document_title: League of Legends

question_text: what came out first league of legends or dota

text: League of Legends

text: Gameplay

text: League of Legends is a 3D, third-person multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game.[14] The game consists of 3 current running game modes: Summoner's Rift, Twisted Treeline, and Howling Abyss.[15] Another game mode, The Crystal Scar, has since been removed.[16] Players compete in matches, lasting anywhere from 20 to 60 minutes on average. In each game mode teams work together to achieve a victory condition, typically destroying the core building (called the Nexus) in the enemy team's base after bypassing a line of defensive structures called turrets, or towers.

text: In all game modes, players control characters called champions, chosen or assigned every match, who each have a set of unique abilities.[17] Champions begin every match at a low level, and then gain experience over the course of the match to achieve a maximum level of 18. Gaining champion levels in matches allows players to unlock their champion's special abilities and augment them in a number of ways unique to each character. If a champion loses all their health, they are defeated, but are automatically revived in their base after enough time passes. Players also begin each match with a low amount of gold, and can earn additional gold throughout the match in a variety of ways: by killing non-player characters known as minions and monsters; by killing or helping to kill enemy players; by destroying enemy structures; passively over time; and through unique item interactions or champion abilities. This gold can then be spent throughout the match to buy in-game items that further augment each champion's abilities and game play in a variety of ways. Champion experience, gold earned, and items bought are specific to each match and do not carry over to subsequent matches. Thus, all players begin each match on more-or-less equal footing relative to their opposing team.

text: Across matches, players also earn rewards that are applied to their account. Player accounts begin at level one and progress onward with games played. Player level is separate from character level; both a level 30 account and a level 5 account would begin at character level 1 at the start of a new game. From 2009–2017, the maximum account level was 30, and as players progressed, they unlocked additional content and abilities. This system was reworked in November 2017, with the removal of the level 30 limit and removal of a Runes / Masteries system that gave progressive bonuses to players based on their account level.[18] Playing matches and leveling up provides "Blue Essence" (called "Influence Points" (IP) from 2009–2017), a currency that can be used in lieu of "real money" to access certain locked features.

text: Accounts are given rankings based on the Elo rating system, with proprietary adjustments.[19] These ratings are used in automated matchmaking to make games with players of comparable skill level on each team.

text: Game maps

text: League of Legends consists of three main maps, or "Fields of Justice." Each have different terrain, objectives and victory conditions, as well as varied summoner spells and items. A fourth map, the Crystal Scar, was discontinued.

text: Summoner's Rift

text: Summoner's Rift is the most popular map in League of Legends.[15] On this map type, two teams of five players compete to destroy an enemy building called a Nexus, which is guarded by the enemy team and a number of defensive structures called turrets, or towers.[20] One nexus is located in each enemy base on opposite sides of the map, in the lower-left and upper-right hand corners. These structures continually create weak non-player characters known as minions, which advance toward the enemy base along three paths: top, middle, and bottom lanes. Players compete to advance these waves of minions into the enemy base, which allows them to destroy enemy structures and ultimately win the match. Between lanes are neutral areas of the map known as the 'jungle', arrayed in four quadrants. A shallow river divides the map between the teams, but doesn't actually impede movement; all champions can wade through it no differently than dry land.

text: Each team wishes to defend their own structures and destroy the other team's structures. These include:[21]

text:
Turrets - Each lane is guarded by powerful defensive structures called turrets. Turrets deal exceptionally high damage and will attack enemy minions and players that approach them. Turrets prioritize enemy minions in their vicinity, but will immediately attack enemy players if they attack allied players. Thus, by advancing an allied minion wave into the range of a turret, a player can do damage to the structure without themselves being attacked. When destroyed, turrets provide gold and experience. Turrets that are destroyed are destroyed permanently for that match and will not respawn. Some turrets, depending on location, will regenerate health over time if they are damaged but not destroyed.
Inhibitor - Each lane contains one Inhibitor. A lane's Inhibitor can be attacked after a team has destroyed the three turrets guarding its lane. Destroying an Inhibitor will cause the allied Nexus to spawn Super Minions, more powerful Minions that provide a buff to surrounding Minions. If destroyed, inhibitors will respawn after five minutes.
Nexus - Each team has a Nexus that can only be damaged once all the turrets in a lane and that lane's inhibitor is destroyed. Destruction of the enemy's team Nexus ends the game.

text: Some objectives are 'neutral', meaning that they will not attack champions who pass by, but champions can choose to pick a fight with them if they wish to gain a reward at the cost of having to fight for it. They include:

text:
Jungle monsters - Neutral monsters spawn at various intervals in the Jungle, and provide the player with gold, experience, and sometimes other rewards for killing them. They are the most common neutral objective.
Elemental drakes/Elder Dragon - Elemental drakes are powerful monsters located in the bottom half of the river. All members of the team that kills the drake are provided with buffs that last the entire game and accrue cumulatively. The drakes are flavored after the Four Elements, with each drake granting a thematically appropriate buff. A random elemental drake will respawn six minutes after the previous one is killed. The Elder Dragon spawns instead after 35 minutes have passed in-game. When killed, it provides a stronger buff than an individual elemental drake, but it wears off with time, unlike the earlier drake rewards.
Rift Herald - The Rift Herald is a powerful enemy located in the upper side of the River. Killing the Rift Herald allows it to be summoned again as a battering ram to attack enemy towers. This monster will never respawn after it is killed.[22]
Baron Nashor - Baron Nashor is the most powerful neutral enemy, located in the upper side of the River. It will spawn after twenty minutes, replacing the Rift Herald. All living members of the team that kills Baron Nashor are given a buff which makes nearby minions more powerful. Baron Nashor will respawn seven minutes after it is killed.

text: Many of the details have changed over time; League is not a static game, with mechanics being both introduced and removed since launch in 2009. For example, the Rift Herald was only added in 2016, and had its abilities reworked in 2017;[23][22] Dragons gave gold rather than buffs from 2009–2014, and the dragons only became elementally flavored drakes in 2016; jungle monsters have been added and retuned; the length of time it took for inhibitors to respawn was 4 minutes rather than 5 minutes for a time; Baron Nashor gave a stronger buff to the statistics of champions but no buff to minions from 2009–2014; and so on.

text: Twisted Treeline

text: In the Twisted Treeline, two teams of three players compete to destroy the opposing team's Nexus, which is guarded enemy Towers.[24] It is conceptually similar to Summoner's Rift, but smaller to account for three vs. three rather than five vs. five.[24] Rather than Summoner's Rift 3 lanes of turrets and 3 inhibitors, Twisted Treeline has only 2 lanes and 2 inhibitors, with the jungle in between. The other differences are the addition of two "Altars", control of which grants the occupying team a variety of bonuses, and the replacement of Baron Nashor with Vilemaw, an evil spider deity. Living members of the team that slays Vilemaw are granted a temporary bonus, similar to the death of Nashor.

text: Howling Abyss

text: The Howling Abyss is used for "ARAM" (All Random All Mid) matches, and is five vs. five.[20] The difference between the Abyss and the other maps is that there is only a single narrow lane of Turrets and an Inhibitor, and no neutral jungle area. Thus, rather than skirmishes and hidden movement, the Abyss focuses exclusively on large team-fights in the sole middle lane. Players cannot return to their allied base to replenish health and mana or purchase items unless they have been killed.[24] ARAM was launched as an official mode in September 2013.[25]

text: Crystal Scar

text: The Crystal Scar was used for Dominion mode, a discontinued game format where teams of five players competed to capture control points and hold those points for the longest possible period of time.[26] The map consists of a circle with 5 control points. Each team controls a base known as a fountain, located at the bottom left and right hand corners of the map. Each team scores points by capturing and owning more objectives than the other team over time, which is then reduced from the other team's "life" total. These points count down from an initial score of 200. The first team to reduce the other team to 0 points achieves victory. Dominion was launched on September 26, 2011 and was retired on February 22, 2016, although the Crystal Scar is used for certain other rotating formats, such as Ascension.[27][28]

text: Games types

text: League of Legends includes several game types players can select.[14][29]

text:
The Tutorial is the first game type available to new players. The tutorial is played on the Howling Abyss and is intended to teach new players the rules and gameplay of League.
Co-op Vs. AI is available to new players after completing or opting out of the Tutorial. It is played on Summoner's Rift, Twisted Treeline, and (formerly) the Crystal Scar, and pits teams of human players against an opposing team of computer-controlled artificial intelligence champions.
Normal Matchmaking uses an automated match making system to pair teams of similarly-skilled players against one another.
Ranked Matchmaking is available to players upon reaching account level 30. It uses a similar system as Normal Matchmaking; however, pre-made teams must be of comparable ELO strength, so expert players and weak players are not allowed to team together in Ranked. After playing 10 or more Ranked games, accounts are given a public "rank" that roughly correlates with their ELO ranking.
Custom Games allow players to play any map with any combination of player or AI teammates and opponents.

text: League of Legends also includes three ways teams may choose what champion they will play for a given match:

text:
Blind Pick allows the two teams to select their champions simultaneously. The players only learn the champion selections of the opposing team when the match begins. It is available on Summoner's Rift, Twisted Treeline, and the Crystal Scar for Normal Matchmaking games and Co-op vs. AI, and for all modes in custom games.
Draft Pick allows each team to ban five champions each (a total of ten champions banned), removing them from the match. Teams then take turns selecting their champions while being able to see the selections of the other team. It is available on Summoner's Rift for matchmaking games, and for all modes in custom games.
Random Pick randomly assigns a champion to each player. Players accumulate re-rolls by playing multiple matches, which they can use to randomly select another champion for that match. It is available on Howling Abyss for ARAM (All Random All Mid) games, and for all modes in custom games.

