document_title: Peter Kay's Car Share

question_text: who plays elsie in peter kay's car share

question_tokens: who plays elsie in peter kay 's car share

text: Peter Kay's Car Share

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series focuses on supermarket assistant manager John Redmond (Kay) and promotions rep Kayleigh Kitson (Gibson), who are participating in their work's car-sharing scheme.

text: The first half of each episode shows John picking up Kayleigh from her house in his Fiat 500L and the pair having conversations about each other's lives as they travel to work. The second half of the episode sees the pair on the car journey home and they discuss what they did at work.

text: As they travel to and from work, John and Kayleigh listen to Forever FM; a fictitious radio station which has music alternating with terrible advertisements and promotions. In each episode, one or both of them (mostly Kayleigh) daydream about them creating a music video-style fantasy performance of a song played on the radio.

text: Surprising billboards at the roadside and on vehicles provide an additional source of interest ("Brazilian wax while you wait", "One meal for the price of two", "No pies left in this van overnight" and others), as well as the radio adverts and announcements.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Peter Kay as John Redmond (12 episodes)
Sian Gibson as Kayleigh Kitson (12 episodes)
Danny Swarsbrick as Ted 2 (8 episodes)
Guy Garvey as Steve (4 episodes)
Vasant Mistry as Old Ted (2 episodes)
Gemma Facinelli as Rachel (2 episodes)
Philip Brady as Jim (2 episodes; 1 voice only)
Simon Greenall as Dave Thompson (1 episode; voice only)
Reece Shearsmith as Ray (1 episode)
Conleth Hill as Elsie (1 episode)
Mick Miller as Tony (1 episode)[6]

text: Production[edit]

text:
The series was commissioned in 2013 by the BBC, and was initially made available on BBC iPlayer.[2] Inspiration for the show, for co-creators Tim Reid and Paul Coleman, included Alfred Molina and Dawn French in the BBC's Roger & Val Have Just Got In and The Smoking Room. Paul Coleman pitched the idea to Peter Kay, whom he had previously worked with on Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere.[1]
The programme was mainly filmed in and around Manchester, Farnworth (Bolton), Westhoughton, Horwich, Swinton, Bury, Walkden, Altrincham (Trafford) and Little Hulton (Salford).

text: John and Kayleigh's place of work was portrayed as being the Manchester Fort retail park in the city's Cheetham Hill area, but was in reality  filmed around the goods entrance and car park at the back of the large Halfords Autocentre off Viaduct Way in the Broadheath area of Altrincham. The exterior was dressed with fake windows containing large images of fresh fruit and vegetables, with car park features, trolleys, staff uniforms and signage in the style and colours of Tesco. In episode 3 of series 1 two members of Halfords staff in their gold and black uniforms can be seen in the unloading bay as John and Kayleigh drop off their colleague "Stink" Ray (Reece Shearsmith) the fishmonger.

text: The Forever FM presenters are voiced by Rob Charles (Mike on the "Mike and his Morning Muesli" breakfast show),[7] and Martin Emery (Andy on the "Big Drive Home" drivetime show).[8] The fictional radio station was created by Salford-based audio creative company Kalua, and its tagline is "Forever FM: playing timeless hits, now and forever".

text: In May 2016, filming began on the second and final series.[9] On 3 December Peter Kay announced that the second series will be broadcast on BBC in April 2017.  An exclusive scene was aired during Peter Kay's Christmas Comedy Shuffle on BBC One on Christmas Eve 2016.[10][11]  The first two episodes of the second series were given an advance screening at Vue Cinemas for Red Nose Day 2017.  The full series was made available on BBC iPlayer from 11 April 2017.[12]

text: On 2 May 2017, Kay announced that there would not be a third series or a Christmas special, however, [13] on 17 November 2017, it was announced that a final episode would be broadcast in 2018, in addition to a one-off unscripted episode.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
An exclusive screening of all six episodes of the first series was held in Blackpool on 28 March 2015, in aid of Chorley children’s hospice Derian House.[15]
The entire first series was briefly available on BBC iPlayer where it became the most watched series to be released as a box set.[16]  Critic Grace Dent wrote "I laughed over and over again, loudly and gracelessly, during BBC1's Car Share".[17]

text: Episode list[edit]

text: SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedAverage ratings(millions)First airedLast aired1629 April 2015 (2015-04-29)22 May 2015 (2015-05-22)6.03Short124 December 2016 (2016-12-24)24 December 2016 (2016-12-24)4.282411 April 2017 (2017-04-11)2 May 2017 (2017-05-02)TBASpecials27 May 2018 (2018-05-07)28 May 2018 (2018-05-28)TBA

text: Series 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
EpisodeNo.

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original broadcast date

UK viewers(million)[18]

1"Episode 1"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay, Sian Gibson & Tim Reid29 April 2015 (2015-04-29)6.85
A new car sharing scheme at the supermarket that assistant manager John Redmond and promotions rep Kayleigh Kitson work at, pairs them together commuting to work and back home; whilst listening to the radio. They get to know each other's background, with John telling Kayleigh about his ex girlfriends, Charlotte and Anna, and Kayleigh talks about one of her own exes, a drug dealer who cheated on her with her cousin. We also discover she is 36 and wants to meet the man of her dreams and have babies asap as she feels she is running out of time. John corrects a rumour spread by Diane off non-foods that he is gay. Kayleigh accidentally spills a bottle of urine all over John, resulting in him having to change his clothes. And Kayleigh gets animated with the shop's Christmas plans. At the end of the episode they agree they want to continue car sharing with each other.

Forever FM Playlist: Martika - Martika's Kitchen, Spagna - Call Me, Tina Charles - I Love To Love, Texas - When We Are Together, R.E.M. - Losing My Religion, B*Witched - C'est la Vie, Erasure - A Little Respect, Anastacia - I'm Outta Love {Day dream}, Sad Café - Every Day Hurts
2"Episode 2"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay, Sian Gibson & Tim Reid30 April 2015 (2015-04-30)4.56
John and Kayleigh are forced to take the morning off work due to the death of a long-standing colleague, the trolley pusher Old Ted. Kayleigh quizzes John about his funeral, but he says at 39, he's never thought about that. Kayleigh's friendship with her elderly next door neighbour Ken becomes a hot topic when Kayleigh misunderstands the definition of "dogging", assuming it means walking a dog. She insists the new trolley wrangler will never replace Old Ted, but when she sees him, he sparks some interest from her.

Forever FM Playlist: They Might Be Giants - Birdhouse in Your Soul, R. Kelly - Ignition, Johnny Hates Jazz - Turn Back The Clock, Duran Duran - Ordinary World, Stiltskin - Inside, Blue - All Rise, Vanessa Carlton - A Thousand Miles, Cyndi Lauper - True Colors {Day dream}, Alicia Bridges - I Love the Nightlife, Laura Branigan - Gloria, Kylie Minogue - I Believe In You
3"Episode 3"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay, Sian Gibson & Tim Reid6 May 2015 (2015-05-06)6.3
John collects Kayleigh, who is still suffering side-effects from a late night partying. They are annoyed when they run into supermarket fishmonger Ray (Reece Shearsmith), who they both nickname "Stink Ray". To make matters worse, Kayleigh has a lunchtime date with a Japanese man she has connected to on on-line dating site heartsearchers. She has learnt the language especially, but it turns out Jap Si wasn't even Japanese. John's lovelife comes under scrutiny, and we discover he was engaged to Charlotte but broke it off as he cannot commit.

Forever FM Playlist: The Mock Turtles - Can You Dig It, Olivia Newton-John and the ELO - Xanadu, Whitney Houston - How Will I Know, Ini Kamoze - Here Comes the Hotstepper, Party Posse - Drop Da Bomb (Yvan Eht Nioj), Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up, Prefab Sprout - The King of Rock 'n' Roll, Boy Meets Girl - Waiting for a Star to Fall, The Smiths - Please, Please, Please, Let Me Get What I Want {No day dream}
4"Episode 4"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay, Sian Gibson & Tim Reid13 May 2015 (2015-05-13)6.04
While John is excited about his new hands-free phone kit, Kayleigh is more excited about the Beyonce concert she attended yesterday night. John gets road rage at a school crossing, which causes a builder to throw his egg sandwich at the car when John makes him angry. This results in a visit to the car wash to clean the now dirty windscreen, and while they are there, Kayleigh's unusual fear of water is discovered when she suffers a panic attack. Thankfully, John's support and a daydream to MMMBop gets her through. (The dream sequence features a Bedknobs and Broomsticks style animation featuring Kayleigh swimming under water). During the work shift, Kayleigh falls out with boss Dave Thompson over an incident on fruit and veg, leaving repercussions for the journey home.

Forever FM Playlist: Hue and Cry - Labour of Love, Five - Keep On Movin', Hanson - MMMBop {Day dream}, R. Kelly - Bump n' Grind, OMC - How Bizarre, Sydney Youngblood - If Only I Could, Tears for Fears - Everybody Wants to Rule the World, The B-52's - Love Shack
5"Episode 5"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay, Sian Gibson & Tim Reid20 May 2015 (2015-05-20)5.92
It's John's Nana Rose's birthday but he's forgotten to post her card. He tries to put things right on the way to work but falls while posting her card, and badly injures his arm. To make matters worse, Kayleigh has agreed to take her niece Chloe and nephew Alfie to school, meaning they will share the car that morning too. When they finish work Kayleigh must drive an injured John home, but colleague Rachel's interest in John and some bad news from her brother Kieran are on Kayleigh's mind. As John drifts off in a daydream, he imagines himself, in a leather jacket and Beatle cut, singing Cliff Richard's "Devil Woman" with Rachel from work as a lithe, cat-suited red devil-woman, dancing tauntingly around him. Both John and Kayleigh's day goes from bad to worse when the car breaks down after Kayleigh fills it with petrol instead of diesel.

