document_title: Rock Star (2001 film)

question_text: who sings the steel dragon songs in rockstar

text: Rock Star (2001 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the mid-1980s, Chris Cole (Mark Wahlberg) is a Pittsburgh fanatical admirer of a heavy metal band called Steel Dragon. By day, Chris is a photocopier technician and by night, he is the lead singer of a Steel Dragon tribute band called Blood Pollution (the name is taken from a Steel Dragon song).

text: Internal struggles among the actual Steel Dragon band members culminate with the firing of their lead singer, Bobby Beers (Jason Flemyng), and the beginning of recruitment sessions to find a new vocalist. Chris experiences his own strife with his Blood Pollution bandmates, particularly guitarist Rob Malcolm (Timothy Olyphant). During a live performance, Rob's playing fails to live up to Chris' over-demanding standards regarding note-for-note accuracy to the original Steel Dragon recordings, and Chris sabotages Rob's amplifier mid-song – a fight breaks out between the two onstage. The next day, Chris meets Blood Pollution at a rehearsal session, but he finds out that he has been replaced with his arch-rival, the (now former) lead singer of another Steel Dragon tribute band. Rob also cites Chris' inability to create his own musical style, preferring to remain the singer in a tribute band.

text: One day, Chris receives an unexpected phone call from Steel Dragon's founder and rhythm guitarist, Kirk Cuddy (Dominic West), and is offered an audition for the band (thanks to two of Blood Pollution's groupies, who showed Kirk a videotape of one of Blood Pollution's concerts). After hanging up on Kirk once, thinking he's being pranked by Rob, Chris ecstatically agrees. At the studio, he meets the band, as well as learning that Bobby Beers was fired because he was a closeted homosexual, and gives an outstanding performance of "We All Die Young" (a Steel Dragon song in the movie, but it is actually a song by Steelheart, whose lead vocalist Miljenko Matijevic provides Cole's singing voice for the film). Chris joins the band as their new singer, adopting the stage name "Izzy". Following a successful debut concert with Steel Dragon, Izzy must come to grips with the pressures of his new-found fame and success. The band embarks on a lengthy tour and Izzy experiences the excesses of the lifestyle, with the group's manager, Mats (Timothy Spall), serving as a sympathetic mentor to Izzy.

text: His new lifestyle impacts his life both for better and worse, particularly with his relationship with his supportive girlfriend, Emily Poule (Jennifer Aniston), when she decides not to continue with him throughout the remainder of the tour as a rock star girlfriend, though Emily and Izzy agree to get back together when the tour reaches Seattle. Eventually, Steel Dragon stops in Seattle for a show, and Emily arrives at his hotel room as they had previously arranged, although Izzy had become so inebriated while on tour he forgot about the arrangement and did not even know what city he was in. Although taken aback by all the groupies, Emily still tries to reconnect with him, reminding him of their plans to meet up once he got to Seattle, however he is too intoxicated to really understand what she is saying, eventually suggesting they go to Seattle together. Heartbroken with his inconsiderate behavior, intoxication and the fact that he is sleeping with so many groupies, Emily leaves him.

text: After the end of the tour, Izzy reports to the next series of Steel Dragon recording sessions with song concepts and artwork for the band's next album. The rest of the band rejects Izzy's ideas, with Kirk explaining that the band has to stay true to the "Steel Dragon thing" to fulfill fan expectations. Izzy is angered upon realizing that he was only recruited for his vocal abilities. After a heartfelt conversation with Mats about how he feared he had no control over the direction life has taken him, Izzy begins to reconsider his rock star lifestyle. On the next tour, in a scene directly paralleling one near the beginning of the film with their roles reversed, Izzy hears a fan (Myles Kennedy) singing along with him toward the end of a live concert. Impressed, Izzy pulls the fan, who introduces himself as Thor, onstage and hands him the microphone to finish the concert.  Backstage, Izzy realizes that what he wanted for so long was not what he thought, and he says goodbye to Mats, departing from the band while doing so.

text: Upon ditching his stage name, Izzy, Chris makes his way to Seattle and starts a new band with his old friend and former bandmate Rob. At the same time Steel Dragon, failing to evolve to the changing tastes and styles of the 1990s (As glam metal was pushed aside for grunge.), has its fame fizzle out. Chris finds Emily working in the coffee shop she and her roommate purchased a few years earlier, but is initially too ashamed to speak to her. While walking one evening, Emily sees a flyer for his band posted on the wall and takes it down. In the final scene, Chris is singing with his band in a bar and Emily walks in. Chris leaves the stage and speaks to her. They reconcile, ending the film with a kiss and the final note of Chris' first original song "Colorful" (which is actually a song by The Verve Pipe).

text: During the credits, Cuddy talks about the future of the band and Beers is shown to have taken up Irish Dancing after his sacking from Steel Dragon.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The band members are portrayed by ex-Dokken and current Foreigner bassist Jeff Pilson, Black Label Society founder & Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Zakk Wylde, actor Dominic West, and ex-Foreigner and Black Country Communion drummer Jason Bonham (the son of the late  John Bonham, drummer for Led Zeppelin). Myles Kennedy, who was at the time the lead vocalist of The Mayfield Four and now the frontman of Alter Bridge and Slash's solo project, makes a cameo appearance.

text: The singing voice for Wahlberg's character was provided by Steelheart frontman Miljenko Matijevic for the Steel Dragon Songs, the final number was dubbed by Brian Vander Ark. Jeff Scott Soto (of Talisman, Yngwie Malmsteen, Soul SirkUS, and Journey) provided the voice of the singer Wahlberg's character replaces.  Kennedy is the only actor whose actual voice is used.[citation needed]. Ralph Saenz (Steel Panther) also appears briefly, as the singer auditioning ahead of Chris at the studio.

text: Blood Pollution (Chris Cole's former band and a Steel Dragon tribute band) is also made up of known musical artists, including guitarist Nick Catanese (Black Label Society), drummer Blas Elias (Slaughter), and bassist Brian Vander Ark (The Verve Pipe, who also contributed a song to the film's soundtrack). Actor Timothy Olyphant portrays Blood Pollution's guitarist, Rob Malcolm.  Bradley, the singer who replaces Chris in Blood Pollution, is played by Third Eye Blind frontman Stephan Jenkins.

text:
Blood Pollution

Mark Wahlberg as Chris "Izzy" Cole (Lead vocals)
Jennifer Aniston as Emily Poule (Manager)
Timothy Olyphant as Rob Malcolm (Guitar)
Blas Elias as Donny Johnson (Drums)
Nick Catanese as Xander Cummins (Guitar)
Brian Vander Ark as Ricki Bell (Bass)

Steel Dragon

Jason Flemyng as Bobby Beers (Lead Vocals)
Timothy Spall as Mats (Road Manager)
Dominic West as Kirk Cuddy (Rhythm Guitar)
Jason Bonham as A.C. (Drums)
Zakk Wylde as Ghode (Lead Guitar)
Jeff Pilson as Jörgen (Bass)

Spouses

Kara Zediker as Marci (Rob's girlfriend)
Heidi Mark as Kirk's wife
Rachel Hunter as A.C.'s wife
Carrie Stevens as Ghode's wife
Amy Miller as Jörgen's wife

Others

Dagmara Domińczyk as Tania Asher
Stephan Jenkins as Bradley
Michael Shamus Wiles as Joe Cole Sr
Beth Grant as Tess Cole
Matthew Glave as Joe Cole Jr
Myles Kennedy as Mike / Thor
Ralph Saenz as Ralph
Carey Lessard as Nina
Kristin Richardson as Samantha

text: Production[edit]

text: After The New York Times ran a story on Tim "Ripper" Owens in 1997, various Hollywood studios ran to option the filming rights. Warner Bros. won the bid, and hired John Stockwell to write the script. Stockwell soon began researching the heavy metal music and tribute band scene and visited Owens' hometown of Akron, Ohio.[3] Afterwards the project, under the working title Metal God, got the involvement of George Clooney's newly founded Maysville Pictures.[4] Brad Pitt signed to star in 1998, but wound up dropping the project following creative differences with the studio.[5] Eventually Mark Wahlberg, a former rapper with Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch who co-starred with Clooney in Three Kings, was hired for the main role in May 1999.[6] Stephen Herek signed to direct in October,[7] and the following month Jennifer Aniston became attached for the main female role, while Callie Khouri was hired to revise the script.[8]

text:
Wahlberg spent five months preparing for his role as Chris Cole, working with a vocal coach, growing his hair, attending the metal scene and wandering around Los Angeles in-character.[9] A concert scene was shot at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena before 10,000 Metallica and Megadeth fans.[10]
While filming one Steel Dragon performance, the crew pranked Wahlberg by playing Marky Mark's "Good Vibrations" instead of a rock track, and footage of this is featured during the film's end credits.[11] By 2001, Warner renamed the project from Metal God to Rock Star in order to attract a broader rock fandom instead of just metal fans.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film opened at No. 4 at the U.S. box office taking US$6,018,636 in its opening weekend,[13] and grossing a domestic total of $17,008,282 and $2,325,863 internationally for a worldwide gross of $19,334,145; based on a $57 million budget, Rock Star was a box office bomb.[14]

