document_title: Twenty One Pilots

question_text: who plays the ukulele in twenty one pilots

text: Twenty One Pilots

text: History

text: 2009–2011: Formation and Twenty One Pilots

text: The band was formed in 2009 in Columbus, Ohio by college friends Tyler Joseph , Nick Thomas , and Chris Salih.[3][4] Joseph came up with the band's name while studying All My Sons by Arthur Miller, a play about a man who must decide what is best for his family after knowingly sending out faulty airplane parts for the good of his business and causing the death of twenty-one pilots during World War II. Joseph explains that the story's theme of moral dilemma and choosing between the easy and the right decision inspired the name and formation of the band.[5][6] It was later revealed that "Bicycle Thief" and "Chill Coat" were among some of the rejected band names.[7]

text: In an interview, former drummer Salih revealed that it was he who first invited Joseph to his home to play music. Joseph was impressed by the homemade studio Salih had built into his basement, and they invited a friend of Joseph's, Nick Thomas, to join the band as bassist. The three eventually moved into a house of their own for a short period of time, where the first album was conceptualized and recorded.[8]

text: On December 29, 2009, they released their debut, self-titled album, Twenty One Pilots, and began touring Ohio. In 2010, the band posted two officially unreleased tracks to their SoundCloud account.[9] These included an original spinoff of "Time to Say Goodbye" by Andrea Bocelli and Sarah Brightman and a cover of "Jar of Hearts" by Christina Perri.

text: Salih left on May 8, 2011, and Thomas left the next month on June 3, 2011, both posting farewell notes on the band's official Facebook page.[10][11]

text: Salih invited friend and co-worker Josh Dun (former touring drummer of House of Heroes)[4][12], who had already been friends with the group, to take his place in the band. Originally leaving for California to pursue a career in the industry, Dun happily obliged and stayed behind to join Joseph, as he was impressed by the band's success thus far.[13]

text: 2011–2012: Regional at Best and Fueled by Ramen record deal

text: Their second self-release, Regional at Best, was released on July 8, 2011, with the new lineup consisting of only Joseph and Dun. The album was accompanied by a free CD release show on the grounds of New Albany High School. In November 2011, they played a sold out show at Columbus' Newport Music Hall, attracting the attention of a dozen record labels.[14]

text: That same year, the duo put out two free, otherwise unreleased songs via their email newsletter: the original version of "House of Gold" and "Two".[15][16]

text: On February 11, 2012, the band released a music video on YouTube for an unreleased song titled "Goner".[17] "Goner" was rewritten and again recorded for its release on Blurryface in 2015.[18]

text: 2012–2014: Vessel, television debut and Quiet Is Violent World Tour

text: In April 2012, the band announced their signing to Atlantic Records subsidiary Fueled by Ramen, the same label responsible for the commercial success of artists such as Panic! at the Disco, Paramore, and numerous other alternative acts, during a sold out show at the Lifestyle Communities Pavilion.[4][16] On July 17, 2012, they released their debut Fueled by Ramen recording in the form of a three-song EP, Three Songs. The next month, the band embarked on a short tour with Neon Trees and Walk the Moon.[14] They worked with Greg Wells, producer for artists like Adele and Katy Perry, on their first full-length album with Fueled by Ramen, Vessel.[19] The album, composed of six new tracks and six updated recordings of songs from Regional at Best, was released January 8, 2013, and reached No. 21 on the Billboard 200, No. 9 on the Digital Albums chart, No. 17 on the Internet Albums chart, No. 15 on the Rock Albums Chart and No. 10 on the Alternative Albums Chart.

text: The album release supported the band's first charting single, "Holding On to You", which reached 11 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart. Additionally, the singles "Guns for Hands" and "Lovely" reached No. 21 and No. 67, respectively, on the Japan Hot 100 after "Lovely" was released as a promotional single for the band's trip to Japan.[20][21] An updated version of "Lovely" was included as a bonus track on the UK and Japan versions of the Vessel CD.[20][21]

text: On November 12, 2012, the official music video for "Holding On to You" was released on YouTube.[22] Sequentially in 2013, music videos for "Guns for Hands" and "Car Radio" were uploaded on January 7 and April 19.[23][24]

text: In May 2013, Fall Out Boy announced that Twenty One Pilots would be touring as opening acts on the Save Rock and Roll Arena Tour the following fall, along with Panic! at the disco.[25]

text: On August 8, 2013, Twenty One Pilots performed "House of Gold" on Conan in their late night debut. On October 2, the music video for the song was uploaded onto YouTube.[26]

text: On March 17, 2014, Twenty One Pilots performed a set at the mtvU Woodie Awards during SXSW.[27] On April 13, Twenty One Pilots performed "Car Radio" at the 2014 MTV Movie Awards.[28] On April 28, the band performed "Car Radio" on Late Night with Seth Meyers.[29]