Forever FM Playlist: Madonna - Cherish, ABC - When Smokey Sings, Kylie Minogue - Put Yourself in My Place, INXS - New Sensation, Stereophonics - Have a Nice Day, Enrique Iglesias - Hero, Boyzone - Picture of You, Cliff Richard - Devil Woman {Day dream}, The Cars - Drive, Aretha Franklin & George Michael - I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me), Aztec Camera - Somewhere in My Heart, Donna Summer - This Time I Know It's for Real, Johnny Cash - A Thing Called Love
6"Episode 6"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay, Sian Gibson & Tim Reid22 May 2015 (2015-05-22)5.49
Kayleigh has a lot on her mind as she is moving into her sister Mandy's tomorrow, so the last thing she needs is to be dressed as a blackcurrant for National Jam Week. Luckily John is on hand to give her some encouragement. They decide to have a goodbye breakfast Fat Boy to commemorate their last car share day together. As they drive home, a jealous Kayleigh is annoyed when she discovers Rachel from work has John's number. Kayleigh ponders how much she'll miss the journeys to work with John. The episode features a 1950's faux fantasy sequence to the 1988 song Rush Hour by Jane Wiedlin. After an awkward exchange of gifts, where John gives Kayleigh a novelty heart lamp, and gets a kiss on the cheek from Kayleigh, the episode ends with John playing Pure and Simple by Hear'Say on Now 48, his CD gift from Kayleigh, with a handwritten note telling John she dedicates the song to him.
Forever FM Playlist: John Farnham - You're the Voice, Deacon Blue - Chocolate Girl, Kid Creole and the Coconuts - Annie, I'm Not Your Daddy, Steve Winwood - Valerie, Rick Astley - Cry for Help, Right Said Fred - Don't Talk Just Kiss, Haircut 100 - Love Plus One, Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony and Ivory, Joan Jett - I Love Rock 'n' Roll, The Feeling - Never Be Lonely, Amy Grant - Baby, Baby,  Jane Wiedlin - Rush Hour {Day dream}, Extreme - More Than Words,

Other songs played: Compendium - In The City, Hear'Say - Pure and Simple

text: Short (2016)[edit]

text:
EpisodeNo.

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original broadcast date

UK viewers(million)[18]

N/A"Peter Kay's Christmas Comedy Shuffle[19]"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay & Sian Gibson24 December 2016 (2016-12-24)4.28
Kayleigh gets John to play her 'Now That's What I Call Christmas' album on their journey to work in the height of Summer.  This previously-unseen three minute scene was exclusive to Peter Kay's Christmas Comedy Shuffle.[10]  (Peter Kay's Comedy Shuffle also included various Car Share out-takes.)

Forever FM Playlist: Mariah Carey - All I Want For Christmas Is You

text: Series 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
EpisodeNo.

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original broadcast date

UK viewers(million)[18]

1"Episode 1"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay & Sian Gibson11 April 2017 (2017-04-11)9.43
After moving in with her sister Mandy and her family, Kayleigh is now travelling to work on her own by bus and train, but cannot resist temptation and repeatedly calls John. Eventually, after at least 8 phone calls between them, John secretly gives Kayleigh the directions to his car and the pair are reunited and back where they belong. Road rage leads to a video of John verbally abusing and threatening a cyclist going viral, much to the amusement of Kayleigh. It is raining after work so John offers her a lift home, where he meets and bonds with her brother in law Steve (Guy Garvey) who is obsessed with bikes, and tells Kayleigh he will keep giving her lifts to work every morning even though it will take him an extra 45 minutes to do so.
Forever FM Playlist: Jermaine Stewart - We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off, Enigma - Sadness, The Spinners - Working My Way Back to You, Bardo - One Step Further, Ronan Keating - Life Is a Rollercoaster, Gwen Stefani - The Sweet Escape, Wet Wet Wet - Sweet Little Mystery, REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling {No day dream}

Other songs played: Hear'Say - Pure and Simple, S Club 7 - Never Had a Dream Come True, Pointer Sisters -  Jump (For My Love) "On Yer Bike Remix"
2"Episode 2"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay & Sian Gibson18 April 2017 (2017-04-18)7.66
John and Kayleigh are full of high spirits as they head off on their annual works do, with him dressed as Harry Potter and her as Hagrid, but things don't go according to plan when John is lumbered with taking both drunk Elsie (Conleth Hill) off deli who is dressed as Smurfette, and also a drunk Kayleigh home. Elsie's mischievous nature makes John feel uncomfortable, along with Elsie's constant spilling of store gossip - including some about John and Kayleigh. After taking Elsie home, John and Kayleigh begin to get close but their moment is interrupted when Elsie rings up to say that she has left her inhaler in the car and can't breathe, leaving a flustered John with no other choice but to drive all the way back to her home.

Forever FM Playlist: Divinyls - I Touch Myself, JX - Son of a Gun, Livin' Joy - Dreamer, Crazy Frog - Axel F, Urban Cookie Collective - The Key the Secret, Kelis - Milkshake, Fat Larry's Band - Zoom, Minnie Riperton - Lovin' You, Phyllis Nelson - Move Closer, Scorpions - Wind of Change, Spice Girls - 2 Become 1, Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment, Madonna - Crazy For You {Day dream}, Champaign - How 'Bout Us, Will to Power - Baby, I Love Your Way/Freebird Medley, Phil Collins - A Groovy Kind of Love, Donna Lewis - I Love You Always Forever, Scritti Politti - Oh Patti
3"Episode 3"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay & Sian Gibson25 April 2017 (2017-04-25)7.45
Kayleigh has had enough of work and fancies a day off but John isn't having any of it as he has to visit the store manager and best friend Ian "Litchy" Litchfield, at the Wigan branch. Eventually he agrees to ditching work (after visiting his friend Litchy at the Wigan store) and decides to go to Seaview Safari Park with Kayleigh. As the pair enjoy a picnic in the car, they become startled as monkeys fight and begin to use John's car as a climbing frame. When John and Kayleigh share another moment by the coast, a mysterious yellow substance pours down the windscreen, which John realises is one of the monkeys who has followed them from Seaview Safari on the car roof, urinating the roof of his car. The baby monkey attacks John and Kayleigh, but they eventually manage to get him in the car, where he causes more trouble. They fail to send him back to Seaview Safari as it has closed for the day. Before the end of the episode, Kayleigh is sad as John finally manages to get the baby monkey back into the zoo.

Forever FM Playlist: Sophie B. Hawkins - Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover, Wilson Phillips - Hold On, INXS - Disappear, Lloyd Cole - Lost Weekend, Salt-n-Pepa - Push It, Climie Fisher - Love Changes (Everything), The Pretenders - Don't Get Me Wrong, Train - Drops of Jupiter, Edwin Starr - H.A.P.P.Y. Radio (song), Shakira - Hips Don't Lie, George Michael - Monkey {No day dream}
4"Episode 4"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay & Sian Gibson2 May 2017 (2017-05-02)7.21
John enlists the help of his Nana Rose reluctantly to wait in for a parcel delivery. Kayleigh can't find her house key and is stuck inside her sister Mandy's house so John attempts to pick the lock with a hair pin before resorting to trying to pull Kayleigh out through a small window, which doesn't go according to plan. John and Kayleigh chat about her favourite film Dirty Dancing and Michael Jackson on their way to work. On the way home from work, Kayleigh keeps asking John if he thinks they are an us, and whether he would like them to see each other more, but he keeps dodging her questions. As the final episode concludes and the pair sit stuck in gridlock, Kayleigh declares her love for John and believes that he doesn't feel the same way, so she leaves the car and gets into a taxi while crying. But she just missed a dedication John had sent in to Forever FM which is his own way of declaring his love for her. In a daydream, John is seen walking and jumping over other cars to the taxi where he finds Kayleigh, takes her hand and tells her he loves her too then they kiss in the road with the other drivers and passengers who got out of their cars cheering. But in reality, in a phone call to Nana Rose, John says that he is 'done' as Kayleigh's taxi starts moving again. It looks like he has given up on her, but has he really?

Forever FM Playlist: Melle Mel - White Lines (Don't Don't Do It), Ph.D. - I Won't Let You Down, Neneh Cherry - Buffalo Stance {Day dream}, Giorgio Moroder & Philip Oakey - Together in Electric Dreams, Imagination - Body Talk, Billy Ocean - Red Light Spells Danger, Crash Test Dummies - Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm, George Michael - Praying for Time, Marillion - Kayleigh

text: Final specials (2018)[edit]

text: Despite initially saying that the series ended with Series 2 Episode 4[20], on 17 November 2017 it was announced during Children in Need that the show would return for an unscripted episode, as well as a final episode to end the series in 2018[21]. The unscripted episode aired on 7 May and the final episode, which sees John and Kayleigh beginning a romantic relationship together, aired on 28 May.[22] Writing in The Telegraph Veronica Lee gave the episode five stars out of five, describing the final episode as "perfect, uproarious, adorable", while Simon Binns, of the Manchester Evening News, commented: "It's cheesy, feel good, but lacks the drama of the previous episode."[22]

text:
EpisodeNo.

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original broadcast date

UK viewers(million)[18]

N/A"Unscripted"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay & Sian Gibson7 May 2018 (2018-05-07)6.41
Note: Chronologically, this episode takes place before series 2 episode 4.
In this completely ad-libbed one-off episode, John and Kayleigh drive through Salford to and from work, commenting on the songs and adverts playing on Forever FM, and talking about everything from what the U stands for in club sandwich to films they have never seen. Kayleigh says that her first boyfriend was called Danny ('but he was a "holding hands" boyfriend'). John, in contrast, says that he was having sex when he was thirteen. At the end of the episode, John tells Kayleigh that men have needs, and hints he wants to have sex with her but she does not seem keen. She would rather snuggle on the sofa with a takeaway and accidentally on purpose invites herself round to John's for a dinner date.

