document_title: Houston Texans

question_text: where did the houston texans name come from

text: Houston Texans

text: Franchise history[edit]

text: In 1997, Houston entrepreneur Bob McNair had a failed bid to bring a National Hockey League (NHL) expansion team to the city, and Bud Adams relocated the city's NFL team, the Houston Oilers, to Nashville where they were renamed the Tennessee Titans. In 1996, a year earlier, the Cleveland Browns had controversially relocated to become the Baltimore Ravens. As part of the settlement between the NFL, the city of Cleveland, Ohio, and the team owned by Art Modell, the league promised to return football to Cleveland within the following three years.

text: In order to even out the franchises at 32, the league also contemplated adding another expansion franchise. As Houston was one of the favorites for the extra franchise along with Toronto and Los Angeles (which had lost the Rams and the Raiders in 1995), McNair then decided to join the football project and founded Houston NFL Holdings with partner Steve Patterson. In association with Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, they would push for a domed stadium as part of the bid to lure the NFL back to Houston. On October 6, 1999 the NFL awarded the 32nd team to Houston, at the cost of $700 million.[1]

text: The Houston Texans joined the league at the 2002 NFL season, playing at the newly founded Reliant Stadium. With their opening game victory over the Dallas Cowboys that season, the team became the first expansion team to win its opening game since the Minnesota Vikings beat the Chicago Bears in 1961.[6] While the team struggled in early seasons, results began to improve once native Houstonian Gary Kubiak became the head coach in 2006. The Texans finished with a .500 season (8-8) in both 2007 and 2008, and nearly qualified for the 2009–10 NFL playoffs with a 9–7 result in 2009. In 2010, the team started the season on a 4–2 record going into a Week 7 bye week, but promptly collapsed 2–8 in the second part of the season, finishing 6–10. The following season, former Cowboys head coach Wade Phillips was hired as the defensive coordinator of the Texans, and the improved defense led to the Texans finishing 10–6, winning their first AFC South title.[7] The Texans then beat wild card Cincinnati Bengals 31–10 in the first round of the 2011–12 NFL playoffs,[8] before a 20–13 defeat by the Ravens in the semifinals.[9]

text: The Texans surged as the team to beat in the AFC South in 2012, holding an 11–1 record by week 14. However, they lost three of their last four games to finish 12–4; beating the rival Indianapolis Colts in that four-game stretch allowing them to clinch their 2nd AFC South title. The Texans beat the Bengals again in the wild-card round, but they lost in the second round to the New England Patriots.[10]

text: In 2013, the Texans started 2–0 but went into a tailspin and lost every game afterwards. Kubiak was fired as head coach after being swept by the rival Jacksonville Jaguars, who themselves started 0–8. Wade Phillips filled in as head coach, but the Texans' poor form did not change, and they finished 2–14, tying, with 2005, their worst record in franchise history. The 14-game losing streak is also the worst in franchise history.

text: The Texans entered the 2014 season with a 14-game losing streak. Former Penn State head coach Bill O'Brien became the Texans' new head coach, and the third in franchise history, during the offseason.[11][12] In 2014, the Texans won three of their first four games, defeating the Redskins in the season opener, the Raiders, and the Bills, losing to the New York Giants. They lost three of their next four games, losing to the Dallas Cowboys, the Indianapolis Colts, and the Pittsburgh Steelers, respectively. The Texans went on to finish 9–7 in the 2014 season and barely missed the playoffs.

text: In the 2015 season, they were featured on HBO, on the show "Hard Knocks". That year, the Texans started with a 2–5 record. Quarterback Ryan Mallett was released amidst controversy regarding his benching in favor of Brian Hoyer during a loss against the Indianapolis Colts.[13] After a poor start, the Texans finished with a 9–7 record and won their third AFC South title. However, they were shut out by the Kansas City Chiefs in the Wild Card round 30–0, ending their championship hopes for the year.

text: On March 9, 2016, the Texans signed former Denver Broncos quarterback Brock Osweiler to a 4-year, $72 million deal.[14] Despite Osweiler's lucrative deal, he struggled significantly during the entire season. After throwing two interceptions in Week 15 against the Jaguars, coach Bill O'Brien benched the offseason acquisition in favor of backup quarterback Tom Savage. Savage led a comeback effort against the Jaguars, and was named the starter for the remainder of the season. The Texans clinched their fourth AFC South division title in six years in Savage's first career start against the Bengals in Week 16. They defeated the wildcard Oakland Raiders 27–14 in the opening round of the playoffs with Osweiler as the starting quarterback due to Savage being out with a concussion.[15] Osweiler started in the Divisional Playoffs game against the New England Patriots, throwing three interceptions in the second half. The Texans lost 34–16.[16]

text: Team identity[edit]

text: Nickname[edit]

text: On March 2, 2000, Houston NFL 2002 announced that the team name search had been narrowed down to five choices: Apollos, Bobcats, Stallions, Texans, and Wildcatters.[17] The list of names was determined after several months of research conducted jointly by Houston NFL 2002 and NFL Properties. An online survey regarding the name generated more than 65,000 responses in just seven days.

text: On September 6, 2000, the NFL's 32nd franchise was officially christened the Houston Texans before thousands at a downtown rally in Houston. McNair explained that the name and logo "embody the pride, strength, independence and achievement that make the people of Houston and our area special."[18] The nickname "Texans" was more recently used by the now-defunct Canadian Football League franchise in San Antonio; the Texans had previously been the name of a former World Football League franchise in Houston, which moved to Louisiana to become the Shreveport Steamer; the Dallas Texans of the NFL which only played in the 1952 season; and the nickname was also used by the precursor of the present-day Kansas City Chiefs, when they were the Dallas Texans of the American Football League (AFL). Owner Bob McNair did have to make a deal with Chiefs' owner Lamar Hunt to use the Texans nickname for his new team.[7]

text: Logo and uniforms[edit]

text: Along with the team name, McNair also unveiled the team logo, an abstract depiction of a bull's head, split in such a way to resemble the flag of Texas and the state of Texas, including a lone star to stand for the eye, the five points of which representing pride, courage, strength, tradition and independence. McNair described the colors as "Deep Steel Blue", "Battle Red" and "Liberty White".[18] A year later the Texans unveiled their uniforms during another downtown rally.[19]

text: The Texans' helmet is dark blue with the Texans bull logo. The helmet was initially white when the team name and logo were unveiled, but was later changed to dark blue. The uniform design consists of red trim and either dark blue or white jerseys. The team typically wears white pants with its blue jerseys and blue pants with its white jerseys. Starting with the 2006 season, the Texans wore all-white for their home opener, and the team began to wear an all-blue combination for home games vs. the Indianapolis Colts. In 2003, the Texans introduced an alternative red jersey with blue trim; they wear this jersey at one home game each year, usually against a division rival. In 2007, the Texans introduced red pants for the first time, pairing them with the red jerseys for an all-red look. (This uniform combination was not well-received and has since been retired). In October 2008 the Texans paired blue socks (instead of the traditional red) with their blue pants and white jerseys. In 2016, the Texans unveiled a new uniform combo against the Jacksonville Jaguars, pairing the red jersey with blue pants and red socks. In 2017, the Texans wear the color rush uniform with all-navy blue.

text: In 2002, the team wore a patch commemorating their inaugural season. Also, they celebrated 10 years as a franchise by wearing an anniversary patch throughout 2012.

text: Mascots and cheerleaders[edit]

text: The team's official mascot is Toro.[20] The team also has a cheerleading squad simply named the Houston Texans Cheerleaders.[21]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Texans are the youngest franchise in the NFL, having only been competing in the NFL since 2002. For most of that time, they were considered perennial bottom-dwellers in the AFC South. For that reason, they have not had the history or the reputation on which to build classic rivalries like the ones that often exist between older franchises.

text: Tennessee Titans[edit]

text: The Tennessee Titans, who were formerly the Houston Oilers before their relocation in the 1990s, are viewed by many Houston fans as the Texans' chief rival.

text: Other AFC South rivalries[edit]

text: The Jacksonville Jaguars and the Indianapolis Colts, whom the Texans had never defeated in Indianapolis until the 2015 season, are the Texans rivals in the AFC South. More recently, Houston has increased bitterness with the Indianapolis Colts due to their young Houston-native quarterback Andrew Luck having been drafted by the Colts in 2012 and the franchise's first ever sweep of the Colts against Luck in 2016.[22]

text: Cincinnati Bengals[edit]

text: The Texans have also developed a somewhat close rivalry with the Cincinnati Bengals, starting in 2011, when young Bengals quarterback and Houston-area native Andy Dalton led the Bengals to the playoffs only to be stopped short by the Texans two years in a row. (In 2011, the Texans had clinched their playoff spot, the first ever for the franchise, with a regular-season victory in Cincinnati. In 2016, they clinched the division with a regular-season victory in Houston.) The two teams have competitive bitter matchups in the regular season too, including the 3-5 Texans' upset road victory over the until-then undefeated Bengals on Monday Night Football on November 16, 2015. After the game, star defensive end J. J. Watt stated in a post-game interview that the Texans defense made the "Red Rifle" (nickname given to Dalton for his signature red hair) look like a "Red Ryder BB Gun." On the Christmas Eve game on Saturday Night, former Texans kicker Randy Bullock (who was cut from the Texans in 2015) was playing in his first game for the Bengals when in 5 seconds left of the game. He kicks the potential game-winning field goal wide right leading the Texans to win 12-10 and win the AFC South and the #4 seed in the playoffs.