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 52% "Rotten" score, with the consensus "Like its title, Rock Star is rather generic, being not so much about the heavy metal scene than about rock cliches and formula".[15] On another aggregator, Metacritic,  the film is rated 54 based on 32 reviews.[16]

text: When Judas Priest bassist Ian Hill was asked about his reaction to Rock Star in an interview in PopMatters magazine Hill responded "Well, it was a true work of fiction, you know? When we heard about the production company were going to make a movie based, as far as we knew, about Ripper joining the band we offered our help. We said 'If there's anything you want to know, talk to us at the time.' And certainly our communication was cut off and that was it and they went off on their own tangent." Hill added "I mean, I quite enjoyed the movie.  It was entertaining, you know?" Hill was quoted as saying "It had nothing to do with Rob Halford, Ripper Owens and Judas Priest, it's got nothing to do with that, whatsoever. It was fiction. Apart from the fact that 'Local Boy Makes Good'? That was the only true aspect of the movie." Hill was quick to add "I watched it once. I don't have the urge to watch it again."[17]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Rock StarSoundtrack album by various artistsReleased
August 28, 2001Genre
RockLabel
Priority

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[18]

text: A small number of the songs featured in the film and on the soundtrack were released after the dates given in the film. They are marked with an asterisk.

text: No.TitleArtistLength1."Rock Star" (Art Alexakis)Everclear3:302."Livin' the Life" (Steve Plunkett, Peter Beckett)Steel Dragon3:143."Wild Side*" (Vince Neil, Nikki Sixx, Tommy Lee)Mötley Crüe4:344."We All Die Young" (Miljenko Matijevic, Kenny Kanowski)Steel Dragon4:015."Blood Pollution" (Twiggy Ramirez)Steel Dragon3:596."Livin' on a Prayer*" (Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, Desmond Child)Bon Jovi4:087."Stand Up" (Sammy Hagar)Steel Dragon4:188."Stranglehold" (Ted Nugent)Ted Nugent8:239."Wasted Generation" (Desmond Child, A.Allen (Ajay Popoff), J. Allen (Jeremy Popoff))Steel Dragon2:5410."Lick It Up" (Paul Stanley, Vinnie Vincent)KISS3:5611."Long Live Rock 'n' Roll" (Ronnie James Dio, Ritchie Blackmore)Steel Dragon3:2712."Devil Inside*" (Andrew Farriss, Michael Hutchence)INXS5:1313."Colorful" (Brian Vander Ark)The Verve Pipe4:2514."Gotta Have It" (Trevor Rabin)Trevor Rabin2:57Total length:58:59

text: Partial list of songs that were featured in the movie but did not appear on the soundtrack CD:

text:
AC/DC – "Are You Ready"*
Culture Club – "Karma Chameleon"
Def Leppard – "Let's Get Rocked"*
Def Leppard – "Rock! Rock! (Till You Drop)"
Foghat – "Chateau Lafitte '59 Boogie"
Frankie Goes to Hollywood – "Relax"
Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch – "Good Vibrations"
Ralph Saenz, Peter Beckett, and Steve Plunkett – "California Girls" (The Beach Boys cover)
Talking Heads – "Once in a Lifetime"
Steel Dragon – "Reckless" (Phoenix Down cover)


document_title: Comet (Hersheypark)

question_text: when was the comet built at hershey park

root

text: Comet (Hersheypark)

text:
Comet
The Comet as seen from the since removedGiant WheelHersheyparkPark section
The HollowCoordinates
40°17′11″N 76°39′20″W / 40.286413°N 76.655644°W / 40.286413; -76.655644Coordinates: 40°17′11″N 76°39′20″W / 40.286413°N 76.655644°W / 40.286413; -76.655644Status
OperatingOpening date
1946General statisticsType
WoodManufacturer
Philadelphia Toboggan CoastersDesigner
Herbert Paul SchmeckTrack layout
Double Out and BackLift/launch system
Chain lift hillHeight
84 ft (26 m)Drop
78 ft (24 m)Length
3,360 ft (1,020 m)Speed
50 mph (80 km/h)Duration
1:45Max vertical angle
47°Capacity
950 riders per hourHeight restriction
42 in (107 cm)
Comet at RCDBPictures of Comet at RCDB

tag: table

text: Comet is a wooden roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It is located in the Hollow section of Hersheypark, next to Skyrush. Built in 1946 by the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the coaster features a double out and back track layout. When built it was jointly owned by Hershey Park and PTC.

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text:
In 1964, Comet received 6,650 individual 10-watt chaser lights.[1]
In 1994, Comet received 2 new trains. They are named "Mork's Comet" and "Hally's Comet".[2][not in citation given] One of the old trains is currently used as seating at the Hershey Museum, and the other was donated to ACE.[2][not in citation given]
In 2006, during the park's off-season, Comet was re-tracked.[3]
In 2008, during the park's off-season, new seat belts were added.
In 2012, during the park's off-season, Comet was repainted the same color white, and the station was redone.
In 2014, during the park's off-season, the lift hill was rehabilitated and straightened removing the well known "kink" that was in the lift hill.

tag: ul

text: Ride experience[edit]

text: Comet goes up a 97-foot lift, and then drops 96 feet at 47°.  After the first drop the car goes up a hill and then makes a left 180-degree turn, drops back down another hill, goes up a small hill, and then up a larger hill, making another 180-degree turn. After the turn, there is another drop and then the track makes a right turn ("dog leg"), going through several bunny hills before another left 180-degree turn. Following the second set of bunny hills is a left turn and two bunny hills, then the car slows into the station.

text: As is typical, the car usually sits for a few moments before coming around into the station because of an extra set of brakes that served as an unloading point until Comet was renovated to how it is operated.


document_title: River Safari

question_text: when did kai kai and jia jia come to singapore

text: River Safari

text: Construction[edit]

text: Conceptualization of such as River Safari began in early 2007, and its construction was officially announced to the public on 11 February 2009 with an estimated completion date of late 2011.[8] The project began with an estimated budget of S$140 million as well as an annual visitor rate of 750,000,[8] however since the original announcement in 2009 the budget has since increased by S$20 million in 2010, due to rising construction costs, to S$160 million and the annual visitor rate has also increased to 820,000.[9]

text: The park is built within the current 89-hectare (220-acre) compound already shared by the Singapore Zoo and Night Safari[8] and occupies 12 hectares (30 acres), making it the smallest of the three parks.[4]

text: Attractions[edit]

text: The park boasts a tropical rainforest setting[9] along with as river theme with various animal attractions, theme park rides and other major exhibits.

