losing scores

Rank
Score
Club
Opponent
Opponent’s score
Year
Round
Venue

1
25.13.163
Geelong
Hawthorn
26.15.171
1989
6
Princes Park

2
25.9.159
Kangaroos
Essendon
27.9.171
2001
16
Melbourne Cricket Ground

3
23.19.157
Fitzroy
Melbourne
24.23.167
1978
2
Melbourne Cricket Ground

4
24.11.155
South Melbourne
Geelong
26.11.167
1978
19
Lake Oval

5
24.10.154
South Melbourne
Melbourne
24.23.167
1979
6
Melbourne Cricket Ground

Source:  [4]. Last updated: 20 August 2013.

text:
Lowest winning scores

Rank
Score
Club
Opponent
Opponent’s score
Year
Round
Venue

1
1.8.14
Essendon
Melbourne
0.8.8
1897
3 (Finals)
East Melbourne Cricket Ground

2
1.9.15
Geelong
Melbourne
0.10.10
1897
9
Corio Oval

2.3.15
South Melbourne
Melbourne
1.7.13
1898
6
Melbourne Cricket Ground

1.9.15
Essendon
South Melbourne
0.9.9
1899
3
East Melbourne Cricket Ground

5
1.13.19
Essendon
South Melbourne
2.3.15
1897
6
Lake Oval

Source:  [5]. Last updated: 20 August 2013.

text: As with the lowest overall scores, all these were from the first three years of the VFL. The lowest winning scores in more recent times are:

text:
Lowest winning scores since 1919

Rank
Score
Club
Opponent
Opponent’s score
Year
Round
Venue

1
2.13.25
Collingwood
Richmond
1.7.13
1927
GF
Melbourne Cricket Ground

2
3.10.28
Essendon
Footscray
3.5.23
1989
13
Windy Hill

3
4.6.30
Carlton
Richmond
3.5.23
1927
17
Princes Park

4
3.13.31
Collingwood
Essendon
4.6.30
1927
17
Victoria Park

4.7.31
Collingwood
Geelong
3.11.29
1951
14
Kardinia Park

3.13.31
Carlton
Geelong
2.12.24
1977
12
Princes Park

Source:  [6]. Last updated: 20 August 2013.

text: Highest scores for each quarter[edit]

text:
Quarter
Score
Club
Opponent
Year
Round
Venue

1st
15.4.94
Essendon
Gold Coast
2011
6
Docklands Stadium

2nd
14.2.86
Adelaide
Fitzroy
1996
17
Football Park

3rd
13.4.82
Essendon
Footscray
1982
22
Western Oval

4th
17.4.106
South Melbourne
St Kilda
1919
12
Lake Oval

Source:  [7]. Last updated: 20 August 2013.

text: Greatest winning margins[edit]

text:
Rank
Margin
Club
Opponent
Year
Round
Venue

1
190
Fitzroy
Melbourne
1979
17
VFL Park

2
186
Geelong
Melbourne
2011
19
Kardinia Park

3
178
Collingwood
St Kilda
1979
4
Victoria Park

4
171
South Melbourne
St Kilda
1919
12
Lake Oval

5
168
Richmond
North Melbourne
1931
2
Punt Road Oval

Source:  [8]. Last updated: 20 August 2013.

text: Biggest comebacks[edit]

text: Deficit from end of 1/4 time:

text:
Rank
Deficit
Club
Final Score
Opponent
Final Score
Year
Round
Venue

1
58
Essendon
27.9.171
Kangaroos
25.9.159
2001
16
Melbourne Cricket Ground

2
55
St Kilda
15.22.112
Hawthorn
14.15.99
1937
2
Glenferrie Oval

3
51
Hawthorn
17.7.109
St Kilda
14.12.96
1999
12
Waverley Park

4
48
Richmond
19.13.127
Sydney Swans
16.14.110
1982
21
Sydney Cricket Ground

48
West Coast Eagles
16.17.113
Western Bulldogs
15.10.100
1998
10
WACA Ground

Source:  http://afl.allthestats.com/?itm=211134&fmqtr=0. Last updated: 14 January 2011.

text: Deficit from end of 2/4 time:

text:
Rank
Deficit
Club
Final Score
Opponent
Final Score
Year
Round
Venue

1
52
Collingwood
14.23.107
St Kilda
15.10.100
1970
10
Victoria Park

2
50
Melbourne
17.17.119
Fremantle
15.23.113
2008
7
Melbourne Cricket Ground

3
49
Geelong
17.10.112
Collingwood
17.9.111
1972
20
Kardinia Park

49
Hawthorn
26.15.171
Geelong
25.13.163
1989
6
Princes Park

49
St Kilda
14.10.94
Western Bulldogs
13.9.87
2015
6
Docklands Stadium

Source:  http://afl.allthestats.com/?itm=211134&fmqtr=1. Last updated: 14 January 2011.

text: Deficit from end of 3/4 time:

text:
Rank
Deficit
Club
Final Score
Opponent
Final Score
Year
Round
Venue

1
45
Brisbane Bears
14.20.104
Hawthorn
14.13.97
1995
16
The Gabba

2
44
North Melbourne
15.12.102
Essendon
14.10.94
1947
6
Arden Street Oval

3
41
North Melbourne
12.19.91
Footscray
13.7.85
1936
7
Arden Street Oval

41
Essendon
18.16.124
Melbourne
19.9.123
1992
6
Melbourne Cricket Ground

5
40
Western Bulldogs
14.15.99
Adelaide
14.13.97
1999
16
Melbourne Cricket Ground

40
Kangaroos
17.16.118
Sydney Swans
18.4.112
2004
19
Sydney Cricket Ground

text: Largest comebacks (from any stage of the game):

text:
Rank
Deficit
Club
Final Score
Opponent
Final Score
Year
Round
Venue

1
69pts Q2 10mins
Essendon
27.9.171
Kangaroos
25.9.159
2001
16
MCG

2
63pts Q2 5mins
Hawthorn
17.7.109
St Kilda
14.12.96
1999
12
Waverley Park

3
60pts Q2 27mins
Collingwood
14.23.107
St Kilda
15.10.100
1970
10
Victoria Park

4
56pts Q2 28mins
Hawthorn
26.15.171
Geelong
25.13.163
1989
6
Princes Park

5
55pts at Q1 time
St Kilda
15.22.112
Hawthorn
14.15.99
1937
2
Glenferrie Oval

55pts Q2 10mins
Collingwood
19.9.123
Richmond
16.13.109
1978
20
Punt Road Oval

55pts Q3 3mins
St Kilda
14.10.94
Western Bulldogs
13.9.87
2015
6
Docklands Stadium

text: Highest scores (both teams)[edit]

text:
Rank
Score
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Score
Year
Round
Venue

1
52.33.345
Melbourne
21.15.141
St Kilda
31.18.204
1978
6
Melbourne Cricket Ground

=2
51.31.337
Geelong
35.18.228
St Kilda
16.13.109
1989
7
Kardinia Park

=2
50.37.337
Hawthorn
21.23.149
Richmond
29.14.188
1985
5
Princes Park

=4
51.28.334
Kangaroos
35.19.229
Sydney
16.9.105
1993
6
Princes Park

=4
51.28.334
Hawthorn
26.15.171
Geelong
25.13.163
1989
6
Princes Park

Source:  [1]

text: Lowest scores (both teams)[edit]

text:
Rank
Score
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Score
Year
Round
Venue

1
1.16.22
Essendon
1.8.14
Melbourne
0.8.8
1897
FR3
Lake Oval

2
1.18.24
Essendon
1.9.15
South Melbourne
0.9.9
1899
3
East Melbourne Cricket Ground

3
1.19.25
Geelong
1.9.15
Melbourne
0.10.10
1897
9
Corio Oval

4
3.10.28
Melbourne
1.7.13
South Melbourne
2.3.15
1898
6
MCG

5
3.11.29
Carlton
3.6.24
South Melbourne
0.5.5
1899
8
Princes Park

Source: [2]

text: Lowest scores (both teams) since 1919[edit]

text: As with the lowest scores and lowest winning scores, all the lowest aggregate scores above were from the first three years of VFL competition. The lowest match aggregate scores in more recent times are:

text:
Rank
Score
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Score
Year
Round
Venue

1
3.20.38
Collingwood
2.13.25
Richmond
1.7.13
1927
GF
MCG

2
6.15.51
Essendon
3.10.28
Footscray
3.5.23
1989
13
Windy Hill

3=
6.17.53
St Kilda
5.5.35
Essendon
1.12.18
1923
10
Junction Oval

3=
7.11.53
Carlton
4.6.30
Richmond
3.5.23
1927
6
Princes Park

5
5.25.55
Carlton
3.13.31
Geelong
2.12.24
1977
12
Princes Park

6
6.21.57
Footscray
1.8.14
Geelong
5.13.43
1965
12
Western Oval

7
7.16.58
Footscray
3.4.22
Brisbane Bears
4.12.36
1996
16
Western Oval

8
6.23.59
Footscray
4.12.36
Essendon
2.11.23
1955
4
Western Oval

Source: [3]

text: Individual records[edit]

text: Disposals[edit]

text: Most Disposals (since 1965)[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Disposals[4]
Year vs Team