text: In 2014, Twenty One Pilots played a number of music festivals and other events all around the country, such as Lollapalooza,[30] Bonnaroo,[31] Boston Calling, and Firefly.[32] Requests from many of these cities were incorporated into the band's first headlining tour, the Quiet Is Violent World Tour, which began in September 2014 and ended in November of the same year.[33]

text: On December 31, 2014, the band released a music video for the song "Ode to Sleep". Composed of footage taken by the band's friend and creative director Mark Eshleman from three concerts from the past three years, the video depicted the band's rapid growth from their origins as a small local band, an upward trend that would continue into the next album cycle.[34]

text: 2015–present: Blurryface and Emotional Roadshow World Tour

text: On March 16, 2015, the band announced that a new album, Blurryface, was to be released on May 19.[35] They also released the first single, called "Fairly Local".[36] Their second single of the album, "Tear in My Heart", and its music video were released on April 5, 2015.[37] On April 28, "Stressed Out", the third single from the album, was released[38] along with a music video.[39] "Stressed Out" became the group's highest selling single, peaking at number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and number one on both Alternative Songs and Hot Rock Songs charts and surpassing one billion views on YouTube.[40][41]

text: Blurryface was released two days early on May 17, 2015, and sold 134,000 copies in the first week in the United States, becoming the band's first No. 1 album on the Billboard 200.[42] On May 22, 2016, Blurryface went on to win the category of "Top Rock Album" at the Billboard Music Awards, and the band also won the category of "Top Rock Artist".[43]

text: The band began the Blurryface World Tour on May 11, 2015, in Glasgow, Scotland. The tour spanned the United States, Australia, South East Asia, Japan and Europe.[44] The U.S. section began September 8, 2015 and featured Echosmith and Finish Ticket as openers.[45]

text: Twenty One Pilots performed "Stressed Out" on Late Night with Seth Meyers on September 14, 2015.[46]

text: The band announced a London show in February 2016, and later announced a run of UK dates, with a second London date added. Transviolet served as openers.[47] This run of UK dates ended the initial Blurryface Tour.

text: Soon after, the band announced a second tour for the Blurryface album, the Emotional Roadshow World Tour, which started in Cincinnati on May 31, 2016.[48] The tour covered the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe, and Australia.[49][50] Chef'Special and Mutemath opened for the American leg.[51] Irish singer Bry joined the tour for its European leg.[52]

text: On June 16, 2016, the band released the song "Heathens" as the first single from the Suicide Squad soundtrack, earlier than the expected release date of June 24, after the song leaked onto the Internet on June 15.[53][54][55] A music video for the song was released on June 21, 2016.[56] "Heathens" was played during the ending credits of the film.

text: Twenty One Pilots became only the third rock act to have two singles simultaneously chart in the top five of the Billboard Hot 100, joining the Beatles and Elvis Presley, in addition to becoming the third duo to accomplish this feat, after OutKast in 2003 and Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ten years later.[57]

text: On September 14, 2016, the band released a cover of the piano ballad "Cancer" by My Chemical Romance as a part of the tribute album Rock Sound Presents: The Black Parade. An animated lyric video followed the release of the song.[58]

text: On October 8, 2016, Twenty One Pilots featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live. They performed toned-down, orchestra-accompanied versions of "Heathens" and "Ride", in what Rolling Stone called their "most high profile performance yet".[59] The band later performed a medley of "Heathens" and "Stressed Out" on the American Music Awards of 2016, where they also accepted their first awards on American television for Favorite Pop/Rock Duo and Favorite Alternative Rock Artist.[60]

text: In an interview with Alternative Press in November 2016, Twenty One Pilots stated that after their last show in April 2017, they will be "going dark" to focus on new music. Joseph stated that he would like to focus on lyrical content of the music, and bring the music back to the "authenticity, lyrics, delivery, and fearlessness of songwriting" similar to that of the self-titled album.[61]

text: On December 19, 2016, Twenty One Pilots collaborated with alternative rock band Mutemath, for a five-song EP, TOPxMM, composed of remixes and reimaginings of five tracks from Blurryface. The EP was uploaded onto the band's official website free of charge, as well as onto YouTube in the form of a twenty-five minute long video of the bands performing the songs live in studio.[62][63][64][65]

text: On February 12, 2017, Twenty One Pilots won a Grammy Award for "Stressed Out" in the Best Pop Duo/Group Performance category. The band stripped to their underwear before taking the stage; Joseph claimed in their acceptance speech that this was in fulfillment of a promise the duo had made each other in their early days as a local Columbus band.[2]

text: On March 27, 2017, the band began selling tickets for what they called a "Tour De Columbus", a five-date hometown tour taking place in June 2017. [66] The duo performed at several small venues they first played as a local band including The Basement, Newport Music Hall, and Express Live!, before ending their tour cycle with arena shows at Nationwide Arena and Value City Arena.[67]