Forever FM Playlist: Edwyn Collins - A Girl Like You, Trio - Da Da Da, Martika - Toy Soldiers, Fine Young Cannibals - Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've), The Belle Stars - Sign of the Times, The Divine Comedy - National Express, Four Tops -  Loco in Acapulco, Bee Gees - More Than a Woman, Madonna - Borderline, Danny Wilson - The Second Summer of Love {No day dream}
N/A"The Finale"Peter KayPaul Coleman, Peter Kay & Sian Gibson28 May 2018 (2018-05-28)3.25
Set the day after Series 2 Episode 4, John arrives at Kayleigh's house at dawn, leaving a present for her with Steve. He drives to work alone, checking his phone constantly for a message from Kayleigh. She opens her present on the bus: It's a Walkman containing an original song from John, which he had stayed up all night to record, as an apology. The song is accompanied by a parody video to Back for Good by Take That. John picks her up from their usual meeting spot. Arriving at work, they admit their feelings for one another, and agree to take things slowly. After work, they dissect a wedding invite from their work colleagues, and treat themselves to a drive-thru meal. While stopped at traffic lights, Kayleigh suddenly leaves the car to rescue a hedgehog in the road, causing a traffic collision behind her. As John gets out to help, his car door is knocked off by a passing van. John and Kayleigh ride home on the bus, listening to John's homemade song and holding hands.
Forever FM Playlist: Yes - Owner of a Lonely Heart, Annie Lennox - Waiting in Vain, Another Level - Freak Me, Transvision Vamp - Baby I Don't Care, Big Audio Dynamite - E=MC2, Joan Armatrading - Drop the Pilot, Wax - Bridge to Your Heart

Other songs played: Compendium (John's band) - Come Back My Car Share Buddy


document_title: List of people of the Salem witch trials

question_text: who was the first person killed in the salem witch trials

root

text: Accusers[edit]

text: "Afflicted"[edit]

text:
Elizabeth Booth
Elizabeth Hubbard – servant of Dr William Griggs, local physician
Mercy Lewis – servant of Thomas Putnam; former servant of George Burroughs
Elizabeth "Betty" Parris – daughter of the Rev. Samuel Parris
Ann Putnam Jr. – daughter of Thomas Putnam and Ann Putnam Sr.
Mary Warren
Abigail Williams – cousin of Betty Parris

tag: ul

text: John Earls (son of Parker Earls)

text: Other accusers (including accused witches who "confessed")[edit]

text:
Benjamin Abbot
Sarah Bibber
Deliverance Dane (née Hazeltine)
Thomas Putnam

text: Physician who diagnosed "bewitchment"[edit]

text: William Griggs – relative and employer of Elizabeth Hubbard

text: Convicted[edit]

text: Convicted and executed[edit]

text:
Bridget Bishop (née Playfer; executed June 10, 1692)
Rebecca Nurse (née Towne; July 19, 1692)
Sarah Good (formerly Poole, née Solart; July 19, 1692)
Elizabeth Howe (née Jackson; July 19, 1692)
Susannah Martin (née North; July 19, 1692)
Sarah Wildes (née Averill; July 19, 1692)
George Burroughs (August 19, 1692)
George Jacobs Sr. (August 19, 1692)
Martha Carrier (née Allen; August 19, 1692)
John Proctor (August 19, 1692)
John Willard (August 19, 1692)
Martha Corey (September 22, 1692; wife of Giles Corey)
Mary Eastey (née Towne; September 22, 1692)
Mary Parker (née Ayer; September 22, 1692)
Alice Parker (September 22, 1692)
Ann Pudeator (September 22, 1692)
Wilmot Redd (September 22, 1692)
Margaret Scott (September 22, 1692)
Samuel Wardwell Sr. (September 22, 1692)

text: Giles Corey (September 19, 1692) - Pressed to death.

text: Convicted and died in prison[edit]

text: Ann Foster (née Alcock) – died in custody in December 1692

text: Convicted but escaped[edit]

text: Mary Bradbury (née Perkins)

text: Pardoned[edit]

text: Convicted and pardoned[edit]

text:
Abigail Faulkner Sr. (née Dane), who was pregnant
Dorcas Hoar, "confessed"
Elizabeth Proctor (née Bassett), who was pregnant

text: Pled guilty and pardoned[edit]

text:
Mary Lacey Sr. (née Foster)
Tituba - A slave from Barbados working for Rev Samuel Parris

text: Not found guilty or otherwise survived the trial period[edit]

text: Died in custody[edit]

text: Lydia Dustin – found not guilty but died in custody

text: Unindicted or acquitted[edit]

text: Job Tookey

text: Released on bond[edit]

text:
Dorothy Good – daughter of Sarah Good
Frances Elizabeth Alcock Hutchins – Arrested Aug 18, 1692. Released December 21, 1692.[1]

text: Escaped[edit]

text:
John Alden Jr.
William Barker Sr.
Mary (née Hollingsworth) and Philip (or Phillip) English (married couple)
Edward Farrington

text: Not tried[edit]

text: Born in prison[edit]

text:
Mercy, daughter of Sarah Good, born and died in prison some time prior to her mother's execution.
John, son of Elizabeth Proctor and John Proctor

text: Died in prison[edit]

text:
Lydia Dustin
Ann Foster (née Alcock)
Mercy, infant daughter of Sarah Good
Sarah Osborne (née Warren) — died in prison (May 10, 1692) before she could be tried
Roger Toothaker – died before trial (June 16, 1692) probably due to torture or maltreatment

text: Released from prison after the Governor ended the witch trials[edit]

text:
Mary Black, slave who was arrested and indicted but never went to trial
Sarah Rist (née Clarke) - died May 31, 1698, Reading, Middlesex County, Massachusetts

text: Indicted by grand jury[edit]

text:
Stephen Johnson
William Barker Sr.
Edward Farrington (escaped)
Mary Green (escaped)
Elizabeth Hutchinson Hart (released after 7 months in jail after her son Thomas filed petitions on her behalf)[2]

text: Not indicted[edit]

text:
John Porter Sr.
Israel Porter
William Proctor
Sarah Cloyce (née Towne) -- sister of Rebecca Nurse and Mary Eastey
Thomas Farrer Sr. (or Farrar)[3] – spent 7 months in Boston jail before being released[citation needed][why?]
Tituba

text: Evaded arrest or escaped[edit]

text:
Daniel Andrew
George Jacobs, Jr.

text: Named, but no arrest warrant issued[edit]

text:
Anne Bradstreet (née Wood)
Dudley Bradstreet
John Bradstreet
Rev. John Busse (or Buss) – minister in Wells, Maine
Rev. Francis Dane – minister in Andover, Massachusetts
Sarah Hale (née Noyes) – wife of Rev. John Hale, minister in Beverly, Massachusetts
James Howe (or How) – husband of Elizabeth Howe (or How)
Lady Mary Phips (née Spencer) – wife of Massachusetts Governor Sir William Phips
Sarah Swift (née Clapp)
Margaret Sheaf Thacher (née Webb) – Jonathan Corwin's mother-in-law

text: Court personnel[edit]

text: Magistrates[edit]

text: Court of Oyer and Terminer, 1692[4][edit]

text:
William Stoughton, Chief Magistrate
John Richards
Nathaniel Saltonstall (resigned from the court over the nature of the proceedings)
Waitstill Winthrop
Bartholomew Gedney
Samuel Sewall
John Hathorne
Jonathan Corwin
Peter Sergeant

text: Justices[edit]

text: Superior Court of Judicature, 1693[5][edit]

text:
William Stoughton, Chief Justice
Thomas Danforth
John Richards
Waitstill Winthrop
Samuel Sewall

text: Jurors[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The list of jurors who served in the trial of Rebecca Nurse does not include other jurors who served in prior and subsequent trials. The jury initially acquitted Nurse but were ordered to redeliberate by William Stoughton.

tag: p

text: Trial of Rebecca Nurse[edit]

text:
Captain Thomas Fisk Sr., jury foreman
John Batcheller
John Dane
Andrew Eliot
Joseph Evelith
Captain Thomas Fisk Jr.
William Fisk
Henry Herrick Jr.
John Peabody
Thomas Pearly Sr.
Thomas Perkins

text: Public figures[edit]

text:
Sir William Phips – Governor of Massachusetts
Thomas Brattle
Robert Calef
Major Robert Pike

text: Clergy[edit]

text:
John Hale, of Beverly, Massachusetts
Cotton Mather, of Boston, Massachusetts
Increase Mather, of Boston, Massachusetts
Nicholas Noyes, of Salem
Samuel Parris, of Salem Village – father of Betty Parris and uncle of Abigail Williams
Samuel Willard, of Groton, and Boston (both Massachusetts)
Thomas Barnard, of Andover, Massachusetts [6]


document_title: Height in sports

question_text: what is the average height for a volleyball player

text: Height in sports

text: Amateur wrestling[edit]

text: Height can be both helpful and detrimental in wrestling. Since taller people have more bone mass, they will generally be slightly weaker than shorter people in the same weight class. This difference is made up in part by their longer arms, which allow them a longer reach and easier cradle. Long legs are detrimental in that they can easily be attacked by a lolly (shot). They do, however, assist in performing some actions and positions such as throwing, sprawling to counter a takedown or riding legs.[citation needed] The heights of amateur wrestlers vary greatly with successful athletes being as short as Sushil Kumar at 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) and as tall as Alexander Karelin at 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Artistic gymnastics[edit]

text: In artistic gymnastics, it is advantageous to be shorter. A lower center of gravity can give an athlete better balance. A smaller athlete may also have an easier time manipulating their body in the air.[citation needed]

text: Association football[edit]

text: In association football, or soccer, a player's height may somewhat determine the position that they play; however, people of all heights have an equal opportunity to excel professionally at the sport. Goalkeepers, centre backs and "target" heading forwards tend to be taller, while players in wide and attacking positions tend to be shorter. A study of the greatest male players in history showed that the distribution of heights approximated the average man and, when also looking at the typical weight distribution, an estimated 95% of the world's population would fall into the body type distribution of great footballers. A sample of reasonably select players from ages 11–18 in the United States tended to approximate the height distribution of the population.[2][3] However, there is an overwhelming tendency for the 11-most picked players in a squad to be shorter than their teammates, which could suggest a bias in the scouting system.[4]