text: New Orleans Saints[edit]

text: The Texans also have state border rivalry with the New Orleans Saints, with whom they contest every year (either in the preseason or the regular season). Ever since 2005, following a mass evacuation of New Orleans for Hurricane Katrina's devastation, the rivalry has grown stronger due to many or the New Orleans fans former residents staying in Houston permanently. The teams generally host joint practices against each other during week preceding the pre-season match up as well.

text: Dallas Cowboys[edit]

text: The Texans also have an intrastate rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys, with whom they contest the so-called Governor's Cup every year (either in the preseason or the regular season) for bragging rights in the state of Texas. In 2017, the destruction and flooding caused during Hurricane Harvey a few days before their Week 4 pre-season match up time scheduled caused the game to be relocated to AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. However, out of concern for the safety of the fans and the condition of the player's families & communities, the game was cancelled.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Win–loss record[edit]

text: As of the end of the 2017 season, the Texans' overall regular season win-loss record is 110–146 (.430). The Texans notched the 100th regular season win in their history when they defeated the Tennessee Titans on October 2, 2016. The Texans posted their best-ever season record in 2012, finishing at 12–4. The team's worst-ever seasons on record are 2–14, in both 2005 and 2013. Most recently the Texans finished 4–12 in 2017, finishing third in the AFC South and ending their run of two straight division titles.

text: The Texans are 3–4 (.429) all-time in playoff games. All four of the Texans' playoff berths were as a result of winning the AFC South division championship. The Texans have a 3-1 record all-time in Wild Card Round games but have lost all three games they have played in the Divisional Round. In 2016 this trend continued as the Texans defeated the Oakland Raiders 27-14 in a Wild Card game at home, but then were eliminated by the eventual Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 34-16 in the Divisional Round the following weekend.

text: Notable records vs opponents[edit]

text: As members of the AFC South, the Texans play 6 of their 16 regular season games against other AFC South teams. As of the end of the 2017 season, the Texans have a cumulative record of 41-55 (.427) against their three divisional rivals: 19–13 versus the Jacksonville Jaguars; 15–17 versus the Tennessee Titans; and 7–25 versus the Indianapolis Colts. The Texans have fared slightly better against the rest of the AFC, posting a regular season record of 43-53 (.448) against AFC teams from divisions other than the South, with a 14–17 record against AFC East teams, 16–18 against AFC North teams, and 13–18 against AFC West teams. The Texans are 26–38 (.406) against NFC teams, tallying a 4–12 record against NFC East teams, 8–8 against NFC North teams, 9-7 against NFC South teams, and 5–11 against NFC West teams.[23]

text: As of the end of the 2017 season, there is one team against which the Texans have never lost: the Chicago Bears (4–0). There are also two teams which the Texans have never beaten: the Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and Philadelphia Eagles (0–4). According to the NFL's scheduling formula, the Texans' next regular-season game against the Eagles will be in 2018, and their next regular season games against the Bears and Vikings will occur in 2020.

text: NFL playoffs record[edit]

text: Players of note[edit]

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Houston Texans roster

view
talk
edit

Quarterbacks

 8 Taylor Heinicke
 5 Josh Johnson
 3 Tom Savage
 4 Deshaun Watson
 2 T. J. Yates

Running backs

28 Alfred Blue
38 Andre Ellington
34 Tyler Ervin
27 D'Onta Foreman
26 Lamar Miller
45 Jay Prosch FB
22 Jordan Todman

Wide receivers

12 Bruce Ellington
15 Will Fuller
16 Deanté Gray
17 Cobi Hamilton
10 DeAndre Hopkins
13 Braxton Miller
14 Chris Thompson RS
11 DeAndrew White

Tight ends

89 Stephen Anderson
87 C. J. Fiedorowicz
84 Ryan Griffin
88 Ryan Malleck
85 MyCole Pruitt

Offensive linemen

79 Jeff Allen G
74 Chris Clark T
70 Julién Davenport T
61 Kyle Fuller C
68 Breno Giacomini T
63 Kendall Lamm T
65 Greg Mancz C
66 Nick Martin C
72 Derek Newton T
77 David Quessenberry G
62 Chad Slade G
71 Xavier Su'a-Filo G

Defensive linemen

97 Angelo Blackson DE
96 Chunky Clements NT
95 Christian Covington DE
92 Brandon Dunn NT
69 Matthew Godin DE
93 Joel Heath DE
98 D. J. Reader DE
91 Carlos Watkins DE
99 J. J. Watt DE

Linebackers

90 Jadeveon Clowney OLB
51 Dylan Cole ILB
41 Zach Cunningham ILB
56 Brian Cushing ILB
50 Ben Heeney ILB
44 Jelani Jenkins ILB
94 Ufomba Kamalu OLB
54 LaTroy Lewis OLB
55 Benardrick McKinney ILB
59 Whitney Mercilus OLB
52 Brian Peters ILB
53 Gimel President OLB
57 Brennan Scarlett OLB

Defensive backs

39 Ibraheim Campbell S
31 Treston Decoud CB
23 Kurtis Drummond SS
21 Marcus Gilchrist FS
29 Andre Hal FS
25 Kareem Jackson CB
30 Kevin Johnson CB
24 Johnathan Joseph CB
43 Corey Moore FS
35 Eddie Pleasant SS
40 Marcus Williams CB

Special teams

 7 Ka'imi Fairbairn K
 9 Shane Lechler P
46 Jon Weeks LS

Reserve lists

78 Erik Austell C (Future)
86 Zach Conque TE (Future)
47 Kennan Gilchrist ILB (Future)
67 Marcus Hardison NT (Future)
37 Bryce Jones CB (Future)
33 Troymaine Pope RB (Future)
81 Jevoni Robinson TE (Future)
73 Jake Rodgers OT (Future)
36 Josh Thornton CB (Future)
32 Dee Virgin CB (Future)

Rookies in italics
Roster updated January 4, 2018
Depth chart • Transactions
73 Active, 10 Inactive
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: NFL Draft history[edit]

text: First-round draft picks by year[edit]

text: = Pro Bowler

text: * Asterisk indicates a player who was selected to the Pro Bowl only as a member of another team.

text:
Year
Pick
Player
Position
College

2002
1st overall
David Carr
QB
Fresno State

2003
3rd overall
Andre Johnson
WR
Miami (FL)

2004
10th overall
Dunta Robinson
CB
South Carolina

2004
27th overall (from Tennessee)
Jason Babin*
DE
Western Michigan

2005
16th overall (from New Orleans)
Travis Johnson
DT
Florida State

2006
1st overall
Mario Williams
DE
North Carolina State

2007
10th overall (from Atlanta)
Amobi Okoye
DT
Louisville

2008
26th overall (from Baltimore)
Duane Brown
OT
Virginia Tech

2009
15th overall
Brian Cushing
LB
Southern California

2010
20th overall
Kareem Jackson
CB
Alabama

2011
11th overall
J. J. Watt
DE
Wisconsin

2012
26th overall
Whitney Mercilus
DE
Illinois

2013
27th overall
DeAndre Hopkins
WR
Clemson

2014
1st overall
Jadeveon Clowney
DE
South Carolina

2015
16th overall
Kevin Johnson
CB
Wake Forest

2016
21st overall (from Washington)
Will Fuller
WR
Notre Dame

2017
12th overall (from Cleveland)
Deshaun Watson
QB
Clemson

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Ring of Honor[edit]

text: On November 19, 2017, Andre Johnson was the first-ever inductee into the Texans Ring of Honor.[24]

text:
Number
Player
Position
Seasons Played
Inducted

80
Andre Johnson
WR
2003–2014
2017

text: Coaches of note[edit]

text: Head coaches[edit]

text:
Name
Tenure
Seasons
Record
Division titles

W
L
T

Dom Capers
January 21, 2001–January 2, 2006
4
18
46
0
0

Gary Kubiak
January 26, 2006–December 6, 2013
8
61
64
0
2

Wade Phillips
December 6, 2013–January 1, 2014
Interim
0
4
0
0

Bill O'Brien
January 2, 2014–Present
3
31
33
0
2

text: Offensive coordinators[edit]

text:
Name
Tenure

Chris Palmer
2002–2005

Troy Calhoun
2006

Mike Sherman
2007

Kyle Shanahan
2008–2009

Rick Dennison
2010–2013

Bill O'Brien
2014

George Godsey
2015–2016

Bill O'Brien
2017–present

text: Defensive coordinators[edit]

text:
Name
Tenure

Vic Fangio
2002–2005

Richard Smith
2006–2008

Frank Bush
2009–2010

Wade Phillips
2011–2013

Romeo Crennel
2014–2016

Mike Vrabel
2017–present

text: Current staff[edit]

text:
Houston Texans staff

v
t
e

Front Office

Founder/Chairman/CEO – Bob McNair
Vice Chairman – D. Cal McNair
Executive Vice President of Football Operations – Rick Smith
President – Jamey Rootes
Vice President of Football Administration – Chris Olsen
Vice President of Football Operations – Doug West
Vice President of Player Personnel/Assistant General Manager – Jimmy Raye III
Director of College Scouting – Jon Carr
Director of Pro Personnel – Rob Kisiel
Director of Football Research – Vacant
Assistant Director of College Scouting – Mike Martin
Assistant Director of Pro Personnel – Larry Wright