text: Champion types

text: There are currently 140 champions in League of Legends as of March 17, 2018.[30] League divides its champion types up a number of ways. The most salient difference is the type of damage a champion deals; some champions deal largely physical damage, which is resisted by the armor stat, and other champions deal largely magic damage, which is resisted by the magic resistance stat. Some champions deal a combination of both and can choose which to emphasize; and some rare abilities deal 'true' damage which is not mitigable by either armor or magic resistance. Riot Games has classified all champions as one of six types to aid beginners.[31] Not all champions perfectly fit their type, of course. The official Riot classifications are as follows:

text:
Marksman: Marksmen, also known as "AD Carries", are ranged champions that usually deal physical damage. These champions deal sustained damage over time rather than in a short burst, and are usually the best at destroying objectives like enemy turrets or elemental drakes. They tend to have weak defense, though. Examples of marksmen are Ashe, Caitlyn, Miss Fortune, and Varus.[32]
Mage: Mages, sometimes known as "AP Carries", are champions with powerful magic damage skills and support skills, but weak defense and low mobility. Mages are a diverse set of champions. Some emphasize killing single champions from range very quickly; some specialize in area of effect damage to multiple targets; some specialize in immense range to attack enemies safely from afar. Examples of mages are Karthus, Lissandra, Lux, and Swain.[31]
Assassin: A champion who specializes in killing another champion as fast as possible, usually within melee range.[33] These champions tend to go after the enemy's AD/AP Carry and other 'squishy' champions, but tend to have weak defenses themselves if caught. They are distinguished in having excellent mobility which allows them to reach and strike at priority targets. Examples of assassins are Diana, Fizz, Katarina, and Zed.[31]
Tank: Champions who are hard to kill and soak up damage for their team. In exchange, they usually deal less damage, but can compensate with useful "crowd control" abilities to distract or disable enemies, or force enemies to fight through them first before they can attack the "carries". Examples of tanks are Malphite, Sejuani, Rammus, and Zac.[31]
Fighter: Champions that blend the attributes of a damage dealer and tank, combining moderate survivability with damage. A common designation for close-range melee fighters, since they need to be able to survive long enough to close in on their target. Examples of fighters are Jax, Elise, Rek'Sai, and Wukong.[31]
Support: Champions whose skills are meant to directly aid the rest of the team by providing healing, buffing allies, debuffing the enemy team, or a combination of the above. Support champions often are paired with another champion in the early laning phase of the game where the support doesn't attack minions, but instead focuses on aiding their partner and harassing the enemy champions. Supports are also expected to pay the most attention to the map as a whole, placing wards which grant vision and watching for surprise enemy movements. Example of supports are Alistar, Nami, Soraka, and Taric.[31][32]

text: Item choice plays an important role in the above, and can shift the style of a champion. For example, if the champion Jarvan IV purchases all damage items, he functions something like an Assassin; he can kill enemies quickly, but dies rapidly himself. If Jarvan buys all defensive items, he's a Tank focused on disruption and buffing his allies. Somewhere in-between, he's a Fighter. In the same way, champions like Morgana, Annie, and Karma can build item sets that are focused on high damage like a Mage, or item sets focused on disrupting enemies and aiding allies like a Support.

text: Special game modes

text: Riot Games, starting in 2013, has released a number of special limited-time game modes. These special modes would usually be accessible for two weeks, then retired. In 2016, Riot announced that "Rotating Games Mode" would be a recurring event, so that every weekend a previously released game mode would be made accessible again for that weekend.[34] Game modes in the current rotation include Ascension, Ultra Rapid Fire (URF), Hexakill (Twisted Treeline), One For All (Summoner's Rift), Nemesis Draft, Nexus Siege, Legend of the Poro King, Doom Bots of Doom, and Hunt of the Blood Moon. Special game modes not seen in the rotation include One For All (Howling Abyss), Hexakill (Summoner's Rift), Black Market Brawlers, Definitely Not Dominion, and Snowdown Showdown.

text: The Ultra Rapid Fire (URF) mode was originally a 2014 April Fools' Day prank that proved so popular it became a proper rotating game mode; in URF, champion abilities have no resource cost and have their cooldowns reduced by 80%, double the normal cap of 40% that can be attained through items. Additionally, champions have increased movement speed, faster passive gold gain, and faster attacks.[35][36]

text: Business model

text: League of Legends is funded through microtransactions using Riot Points (RP), an in-game currency which can be purchased by players in the client store. RP can be used to purchase champions, champion skins, ward skins, summoner icons, emotes, and certain multi-game boosts. An additional currency, Blue Essence (BE) (known as Influence Points from 2009–2017), is earned by playing the game and leveling up. League of Legends is free-to-play and all in-game purchases with a material effect on game-play may be acquired by either RP or BE; only cosmetic items are locked to RP-only.

text: Setting and lore

text: League of Legends takes place in the fictional world of Runeterra. In Runeterra, the champions of League of Legends are a collection of heroes and villains who have a variety of backstories, often related to the political struggles of the various countries of the main continent of Valoran. Additionally, some champions are extraplanar and come from worlds other than Runeterra, but are visiting for their own purposes. These champions sometimes clash with each other, roughly reflected in the gameplay of League of Legends.

text: The setting has gone through two phases: the 'original' setting that was canon from 2009-2014, and the rebooted setting from 2014–present.[37] The original setting was very focused on justifying the exact mechanics of a game of League in the world of Runeterra. The MOBA predecessor to League, Defense of the Ancients, featured two warring sides with two separate hero rosters; however, in League, any combination of champions was legal to create a team. To explain this, in the original setting, Valoran was functionally ruled by extremely powerful time mages who could intimidate the other nations into compliance with their whims. They created the "Institute of War", also known as the "League of Legends", to resolve disputes and act as something like an international sports league. In these disputes, "Summoners" (aka the game player) could control any of Runeterra's greatest heroes or villains in their struggles, thus justifying why a team of 5 characters who all hated each other might form. Additionally, these time mages would actually power-down the characters to "level 1" before each match to make things 'fair'; some character's backstories even involved them explicitly having their powers sealed by the Institute of War due to them being too powerful otherwise, such as the demigoddesses Kayle and Morgana. This explained why characters might participate in multiple matches and have to relearn the same skills each time. After a match, a "Judgment" would sometimes be handed down, with the winning Summoners able to give land and privileges to those they favored.

text: The narrative team at Riot eventually decided this setup was too constraining, and "rebooted" the story behind League of Legends in 2014.[38] In essence, the original story put too much emphasis on the faceless player stand-in Summoners and the Time Mages of the Institute; "the very idea of all-powerful Summoners made Champions little more than puppets manipulated by godlike powers."[37] Any interesting champions the Narrative team created were rendered as secondary, mere servants to the Summoners, unable to influence their own destiny. Many champion's lore did not give them reason to join the Institute, such as serial killer fire spirit Brand or void monster Rek'Sai. Riot wished to let champions take the center stage and have stories of their own, pursuing their own unique goals. For example, Riot has since released a plotline about a lost empire in the Shurima desert[39] and a plotline about a clash between the pirate Gangplank and the pirate-hunter Miss Fortune in the city of Bilgewater,[40] both of which were driven by the champions of League of Legends, not Summoners. Riot compared this style of narrative to comic book characters and classic literature, where interesting characters can have many adventures over time and not necessarily have all of them make sense in the same continuity.[37] A side effect of this is "that the game and story aren’t one-to-one copies of each other."[37]

text: The world of Runeterra consists of a number of countries and city-states, locked in a web of rivalry, alliance, and conflict.[41] The two largest and most powerful entities are the states of Demacia and Noxus, who have fought wars in the past, and are in a Cold War-esque state currently, with each seeking to quietly undermine the other. Demacia is inspired by an idealized Medieval European kingdom, while Noxus is reminiscent of the Roman Empire. Demacian champions tend to value themes like chivalry and honor, while Noxus prides itself on vision, might, and guile.[42][43] Piltover and Zaun are a city-state at the forefront of technology; Piltover, the "respectable" half of the city, has a "steampunk" style, while Zaun, the neglected undercity of Piltover, is a darker vision of the power of technology, engaging in ethically questionable research.[44] The Freljord is an icy domain riven by a three-way civil war between rival claimant Queens Ashe, Sejuani, and Lissandra.[45] Bandle City is a peaceful domain of yordles, a race of small humanoids unique to League of Legends. Ionia is an island nation with a strong connection to magic and features champions inspired by monk and ninja archetypes, as well the Vastaya, a race of animal-human hybrid creatures also unique to League of Legends.[46] Bilgewater is a port town with a pirate theme. The Shadow Isles is an island chain that was magically corrupted, and has become haunted by a malign force known as the "Black Mist" which leeches life and empowers the undead.[47] Targon is an ancient mountain peak with a Greek mythology theme. Shurima is a recently resurrected empire that was until recently lost to the desert, with a somewhat Egyptian theme.[48] Icathia is another fallen and abandoned city where Void monsters from another dimension have crossed into Runeterra, with a Lovecraftian theme.[49]

text: Of the current maps, Summoner's Rift is set at the Institute of War from the 'original' League storyline; the Twisted Treeline is set in the Shadow Isles;[50] and the Howling Abyss map is set in the Frejlord.[25]

text: Development

text: The game's developer Riot Games was co-founded by Brandon "Ryze" Beck and Marc "Tryndamere" Merrill, who were roommates while they attended the University of Southern California. They partnered with Steve "Guinsoo" Feak, the previous designer of the popular Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne custom map Defense of the Ancients, and Steve "Pendragon" Mescon, the administrator of the former official support base for the map, to develop League of Legends.[51]