text: For wide and attacking positions, the players are generally relatively shorter. Many of the world class players have been shorter than average and in many cases gained an advantage from their low centre of gravity. Examples include Lorenzo Insigne 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in), Sebastian Giovinco, Bernard, Ludovic Giuly 1.64 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in), Diego Maradona, Marco Verratti, Aaron Lennon 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in), Shaun Wright-Phillips 1.66 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Romário, Pedro, Mathieu Valbuena 1.67 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Roberto Carlos, Paul Scholes, Claude Makélélé, N'Golo Kanté, Santi Cazorla 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), Alexis Sánchez, Garrincha 1.69 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Lionel Messi, Xavi, Philipp Lahm, Franck Ribéry, David Silva 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in), Andrés Iniesta, Philippe Coutinho 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Douglas Costa, Robinho 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Pelé, Eden Hazard, Sergio Agüero and Michael Owen 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in). However, height is considered advantageous for forwards who aim to score with their heads. Forwards who are particularly noted for their strength in the air include Lacina Traoré 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in), Jan Koller, Nikola Žigić 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Fernando Llorente, Andy Carroll 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) and Peter Crouch 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in). Many of the world's best forwards and midfielders are taller than average, while still possessing a high all round level of technical ability, such as Zlatan Ibrahimović 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in), Nemanja Matić 1.94 m (6 ft 4 1⁄2 in), Luca Toni, Patrick Vieira 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in), Sócrates 1.92 m (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in), Paul Pogba 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in), Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard, Romelu Lukaku 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in), Didier Drogba, Yaya Touré, Adriano, Sergio Busquets 1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in), Thierry Henry, Eric Cantona, Robert Pirès, Michael Ballack, Marco van Basten, Ruud van Nistelrooy, Robin van Persie 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang, Karim Benzema 1.87 m (6 ft 1 1⁄2 in), Kaká, Rivaldo, Fernando Torres, Thomas Müller 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), Zinedine Zidane, Cristiano Ronaldo, Robert Lewandowski and Gabriel Batistuta 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), with their height being seen as an added bonus for their heading and physical ability, which adds to their completeness, it is seen as something desirable in modern top-level football forwards and midfielders.

text: Height is often an advantage for central defenders, who are assigned to stop forwards from scoring through the air, as exemplified by players like Matej Bagarić 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Brede Hangeland, Jannik Vestergaard 1.99 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Per Mertesacker, Naldo 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), Daniel Van Buyten 1.97 m (6 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Sebastián Coates 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in), Joël Matip, Kalidou Koulibaly 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in), Gerard Piqué, Christoph Metzelder 1.94 m (6 ft 4 1⁄2 in), Vincent Kompany, Sami Hyypiä, Marco Materazzi 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in), Laurent Blanc, Jérôme Boateng 1.92 m (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in), Tony Adams, Jaap Stam, Mats Hummels, Raphaël Varane 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in), Nemanja Vidić and Leonardo Bonucci 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in). There are, however, central defenders who are not of above-average height, such as Héctor Chumpitaz 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), Daniel Passarella, Iván Córdoba 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in), Javier Mascherano 1.74 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Fabio Cannavaro, Franco Baresi 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in), Gaetano Scirea, Carles Puyol, Roberto Ayala 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) and José Santamaría 1.79 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in).

text: Goalkeepers tend to be taller than average because their greater armspans and total reach when jumping enable them to cover more of the goal area. Examples of particularly tall goalkeepers include Kristof Van Hout 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in), Vanja Iveša 2.05 m (6 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Jason Mooney 2.04 m (6 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Costel Pantilimon 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in), Zeljko Kalac 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Fraser Forster, Goran Blažević, 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in), Andreas Isaksson 2.00 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Thibaut Courtois 1.99 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Asmir Begović 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), Edwin van der Sar, Maarten Stekelenburg 1.97 m (6 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Petr Čech, Joe Hart, Dida, Wojciech Szczęsny, Diego López 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) and Vladimir Stojković 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in). In addition, there are examples of successful goalkeepers who are not significantly taller than average, such as Jorge Campos 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), František Plánička, Óscar Pérez 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), René Higuita 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in), Gyula Grosics 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) and Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1.79 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in).

text: Australian rules football[edit]

text: In Australian rules, a footballer's height is considered an advantage. This is evidenced by statistics and trends from the professional (Australian Football League) level, including an average player height of 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)[5] as well as an ongoing trend in the recruitment of tall athletes from other sports, particularly basketball such as Dean Brogan at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in)[6][7][8] and rugby football such as Mike Pyke at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in).[9]

text: In the sport players frequently compete for possession of the ball above the shoulders. Players gain "free kick"s from a marking, that is, catching the ball in the air from a kick. As such, height combined with a vertical leap ability are advantageous attributes. Long arms assist in marking and ruckwork and defensive spoiling and long legs add leverage for long distance kicking - all key components of the sport.

text: Each Australian rules football team has at least one ruckman, a specialist position requiring height and leap. These player contest first possession of the ball or "hit out" after each goal or when the ball bounces out of the playing arena. At professional AFL level, the average height of ruckmen is over 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) tall.[10] In addition, "key position" players also gain significant advantage in height. Attacking key positions such as centre half-forward, such as Lance Franklin at 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) and full-forward such as Tom Hawkins at 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) gain an advantage by being taller than their opponent centre half-back such as Heritier Lumumba at 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) and full-back such as Mal Michael at 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) and vice versa.

text: Shorter players may have an advantage in the "crumbing" role of retrieve the ball from the ground or utilising pace to evade opponents. However taller players may also have these abilities and as such versatile talls are often favoured by professional recruiters (such as in the AFL Draft).[11][12][13]

text: Aaron Sandilands and Peter Street are both 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in) tall, the tallest to play in the AFL.[14]

text: Brownlow medal winners have ranged in height from Tony Liberatore at 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) to Scott Wynd at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in). In 2013, professional AFL players ranged 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) to 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in).[15]

text: Baseball[edit]

text: The average height for a baseball player as evidenced by statistics is reported to be 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) tall[16].In baseball, being taller usually means longer legs, which power pitchers use to generate velocity and a release point closer to the plate, which means the ball reaches the batter more quickly. The ball also comes from a higher release angle opposed to a shorter pitcher. While taller position players have a larger strike zone, most position players are at least of average height because the larger frame allows them to generate more power.

text: Basketball[edit]

text: Taller players are often thought to have an advantage in basketball because their shots have less distance to travel to the basket, they start out closer to the rebound, and their ability to reach higher into the air yields a better chance of blocking shorter players' shots.[17]

text: Empirically, the over-representation of extremely tall athletes in basketball lends credence to the theory that the sport provides tall players with a very significant advantage. The average American male is 5 ft 9.3 in (1.76 m) and 99% are 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) or shorter.[18] Yet, the average player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) is listed at 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m).[19]

text: Despite this, some shorter players have played, and even excelled, in the NBA. The list includes 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) Muggsy Bogues, 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) Earl Boykins, 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) Spud Webb, 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) Nate Robinson and Isaiah Thomas. Spud Webb and Nate Robinson have also been crowned as NBA slam dunk contest champions, with Robinson being the only 3-time winner. In addition, a lower center of gravity allows greater ability to box out opponents for rebounds. Charles Barkley was considered to be undersized for his position at 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) but was nevertheless a powerful rebounder. As for guards, usually being the shortest position in basketball, they have better control over their dribbling, and taller players often struggle to defend against their dexterous ball handling and speed. At the same time, they can disrupt the opposing teams' offensive flow or even steal the ball to create fast breaks and offensive opportunities.

text: In the NBA, there is no standard on whether a player's listed height uses their measurement with shoes on or without. The NBA Draft Combine, which most players attend before the draft, provides both measurements. Thereafter, a player's team is solely responsible for their listed height, which can vary depending on the process selected.[20][21]

text: Bodybuilding[edit]

text: In bodybuilding competitors are generally average height and below 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)[citation needed]. In bodybuilding height is often considered a disadvantage due to the fact that smaller bodies have a shorter range of motion in order to lift weights. Smaller bodies also tend to look more filled out compared to taller builds in the same weight class. However, taller people at the professional level tend to have the larger overall body mass. Notable body builders are: Jay Cutler 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m), Ronnie Coleman 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m), Phil Heath 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) and Franco Columbu 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m), who have held many world records.

text: Cricket[edit]

text: In cricket, some of the great batsmen like Donald Bradman 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in), Sachin Tendulkar 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) and Sunil Gavaskar 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) are or were below average height. This may be because a smaller body makes for an advantage in footwork and balance. Similarly, the most graceful wicket-keepers have tended to be average height or below. Although there are fewer tall batsmen, the stand-outs are often noted for their heavy hitting and an ability to get a long stride forward to reach a full length delivery. Australia's Matthew Hayden at 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) India's Yuvraj Singh at 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) and West Indies' Chris Gayle at 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) are modern examples of powerful, tall batsman. Past greats like Clive Lloyd and Graeme Pollock were above 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in).