text: Animal exhibits[edit]

text: The park consists of a total of 10 different ecosystems around the world, including the River Nile, Yangtze River, Mississippi, Amazon as well as the Tundra. It features 5000 animals of 300 species,[3] including numerous that are endangered. Among these are anacondas, electric eels,[9] Mekong freshwater stingrays, West Indian manatees, Mekong giant catfish,[2] giant pandas,[9] gharials, red pandas, golden pheasants, paddlefish, jaguars, squirrel monkeys, electric eels, giant otters and Chinese alligators that are part of an exchange program with the Asahiyama Zoo in Hokkaidō, Japan.[10]

text: The Amazon Flooded Forest exhibit, which houses the manatees and various South American fish, contains 2,000 m3 (71,000 cu ft) of water and has a viewing panel that measures 22 m × 4 m (72 ft × 13 ft). Its volume and the size of the viewing panel are both world records for a freshwater aquarium.[3]

text: Giant pandas[edit]

text: One of the main attractions is a pair of male and female giant pandas – Kai Kai (凯凯) and Jia Jia (嘉嘉)[11] – which are housed in a specially constructed climate-controlled enclosure which change throughout the four seasons emulating their original environment.[12] The zoo grows its own 8,000-square-metre (86,000 sq ft) plantation of special bamboo specially for the feeding of the giant pandas. These pandas are a sign of the twentieth anniversary of friendly Sino-Singapore relations. The park also received a conservation donation from CapitaLand.[13] The names of the two pandas were selected from entries of a public naming competition organised in 2010.[14] The pandas, which arrived in September 2012, are on a ten-year loan from China.[15]

text: Theme park rides[edit]

text: The park features a boat ride called the Amazon River Quest. It features over 30 wildlife species from the Amazon River, such as Brazilian Tapirs, Capybaras, Red howler monkeys, Scarlet ibis, Collared peccaries, jaguars, black howler monkeys, Golden-headed lion tamarins, and Giant anteaters.[16] It was opened to visitors on 7 December 2013.[17]

text: A 15-minute River Safari Cruise on the Upper Seletar Reservoir, will travel along the outskirts of Singapore Zoo and the Night Safari compound, which border on the reservoir, giving visitors a chance to spot animals including giraffes and Asian elephants. Tickets are priced at S$5 for adults and S$3 for children aged three to 12, on top of River Safari admission. Each cruise can take up to 50 passengers and runs at 15-minute intervals from 10.30am to 6.00pm daily. The boats are wheelchair-friendly. The ride opened on 1 August 2014.[18]


document_title: Kelly Severide

question_text: who plays severide's parents on chicago fire

question_tokens: who plays severide 's parents on chicago fire

text: Kelly Severide

text: Background and characterization[edit]

text: Severide graduated at the top of class at the academy and held the record for the youngest firefighter to make squad when he was 23 years old.[1] He and his long-time colleague and close friend Captain Matthew Casey of Truck 81 have known each other since their days at the fire academy but have a falling-out over the death of their friend and colleague Andy Darden, whom Severide has known since childhood, over a botched-up call, which is where the pilot picks up. They work things out by the end of the season.

text: The son of CFD Captain Benny Severide (Treat Williams), Kelly was raised singlehandedly by his mother, Jennifer Sheridan (Kim Delaney), after Benny left the family when Kelly was in elementary school. Although Kelly has since reconnected with his father, they still share a love-hate relationship. He is often known to the "white shirts" (high-ranking officers) as Benny's son[2][1] but never used his father's name to advance his career, instead carving out his own reputation as a highly competent firefighter.

text: His charismatic personality makes him a popular figure with both his colleagues and the ladies. He tends to be casual with his men and can be seen at the squad table or in the lounge chatting or playing cards with the rest of the firehouse. Despite this, he tends to keep his private problems to himself and lets it simmer, which often worries his chief. In contrast to Casey, he is highly adept at reading people, especially his own colleagues, and his observation skills have come to the fore in several arson investigations; in season 2, he correctly predicted that Hadley had been targeting the men of 51 and that Candidate Rebecca Jones, who committed suicide just months after graduating from the academy, lacked the discretion and inhibitions to truly excel as a firefighter (although she was later revealed to suffer from clinical depression).

text: Character arc[edit]

text: At the beginning of season 1, Severide is plagued with a shoulder injury that puts his career in jeopardy. He hides this from everyone except Shay, from whom he gets painkillers to deal with his injury. When he finally sees a doctor, he is told that his condition is severe and would no longer be able to keep his job. His girlfriend at the time, Renee Royce, tells him of an experimental procedure, which he undergoes to save his shoulder. After the injury a Paramedic Candidate also threatens his career with a false allegation of sexual harassment, although the charges were dropped after Antonio Dawson runs a background check on her and discovers that she was a fraudster.[3] In Season 2 Kelly discovers he has a half-sister, Katie Nolan, who is a culinary student. He tries to reach out to her but she was initially hesitant as she and her mother had been abandoned by his father Benny. The two become close and Kelly is shown to be very protective of her. In the episode "Tonight's The Night" of season 2, Katie is kidnapped and Severide tries to find her in the following episodes. After she is found, she leaves for Colorado. When Katie's kidnapper disappears, Severide becomes a suspect. However, Benny Severide is revealed to be responsible but is let off by Detective Voight after Benny explained himself.

text: In Season 3, Severide is plunged into grief with Shay's death during a call (later discovered to be murder and arson).[4] He and Gabby Dawson aid Detective Voight's team in the preliminary investigations, which led them to a series of unsolved arson cases, including the fire that killed Mills' father and seriously injured Chief Boden. The case crosses-over into the Chicago P.D. episode "A Little Devil Complex" and the perpetrator is killed by Antonio Dawson. Severide moves in with Casey and Dawson and avoids the apartment he and Shay shared as he is unable to face the loss of his best friend.

text: Severide is demoted in season 4 as part of Chief Riddle's plan to make Fire Commissioner by replacing Severide with Captain Dallas Patterson and then ousting Boden as Battalion Chief.[5] The men of Squad 3 remained loyal to him despite Patterson's efforts to win them over. He[6] and Boden are later reinstated as Patterson was revealed to have used his connections to Riddle to implicate the latter for corruption.

text: In a Chicago PD crossover episode "Don't Bury this Case", Severide is accused of a hit-and-run accident, which later turns into a vehicular homicide when one of the victims, a child, dies from her injuries. Lindsay and Voight suspect that Severide was set up while friendships and relationships are put to the test as the detectives and cops are forced to toe a very thin line with their friends at Firehouse 51 as the evidence against Severide mounts. When his drug and alcohol abuse from his past came to light, detectives within Intelligence were skeptic in believing his innocence.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Women[edit]

text: A recurring theme for the character is his merry-go-round of relationships and flings with various women. Severide was engaged to Renee Whaley, the sister of fellow firefighter Lieutenant Eric Whaley, but he called it off after she cheated on him with an ex-boyfriend. Lieutenant Whaley initially hated Severide, thinking the latter was the one who broke Renee's heart. Severide had refused to tell him the real story to protect Renee's reputation. After the two get into an intense argument, he finally tells Whaley everything and admitted that he never really moved on from her.

text: Midway through Season 1, Severide is in a relationship with Renée Royce (Sarah Shahi), a lawyer whom 51 rescued. She asks him to relocate with her to Spain and he was about to do so, much to the surprise of his friends and co-workers, but ultimately decided to stay in Chicago. In the season finale, she returns to Chicago pregnant. However, Shay hints to Severide that Renée could not possibly be pregnant with his child given the timeline. Renée confesses to Severide that the baby is not his and they part ways once again.

text: Severide dates Detective Erin Lindsay, whom he first met when she was assigned to investigate the abduction of his half-sister Katie, and their relationship becomes serious. With Shay's death in the line of duty (later ruled to be a homicide caused by arson), Severide spirals out of control, isolating himself from his co-workers at 51 and Lindsay. She breaks up with him after he misses another date telling him that while she can empathize with him, she can’t "be the girl sitting alone in a restaurant waiting for [him]."[7]

text: In Season 3, while still mourning over Shay's death, Severide takes a trip to Las Vegas and meets Brittany Baker (Serinda Swan), a graphic designer, at the craps table.[8] They marry and she moves in with Severide, shocking his colleagues and Chief Boden. Brittany moves in with Severide and into Casey and Dawson's guestroom. Their relationship and open affection lead to the deterioration of Casey and Dawson's own relationship. Homesick, Brittany finally leaves Chicago, unable to get used to the uncertainty and irregular hours Severide's job as a firefighter entails.

text: Severide appears to have a romantic interest in April Sexton (Yaya DaCosta), a main character on Chicago Med and an ER nurse at Chicago Medical Center. They have known each other since they were teens as her parents took Severide in when he was going through a rebellious phase in high school. He formally asks her out on date in the Chicago Med episode "Malignant". However, they later break up as April enters relationship with another man.