Head Coaches

Head Coach/Offensive Coordinator – Bill O'Brien
Assistant Head Coach/Defense – Romeo Crennel

Offensive Coaches

Quarterbacks – Sean Ryan
Running Backs – Vacant
Wide Receivers – John Perry
Tight Ends – Tim Kelly
Offensive Line – Mike Devlin
Offensive Assistant/Quarterbacks – Pat O'Hara
Offensive Assistant/Offensive Line – Will Lawing
Offensive/Special Teams assistant – Wes Welker

Defensive Coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Mike Vrabel
Defensive Line – Anthony Weaver
Linebackers – Bobby King
Secondary – Vacant
Assistant Secondary – Anthony Midget
Defensive Assistant – Shane Bowen

Special Teams Coaches

Special Teams Coordinator – Vacant
Assistant Special Teams Coordinator – Vacant

Strength and Conditioning

Head Strength and Conditioning – Vacant
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Ian Jones
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Brian Bell

→ Coaching Staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Traditions[edit]

text:
Battle Red Day – On Battle Red Day the team wears the red alternate jerseys and fans are encouraged to wear red to the game. Starting in 2007 and including 2008, this included the Texans wearing red pants along with the red jerseys.
Bull Pen – The sections behind the north end zone of NRG/Reliant Stadium are known as the Bull Pen. Some of the most avid Texans fans attend games in the Bull Pen and regular members have helped create and implement fan traditions, songs and chants, such as:
-Holding up giant Texans jerseys while the visiting team's players are announced
-Turning their backs on the opposing team after they score
-Gathering as a group for tailgating in the NW corner of the Platinum Lot of Reliant Stadium at the "Blue Crew" tailgate and conducting the Bull Pen Toast every game approximately an hour and a half prior to kickoff
-Walking in the HEB Holiday Parade on Thanksgiving Day
-Visiting the Bull Pen Pub for TORO Wraps, cheerleader autographs and to listen and dance with the Bull Pen Pep Band
Bull Pen Pep Band – 45-member musical group that performs at all Houston Texans home games.
Pre-Kickoff Tradition – Before each kickoff at a home game, the Texans will run a short clip of a raging bull thrashing the opponent of the week. The video is paired with the AC/DC song "Thunderstruck".
Player Introduction – When the players are introduced before the game, the announcer says the player's first name and the crowd yells out the last name (e.g. The announcer will say "Linebacker Brian..." and the crowd will yell out "CUSHING!!!").

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: As of 2007[update], the Texans' flagship radio stations were KILT SportsRadio 610AM and KILT 100.3FM. The AM station has an all-sports format, while the FM station plays contemporary country music. Both are owned by CBS Radio. Marc Vandermeer is the play-by-play announcer. Heisman Trophy winner Andre Ware provides color commentary, and SportsRadio 610 host Rich Lord serves as the sideline reporter. Preseason games are telecast by KTRK, an ABC owned and operated station. Joel Meyers calls the preseason games on TV, with former Oilers running back Spencer Tillman providing color commentary. Regular season games are aired over CBS affiliate KHOU, FOX affiliate KRIV if the Texans host an NFC team, and NBC affiliate KPRC for Sunday night games.

text: Spanish-language radio broadcasts of the team's games are aired on KGOL ESPN Deportes 1180AM. Enrique Vásquez is the play-by-play announcer. José Jojo Padrón provides color commentary, and Fernando Hernández serves as sideline reporter.

text: Radio affiliates[edit]

text: Texans Radio Affiliates

text:
City
Call sign
Frequency

Alpine
KVLF-AM
1240 AM

Amarillo
KIXZ
940 AM

Athens
KLVQ-AM
1410 AM

Austin
KVET-AM
1300 AM

Beaumont
KIKR-AM
1450 AM

Beaumont
KBED-AM
1510 AM

Big Spring
KBYG-AM
1400 AM

Brenham
KWHI-AM
1280 AM

Bryan
KZNE-AM
1150 AM

Carthage
KGAS-AM
1590 AM

College Station
KZNE-AM
1150 AM

Corpus Christi
KSIX-AM
1230 AM

Henderson
KWRD-AM
1470 AM

Houston
KILT-AM
610 AM

Houston
KILT-FM
100.3 FM

Levelland
KLVT-AM
1230 AM

Liberty
KSHN-FM
99.9 FM

Livingston
KETX-FM
92.3 FM

Lubbock
KJDL-FM
105.3 FM

Lufkin
KSML-AM
1260 AM

Marble Falls
KBEY-FM
103.9 FM

Marshall
KMHT-AM
1450 AM

Marshall
KMHT-FM
103.9 FM

McAllen
KBUC-FM
102.1 FM

Nacogdoches
KSML-AM
1260 AM

New Braunfels
KGNB-AM
1420 AM

Orange
KOGT-AM
1600 AM

San Angelo
KKSA-AM
1260 AM

San Antonio
KZDC-AM
1250 AM

San Marcos
KGNB-AM
1420 AM

Tyler
KLVQ-AM
1410 AM

Wichita Falls
KSEY-AM
1230 AM

text: Theme music[edit]

text: Until 2017, the theme song of the Texans was "It's Football Time In Houston" by Clay Walker, played after every Texans touchdown.[25] The Texans tried to introduce a new fight song in 2003 written by Chad Kroeger from Nickelback, but quickly returned to the original after a negative reception by fans. The song was donated by Walker to the city of Houston.[26] As of 2017, the touchdown theme song is "God Blessed Texas" by Little Texas.

text: The Texans' defensive squad takes the field to the sound of "Bulls on Parade" by Rage Against the Machine.[27] The Texans started using the song after former linebacker Connor Barwin coined the nickname in a tweet in 2011.[28]

text: On January 5, 2012, local Houston rap artists Slim Thug, Paul Wall and ZRo released a song titled "HOUSTON" supporting the Houston Texans. The YouTube video has amassed over a million views becoming unofficially the Texans' most popular theme song.

text: "Hats Off to the Bull" by the hard rock band Chevelle has become another popular theme song of the entire team. It is frequently played at home games.

text: Work in the community[edit]

text: Community outreach by the Houston Texans is primarily operated by the Houston Texans Foundation, who works with multiple community partners.[29] The Houston Texans organization is also a supporter of the character education program, Heart of a Champion.[30] In 2017, the 15th annual Houston Texans Charity Golf Classic raised more than $380,000 for the Foundation. More than $27.2 million has been raised for the Foundation since its creation in 2002.[31]


document_title: Union Public Service Commission

question_text: who appoints the chairman and members of upsc

root

text: Union Public Service Commission

text: History[edit]

text: The Royal Commission on the superior Civil Services in India was set up under the chairmanship of Lord Lee of Fareham by the British Government in 1923.[10][8] With equal numbers of Indian and British members, the commission submitted its report in 1924, recommending setting up of a Public Service Commission.[11] The Lee Commission proposed that 40% of future entrants should be British, 40% Indians directly recruited, and 20% Indians promoted from the provincial services.[10][9]

tag: p

text: This led to the establishment of the first Public Service Commission on 1 October 1926 under the chairmanship of Sir Ross Barker.[8] A mere limited advisory function was granted to the Public Service Commission and the leaders of the freedom movement continually stressed on this aspect, which then resulted in the setting up of a Federal Public Service Commission under the Government of India Act, 1935.[8][9]

text: The Federal Public Service Commission became the Union Public Service Commission after independence. It was given a constitutional status with under of Constitution of India on 26 January 1950.[11][9][12]

text: Constitutional status[edit]

text: Articles 315 to 323 of Part XIV of the constitution, titled as Services Under the Union and the States, provide for a Public Service Commission for the Union and for each state.[5][6] Accordingly, as per Art. 315, at Union level, Union Public Service Commission is envisaged by it. UPSC is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom, along with the country’s higher judiciary and lately the Election Commission.[7]

text: Appointment[edit]

text: As per Art. 316, the Chairman and other members of Union Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President. In case the office of the Chairman becomes vacant his duties shall be performed by one of the other members of the Commission as the President may appoint for the purpose.[13]

text: Also, nearly half of the members of the Commission shall be persons who at the dates of their respective appointments have held office for at least ten years either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State. A member of a Union Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier. Under Art 318, the President is empowered to determine number of members of the Commission and their conditions of service. Further, he can make provision with respect to the number of members of the staff of the Commission and their conditions of service too. Also, conditions of service cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.[13]

text: As per Art 319, a person who holds office as Chairman shall, on the expiration of his term of office, be ineligible for re-appointment to that office. But, a member other than the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission, or as the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State. Also, the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission.[13]

text: Removal and suspension[edit]

text: As per Art. 317, the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of "misbehaviour" after the Supreme Court, on reference being made to it by the President, has, on inquiry reported that the Chairman or such other member ought to be removed. The President may suspend the Chairman or other member of the Commission until report of the Supreme Court is received.[13]

text: The President may also remove the Chairman or any other member of the commission if he/she:

text:
is adjudged an insolvent; or
engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office; or
is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body.