text: The original inspiration for "DotA" was a 1998 mod for StarCraft created by community member Aeon64 called "Aeon of Strife".[52] After the release of Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and its subsequent World Editor in 2002, DotA was created by another modder, Eul. He ported and expanded the "Aeon of Strife" mod to the new engine and named it "Defense of the Ancients". Guinsoo later made DotA Allstars by inserting his own mix of content to "DotA", greatly expanding the number of heroes, added recipes and items, and introduced various gameplay changes. Guinsoo then passed the mod to IceFrog after accepting a job at the newly formed Riot Games.[53]

text: The idea of a spiritual successor to Defense of the Ancients was that it would be its own stand-alone game with its own engine, rather than another mod of Warcraft III, began to materialize at the end of 2005. League of Legends was born "when a couple of very active DotA community members believed that the gameplay was so much fun and so innovative that it represented the spawning of a new genre and deserved to be its own professional game with significantly enhanced features and around-game services."[54]

text: Riot Games officially opened its office in September 2006, and, as of 2013, has over 1,000 people working on League of Legends.[55] According to Marc Merrill, when creating the various champions in the game, instead of leaving the champion creation to just a few people, they decided to open up the champion creation process to everyone in the company based upon a template where they could vote on which champions made it into the game.[citation needed]

text: League of Legends was first announced on October 7, 2008. It was in a closed beta from April 10, 2009 to October 22, 2009. It then transitioned to open beta until release.[56][57]

text: Release

text: League of Legends was released on October 27, 2009.[58] Riot Games self-publishes and operates the game and all of its customer service aspects in North America. Riot Games has signed deals regarding the distribution of League of Legends in Asia, Europe, and North America. By July 2013, the game has been released and was distributed in Australia, the United States, Canada, Europe, Philippines,[59] and South Korea.

text: The game is distributed in China by Tencent Inc., the largest Internet value-added services company in China best known for its QQ Instant Messaging client. The game has been distributed to Tencent's growing 300 million Internet user base through its leading QQ Game portal. The deal was one of only a handful of partnerships to bring a U.S.-developed online game directly to China.

text: In Europe, Riot Games initially signed an international licensing partnership with GOA, the video games department of Orange's Content Division and Europe's largest gaming portal. On October 13, 2009, GOA and Riot announced that they would start channeling server access for players located in Europe to GOA's dedicated servers. This partnership did not last; on May 10, 2010, Riot Games announced that they would take over distribution and operation of the game in Europe. To do so, Riot Games established a European HQ in Dublin.[60]

text: On July 16, 2010, Riot Games announced that Garena would publish the game in Southeast Asia.[61] Additionally, Southeast Asian players had the ability "transfer accounts" to import their progress stored in North American or European servers into the Southeast Asian server. The game has since been distributed by Garena in Taiwan as well.[62]

text: In March 2013, Riot Games released a beta version of an OS X client in addition to their Windows client.[63] The Mac client was since moved out of beta and OS X / macOs players have had full access to League.

text: Riot has since expanded to many countries, after the initial North America / Europe / Korea / Garena's Southeast Asia launch. In 2012, a Brazilian and Turkish server were added; in 2013, Latin American & Russian servers; and a beta of a Japanese server was launched in 2016.[64][65][66][67]

text: Reception

text: Popular reception

text: In a release published in November 2011, Riot Games stated that League of Legends had accumulated 32.5 million players, 11.5 million of whom play monthly, of which 4.2 million play daily.[68] Riot said in October 2013, the game had 12 million active daily players and 32 million active monthly players. In January 2014, the game had 27 million active daily players, 7.5 million concurrent players at peak times, and 67 million active monthly players.[69] Global concurrent users online peaked at over 5 million players as of March 2013.[67][70]

text: By March 2012, League of Legends had become the #1 title in Korean PC cafés.[71][72] League continues to be popular in Korea; it remained the #1 game until the middle of 2016, when Overwatch displaced it, and is still the #2 game (disclaimer: these numbers do not include home playership rates).[73][74] In July 2012, Xfire released a report stating that League of Legends was the most played PC game in North America and Europe, with 1.3 billion hours logged by players in those regions between July 2011 and June 2012.[3] League of Legends is also very popular in the Philippines, and, as of July 2013, it is the second most played game in internet cafés in the country (just behind Defense of the Ancients).[75] In Taiwan, it is estimated that almost 5 percent of their entire population played the game, with almost 1 million players subscribed on the server.[76]

text: Critical reception

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
78/100[77]

Review scores

Publication
Score

1UP.com
A-[78]

Eurogamer
8/10[79]

Game Revolution
B+[80]

GameSpy
[81]

GameZone
9/10[82]

IGN
9.2/10[83]

tag: table

text: League of Legends received generally favorable reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[77]

text: IGN initially awarded League of Legends an 8 out of 10 in 2009, highlighting an enjoyable game design, inventive champion design with good customization options, and lively visuals. However, the game's confusing launch was criticized: it was felt that the title was released too early, with some features missing and others to be removed. Finally, the reviewer noted that high level players in the game have "little patience for newcomers", though the reviewer believed that matchmaking (not implemented at the time of review) would solve the problem by matching players of similar level together.[84]

text: Leah B. Jackson of IGN re-reviewed the game in 2014, changing IGN's score from 8.0 to 9.2. Jackson hailed the game "as an example of excellence", praising the variety of champions, rewarding progression systems, and fast but intensely strategic team play.[83]

text: As compared to fellow MOBA games Heroes of Newerth and Dota 2, Mike Minotti of VentureBeat considered League of Legends as the easiest to learn and to have fastest gameplay pace of the three, while the other two feature more complex gameplay mechanics and are considered closer in style to the original DoTA All-Stars.[85][86]

text: In 2015, the game placed 15th on USgamer's The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list.[87]

text: Awards and nominations

text: In 2009, the game won the Reader's Choice award for PC Best Strategy Game in IGN's Best of 2009 Awards,[88] and the PC Gamers' Choice in GameSpy's Gamers' Choice Awards 2009.[89] In 2017, the game was nominated for Best Spectator Game in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards.[90]

text:
Year
Awards
Category
Result
Ref

2010
1st Game Developers Online Choice Awards
Best Online Technology, Visual Arts, Game Design, New Online Game, Audience Award
Won
[91]

Golden Joystick Awards 2010
Online Game of the Year
Won
[92]

2011
Golden Joystick Awards 2011
Best Free-to-Play Game
Won
[93]

2015
The Game Awards 2015
eSports Game of the Year Award
Nominated
[94]

2017
2017 Teen Choice Awards
Choice Video Game
Nominated
[95]

Golden Joystick Awards 2017
eSports Game of the Year
Nominated
[96]

The Game Awards 2017
Best eSports Game
Nominated
[97]

2018
45th Annie Awards
Best Animated Television/Broadcast Commercial (Legends Never Die)
Nominated
[98]

2018 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards
Game, eSports
Nominated
[99][100]

16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards
Best Original Song ("Legends Never Die")
Nominated
[101]

39th Sports Emmy Awards
Outstanding Live Graphic Design
Won
[102]

text: Professional and collegiate competition

text: League of Legends is one of the largest eSports, with various annual tournaments taking place worldwide.[103] In terms of eSports professional gaming as of June 2016 2016, League of Legends has had $29,203,916 USD in prize money, 4,083 Players, and 1,718 tournaments, compared to Dota 2's $64,397,286 USD of prize money, 1,495 players, and 613 tournaments.[104]

text: At the collegiate level, Riot Games sponsors play of the game by college teams in the United States and Canada, offering scholarship money to teams that reach their conference playoffs.[105] Riot organizes their own four regional conferences, but also partners with two NCAA athletic conferences, the Peach Belt Conference and Big Ten Conference, who organize their own conference play based off their existing institutional membership. Additionally, since 2017, the Big Ten has partnered with Riot to provide $35,000 in scholarship funds yearly to each of the Big Ten's 14 member teams and to broadcast play on the conference's own television network, BTN, through 2019.[106][107]


document_title: List of cities in Ecuador

question_text: what is the name of the largest city in ecuador

root

text: List of cities in Ecuador

text: List[edit]

text: Alphabetical[edit]

text:
Ambato
Arajuno
Babahoyo
Bahía de Caráquez
Baños de Agua Santa
Cuenca
Durán
Esmeraldas
Guaranda
Guayaquil
Ibarra
La Libertad
Latacunga
Loja
Macas
Machala
Manta
Milagro
Nueva Loja
Portoviejo
Piñas
Pintag
Quevedo
Quito (capital)
Riobamba
Santo Domingo de los Colorados
Salinas
Shell Mera
Tulcán

tag: ul

text: By population[edit]

text:
No.
City
Province
2010 Census
2001 Census
1990 Census

1

Guayaquil
Guayas
2,278,691
1,985,379
1,508,444

2

Quito
Pichincha
1,607,734
1,399,378
1,100,847

3

Cuenca
Azuay
329,928
277,374
194,981

4

Santo Domingo
Santo Domingo
270,875
238,827
114,422

5

Machala
El Oro
231,260
204,578
144,197

6

Durán
Guayas
230,839
174,531
82,359

7

Manta
Manabí
217,553
183,105
125,505

8

Portoviejo
Manabí
206,682
171,847
132,937

9

Ibarra
Imbabura
181,175
153,256

10

Quevedo
Los Ríos
173,585
139,790

11

Loja
Loja
170,280
118,532
94,300

12

Ambato
Tungurahua
165,185
154,095
124,166

13

Esmeraldas
Esmeraldas
161,868
157,792

14

Riobamba
Chimborazo
156,723
193,315

15

Milagro
Guayas
133,508

16

Latacunga
Cotopaxi
98,355

17

La Libertad
Santa Elena
95,942

18

Babahoyo
Los Ríos
90,191


document_title: List of countries by age at first marriage

question_text: what is the average age to get married in south africa

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country
Men
Women
Average
Age Gap
Year
Source