text: Musical style and influences

text: Twenty One Pilots bring a mix of piano (sometimes an electronic keyboard or a keytar), synthesizers, drums (sometimes mixed with electronic drums), vocals, and occasionally the ukulele and bass. Their songs are usually poetry-based, written by Joseph;[68] Joseph has stated that when poetry is too long, he needs to start rapping to fit the lyrics in.[69]

text: The band's musical style has been described as alternative hip hop,[70] electropop,[71][72] indie pop,[73][74] pop rock,[75][76][77] and rap rock.[77][78] They have also been described as pop,[74][79] electronica,[74] emo rap,[80] hip hop,[79] and reggae.[81][19] People typically have trouble affiliating the band to a specific genre to describe them, since they bridge so many.[82] Many fans and publications have labeled their genre as "Schizophrenic" or "schizo" pop.[5]

text: Although many of their songs contain allusions to Christian theology and implied references to God, and all members of the band (past and present) are Christians, Twenty One Pilots is not considered a Christian band.[4][83]

text: In regard to their logo, Joseph stated in an interview that:

text: It means Twenty One Pilots, the logo does. Why it means Twenty One Pilots, is it really goes along with one of our songs called "Kitchen Sink". The whole concept of that song is that I feel that humans are always struggling all the time when it comes to purpose, trying to figure out what their purpose is, what purpose even is, what's the point, justifying your own existence. A lot of kids and people my age struggle with "what's the point", and with the logo, what it really means is it's an encouragement. When someone asks me what the logo means to me, the logo means something to me because I made it mean something to me. That's the point. The point is that I created something that only I understand and whether or not I decide to disclose the meaning of it, that's the beginning of purpose for me. The meaning of purpose for me, is by creating something, if it be by writing lyrics, painting a picture, by expressing yourself through art if it's photography or music or theater, or whatever it is. It doesn't have to be artistic, but if you create something and only you know the meaning of it, that's the beginning of purpose for you. When you're in the room by yourself trying to decide whether to stay alive, you can tell yourself "I should probably stay alive because I'm the only one who knows the meaning of that thing", so the logo is an encouragement for people to create. That's what it means.

text: According to the band, their purpose for making music is "to make people think", as well as encourage them to find joy in what they come to believe in life.[5]

text: Fandom

text: The band's fandom has been dubbed the "Skeleton Clique" or just the Clique, in reference to the band's use of skeleton iconography in many performances, graphics, and music videos. The Skeleton Clique are represented in the band's official iconography by logos of a skull and alien head atop lines resembling keys.[85]

text: During the 2017 Tour de Columbus, Twenty One Pilots hosted a public artshow, dubbed "Artopia", exclusively for Clique-related artwork at the Nationwide Arena.[86]

text: Band members

text: Current members

text:
Tyler Joseph – lead vocals, piano, keyboards, synthesizers, ukulele, bass (2009–present)
Josh Dun – drums, percussion (2011–present)

text: Past members

text:
Nick Thomas – bass, piano, keyboards (2009–2011), backing vocals (2009)
Chris Salih – drums, percussion (2009–2011)

text: Discography

text:
Twenty One Pilots (2009)
Regional at Best (2011)
Vessel (2013)
Blurryface (2015)

text: Concert tours

text: Headlining

text:
Mostly November Tour[87] (2012)
Quiet Is Violent World Tour[33] (2014)
Blurryface Tour[35] (2015–16)
Emotional Roadshow World Tour[88] (2016–17)
Tour De Columbus (2017)

text: Opening act

text: Save Rock and Roll Tour with Fall Out Boy and Panic! at the Disco[25] (2013)

text: Awards and nominations


document_title: Fred Claus

question_text: who played fred claus in the 2007 film

question_tokens: who played fred claus in the 2007 film

root

text: Fred Claus

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: A baby is born, and within a few minutes of his birth, he starts saying: "Ho, ho, ho!". Mother Claus calls her son, Frederick, over to meet his new brother, whom she has decided to name Nicholas. Mother Claus lovingly refers to the new baby as her little Saint Nick. During Christmas, when Nick opens his gifts including Fred's, he decides to give them away to orphans which makes Fred angry. Mother Claus advises Fred to be a better person by stating he should be more like his brother; this in turn causes Fred to resent Nick. Feeling isolated, Fred often climbs a tree to confide his problems in a bird. On one occasion, Nick cuts down the tree, saying that now Fred can bring it inside since he liked it so much. However, the birdhouse Fred's confidant lived in is smashed, causing the bird to leave; this causes a permanent rift between Fred and Nick.