tag: ul

text: If the Chairman or any other member cannot hold an office of profit or otherwise he shall be deemed to be guilty of misbehaviour.[13]

text: Functions[edit]

text: As per Art. 320, it shall be the duty of the Union Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union. It shall also assist two or more States, if requested so, in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services.[13]

text: The Union Public Service Commission shall be consulted:

text:
on all matters relating to
methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts
making appointments to civil services and posts
making promotions and transfers from one service to another
the suitability of candidates for such appointments, promotions or transfers
on all disciplinary matters against a civil servant serving in a civil capacity, including memorials or petitions relating to such matters.
on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served in a civil capacity, that any costs incurred by him in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving in a civil capacity, and any question as to the amount of such award.

text: It shall be the duty of a Union Public Service Commission to advise on any matter referred to them; provided that the President has not made any regulations specifying the matters in which it shall not be necessary for Union Public Service Commission to be consulted.[13]

text: Expenses[edit]

text: As per Art. 322, the expenses of the Union Public Service Commission, including any salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the members or staff of the Commission, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.[13]

text: Extension of functions[edit]

text: As per Art. 321, an Act made by Parliament may provide for the exercise of additional functions by the Union Public Service Commission w.r.t. services of the Union.[13]

text: Reporting[edit]

text: As per Art. 323, it shall be the duty of the Union Commission to annually present a report to the President of the work done by the Commission. On receipt of such report, the President shall present a copy before each House of Parliament; together with a memorandum, if any, explaining the reasons where the advice of the Commission was not accepted by him.[13]

text: Organisational structure[edit]

text: The Commission consists of a chairman and other members appointed by The President of India. Usually, the Commission consists of 9 to 11 members including the chairman.[14] Every member holds office for a term of six years or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier.

text: The terms and conditions of service of chairman and members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations, 1969.[15]

text: The chairman and any other member of the Commission can submit his resignation at any time to the President of India. He may be removed from his office by the President of India on the ground of misbehaviour (only if an inquiry of such misbehaviour is made and upheld by Supreme Court) or if he is adjudged insolvent, or engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office, or in the opinion of the President unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body.

text: Secretariat[edit]

text: The Commission is serviced by a Secretariat headed by a Secretary with four Additional Secretaries, a number of Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries and other supporting staff.[16] The secretariat, for administrative purpose, is further divided into divisions, each undertaking a specific responsibility:[17]

text:
Administration: Administers the Secretariat as well as looks after personal matters of Chairman/Members and other Officers/Staff of the Commission.[18]
All India Services: Recruitment to All India Services is done either by direct recruitment (through Competitive Examinations) or by promotion from the State Service. The AIS Branch handles the promotions of State Service officers to the IAS, IPS and IFS. It also handles policy matters relating to All India Services and amendments in the 'Promotion Regulations' of respective services.[19]
Appointments: It carry out appointments to central services based on Promotion(based on proposals from various Ministries/Departments/Union Territories and from certain local bodies) and by the means of Deputation and Absorption.[20]
Examination: It carries out merit-based selection and recommendation of candidates, through various examinations, to Group A and Group B Services of the Government of India.[21]
General: Primarily deals with day-to-day housekeeping works for Commission, like, arrangements and facilitation for conduction of Examinations by the UPSC, printing Annual Report etc.[22]
Recruitment: This branch carries out Direct Recruitment(out of the 3 possible mechanisms of : 'direct recruitment', 'recruitment by promotion' and 'recruitment by transfer and permanent absorption') by selection to all Group `A’ and certain Group `B’ posts of the services of the Union (including some Union Territories). These recruitment are done either by selection(interview) or through competitive examination.[23]
Recruitment Rules: The Commission is mandated under Art. 320 of the Constitution of India, read along the UPSC (Exemption from Consultation) Regulations, 1958, to advise on framing and amending of Recruitment and Service Rules for various Group A and Group B posts in the Government of India, and certain autonomous organizations like EPFO, ESIC, DJB, NDMC & Municipal Corporations(s) of Delhi. This Branch carries out this responsibility by facilitating the Ministries / Departments / UT Administrations / Autonomous Organisations in this regard.[24]
Services I: Handles disciplinary cases received from various Ministries/Departments and State Governments for advice of the Commission, as required under Article 320 (3)(c).
Services II: Handles all other cases that 'Services I' branch doesn't. It compiles the Annual Report. Also, it coordinates visits of foreign delegations, correspondence with foreign countries and hosting of international events concerning Public Service Commissions, including the SAARC Member States.

text: Present members[edit]

text: The commission has 8 members including the Chairman, who are:[25]

text:
Arvind Saxena (Chairman)
Prof. Dr. Pradeep Kumar Joshi
Bhim Sain Bassi
Air Marshal A. S. Bhonsle (Retd.)
Sujata Mehta
Dr. Manoj Soni[2]
Smita Nagaraj[3]
M. Sathiyavathy[1]

text: List of all chairman[edit]

text: Following is the list of Chairmen of UPSC:[26]

text:
List of UPSC Chairmen (since inception)
hide

Chairman

Term

Background

From

To

Sir Ross Barker
October 1926

August 1932

Sir David Petrie
August 1932

1936

Sir Eyre Gorden
1937

1942

Sir F. W. Robertson
1942

1947

H. K. Kripalani
April 1947

January 1949

R. N. Banerjee
January 1949

May 1955

N. Govindarajan
May 1955

December 1955

V. S. Hejmadi
December 1955

December 1961

B. N. Jha
December 1961

February 1967

K. R. Damle
April 1967

March 1971

R.C.S. Sarkar
May 1971

February 1973
Academician, West Bengal Civil Services Officer

A. R. Kidwai
February 1973

February 1979

M. L. Shahare
February 1979

February 1985

H. K. L. Capoor
February 1985

March 1990

J. P. Gupta
March 1990

June 1992

R. M. Bathew (Kharbuli)
September 1992

August 1996

S. J. S. Chhatwal
August 1996

September 1996

J. M. Qureshi
September 1996

December 1998

Lt. Gen. Surinder Nath
December 1998

June 2002

P. C. Hota
June 2002

September 2003

Mata Prasad
September 2003

January 2005
Indian Administrative Service of 1962 Batch

S. R. Hashim
January 2005

April 2006

D. P. Agrawal
August 2008

August 2014
Academician

Rajni Razdan
August 2014[27]

November 2014
Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1973 Batch, Haryana cadre[28]

Deepak Gupta
November 2014

September 2016
Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1974 Batch, Jharkhand cadre[29][30]

Alka Sirohi
September 21, 2016

January 3, 2017
Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1974 Batch,[31] Madhya Pradesh cadre[32]

David R. Syiemlieh
January 4, 2017

January 21, 2018
Academician[33] and former Vice-Chancellor of the Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar[34]

Vinay Mittal
January 22, 2018

June 19, 2018
Former Chairman of the Railway Board and Indian Railway Traffic Service Officer of 1975 Batch[35]

Arvind Saxena
June 20, 2018

till date
Indian Postal Service Officer of 1978 Batch and an Officer of the Research and Analysis Wing[36]
References[edit]

^ Jump up to: a b https://web.archive.org/web/20180621075148/http://upsc.gov.in/about-us/commission

^ Jump up to: a b http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=166927

^ Jump up to: a b http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174018

Jump up ^ "UPSC | Functions". www.upsc.gov.in.

^ Jump up to: a b "Constitutional Provisions". www.upsc.gov.in.

^ Jump up to: a b "PART XIV: SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES" (PDF). lawmin.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2011.

^ Jump up to: a b J. S. Verma (11 April 2009). "Incredible CBI". Indian Express. Retrieved July 3, 2016.

^ Jump up to: a b c d "Civil Administration and legal foundation". vle.du.ac.in. Retrieved 2017-06-23.