1
Tom Mitchell
54

2018 vs Collingwood

2
Greg Williams
53
1989 vs St Kilda

Gary Ablett Jr.
53
2012 vs Collingwood

4
Barry Price
52
1971 vs Fitzroy

5
Scott Thompson
51
2011 vs Gold Coast

text: Goalkicking[edit]

text: Most career goals[edit]

text:
Rank
Goals
Games
Player
Club/Clubs
Career

1
1360
281
Tony Lockett
St Kilda, Sydney
1983–1999, 2002

2
1299
306
Gordon Coventry
Collingwood
1920–1937

3
1254
269
Jason Dunstall
Hawthorn
1985–1998

4
1057
267
Doug Wade
Geelong, North Melbourne
1959–1975

5
1030
248
Gary Ablett, Sr.
Hawthorn, Geelong
1982–1996

Source: [9]. Last updated: 10 June 2009.

text: Most goals in a game[edit]

text:
Rank

Score

Player

Club

Opponent

Year

Round

Venue

1
18.1
Fred Fanning
Melbourne
St Kilda
1947
19
Junction Oval

2
17.4
Gordon Coventry
Collingwood
Fitzroy
1930
12
Victoria Park

17.5
Jason Dunstall
Hawthorn
Richmond
1992
7
Waverley Park

4
16.5
Gordon Coventry
Collingwood
Hawthorn
1929
13
Victoria Park

16.1
Peter Hudson
Hawthorn
Melbourne
1969
5
Glenferrie Oval

16.4
Peter McKenna
Collingwood
South Melbourne
1969
19
Victoria Park

16.0
Tony Lockett
Sydney Swans
Fitzroy
1995
19
Whitten Oval

Source:  [10]. Last updated: 14 January 2011.

text: Most goals in a season[edit]

text:
Rank
Goals
Player
Club
Season

1
150
Bob Pratt
South Melbourne
1934

150
Peter Hudson
Hawthorn
1971

3
146
Peter Hudson
Hawthorn
1970

4
145
Jason Dunstall
Hawthorn
1992

5
143
Peter McKenna
Collingwood
1970

Source: [11]. Last updated: 9 July 2007.

text: Most seasons as leading goalkicker[edit]

text:
Rank
Seasons
Player
Club/Clubs

1
8
Dick Lee
Collingwood

2
6
Gordon Coventry
Collingwood

3
5
John Coleman
Essendon

4
4
Fred Fanning
Melbourne

4
Doug Wade
Geelong, North Melbourne

4
Peter Hudson
Hawthorn

4
Tony Lockett
St Kilda, Sydney

4
Lance Franklin
Hawthorn, Sydney

Source: [12]. Last updated: 20 May 2009. Note: This table does not take into account goals scored in finals.

text: Highest goals per game average[edit]

text:
Rank
Average
Player
Club/Clubs

1
5.64
Peter Hudson
Hawthorn

2
5.48
John Coleman
Essendon

3
4.84
Tony Lockett
St Kilda, Sydney

4
4.66
Jason Dunstall
Hawthorn

5
4.58
Peter McKenna
Collingwood, Carlton

Source: [13]. Last updated: 9 July 2007.

text: Most goals on debut[edit]

text:
Rank
Goals
Player
Club
Opponent
Year
Round
Venue

1
12
John Coleman
Essendon
Hawthorn
1949
1
Windy Hill

2
9
Bill Wood
Footscray
Collingwood
1944
3
Whitten Oval

9
Warren Ralph
Carlton
North Melbourne
1984
1
Waverley Park

4
8
John Georgiades
Footscray
Carlton
1989
1
Princes Park

8
Scott Cummings
Essendon
Sydney Swans
1994
14
Melbourne Cricket Ground

Source: Official statistical history of the AFL (book). Last updated: 2007.

text: Most consecutive games with one or more goals[edit]

text:
Rank

Streak

Player

Club/s

Start

End

1

121

Peter McKenna

Collingwood

1968

1974

2

114

Tony Lockett

St Kilda, Sydney

1993

2002

3

98

Gordon Coventry

Collingwood

1932

1937

4

97

Dick Lee

Collingwood

1910

1918

5

90

Doug Wade

Geelong, North Melbourne

1971

1975

Source: AFL Tables. Last updated: 13 July 2015.

text: Most career games for no goals[edit]

text:
Rank
Games
Player
Club/Clubs

1
182
Ted Potter
Collingwood

2
172
Gary Malarkey
Geelong

3
166
Les Gardiner
Essendon

4
162
Jamie Shanahan
St Kilda, Melbourne

5
154
Ian Synman
St Kilda

Source: AFL Tables. Last updated: 9 July 2007.

text: Games[edit]

text: Most career games[edit]

text:
Rank
Games
Player
Club
Career span

1
432
Brent Harvey
North Melbourne
1996–2016

2
426
Michael Tuck
Hawthorn
1972–1991

3
403
Kevin Bartlett
Richmond
1965–1983

4
400
Dustin Fletcher
Essendon
1993–2015

5
383
Robert Harvey
St Kilda
1988–2008

text: Most consecutive games[edit]

text:
Rank
Games
Player
Club

1
244
Jim Stynes
Melbourne

2
226
Adem Yze
Melbourne

3
204
Adam Goodes
Sydney

4
202
Jack Titus
Richmond

5
200
Brett Kirk
Sydney

text: Most games for each club[edit]

text:
Club
Games
Player
Career span

Adelaide
340
Andrew McLeod
1995–2010

Brisbane Bears
164
Roger Merrett
1988–1996

Brisbane Lions
322
Simon Black
1998–2013

Carlton
375
Craig Bradley
1986–2002

Collingwood
313
Tony Shaw
1977–1994

Essendon
400
Dustin Fletcher
1993–2015

Fitzroy
333
Kevin Murray
1955–1964, 1967–1974

Footscray/Western Bulldogs
364
Brad Johnson
1994–2010

Fremantle
353
Matthew Pavlich
2000–2016

Geelong
332
Corey Enright
2001–2016

Gold Coast
132
Jarrod Harbrow
2011–present

Greater Western Sydney
146
Callan Ward
2012–present

Hawthorn
426
Michael Tuck
1972–1991

Melbourne
306
David Neitz
1993–2008

North Melbourne
432
Brent Harvey
1996–2016

Port Adelaide
300
Kane Cornes
2001–2015

Richmond
403
Kevin Bartlett
1965–1983

St Kilda
383
Robert Harvey
1988–2008

South Melbourne/Sydney
372
Adam Goodes
1999–2015

University
101
Bert Hurrey
1908–1913

West Coast
290
Dean Cox
2000–2014

Source: [14]. Last updated: 11 September 2016.

text: Age records[edit]

text: Youngest players[edit]

text: Age on their debut:

text:
Rank
Age
Player
Club
Year

1
15 years, 209 days
Claude Clough
St Kilda
1900

2
15 years, 287 days
Keith Bromage
Collingwood
1953

3
15 years, 297 days
Albert Collier
Collingwood
1925

4
15 years, 305 days
Tim Watson
Essendon
1977

5
15 years, 315 days
Wels Eicke
St Kilda
1909

Sources: Official statistical history of the AFL (book), Australian Football.com. Last updated: 2013.

text: Oldest players[edit]

text: Age in their last game:

text:
Rank
Age
Player
Club
Year

1
43 years, 50 days
Vic Cumberland
St Kilda
1920

2
40 years, 23 days
Dustin Fletcher
Essendon
2015

3
39 years, 296 days
Jack Leith
Melbourne
1912

4
39 years, 239 days
Syd Barker, Sr.
North Melbourne
1927

5
39 years, 181 days
Jim Flynn
Carlton
1910

Source: [15]. Last updated: 31 May 2015.

text: Finals[edit]

text: Most premierships[edit]

text:
Rank
Total
Player
Club

1
7
Michael Tuck
Hawthorn

2
6
Frank Adams
Melbourne

6
Ron Barassi
Melbourne

6
Albert Collier
Collingwood

6
Harry Collier
Collingwood

Source: Official statistical history of the AFL (book). Last updated: 2007.

text: Most Grand Final appearances[edit]

text:
Rank
Games
Player
Club

1
11
Michael Tuck
Hawthorn

2
10
Gordon Coventry
Collingwood

10
Albert Collier
Collingwood

10
Dick Reynolds
Essendon

10
Bill Hutchison
Essendon

Source: AFL Tables. Last updated: 5 July 2015.

text: Most finals games[edit]

text:
Rank
Games
Player
Club/Clubs

1
39
Michael Tuck
Hawthorn

2
33
Shaun Burgoyne
Port Adelaide (14)Hawthorn (19)

3
31
Gordon Coventry
Collingwood

4
29
Leigh Matthews
Hawthorn

29
Wayne Schimmelbusch
North Melbourne

29
Bruce Doull
Carlton

Source: AFL Tables. Last updated: 10 September 2016.

text: Most finals goals[edit]

text:
Rank
Total
Player
Club/Clubs

1
112
Gordon Coventry
Collingwood

2
78
Jason Dunstall
Hawthorn

3
74
Jack Titus
Richmond

4
72
Leigh Matthews
Hawthorn

5
69
Lance Franklin
Hawthorn (46) / Sydney (23)