 Algeria
33.5
27.8
30.7
5.7
2006
[4]

 Angola
24.7
21.4
23.1
3.3
2001
[5]

 Benin[a]
23.8
18.7
21.3
5.1
2006
[5]

 Burkina Faso[a]
24.3
17.9
21.1
6.4
2010
[5]

 Burundi[a]
23.6
20.3
22
3.3
2010
[5]

 Cape Verde[a]
26.2
21.5
23.9
4.7
2010
[5]

 Cameroon[a]
25.8
19.0
22.4
6.8
2011
[5]

 Central African Republic[a]
23.3
17.4
20.4
5.9
1994-1995
[5]

 Chad[a]
22.4
16.0
19.2
6.4
2004
[5]

 Comoros[a]
25.6
20.4
23
5.2
1996
[5]

 Congo[a]
25.1
21.0
23.1
4.1
2009
[5]

 Ivory Coast[a]
26.7
19.5
23.1
7.2
2005
[5]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo[a]
24.2
19.0
21.6
5.2
2007
[5]

 Egypt
33.6
27.9
30.8
5.7
1996
[6]

 Eritrea[a]
24.7
17.4
21.1
7.3
1995
[5]

 Ethiopia[a]
23.9
17.4
20.7
6.5
2011
[5]

 Gabon[a]
24.7
20.4
22.6
4.3
2000
[5]

 Ghana[a]
25.7
21.0
23.4
4.7
2008
[5]

 Guinea[a]
24.6
16.5
20.6
8.1
2005
[5]

 Kenya[a]
24.8
20.2
22.5
4.6
2008-2009
[5]

 Lesotho[a]
25.5
20.9
23.2
4.6
2009
[5]

 Liberia[a]
23.4
18.9
21.2
4.5
2007
[5]

 Libya
32.0
29.2
30.6
2.8
1995
[6]

 Madagascar[a]
22.3
18.4
20.4
3.9
2008
[5]

 Malawi[a]
22.3
17.9
20.1
4.4
2010
[5]

 Mali[a]
24.1
16.7
20.4
7.4
2006
[5]

 Mauritania[a]
27.1
19.0
23.1
8.1
2000-2001
[5]

 Mauritius
29.8
25.4
27.6
4.4
2000
[5]

 Morocco
34.3
29.8
32.1
4.5
1994
[6]

 Mozambique[a]
21.7
17.5
19.6
4.2
2009
[5]

 Namibia[a]
31.7
29.2
30.5
2.5
2006-2007
[5]

 Niger[a]
23.1
15.7
19.4
7.4
2006
[5]

 Nigeria[a]
26.9
19.3
23.1
7.6
2008
[5]

 Rwanda[a]
24.8
20.6
22.7
4.2
2010
[5]

 São Tomé and Príncipe[a]
23.8
18.8
21.3
5
2008-2009
[5]

 Senegal[a]
28.9
19.9
24.4
9
2010-2011
[5]

 Sierra Leone[a]
24.4
17.1
20.8
7.3
2008
[5]

 South Africa[b]
32.0
29.0
30.5
3
2008
[5]

 Sudan
29.1
22.7
25.9
6.4
1993
[6]

 Uganda[a]
22.4
18.2
20.3
4.2
2011
[5]

 Tanzania[a]
23.8
18.9
21.4
4.9
2010
[5]

 Zambia[a]
23.7
18.7
21.2
5
2007
[5]

 Zimbabwe[a]
24.6
19.9
22.3
4.7
2010-2011
[5]

text: Africa has a majority of age at first marriage between age of 15 until early twenties for women and early and late twenties for males. Here’s where cultural and economic status come to play. Also, there is an age gap that older males are marrying younger females by at least 8 years of age difference. For example, Niger and Eritrea as an example of young females with older males ranging from fifteen years of for women and mid twenties for males.

tag: p

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country
Men
Women
Average
Age Gap
Year
Source

 Brazil
30
27
28.5
3
2013
[7]

 Canada
31.0
29.6
30.3
1.4
2008
[8]

 Chile
35.3
32.6
34
2.7
2013
[9]

 Mexico
29
26
27.5
3
2011
[10]

 United States
29.2
27.1
28.2
2.1
2015
[11]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country
Men
Women
Average
Age Gap
Year
Source

 Armenia
29.4
26.3
27.9
3.1
2014
[5]

 Bangladesh[a]
23.8
16.0
19.9
7.8
2011
[5]

 Cambodia[a]
23.4
21.0
22.2
2.4
2010
[5]

 China
27.1
24.9
26
2.2
2017
[12]

 Hong Kong
31.2
28.9
30.1
2.3
2011
[13]

 India
26.0
22.2
24.1
3.8
2011
[14]

 Indonesia
25.7
22.3
24
3.4
2010
[15]

 Iran
27.4
23.8
25.6
3.6
2015
[16]

 Israel
31.5
28.4
30
3.1
2010
[5]

 Japan
30.9
29.3
30.1
1.6
2013
[17]

 Jordan
28.7
23.8
26.3
4.9
2010
[18]

 Kazakhstan[a]
26.9
24.3
25.6
2.6
2010
[5]

 Kyrgyzstan
26.9
23.5
25.2
3.4
2010
[5]

 Lebanon
32.8
28.8
30.8
4
2006
[19]

 Malaysia
28
25.7
26.9
2.3
2010
[20]

 Maldives[a]
24.1
21.6
22.9
2.5
2009
[5]

 Mongolia[a]
26.2
24.2
25.2
2
2010
[21]

 Myanmar[a]
24.0
20.5
22.3
3.5
2007
[5]

   Nepal[a]
22.1
17.9
20
4.2
2011
[5]

 Pakistan[a]
21.8
20.3
21.1
1.5
2006-2007
[5]

 Palestine[c]
25.4
20.1
22.8
5.3
2010
[5]

 Philippines
28.0
25.3
26.7
2.7
2011
[22]

 Singapore
30.1
27.9
29
2.2
2014
[23]

 South Korea
32.6
30.0
31.3
2.6
2015
[24]

 Taiwan
32.0
29.7
30.9
2.3
2014
[25]

 Tajikistan
26.3
22.5
24.4
3.8
2010
[5]

 Thailand[a]
24.4
21.0
22.7
3.4
2010
[5]

 Timor-Leste[a]
25.0
20.6
22.8
4.4
2009-2010
[5]

 Turkmenistan
24.6
23.3
24
1.3
2006
[5]

 Uzbekistan
25.2
22.4
23.8
2.8
2006
[26]

 Vietnam
26.2
22.8
24.5
3.4
2009
[27]

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country
Men
Women
Average
Age Gap
Year
Source

 Albania
29.5
24
26.8
5.5
2014
[26]

 Austria
32.6
30.3
31.5
2.3
2015
[26]

 Azerbaijan
27.6
23.7
25.7
3.9
2014
[26]

 Armenia
29.4
26.3
27.9
3.1
2014
[26]

 Belarus
27.4
25.3
26.4
2.1
2014
[26]

 Belgium
32.3
30
31.2
2.3
2015
[26]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
29.6
26.4
28
3.2
2014
[26]

 Bulgaria
30.3
26.9
28.6
3.4
2014
[28]

 Croatia
30.6
28.1
29.4
2.5
2014
[28]

 Czech Republic
32.4
29.8
31.1
2.6
2015
[26]

 Cyprus
30.8
29.0
29.9
1.8
2014
[26]

 Denmark
34.5
32
33.3
2.5
2015
[26]

 Estonia
31.6
29.0
30.3
2.6
2014
[28]

 Finland
33.4
31.2
32.3
2.2
2015
[26]

 France
33.0
30.8
31.9
2.2
2011
[29]

 Georgia
29.9
26.6
28.3
3.3
2014
[26]

 Germany
33.4
30.9
32.2
2.5
2014
[28]

 Greece
33.0
29.9
31.5
3.1
2014
[28]

 Hungary
32.1
29.3
30.7
2.8
2014
[28]

 Iceland
34.6
32.7
33.7
1.9
2011
[26]

 Ireland
33.9
32.3
33.1
1.6
2015
[26]

 Italy
34.2
31.3
32.8
2.9
2014
[28]

 Latvia
30.6
28.2
29.4
2.4
2014
[28]

 Lithuania
29.7
27.3
28.5
2.4
2014
[28]

 Luxembourg
33.3
31.1
32.2
2.2
2015
[26]

 Macedonia
28.8
26
27.4
2.8
2014
[26]

 Malta
31.6
29.2
30.4
2.4
2011
[28]

 Moldova
27.0
24.0
25.5
3
2014
[26]

 Montenegro
32.7
28.6
30.7
4.1
2014
[28]

 Netherlands
33.5
30.9
32.2
2.6
2015
[26]

 Norway
33.8
31.9
32.9
1.9
2015
[26]

 Poland
29.1
26.7
27.9
2.4
2014
[28]

 Portugal
32.5
31
31.8
1.5
2015
[26]

 Romania
30.2
26.7
28.5
3.5
2014
[28]

 Russia
27.4
24.9
26.2
2.5
2011
[30]

 Serbia
31.0
28.1
29.6
2.9
2014
[28]