tag: p

text: In the present day, it is revealed that when Nick becomes a saint due to all his good deeds, he, Fred, and Mother and Father Claus become frozen in time, never to age. Nick has become the modern-day Santa Claus, giving gifts to people and Fred works as a repossession agent in Chicago to take them away. His girlfriend, Wanda, gets mad at him for forgetting that her birthday was the next day. Wanda refers to a previous birthday where Fred promised to take her to France. When Fred gets back to his own apartment, he watches TV when a young orphan boy named Samuel "Slam" Gibbons comes in. Slam talks about wanting a puppy named Macaroni for Christmas. Fred is attacked by countless men dressed up as Santa and after he gets arrested, he calls his brother for $5,000 bail money. He also asks for an additional $50,000 for a get rich quick scheme. Nick agrees to give him the bail money, but tells him that if he wants the $50,000, he has to come to the North Pole and work for it.

text: Soon after, an elf named Willie shows up to take Fred to the North Pole. He is the head elf and has a crush on Santa's Little Helper, Charlene. Once Fred and Willie arrive at the North Pole, Nick welcomes Fred and shows him around the North Pole. There is a snow globe in the main area of the workshop, where you can say any person's name and see if they are being naughty or nice. While Fred starts working, Nick introduces Clyde Northcut, an efficiency expert who has come to evaluate the North Pole. Clyde takes Nick to the workshop and on the way tells Nick that he has three strikes. If Nick gets three strikes, the workshop will be shut down for good. Meanwhile, the workshop is in a state of chaos because of Fred, and Clyde says that Nick's inability to control his work staff is strike one. That night at dinnertime, Nick convinces Fred to come to dinner with Mother and Father Claus and Clyde. Sitting down at the dinner table, Mother Claus continues to praise Nick, while Fred storms out and heads to Frosty's Tavern, an elf bar, where he meets Willie, who discusses his lack of self-confidence regarding Charlene. Fred teaches Willie to dance, and Willie then falls down in front of Charlene, embarrassing himself. A pep talk by Fred later lifts his spirits.

text: Meanwhile, Clyde deliberately sabotages the mail sorting department by shredding countless children's letters, which later gives Nick a second strike. Believing that Fred is putting Nick under stress, a family meeting is called (which Fred was tied up and taken to) with Wanda present, and Fred leaves by saying that therapy is for families who want to be together, and their family does not have that problem. When Slam is placed at the top of the most naughty list, Fred understands that Slam has just had it hard and is not naughty. He then stamps every kids' description as nice.

text: Furious at what Fred has done wrong, Nick ends up fighting with him, in which Nick injures his back. Angry with Nick, Fred leaves the North Pole with his $50,000, but Nick gives Fred a present to take with him. Fred waits until he returns home to open the gift, which is a birdhouse, a replacement for the one on the tree, and a note from Nick which says, "I'm sorry for cutting down your tree. Love, Nick." Fred is confused and enters a Siblings Anonymous meeting. At the end, Bill Clinton's younger half-brother, Roger Clinton Jr, makes a speech about his brother's success. Back at the North Pole, it looks like Christmas is lost. Nick is in bed and cannot make his Christmas Eve journey of delivering presents.

text: Willie reminds Fred that, according to a long-standing rule, only a member of the Claus family can deliver the presents and Fred qualifies. Fred begins delivering presents to children around the world and Willie joins him to assist with the flying of the sleigh and the navigation. Meanwhile, Clyde sabotages their efforts at midnight by shutting off the power, which was the only way for the North Pole to communicate to Fred and Willie, helping them navigate. While Fred and Willie attempt to finish delivering the gifts for the children, Nick talks to Clyde by realizing that when he was a boy, Clyde did not get what he wanted from Nick because he would act up due to bullying, which resulted in him growing up to be the man he is. Nick realizes, thanks to Fred, that his definition of naughty was flawed. Nick makes peace with him by giving Clyde the Superman cape he wanted as a kid but never got.

text: Fred stops by the foster home to visit Slam and bring him the puppy (Macaroni) he wanted. Fred faces away from Slam to hide his identity and explains to Slam that he should become a better person. As the rest of the elves anxiously wait in the tavern, Willie marches in and, with newfound confidence, he walks up to Charlene, grabs a chair to stand on, and kisses her. After Fred announces that Christmas has been saved, everyone gathers around the giant snow globe to watch the children of the world open their presents. Nick tells Fred that he is the best big brother anybody could ever ask for, and they finally make amends.

text: Fred returns to Wanda's house and she is initially upset to see him and tells him to leave. He refuses and states that he is moving in with her. He gives her a present. Wanda opens it to find a teddy bear holding a French flag. That night, Fred takes Wanda to France in Santa's sleigh, and they circle around the Eiffel Tower ("It's a company car. It's one of the perks." says Fred). The two continue dating, and Charlene and Willie are now happy together. By next Christmas, Slam is adopted, but Fred never stops watching out for him - even becoming the coach of his Little League Baseball team. As for Clyde, Nick hires him as an efficiency consultant and he teaches the elves how to use a spreadsheet. Nick and Mrs. Claus, as well as Nick and Fred's parents visit Fred's and Wanda's house for Christmas. It is evident that Fred and his mom have grown closer. Fred has also become a true Claus; while Nick has lost a bit of weight, Fred has gained some. The movie ends by showing the bird house hung up outside Fred's window, and a bird, who looks like the one Fred befriended, perched on it.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Vince Vaughn as Frederick "Fred" Claus