Last updated: 9 September 2017.

text: Coaching[edit]

text: Most games coached[edit]

text:
Rank
Total
Player
Club/Clubs

1
718
Mick Malthouse
Footscray, West Coast, Collingwood, Carlton

2
714
Jock McHale
Collingwood

3
678
Kevin Sheedy
Essendon, Greater Western Sydney

4
575
Allan Jeans
St Kilda, Hawthorn, Richmond

5
522
Tom Hafey
Richmond, Collingwood, Geelong, Sydney

Source:  [16]. Last updated: 31 May 2015.

text: Most wins as coach[edit]

text:
Rank
Total
Player
Club/Clubs

1
467
Jock McHale
Collingwood

2
406
Mick Malthouse
Footscray, West Coast, Collingwood,  Carlton

3
389
Kevin Sheedy
Essendon, Greater Western Sydney

4
357
Allan Jeans
St Kilda, Hawthorn, Richmond

5
336
Tom Hafey
Richmond, Collingwood, Geelong, Sydney

Source: [17]. Last updated: 31 May 2015.

text: Most premierships as coach[edit]

text:
Rank
Total
Coach
Year

1
8
Jock McHale
1917, 1919, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1935, 1936

2
6
Norm Smith
1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1964

3
5
Jack Worrall
1906, 1907, 1908, 1911, 1912

5
Frank 'Checker' Hughes
1932, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1948

5
4
Dick Reynolds
1942, 1946, 1949, 1950

4
Tom Hafey
1967, 1969, 1973, 1974

4
Ron Barassi
1968, 1970, 1975, 1977

4
Allan Jeans
1966, 1983, 1986, 1989

4
David Parkin
1978, 1981, 1982, 1995

4
Kevin Sheedy
1984, 1985, 1993, 2000

4
Leigh Matthews
1990, 2001, 2002, 2003

4
Alastair Clarkson
2008, 2013, 2014, 2015

Source: [18]. Last updated: 6 January 2016.

text: Player/Coach[edit]

text: Most games played and coached[edit]

text:
Rank
Total
Coach/Player
Teams Coached
Games Coached
Teams Played For
Games Played

1
929
Kevin Sheedy
Essendon, Greater Western Sydney
678
Richmond
251

2
892
Mick Malthouse
Footscray, West Coast, Collingwood, Carlton
718
St Kilda, Richmond
174

3
878
Jock McHale
Collingwood
714
Collingwood
261 (97 games as playing coach)

4
793
Leigh Matthews
Collingwood, Brisbane
461
Hawthorn
332

5
729
David Parkin
Hawthorn, Carlton, Fitzroy
518
Hawthorn
211

Source: AFL Tables – Coaches. Last updated: 31 May 2015.

text: Awards[edit]

text: Most Brownlow Medals[edit]

text:
Rank
Awards
Player
Club/Clubs
Years

1
3
Haydn Bunton, Sr.
Fitzroy
1931, 1932, 1935

3
Dick Reynolds
Essendon
1934, 1937, 1938

3
Bob Skilton
South Melbourne
1959, 1963, 1968

3
Ian Stewart
St Kilda, Richmond
1965, 1966, 1971

text: Most club best and fairests[edit]

text:
Rank
Awards
Player
Club/Clubs
Years

1
9
Kevin Murray
Fitzroy
1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1969

9
Bob Skilton
South Melbourne
1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968

3
8
Leigh Matthews
Hawthorn
1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982

4
7
Dick Reynolds
Essendon
1934, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1942, 1943

7
Bill Hutchison
Essendon
1947, 1948, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956

7
Gary Dempsey
Footscray, North Melbourne
1970, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979

7
Scott West
Western Bulldogs
1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005


document_title: The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)

question_text: who plays the social worker on the haves and have nots

root

text: The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)

text: Series overview[edit]

text: The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah, Georgia: the rich, powerful, and locally very public Cryer and Harrington families (dubbed "The Haves")[3] and the poor and destitute Young family (dubbed "The Have Nots"). The Young family is headed by Hanna, a single mother who works as the Cryer family's maid and also serves as the best friend and confidante of the lady of the house, Katheryn.[4] Included as part of The Have Nots is another maid of the Cryer family's, Celine Gonzales. While the Young family versus the Cryer and Harrington families lead polar opposite lifestyles in terms of social class, economics, social status, and surroundings, they are each similar in that they lead exceedingly dysfunctional lifestyles.[5]

tag: p

text: Each of the three families experience similarly overwhelming hardships and plights. Often, the plights, predicaments, and hardships that the three families encounter are of a juicy, scandalous, and controversial nature. Among the serious issues that have been tackled on the program to date have included: infidelity, cancer, substance abuse, homosexuality, suicide, prostitution, poverty, rape, law/crime, abortion, religion/Christianity, politics, and mental health. All of the main characters in the program have proven to be devious, immoral, vile, or at least nasty in their behaviors at one point or another, if not regularly.[citation needed]

text: The show's cast is multiracial: one of the upper class families are Caucasian American and the other is African American; the poor family is also African American; in addition to this, there is a poor maid who's Hispanic. To that end, when Angela Robinson (the actress who plays Veronica Harrington) was interviewed about her new role on the series in late June 2013, she stated, "This is one of the only shows on television with a diverse cast that looks like America: Black, White, Latino, straight, gay, rich, and poor."[6] The characters are filled with experiences, typically of a serious and shocking nature, that they attempt to keep secret from one another; however, their secrets tend to dramatically come to light when all is said and done.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Actor

Character

Seasons

1

2

3

4

5

6

Tika Sumpter

Candace Young

Main

Crystal Fox

Hanna Young

Main

Tyler Lepley

Benjamin "Benny" Young

Main

John Schneider

James "Jim" Cryer

Main

Renee Lawless

Katheryn Cryer

Main

Jaclyn Betham

Amanda Cryer

Main

Does not appear

Aaron O'Connell

Wyatt Cryer

Main

Peter Parros

David Harrington

Main

Angela Robinson

Veronica Harrington

Main

Gavin Houston

Jeffrey Harrington

Main

Eva Tamargo

Celine Gonzales

Main

Allison McAtee

Margaret "Maggie" Day

Does not appear

Recurring

Main

Does not appear

Does not appear

Shari Headley

Jennifer Sallison

Does not appear

Recurring

Main

Does not appear

Does not appear

Jon Chaffin

Warlock "War" Lewis

Does not appear

Guest

Recurring

Main

Recurring

Does not appear

Brett Davis

Mitchell "Mitch" Malone

Does not appear

Recurring

Main

Presilah Nunez

Erica

Does not appear

Guest

Main

Danielle Deadwyler

La'Quita "Quita" Maxwell

Does not appear

Guest

Main

Recurring

Guest

Nicholas James

Justin Lewis

Does not appear

Main

Nick Sagar

Charles Frederickson

Main

Antoinette Robertson

Melissa

Does not appear

Recurring

Main

tag: table

text: The Haves[edit]

text: The Cryer family

text: James "Jim" Cryer (John Schneider):[7] The take-charge but destructively thoughtless patriarch of the Cryer family, and a Savannah criminal courts judge who has his eyes set on becoming Governor of Georgia. A major reason for Jim's rising to where he's at professionally and socioeconomically is because of his wife Katheryn's family. Although a kind-hearted and sensitive man at heart, Jim's urges, vices, greed, and self-preservation often get the better of him and cause him to act rashly, disloyally, destructively inconsiderate, and even abusively as far as his rank and power. Given his position as a wealthy judge in high society, Jim has certain dirty measures at his disposal from which to gain the upper hand on anyone that crosses him. Jim often uses the catchphrase "I'll handle it" as a signal of his taking to such measures. His wife is all too well aware of his power to gain the upper hand and fight dirty, sometimes even instructing Jim to resort to his foul play tactics by telling him to "handle it."

tag: ul

text: Katheryn Cryer (née Hargrave) (Renee Lawless):[8] Katheryn is Jim's deeply warm, sensitive, caring but highly passive-aggressive wife. Katheryn often displays her anger, hatred, bitterness, and stress in a suppressed but still very detectable fashion. She is filled with melancholy, rancor, and sullen indignation primarily as result of the various trials and tribulations brought upon her as it relates to her family, particularly her husband. Due to Katheryn's overwhelming stress, un-forthcoming nature, and tendency to hold her feelings in, she has been known to express herself in ways that are unhealthy, passive-aggressive, at times even volatile and explosive. Her reputation in the community has been a major reason for her restraint and unhealthy expressions of pent-up rage. A prime example of this is in Katheryn's attempts to keep her bout with breast cancer away from everyone. As a result, she was constantly snapping on her maid, Hanna, but once she finally opened up to Hanna about what was going on, the two developed a close bond.

text: Wyatt Cryer (Aaron O'Connell):[8] Wyatt is the son of Jim and Katheryn. In the first episode, it's learned that Wyatt is so incorrigible in his vices that he's on his third stint in rehab for drug abuse and alcoholism.[5] Wyatt's current rehabilitation program is run by the Harrington family and is on an outpatient basis on the condition that he is monitored 24/7 by Jeffery Harrington.[5]

text: Amanda Cryer (Jaclyn Betham):[8] (Seasons 1–2) Amanda was Jim and Katheryn's naïve college-aged daughter who was friends with her father's mistress, Candace.[5] Until the Season 2 finale, Amanda is unaware that Candace was her father's mistress. Amanda has had issues with self-harm and suicide in the past, having engaged in cutting herself. It has been hinted in the series that the reasons for Amanda's battles with self-harm may stem from some traumatic sex abuse incident from her distant past, involving Wyatt and a priest. Compounded with this, she was raped by Professor Cannon, one of her law school teachers in Season 1's "The Criminal."