text: On the other hand, many of the most successful fast bowlers have been well above average height; for example past greats Joel Garner, Courtney Walsh, and Curtly Ambrose were all approximately 2.00 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in) tall. Glenn McGrath regarded as one of the finest bowlers to play the game, was 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) tall, well above average height similarly an example of Wasim Akram or Javagal Srinath may also be put forward who were 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m). Taller bowlers have access to a higher point of release, making it easier for them to make the ball bounce uncomfortably for a batsman. For extreme pace however, bowlers tend to be close to 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) such as Dale Steyn, Shoaib Akhtar, and Malcolm Marshall all at 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) thus combining advantage of shorter lever arms for pace generation with good ball release height. Since round arm bowling does not gain much advantage from taller release height, round arm bowlers tend to be shorter such as the classic Lasith Malinga at 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in). The fastest modern bowlers have ranged from Fidel Edwards 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) through to Brett Lee at 1.87m (6 ft 2 in), and Steve Harmison and Shaun Tait at 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Height does not appear to be an advantage to spin bowling and few international spinners are ever much taller than 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in). Tall spin bowlers like Sulieman Benn (2.01 m (6 ft 7 in)) use extra pace and bounce, whereas spin is traditionally about using a looping, plunging trajectory at slow (70–90 km/h or 40–60 mph) speeds. The most successful bowlers ever in Test cricket, Muttiah Muralitharan and Shane Warne are 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) and 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) respectively. For extracting steep bounce height is useful for fast bowlers like Steven Finn (2 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in)) Boyd Rankin(2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in))get benefit from their height players who are above six foot are Stuart Broad (1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)) Mitchell Starc (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)) Josh Hazlewood (1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)) Ishant Sharma (1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)) Morne Morkel (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in))Jason Holder (2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in)) Pankaj Singh (1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)) and Mohammad Irfan (2.06 m (6 ft 9 in)).[citation needed]

text: Cycling[edit]

text: Road racing cyclists can be of all heights but their height generally determines what role they choose. Taller cyclists tend to excel at the cobbled classics, as pure power helps get over the difficult and brutal cobblestones. Cyclists over 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) often understand the difficulties in hilly races, and realise their talents in cobbled classics from an early age and focus on them for their careers. This includes Johan Vansummeren 1.97 m (6 ft 5 1⁄2 in) Taylor Phinney 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) and Magnus Bäckstedt 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in). In recent years Paris–Roubaix has been dominated by Fabian Cancellara 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and Tom Boonen 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Smaller cyclists on the other hand dominate mountain stages of Grand Tours. Their lack of body mass helps as it means they have less weight to carry up the steep inclines. Marco Pantani 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Domenico Pozzovivo 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in), Joaquim Rodríguez 1.69 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Nairo Quintana 1.67 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Gilberto Simoni 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in), José Rujano 1.62 m (5 ft 4 in) and Igor Antón 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) are examples of pure climbers.

text: However none of the above-mentioned small climbers are known for their time trialing abilities, and in this slightly taller climbers, known as all rounders often gain the advantage in grand tours. Richie Porte 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in), Alberto Contador 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in), Miguel Indurain 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), and Denis Menchov 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) have all won long Time trial stages in many races. Alejandro Valverde 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in), Samuel Sánchez 1.81 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) and Vincenzo Nibali 1.81 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) are, on top of their climbing and time trialing abilities, 3 of the world's best descenders.

text: In recent years taller cyclists with low builds have become among the world's best climbers, particularly on long gradual climbs. The best examples of this are Ivan Basso 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) who won on the Monte Zoncolan in 2010, Mauricio Soler 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in), Chris Froome 1.86 metres (6 ft 1 in) winner of the 2013 Tour de France, and the brothers Andy Schleck and Fränk Schleck both 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) who specialise on the Alpine stages of the Tour de France.

text: While there are exceptions to these rules, taller climbers do feature more in cobbled races and smaller riders in mountain stages. But where cycling does become indiscriminate height wise, is in sprinting. Sprints have been contested between Robbie McEwen 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) and Mario Cipollini 1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in), or Mark Cavendish 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) and André Greipel 1.84 m (6 ft 1⁄2 in), or as the 2010 Milan–San Remo between Óscar Freire 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) and Tom Boonen 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Fencing[edit]

text: In fencing, it is generally advantageous (especially in épée) to be taller because a longer arm span allows one's weapon to reach one's opponent's body from a further distance as well as in some instances being easier to make more angulated attacks.

text: However there are some advantages a being a shorter fencer. Shorter fencers generally have less target area to defend. Furthermore it has been noted that if footwork abilities are equal, a smaller fencer finds it easier to co-ordinate their footwork when moving in and out of distance than taller opponents due to their lower center of balance. In some instances they may have a slight advantage when infighting as they can retract and replace their weapon point with more ease.

text: A good example of such a fencer is Valentina Vezzali 1.64 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) who used her small size and lower centre of gravity to confound taller opponents.

text: Differences in height can also be mitigated in sabre or foil, because those weapons have Right of Way rules, where hitting first does not necessarily result scoring being able to score a point as a riposte may take precedence.

text: It is in in épée where height poses a more distinct advantage: while the entire body is a target, and the closest point of the body (the hand) is always a sword's distance away regardless of the fencers height. However when replacing the point in any (remise) actions generally lead to the taller person reaching the body first.[citation needed]

text: Formula 1[edit]

text: The average height is around 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)[citation needed]. 13 of the 14 F1 seasons in the 21st century have been won by a drivers under 1.80 m tall, including Fernando Alonso 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Lewis Hamilton, Michael Schumacher 1.74 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Kimi Räikkönen 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) and Sebastian Vettel 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) with the exception of Jenson Button (1.82 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)).

text: As F1 has strict size regulations for cars, designing cars for shorter drivers is easier. Shorter drivers also tend to be lighter which is seen as an advantage. This advantage has changed from season to season as FIA has altered the rules for minimum weight of the cars.

text: Gridiron football[edit]

text: A 2014 CNN survey reported the average NFL player was 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) and weighed 98 kg (216 lb).[22]

text: In American and Canadian Football, a tall quarterback is at an advantage because it is easier for him to see over the heads of large offensive and defensive linemen while he is in the pocket in a passing situation. At 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in), Doug Flutie was initially considered to be too short to become a NFL quarterback despite his Heisman Trophy-winning success at the college level. In addition, shorter quarterbacks have an advantage with their lower center of gravity and balance, which means they are better able to duck under a tackle and avoid a sack. According to the former Washington Redskins quarterback Eddie LeBaron, being shorter means you can throw the ball higher instead of a sidearm release, meaning it is harder for the defense to knock it down. Shorter quarterbacks also generally have a quicker release time than taller quarterbacks.

text: Tall wide receivers have an advantage of being able to jump considerably higher than shorter defensive backs to catch highly thrown passes. Of course, this advantage has limits because exceedingly tall receivers are normally not as agile or lack overall speed or strength. Tight ends are usually over 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) because they need greater body mass to be effective blockers and greater height is an advantage for them as receivers, since they run shorter routes based less on speed. By contrast, shorter defensive backs are utilized because of their typically greater agility, as the ability to change directions instantly is a prerequisite for the position.

text: Offensive and defensive linemen tend to be at least 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and are frequently as tall as 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) to be massive enough to effectively play their positions. Height is especially an advantage for defensive linemen, giving them the ability to knock down passes with their outstretched arms.

text: Short running backs are at an advantage because their shorter stature and lower center of gravity generally makes them harder to tackle effectively. In addition, they can easily "hide" behind large offensive linemen, making it harder for defenders to react at the beginning of a play. Thus, in the National Football League and in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football, running backs under 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) are more common than running backs over 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in). Former Heisman Trophy winner and Pro Football Hall of Famer Barry Sanders, thought by some to be the greatest running back in history, is a classic example of a running back with an extraordinarily low center of gravity, as he stood only 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in).

text: Horse racing[edit]

text: In horse racing, is it a considerable advantage for a jockey to be both short and light. Having a jockey who is of short stature and light weight makes it easier for the horse to run at top speed without being weighed down. At the Kentucky Derby, for example, a jockey cannot exceed 126 pounds, including his equipment[citation needed]. There is no specific height requirement, but due to the weight restrictions, most jockeys stand between 4 ft 10 in (1.47 m) and 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)[citation needed]. Examples of successful jockeys are Calvin Borel at 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m), Victor Espinoza at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m), and Mario Gutierrez at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m).

text: Ice hockey[edit]

text: While the history of the National Hockey League (NHL) is filled with shorter players who achieved greatness (Theo Fleury, Martin St. Louis), and the highest scorer in NHL history, Wayne Gretzky, is 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) tall and played at 185 lb (84 kg), the game's increasingly physical style has put a premium on imposing players, particularly over 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) tall and over 100 kg (220 lb) (Mario Lemieux, Eric Lindros, Chris Pronger). Taller, bigger players have a longer reach, are more able to give out and sustain body checks, and have greater leverage on their shooting such as a slap shot[citation needed] (examples include Tyler Myers at 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m), and Eric Staal, Rick Nash, Ryan Getzlaf, and Joe Thornton, all at 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m). The average height of an NHLer is just over 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) tall. Zdeno Chára, at 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m), is the tallest player ever to play in the NHL. In recent years, the height of goaltenders has increased as taller goaltenders can cover a larger portion of the goal when on their knees in the butterfly goaltending style. Ben Bishop at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) is the tallest goaltender currently in the NHL.

text: Judo[edit]

text: In judo height can work both ways. The shorter person tends to have an advantage (both offensively and defensively) in hip throws, dropping techniques i.e. drop seoi nage and wrestling style pickups such as ura nage. A low center of gravity allows better position for these throws. Taller players have an advantage in sweeps because they can often use these maneuvers before getting in range of the shorter person's kuzushi. They can also use their long legs to their advantage with many ashi waza techniques and throws with a significance on legs such as uchi mata and harai goshi. In ne waza (groundwork) having shorter limbs makes it more difficult to be submitted but also more difficult to use your legs to escape from hold downs. In contrast being taller can help with escaping hold downs and certain submissions i.e. sangaku jime. The 2013 judo rules somewhat shift or even out the advantages that shorter fighters had by no longer allowing leg grabs and no longer being allowed to prevent your opponent from taking grips.

text: Mixed martial arts[edit]

text: In mixed martial arts, taller fighters have a distinct advantage in striking, because of their increased range. Shorter fighters on the other hand, tend to be stronger than taller opponents of equal weight and tend to pack a heavier punch. Shorter fighters often have the advantage while grappling defensively. Their lower centre of gravity makes it difficult to take them down and their shorter limbs make it harder to submit them. This however works both ways with smaller fighters sometimes struggling from certain positions i.e. the guard. While height is still regarded as an overall advantage, there have been many great fighters who are shorter than average such as José Aldo, Frankie Edgar and Fedor Emilianenko, once widely regarded as the greatest heavyweight fighter in the world[citation needed], stands less than 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m), and has defeated opponents mostly taller than him, most imposing being Hong-man Choi, who stands 2.18 m (7 ft 2 in) tall.