Liam James as Young Fred

Paul Giamatti as Nicholas "Nick"/"Santa" Claus

Theo Stevenson as Young Nick

Rachel Weisz as Wanda Blinkowski, Fred's girlfriend and a parking enforcement officer.
Miranda Richardson as Mrs. Annette Claus, Nick's wife.
Kevin Spacey as Clyde Archibald Northcutt, an efficiency expert who comes to assess the situation at the North Pole. The film's main antagonist.
Kathy Bates and Trevor Peacock as Mother and Father Claus, Fred and Nick's parents. Peacock also serves as the narrator.
John Michael Higgins as Willie, an elf whom Fred befriends and helps to hook up with Charlene.
Elizabeth Banks as Charlene, a tall, blond elf whom Willie becomes enamored with.
Bobb'e J. Thompson as Samuel "Slam" Gibbons, a young orphan boy that Fred mentors.
Ludacris as DJ Donnie
Allan Corduner as Dr. Goldfarb
Frank Stallone, Roger Clinton, Jr. and Stephen Baldwin as themselves
Jeffrey Dean Morgan (cameo) as unnamed man getting parking ticket.

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Overall, Fred Claus was received poorly by critics, resulting in a 21% rating at Rotten Tomatoes; the consensus states: "A slew of talent is wasted in this contrived and overly sentimental Christmas film, which can't quite get the balance between slapstick humor and sentimental family moments".[5]

text: The film grossed $18,515,473 in its first weekend, and closed on February 14, 2008 with a final gross of $72,006,777 in North America and another $25,831,572 in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $97,838,349.[3] The film became number 1 in the UK on its first weekend, bringing in £1.93m.[6] It held the top spot for 1 week until being knocked off by The Golden Compass.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 24, 2008 in the UK, and November 25, 2008 in the US. The special features includes 25 minutes of deleted scenes and an audio commentary by director David Dobkin. The Blu-ray release includes a music video for "Ludacrismas" by Ludacris in High Definition and also a bonus disc entitled Fred Claus: Race to Save Christmas.


document_title: Major League Baseball wild card

question_text: how many wild card teams make it to the mlb playoffs

text: Major League Baseball wild card

text: One wild card per league (1994–2011)[edit]

text: From 1969 through 1993, division leaders in each league advanced to the League Championship Series, with the winners of each LCS meeting in the World Series. However, an expanding number of teams over the years made making the playoffs increasingly difficult. The new system was instituted in 1994 (but first used in 1995 because a players strike canceled the 1994 playoffs) when Major League Baseball expanded from two to three divisions per league. In the new three-division leagues, each league had four teams in the playoffs. In addition to the three division winners, a wild-card team made the playoffs as the fourth seed. This was the team with the most wins amongst non-division winners. The wild-card matchup was played in the first round between the League leader in wins and the wild-card team, unless both teams were in the same division, which resulted in the wild card facing the second-best division winner in the league.

text: Historic anomalies[edit]

text: A "wild card" rule was used in the 1981 season after a players' strike wiped out the "middle third" of the season. The owners decided that the winners (in each division) of either "half" of the abbreviated season would make playoffs, with the caveat that if the same team won both halves then the team from the division with the second-best record from the second half would enter the playoffs as a wild card. However, the wild-card rule was not actually used since all four divisions had different first half and second-half winners. As a result of the hastily contrived format, the Cincinnati Reds finished the regular season with the best record in all of baseball (66-42 .611) but failed to qualify for the playoffs because they finished 0.5 game behind the Dodgers in the first half and 1.5 games behind the Astros in the second half. The Astros finished 8 games back in the first half and the Dodgers 6 back in the second.

text: Two wild cards per league (2012–present)[edit]

text: On November 17, 2011, MLB announced that it would be adding two wild-card teams to the postseason.[1] The two wild-card teams in each league face each other in a one-game playoff. The winner of this game advances to meet the top seed in the Division Series. The revised playoff system began with the 2012 season.[2]

text: Wild-card winners by year and by most wild-card titles[edit]

text: For each league's list of wild-card winners by year and teams with most wild-card titles, see:

text:
List of American League Wild Card winners
List of National League Wild Card winners

text: Combined postseason series record as wild-card winners[edit]

text:
Wild-card team
Series record*
World Series wins
Playoff losses

Atlanta Braves
0–2

2010 NLDS, 2012 NLWC

Baltimore Orioles
2–3

1996 ALCS, 2012 ALDS, 2016 ALWC

Boston Red Sox
6–6
2004 World Series
1998 ALDS, 1999 ALCS, 2003 ALCS, 2005 ALDS, 2008 ALCS, 2009 ALDS