text: In season 5, Severide appears to have a romantic interest towards Anna, a pediatrician of Springfield Hospital. After saving her life by donating bone marrow, Severide visits Springfield after getting an offer from Springfield Fire Department to become a battalion chief. In "Purgatory", he turns it down. Anna moves to Chicago, in order to be close to Severide. When she gets cold feet over moving there, he takes her around the city in particularly, taking her skating. But when Severide's father shows up unannounced and with his girlfriend, and crashes Severide's date with Anna. Upon seeing Severide’s father, Anna starts crying and abruptly leaves the table to go outside and hail a cab. As she gets in the cab, she reveals that her parents didn't want her move away nor to stay in the relationship with Severide. Anna agrees with her parents on both points and fears that Severide will turn out to a drunk like his father. She breaks it off with Severide. Later, Severide discovers that Anna has a complication with her cancer, and that prompted her to break up with him. Anna’s father, who visits Severide in his office, asks Severide to not give up on Anna. In "Carry Their Legacy", Severide carries Anna to the hospital for chemotherapy. In "Carry Me", Anna dies when the chemotherapy and other methods don't work and it is revealed that she put signed a DNR order, leaving Severide to cope with her death.

text: In Season 6, at the end of "The Chance to Forgive", Severide ends up kissing fellow firefighter Stella Kidd (whom he previously had a romantic fling with) in Molly's when it was closing for the night.

text: Colleagues[edit]

text: Of the ensemble cast of characters, Severide is closest to Lieutenant Matthew Casey of Truck 81 and the late Leslie Shay. He considers Shay his best friend[7] and they shared a very close relationship, having shared an apartment for most of the show.

text: Severide and Casey have known each other since their academy days and presumably graduated from the same class. In the pilot, their mutual long-time friend and co-worker Andy Darden is killed during a call and causes a rift between the two lieutenants. The episode flashes forward a month later and they are still at loggerheads with one another, with the entire crew at 51 as well as new Candidate Peter Mills caught in the middle. They eventually work it out by the end of the first season. Whenever one of them suffers a loss, they would go out to the driveway to talk over a quick smoke, as both are men of few words, especially regarding their private lives or emotional state. (In Season 3 Episode 10, Severide and Casey go to a bar to get over their break-ups with Brittany and Dawson respectively and attempt to pick up a pair of girls named Chloe and Yuma, a reference to the film 3:10 to Yuma, whose screenplay was written by Fire writers and co-creators Derek Haas and Michael Brandt.[9])

text: Crossover appearances[edit]

text:
Chicago PD: "Chin Check" (January 22, 2014)
Chicago PD: "At Least It's Justice" (April 2, 2014)
Chicago PD: "8:30 PM" (April 30, 2014)
Chicago Med: "Fallback" (December 1, 2015)
Chicago Med: "Malignant" (January 5, 2016)
Chicago PD: "Justice" (May 11, 2016)
Chicago Med: "Cold Front" (February 16, 2017)
Chicago PD: "Don't Bury This Case" (January 3, 2017)
Chicago PD: "Emotional Proximity" (March 1, 2017)
Chicago Justice: "Fake" (March 1, 2017)
Chicago Med: "Over Troubled Water" (January 16, 2018)


document_title: List of Governors of Ekiti State

question_text: who is the elected governor of ekiti state

text: List of Governors of Ekiti State

text: This is a list of administrators and governors of Ekiti State. Ekiti State was created on October 1, 1996 from  territory of Ondo State.

text:
Name

Title

Took Office

Left Office

Party

Notes

Mohammed Bawa

Administrator

7 October 2001

August 1998

(Military)

Navy Captain Atanda Yusuf

Administrator

May 1999

(Military)

Otunba Niyi Adebayo

Governor

29 May 2003

AD

Ayo Fayose

Governor

29 May 2003

16 October 2006

PDP

Chief Friday Aderemi

Acting Governor

17 October 2006

18 October 2006

PDP

Tunji Olurin

Administrator

18 October 2006

27 April 2007

PDP

Tope Ademiluyi

Acting Governor

27 April 2007

29 May 2007

PDP

Segun Oni

Governor

29 May 2007

15 Oct 2010

PDP

Dr. Kayode Fayemi

Governor

15th Oct 2010

16th Oct 2014

ACN

Ayo Fayose

Governor

16th Oct 2014

PDP


document_title: Draft lottery (1969)

question_text: when did the viet nam war draft end

question_tokens: when did the viet nam war draft end

text: Draft lottery (1969)

text: Method[edit]

text: The days of the year (including February 29) were written on slips of paper. These pieces of paper were then placed in separate plastic capsules that were mixed in a shoebox and then dumped into a deep glass jar. Capsules were drawn from the jar one at a time.

text: The first number drawn was 258 (September 14), so all registrants with that birthday were assigned lottery number 1. The second number drawn corresponded to April 24, and so forth. All men of draft age (born 1944 to 1950) who shared a birth date would be called to serve at once. The first 195 birthdates drawn were later called to serve in the order they were drawn; the last of these was September 24.[1]

text: Also on December 1, 1969, a second lottery was held with the 26 letters of the alphabet. The first letter drawn was "J", which was assigned number 1. The second letter was "G", and so on, until all 26 letters were assigned numbers, with the last being "V". Among men with the same birthdate, the order of induction was determined by the ranks of the first letters of their last, first, and middle names.[2] Anyone with initials "JJJ" would have been first within the shared birthdate, followed by "JGJ", "JDJ", and "JXJ"; anyone with initials "VVV" would have been last.[3]

text: People soon noticed that the lottery numbers were not distributed uniformly over the year. In particular, November and December births, or dates 306 to 366, were assigned mainly to lower draft numbers representing earlier calls to serve (see figure). This led to complaints that the lottery was not random as the legislation required. Analysis of the procedure suggested that mixing 366 capsules in the shoe box did not mix them sufficiently before dumping them into the jar. ("The capsules were put in a box month by month, January through December, and subsequent mixing efforts were insufficient to overcome this sequencing.")[2] Only five days in December—Dec. 2, 12, 15, 17 and 19—were higher than the last call number of 195; had the days been evenly distributed, 14 days in December would have been expected to remain uncalled. From January to December, the rank of the average draft pick numbers were 5 4 1 3 2 6 8 9 10 7 11 12. A Monte Carlo simulation found that the probability of a random order of months being this close to the 1–12 sequence expected for unsorted slips was 0.09%.[4]

text: Draft lotteries were conducted again in 1970 (for those born in 1951) and from 1971 to 1975 (for 1952 to 1956 births). The draft numbers issued in 1972 were never used the next year to call for induction into service, because the last call was December 7 and authority to induct expired on June 30, 1973.

text: The 1972 to 1975 lottery numbers were used to call some men born 1953 to 1956 for physical exams. The highest number called for a physical was 215 (for tables 1970 through 1976).[3]

text: Origins and consequences[edit]

text: The reason for the draft of 1969 was to add more much-needed military personnel towards the Vietnam War. After World War II, Japan left Vietnamese Emperor Bao Dai as the head of the country. Ho Chi Minh, another Vietnamese leader who was communist and sought immediate independence for the whole of Vietnam, saw this as an opportunity to strike (knowing Bao Dai had little support from the general population as he was widely regarded as a Japanese-installed puppet-leader) and successfully took over Hanoi and most of northern Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh then set up the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (the DRV, or North Vietnam) by the beginning of 1946. Emperor Bao, still in power in the southern half of the country, set up the State of Vietnam, with support from the returning French colonial rulers, with Saigon as its capital. Ho Chi Minh based his political structure and government off of other communist states such as Soviet Russia, while Emperor Bao Dai wanted a Vietnam that was modelled after the West, like the United States,[5] with a democratic and free government.