text: Rowing[edit]

text: In rowing, tallness is advantageous, because the taller a rower is, the longer his or her stroke can potentially be, thus moving the boat more effectively. The average male Olympic rower is 1.92 m (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in), and the average female Olympic rower is 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in),[23] well over the average height.

text: Rugby football[edit]

text: Rugby league[edit]

text: Height is not generally seen as an important attribute in rugby league football, often with extreme height being a hindrance rather than useful.[24] However, recent tactics of cross-field kicking have resulted in the success of taller outside backs.

text: A survey of 121 senior player for the Australian Newcastle Knights team, in 2006, found the average player was 182.1 cm (range 169.0 - 198.0 cm), with an average mass of 93.0kg (range: 73.0 - 127.0 kg)[25]

text: Fullbacks and halfbacks such as Andrew Johns (1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)), Billy Slater (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Brett Hodgson (1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)), Brett Kimmorley (1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)), Cooper Cronk (1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)), Darren Lockyer (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Hazem El Masri (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Johnathan Thurston (1.79 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)), Kurt Gidley (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Matt Orford (1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)), Rhys Wesser (1.74 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)) and Scott Prince (1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)) are usually average height due to their speed and agility.

text: Israel Folau (1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)), Greg Inglis (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)), Shaun Kenny-Dowall (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)), Mark Gasnier (1.94 m (6 ft 4 1⁄2 in)), Colin Best (1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in)), Manu Vatuvei (1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in)), Jarryd Hayne (1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)), Krisnan Inu (1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)) and Jason Nightingale (1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)) are examples of the trend in taller wingers and centres.

text: Rugby union[edit]

text: In rugby union, lineout jumpers, generally locks, are usually the tallest players, as this increases their chance of winning the ball, whereas scrum-halves are usually nearer the average. As examples, current world-class locks Victor Matfield, Chris Jack, Richie Gray and Paul O'Connell are all at least 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), while George Gregan who has 139 international appearances with Australia, is 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in).[26]

text: Sailing[edit]

text: When sailing small dinghies (rather than keelboats), the crew hiking or trapezing - essentially hanging off the side - is an important factor in keeping the boat upright and sailing it fast. A tall sailor can get their centre of gravity further out, thus providing more righting moment. For example, in the 470 class, only the crew is on trapeze, so it is beneficial to have a taller crew and a smaller skipper (because the boat requires a light overall weight). Australia's top crew of Matt Belcher and Malcolm Page exemplify this at 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) and 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) respectively.

text: Shooting[edit]

text: In shooting sports, a shorter shooter can maintain better balance when standing for long periods of time holding a gun, as well as keep their gun steady.[citation needed]

text: Sumo[edit]

text: Professional sumo wrestlers are required to be at least 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) tall.[citation needed] Some aspiring sumo athletes have silicone implants added to the tops of their heads to reach the necessary height.[27] The average height for a sumo wrestler is 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in), far above the national average in Japan.

text: Swimming[edit]

text: Elite swimmers are generally taller than the populations at large, indicating that height confers a competitive advantage. A main factor in swimming is the amount of drag the swimmer has to overcome when swimming. Drag is composed of pressure drag, friction drag, and wave-making resistance.

text: The pressure drag is related to cross section size, the friction drag is related to total skin surface (which is generally higher in tall people), and the wave-making drag decreases with body length because a longer body will generally generate less waves due to a decreasing Froude number. Studies have found that total drag does not increase as swimmer height increases, mostly due to the decrease in wave-making drag. Since taller swimmers tend to have bigger muscles and bigger hands and feet to propel them, then they are generally at an advantage.[28]

text: An example of a tall swimmer is Michael Phelps, at 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) who won eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games. The average height of the eight finalists in the 100 meter Freestyle final at the US Olympic Trials was 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m). Another exceptionally tall swimmer is Michael Groß, a German great of the 1980s who is 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) with an arm span of 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m). Notable exceptions for shorter swimmers, are Japanese Kosuke Kitajima, who at 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) is much shorter, and with a more slender build, than a typical Olympic champion swimmer, has achieved astounding results in breaststroke, and Ricardo Prado, a Brazilian medley swimmer of 1980's, who at 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) held a world record and a world title for 400 metres medley for a number of years.

text: Taekwondo[edit]

text: In taekwondo, a taller height gives the advantage of having a longer range and increased chance to strike a target when sparring. However, due to the length of the kicks, combinations and reflexes will not be as quick when compared with a fighter standing at a shorter height. A shorter height will also increase a lower centre of gravity giving a fighter better balance.[citation needed]

text: Tennis[edit]

text: Height is advantageous to a tennis player as it allows players to create more power when serving as well as giving players a greater arm span, allowing them to get to sharp-angled shots more easily and a greater chance of returning a lobbed shot. However, being tall can have some disadvantages, such as difficulty bending down to reach low volleys or striking shots close to the abdomen.

text: Examples of very tall players are Ivo Karlović 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in), John Isner 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in), Juan Martín del Potro 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), and Marin Čilić 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), all known for their powerful serves.

text: The Big Four in the current day are tall but not exceedingly in the way those mentioned prior are. The four top-ranked players in the world in October 2015, Roger Federer 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), Novak Djokovic 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), Andy Murray 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in), and Stan Wawrinka 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in), are all between 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) and 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) in height. Other top greats of the game in the 21st century have been tall players such as Goran Ivanišević 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) and Andy Roddick 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in).

text: Lindsay Davenport 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in), Maria Sharapova 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), Venus Williams 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), and Dinara Safina 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), are successful tall players on the women's side.

text: For both sexes, there have also been some successful players with lesser height, like 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Rod Laver, 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) Justine Henin, 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Pancho Segura, 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, and 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Marion Bartoli. Shorter players continue to thrive. Present-day examples include Dominika Cibulková, 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in), Sara Errani, 1.64 m (5 ft 5 in), David Ferrer, 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in), Kei Nishikori, 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in), and Fabio Fognini, 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in).[29]

text: Volleyball[edit]

text: In volleyball, tall players are usually desirable, because it would be easier for them to attack or block the ball. However, shorter players usually have faster reaction time during defense and can pass the ball better. Therefore, since this game is a mixture of speed, skills and tactics, a typical team consist of players of varying height to cater for the specific roles required. The introduction of the libero since 1998 has developed the need for agile and quick-moving players who are usually of shorter stature. In professional volleyball, the men's height generally fall between 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) to 2.10 m (6 ft 11 in) while for women it is between 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) to 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in). Thus, most of them are above average height.

text: Weightlifting[edit]

text: In weightlifting shorter levers are advantageous and taller than average competitors usually compete in the 105 kg (231 lb) + group. Short people also have a lower consumption of ATP and glycogen than a tall person to make the same proportional effort.[30] So at professional level, it is more advantageous to have short stature.


document_title: List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions

question_text: the country which is the highest contributor of green house gases is

text: This is a list of countries by total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2013. It is based on data for carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, and sulfur hexafluoride emissions compiled by the World Resources Institute.[1] The emissions data shown below do not include land-use change and forestry.

text: List of countries by 2013 emissions[edit]

text:
Country
GHG emissions
(MtCO2e)
Percentage of global total
(%)