 Slovakia
30.8
28.1
29.5
2.7
2014
[28]

 Slovenia
32.2
29.7
31
2.5
2014
[28]

 Spain
34.5
32.3
33.4
2.2
2014
[28]

 Sweden
36
33.5
34.8
2.5
2015
[26]

  Switzerland
32.5
30.1
31.3
2.4
2014
[28]

 Ukraine
27.0
25.0
26
2
2013
[26]

 United Kingdom
32.5
30.6
31.6
1.9
2013
[26]

text: From the data, most of the wealthiest countries in Europe appear to have a higher average age at first marriage than their less developed counterparts. Most men and women postpone marriage in countries where they enjoy the higher social status, better education system, and employment.[31] In Europe, we can see a pattern of 20s/early 30s first marriage which makes sense as a time to start a lifelong partnership with someone as well as being financially solvent enough to be able to contemplate supporting someone should the need arise.[32] Italy and United Kingdom for a reference on their age of first marriage shows late twenties and early thirties for both generate which follows with the idea that economic and cultural factors do play a significant role into changing the patters of first marriage.

text: Note: the reported age for these countries is the median, not the mean (average). All countries in italics have their data in the mean and not the median.

text:
Country
Men
Women
Median
Age Gap
Year
Source

 Australia
31.8
29.8
30.8
2
2015
[33]

 Kiribati[d]
23.6
20.1
21.9
3.5
2009
[34]

 Marshall Islands
25.7
24.2
25
1.5
2011
[35]

 F.S. Micronesia
27.5
25.5
26.5
2
2010
[36]

 Nauru[e]
21.2
22.8
22.0
-1.6
2007
[37]

 New Zealand
30.1
28.6
29.4
1.5
2013
[38]

 Solomon Islands[e]
25.6
20.3
23.0
5.3
2007
[39]

 Tonga[f]
25.0
23.6
24.3
1.4
2012
[40]

 Tuvalu[e]
27.2
22.1
24.7
5.1
2007
[41]

 Vanuatu[d]
24.4
20.8
22.6
3.6
2013
[42]


document_title: Smokey and the Bandit

question_text: who played little beaver in smokey and the bandit

text: Smokey and the Bandit

text: Plot[edit]

text: Wealthy Texan Big Enos Burdette and his son Little Enos seek a truck driver willing to bootleg Coors beer to Georgia for their refreshment. At the time, Coors was regarded as one of the finest beers in the United States,[4] but it could not be legally sold east of the Mississippi River. Truck drivers who had taken the bet previously had been caught and arrested by "Smokey" (CB slang for highway patrol officers, referring to the Smokey Bear–type hats worn in some states).

text: The Burdettes find legendary trucker Bo "Bandit" Darville competing in a truck rodeo at Lakewood Fairgrounds in Atlanta; they offer him $80,000 to haul 400 cases of Coors beer from Texarkana, Texas back to Atlanta in 28 hours; Big Enos has sponsored a driver running in the Southern Classic stockcar race and "when he wins I want to celebrate in style." Bandit accepts the bet and recruits his partner Cledus "Snowman" Snow to drive the truck, while Bandit drives the "blocker", a black Pontiac Trans Am bought on an advance from the Burdettes, to divert attention away from the truck and its illegal cargo.

text: The trip to Texas is mostly uneventful except for at least one pursuing Arkansas State Trooper whom Bandit evades with ease. They reach Texarkana an hour ahead of schedule, load their truck with the beer and head back toward Atlanta. Immediately upon starting the second leg of the run, Bandit picks up runaway bride Carrie, whom he eventually nicknames "Frog" because she is "kinda cute like a frog," she is "always hoppin' around," and because he "wants to jump" her.  But in so doing, Bandit makes himself a target of Texas Sheriff Buford T. Justice, a career lawman whose handsome but slow-witted son Junior was to have been Carrie's bridegroom. Ignoring his own jurisdiction, Sheriff Justice, with Junior in tow, chases Bandit all the way to Georgia, even as various mishaps cause his cruiser to disintegrate around them.

text: The remainder of the film is one lengthy high-speed chase, as Bandit's antics attract more and more attention from local and state police across Dixie while Snowman barrels on toward Atlanta with the contraband beer. Bandit and Snowman are helped along the way via CB radio by many colorful characters, including an undertaker with his hearse driver and their funeral procession, an elderly lady, a drive-in waitress and all her customers, a convoy of trucks, and even a madam who runs a brothel out of her RV.  Neither Sheriff Justice nor any other police officers have any knowledge of Snowman's illegal manifest.

text: The chase intensifies as Bandit and Snowman get closer to Atlanta; moments after crossing back into Georgia, Bandit comes to the rescue when Snowman is pulled over by a Georgia State Patrol motorcycle patrolman, and state and local police step up their pursuit with more cruisers, larger roadblocks, and even a police helicopter to track Bandit's movements. Discouraged by the unexpected mounting attention, and with just four miles left to go, Bandit is about to give up, but Snowman refuses to listen and takes the lead, smashing through the police roadblock at the entrance to the fairgrounds. They arrive back at Lakewood Speedway (while the Southern Classic race is being run) with only 10 minutes to spare, but instead of taking the payoff, Frog and Bandit accept a double-or-nothing offer from Little Enos — a challenge to run up to Boston and bring back clam chowder in 18 hours. They quickly escape in one of Big Enos' Cadillac convertibles as Georgia State Patrol cruisers flood the racetrack to confiscate the Trans Am and truck, passing Sheriff Justice's badly damaged police car by the side of the road. Bandit first directs Sheriff Justice to Big and Little Enos, but then in a gesture of respect, reveals his true location and invites Justice to give chase, leaving Junior behind.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Burt Reynolds as Bo Darville ("Bandit")
Sally Field as Carrie ("Frog")
Jerry Reed as Cledus Snow ("Snowman")
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T. Justice ("Smokey")
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
Pat McCormick as Big Enos Burdette
Paul Williams as Little Enos Burdette
Macon McCalman as Mr. B
Susan McIver as Hot Pants
George Reynolds as Sheriff George Branford
Laura Lizer Sommers as Little Beaver
Michael Mann as Branford's Deputy
Lamar Jackson as Sugar Bear
Ronnie Gay as Georgia Trooper
Quinnon Sheffield as Alabama Trooper
Alfie Wise as Alabama Patrolman
Pat Hustis as Tow Truck Driver
Ingeborg Kjeldsen as Foxy Lady
Ben Jones as Trucker #1
Joe Klecko as Trucker #2
Hank Worden as Trucker #3

text: Production[edit]

text: Director Hal Needham originally planned the film as a low-budget B movie with a production cost of $1 million,[3] with Jerry Reed as the Bandit. It was not until Needham's friend Burt Reynolds read the script, and said he would star, that the film was aimed at a more mainstream release; Reed would now portray Bandit's friend Snowman (Reed would eventually play the Bandit in Smokey and the Bandit Part 3). At that time Reynolds was the top box office star in the world. In the original script Carrie was called Kate while Big Enos and Little Enos were called Kyle and Dickey. Bandit's car was a second generation Ford Mustang and the prize for completing the run was a new truck rather than $80,000.[5]

text: Burt Reynolds revealed in his autobiography that Needham had written the first draft script on legal pads. Upon showing it to his friend, Reynolds told Needham that it was the worst script he had ever read but that he would still make the movie. Most of the dialogue was improvised on set.[6]

text: Universal Studios bankrolled Smokey and the Bandit for $5.3 million, figuring it was a good risk.[3] Just two days before production was to begin, Universal sent a "hatchet man" to Atlanta to inform Needham that the budget was being trimmed by $1 million. With Reynolds' salary at $1 million, Needham was left with only $3.3 million to make the film. Needham and assistant director David Hamburger spent 30 hours revising the shooting schedule.[3]

text: "Buford T. Justice" was the name of a real Florida Highway Patrolman known to Reynolds' father, who was once Police Chief of Riviera Beach, Florida. His father was also the inspiration for the word "sumbitch" used in the film, a variation of the phrase "son-of-a-bitch" that, according to Reynolds, he uttered quite often.

text: Jackie Gleason was given free rein to ad-lib dialogue and make suggestions. It was his idea to have Junior alongside him throughout.  In particular, the scene where Sheriff Justice unknowingly encounters the Bandit in the "choke and puke" (a roadside diner) was not in the original story, but rather was Gleason's idea.

text: Before Gleason was cast in the film, Richard Boone was originally considered for the role of Buford T. Justice.[6]

text: Sally Field only accepted the part after her agent advised her that she needed a big movie role on her resume. Reynolds actively pushed for her casting after Universal initially resisted, claiming Field was not attractive enough. Field enjoyed making the film, but remembers that virtually the entire project was improvised.

text: Reportedly, Needham had great difficulty getting any studios or producers to take his project seriously, as in the film industry, he was better known as a stuntman. He managed to obtain studio attention after his friend Reynolds agreed to portray the Bandit in the film.