Chicago Cubs
2–2

1998 NLDS, 2015 NLCS

Cincinnati Reds
0–1

2013 NLWC

Cleveland Indians
0–1

2013 ALWC

Colorado Rockies
2–3

1995 NLDS, 2007 World Series, 2009 NLDS

Detroit Tigers
2–1

2006 World Series

Houston Astros
4–3

2004 NLCS, 2005 World Series, 2015 ALDS

Kansas City Royals
3–1

2014 World Series

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
3–0
2002 World Series

Los Angeles Dodgers
0–2

1996 NLDS, 2006 NLDS

Miami Marlins
6–0
1997 World Series, 2003 World Series

Milwaukee Brewers
0–1

2008 NLDS

New York Mets
3–3

1999 NLCS, 2000 World Series, 2016 NLWC

New York Yankees
1–5

1995 ALDS, 1997 ALDS, 2007 ALDS, 2010 ALCS, 2015 ALWC

Oakland Athletics
0–2

2001 ALDS, 2014 ALWC

Pittsburgh Pirates
1–3

2013 NLDS, 2014 NLWC, 2015 NLWC

San Francisco Giants
6–2
2014 World Series
2002 World Series, 2016 NLDS

Seattle Mariners
1–1

2000 ALCS

St. Louis Cardinals
5–2
2011 World Series
2001 NLDS, 2012 NLCS

Tampa Bay Rays
1–2

2011 ALDS, 2013 ALDS

Texas Rangers
0–1

2012 ALWC

Toronto Blue Jays
2–1

2016 ALCS

text: (*) – Counts one-game wild-card playoff in the statistics.

text: Notable wild-card team achievements[edit]

text:
The following wild-card teams have won the World Series: the Florida Marlins, in 1997 and 2003; the Anaheim Angels, in 2002; the Boston Red Sox, in 2004; the St. Louis Cardinals, in 2011; and the San Francisco Giants, in 2014. Thus, three consecutive titles, from 2002 to 2004, were won by a wild card.
A wild-card team appeared in the World Series each year from 2002 to 2007.
So far, the 2002 World Series and the 2014 World Series have been the only times when both teams were wild cards.
The Baltimore Orioles, in 1996, were the first wild-card team to win a Division Series.
The Marlins, in 1997, were the first wild-card team to reach the World Series and the first to win the World Series. By winning again in 2003, they became the first team to win the World Series twice as a wild card. The Marlins are also the only team to win the World Series without ever winning a division title.
The Red Sox have been a wild card seven times, while the New York Yankees' total is five. The Cardinals, the Houston Astros, the Colorado Rockies, and the Pittsburgh Pirates have been a wild card three times each.
The following teams have qualified as a wild card in consecutive years: the Red Sox (1998-1999, 2003-2005, 2008-2009), the Astros (2004-2005), the New York Mets (1999-2000), the Cardinals (2011-2012), and the Pirates (2013-2015).


document_title: Constitution of India

question_text: who illustrate the original copy of indian constitution

text: Constitution of India

text: Background

text: The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930.

text: Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950.[9]

text: Previous legislation used as sources

text: It is drawn from many sources. Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz. Government of India Act 1858, Indian Councils Act 1861, Indian Councils Act 1892, Indian Councils Act 1909, Government of India Act 1919, Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The last legislation which led to the creation of the two independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the division of the erstwhile Constituent Assembly into two, with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it, to enable each to draft and enact a new constitution, for the separate states.[citation needed]

text: Constituent assembly

text: It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[10] The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months and eighteen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for independent India, during which, it held eleven sessions over 165 days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution. On 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India. While deliberating upon the draft Constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled.[11] Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community.[citation needed] Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members.[citation needed]

text: The first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha. Later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly.[10] The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[10]

text: Drafting

text: B. N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946. He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948.[12] This draft was debated, revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949.[13]

text: On 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was presented.[10] Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee. On 29 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a constitutional advisor. These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi (K M Munshi, Ex- Home Minister, Bombay), Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer (Ex- Advocate General, Madras State), N Gopalaswami Ayengar (Ex-Prime Minister, J&K and later member of Nehru Cabinet), B L Mitter (Ex-Advocate General, India), Md. Saadullah (Ex- Chief Minister of Assam, Muslim League member) and D P Khaitan (Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renowned lawyer). The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice, 1950–54). Later B L Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao (Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara). On D P Khaitan's death, T T Krishnamachari was included in the drafting committee. A draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947, which was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years. Finally on 26 November 1949, the process was completed and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution. 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete.[14] This day is celebrated as National Law Day[15] or Constitution Day.[16]

text: The assembly met in sessions open to the public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution, the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. The original Constitution of India is hand-written with beautiful calligraphy, each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose. The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent, ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation, in the Indus Valley, to the present. The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda. It was published in Dehra Dun, and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India. The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India.[17] Rs.1,00,00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly. It has undergone many amendments since its enactment.[18]

text: The original 1950 Constitution of India is preserved in helium cases in the Parliament house, New Delhi. There are two original versions of this – one in Hindi and the other in English. The original constitution can be viewed here.[19]

text: Influence of other constitutions

text:
British Constitution

Parliamentary form of government
The idea of single citizenship
The idea of the Rule of law
Institution of Speaker and his role
Lawmaking procedure
Procedure established by Law