text: Both Ho's DRV (with support from the Soviet Union and China (after 1949)) and Bao Dai's State of Vietnam (with strong French military support) began open armed conflict against one another until the battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 ended with the communist Viet Minh forces as the victor. Afterwards at the Geneva Conference, Vietnam was decided as to be split along the 17th Parallel (N). There was supposed to be a nation-wide reunification election held in 1956 to determine which side would take over running the whole of Vietnam but another leader took over Bao Dai in the South. Ngo Dinh Diem took over leadership of the State of Vietnam (soon known as South Vietnam) and Diem, who took a very harsh opposing stance against communism, was entirely opposed to reconciliation with the North and against the elections of 1956 to be held at all.[5]

text: In other parts of the world, the Cold War was intensifying between Soviet Russia and the United States. The U.S. was becoming more rigid in its policies with the communist allies of Russia. President Dwight D. Eisenhower started supporting the South Vietnamese who were also against the communist north.[5]

text: The U.S. began training and equipping Diem's forces with weapons. Conflicts between communist sympathizers began occurring in the South. At the time, the U.S. had only committed around 800 personnel to train and outfit the South Vietnamese. In 1961, the John F. Kennedy administration started working under the “Domino Theory,” which stated that if South Vietnam was to fall to the North, then other places in southeast Asia were to become vulnerable to the communists as well. This caused President Kennedy to begin sending additional American soldiers to Vietnam. By 1962, there were around 9,000 personnel in Vietnam.[5]

text: In 1963, a coup was organized by South Vietnamese generals which resulted in the death of Diem. President Lyndon B. Johnson increased U.S. personnel in Vietnam due to the political instability in the country. In August 1964, two U.S. warships were attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Johnson issued an attack order against North Vietnam, and Congress passed a motion which gave him more authority over military decisions. In 1965, President Johnson had sent 82,000 troops to Vietnam, and his officials wanted another 175,000. Due to the heavy demand for military personnel, the United States required more than what the regular military could provide, causing the acceleration of the draft. Between 1965 and 1972 the draft provided 2,215,000 service members to the U.S. military.[5]

text: Previously in the United States, during the War of 1812, President Madison established a commission to recommend the best ways to raise military manpower; to keep the draft or to institute a volunteer army.[6]

text: After much debate within the Nixon administration and Congress, it was decided that an all-volunteer force was affordable, feasible, and would enhance the nation’s security.[7] President Richard Nixon issued an executive order prescribing regulations for random selection by the United States Selective Service on November 26, 1969.[8]

text: In the 1960s anti-war movements started to occur in the U.S., mainly among those on college campuses and in more leftist circles, especially those who embraced the “hippie” lifestyle.[9] College students were entitled to a deferment (2-S status) but were subject to the draft if they dropped out or graduated.[10]

text: In 1967, the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam was around 500,000. The war was costing the U.S. $25 billion a year, and many of the young men drafted were being sent to a war they wanted no part of. Martin Luther King Jr. also started to support the anti-war movement on the grounds of it being immoral and the amount of African Americans that were being killed.[9]

text: November 15, 1969 marked the largest anti war movement in the history of the United States. This protest featured many anti-war political speakers and popular singers of the time. Many people at the time saw Richard Nixon as a liar; when he took office, he claimed that he would begin troop withdrawals from Vietnam immediately. After ten months of being in office, the president had yet to start withdrawals, and United States citizens felt lied to. Later, president Nixon claimed to have been watching sports as the anti-war demonstration took place outside the White House.[9]

text: The 1970s were a time of turmoil in the United States, beginning with the civil rights movement which set the standards for practices by the anti-war movement. The 1969 draft lottery only encouraged resentment of the Vietnam War and the draft. It strengthened the anti-war movement,[verification needed] and all over the United States, people decried discrimination by the draft system "against low-education, low-income, underprivileged members of society".[11]

text: The draft lottery had social and economic consequences because it generated resistance to military service and the resisters, draft evaders or "draft dodgers", were generally young, well-educated, healthy men. The fear of military service in Vietnam influenced many young men born in the late 1940s to join the National Guard. These young men were aware that the National Guard would be unlikely to send its soldiers to Vietnam. Many men were unable to join the National Guard, even though they had passed their physicals, because many state National Guards had long waiting lists just to enlist. Still others chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment, either showing their disapproval by burning their draft cards or draft letters, or simply not presenting themselves for the military service test. Others left the country, commonly moving to Canada. The number of American citizens who moved to Canada during the Vietnam war because of the draft is estimated to be around 125,000; it is believed that about half returned to the United States after the Nixon era (when the war was also over)(1975).[citation needed]

text: Modification[edit]

text: Lottery procedure was improved the next year although public discontent continued to grow [12] until "authority to induct expired on June 30, 1973".[3]

text: In 1970, covering 1951 birthdates for use during 1971 (sometimes called the 1971 draft), scientists at the National Bureau of Standards prepared 78 random permutations of the numbers 1 to 366 using random numbers selected from published tables.[13] From the 78 permutations, 25 were selected at random and transcribed to calendars using 1 = January 1, 2 = January 2, ... 365 = December 31. Those calendars were sealed in envelopes. 25 more permutations were selected and sealed in 25 more envelopes without transcription to calendars. The two sets of 25 envelopes were furnished to the Selective Service System.[13]

text: On June 2, an official picked two envelopes, thus one calendar and one raw permutation. The 365 birthdates (for 1951) were written down, placed in capsules, and put in a drum in the order dictated by the selected calendar. Similarly, the numbers from 1 to 365 were written down and placed into capsules in the order dictated by the raw permutation.[13]

text: On July 1, the drawing date, one drum was rotated for an hour and the other for a half-hour (its rotating mechanism failed).[13] Pairs of capsules were then drawn, one from each drum, one with a 1951 birthdate and one with a number 1 to 366. The first date and number drawn were September 16 and 139, so all men born September 16, 1951, were assigned draft number 139. The 11th draws were the date July 9 and the number 1, so men born July 9 were assigned draft number 1 and drafted first.[13]

text: Present Day Use[edit]

text: The military draft method used back in the 1950s and 1960s involved using dates and numbers mixed randomly and then drawn to decide who would go to war. In the present-day, not much has changed on how the draft would be conducted if it was ever needed. The Selective Service Committee who presides over the draft procedures still have a large tumbler that holds all the number and dates that will be drawn to select candidates and the only thing that seems to have changed between the method of the past and the present one is that instead of using pieces of paper in blue capsules the SSC now uses ping pong balls with the dates and numbers on them.[14]


document_title: The Beach (film)

question_text: where did they film the beach in thailand

text: The Beach (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Richard, a young American seeking adventure in Bangkok, meets the eccentric Daffy, who tells him of a pristine, uninhabited island in the Gulf of Thailand with a beautiful hidden beach and lagoon. Daffy explains that he and other travelers settled there in secret several years earlier, but difficulties arose and he chose to leave. Daffy commits suicide, leaving Richard a map to the island. Richard convinces a young French couple, Françoise and Étienne, to accompany him to the island, and the three travel to Ko Samui. Richard meets two Americans who have heard rumors of the island, including that huge amounts of cannabis supposedly grow there. Before departing, Richard leaves them a copy of the map.

text: En route to the island, Richard becomes infatuated with Françoise. After swimming to the island from a neighboring one, they find a large cannabis plantation guarded by armed Thai farmers. Avoiding detection, they make their way across the island and are welcomed into the secret beach settlement. The community's leader, Sal, explains that the farmers allow them to stay so long as they keep to themselves and do not allow any more travelers to come to the island. Richard lies that they have not shown the map to anyone else, which satisfies Sal. The trio become integrated into the largely self-sufficient and leisurely community. The relationship between Richard and Françoise becomes romantic, and Étienne says he will not stand in their way if Françoise is happier with Richard when everyone finds out about their relationship. Tensions rise between Richard and Sal's boyfriend Bugs; when Richard gains celebrity by killing a shark, Bugs mocks him over the shark's small size.

text: When Sal selects Richard to accompany her on a supply run to Ko Pha Ngan, Bugs warns him to keep his hands off her. While there they encounter the Americans Richard met in Ko Samui, who are preparing to search for the island and mention Richard's map. Richard lies to Sal that he did not give them a copy, and she blackmails him into having sex with her. On their return to the island, Richard lies to Françoise about having had sex with Sal. Things return to normal until a shark attack kills one of the community's fishermen and leaves another, Christo, severely injured. Sal refuses to compromise the community's secrecy by bringing medical help, and Christo refuses to travel to the mainland. His worsening condition affects the group's morale, so they isolate him in a tent despite Étienne's objections.