World
45261.2517
100.00%

 United States
6673.4497
14.75%

 European Union (28)[2]
4224.5217
9.33%

 European Union (15)[3]
3374.0348
7.45%

 India
2379.1668
6.43%

 China
2235.5921
5.93%

 Russia
2199.1173
4.86%

 Japan
1353.3473
2.99%

 Brazil
1017.8745
2.25%

 Germany
894.0570
1.98%

 Indonesia
744.3403
1.64%

 Canada
738.3825
1.63%

 Mexico
733.0104
1.62%

 Iran
716.8149
1.58%

 South Korea
673.5412
1.49%

 Australia
580.0997
1.28%

 Saudi Arabia
546.8181
1.21%

 United Kingdom
546.2641
1.21%

 South Africa
510.2377
1.13%

 France
440.8485
0.97%

 Italy
420.8244
0.93%

 Turkey
408.4574
0.90%

 Ukraine
375.6670
0.83%

 Thailand
369.4310
0.82%

 Poland
361.1905
0.80%

 Argentina
334.2374
0.74%

 Pakistan
326.7740
0.72%

 Kazakhstan
313.7248
0.69%

 Spain
306.6117
0.68%

 Nigeria
304.0637
0.67%

 Malaysia
303.1518
0.67%

 Iraq
284.5679
0.63%

 Egypt
272.3785
0.60%

 Venezuela
268.4274
0.59%

 Vietnam
256.7606
0.57%

 Uzbekistan
225.7986
0.50%

 United Arab Emirates
221.4243
0.49%

 Kuwait
195.7803
0.43%

 Algeria
187.2679
0.41%

 Netherlands
186.7775
0.41%

 Philippines
171.6044
0.38%

 Bangladesh
163.6298
0.36%

 Colombia
159.5837
0.35%

 Angola
155.7220
0.34%

 Libya
133.0112
0.29%

 Ethiopia
123.3709
0.27%

 Czech Republic
120.9859
0.27%

 Belgium
113.4088
0.25%

 Turkmenistan
112.2850
0.25%

 Romania
109.4851
0.24%

 Chile
103.5626
0.23%

 Oman
101.7895
0.22%

 Myanmar
98.7527
0.22%

 Belarus
90.4979
0.20%

 Israel
89.5907
0.20%

 Greece
86.9692
0.19%

 Peru
86.2102
0.19%

 Cameroon
83.2755
0.18%

 Qatar
82.8463
0.18%

 Morocco
78.8839
0.17%

 Austria
78.4743
0.17%

 Tanzania
77.9457
0.17%

 New Zealand
75.0919
0.17%

 Azerbaijan
69.7221
0.15%

 Syria
65.8195
0.15%

 North Korea
63.8065
0.14%

 Finland
63.5322
0.14%

 Portugal
62.0311
0.14%

 Kenya
60.1371
0.13%

 Ireland
59.2123
0.13%

 Serbia
59.0182
0.13%

 Ecuador
58.2656
0.13%

 Hungary
56.9204
0.13%

 Bulgaria
54.8549
0.12%

 Singapore
52.9509
0.12%

 Denmark
52.8873
0.12%

  Switzerland
51.5705
0.11%

 Sweden
50.8451
0.11%

 Zambia
50.1033
0.11%

 Central African Republic
49.2281
0.11%

 Bolivia
46.8039
0.10%

 Norway
46.5925
0.10%

 Cuba
46.5085
0.10%

 Afghanistan
44.4157
0.10%

 Slovakia
40.3202
0.09%

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
39.5590
0.09%

 Mongolia
38.6367
0.09%

 Sri Lanka
38.3764
0.08%

 Paraguay
37.5747
0.08%

   Nepal
36.0311
0.08%

 Tunisia
35.6478
0.08%

 Yemen
35.5020
0.08%

 Uruguay
34.0277
0.08%

 Bahrain
33.4062
0.07%

 Uganda
33.3506
0.07%

 Dominican Republic
33.1665
0.07%

 Ivory Coast
31.9609
0.07%

 Ghana
30.8917
0.07%

 Jordan
30.8217
0.07%

 Mali
29.1982
0.06%

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
28.4488
0.06%

 Chad
28.4407
0.06%

 Mozambique
27.4629
0.06%

 Zimbabwe
27.4014
0.06%

 Cambodia
27.0972
0.06%

 Lebanon
26.9435
0.06%

 Guatemala
26.6116
0.06%

 Niger
26.6106
0.06%

 Madagascar
26.4428
0.06%

 Trinidad and Tobago
25.8122
0.06%

 Senegal
25.4859
0.06%

 Burkina Faso
23.5054
0.05%

 Croatia
23.4770
0.05%

 Estonia
23.3476
0.05%

 Honduras
21.1110
0.05%

 Equatorial Guinea
20.7597
0.05%

 Lithuania
19.3235
0.04%

 Brunei
19.0151
0.04%

 Slovenia
18.0226
0.04%

 Panama
17.0885
0.04%

 Guinea
16.4436
0.04%

 Papua New Guinea
16.4336
0.04%

 Kyrgyzstan
15.4959
0.03%

 Georgia
14.7952
0.03%

 Nicaragua
14.0877
0.03%

 Costa Rica
13.7952
0.03%

 Botswana
12.9246
0.03%

 Latvia
12.6443
0.03%

 Benin
12.1686
0.03%

 Macedonia
12.0650
0.03%

 El Salvador
11.5955
0.03%

 Laos
11.4916
0.03%

 Moldova
11.4641
0.03%

 Luxembourg
11.2914
0.02%

 Namibia
11.2817
0.02%

 Mauritania
11.1908
0.02%

 Tajikistan
10.2444
0.02%

 Malawi
10.1260
0.02%

 Belize
9.6848
0.02%

 Jamaica
9.5010
0.02%

 Armenia
8.5935
0.02%

 Albania
8.3078
0.02%

 Haiti
8.0637
0.02%

 Gambia
7.4691
0.02%

 Gabon
7.3587
0.02%

 Republic of the Congo
6.9438
0.02%

 Cyprus
6.9364
0.02%

 Sierra Leone
6.7302
0.01%

 Eritrea
6.6813
0.01%

 Rwanda
6.6307
0.01%

 Togo
6.5823
0.01%

 Mauritius
5.6704
0.01%

 Lesotho
4.2026
0.01%

 Guyana
4.0547
0.01%

 Barbados
3.5448
0.01%

 Bahamas
3.4083
0.01%

 Montenegro
3.3881
0.01%

 Suriname
3.3542
0.01%

 Burundi
3.0465
0.01%

 Malta
2.9785
0.01%

 Iceland
2.9290
0.01%

 Swaziland
2.8598
0.01%

 Fiji
2.7564
0.01%

 Liberia
2.1519
0.00%

 Grenada
2.0022
0.00%

 Guinea-Bissau
1.9723
0.00%

 Bhutan
1.4583
0.00%

 Djibouti
1.3934
0.00%

 Maldives
1.1360
0.00%

 Saint Lucia
1.1330
0.00%

 Antigua and Barbuda
1.0993
0.00%

 Seychelles
0.7113
0.00%

 Vanuatu
0.6735
0.00%

 Cape Verde
0.6000
0.00%

 Solomon Islands
0.5595
0.00%

 Samoa
0.5099
0.00%

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
0.4262
0.00%

 Tonga
0.4116
0.00%

 Comoros
0.4038
0.00%

 Palau
0.3576
0.00%

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0.2753
0.00%

 Dominica
0.2399
0.00%

 São Tomé and Príncipe
0.1887
0.00%

 Cook Islands
0.1092
0.00%

 Niue
0.0912
0.00%

 Kiribati
0.0844
0.00%

 Nauru
0.0498
0.00%


document_title: White Rock, British Columbia

question_text: where is the white rock in white rock

question_tokens: where is the white rock in white rock

text: White Rock, British Columbia

text: Overview[edit]

text: The boundaries between White Rock and Surrey are Bergstrom Road (136 Street) to the west, North Bluff Road (16th Avenue) to the north, Stayte Road (160 Street) to the east, and 8th Avenue to the south. The area south of 8 Avenue from Stayte Road westward to where 8 Avenue meets the water is the Semiahmoo Indian Reserve and lies within the bounds of the City of Surrey (though it is governed separately). The Surrey neighbourhoods of Ocean Park and Crescent Beach lie immediately to the northwest.

text: White Rock has a moderate climate, with average daily high temperatures of 23 degrees Celsius in summer and 6 degrees Celsius in winter.[3]

text: White Rock is named for a distinctive large white boulder on its beach near the promenade, a glacial erratic that migrated south during the last glaciation. The 486-ton granite boulder was kept white by shellfish-eating seabirds whose guano covered the rock, so much so that 19th-century sailors used it as a beacon. However, it is now kept white through monthly applications of white paint by the city parks department, and has been a popular graffiti target for over thirty years.

text: The pier and promenade are popular destinations, but do not allow dogs, bicycles or skateboards. These areas are very busy during the warmer summer months, especially when it comes to line-ups for gelato or fish and chips.

text: The current mayor, Wayne Baldwin, was elected on November 19, 2011.[4]

text: History[edit]

text: Oral history[edit]

text: The large, white rock figures prominently in narratives of the local Coast Salish peoples. One legend holds that the white rock marks the landing spot of a stone that was hurled across the Strait of Georgia by a young chief.[5] It was said that he and his bride would move from Vancouver Island to wherever the rock landed to make a home together. It was their descendants who became the Semiahmoo First Nation.[citation needed]

text: Early history[edit]

text: The Straits Salish people dominated the region from Boundary Bay in the north to Birch Bay in the south (in the U.S.). Semiahmoo First Nation permanent encampments were known to exist between 1791, the first European contact, and the 1850s, the beginnings of European settlement. These were located along the waterfront at the eastern and western limits of the present City of White Rock. The Semiahmoo people also constructed forts as lookouts for raiders from the northern first nations; one is located in the Ocean Park area.

text: The Oregon boundary dispute culminated in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which settled the outstanding border issues between Great Britain and the United States. Previously, these issues had been put on hold through a shared occupancy agreement of the Oregon territory by the two nations in the Treaty of 1818. In turn, the International Boundary Survey Commission began in 1857 to set the boundary between the United States and British North America, roughly along the 49th parallel, which runs through Semiahmoo Bay and Boundary Bay to Point Roberts, Washington.

text: The Semiahmoo Trail still exists in White Rock and South Surrey, running from the site of the Boundary Commission Camp at the estuary of the Campbell River, overland to Mud Bay north of Crescent Beach. An 1865 survey map calls this route the 'Telegraph Trail'. During the real-estate boom of the 1980s and 90s, the City of Surrey preserved much of the trail, extending it from 20 Avenue to the Nicomekl River. On 148 Street, a specially constructed "Semiahmoo Trail" pedestrian overpass keeps the trail intact.

text: Modern history[edit]

text: The modern history of White Rock is directly tied to the railway linking British Columbia to Washington state, which runs along the shore of Semiahmoo Bay to the border. The rail is currently owned by BNSF Railway and runs alongside the promenade at the beach. This was originally the Great Northern line, and it opened up White Rock and Crescent Beach to tourists from Vancouver and New Westminster in the early 1900s.[6] The border crossing closest to White Rock (at Douglas, B.C., and Blaine, Washington) was officially opened in 1908, and the Peace Arch at the border crossing was constructed in the 1920s.

text: In 1913, the present railway station was opened, and the Fox and Hunter Shingle mill began operation. The Campbell River Mill also opened to the east, bringing a minor boom in the local economy. The now-famous pier was opened in 1914 to provide a deep-water mooring facility.

text: In the 1950s, White Rock residents began to feel isolated from the then–District of Surrey, where development was being concentrated elsewhere, particularly in North Surrey and Cloverdale. On April 15, 1957, a special warrant from the Government of British Columbia created the City of White Rock within its present boundary.

text: In the 1950s, Peace Arch Hospital opened and continues as a major employer in the city and health facility for the region.

text: Development was concentrated near the waterfront until the 1960s and 1970s. Many small cliffside dwellings were affordable to those unable to pay the cost of living closer to Vancouver. White Rock gained a reputation for being a retirement centre.

text: The development of Highway 99 and the opening of the Deas Island Tunnel (now the George Massey Tunnel) created a second boom for the White Rock area, providing a more convenient commuter route to Vancouver. No longer dependent upon the railway, development crept up the hillside. In the 1980s, the City of Surrey designated South Surrey as a town centre comparable to Guildford, Cloverdale, and Newton. The Semiahmoo Mall opened in Surrey on the north side of 16 Avenue (the south side of which is North Bluff Road within White Rock).