text: The movie was primarily filmed in Georgia in the cities of McDonough, Jonesboro and Lithonia. The scenes set in Texarkana were filmed in Jonesboro and the surrounding area, and many of the chase scenes were filmed in the surrounding areas on Highway 54 between Fayetteville and Jonesboro for a majority of the driving scenes, Mundy's Mill Road, Main Street in Jonesboro, Georgia State Route 400, I-85 (Pleasant Hill exit), and in McDonough. However, the scene where they drive through the Shell gas station was filmed in Ojai, California on the corner of Ojai and El Paseo. Much of the surrounding scene comes from that immediate vicinity. The scene featuring the racetrack was filmed at Lakewood Speedway at the old Lakewood Fairgrounds on the south side of Atlanta. The roller coaster seen in the movie was the Greyhound. It had not been used for some time and was repainted for the film. It was destroyed in Smokey and the Bandit II and a flashback scene in Part 3.[7]

text: The film's theme song, "East Bound and Down", was written virtually overnight by Jerry Reed. He gave Needham a preview of the song, and when initially he got no reaction from the director, offered to rewrite the song. Needham, however, liked the song so much he assured Jerry not to change a word. It became one of Reed's biggest hits and his signature song.[8]

text: The area around Helen, Georgia was also used for some locations. The scene where Buford T. Justice's car has the door knocked off by a passing semi truck was shot on Georgia State Route 75, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Helen. The tow truck driver was a local garage owner, Berlin Wike.

text: The film features the custom clothing and costuming of Niver Western Wear of Fort Worth, Texas.[9] Niver provided much of the western attire worn in the film, as well as the custom-made sheriff's uniforms (waist size 64 inches) that Jackie Gleason wore throughout the film.

text: Reynolds and Sally Field began dating during the filming of Smokey and the Bandit.

text: While made to take advantage of the ongoing 1970s CB radio fad, the film added to the craze.[10]

text: Though the film Moonrunners (1975) is the precursor to the television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979-1985), from the same creator and with many identical settings and concepts, the popularity of Smokey and the Bandit and similar films helped get the Dukes series on the air. Three actors from the main cast of The Dukes of Hazzard appear in small uncredited roles in Smokey and the Bandit: Ben Jones, John Schneider and Sonny Shroyer (who played a police officer in both). In return, Reynolds portrayed the Dukes character Boss Hogg (originally portrayed by Sorrell Booke) in the film adaptation The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). Reynolds is also referenced by name in several early episodes of the series.

text: Vehicles[edit]

text: Needham saw an advertisement for the soon-to-be-released 1977 Pontiac Trans Am and knew right away that would be the Bandit's car, or, as Needham referred to it, a character in the movie. He contacted Pontiac and an agreement was made that four 1977 Trans Ams and two Pontiac LeMans 4-door sedans would be provided for the movie.[11] The Trans Ams were actually 1976-model cars with 1977 front ends. (From 1970 to 1976, both the Firebird/Trans Am and Chevrolet Camaro had two round headlights, and in 1977, the Firebird/Trans Am was changed to four rectangular headlights, while the Camaro remained unchanged.) The decals were also changed to 1977-style units, as evidenced by the engine size callouts on the hood scoop being in liters rather than cubic inches, as had been the case in 1976. The hood scoop on these cars says "6.6 LITRE", which in 1977 would have denoted an Oldsmobile 403-equipped car or a non W-72, 180 hp version of the 400 Pontiac engine. All four of the cars were badly damaged during production,[12] one of which was all but destroyed during the jump over the dismantled bridge. The Trans Am used for the dismantled bridge jump was equipped with a booster rocket, the same type that was used by Evel Knievel during his failed Snake River Canyon jump. Needham served as the driver for the stunt (standing in for Reynolds) while Lada St. Edmund was in the same car (standing in for Sally Field during the jump). By the movie's ending, the final surviving Trans Am and LeMans were both barely running and the other cars had become parts donors to keep them running. The Burdettes' car is a 1974 Cadillac Eldorado convertible painted in a "Candy Red" color scheme, and is seen briefly at the beginning of the movie and as Bandit, Snowman, Fred, and Frog make their escape in the final scene.

text: The film also made use of three Kenworth W900A short-frame semi trucks, which Jerry Reed can be seen driving, each equipped with 38-inch sleepers. Two units were 1974 models as evidenced by standard silver Kenworth emblems on the truck grille, and one unit was a 1973 model as evidenced by the gold-painted Kenworth emblem on the truck's grille signifying Kenworth's 50 years in business. The paint code for each truck was coffee brown with gold trims, and the 48-foot (15 m) mural trailer used was manufactured by Hobbs Trailers in Texas with a non-operational Thermo King Refrigeration unit. This is obvious, because there is no fuel tank on the underside of the trailer to power the refrigeration unit, and the unit is never heard running.[13]

text: Legal status of Coors beer[edit]

text: In 1977, Coors was unavailable for sale east of Oklahoma. A 1974 Time magazine article explains why Coors was so coveted that one would be willing to pay the Bandit such a high price to transport it. Coors Banquet Beer had a brief renaissance as certain people sought it out for its lack of stabilizers and preservatives. The article says that future Vice President Gerald Ford hid it in his luggage after a trip to Colorado in order to take it back to Washington. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had a steady supply airlifted to Washington by the Air Force. The article also mentions Frederick Amon, who smuggled it from Colorado to North Carolina and sold it for four times the retail price.[14] The lack of additives and preservatives meant that Coors had the potential for spoiling in a week if it were not kept cold throughout its transportation and in storage at its destination. This explains the 28-hour deadline.[15]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Smokey And The Bandit: Music from the Motion PictureSoundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
1977 (1977)Genre
Truck-driving countrycountry rockcountrybluegrassrockLength
41:11Label
MCA RecordsProducer
Sonny Burke
Singles from Smokey And The Bandit: Music from the Motion Picture

"East Bound and Down"Released: August 1, 1977

text: The theme music, "East Bound and Down", was sung and co-written by Reed (credited under his birth name, Jerry Hubbard) and Dick Feller. It became Reed's signature song and is found on multiple albums, including Country Legends and his live album Jerry Reed: Live Still. In 1991 it was arranged for orchestra by Crafton Beck and recorded by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra for their album Down on the Farm. Several other groups, such as US rock band Tonic, have also covered it. Reed also penned and performed the song for the opening credits, entitled "The Legend", which tells of some of The Bandit's escapades prior to the events of the film, and the ballad "The Bandit", which features in several versions in the movie and on the soundtrack. Reed's hit notwithstanding, Bill Justis is the first name on the credits for the soundtrack as he composed and arranged original music throughout the film. Musicians such as Beegie Adair and George Tidwell played on the soundtrack as part of long careers in music. Legendary five-string banjo player Bobby Thompson is also heard prominently towards the end of "East Bound and Down." The soundtrack album was released in 1977 on vinyl, cassette and 8-track through MCA Records.[16]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."The Legend"Jerry R. Hubbard2:092."Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 0:283."West Bound And Down"Jerry R. Hubbard, Dick Feller2:454."Foxy Lady"Bill Justis2:515."Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Smokey"] – Jackie Gleason, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 0:566."Orange Blossom Special"Ervin T. Rouse2:407."The Bandit"Dick Feller3:008."March Of The Rednecks"Bill Justis2:229."If You Leave Me Tonight I'll Cry"Gerald Sanford, Hal Mooney2:4710."East Bound and Down (Incidental CB Dialogue Included)" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed)Jerry R. Hubbard, Dick Feller4:4211."The Bandit"Dick Feller2:4812."And The Fight Played On!"Bill Justis2:2213."Ma Cousin Plays Steel"Bill Justis3:1114."Hot Pants Fuzz Parade"Bill Justis4:4815."Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 1:0516."The Bandit (Reprise)"Dick Feller2:17Total length:41:11

text: Reception[edit]

text: Smokey and the Bandit was a sleeper hit.[17] The film premiered at Radio City Music Hall in New York City where it performed badly.[18]  It then opened in just the South of the United States over the Memorial Day weekend and grossed $2,689,851 in 386 theatres.  By the end of June it had played in major Southern markets including Charlotte, Atlanta, Jacksonville, New Orleans, Memphis, Dallas and Oklahoma City grossing $11.9 million.  It opened in other Northern states at the end of July.[19]

text: With an original budget of $5.3 million (cut to $4.3 million two days before initial production),[3] the film eventually grossed $126,737,428 in North America,[20] making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 1977. The worldwide gross is estimated at over $300 million.[3]

text: Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film a good rating (3 stars out of a possible 4) and characterized it as "About as subtle as The Three Stooges, but a classic compared to the sequels and countless rip-offs which followed."[21]

text: Gene Siskel, in his review in the Chicago Tribune, gave the film two stars and complained that the film failed to tell the audience when the clock started on the beer run, thus removing suspense throughout the film concerning how long remained to them. He also claimed that Bandit is never made aware of Frog's leaving Junior at the altar, which is why the Bandit continually asks why a Texas sheriff is chasing him. However, this is inaccurate: within seconds of Bandit picking her up, Frog tells him "there is a wedding in search of a bride", and goes on to explain her ill-advised romance with Junior, as Bandit holds up the CB mic for Snowman to hear.

text: The film's editors, Walter Hannemann and Angelo Ross, were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. It currently holds a 79% "Fresh" rating on review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 28 reviews.[22]

text: Burt Reynolds rated the film as the one he most enjoyed and had the most fun making in his career.[23]

text: Legendary film maker Alfred Hitchcock stated that the movie was one of his favorites.[24]

text: Upon meeting Burt Reynolds, Billy Bob Thornton told him that the picture was not considered as such in the south, and was considered more of a documentary.[25]

text: Smokey and the Bandit was released in the United Kingdom on August 28, 1977 and was a sizeable success there, garnering positive reviews.[26]

text: American Film Institute Lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
Bandit (Bo Darville) – Nominated Hero