text: The Harrington family

text: Veronica Harrington (Angela Robinson):[8] Although refined, composed, and classy on the surface, Veronica (wife of David and mother of Jeffrey) is actually an extremely no-holds-barred, vicious, malicious, cold, calculating, coercive, manipulative, overbearing, antagonistic, and catty snob underneath it all. She's used to delivering zingers in her trademarked cool, calm, collected yet trenchant, stinging, and outwitting fashion. Very obdurate, she has proven to be set in her anti-gay and diabolic ways. Resulting from the character's very one-of-a-kind brand of villainy and vile levels she's proven more than willing to stoop to, Veronica has been advertised by OWN and various media outlets as "The Ice Queen."[9]

text: David Harrington (Peter Parros):[8] David is the level-headed, grim, and gravelly-voiced husband of Veronica and father of Jeffrey, who often acts as a voice of reason. He is a judge and is also Jim's business partner and friend. He spends most of his time trying to clean up Jim's messes and cover up for his (Jim's) extramarital affairs as his career path is currently aligned with Jim's. As a result of trying to constantly clean up Jim's messes, David has gotten himself into serious plights and predicaments of his own. In an effort to frame Candace to avenge Jim, David unintentionally framed Candace's brother and Hanna's son Benny; consequently, Benny was arrested and incarcerated for drug possession, which resulted in a large, complex mess that David at the center of.

text: Jeffery Harrington (Gavin Houston):[8] Jeffery is David and Veronica's son. He is Wyatt's 24/7 substance abuse counselor in the Harrington family's drug rehab program.[5] Much to Wyatt's displeasure, Jeffery's counseling is full of preachy remarks and frequent urgings for Wyatt to open up about his feelings.

text: The Have Nots[edit]

text: The Young family & Celine Gonzales

text: Candace "Candy" Young (Tika Sumpter):[8] Candace is Hanna's estranged daughter, Benny's older half-sister, and Jim's latest mistress who's less than half his age.[5] She is portrayed as a roguish, crafty jezebel with a very mischievous, flippant, saucy, presumptuous, and extremely nervy attitude.[5] Often, Candace subjugates others through her many forms of manipulation; extortion; low blows; and dirt she's able to obtain on people.[5] Unprincipled and unscrupulous, Candace has pulled many cons; has acted as a prostitute and a mistress; has engaged in elaborate forms of blackmail; etc.

text: Hanna Young (Crystal Fox):[8] Hanna is Benny and Candace's mother, and the Cryer's maid.[5] She raised her two children as a single mother. Hanna is very soulful, religious, nurturing, grandmotherly, persevering, and compassionate, though has a harshly overreactive, draconian, rancorous, virulent, vituperative, and even violent side about her as well.[5] Haggard and long-suffering, she often displays the effects of overwhelming stress, overwork, and worry in her behavior. Still, she is very much a trouper who is uncomplaining, assiduous, and always hard-working. Compounded with this, Hanna is also trustworthy and reliable and can be confided in about anything; this has won her the respect of her superiors and even a close bond with her boss Katheryn.

text: Benjamin "Benny" Young (Tyler Lepley):[8] Benny is Hanna's son and Candace's half-brother. He operates a tow truck company. In comparison to his conniving sister, he is less prone to cause trouble for his mother. Benny is personable, dutiful, and hard-working. He's very tough and overprotective and takes his role as man of the house very seriously, sometimes recklessly and foolhardily so. He has unconditional love and care for his mother and sister and is willing to put his own life on the line to avenge or defend them.

text: Celine Gonzales (Eva Tamargo):[8] (Seasons 1–3) Celine is a former maid in the Cryer home and ex-friend of Hanna.[5] She was originally depicted as a casual, relaxed woman, often fostering a friendly, informal atmosphere. She was also depicted as savvy and well-informed, and gossipy, given to divulging useful inside information about life at the Cryer's to Hanna. However, as time passed on and Hanna appeared to become closer to Katheryn and gain favor within the Cryer household, Celine's demeanor changed: she began to take on more jealous, bullying and antagonistic behaviors, largely towards Hanna and later towards Katheryn as well.

text: Other main characters[edit]

text: These main characters do not appear in the opening sequence like the shows title characters ("The Haves": The Cryers and The Harringtons and "The Have Nots": The Youngs and Celine), but also receive star billing.