^ Jump up to: a b c d "Historical Perspective". www.upsc.gov.in.

^ Jump up to: a b "Lee Commission | Indian history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-06-23.

^ Jump up to: a b "Citizen's Charter of UPSC". www.upsc.gov.in.

Jump up ^ "Union Public Service Commission (U.P.S.C) - History, Functions, Powers - Important India". Important India. 2013-08-20. Retrieved 2017-06-23.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Constitution of India" (PDF). Government of India. November 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2017.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Jump up ^ "The members of the Union Public Service Commission". UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION. 2017.

Jump up ^ "Notification_39019_05_96_Estt(B)" (PDF). document.ccis.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-15.

Jump up ^ "Secretariat". www.upsc.gov.in.

Jump up ^ "UPSC Divisions". www.upsc.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-06-25.

Jump up ^ "Administration Division Introduction". www.upsc.gov.in.

Jump up ^ "All India Service Branch Introduction". www.upsc.gov.in.

Jump up ^ "Appointments: Introduction". www.upsc.gov.in.

Jump up ^ "Examinations : Introduction". www.upsc.gov.in.

Jump up ^ "General : Introduction". www.upsc.gov.in.

Jump up ^ "Recruitment : Introduction". www.upsc.gov.in.

Jump up ^ "Recruitment Rules: Introduction". www.upsc.gov.in.

Jump up ^ [1]

Jump up ^ "List of Former Chairmen and Members of the Commission - upsc". U.P.S.C. Retrieved 7 October 2016.

Jump up ^ "Rajni Razdan to take oath as UPSC Chairman on August 16". The Hindu. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2016.

Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108838

Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/deepak-gupta-made-upsc-chairman/

Jump up ^ http://www.babusofindia.com/2011/10/no-full-fledged-secretaries-for-i-and-b.html

Jump up ^ http://www.babusofindia.com/2010/11/alka-sirohi-1974-batch-madhya-pradesh.html

Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/A-Madhya-Pradesh-cadre-IAS-officer-Alka-Sirohi-assumes-office-as-Member-Union-Public-Service-Commission-UPSC-Before-taking-over-her-new-charge-Sirohi-officer-of-1974-batch-served-as-Secretary-Department-of-Personnel-Training-ministry-of-personnel-/articleshow/11364725.cms

Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/04/academician-david-r-syiemlieh-appointed-interim-upsc-chairman-1556038.html

Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Aapsu-upset-over-Rajiv-Gandhi-University-vice-chancellor-departure/articleshow/14507992.cms

Jump up ^ http://www.babusofindia.com/2013/08/know-your-upsc-member-and-ex-railway.html

Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180621075352/http://upsc.gov.in/about-us/commission/sh-arvind-saxena

tag: table

text: Union Public Service Commission

text: Use Indian English from August 2015All Wikipedia articles written in Indian EnglishUse dmy dates from January 2016Articles containing Hindi-language textCoordinates on Wikidata


document_title: Gas

question_text: what theory is used to explain the behavior of particles in gases

text: Gas

text: Elemental gases[edit]

text: The only chemical elements that are stable diatomic homonuclear molecules at STP are hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and two halogens: fluorine (F2) and chlorine (Cl2). When grouped together with the monatomic noble gases – helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn) – these gases are called "elemental gases". Alternatively, they are sometimes known as "molecular gases" to distinguish them from molecules that are also chemical compounds.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word gas was first used by the early 17th-century Flemish chemist J.B. van Helmont.[4] Van Helmont's word appears to have been simply a phonetic transcription of the Greek word χάος Chaos – the g in Dutch being pronounced like ch in "loch" – in which case Van Helmont was simply following the established alchemical usage first attested in the works of Paracelsus. According to Paracelsus's terminology, chaos meant something like "ultra-rarefied water".[5]

text: An alternative story[6] is that Van Helmont's word is corrupted from gahst (or geist), signifying a ghost or spirit. This was because certain gases suggested a supernatural origin, such as from their ability to cause death, extinguish flames, and to occur in "mines, bottom of wells, churchyards and other lonely places".

text: Physical characteristics[edit]

text: Because most gases are difficult to observe directly, they are described through the use of four physical properties or macroscopic characteristics: pressure, volume, number of particles (chemists group them by moles) and temperature. These four characteristics were repeatedly observed by scientists such as Robert Boyle, Jacques Charles, John Dalton, Joseph Gay-Lussac and Amedeo Avogadro for a variety of gases in various settings. Their detailed studies ultimately led to a mathematical relationship among these properties expressed by the ideal gas law (see simplified models section below).

text: Gas particles are widely separated from one another, and consequently, have weaker intermolecular bonds than liquids or solids. These intermolecular forces result from electrostatic interactions between gas particles. Like-charged areas of different gas particles repel, while oppositely charged regions of different gas particles attract one another; gases that contain permanently charged ions are known as plasmas. Gaseous compounds with polar covalent bonds contain permanent charge imbalances and so experience relatively strong intermolecular forces, although the molecule while the compound's net charge remains neutral. Transient, randomly induced charges exist across non-polar covalent bonds of molecules and electrostatic interactions caused by them are referred to as Van der Waals forces. The interaction of these intermolecular forces varies within a substance which determines many of the physical properties unique to each gas.[7][8] A comparison of boiling points for compounds formed by ionic and covalent bonds leads us to this conclusion.[9] The drifting smoke particles in the image provides some insight into low-pressure gas behavior.

text: Compared to the other states of matter, gases have low density and viscosity. Pressure and temperature influence the particles within a certain volume. This variation in particle separation and speed is referred to as compressibility. This particle separation and size influences optical properties of gases as can be found in the following list of refractive indices. Finally, gas particles spread apart or diffuse in order to homogeneously distribute themselves throughout any container.

text: Macroscopic[edit]

text: When observing a gas, it is typical to specify a frame of reference or length scale. A larger length scale corresponds to a macroscopic or global point of view of the gas. This region (referred to as a volume) must be sufficient in size to contain a large sampling of gas particles. The resulting statistical analysis of this sample size produces the "average" behavior (i.e. velocity, temperature or pressure) of all the gas particles within the region. In contrast, a smaller length scale corresponds to a microscopic or particle point of view.

text: Macroscopically, the gas characteristics measured are either in terms of the gas particles themselves (velocity, pressure, or temperature) or their surroundings (volume). For example, Robert Boyle studied pneumatic chemistry for a small portion of his career. One of his experiments related the macroscopic properties of pressure and volume of a gas. His experiment used a J-tube manometer which looks like a test tube in the shape of the letter J. Boyle trapped an inert gas in the closed end of the test tube with a column of mercury, thereby making the number of particles and the temperature constant. He observed that when the pressure was increased in the gas, by adding more mercury to the column, the trapped gas' volume decreased (this is known as an inverse relationship). Furthermore, when Boyle multiplied the pressure and volume of each observation, the product was constant. This relationship held for every gas that Boyle observed leading to the law, (PV=k), named to honor his work in this field.

text: There are many mathematical tools available for analyzing gas properties. As gases are subjected to extreme conditions, these tools become a bit more complex, from the Euler equations for inviscid flow to the Navier–Stokes equations[10] that fully account for viscous effects. These equations are adapted to the conditions of the gas system in question. Boyle's lab equipment allowed the use of algebra to obtain his analytical results. His results were possible because he was studying gases in relatively low pressure situations where they behaved in an "ideal" manner. These ideal relationships apply to safety calculations for a variety of flight conditions on the materials in use. The high technology equipment in use today was designed to help us safely explore the more exotic operating environments where the gases no longer behave in an "ideal" manner. This advanced math, including statistics and multivariable calculus, makes possible the solution to such complex dynamic situations as space vehicle reentry. An example is the analysis of the space shuttle reentry pictured to ensure the material properties under this loading condition are appropriate. In this flight regime, the gas is no longer behaving ideally.

text: Pressure[edit]

text: The symbol used to represent pressure in equations is "p" or "P" with SI units of pascals.

text: When describing a container of gas, the term pressure (or absolute pressure) refers to the average force per unit area that the gas exerts on the surface of the container. Within this volume, it is sometimes easier to visualize the gas particles moving in straight lines until they collide with the container (see diagram at top of the article). The force imparted by a gas particle into the container during this collision is the change in momentum of the particle.[11] During a collision only the normal component of velocity changes. A particle traveling parallel to the wall does not change its momentum. Therefore, the average force on a surface must be the average change in linear momentum from all of these gas particle collisions.

text: Pressure is the sum of all the normal components of force exerted by the particles impacting the walls of the container divided by the surface area of the wall.

text: Temperature[edit]

text: The symbol used to represent temperature in equations is T with SI units of kelvins.