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Trans Am[edit]

text: After the debut of the film the Trans Am became wildly popular with sales almost doubling in two years of the film's release, to the delight of General Motors; in fact, it outsold its Camaro counterpart for the first time ever.[27] Reynolds was given the 1977 vehicle used during promotion of the film as a gift, though the car itself never actually appeared in the film. Because of the popularity of the movie and the sales success of the Trans Am, then President of Pontiac Alex Mair promised to supply Reynolds with a Trans Am each year. Owing to his financial difficulties, in 2014 Reynolds put his vast collection of artwork and memorabilia up for auction, including the Trans Am. High estimates for the car were up to $80,000, but that was dwarfed by the actual sale price of $450,000. Also up for auction was a go-kart replica of the car, which sold for nearly $14,000.[28] In 2016, Trans Am Depot, a Florida-based automobile customization company, announced that it would build 77 Trans Ams that would be modeled after the car that Reynolds drove in the 1977 original, despite Pontiac having been discontinued by GM in 2009. These new models were built off the Camaro platform (the very same one that the real Firebird and Trans Am used), came with Pontiac arrowhead, flaming bird and Bandit logos, as well as instrument panels, center consoles and hood scoops emulating their 1977 counterparts, and were signed by Reynolds. Some differences included the use of a supercharged 454-cid (7.4-liter) Chevrolet-sourced engine that put out 840 HP, and four round headlights, which appeared on the 1967-69 Firebirds/Trans Ams only; the actual 1977-81 models had rectangular headlights.[29]

text: Diablo sandwich[edit]

text: The diablo sandwich ordered by Sheriff Justice in the Arkansas barbecue restaurant scene has entered popular culture as a minor reference to the film. While no authoritative source identifies the composition of the sandwich, there are several possibilities. A segment of the CMT program Reel Eats used a sloppy joe-style recipe consisting of seasoned ground beef, corn and sour cream.[30] Another proposal, based more closely on images from the film and the shooting location of the scene (at an Old Hickory House restaurant in Georgia), is pulled pork and hot sauce on a hamburger bun.[31]

text: The Bandit Run[edit]

text: First run in 2007 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the movie, The Bandit Run was the brainchild of Dave Hall, owner of Restore A Muscle Car. A group of Trans Am owners and fans of the movie take part in an annual road trip from Texarkana to Jonesboro, Georgia, recreating the route taken by the characters in the film.

text: The Bandit Run quickly caught on and has become a fixture, most recently celebrating the 40th anniversary of the movie with a special screening of the film attended by Burt Reynolds and a recreation of the jump undertaken by Bandit and Frog across a river.[32]

text: Mobil 1 commercial[edit]

text: In 2014, petroleum company Mobil 1 produced television commercials, featuring NASCAR star Tony Stewart, closely based on the film. Called Smoke is the Bandit playing on Stewart's nickname, the commercials featured him as the Bandit opposite Darrell Waltrip who played Snowman and Jeff Hammond as Buford T. Justice. The story replaced the Coors beer with Mobil 1 products. The adverts poked fun at the film and even featured a Pontiac Trans Am and a cover version of the song East Bound and Down. The commercials were produced after Stewart mentioned that the movie was one of his favorites.[33]

text: Television censorship and alternative versions[edit]

text: When Smokey and the Bandit first aired on American network television in the early 1980s, censors were faced with the challenge of toning down the raw language of the original film. For this purpose, they overdubbed dialogue deemed offensive, which was (and remains, to an extent) common practice. The most noted change made for network broadcast was the replacing of Buford's often-spoken phrase "sumbitch" (a contraction of "son of a bitch"; usually in reference to the Bandit) with the phrase "scum bum". This phrase achieved a level of popularity with children, and the 2007 Hot Wheels release of the 1970s Firebird Trans Am has "scum bum" emblazoned on its tail. The TV prints of the first two Bandit films are still shown regularly on television, although a few TV stations aired the unedited version in recent years as some of the phraseology (i.e. "(son of a) bitch", "ass", etc.) became more acceptable on TV.

text: The original actors mostly redubbed their own lines for the television version, except for Gleason. Actor Henry Corden, who voiced Fred Flintstone after original performer Alan Reed died, was used to replace a considerable amount of Sheriff Justice's dialogue. This is fitting, as Fred Flintstone was a parody of/homage to Gleason's character Ralph Kramden and The Flintstones was a parody of/homage to The Honeymooners.

text: In the UK, the heavily dubbed version was shown for a number of years, particularly by the BBC. However, in more recent years, the original version has been shown (on ITV, a commercial channel), usually with the stronger language edited out, often quite awkwardly and noticeably.

text: The theatrical release itself had a few lines deleted, including a creative edit in which Sheriff Justice tells a state trooper to "fuck off." His expletive is obscured when a passing big rig sounds its horn. At the time, using the 'F' word would immediately require an R rating and this clever self-censorship allowed the film to avoid this rating and reach a much larger audience. However, the scene and the obscured expletive was played for comedy value and written as such, with the passing truck being the gag of the scene more than a way to avoid the censors.

text: In 2006, a DVD re-release was issued of Smokey and the Bandit featuring a digitally-remastered audio track with 5.1 Dolby-compatible surround sound. It should be noted however that many of the film's original sounds were replaced. For instance, the diesel engine start and run up sequence in the opening sequence of the film was completely dubbed over with a totally new sound. A few other examples of "sound effect replacement" occur when Bandit takes off after managing to get a reluctant Cledus involved in the bet, and after he comes to a screeching halt on a roadway moments before picking up Carrie. Some of the original sound effects (such as Cledus' dog Fred's barking) and music (such as the final chase to the Southern Classic) were removed and not replaced. (Note: earlier DVD releases and the 40th Anniversary Blu-ray of the film have the original soundtrack intact.)[34]

text: Major portions of the audio 'background' have been modified with different engine sounds or tire squeals from the original film. The updated version of the film features sounds inaccurate for what would be produced by the Trans Am or the numerous other Pontiac vehicles in the film. The original film had correct sounds that were usually recorded live as the action took place.

text: Some TV versions also feature a longer version of the scene where Cledus wades into the pond after Fred.[35]

text: Spinoff[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)

text: A series of television movies aired in 1994. The car featured was a Dodge Stealth.


document_title: Jnanpith Award

question_text: who has been conferred with the 2016 jnanpith award

text: Jnanpith Award

text: Background[edit]

text: The Bharatiya Jnanpith, a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain family, conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme "commanding national prestige and of international standard" to "select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages".[3][7] Later in November, Rama Jain, the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith, invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme. Jain along with Kaka Kalelkar, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Jainendra Kumar, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Prabhakar Machwe, Akshaya Kumar Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain presented the initial draft to the then President of India Rajendra Prasad who had shown interest in the scheme's implementation. The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad.[3]

text: On 2 April 1962, around 300 writers of various Indian languages were invited to Delhi for the two sessions conducted by Dharamvir Bharati in which the draft was finalised and later presented to Prasad. The first award selection committee meeting was scheduled on 16 March 1963 and Prasad was appointed as its president.[3] However, Prasad died on 28 February 1963 and thus the scheduled meeting was chaired by Kalelkar and Sampurnanand acted as president of the committee.[3][9]

text: The first Selection Board consisted of Kalelkar, Niharranjan Ray, Karan Singh, R. R. Diwakar, V. Raghavan, B. Gopal Reddy, Harekrushna Mahatab, Rama Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain and was headed by Sampurnanand. Works that were published between 1921 and 1951 were considered for the first award. The nine language committees that were formed were to submit to the board nominations along with translations of the work into Hindi or English. The final round had four authors; Kazi Nazrul Islam (Bengali), D. V. Gundappa (Kannada), Viswanatha Satyanarayana (Telugu), and G. Sankara Kurup (Malayalam). On 19 November 1966, Kurup was presented with the citation, statue of Saraswati, and a cheque for prize of ₹1 lakh (US$1,600) at a ceremony held at Vigyan Bhavan, Delhi.[c] In his acceptance speech, Kurup appreciated the concept of the new award and thanked it for bringing "integration of the diverse people of this land on a spiritual plane".[10]

text: Rules and selection process[edit]

text: The nominations for the award are received from various literary experts, teachers, critics, universities, and numerous literary and language associations. Every three years, an advisory committee is constituted for each of the languages.[3] The language of the most recent recipient's work is not eligible for consideration for the next two years.[2] Each committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages. All the nominations are scrutinised by the committee and their recommendations are submitted to the Jnanpith Award Selection Board (Pravara Parishad).[2][3]

text: The Selection Board consists of between seven and eleven members of "high repute and integrity". Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms.[3] The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the board based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or English. The recipient for a particular year is announced by the Selection Board, which has final authority in selection.[2]

text: List of recipients[edit]

text:
Key

†
Indicates a joint award for the given year

text:
List of award recipients, showing the year, and language(s)[11]

Year
Recipient(s)
Language(s)
Refs./Notes

1965
(1st)
Kurup, G. SankaraG. Sankara Kurup
Malayalam !Malayalam
[d][12]

1966
(2nd)
Bandyopadhyay, TarasankarTarasankar Bandyopadhyay
Bengali !Bengali
[e][12]

1967
(3rd) †
Joshi, UmashankarUmashankar Joshi
Gujarati !Gujarati
[f][12]

1967
(3rd) †
Puttappa 'Kuvempu', Kuppali VenkatappaKuppali Venkatappa Puttappa 'Kuvempu'
Kannada !Kannada
[g][12]

1968
(4th)
Pant, SumitranandanSumitranandan Pant
Hindi !Hindi
[h][12]

1969
(5th)
Gorakhpuri, FiraqFiraq Gorakhpuri
Urdu !Urdu
[i][12]

1970
(6th)
Satyanarayana, ViswanathaViswanatha Satyanarayana
Telugu !Telugu
[j][12]

1971
(7th)
Dey, BishnuBishnu Dey
Bengali !Bengali
[k][12]