text:
D.A. Jennifer Sallison (Shari Headley): (Season 4; recurring seasons 2–3): The district attorney who has been gunning for the Cryers and the Harringtons for some time. After a striking a deal with Wyatt for immunity for both him and Jeffery at the end of Season 3, she finally manages to arrest the Cryer and Harrington families for tampering with evidence and obstruction of justice.  She also succeeds in getting Wyatt's inheritance for him, which is sure to anger his parents. In the Season 4 finale, Katheryn pulls out a gun and fatally shoots Jennifer multiple times, thus killing her. It turns out that Jennifer's body was being disposed of by the Malone family while being wrapped in plastic wrap with a note that says her name and "Cryer Victim". Her body was left at a television system by the Malone's as a way for their head boss and grandmother, Mama Rose, to pressure Jim even harder into tracking down War.
Margaret "Maggie" Day (Allison McAtee): (Season 4; recurring Seasons 2–3) A campaign manager hired by Jim's staff, who has feelings for David. She and her assistant, Landon (who is attracted to David's son Jeffrey), manage to get David released and he learns of Veronica's infidelity. In the mid-season 4 premiere, she was shot multiple times in the stomach by a gunman, being mistaken as Veronica, whom Jim intended to be killed. David witnesses her and the gunman's bodies covered in sheets at the crime scene of the shooting and mistakes her as Veronica. It was later revealed that Veronica set Maggie up to die herself.
LaQuita "Quita" Maxwell (Danielle Deadwyler): (Season 4; Guest in Season 3; recurring season 5–present) Quincy's sister who had been watching over Quincy's son before Benny rescued him. She acts as an antagonist throughout the series' run towards several characters, particularly Candace due to the mysterious absence of her brother Quincy.
Justin Lewis (Nicholas James): (Season 4–present) A suspicious officer, who comes to Candace's house, minutes after Quincy had been stabbed, to check out a noise complaint from his mother, Candace's neighbor. At one point, he tries to rape Jeffrey. At another point, he threatens to kill Jeffrey after harassing him. He later becomes nicer and enters a sexual relationship with Jeffery but clearly is obsessively jealous and very possessive.
Melissa (Antoinette Robertson): (Season 6; recurring, Seasons 2–5) Melissa is a young lady who Veronica set up for Jeffery to date. In season three, she was impregnated by Jeffery after getting him to have sex with her while watching "Gay Porn". In season four, Veronica set up for Jeffery and Melissa to move In together and get married, but Jeffery refused to go along with the plan. In the Season Five Mid-Finale, she attempts suicide in their bed when she learns that her father died from her mother. In the season 5 finale, she and Veronica get into a major car accident and while Veronica was in the hospital Melissa as schemes to make her life miserable which forces Veronica to have her committed because she is a danger to herself. In the season 6 episode "Till Death Do Us Part", Melissa jumps off of Hanna's building when she encounters Veronica and kills herself as well as her baby.
Warrick "Warlock/War" Lewis (Jon Chaffin): (Season 4; Guest in Season 2; recurring seasons 3, 5) A friend of Candace, who helps extort money from Jim, but learns that Candace lied about the amount. He becomes the main villain of the show, after Quincy and starts to threaten and verbally and physically abuse Candace, going so far as to threaten to kill Benny and sexually assault Candace against a fence at Benny's tow yard, which Mitch witnesses. Mitch has him thrown in jail, by putting drugs in his car which don't belong to him and he at first thinks it is Candace who set him up. He is, unfortunately, let of out jail by Jim and on the lookout to kill Candace, once again. In the Season 5 mid-finale, it is revealed that he is working with Erica. In the mid-season premiere, Warlock was seen shooting Quincy Jr. in his search for Candace. After Candace learns that War had shot her son, War was shot by the Malones at their restaurant after Candace had him delivered there.
Mitchell "Mitch" Malone (Brett Davis): (Season 4–present; recurring season 3) A friend of Benny's, who is recruited to work at Benny's new tow truck business. Mitch is later revealed to be related to the Malone crime family but chooses to live a straight and narrow life. After suspecting War as bad news and witnessing War sexually assault Candace at the tow yard, he protects her and Benny, by throwing War in jail, putting drugs in his car to make it look as if they were his.
Erica (Presilah Nunez): (Seasons 4–6; guest in season 3) A woman who sold Benny her boyfriend's car after a bad break-up. It turns out that she and Candace are working together. She becomes a love interest to David (originally as a set-up), igniting a feud between her and his wife Veronica. In the Season Five Mid-Finale, it is revealed that she is working with Warlock and hopes for Candace's downfall. Candace later finds about Erica's moves with Warlock. In the season 6 mid-season finale episode "Till Death Do Us Part", Erica got a car as a gift by David. When Veronica has set up a guy to include explosions, both Erica and David were both hit by the explosion. In "The Road to Hell", it was revealed that David has a pulse while Erica's fate was a casualty.
Charles Frederickson (Nick Sager): (Season 5–present) The president-elect and the love interest to Candace, whom she uses to help her get her money back. Later down the line Charles finds out about Candace's background but decides to fall in love with her anyway.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Tony Watson (Patrick Faucette): (Seasons 1–2; Guest in season 3) Tony is Benny's estranged father whom he doesn't find out is his father until it is accidentally revealed by his mom. Benny only knew his as "Mr. Watson", before finding out, because he goes to church with him and Hanna. Hanna had a one-night-stand with Tony, which resulted in her pregnancy with Benny. In the second season, Tony tries to get Benny taken off life support, so that he could have his kidneys, not showing any sincere feelings of remorse and compassion for his son's well-being. In the third season, when Hanna reveals to Benny that Tony tried to take him off life support, Benny had Tony to come over and explain why. Tony, feeling guilty, says he didn't want his son to have to worry about not being able to walk and suffering through pain.
Laura (Susie Abromeit): (Season 1) Laura is Wyatt's longtime girlfriend, who he had not seen since rehab. When she and Wyatt reunites, Jeffery becomes jealous and tries to keep her away, and lies to Wyatt, telling him she's dating someone else, whom she hasn't seen since highschool. Once Jeffery is revealed to Wyatt by Laura, Laura calls out Jeffery for his behavior calling him a mean, cruel person.
Quincy Maxwell (Medina Islam): (Seasons 2–3; Guest in Season 4) Quincy is one of the main antagonists of the Young family. He had once had a relationship with Candace, with whom he produced a child, Quincy Daylon "Q" Young. Hanna doesn't like Quincy because he kept her grandson away from her, and Benny doesn't like Quincy for all the trouble he has caused. Quincy was also known for harassing the Harrington family, after Veronica let him out of prison to wreak havoc on Candace. On Veronica's orders, Quincy beats up her son, Jeffery, because he would not tell him where Candace was. In the third mid-season finale, Benny discovers that Quincy had slapped his mother, tracks him down at a strip club, rams his car into Quincy's, and then proceeds to thrash Quincy for his crimes towards his family. Eventually, Benny again does physical damage to Quincy and finally succeeds in getting his nephew away from his degenerate father and brings him to Hanna. Quincy reappears at his sister's apartment clearly injured and is told that not having Quincy is going to effect her welfare benefits. While there the police show up after she is suspected of child abuse and instead leaves the card of the social worker and doesn't properly check to see if there are other children being abused in her custody. Quincy later appears at the hospital after tracking down the social worker and assaults her while young Q looks on terrified. Then he leaves and security is increased for the next time he shows up, he also, runs a car through Hanna's home burning down the place she has worked all her life to be able to afford. He eventually finds Candace's home and attacks her until he is stabbed to death by both her and Jeffrey after he arrives with the latter delivering the final blow. In the second episode of season 4, he awakes briefly, pleading to Candace for help, who refuses and lets him completely die.
Professor Cannon (Robert Pralgo): (Seasons 1–2; Guest in Season 3) Cannon is Candace and Amanda's law professor. In Season 1's "The Criminal," Cannon agrees to give Amanda a makeup exam after seeing her sexy makeover. Later, he comes by her and Candace's apartment and makes unwelcome advances towards Amanda, even threatening to fail her if she doesn't sleep with him. He then proceeds to rape Amanda. Amanda later takes to stalking Cannon, breaking into his house twice and threatening him with a gun. In their final encounter, Amanda stabs Cannon in his shoulder in broad daylight. In Season 3, Jim and Katheryn finally find out that Cannon raped their daughter and confront the professor. Jim brutally assaults his late daughter's rapist until Katheryn tells him to stop. Later on, Jim orders for Cannon to be killed along with Officer Terrell and Veronica.
Landon (Kristian Kordula): (Season 2–present) Landon is a guy who works at the campaign office and has feelings for Jeffery, who also has feelings for him, but still feels something for Wyatt. He and Jeffery met at a gay bar, in the second season. In season three, Landon sleeps with Jeffery, after Jeffery decides he's free to be whoever he wants to be. In season four, after finding out his Friend/Boss Maggie was murdered at Veronica's house, In the twelfth episode, he lashes out at Jeffery and decides to leave town. He returns later in season five working for Charles. By the sixth season he develops romantic feelings for Charles.
Byron (Leith Burke): (Season 2; Guest in Season 3) Byron is a homicide detective. He meets Hanna in the second season and becomes one of her close friends. When Hanna finds out that he was working with Jim to protect Wyatt, she become furious with him, and when he shows up at the party, in the third-season premiere she orders him to leave.
Darlene (Dasha Chadwick): (Season 2) is an old friend and classmate of Benny's. She works at the county hospital where Benny was placed to by Katheryn.
Michael (Jerome Brooks): (Seasons 2–3; Guest in Season 4) Michael is the grandfather of Lizzie, The girl killed by Wyatt Cryer. He becomes a close friend to Hanna and they both comfort each other dealing with each other their situation. In The third season, he starts having feelings for Hanna and seduces her into having sex with him, in the third episode of the third season, until being interrupted and caught by Benny who is shown to be horrified and disgusted.
Quincy Delong "Q" Young Jr.: (Jordan Preston Carter) (Seasons 3–5) Candace and Quincy's 6-year old son, Hanna's grandson and Benny's nephew. In the series premiere, Candace has taken him away from Hanna, placing him with a nanny. By the second season, It was revealed that he was with his father who was in jail during that time (before Veronica has gotten him out). In the third season, He returns being reunited with his grandmother after Benny had rescued him from his Aunt Quita's house. In the fifth mid-season finale, Q was shot in the head by Warlock and his boys in his search for Candace.
Carlos (Gerald Celasco): (Seasons 2–3) Carlos ls Jim Cryer's estranged son whom he shares with Celine. Carlos reveals to Jim that he is his son in the season 2 finale. He tries to convince his mother that Jim doesn't Love or care about her, Jim or his little brother, but she disagrees and claims that he only loves her and not his wife, Katheryn.
Brandon Wallace / "Oscar Adien" (Philip Boyd): (Seasons 3–6) Oscar is a strange guy who Candace notices spoting her at the Sarandon Hotel. He shows interest in Candace and wants to get to know her, but she continues to reject him, until he reveals his life story to her, telling her about his wife's death and how after her death, he would sleep with any woman, to keep from mourning. After this, him and Candace have sex and both start to fall in love with each other. When Candace realizes she has no money in her Bank account, she confronts him about it and he shows his true colors and admits that he took the money and only used her for sex, which breaks her heart. As she attempts to right him, Quincy comes in and fights him off of her, and he then runs away. Oscar is later put under Jim's services to locate Wyatt and for Jim to reclaim control of Wyatt's inheritance. Oscar continues to help David who became smitten by Erica and tries to do research on her. In the mid-season six finale, Oscar is killed by Candace who stole the money from him and pushes him out a window after he attacks her. Oscar's death is made to look like a suicide.
Pearl (Maree Cheatham): (Season 4–present): Pearl is Justin's mother and Candace's nosy neighbor who lives in front of her and watched everything that goes on. She also revealed that she saw Quincy go into Candace's house and never come out.
Alliyah Delong (Yaani King): (Seasons 3–4) Alliyah Delong is a social worker for Child welfare. She helps Hanna get custody of Quincy Jr. much to Candace's dismay. When Candace suspects Alliyah of working for Oscar, she calls her friend Erica over so that they can both confront her. When Alliyah claims she doesn't know anything about Oscar or about him giving her money, Candace and Erica begin to beat her up, until she tells the truth. She then admits that Oscar gave her 25 Thousand Dollars. Candace orders Alliyah to give her the money back and give her custody of her son Quincy Jr.
Daylon (Quincy Brown): (Season 4) A friend of Quita who helps her try to track down Quincy. He and Quita get arrested after getting caught breaking into Candace's house.
George (Fang Du): (Season 5–present) A D.A. attorney who takes it upon himself to investigate Jennifer Sallison's murder. His main suspects is the Cryers.
RK (Rome Flynn): (Season 6–present) A guy who works at the bar of the Artesian Hotel and a friend of Candace whom he also works with in order to get her money back. He becomes attracted to Candace, has a romantic deliance with Veronica, and somewhat takes a liking to Jeffery.
Gia (Quin Walters): (Season 6–present) A whore who is struggling to make a living. She is recruited by Candace who orders her to have sex with several guys and uses them as one of her schemes to get her money back. Her main source: Jim Cryer. It also revealed that she is working under George under the police department to get information about Jim.
Derrick (Keith Burke): (Season 6–present) A handyman who works for Katheryn. With Katheryn's interference, he quickly develops romantic feelings for Hanna. It is also revealed that he also works for Veronica because she knows about his past criminal history.
Broderick (Geovanni Gopradi): (Season 6–present) A manager who basically owns the Artesian Hotel. He has developed romantic feelings for Katheryn. In the season 6 premiere, it was revealed that he and Katheryn has shared a past affair and Jim is unaware of the occasion.
Rocky (Marc Cumpton): (Season 6–present) A guy who works at the bar of the Artesian Hotel. He also works with Candace in her big schemes to get her money back.
Sarah (Bree Condon): (Season 6–present) A prosecutor who works under George to take it upon themselves in prosecuting the Cryers behind Jennifer Sallison's murder. It is revealed that she has shared a intimate past history with Jim, who he has to put it into good use in order to make sure that Katheryn never goes to jail for Jennifer's death.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Angela Robinson (Veronica Harrington)[edit]