text: In 1979, chartered accountant Tom Kirstein and architect Chip Barrett organized an annual sandcastle competition,[7] which became internationally famous. The event took advantage of the long, sandy beach exposed at low tide, giving enough time for entrants to construct elaborate displays. Prizes of up to $10,000 were awarded, and crowds of 150,000 were estimated at the competition's height. In 1987, the contest was ended because of security costs and concerns. In 2008, a group of local high school students (Sara Woodward, Jorden Abernethy, Daniel Fowler, Michael Vanderpolder, and Tasha Svenson) and members of the community (Spenser Bolen, Michael Nolan, Trixie Nolan, and Lisa Nolan) launched a Sandcastle Competition revival. This competition drew 40,000 guests and over 70 teams.

text: The 1970s saw the White Rock/South Surrey area develop into a suburban bedroom community of the Lower Mainland. A real-estate boom in the area drew many young families to homes marketed to young professionals, a process that intensified in the mid-1990s. Today, many parts of the community resemble the type of suburban development seen across North America. Some cliffside cottages have given way to large homes, and multimillion-dollar properties have appeared in the area.

text: In the late 1980s, the development of the Peninsula Village Mall on 24 Avenue in Surrey pushed development farther north and hurt some small businesses in White Rock. Recent commercial and residential development in Surrey's Grandview Heights neighbourhood, east of Highway 99 at 24 Avenue, continues the trend of auto-oriented, suburban development in the surrounding area. While the City of White Rock lies ten blocks to the southwest of this 6.5-km big-box project, the community's centre of gravity may shift again as development continues.

text: Uptown White Rock has been the site of significant new developments in recent years, with medium-rise condos becoming more prominent. The City of White Rock's fire department was located half a block north of its city limits until the early 1990s, when a new firehall was built across from City Hall. In 2007, the White Rock Little League team made it to the Little League World Series. The Chonos were constructed in 2012.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Transportation in White Rock largely revolves around the automobile. Highway 99 is a freeway that links the White Rock area with Vancouver to the north and U.S. Interstate 5, via the Peace Arch border crossing, to the south. King George Highway (Highway 99A) links the Peace Arch border with Surrey Central station and New Westminster via the soon-to-be-replaced Pattullo Bridge. Johnston Road (152 Street) links White Rock to Guildford and the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1).

text: Most of White Rock's bus routes run through the White Rock Centre transit exchange. From there, the 351 and 354 buses, which previously ran to downtown Vancouver, now terminate at Bridgeport station in Richmond; Vancouver-bound passengers have to transfer onto the Canada Line rapid transit line. Only one route serving the area, the 352 Ocean Park/Bridgeport Station express bus, does not run through White Rock Centre, instead terminating near the South Surrey Athletic Park. The 321, 345, and 394 buses provide service to North Surrey, notably to Surrey Central and King George Skytrain stations, and the 375 service runs through White Rock Centre from just north of the Peace Arch border crossing to Guildford Town Centre. The 531 bus runs from White Rock Centre to Willowbrook Mall in Langley. Community Shuttle routes, the 360, 361, 362, and 363, service local communities within White Rock and South Surrey.

text: BNSF Railway has a single-track main line through White Rock that runs the length of the White Rock beach promenade. The city itself has no train service; however, this rail line is a major corridor for goods transported between the ports of Vancouver and the continental U.S., as well as for the Amtrak Cascades passenger service between Seattle and Vancouver via Bellingham, Washington. The Canadian National Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) also have trackage rights along the line. Goods transported on the corridor include Canadian softwood lumber, coal, paper products, and general merchandise. The CPR runs regular potash trains along the line to the Canpotex export terminal in Oregon.[8]

text: Climate[edit]

text: White Rock's climate is moderate year-round and its temperature is often two or three degrees higher than in nearby Vancouver. Because the city is set away from the Coast Mountains, it sees less fog, fewer rainy days and shorter snowfalls. Meteorological statistics show that White Rock does, in fact, receive 20 per cent more sunshine than does Vancouver. Temperatures average 23 °C/73 °F in summer and 6 °C/43 °F in winter. Annual rainfall averages 1,064mm/42ins.[9]

text:
hideClimate data for White Rock

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

16.5 (61.7)

20.5 (68.9)

19.5 (67.1)

27.0 (80.6)

31.5 (88.7)

31.5 (88.7)

34.0 (93.2)

32.0 (89.6)

30.5 (86.9)

24.0 (75.2)

20.5 (68.9)

16.0 (60.8)

34.0 (93.2)

Average high °C (°F)

7.3 (45.1)

8.9 (48)

11.5 (52.7)

13.8 (56.8)

17.0 (62.6)

19.3 (66.7)

21.5 (70.7)

21.8 (71.2)

19.3 (66.7)

14.2 (57.6)

9.3 (48.7)

6.4 (43.5)

14.2 (57.6)

Daily mean °C (°F)

4.6 (40.3)

5.7 (42.3)

7.8 (46)

10.0 (50)

13.1 (55.6)

15.4 (59.7)

17.2 (63)

17.4 (63.3)

14.8 (58.6)

10.7 (51.3)

6.7 (44.1)

3.8 (38.8)

10.6 (51.1)

Average low °C (°F)

1.9 (35.4)

2.4 (36.3)

4.1 (39.4)

6.2 (43.2)

9.1 (48.4)

11.5 (52.7)

13.0 (55.4)

13.0 (55.4)

10.3 (50.5)

7.2 (45)

4.0 (39.2)

1.2 (34.2)

7.0 (44.6)

Record low °C (°F)

−12.0 (10.4)

−14.0 (6.8)

−7.2 (19)

−1.1 (30)

1.7 (35.1)

3.9 (39)

7.0 (44.6)

6.0 (42.8)

2.0 (35.6)

−5.5 (22.1)

−14.5 (5.9)

−14.0 (6.8)

−14.5 (5.9)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

146.8 (5.78)

99.3 (3.909)

97.5 (3.839)

83.4 (3.283)

73.2 (2.882)

59.6 (2.346)

41.1 (1.618)

39.0 (1.535)

46.4 (1.827)

111.0 (4.37)

171.2 (6.74)

139.7 (5.5)

1,108.2 (43.63)

Average rainfall mm (inches)

134.7 (5.303)

93.6 (3.685)

96.7 (3.807)

83.4 (3.283)

73.2 (2.882)

59.6 (2.346)

41.1 (1.618)

39.0 (1.535)

46.4 (1.827)

110.7 (4.358)

169.0 (6.654)

130.5 (5.138)

1,077.8 (42.433)

Average snowfall cm (inches)

12.1 (4.76)

5.7 (2.24)

0.9 (0.35)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.3 (0.12)

2.2 (0.87)

9.2 (3.62)

30.4 (11.97)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)

17.6

14.3

15.7

14.3

12.3

11.4

7.1

6.0

7.9

15.1

18.8

17.0

157.4

Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)

16.6

13.3

15.6

14.3

12.3

11.4

7.1

6.0

7.9

15.0

18.4

15.9

153.7

Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)

1.9

1.6

0.4

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.8

2.1

6.9

Source: [10][11]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Canada 2006 Census
Population
% of Total Population

Visible minority groupSource:[12]
South Asian
330
7000180000000000000♠1.8%

Chinese
455
7000250000000000000♠2.5%

Black
125
6999700000000000000♠0.7%

Filipino
170
6999900000000000000♠0.9%

Latin American
145
6999800000000000000♠0.8%

Arab
20
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

Southeast Asian
60
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

West Asian
10
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

Korean
365
7000200000000000000♠2%

Japanese
150
6999800000000000000♠0.8%

Other visible minority
0
5000000000000000000♠0%

Mixed visible minority
20
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

Total visible minority population
1,855
7001102009999900000♠10.2%

Aboriginal groupSource:[13]
First Nations
140
6999800000000000000♠0.8%

Métis
135
6999700000000000000♠0.7%

Inuit
10
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

Total Aboriginal population
285
7000160000000000000♠1.6%

Caucasian
16,030
7001882000000000000♠88.2%

Total population
18,170
100%

text: Events[edit]

text:
Every year in July, the city hosts the Tour de White Rock, a bicycle road race that attracts over 150 local and international riders. In 2005, the event was part of the Canadian Cycling Association's national Road Race Series.
Every year during the first weekend of August, the Spirit of the Sea Festival is held on White Rock beach. It usually includes a parade, fireworks, music stages, a sandcastle competition, and various other beach-related activities. The festival began in 1949.

text: White Rock in television and film[edit]

text: Scenes from the boxing film Knockout were filmed in White Rock. Portions of the 1965 film The Railrodder starring Buster Keaton were filmed in White Rock. Much of the 1982 movie Big Meat Eater was filmed near and around the White Rock waterfront. The USA Network's detective comedy Psych was also filmed in White Rock, though the series is set in Santa Barbara, California. There is also a brief scene in Leaving Normal filmed at the White Rock waterfront. Scenes from The X-Files were also filmed here, as were scenes from the Steven Seagal movie Driven to Kill. An episode of the FX dramedy series Better Things from its second season titled "White Rock", that originally aired on November 9, 2017, had scenes that was filmed in White Rock.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Jeff Bandura , hockey player
Hilary Caldwell, Olympic swimmer
Paul Campbell, actor from Battlestar Galactica
Rachel David, television host and entrepreneur
Desirée Dawson, singer and winner of the 2016 Searchlight talent contest
Jason Garrison, journeyman NHL defenseman
Colton Gillies, former left winger for the Columbus Blue Jackets
Christine Girard, Olympic weightlifter
Andrew Hammond, goaltender for the Colorado Avalanche
Ellie Harvie, actress
Gordon Hogg, politician representing the riding of Surrey-White Rock since 1997.[14]
Jim Hughson, sportscaster
Moose Johnson, left-winger and defenseman for the Montreal Wanderers and member of the Hockey Hall of Fame
Ra McGuire, singer and founder of the Canadian rock group Trooper
Gabrielle Miller, actress
Gordon Rice, artist
Hannah Simone, actress, New Girl
Jewel Staite, actress, Firefly[15]
Colten Teubert, hockey player
Reece Thompson, actor
Daniel Wesley, rock/reggae musician
Sean Whyte, placekicker for the Edmonton Eskimos