text: The speed of a gas particle is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of the balloon in the video shrinks when the trapped gas particles slow down with the addition of extremely cold nitrogen. The temperature of any physical system is related to the motions of the particles (molecules and atoms) which make up the [gas] system.[12] In statistical mechanics, temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy stored in a particle. The methods of storing this energy are dictated by the degrees of freedom of the particle itself (energy modes). Kinetic energy added (endothermic process) to gas particles by way of collisions produces linear, rotational, and vibrational motion. In contrast, a molecule in a solid can only increase its vibrational modes with the addition of heat as the lattice crystal structure prevents both linear and rotational motions. These heated gas molecules have a greater speed range which constantly varies due to constant collisions with other particles. The speed range can be described by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. Use of this distribution implies ideal gases near thermodynamic equilibrium for the system of particles being considered.

text: Specific volume[edit]

text: The symbol used to represent specific volume in equations is "v" with SI units of cubic meters per kilogram.

text: The symbol used to represent volume in equations is "V" with SI units of cubic meters.

text: When performing a thermodynamic analysis, it is typical to speak of intensive and extensive properties. Properties which depend on the amount of gas (either by mass or volume) are called extensive properties, while properties that do not depend on the amount of gas are called intensive properties. Specific volume is an example of an intensive property because it is the ratio of volume occupied by a unit of mass of a gas that is identical throughout a system at equilibrium.[13] 1000 atoms a gas occupy the same space as any other 1000 atoms for any given temperature and pressure. This concept is easier to visualize for solids such as iron which are incompressible compared to gases. Since a gas fills any container in which it is placed, volume is an extensive property.

text: Density[edit]

text: The symbol used to represent density in equations is ρ (rho) with SI units of kilograms per cubic meter. This term is the reciprocal of specific volume.

text: Since gas molecules can move freely within a container, their mass is normally characterized by density. Density is the amount of mass per unit volume of a substance, or the inverse of specific volume. For gases, the density can vary over a wide range because the particles are free to move closer together when constrained by pressure or volume. This variation of density is referred to as compressibility. Like pressure and temperature, density is a state variable of a gas and the change in density during any process is governed by the laws of thermodynamics. For a static gas, the density is the same throughout the entire container. Density is therefore a scalar quantity. It can be shown by kinetic theory that the density is inversely proportional to the size of the container in which a fixed mass of gas is confined. In this case of a fixed mass, the density decreases as the volume increases.

text: Microscopic[edit]

text: If one could observe a gas under a powerful microscope, one would see a collection of particles (molecules, atoms, ions, electrons, etc.) without any definite shape or volume that are in more or less random motion. These neutral gas particles only change direction when they collide with another particle or with the sides of the container. In an ideal gas, these collisions are perfectly elastic. This particle or microscopic view of a gas is described by the Kinetic-molecular theory. The assumptions behind this theory can be found in the postulates section of Kinetic Theory.

text: Kinetic theory[edit]

text: Kinetic theory provides insight into the macroscopic properties of gases by considering their molecular composition and motion. Starting with the definitions of momentum and kinetic energy,[14] one can use the conservation of momentum and geometric relationships of a cube to relate macroscopic system properties of temperature and pressure to the microscopic property of kinetic energy per molecule. The theory provides averaged values for these two properties.

text: The theory also explains how the gas system responds to change. For example, as a gas is heated from absolute zero, when it is (in theory) perfectly still, its internal energy (temperature) is increased. As a gas is heated, the particles speed up and its temperature rises. This results in greater numbers of collisions with the container per unit time due to the higher particle speeds associated with elevated temperatures. The pressure increases in proportion to the number of collisions per unit time.

text: Brownian motion[edit]

text: Brownian motion is the mathematical model used to describe the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid. The gas particle animation, using pink and green particles, illustrates how this behavior results in the spreading out of gases (entropy). These events are also described by particle theory.

text: Since it is at the limit of (or beyond) current technology to observe individual gas particles (atoms or molecules), only theoretical calculations give suggestions about how they move, but their motion is different from Brownian motion because Brownian motion involves a smooth drag due to the frictional force of many gas molecules, punctuated by violent collisions of an individual (or several) gas molecule(s) with the particle. The particle (generally consisting of millions or billions of atoms) thus moves in a jagged course, yet not so jagged as would be expected if an individual gas molecule were examined.

text: Intermolecular forces[edit]

text: As discussed earlier, momentary attractions (or repulsions) between particles have an effect on gas dynamics. In physical chemistry, the name given to these intermolecular forces is van der Waals force. These forces play a key role in determining physical properties of a gas such as viscosity and flow rate (see physical characteristics section). Ignoring these forces in certain conditions (see Kinetic-molecular theory) allows a real gas to be treated like an ideal gas. This assumption allows the use of ideal gas laws which greatly simplifies calculations.

text: Proper use of these gas relationships requires the Kinetic-molecular theory (KMT). When gas particles possess a magnetic charge or Intermolecular force they gradually influence one another as the spacing between them is reduced (the hydrogen bond model illustrates one example). In the absence of any charge, at some point when the spacing between gas particles is greatly reduced they can no longer avoid collisions between themselves at normal gas temperatures. Another case for increased collisions among gas particles would include a fixed volume of gas, which upon heating would contain very fast particles. This means that these ideal equations provide reasonable results except for extremely high pressure (compressible) or high temperature (ionized) conditions. Notice that all of these excepted conditions allow energy transfer to take place within the gas system. The absence of these internal transfers is what is referred to as ideal conditions in which the energy exchange occurs only at the boundaries of the system. Real gases experience some of these collisions and intermolecular forces. When these collisions are statistically negligible (incompressible), results from these ideal equations are still meaningful. If the gas particles are compressed into close proximity they behave more like a liquid (see fluid dynamics).

text: Simplified models[edit]

text: An equation of state (for gases) is a mathematical model used to roughly describe or predict the state properties of a gas. At present, there is no single equation of state that accurately predicts the properties of all gases under all conditions. Therefore, a number of much more accurate equations of state have been developed for gases in specific temperature and pressure ranges. The "gas models" that are most widely discussed are "perfect gas", "ideal gas" and "real gas". Each of these models has its own set of assumptions to facilitate the analysis of a given thermodynamic system.[15] Each successive model expands the temperature range of coverage to which it applies.

text: Ideal and perfect gas models[edit]

text: The equation of state for an ideal or perfect gas is the ideal gas law and reads

text: where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is amount of gas (in mol units), R is the universal gas constant, 8.314 J/(mol K), and T is the temperature. Written this way, it is sometimes called the "chemist's version", since it emphasizes the number of molecules n. It can also be written as

text:
where

R

s

{\displaystyle R_{s}}

 is the specific gas constant for a particular gas, in units J/(kg K), and ρ = m/V is density. This notation is the "gas dynamicist's" version, which is more practical in modeling of gas flows involving acceleration without chemical reactions.

text: The ideal gas law does not make an assumption about the specific heat of a gas. In the most general case, the specific heat is a function of both temperature and pressure. If the pressure-dependence is neglected (and possibly the temperature-dependence as well) in a particular application, sometimes the gas is said to be a perfect gas, although the exact assumptions may vary depending on the author and/or field of science.

text: For an ideal gas, the ideal gas law applies without restrictions on the specific heat. An ideal gas is a simplified "real gas" with the assumption that the compressibility factor Z is set to 1 meaning that this pneumatic ratio remains constant. A compressibility factor of one also requires the four state variables to follow the ideal gas law.

text: This approximation is more suitable for applications in engineering although simpler models can be used to produce a "ball-park" range as to where the real solution should lie. An example where the "ideal gas approximation" would be suitable would be inside a combustion chamber of a jet engine.[16] It may also be useful to keep the elementary reactions and chemical dissociations for calculating emissions.

text: Real gas[edit]

text: Each one of the assumptions listed below adds to the complexity of the problem's solution. As the density of a gas increases with rising pressure, the intermolecular forces play a more substantial role in gas behavior which results in the ideal gas law no longer providing "reasonable" results. At the upper end of the engine temperature ranges (e.g. combustor sections – 1300 K), the complex fuel particles absorb internal energy by means of rotations and vibrations that cause their specific heats to vary from those of diatomic molecules and noble gases. At more than double that temperature, electronic excitation and dissociation of the gas particles begins to occur causing the pressure to adjust to a greater number of particles (transition from gas to plasma).[17] Finally, all of the thermodynamic processes were presumed to describe uniform gases whose velocities varied according to a fixed distribution. Using a non-equilibrium situation implies the flow field must be characterized in some manner to enable a solution. One of the first attempts to expand the boundaries of the ideal gas law was to include coverage for different thermodynamic processes by adjusting the equation to read pVn = constant and then varying the n through different values such as the specific heat ratio, γ.

text: Real gas effects include those adjustments made to account for a greater range of gas behavior:

text:
Compressibility effects (Z allowed to vary from 1.0)
Variable heat capacity (specific heats vary with temperature)
Van der Waals forces (related to compressibility, can substitute other equations of state)
Non-equilibrium thermodynamic effects
Issues with molecular dissociation and elementary reactions with variable composition.