text: When the Americans from Ko Pha Ngan turn up on the neighboring island, Sal sees that they have a copy of the map and orders Richard to observe them until they cross over, then intercept them and destroy it. She tells everyone that she and Richard had sex, which leaves Françoise angry and heartbroken. Isolated from the group, Richard begins to lose his sanity, stalking the cannabis farmers and imagining that he is conversing with the deceased Daffy. The Americans reach the island but are discovered and killed by the farmers. Shocked at witnessing their deaths, Richard tries to gather Françoise and Étienne to leave the island. Étienne refuses to leave Christo, whose leg has become gangrenous, so Richard euthanizes Christo by suffocation.

text: Richard is captured by the farmers and brought before the community. The lead farmer gives Sal a gun loaded with a single bullet and orders her to make a choice: kill Richard and the group will be allowed to stay, or else they must all leave immediately. Sal pulls the trigger, but the chamber is empty. Shocked by her willingness to commit murder, the community abandons Sal, leaving the island and going their separate ways.

text: Later, Richard receives an email at an Internet cafe from Françoise with a group photograph of the beach community in happier times.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Leonardo DiCaprio as Richard, a freelance traveler who is the film's main character.
Tilda Swinton as Sal, the leader of the beach community.
Virginie Ledoyen as Françoise, the girlfriend of Étienne and Richard's love interest.
Guillaume Canet as Étienne, the boyfriend of Françoise.
Robert Carlyle as Daffy, the eccentric former member of the beach community.
Paterson Joseph as Keaty, a member of the beach community who loves cricket.
Lars Arentz-Hansen as Bugs, Sal's boyfriend and the beach community's carpenter.
Daniel Caltagirone as Unhygienix, the beach community's chef who often uses soap to wash off the fish smell whenever he cooks the fish.
Staffan Kihlbom, Jukka Hiltunen, and Magnus Lindgren as Christo, Karl, and Sten, the beach community's Swedish fishermen.
Victoria Smurfit as Weathergirl, a member of the beach community who can predict rain when her pelvis tightens.
Zelda Tinska and Lidija Zovkic as Sonja and Mirjana, two beach community members that come from Sarajevo.
Samuel Gough as Guitarman, the beach community's residential guitarist who is not a good singer.
Peter Youngblood Hills and Jerry Swindall as Zeph and Sammy, two Americans that Richard meets in Ko Samui.
Saskia Mulder and Simone Huber as Hilda and Eva, two women who accompany Zeph and Sammy to the island and are killed by the farmers.
Peter Gevisser as Gregorio, an Italian member of the beach community whose bad tooth was forcefully removed by Bugs' pliers.
Abhijati 'Meuk' Jusakul as the leader of the cannabis farmers.

text: Additional beach community members are played by Myriam Acharki, Andrew Carmichael, Josh Cole, Hélène de Fougerolles, Stacy Hart, Nina Jacques, Sheridan Jones, Gunilla Karlson, Sian Martin, Isabella Seibert, Elizabeth Thomas, Michael Thorpe, Timothy Webster, and Ramon Woolfe.

text: Additional cannabis farmers are portrayed by Sanya 'Gai' Cheunjit, Kaneung 'Nueng' Kenia, Somchai Santitarangkul, Seng Kawee, and Somkuan 'Kuan' Siroun.

text: Production[edit]

text: Ewan McGregor was cast as the main character before leaving due to disputes with the director. It was speculated that Boyle was offered additional funding under the condition that DiCaprio be cast and his character made American.[citation needed]

text: Real-life drama unfurled on set one day when the cast and crew were involved in a boating accident during production. It was reported that the incident involved both Boyle and DiCaprio. No one was injured.[2]

text: The beach seen in the film is not the same as in real life. There is a gap between mountains on the actual beach in Thailand. The special effects crew digitally added some of the surrounding mountains during the post-production phase. The actual beach was also transformed from its natural look. It is reported that crew members flattened the beach with a tractor, much to the locals' dismay. The tsunami of 2004, however, has reshaped the beach to its natural look.[citation needed]

text: Boyle has been cited saying that the look of the jungle scenes in the film was inspired by the Rare/Nintendo game Banjo-Kazooie.[citation needed]

text: The waterfall scene, where DiCaprio and others jump from a high cliff to the water below, was filmed in Khao Yai National Park in central Thailand, at the Haew Suwat Waterfall.

text: The map in the film was illustrated by the author of the book that The Beach was based upon, Alex Garland. He received credit for this as the cartographer.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Damage to filming location[edit]

text: Controversy arose during the making of the film due to 20th Century Fox's bulldozing and landscaping of the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Leh to make it more "paradise-like". The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach. Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state; however, lawsuits were filed by environmentalists who believed the damage to the ecosystem was permanent and restoration attempts had failed.[3] Following shooting of the film, there was a clear flat area at one end of the beach that was created artificially with an odd layout of trees which was never rectified, and the entire area remained damaged from the original state until the tsunami of 2004.

text: The lawsuits dragged on for years. In 2006, Thailand's Supreme Court upheld an appellate court ruling that the filming had harmed the environment and ordered that damage assessments be made. Defendants in the case included 20th Century Fox and some Thai government officials.[4]

text: Portrayal of Thailand[edit]

text: After the film premiered in Thailand in 2000, some Thai politicians were upset at the way Thailand was depicted in the film and called for it to be banned. The depiction of the drug culture was said to give Thailand a bad image and having a statue of Buddha in a bar was cited as "blasphemous".[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Beach: Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
21 February 2000

Genre
Electronica, ambient, rock, Britpop

Length
76:53

Label
Sire

Producer
Pete Tong

Danny Boyle film soundtrack chronology

A Life Less Ordinary
(1997)A Life Less Ordinary1997
The Beach
(2000)
28 Days Later
(2002)28 Days Later2002

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Allmusic
 link

text: The soundtrack for the film, co-produced by Pete Tong, features the international hits "Pure Shores" by All Saints and "Porcelain" by Moby, as well as tracks by New Order, Blur, Underworld, Orbital, Faithless, Sugar Ray, and others. Leftfield's contribution to the soundtrack, "Snakeblood", was found to have sampled Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark's "Almost" without permission, leading to a lawsuit; band member Neil Barnes said he forgot to remove the sample from the finished track.[6] The songs "Synasthasia" by Junkie XL, "Out of Control" by The Chemical Brothers, "Fiesta Conga" by Movin' Melodies, "Redemption Song" by Bob Marley, "Neon Reprise" by Lunatic Calm and "Smoke Two Joints" by Chris Kay and Michael Kay were also included in the movie but omitted from the soundtrack. The teaser trailer for the film featured "Touched" by VAST.

text: The film score was composed by Angelo Badalamenti, and a separate album containing selections of his score was released as well.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length

1.
"Snakeblood"
Neil Barnes, Paul Daley
Leftfield
5:39

2.
"Pure Shores" (from Saints & Sinners, 2000)
William Orbit, Shaznay Lewis
All Saints
4:24

3.
"Porcelain" (from Play, 1999)
Moby
Moby
3:58

4.
"Voices" (from Sunmachine, 1998)
Stephen Spencer, Paul Geoffrey Spencer, Scott Rosser
Dario G featuring Vanessa Quinones
5:19

5.
"8 Ball"
Rick Smith, Karl Hyde, Darren Emerson
Underworld
8:51

6.
"Spinning Away" (originally performed by Brian Eno and John Cale)
Brian Eno, John Cale
Sugar Ray
4:24

7.
"Return of Django" (originally performed by The Upsetters)
Lee "Scratch" Perry
Asian Dub Foundation featuring Harry Beckett and Simon de Souza
4:17

8.
"On Your Own" (Crouch End Broadway mix)
Damon Albarn, Graham Coxon, Alex James, Dave Rowntree
Blur
3:32

9.
"Yé ké yé ké" (Hardfloor edit)
Mory Kante
Mory Kante
3:55

10.
"Woozy"
Sister Bliss, Maxi Jazz, Rollo Armstrong
Faithless
7:53

11.
"Richard, It's Business as Usual"
Barry Adamson
Barry Adamson
4:17

12.
"Brutal"
Bernard Sumner, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris, Gillian Gilbert
New Order
4:49