United States Constitution

Charter of Fundamental Rights
Federal structure of government
Electoral College
Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the three branches of the government
Judicial review
President as supreme commander of
armed forces
Equal Protection under law

Irish Constitution

Directive principles of state policy

Australian Constitution

Freedom of trade and commerce within
the country and between the states
Power of the national legislature to make
laws for implementing treaties, even on
matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction
Concurrent List[20]
Terminology for the Preamble

French Constitution

Ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity

Canadian Constitution

A quasi-federal form of government —
a federal system with a strong central government
Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments
Residual powers retained by the central government[21][22]

Constitution of the Soviet Union

Fundamental Duties u/a 51-A
A Constitutionally mandated Planning Commission
to oversee the development of the economy

Other Constitutions

Emergency Provision u/a 356, Weimar Constitution (Germany)
Amendment of Constitution, South Africa
Due Procedure of Law, Japan

text: Structure

text: The Indian constitution is the world's longest.[Note 1] At its commencement, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It is made up of approximately 145,000 words, making it the second largest active constitution in the world. [23] In its current form (September 2012), it has a preamble, 25[Note 2] parts with 448 [Note 3] articles, 12[Note 4] schedules, 5 appendices[24] and 101 amendments, the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016.[25]

text: Parts

text: The individual articles of the constitution are grouped together into the following parts:

text:
Preamble[26]

with the words "socialist" and "secular" added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment .[27][28]

Part I[29] – Union and its Territory
Part II[30] – Citizenship.
Part III – Fundamental Rights
Part IV[31] – Directive Principles of State Policy
Part IVA – Fundamental Duties
Part V[32] – The Union
Part VI[33] – The States
Part VII[34] – States in the B part of the First schedule (repealed)
Part VIII[35] – The Union Territories
Part IX[36] – The Panchayats
Part IXA[37] – The Municipalities
Part IXB – The Co-operative Societies.[38]
Part X – The scheduled and Tribal Areas
Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States

Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Part XIII – Trade and Commerce within the territory of India
Part XIV – Services Under the Union, the States
Part XIVA – Tribunals
Part XV – Elections
Part XVI – Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes
Part XVII – Languages
Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions
Part XIX – Miscellaneous
Part XX – Amendment of the Constitution
Part XXI – Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
Part XXII – Short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals.

text: Schedules

text: Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.

text:
First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) – This lists the states and territories of India, lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change.
Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221) –  This lists the salaries of officials holding public office, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219) – Forms of Oaths – This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges.
Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State or Union Territory.
Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[Note 5] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 6] (areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions).
Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) – Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — The union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities.
Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351)—The official languages.
Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.[39]
Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) –  "Anti-defection" provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures.
Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government),
Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government).

text: Appendices

text:
Appendix I – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.
Appendix II – Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Appendix III – Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.
Appendix IV – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002.
Appendix V – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.

text: The constitution and the government

text: Institutions of governance – the Parliament, the President, the Judiciary, the Executive, etc. get their power from the Constitution and are bound by it.[40] With the aid of the Constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. It states that there shall be a President of India who shall be the head of the executive, under Articles 52 and 53. The President's duty is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law under Article 60 of the Indian constitution. Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister as the head of union cabinet which would aid and advise the President in performing his constitutional duty. Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the House of the People per Article 75(3).

text: The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit. The common features of a federation such as written Constitution, supremacy of Constitution, rigidity of Constitution, two government, division of powers, bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution, single citizenship, integrated judiciary, flexible Constitution, a strong Centre, appointment of state governor by the Centre, All-India Services, Emergency Provisions etc. can be seen in Indian Constitution. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.[41]

text: Each state and each Union territory of India has its own government. Analogous to President and Prime Minister, each has a Governor (in case of states) or Lieutenant Governor (in the case of Union territories) and a Chief Minister. Article 356 permits the President to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority when a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. This power, known as President's rule, was abused earlier as state governments came to be dismissed on the flimsiest of grounds, and more due to the political discomfiture of the party in power at the centre. Post – Bommai judgment,[42][43] such a course of action has been rendered rather difficult, as the courts have asserted their right to review it.[44] Consequently, very few state governments have been disbanded since.