text: For most applications, such a detailed analysis is excessive. Examples where "Real Gas effects" would have a significant impact would be on the Space Shuttle re-entry where extremely high temperatures and pressures are present or the gases produced during geological events as in the image of the 1990 eruption of Mount Redoubt.

text: Historical synthesis[edit]

text: Boyle's law[edit]

text: Boyle's Law was perhaps the first expression of an equation of state. In 1662 Robert Boyle performed a series of experiments employing a J-shaped glass tube, which was sealed on one end. Mercury was added to the tube, trapping a fixed quantity of air in the short, sealed end of the tube. Then the volume of gas was carefully measured as additional mercury was added to the tube. The pressure of the gas could be determined by the difference between the mercury level in the short end of the tube and that in the long, open end. The image of Boyle's Equipment shows some of the exotic tools used by Boyle during his study of gases.

text: Through these experiments, Boyle noted that the pressure exerted by a gas held at a constant temperature varies inversely with the volume of the gas.[18] For example, if the volume is halved, the pressure is doubled; and if the volume is doubled, the pressure is halved. Given the inverse relationship between pressure and volume, the product of pressure (P) and volume (V) is a constant (k) for a given mass of confined gas as long as the temperature is constant. Stated as a formula, thus is:

text: Because the before and after volumes and pressures of the fixed amount of gas, where the before and after temperatures are the same both equal the constant k, they can be related by the equation:

text:
P

1

V

1

=

P

2

V

2

.

{\displaystyle \qquad P_{1}V_{1}=P_{2}V_{2}.}

text: Charles's law[edit]

text: In 1787, the French physicist and balloon pioneer, Jacques Charles, found that oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and air expand to the same extent over the same 80 kelvin interval. He noted that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to its temperature:

text: Gay-Lussac's Law[edit]

text: In 1802, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac published results of similar, though more extensive experiments.[19] Gay-Lussac credited Charle's earlier work by naming the law in his honor. Gay-Lussac himself is credited with the law describing pressure, which he found in 1809. It states that the pressure exerted on a container's sides by an ideal gas is proportional to its temperature.

text: Avogadro's law[edit]

text: In 1811, Amedeo Avogadro verified that equal volumes of pure gases contain the same number of particles. His theory was not generally accepted until 1858 when another Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro was able to explain non-ideal exceptions. For his work with gases a century prior, the number that bears his name Avogadro's constant represents the number of atoms found in 12 grams of elemental carbon-12 (6.022×1023 mol−1). This specific number of gas particles, at standard temperature and pressure (ideal gas law) occupies 22.40 liters, which is referred to as the molar volume.

text: Avogadro's law states that the volume occupied by an ideal gas is proportional to the number of moles (or molecules) present in the container. This gives rise to the molar volume of a gas, which at STP is 22.4 dm3 (or litres). The relation is given by

text: where n is equal to the number of moles of gas (the number of molecules divided by Avogadro's Number).

text: Dalton's law[edit]

text: In 1801, John Dalton published the Law of Partial Pressures from his work with ideal gas law relationship: The pressure of a mixture of non reactive gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all of the constituent gases alone. Mathematically, this can be represented for n species as:

text: The image of Dalton's journal depicts symbology he used as shorthand to record the path he followed. Among his key journal observations upon mixing unreactive "elastic fluids" (gases) were the following:[20]

text:
Unlike liquids, heavier gases did not drift to the bottom upon mixing.
Gas particle identity played no role in determining final pressure (they behaved as if their size was negligible).

text: Special topics[edit]

text: Compressibility[edit]

text: Thermodynamicists use this factor (Z) to alter the ideal gas equation to account for compressibility effects of real gases. This factor represents the ratio of actual to ideal specific volumes. It is sometimes referred to as a "fudge-factor" or correction to expand the useful range of the ideal gas law for design purposes. Usually this Z value is very close to unity. The compressibility factor image illustrates how Z varies over a range of very cold temperatures.

text: Reynolds number[edit]

text: In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces (vsρ) to viscous forces (μ/L). It is one of the most important dimensionless numbers in fluid dynamics and is used, usually along with other dimensionless numbers, to provide a criterion for determining dynamic similitude. As such, the Reynolds number provides the link between modeling results (design) and the full-scale actual conditions. It can also be used to characterize the flow.

text: Viscosity[edit]

text: Viscosity, a physical property, is a measure of how well adjacent molecules stick to one another. A solid can withstand a shearing force due to the strength of these sticky intermolecular forces. A fluid will continuously deform when subjected to a similar load. While a gas has a lower value of viscosity than a liquid, it is still an observable property. If gases had no viscosity, then they would not stick to the surface of a wing and form a boundary layer. A study of the delta wing in the Schlieren image reveals that the gas particles stick to one another (see Boundary layer section).

text: Turbulence[edit]

text: In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. The Satellite view of weather around Robinson Crusoe Islands illustrates just one example.

text: Boundary layer[edit]

text: Particles will, in effect, "stick" to the surface of an object moving through it. This layer of particles is called the boundary layer. At the surface of the object, it is essentially static due to the friction of the surface. The object, with its boundary layer is effectively the new shape of the object that the rest of the molecules "see" as the object approaches. This boundary layer can separate from the surface, essentially creating a new surface and completely changing the flow path. The classical example of this is a stalling airfoil. The delta wing image clearly shows the boundary layer thickening as the gas flows from right to left along the leading edge.

text: Maximum entropy principle[edit]

text: As the total number of degrees of freedom approaches infinity, the system will be found in the macrostate that corresponds to the highest multiplicity. In order to illustrate this principle, observe the skin temperature of a frozen metal bar. Using a thermal image of the skin temperature, note the temperature distribution on the surface. This initial observation of temperature represents a "microstate". At some future time, a second observation of the skin temperature produces a second microstate. By continuing this observation process, it is possible to produce a series of microstates that illustrate the thermal history of the bar's surface. Characterization of this historical series of microstates is possible by choosing the macrostate that successfully classifies them all into a single grouping.

text: Thermodynamic equilibrium[edit]

text: When energy transfer ceases from a system, this condition is referred to as thermodynamic equilibrium. Usually this condition implies the system and surroundings are at the same temperature so that heat no longer transfers between them. It also implies that external forces are balanced (volume does not change), and all chemical reactions within the system are complete. The timeline varies for these events depending on the system in question. A container of ice allowed to melt at room temperature takes hours, while in semiconductors the heat transfer that occurs in the device transition from an on to off state could be on the order of a few nanoseconds.


document_title: List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games

question_text: who won the most gold medals in one olympic games

text: List of most medals won at a single Olympic Games[edit]

text: This is a list of most Olympic medals won at a single Olympic Games. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. Only Olympians with four or more medals at one Games are included.

text:
Athlete

Nation

Sport

Year

Games

Sex

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

Michael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2008
Summer
M
8
-
-
8

Michael Phelps (2)
 United States
Swimming
2004
Summer
M
6
-
2
8

Alexander Dityatin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1980
Summer
M
3
4
1
8

Mark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1972
Summer
M
7
-
-
7

Matt Biondi
 United States
Swimming
1988
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Willis A. Lee
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Boris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1960
Summer
M
4
2
1
7

Nikolay Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976
Summer
M
4
2
1
7

Lloyd Spooner
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
4
1
2
7

Maria Gorokhovskaya
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952
Summer
F
2
5
-
7

Mikhail Voronin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968
Summer
M
2
4
1
7

Vitaly  Scherbo
 Unified Team
Gymnastics
1992
Summer
M
6
-
-
6

Kristin Otto
 East Germany
Swimming
1988
Summer
F
6
-
-
6

Anton Heida
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
5
1
-
6

Michael Phelps (3)
 United States
Swimming
2016
Summer
M
5
1
-
6

Michael Phelps (4)
 United States
Swimming
2012
Summer
M
4
2
-
6

Ville Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924
Summer
M
4
2
-
6

Viktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956
Summer
M
4
2
-
6

Věra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1968
Summer
F
4
2
-
6

Ágnes Keleti (2)
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1956
Summer
F
4
2
-
6

Hubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1920
Summer
M
4
2
-
6

Larisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Li Ning
 China
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Larisa Latynina (2)
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1960
Summer
F
3
2
1
6

Daniela Silivas
 Romania
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
F
3
2
1
6

George Eyser
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Hermann Weingärtner
 Germany
Gymnastics
1896
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Takashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1960
Summer
M
3
1
2
6

Konrad Frey
 Germany
Gymnastics
1936
Summer
M
3
1
2
6

Burton Downing
 United States
Cycling
1904
Summer
M
2
3
1
6

Larisa Latynina (3)
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1964
Summer
F
2
2
2
6

Alexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996
Summer
M
2
1
3
6

Alexei Nemov (2)
 Russia
Gymnastics
2000
Summer
M
2
1
3
6

Natalie Coughlin
 United States
Swimming
2008
Summer
F
1
2
3
6

Margit Korondi
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952
Summer
F
1
1
4
6