13.
"Lonely Soul" (from Psyence Fiction, 1998)
Richard Ashcroft, Wil Malone, DJ Shadow
Unkle featuring Richard Ashcroft
8:53

14.
"Beached"
Angelo Badalamenti
Orbital and Angelo Badalamenti
6:45

Total length:
76:53

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 19% based on 116 reviews, and an average rating of 4.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Beach is unfocused and muddled, a shallow adaptation of the novel it is based on. Points go to the gorgeous cinematography, though."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[8]

text: Critics suggested that DiCaprio's fame post-Titanic might have contributed to the financial success of this film, which came out less than three years after the James Cameron blockbuster. CNN's Paul Clinton said "Leonardo DiCaprio's main fan base of screaming adolescent girls won't be disappointed with The Beach. The majority of the film displays the titanic-sized young heartthrob sans his shirt in this story about the pseudo-angst and alienation of a young man from the United States escaping civilization and his computer-obsessed generation." He agreed with most others that The Beach was "nothing to write home about". DiCaprio was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actor for his work on the film.

text: The budget of the film was US$50 million. Global takings totaled over US$144 million, of which US$39 million was from the USA.[9]

text: Director Boyle has spoken negatively of the film, telling a Philadelphia audience in 2017 that he realized halfway through filming that he "didn't like any of the characters."

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film has been released on VHS and DVD. The standard DVD release included nine scenes that were deleted from the movie, including an alternative opening which to a degree resembles the one in the novel, were later included in a Special Edition DVD release, along with Danny Boyle's commentary on what might have been their purpose. There is also an alternative ending which depicts Sal committing suicide and everyone loading up on a boat from the raft.


document_title: Visible spectrum

question_text: the longest wavelengths in the visible spectrum are

text: Visible spectrum

text: History[edit]

text: In the 13th century, Roger Bacon theorized that rainbows were produced by a similar process to the passage of light through glass or crystal.[2]

text: In the 17th century, Isaac Newton discovered that prisms could disassemble and reassemble white light, and described the phenomenon in his book Opticks. He was the first to use the word spectrum (Latin for "appearance" or "apparition") in this sense in print in 1671 in describing his experiments in optics. Newton observed that, when a narrow beam of sunlight strikes the face of a glass prism at an angle, some is reflected and some of the beam passes into and through the glass, emerging as different-colored bands. Newton hypothesized light to be made up of "corpuscles" (particles) of different colors, with the different colors of light moving at different speeds in transparent matter, red light moving more quickly than violet in glass. The result is that red light is bent (refracted) less sharply than violet as it passes through the prism, creating a spectrum of colors.

text: Newton divided the spectrum into seven named colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. He chose seven colors out of a belief, derived from the ancient Greek sophists, of there being a connection between the colors, the musical notes, the known objects in the solar system, and the days of the week.[3] The human eye is relatively insensitive to indigo's frequencies, and some people who have otherwise-good vision cannot distinguish indigo from blue and violet. For this reason, some later commentators, including Isaac Asimov,[4] have suggested that indigo should not be regarded as a color in its own right but merely as a shade of blue or violet. However, the evidence indicates that what Newton meant by "indigo" and "blue" does not correspond to the modern meanings of those color words. Comparing Newton's observation of prismatic colors to a color image of the visible light spectrum shows that "indigo" corresponds to what is today called blue, whereas "blue" corresponds to cyan.[5][6][7]

text: In the 18th century, Goethe wrote about optical spectra in his Theory of Colours. Goethe used the word spectrum (Spektrum) to designate a ghostly optical afterimage, as did Schopenhauer in On Vision and Colors. Goethe argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon. Where Newton narrowed the beam of light to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that a wider aperture produces not a spectrum but rather reddish-yellow and blue-cyan edges with white between them. The spectrum appears only when these edges are close enough to overlap.

text:
In the early 19th century, the concept of the visible spectrum became more definite, as light outside the visible range was discovered and characterized by William Herschel (infrared) and Johann Wilhelm Ritter (ultraviolet), Thomas Young, Thomas Johann Seebeck, and others.[8]
Young was the first to measure the wavelengths of different colors of light, in 1802.[9]

text: The connection between the visible spectrum and color vision was explored by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz in the early 19th century. Their theory of color vision correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive color.

text: Animal color vision[edit]

text: Many species can see light within frequencies outside the human "visible spectrum". Bees and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light, which helps them find nectar in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light rather than how colorful they appear to humans. Birds, too, can see into the ultraviolet (300–400 nm), and some have sex-dependent markings on their plumage that are visible only in the ultraviolet range.[10][11] Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range, however, cannot see red light or any other reddish wavelengths. Bees' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm, just before the orange wavelengths start.[12] Birds, however, can see some red wavelengths, although not as far into the light spectrum as humans.[13] The popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light [14] is incorrect, because goldfish cannot see infrared light.[15] Similarly, dogs are often thought to be color blind but they have been shown to be sensitive to colors, though not as many as humans.[16]. Some snakes can "see"[17] radiant heat at wavelengths between 5 and 30 μm to a degree of accuracy such that a blind rattlesnake can target vulnerable body parts of the prey at which it strikes,[18] and other snakes with the organ may detect warm bodies from a metre away.[19] It may also be used in thermoregulation and predator detection.[20][21] (See Infrared sensing in snakes)

text: Spectral colors[edit]

text:
Color

Wavelength

Frequency

Photon energy

Violet

380–450 nm

668–789 THz

2.75–3.26 eV

Blue

450–495 nm

606–668 THz

2.50–2.75 eV

Green

495–570 nm

526–606 THz

2.17–2.50 eV

Yellow

570–590 nm

508–526 THz

2.10–2.17 eV

Orange

590–620 nm

484–508 THz

2.00–2.10 eV

Red

620–750 nm

400–484 THz

1.65–2.00 eV

text: Colors that can be produced by visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths (monochromatic light) are called pure spectral colors. The various color ranges indicated in the illustration are an approximation: The spectrum is continuous, with no clear boundaries between one color and the next.[22]

text: Spectroscopy[edit]

text: Spectroscopy is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit, absorb or reflect. Spectroscopy is an important investigative tool in astronomy, where scientists use it to analyze the properties of distant objects. Typically, astronomical spectroscopy uses high-dispersion diffraction gratings to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions. Helium was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the sun. Chemical elements can be detected in astronomical objects by emission lines and absorption lines.

text: The shifting of spectral lines can be used to measure the Doppler shift (red shift or blue shift) of distant objects.

text: Color display spectrum[edit]

text: Color displays (e.g. computer monitors and televisions) cannot reproduce all colors discernible by a human eye. Colors outside the color gamut of the device, such as most spectral colors, can only be approximated. For color-accurate reproduction, a spectrum can be projected onto a uniform gray field. The resulting mixed colors can have all their R,G,B coordinates non-negative, and so can be reproduced without distortion. This accurately simulates looking at a spectrum on a gray background.[23]


document_title: List of languages by number of native speakers in India

question_text: after hindi which is the most spoken language in india

text: Overview[edit]

text: India has 23 constitutionally recognized official languages. Hindi and English are the official languages used by the Central Government. State governments use respective official languages.

text: Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages".[2] According to 2001 Census, 53.6% of Indian population declared that they speak Hindi either as first or second language, in which 41% of them have declared it as their native language or mother tongue.[3][4][5] 13% Indians declared that they can speak English as a second language.[6]

text: Thirteen languages account for more than 1% of Indian population each, and between themselves for over 95%; all of them are "scheduled languages of the constitution". Scheduled languages spoken by fewer than 1% of Indians are Santali (0.63%), Kashmiri (0.54%), Nepali (0.28%), Sindhi (0.25%), Konkani (0.24%), Dogri (0.22%), Meitei (0.14%), Bodo (0.13%) and Sanskrit (In the 2001 census of India, only 14,135 people reported Sanskrit as their native language).[7] The largest language that is not "scheduled" is Bhili (0.95%), followed by Gondi (0.27%), Khandeshi (0.21%), Tulu (0.17%) and Kurukh (0.10%).

text: Of the Indian population in 1991, 19.4% exhibited bilingualism and 7.2% exhibited trilingualism.