1972
(8th)
Singh 'Dinkar', RamdhariRamdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
Hindi !Hindi
[l][12]

1973
(9th) †
Bendre, D. R.D. R. Bendre
Kannada !Kannada
[m][12]

1973
(9th) †
Mohanty, GopinathGopinath Mohanty
Odia !Odia
[n][12]

1974
(10th)
Khandekar, Vishnu SakharamVishnu Sakharam Khandekar
Marathi !Marathi
[o][12]

1975
(11th)
, AkilanAkilan
Tamil !Tamil
[p][12]

1976
(12th)
Devi, AshapoornaAshapoorna Devi
Bengali !Bengali
[q][12]

1977
(13rd)
Karanth, K. ShivaramK. Shivaram Karanth
Kannada !Kannada
[r][12]

1978
(14th)
Vatsyayan, SachchidanandaSachchidananda Vatsyayan
Hindi !Hindi
[s][12]

1979
(15th)
Bhattacharya, Birendra KumarBirendra Kumar Bhattacharya
Assamese !Assamese
[t][12]

1980
(16th)
Pottekkatt, S. K.S. K. Pottekkatt
Malayalam !Malayalam
[u][12]

1981
(17th)
Pritam, AmritaAmrita Pritam
Punjabi !Punjabi
[v][12]

1982
(18th)
Varma, MahadeviMahadevi Varma
Hindi !Hindi
[13]

1983
(19th)
Iyengar, Masti VenkateshaMasti Venkatesha Iyengar
Kannada !Kannada
[14]

1984
(20th)
Pillai, Thakazhi SivasankaraThakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Malayalam !Malayalam
[15]

1985
(21st)
Patel, PannalalPannalal Patel
Gujarati !Gujarati
[16]

1986
(22nd)
Routray, SachidanandaSachidananda Routray
Odia !Odia
[17]

1987
(23rd)
Shirwadkar 'Kusumagraj', Vishnu VamanVishnu Vaman Shirwadkar 'Kusumagraj'
Marathi !Marathi
[18]

1988
(24th)
Reddy, C. NarayanaC. Narayana Reddy
Telugu !Telugu
[19]

1989
(25th)
Hyder, QurratulainQurratulain Hyder
Urdu !Urdu
[20]

1990
(26th)
Gokak, Vinayaka KrishnaVinayaka Krishna Gokak
Kannada !Kannada
[21]

1991
(27th)
Mukhopadhyay, SubhashSubhash Mukhopadhyay
Bengali !Bengali
[22]

1992
(28th)
Mehta, NareshNaresh Mehta
Hindi !Hindi
[23]

1993
(29th)
Mahapatra, SitakantSitakant Mahapatra
Odia !Odia
[24]

1994
(30th)
Ananthamurthy, U. R.U. R. Ananthamurthy
Kannada !Kannada
[25]

1995
(31st)
Nair, M. T. VasudevanM. T. Vasudevan Nair
Malayalam !Malayalam
[26]

1996
(32nd)
Devi, MahaswetaMahasweta Devi
Bengali !Bengali
[27]

1997
(33rd)
Jafri, Ali SardarAli Sardar Jafri
Urdu !Urdu
[28]

1998
(34th)
Karnad, GirishGirish Karnad
Kannada !Kannada
[29]

1999
(35th) †
Verma, NirmalNirmal Verma
Hindi !Hindi
[30]

1999
(35th) †
Singh, GurdialGurdial Singh
Punjabi !Punjabi
[30]

2000
(36th)
Goswami, Mamoni RaisomMamoni Raisom Goswami
Assamese !Assamese
[31]

2001
(37th)
Shah, RajendraRajendra Shah
Gujarati !Gujarati
[32]

2002
(38th)
Jayakanthan, Jayakanthan
Tamil !Tamil
[33]

2003
(39th)
Karandikar, VindaVinda Karandikar
Marathi !Marathi
[34]

2004
(40th)
Rahi, RehmanRehman Rahi
Kashmiri !Kashmiri
[35]

2005
(41st)
Narayan, KunwarKunwar Narayan
Hindi !Hindi
[36]

2006
(42nd) †
Kelekar, RavindraRavindra Kelekar
Konkani !Konkani
[36]

2006
(42nd) †
Shastri, Satya VratSatya Vrat Shastri
Sanskrit !Sanskrit
[36]

2007
(43rd)
Kurup, O. N. V.O. N. V. Kurup
Malayalam !Malayalam
[37]

2008
(44th)
Khan 'Shahryar', Akhlaq MohammedAkhlaq Mohammed Khan 'Shahryar'
Urdu !Urdu
[38]

2009
(45th) †
Amarkant, Amarkant
Hindi !Hindi
[39]

2009
(45th) †
Sukla, Sri LalSri Lal Sukla
Hindi !Hindi
[39]

2010
(46th)
Kambara, ChandrashekharaChandrashekhara Kambara
Kannada !Kannada
[40]

2011
(47th)
Ray, PratibhaPratibha Ray
Odia !Odia
[41]

2012
(48th)
Bharadhwaja, RavuriRavuri Bharadhwaja
Telugu !Telugu
[42]

2013
(49th)
Singh, KedarnathKedarnath Singh
Hindi !Hindi
[43]

2014
(50th)
Nemade, BhalchandraBhalchandra Nemade
Marathi !Marathi
[44]

2015
(51st)
Chaudhari, RaghuveerRaghuveer Chaudhari
Gujarati !Gujarati
[45]

2016
(52nd)
Ghosh, ShankhaShankha Ghosh
Bengali !Bengali
[46]

2017
(53rd)
Sobti, Krishna Krishna Sobti
Hindi !Hindi
[47]

text: Explanatory notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India consists of twenty-two languages viz. Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.[1]
Jump up ^ The trilogy consists of Pratham Pratisruti, Subarnalata, and Bakul Katha.
Jump up ^ The Malayalam language committee headed by N. V. Krishna Warrier submitted an undisputed nomination of Kurup's work Odakkuzhal although the Kerala Sahitya Akademi opined that no work in Malayalam language was worthy of the inaugural prize.[10]
Jump up ^ Awarded for Odakkuzhal.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Ganadevta.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Nishitha.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Sri Ramayana Darshanam.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Chidambara.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Gul-e-Naghma.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Smriti Satta Bhavishyat.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Urvashi.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Nakutanti.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Matimatal.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Yayati.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Chitttrappavai.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Pratham Pratisruti.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Mookajjiya Kanasugalu.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Kitni Navon Men Kitni Bar.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Mrityunjay.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Oru Desathinte Katha.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Kagaj te Canvas.

tag: ol


document_title: Vasundhara Raje second ministry (2013–18)

question_text: who is the present education minister of rajasthan

text: Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers[1][edit]

text:
Cabinet Ministers of Rajasthan
Department

Vasundhara Raje Scindia
Chief Minister
Personnel, Rajasthan State Bureau of Investigation (ACB), Finance, Taxation, Excise, Plalllning, Planning (Manpower & Gajetiers), Statistics, Cabinet Secretariat, Policy Formulation Cell - CM Secretariat, Information & Public Relation, Information Technology and Communications, Energy, Public Grievances, Administrative Reforms and Coordination, Law & Legal Affairs and Legal Consultancy Office

Gulab Chand Kataria
Home and Justice, Disaster Management and Relief, Prison, Home Guard & Civil Defense

Nandlal Meena
Tribal Area Development

Rajendra Rathore
Rural Development and Panchayati raj , Parliamentary Affairs, Election

Kali Charan Saraf
Medical and Health, Medical and Health Services (ESI), Medical Education, Ayurveda & Indian Medical Methods

Prabhu Lal Saini
Agriculture, Fisheries, Garden

Gajendra Singh Khimsar
Forest, Environment, Youth Affairs and Sports

Yunus Khan
Public Works Department and Transport

Surendra Goyal
Public Health Engineering, Ground Water

Kiran Maheshwari
Technical Education, Higher Education, Sanskrit Education, Science & Technology

Rajpal Singh Shekhawat
Industry, NRI, Govt. Enterprise, DMIC

Dr. Rampratap
Water Resources, Indira Gandhi Canal

Arun Chaturwedi
Social Justice & Empowerment, Minority Affairs, Waqf

Hem Singh Bhadana
Rajasthan State Motor Garage, General Administration, Estates, Printing and Stationery

Ajay Singh Kilak
Co-Operative, Gopalan

Baboo Lal Verma
Food & Civil Supply, Consumer Affairs

Shrichand Kriplani
Autonomous Bodies, Urban Development & Housing

Dr. Jaswant Singh Yadav
Labour and Employment, Factory and Boilers Inspection

text: State Ministers (Independent Charge)[1][edit]

text:
State Ministers (Independent Charge)
Departments

Amra Ram
Revenue, Colonisation, Rehabilitation, Devasthan

Krishnendra Kaur (Deepa)
Art & Culture, Archaeology & Museum, Tourism, Civil Aviation

Vasudev Devnani
Education (Primary & Secondary), Language

gajendra singh
Mines, Forest, Environment

Anita Bhadel
Women and Child Development

Surender
Labour and Employment, Factory and Boilers Inspection

text: State Ministers[1][edit]

text: Minister of State for Energy, Law and Legal Affairs

text:
State Ministers
Departments

Brijraj Singh Parmar
P.W.D. (Public Works Dept)

Baboo Lal Verma
Transport

Dhan sing Rawat
General Administration, Estates, Rajasthan State Motor Garage, Printing and Stationery

Arjunlal Garg
Law & Legal Affairs and Legal Consultancy Office, Parliamentary Affairs, Election

Otaram Dewasi
Gaupalan, Devasthan