Nedo Nadi
 Italy
Fencing
1920
Summer
M
5
-
-
5

Paavo Nurmi (2)
 Finland
Athletics
1924
Summer
M
5
-
-
5

Eric Heiden
 United States
Speed skating
1980
Winter
M
5
-
-
5

John Naber
 United States
Swimming
1976
Summer
M
4
1
-
5

Kornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1976
Summer
F
4
1
-
5

Ecaterina Szabo
 Romania
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
F
4
1
-
5

Vladimir Artemov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
M
4
1
-
5

Katie  Ledecky
 United States
Swimming
2016
Summer
F
4
1
-
5

Marcus Hurley
 United States
Cycling
1904
Summer
M
4
-
1
5

Missy Franklin
 United States
Swimming
2012
Summer
F
4
-
1
5

Simone Biles
 United States
Gymnastics
2016
Summer
F
4
-
1
5

Vilhelm Carlberg
 Sweden
Shooting
1912
Summer
M
3
2
-
5

Roger Ducret
 France
Fencing
1924
Summer
M
3
2
-
5

Ian Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000
Summer
M
3
2
-
5

Lyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1992
Winter
F
3
2
-
5

George Eyser (2)
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Charles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Clas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924
Winter
M
3
1
1
5

Shane Gould
 Australia
Swimming
1972
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Nadia Comaneci (2)
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Larisa Lazutina
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1998
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

Marit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2010
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

Allison Schmitt
 United States
Swimming
2012
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Ireen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2014
Winter
F
2
3
-
5

Ryan  Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2012
Summer
M
2
2
1
5

Natalie Coughlin (2)
 United States
Swimming
2004
Summer
F
2
2
1
5

Karin Janz
 East Germany
Gymnastics
1972
Summer
F
2
2
1
5

Ines Diers
 East Germany
Swimming
1980
Summer
F
2
2
1
5

Marit Bjørgen (2)
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2018
Winter
F
2
1
2
5

Shirley Babashoff
 United States
Swimming
1976
Summer
F
1
4
-
5

Nastia Liukin
 United States
Gymnastics
2008
Summer
F
1
3
1
5

Alicia Coutts
 Australia
Swimming
2012
Summer
F
1
3
1
5

Cindy Klassen
 Canada
Speed skating
2006
Winter
F
1
2
2
5

Mary Lou Retton
 United States
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
F
1
2
2
5

Yelena Välbe
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1992
Winter
F
1
-
4
5

Shannon Miller
 United States
Gymnastics
1992
Summer
F
-
2
3
5

William Merz
 United States
Gymnastics, Athletics
1904
Summer
M
-
1
4
5

Carl Schuhmann
 Germany
Gymnastics, Wrestling
1896
Summer
M
4
-
-
4

Alvin Kraenzlein
 United States
Athletics
1900
Summer
M
4
-
-
4

Jesse Owens
 United States
Athletics
1936
Summer
M
4
-
-
4

Fanny Blankers-Koen
 Netherlands
Athletics
1948
Summer
F
4
-
-
4

Carl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984
Summer
M
4
-
-
4

Ole Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
2002
Winter
M
4
-
-
4

Paavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920
Summer
M
3
1
-
4

Olga Korbut
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972
Summer
F
3
1
-
4

Bjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992
Winter
M
3
1
-
4

Bjørn Dæhlie (2)
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1998
Winter
M
3
1
-
4

James Lightbody
 United States
Athletics
1904
Summer
M
3
1
-
4

Rie Mastenbroek
 Netherlands
Swimming
1936
Summer
F
3
1
-
4

Věra Čáslavská (2)
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1964
Summer
F
3
1
-
4

Florence  Griffith Joyner
 United States
Athletics
1988
Summer
F
3
1
-
4

Lyubov Yegorova (2)
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1994
Winter
F
3
1
-
4

Inge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000
Summer
F
3
1
-
4

Leontien van Moorsel
 Netherlands
Cycling
2000
Summer
F
3
1
-
4

Petria Thomas
 Australia
Swimming
2004
Summer
F
3
1
-
4

Janica Kostelić
 Croatia
Alpine skiing
2002
Winter
F
3
1
-
4

Katinka  Hosszú
 Hungary
Swimming
2016
Summer
F
3
1
-
4

Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1984
Winter
F
3
-
1
4

Jim Montgomery
 United States
Swimming
1976
Summer
M
3
-
1
4

Michelle Smith de Bruin
 Ireland
Swimming
1996
Summer
F
3
-
1
4

Hyun-Soo Ahn
 South Korea
Short-track Speed skating
2006
Winter
M
3
-
1
4

Bjørn Dæhlie (3)
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1994
Winter
M
2
2
-
4

Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
1896
Summer
M
2
2
-
4

Alexander Popov
 Russia
Swimming
1996
Summer
M
2
2
-
4

Alexander Popov (2)
 Unified Team
Swimming
1992
Summer
M
2
2
-
4

Nadia Comaneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1980
Summer
F
2
2
-
4

Gary Hall, Jr.
 United States
Swimming
1996
Summer
M
2
2
-
4

Michael Klim
 Australia
Swimming
2000
Summer
M
2
2
-
4

Michael Gross
 West Germany
Swimming
1984
Summer
M
2
2
-
4

Simone Manuel
 United States
Swimming
2016
Summer
F
2
2
-
4

Gary Hall, Jr. (2)
 United States
Swimming
2000
Summer
M
2
1
1
4

Ludmilla  Tourischeva (2)
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972
Summer
F
2
1
1
4

Gunde Svan
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1984
Winter
M
2
1
1
4

Lisbeth Trickett
 Australia
Swimming
2008
Summer
F
2
1
1
4

Ian Thorpe (2)
 Australia
Swimming
2004
Summer
M
2
1
1
4

Sun Yang
 China
Swimming
2012
Summer
M
2
1
1
4

Yelena  Shushunova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
F
2
1
1
4

Svetlana  Boginskaya
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
F
2
1
1
4

Tatiana  Gutsu
 Unified Team
Gymnastics
1992
Summer
F
2
1
1
4

Lavinia  Miloşovici
 Romania
Gymnastics
1992
Summer
F
2
1
1
4

Maya  DiRado
 United States
Swimming
2016
Summer
F
2
1
1
4

Pieter van den Hoogenband
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000
Summer
M
2
-
2
4

Natalia  Kuchinskaya
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968
Summer
F
2
-
2
4

Ryan Lochte (2)
 United States
Swimming
2008
Summer
M
2
-
2
4

Nathan  Adrian
 United States
Swimming
2016
Summer
M
2
-
2
4

Kirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
Swimming
2008
Summer
F
1
3
-
4

Shawn Johnson
 United States
Gymnastics
2008
Summer
F
1
3
-
4

Charlotte Kalla
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
2018
Winter
F
1
3
-
4

Sixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956
Winter
M
1
2
1
4

Ludmilla  Tourischeva
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976
Summer
F
1
2
1
4

Emma  McKeon
 Australia
Swimming
2016
Summer
F
1
2
1
4

Stina Nilsson
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
2018
Winter
F
1
2
1
4

Agnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952
Summer
F
1
1
2
4

Inge de Bruijn (2)
 Netherlands
Swimming
2004
Summer
F
1
1
2
4

Penny Oleksiak
 Canada
Swimming
2016
Summer
F
1
1
2
4

Simona  Amanar
 Romania
Gymnastics
1996
Summer
F
1
1
2
4

Aliya  Mustafina
 Russia
Gymnastics
2012
Summer
F
1
1
2
4

Francis Gailey
 United States
Swimming
1904
Summer
M
-
3
1
4

Aleksandr Bolshunov
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Cross-country skiing
2018
Winter
M
-
3
1
4

Franziska van Almsick
 Germany
Swimming
1992
Summer
F
-
2
2
4

Teddy Billington
 United States
Cycling
1904
Summer
M
-
1
3
4

Gina  Gogean
 Romania
Gymnastics
1996
Summer
F
-
1
3
4

Vitaly  Scherbo (2)
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1996
Summer
M
-
-
4
4

text: Timeline[edit]

text: The historical progression of the leading performance(s).

text:
Total medals

Year

Record duration

Athlete

Nation

Sport

Games

Sex

Gold

Silver

Bronze

6

1896
1896–1920
Hermann Weingärtner
 Germany
Gymnastics
Summer
M
3
2
1

1904
1904–1920
Anton Heida
 United States
Gymnastics
Summer
M
5
1
0

7

1920
1920–1980
Willis A. Lee
 United States
Shooting
Summer
M
5
1
1

1972
1972–1980
Mark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
Summer
M
7
0
0

8

1980
1980–present
Alexander Dityatin
 Russia
Gymnastics
Summer
M
3
4
1

2004
2004–present

Michael Phelps

 United States

Swimming

Summer

M
6
0
2

2008
2008–present
8
0
0