text: As a central and very one-of-a-kind antagonist in the program, the "Veronica Harrington" character has drawn increasing attention in the media, promoted as "the ice queen with ice water running through her veins." An NBC News article characterized the character as an "insecure woman that everyone loves to hate" and "a bougie buppie, diabolical diva who slept her way to the top of Savannah's high society."[9]

text: In August 2015, the Broadway veteran actress playing the role, Angela Robinson, was dubbed by an NBC News article as "Tyler Perry's breakout star" from her role in The Haves and The Have Nots. Described in her on-air role as a " villainess," she was hailed as "slowly becoming a household name and gaining a cult-like following from the hit series." The actress was reported as becoming choked up in an August 2015 conference call when a journalist asked her: "How does it feel being the most hated (black female character) on prime time television this summer?" The actress was reported as having to take a moment to compose herself before answering the question.[9]

text: Ratings and broadcast history[edit]

text: The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday, May 28, 2013, at 9/8c on the Oprah Winfrey Network.[3] The Haves and the Have Nots is the first scripted television series to air on OWN.[10] Both the show's first and second episodes aired back to back on its premiere night. Each episode of the series runs for an hour (42 minutes plus commercials).

text: The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for OWN, scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere on the network.[11][12] During the show's first season, The Haves and the Have Nots received numerous widely publicized series highs in ratings, including with its July 30 episode, its August 6 episode,[13][14] its August 13 episode,[15] its August 27 episode, and most notably with its season 1 finale on September 3.[16] The season 1 finale of The Haves And the Have Nots was the third most watched telecast in OWN history, bested only by an interview with Whitney Houston's daughter Bobbi Kristina and episodes of Oprah's Next Chapter featuring Lance Armstrong.[17]

text: Within its first season alone, Variety had recognized The Haves and the Have Nots as "OWN's most popular series to date."[18] Also within only its first season, The Haves and the Have Nots had been critically acclaimed as being "one of OWN's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun, filled with the typical betrayals, affairs, manipulations and a bitch slap or two."[19] Recognizing the show's increasing popularity, OWN renewed the drama series for a 2nd season midway into the first season. The 2nd season was originally to consist of 16 episodes and bring the series to 32 in total by the completion of season 2;[20] however on August 21, it was announced that the network had ordered 4 additional episodes for the 2nd season, which will bring the series to 36 episodes in total by season 2's completion.[21]

text: Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday, January 7, 2014.[22] Continuing on with its ratings records from season 1, the show debuted its 2nd season with series and network high ratings.[23] Throughout season 2, the soap has achieved several more series highs. On February 4, 2014, for example, the drama series came in as the most watched television program in all of cable television with an estimated 3.4 million viewers.[24] Among all of OWN programming since the network's January 2011 debut, only a March 2012 Oprah's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers (3.5 million) than the February 4, 2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots.[25] The Haves and the Have Nots episode in question is "Why Didn't You Tell Me?" On Tuesday, March 11, 2014, however, the mid-season 2 finale of The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for all of OWN programming, scoring the highest ratings in the station's history. The record-breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers, surpassing the 3.5 million that tuned in for Oprah Winfrey's interview with Bobbi Kristina.[25] Not only was the episode the most watched broadcast in all of OWN history but it came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night.[24] Season 3 premiered on January 6, 2015. Production of season 3 began in August 2014[26] following a 25 episode order[27] which will bring the episode count to 61 through 2015.

text: In May 2015, it was reported that the 3rd season of "The Haves and the Have Nots" was primetime's #1 original cable series among African-American women and total viewers, regularly attracting more than three million viewers.[28]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref

2015

Gracie Awards

Outstanding Female Actor — One to Watch

Angela Robinson

Won

[29]


document_title: Discovery and exploration of the Solar System

question_text: when did exploration to the inner solar system begin

text: History[edit]

text: For many thousands of years, astronomers maintained a geocentric world view and did not recognize the existence of a Solar System. Most believed Earth was stationary at the center of the Universe and categorically different from the divine or ethereal objects that moved through the sky. Although the Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos had speculated on a heliocentric reordering of the cosmos, Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century developed a mathematically predictive heliocentric system. His 17th-century successors, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton, developed a modern understanding of physics that led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that govern Earth. In more recent times, this led to the investigation of geological phenomena such as mountains and craters and seasonal meteorological phenomena such as clouds, dust storms, and ice caps on the other planets.

text: Antiquity and first observations[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2010)

text: Telescopic observations[edit]

text: The first exploration of the Solar System was conducted by telescope, when astronomers first began to map those objects too faint to be seen with the naked eye.

text: Galileo Galilei was the first to discover physical details about the individual bodies of the Solar System. He discovered that the Moon was cratered, that the Sun was marked with sunspots, and that Jupiter had four satellites in orbit around it.[2] Christiaan Huygens followed on from Galileo's discoveries by discovering Saturn's moon Titan and the shape of the rings of Saturn.[3] Giovanni Domenico Cassini later discovered four more moons of Saturn and the Cassini division in Saturn's rings.[4]

text: Edmond Halley realised in 1705 that repeated sightings of a comet were recording the same object, returning regularly once every 75–76 years. This was the first evidence that anything other than the planets orbited the Sun.[5] Around this time (1704), the term "Solar System" first appeared in English.[6]

text: In 1781, William Herschel was looking for binary stars in the constellation of Taurus when he observed what he thought was a new comet. Its orbit revealed that it was a new planet, Uranus, the first ever discovered.[7]

text: Giuseppe Piazzi discovered Ceres in 1801, a small world between Mars and Jupiter that initially was considered a new planet. However, subsequent discoveries of thousands of other small worlds in the same region led to their eventual reclassification as asteroids.[8]

text: By 1846, discrepancies in the orbit of Uranus led many to suspect a large planet must be tugging at it from farther out. Urbain Le Verrier's calculations eventually led to the discovery of Neptune.[9] The excess perihelion precession of Mercury's orbit led Le Verrier to postulate the intra-Mercurian planet Vulcan in 1859, but that would turn out to be an irrelevant thesis.

text: Although it is debatable when the Solar System was truly "discovered", three 19th century observations determined its nature and place in the Universe beyond reasonable doubt. First, in 1838, Friedrich Bessel successfully measured a stellar parallax, an apparent shift in the position of a star created by Earth's motion around the Sun. This was not only the first direct, experimental proof of heliocentrism, but also revealed, for the first time, the vast distance between the Solar System and the stars. Then, in 1859, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, using the newly invented spectroscope, examined the spectral signature of the Sun and discovered that it was composed of the same elements as existed on Earth, establishing for the first time a physical link between Earth and the heavens.[10] Then, Father Angelo Secchi compared the spectral signature of the Sun with those of other stars, and found them virtually identical. The realisation that the Sun was a star led to the hypothesis that other stars could have systems of their own, though this was not to be proven for nearly 140 years.

text: Further apparent discrepancies in the orbits of the outer planets led Percival Lowell to conclude that yet another planet, "Planet X", must lie beyond Neptune. After his death, his Lowell Observatory conducted a search that ultimately led to Clyde Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto in 1930. Pluto was, however, found to be too small to have disrupted the orbits of the outer planets, and its discovery was therefore coincidental. Like Ceres, it was initially considered to be a planet, but after the discovery of many other similarly sized objects in its vicinity it was reclassified in 2006 as a dwarf planet by the IAU.[9]

text: In 1992, the first evidence of a planetary system other than our own was discovered, orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12. Three years later, 51 Pegasi b, the first extrasolar planet around a Sunlike star, was discovered. As of 2017, 2687 extrasolar systems have been found.[11]

text: Also in 1992, astronomers David C. Jewitt of the University of Hawaii and Jane Luu of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered (15760) 1992 QB1. This object proved to be the first of a new population, which became known as the Kuiper belt; an icy analogue to the asteroid belt of which such objects as Pluto and Charon were deemed a part.[12][13]

text: Mike Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz announced the discovery of Eris in 2005, a scattered disc object initially thought to be larger than Pluto, which would make it the largest object discovered in orbit around the Sun since Neptune.[14] New Horizons' fly-by of Pluto in July 2015 resulted in more-accurate measurements of Pluto, which is slightly larger, though less massive, than Eris.

text: Observations by spacecraft[edit]

text: Since the start of the Space Age, a great deal of exploration has been performed by robotic spacecraft missions that have been organized and executed by various space agencies.

text: All planets in the Solar System have now been visited to varying degrees by spacecraft launched from Earth. Through these unmanned missions, humans have been able to get close-up photographs of all the planets and, in the case of landers, perform tests of the soils and atmospheres of some.