text: The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in rural areas and Municipality in urban areas. Also, Article 370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

text: The constitution and the legislature

text: Amendment

text: The process of addition, variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the parliament under its constituent powers, is called amendment of the constitution.[45] The procedure is laid out in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two-thirds members are present and voted. In addition to this, certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike the ordinary bills under legislative powers of Parliament as per Article 245 (with exception to money bills), there is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill. During recess of Parliament, President can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers per Article 123, Chapter III which needs constitutional amendment. Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under legislative powers of Parliament, are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 (1) by Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India.[45]

text: As of September 2015[update], there have been 120 amendment bills presented in the parliament, out of which 100 have been passed to become Amendment Acts.[46] Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Constitution of India is the most frequently amended national governing document in the world.[47] The Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many of these amendments address issues dealt with by ordinary statute in other democracies. As a result, the document is amended roughly twice a year, and three times every two years.

text: In 2000, the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) was set up to look into updating the constitution.[48] Government of India, establishes term based law commissions to recommend law reforms for maximising justice in society and for promoting good governance under the rule of law.

text: Limitations

text: The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify, which means, while amending anything in the Constitution, it cannot tinker with the "basic structure" or its framework, which is immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being amended, nor does the basic structure doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution. Yet, this "doctrine of basic features" lays down that, the Constitution when "read as a whole", that what comes to be understood as its basic features cannot be abridged, deleted or abrogated. What these "basic features" are, have not been defined exhaustively anywhere,[40] and whether a particular provision of the Constitution of India is a "basic feature" is decided as and when an issue is raised before a court in an instant case.[49]

text: The judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case laid down the following as the basic structure of the constitution of India:[50]

text:
The Supremacy of the Constitution
Republican and Democratic form of the Government
Secular Character of the Constitution
Maintenance of Separation of powers
The Federal Character of the Constitution[50]

tag: ol

text: This implies that the Parliament, while amending the Constitution, can only amend it to the extent so as to not destroy any of the aforesaid characters. The Supreme Court/High Court(s) may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, by performing Judicial review. This is typical of Parliamentary governments, where the Judiciary has to exercise an effective check on the exercise of the powers of the Parliament, which in many respects is supreme.

text: In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967, the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.[51] Extent of land ownership and practice of profession, in this case, were held to be a fundamental right.[52] The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.[52]

text: The constitution and the judiciary

text: The Judiciary interprets the Constitution as its final arbiter.[53] It is its duty as mandated by the Constitution, to be its watchdog, by calling for scrutiny any act of the legislature or the executive, who otherwise, are free to enact or implement these, from overstepping bounds set for them by the Constitution.[54] It acts like a guardian in protecting the fundamental rights of the people, as enshrined in the Constitution, from infringement by any organ of the state. It also balances the conflicting exercise of power between the centre and a state or among states, as assigned to them by the Constitution.

text: While pronouncing decisions under its constitutional mandate, it is expected to remain unaffected by pulls and pressures exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. And crucially, independence of the judiciary has been held to be a basic feature of the Constitution,[55][56] and which being inalienable, has come to mean – that which cannot be taken away from it by any act or amendment by the legislature or the executive.[57]

text: Judicial review

text: Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India from judicial review in the United States.[58] In the Indian constitution, Judicial review is dealt with under Article 13. Judicial Review refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy. Article 13 states that:

text:
All pre-constitutional laws, if in part or completely in conflict with the Constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the Constitution ends the conflict. In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force, if it is compatible with the constitution as amended. This is called the Doctrine of Eclipse.[59]
In a similar manner, laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution, otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void ab initio.
In such situations, the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws to decide if they are in conformity with the Constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency, and where a separation is possible, the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void. In addition to article 13, articles 32, 226 and 227 provide a constitutional basis to judicial review in India.[60]

text: Due to the adoption of the thirty-eighth amendment, the Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes upon fundamental rights under article 32 i.e. Right to Constitutional Remedies.[61] Later with the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, article 31 C was widened and article 368(4) and 368(5) were added, which stated that any law passed by the parliament can't be challenged in the court on any ground. The Supreme court in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore can't be taken away quashing Article 368(4)&(5) as well as 31 C.

text: The constitution – a living document

text: "The Indian Constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."[Note 7][62]

text: The Constitution's provisions have consciously been worded in generalities, though not in vague terms, instead of making them rigid and static with a fixed meaning or content as in an ordinary statute, so that they may be interpreted by coming generations of citizens with the onward march of time, to apply to new and ever-changing and demanding situations, making the Constitution a living and an organic document.[63] Justice Marshall asserts: “It is the nature of (a) Constitution that only its great outlines be marked”. It is a document intended “to endure for ages” and therefore, it has to be interpreted not merely on the basis of the intention and understanding of the its framers but on the experience of its working effectively, in the existing social and political context.

text: For instance, "right to life" as guaranteed under Article 21,[nb 1] has by interpretation been expanded to progressively mean a whole lot of human rights[nb 2]

text: In the conclusion of his Making of India's Constitution, Justice Khanna writes:

text: "If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people."[67]