text: The first artificial object sent into space was the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1, launched in 1957, which successfully orbited Earth until 4 January the following year.[16] The American probe Explorer 6, launched in 1959, was the first satellite to image Earth from space.

text: Flybys[edit]

text: The first successful probe to fly by another Solar System body was Luna 1, which sped past the Moon in 1959. Originally meant to impact with the Moon, it instead missed its target and became the first artificial object to orbit the Sun. Mariner 2 was the first probe to fly by another planet, Venus, in 1962. The first successful flyby of Mars was made by Mariner 4 in 1965. Mariner 10 first passed Mercury in 1974.

text: The first probe to explore the outer planets was Pioneer 10, which flew by Jupiter in 1973. Pioneer 11 was the first to visit Saturn, in 1979. The Voyager probes performed a grand tour of the outer planets following their launch in 1977, with both probes passing Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 – 1981. Voyager 2 then went on to make close approaches to Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. The Voyager probes are now far beyond Neptune's orbit, and are on course to find and study the termination shock, heliosheath, and heliopause. According to NASA, both Voyager probes have encountered the termination shock at a distance of approximately 93 AU from the Sun.[17]

text: The first flyby of a comet occurred in 1985, when the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) passed by the comet Giacobini–Zinner,[18] whereas the first flybys of asteroids were conducted by the Galileo space probe, which imaged both 951 Gaspra (in 1991) and 243 Ida (in 1993) on its way to Jupiter.

text: Launched on January 19, 2006, the New Horizons probe is the first man-made spacecraft to explore the Kuiper belt. This unmanned mission flew by Pluto in July 2015. Should it prove feasible, the mission will now be extended to observe a number of other Kuiper belt objects.[19]

text: As of 2011, American scientists are concerned that exploration beyond the Asteroid Belt will hampered by a shortage of Plutonium-238.[needs update]

text: Orbiters, rovers and landers[edit]

text: In 1966, the Moon became the first Solar System body beyond Earth to be orbited by an artificial satellite (Luna 10), followed by Mars in 1971 (Mariner 9), Venus in 1975 (Venera 9), Jupiter in 1995 (Galileo), the asteroid 433 Eros in 2000 (NEAR Shoemaker), Saturn in 2004 (Cassini–Huygens), and Mercury and Vesta in 2011 (MESSENGER and Dawn respectively). Dawn is orbiting the asteroid–dwarf planet Ceres as of 2015.

text: The first probe to land on another Solar System body was the Soviet Luna 2 probe, which impacted the Moon in 1959. Since then, increasingly distant planets have been reached, with probes landing on or impacting the surfaces of Venus in 1966 (Venera 3), Mars in 1971 (Mars 3, although a fully successful landing didn't occur until Viking 1 in 1976), the asteroid 433 Eros in 2001 (NEAR Shoemaker), and Saturn's moon Titan (Huygens) and the comet Tempel 1 (Deep Impact) in 2005. The Galileo orbiter also dropped a probe into Jupiter's atmosphere in 1995; because Jupiter has no physical surface, it was destroyed by increasing temperature and pressure as it descended.

text: To date, only two worlds in the Solar System, the Moon and Mars, have been visited by mobile rovers. The first robotic rover to visit another celestial body was the Soviet Lunokhod 1, which landed on the Moon in 1970. The first to visit another planet was Sojourner, which travelled 500 metres across the surface of Mars in 1997. The only manned rover to visit another world was NASA's Lunar rover, which traveled with Apollos 15, 16 and 17 between 1971 and 1972.

text: Spacecraft exploration[edit]

text: Overview of some missions to the Solar System.

text:
Examples of missions

#
Spacecraft
Launch
year
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Ceres
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
End
year

1
Pioneer 10
1972

Flyby

2003

2
Pioneer 11
1973

Flyby
Flyby

1995

3
Mariner 10
1973
Flyby
Flyby

1975

4
Voyager 1
1977

Flyby
Flyby

—

5
Voyager 2
1977

Flyby
Flyby
Flyby
Flyby

—

6
Galileo
1989

Flyby

Orbiter

2003

7
Ulysses
1990

Flyby

2009

8
Cassini
1997

Flyby

Flyby
Orbiter

2017

9
Mars Odyssey
2001

Orbiter

—

10
MER-A / B
2003

Rovers

2010 / —

11
Mars Express
2003

Orbiter

—

12
MESSENGER
2004
Orbiter
Flyby

2015

13
MRO
2005

Orbiter

—

14
Venus Express
2005

Orbiter

2014

15
New Horizons
2006

Flyby

Flyby
—

16
Dawn
2007

Orbiter

—

17
Juno
2011

Orbiter

—

18
Curiosity (MSL)
2011

Rover

—

text: See also the categories for missions to comets, asteroids, the Moon, and the Sun.

text: Crewed exploration[edit]

text: Crewed exploration of the Solar System is currently confined to Earth's immediate environs. The first human being to reach space (defined as an altitude of over 100 km) and to orbit Earth was Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut who was launched in Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961. The first human to walk on the surface of another Solar System body was Neil Armstrong, who stepped onto the Moon on July 21, 1969 during the Apollo 11 mission; five more Moon landings occurred through 1972. The United States' Space Shuttle, which debuted in 1981, is the only reusable spacecraft to successfully make multiple orbital flights. The five shuttles that have been built have flown a total of 121 missions, with two of the craft destroyed in accidents. The first orbital space station to host more than one crew was NASA's Skylab, which successfully held three crews from 1973 to 1974. The first true human settlement in space was the Soviet space station Mir, which was continuously occupied for close to ten years, from 1989 to 1999. It was decommissioned in 2001, and its successor, the International Space Station, has maintained a continuous human presence in space since then. In 2004, SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded vehicle to reach space on a suborbital flight. That year, U.S. President George W. Bush announced the Vision for Space Exploration, which called for a replacement for the aging Shuttle, a return to the Moon and, ultimately, a crewed mission to Mars.

text: Exploration survey[edit]

text: Bodies imaged up close:

text:
Solar System

Sun
(star)
Jupiter
(planet)
Saturn
(planet)
Uranus
(planet)
Neptune
(planet)
Earth
(planet)
Venus
(planet)

Mars
(planet)
Ganymede
(moon of Jupiter)
Titan
(moon of Saturn)
Mercury
(planet)
Callisto
(moon of Jupiter)
Io
(moon of Jupiter)
Moon
(moon of Earth)

Europa
(moon of Jupiter)
Triton
(moon of Neptune)
Pluto
(Kuiper belt object)
Titania
(moon of Uranus)
Rhea
(moon of Saturn)
Oberon
(moon of Uranus)
Iapetus
(moon of Saturn)

Charon
(moon of Pluto)
Umbriel
(moon of Uranus)
Ariel
(moon of Uranus)
Dione
(moon of Saturn)
Tethys
(moon of Saturn)
Ceres
(belt asteroid)
Vesta
(belt asteroid)

Enceladus
(moon of Saturn)
Miranda
(moon of Uranus)
Proteus
(moon of Neptune)
Mimas
(moon of Saturn)
Hyperion
(moon of Saturn)
Phoebe
(moon of Saturn)
Janus
(moon of Saturn)

Amalthea
(moon of Jupiter)
Epimetheus
(moon of Saturn)
Thebe
(moon of Jupiter)
Lutetia
(belt asteroid)
Prometheus
(moon of Saturn)
Pandora
(moon of Saturn)
Mathilde
(belt asteroid)

Hydra
(moon of Pluto)
Helene
(moon of Saturn)
Nix
(moon of Pluto)
Ida
(belt asteroid)
Atlas
(moon of Saturn)
Telesto
(moon of Saturn)
Calypso
(moon of Saturn)

Phobos
(moon of Mars)
Eros
(near-Earth asteroid)
Pan
(moon of Saturn)
Deimos
(moon of Mars)
Gaspra
(belt asteroid)
Tempel 1
(comet)
Šteins
(belt asteroid)

Daphnis
(moon of Saturn)
Borrelly
(comet)
Churyumov–
Gerasimenko
(comet)
Wild 2
(comet)
Methone
(moon of Saturn)
Hartley 2
(comet)
Dactyl
(moon of Ida)

Closely imaged object with only non-free images: Toutatis, Itokawa
Objects imaged only at low resolution: Halley's Comet, Styx, Kerberos, Braille, Annefrank, Nereid, and Larissa; see also the radar images at "near-Earth object"

This box:

view
talk
edit

text: Sample return[edit]

text:
Moon (Misc. missions including Apollo and Luna)
Comet dust (Stardust)
Solar wind (Genesis)
Asteroid (Hayabusa)

text: See also: Meteorites and Cosmic dust


document_title: The Outsiders (novel)

question_text: what are the names of the gangs in the outsiders

text: The Outsiders (novel)

text: Plot summary

text: Ponyboy Curtis, a teenaged member of a loose gang of "greasers", is leaving a movie theater when he is jumped by "Socs", the greasers' rival gang. Several greasers, including Ponyboy's two older brothers—the paternal Darry and the popular Sodapop—come to his rescue. The next night, Ponyboy and two greaser friends, the hardened Dally and the quiet Johnny, meet Cherry and Marcia, a pair of Soc girls, at a drive-in movie theater. Cherry spurns Dally's rude advances, but Ponyboy ends up speaking civilly with Cherry, emotionally connecting with a Soc for the first time in his life.

text: Afterward, Ponyboy, Johnny, and their wisecracking friend Two-Bit begin to walk Cherry and Marcia home, when they are stopped by Cherry's boyfriend Bob, who badly beat up Johnny a few months back. Bob and the greasers exchange taunts, but Cherry prevents a fight by willingly leaving with Bob. Ponyboy gets home at two in the morning, enraging Darry until he suddenly slaps Ponyboy. Pony runs out the door and meets up with Johnny, expressing his anger at Darry's increasing coldness in the wake of his parents' recent deaths in a car crash.

text: Running away from home, Ponyboy and Johnny wander into a park, where Bob and four other Socs surround them. After some heated talk, Ponyboy spits at the Socs, prompting them to attempt to drown him in a nearby fountain, but Johnny stabs Bob, killing him and dispersing the rest. Terrified of what to do next, Ponyboy and Johnny rush to find Dally, who gives them money and a loaded gun, directing them to hide in an abandoned church in Windrixville. During their stay there, Pony cuts and dyes his hair as a disguise, reads Gone with the Wind to Johnny, and, upon viewing a beautiful sunrise, recites the poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay" by Robert Frost.

text: Days later, Dally comes to check on them, revealing that violence between the greasers and Socs has escalated since Bob's death into all-out city-wide warfare, with Cherry acting out of guilt as a spy for the greasers. Johnny decides to turn himself in and Dally agrees to take the boys back home. As they attempt to leave, they notice the church has caught fire and several local schoolchildren have become trapped inside. The greasers run inside the burning church to save the children, but Ponyboy is rendered unconscious by the fumes. At the hospital he discovers that he and Dally are not badly injured, but a piece of the church roof fell on Johnny and broke his back. Sodapop and Darry come to the hospital; Darry breaks down and cries. Ponyboy then realizes that Darry cares about him, and is only hard on him because he loves him and cares about his future.

text: The following morning the newspapers declare Pony and Johnny heroes, but Johnny will be charged with manslaughter for Bob's death. Two-Bit tells them that the greaser–Soc rivalry is to be settled in a final rumble. Ponyboy and Two-Bit are approached by a Soc named Randy, Bob's best friend, who expresses remorse for his involvement in the gang war, lacks confidence about the rumble ending the feud, and says he will not participate.

text: Later, Ponyboy visits Johnny at the hospital, where he is in critical condition. On their way home, Pony spots Cherry and they talk. Cherry says she is unwilling to visit Johnny in the hospital because he killed her boyfriend. Pony calls her a traitor, but after she explains herself they end on good terms. After escaping the hospital, Dally shows up just in time for the rumble. The greasers win the brutal fight. Afterward, Pony and Dally hurry back to the hospital to see Johnny, but he dies moments later and a maniacal Dally runs out of the room. Pony returns home that night feeling confused and disoriented. Dally calls the house to say that he has robbed a store and is running from the police. The greasers find Dally deliberately pointing an unloaded gun at the police, causing them to shoot and kill him. Overwhelmed, Ponyboy faints and is sick in bed for many days due to the resulting concussion from the rumble. When the hearing finally comes, the judge frees Ponyboy from responsibility for Bob's death and allows Pony to remain at home with Darry and Soda.

text: Ponyboy returns to school, but his grades drop. Although he is failing English, his teacher, Mr. Syme, says he will pass him if he writes a decent theme. In the copy of Gone with the Wind that Johnny gave him before dying, Ponyboy finds a letter from Johnny describing how he will die proudly after saving the kids from the fire. Johnny also urges Ponyboy to "stay gold". Ponyboy decides to write his English assignment about the recent events, and begins his essay with the opening line of the novel: "When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house, I had only two things on my mind: Paul Newman and a ride home..."[3]

text: Major characters

text: Greasers

text:
Ponyboy Curtis: Narrator and the youngest Curtis brother, 14 years old, who gets good grades and runs track.
Sodapop "Soda" Curtis: The middle Curtis brother, 16 years old, a high school dropout who works at a gas station.
Darrel "Darry" Curtis: The oldest Curtis brother, 20 years old, who has been caring for his brothers since their parents died in a car crash. He is the unofficial leader of the gang.
Johnny Cade: Ponyboy's best friend, 16 years old, who is extremely quiet and lives with his alcoholic and abusive mother and father.
Dallas "Dally" Winston: A 17-year-old juvenile delinquent, he is the roughest of the greasers. He lived on the streets of New York City for three years.
Keith "Two-Bit" Mathews: A wise-cracking kleptomaniac.
Steve Randle: Sodapop's best friend since grade school.
Timothy "Tim" Shepard: Leader of another greaser gang: an organized downtown one. He is also a friend of Dally's.
Curly Shepard: Tim Shepard's younger brother, mentioned as a friend of Ponyboy's.
Sandy: Sodapop's girlfriend.

text: Socs

text:
Sherri "Cherry" Valance: Bob's girlfriend, attends the same high school as Ponyboy.
Robert "Bob" Sheldon: Cherry's boyfriend who is stabbed and killed by Johnny.
Randy Adderson: A friend of Bob's and Marcia's boyfriend.
Marcia: Cherry's best friend and Randy's girlfriend.
Paul Holden: Darry's old friend from high school.
David: A member of the Socs who tried to drown Ponyboy in the fountain.

text: Other characters

text:
Jerry Wood: The schoolteacher responsible for the children who were in the seemingly abandoned church.
Mr. Syme: Ponyboy's English teacher who assigns him a theme to write that becomes the story of the novel itself.

text: Controversy

text: The Outsiders was a controversial book at the time of its publication; it is still currently challenged and debated.[4] It was ranked #38 on the American Library Association’s Top 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999.[5] This book has been banned from some schools and libraries because of the portrayal of gang violence, underage smoking and drinking, strong language/slang, and family dysfunction[citation needed]. However, in many U.S. schools, the book is part of the English curriculum at the middle- or high-school level.[6]


document_title: River valley civilization

question_text: where did the first great river valley civilizations develop

text: River valley civilization

text: History[edit]

text: Civilization first began in 3500 BCE, which along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East; the name given to that civilization, Mesopotamia, means "land between the rivers". The Nile valley in Egypt had been home to agricultural settlements as early as 5500 BCE, but the growth of Egypt as a civilization began around 3100 BCE. A third civilization grew up along the Indus River around 2600 BCE, in parts of what are now India and Pakistan. The fourth great river civilization emerged around 1700 BCE along the Yellow River in China, also known as the Huang-He River Civilization.[1][2]

text: Causes[edit]

text: Civilizations tended to grow up in river valleys for a number of reasons. The most obvious is access to a usually reliable source of water for agriculture and human needs. Plentiful water, and the enrichment of the soil due to annual floods, made it possible to grow excess crops beyond what was needed to sustain an agricultural village. This allowed for some members of the community to engage in non-agricultural activities such as construction of buildings and cities (the root of the word "civilization"), metal working, trade, and social organization.[3][4] Boats on the river provided an easy and efficient way to transport people and goods, allowing for the development of trade and facilitating central control of outlying areas.[5]

text: Early civilizations[edit]

text: Mesopotamia[edit]

text: Mesopotamia was the earliest river valley civilization, starting to form around 3500 BCE. The civilization was created after regular trading started relationships between multiple cities and states around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Mesopotamian cities became self-run civil governments. One of the cities within this civilization, Uruk, was the first literate society in history. Eventually, they all joined together to irrigate the two rivers in order to make their dry land fertile for agricultural growth. The increase in successful farming in this civilization allowed population growth throughout the cities and states within Mesopotamia.[6]

text: Egypt[edit]

text: Egypt also created irrigation systems from its local river, the Nile River, more intricate than previous systems. The Egyptians would rotate legumes with cereal which would stop salt buildup from the fresh water and enhance the fertility of their fields. The Nile River also allowed easier travel among the civilization, eventually resulting in the creation of two kingdoms in the north and south areas of the river until both were unified into one society by 3000 BCE.[7]

text: Indus valley[edit]

text: Much of the history of the Indus valley civilization, discovered in the 1920s, is unknown. Discovered in the 1920s, Harappan society remains a mystery because the Harappan system of writing has not yet been deciphered. It was larger than either Egypt or Mesopotamia. Historians have found no evidence of violence or a ruling class; there are no distinctive burial sites and there is not a lot of evidence to suggest a formal military. However, historians believe that the lack of knowledge about the ruling class and the military is mainly due to the inability to read Harappan writing.[8]

text: Yellow River[edit]

text: The Yellow River (Huang He) area became settled around 4000 BC.[9] Many tribes settled along the river, sixth longest in the world, which was distinguished by its heavy load of yellow silt and its periodic devastating floods. Recorded Chinese history begins with the first great wall, the Xia Dynasty, which went through the Yellow River valley from 2100 to 1600 BC. A major impetus for the tribes to unite into a single kingdom was the desire to find a solution to the frequent deadly floods. The Xia dug canals to channel excess water away from the area, resulting in a strong civilization with bountiful harvests and powerful leaders. The Yellow River is often called "The Cradle of Chinese Civilization".[10]