text: India has a Greenberg's diversity index of 0.914, i.e. two people selected at random from the country will have different native languages in 91.4% of cases.[8]

text: List of languages by number of native speakers[edit]

text: Ordered by number of speakers as first language.

text: More than one million speakers[edit]

text: The 2001 census recorded 29 individual languages as having more than 1 million native speakers (0.1% of total population). The languages in bold are scheduled languages (the only scheduled language with less than 1 million native speakers is Sanskrit). The first table is restricted to only speaking populations for scheduled languages.

text:
First, Second, and Third languages by number of speakers in India (2001 Census)

Language
First language
speakers[9][10]
First language
speakers as a percentage
of total population[11]

Second language
speakers[10]
Third language
speakers[10]
Total speakers[12][10]
Total speakers as a
percentage of total
population[11]

Hindi[b]
422,048,642
41.03
98,207,180
31,160,696
551,416,518
53.60

English
226,449
0.02
86,125,221
38,993,066
125,344,736
12.18

Bengali
83,369,769
8.10
6,637,222
1,108,088
91,115,079
8.86

Telugu
74,002,856
7.19
9,723,626
1,266,019
84,992,501
8.26

Marathi
71,936,894
6.99
9,546,414
2,701,498
84,184,806
8.18

Tamil
60,793,814
5.91
4,992,253
956,335
66,742,402
6.49

Urdu
51,536,111
5.01
6,535,489
1,007,912
59,079,512
5.74

Kannada
37,924,011
3.69
11,455,287
1,396,428
50,775,726
4.94

Gujarati
46,091,617
4.48
3,476,355
703,989
50,271,961
4.89

Odia
33,017,446
3.21
3,272,151
319,525
36,609,122
3.56

Malayalam
33,066,392
3.21
499,188
195,885
33,761,465
3.28

Sanskrit
14,135
<0.01
1,234,931
3,742,223
4,991,289
0.49

text:
Table: Ordered by number of native speakers

Rank
Language
2001 census[13]
(total population 1,028,610,328 )
1991 census[14]
(total population 838,583,988)
Encarta 2007 estimate[15]
(worldwide speakers)

Speakers
Percentage
Speakers
Percentage
Speakers

1
Hindi[16]
422,048,642
41.1%
329,518,087
39.29%
366 M

2
Bengali
83,369,769
8.11%
69,595,738
8.30%
207 M

3
Telugu
74,002,856
7.19%
66,017,615
7.87%
69.7 M

4
Marathi
71,936,894
6.99%
62,481,681
7.45%
68.0 M

5
Tamil
60,793,814
5.91%
53,006,368
6.32%
66.0 M

6
Urdu
51,536,111
5.01%
43,406,932
5.18%
60.3 M

7
Gujarati
46,091,617
4.48%
40,673,814
4.85%
46.1 M

8
Kannada
37,924,011
3.69%
32,753,676
3.91%
35.3 M

9
Malayalam
33,066,392
3.21%
30,377,176
3.62%
35.7 M

10
Odia
33,017,446
3.21%
28,061,313
3.35%
32.3 M

11
Punjabi
29,102,477
2.83%
23,378,744
2.79%
57.1 M

12
Assamese
13,168,484
1.28%
13,079,696
1.56%
15.4 M

13
Maithili
12,179,122
1.18%
7,766,921
0.926%
24.2 M

14
Bhili/Bhilodi
9,582,957
0.93%

15
Santali
6,469,600
0.63%
5,216,325
0.622%

16
Kashmiri
5,527,698
0.54%

17
Nepali
2,871,749
0.28%
2,076,645
0.248%
16.1 M

18
Gondi
2,713,790
0.26%

19
Sindhi
2,535,485
0.25%
2,122,848
0.253%
19.7 M

20
Konkani
2,489,015
0.24%
1,760,607
0.210%

21
Dogri
2,282,589
0.22%

22
Khandeshi
2,075,258
0.21%

23
Kurukh
1,751,489
0.17%

24
Tulu
1,722,768
0.17%

25
Meitei (Manipuri)
1,466,705*
0.14%
1,270,216
0.151%

26
Bodo
1,350,478
0.13%
1,221,881
0.146%

27
Khasi
1,128,575
0.11%

28
Mundari
1,061,352
0.103%

29
Ho
1,042,724
0.101%

text:
* Excludes figures of Paomata, Mao-Maram and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur for 2001.
** The percentage of speakers of each language for 2001 has been worked out on the total population of India excluding the population of Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur due to cancellation of census results.

text: 100,000 to one million speakers[edit]

text:
Rank
Language
2001 census

Speakers
Percentage

30
Kui
916,222
0.089%

31
Garo
889,479
0.086%

32
Tripuri
854,023
0.083%

33
Lushai/Mizo
674,756
0.066%

34
Halabi
593,443
0.058%

35
Korku
574,481
0.056%

36
Miri/Mishing
551,224
0.054%

37
Munda
469,357
0.046%

38
Karbi/Mikir
419,534
0.041%

39
Koya
362,070
0.035%

40
Ao
261,387
0.025%

41
Savara
252,519
0.025%

42
Konyak
248,109
0.024%

43
Kharia
239,608
0.023%

44
English
226,449
0.022%

45
Malto
224,926
0.022%

46
Nissi/Dafla
211,485
0.021%

47
Adi
198,462
0.019%

48
Thado
190,595
0.019%

49
Lotha
170,001
0.017%

50
Coorgi/Kodagu
166,187
0.016%

51
Rabha
164,770
0.016%

52
Tangkhul
142,035
0.014%

53
Kisan
141,088
0.014%

54
Angami
132,225
0.013%

55
Phom
122,508
0.012%

56
Kolami
121,855
0.012%

57
Khond/Kondh[17]
118,597
0.012%

58
Dimasa
111,961
0.011%

59
Ladakhi
104,618
0.010%

60
Sema
103,529
0.010%

text: List of mother tongues by number of speakers[edit]

text: Each of the languages of the 2001 census subsumes one or more mother tongues. Speaker numbers are available for these mother tongues and they are also included in the speaker numbers for their respective language. The following table lists those mother tongues that have more than one million speakers. Per the General Notes from the 2001 census: "Mother tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person’s mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person’s home in childhood will be the mother tongue."[18]

text:
Mother tongues with more than one million speakers[13]

Rank
Mother tongue
2001 census
Included
in language

Speakers
Percentage

1
Hindi
257,919,635
25.071%

2
Bengali
82,462,437
8.016%

3
Telugu
73,817,148
7.176%

4
Marathi
71,701,478
6.970%

5
Tamil
60,655,813
5.896%

6
Urdu
51,533,954
5.009%

7
Gujarati
45,715,654
4.444%

8
Kannada
37,742,232
3.669%

9
Bhojpuri
33,099,497
3.217%
Hindi

10
Malayalam
33,015,420
3.209%

11
Odia
32,110,482
3.121%

12
Punjabi
28,152,794
2.737%

13
Rajasthani
18,355,613
1.784%
Hindi

14
Magadhi/Magahi
13,978,565
1.359%
Hindi

15
Chhattisgarhi
13,260,186
1.289%
Hindi

16
Assamese
12,778,735
1.242%

17
Maithili
12,178,673
1.184%

18
Haryanvi
7,997,192
0.777%
Hindi

19
Marwari
7,936,183
0.771%
Hindi

20
Santali
5,943,679
0.578%

21
Malvi
5,565,167
0.541%
Hindi

22
Kashmiri
5,362,349
0.521%

23
Mewari
5,091,697
0.495%
Hindi

24
Khortha/Khotta
4,725,927
0.459%
Hindi

25
Bhili/Bhilodi
3,313,481
0.322%

26
Bundeli/Bundelkhan
3,072,147
0.299%
Hindi

27
Nepali
2,867,922
0.279%

28
Bagheli
2,865,011
0.278%
Hindi

29
Pahari[c]
2,832,825
0.275%
Hindi

30
Lamani/Lambadi
2,707,562
0.263%
Hindi

31
Awadhi
2,529,308
0.246%
Hindi

32
Wagdi
2,510,811
0.244%
Bhili

33
Gondi
2,505,247
0.244%

34
Harauti
2,462,867
0.239%
Hindi

35
Konkani
2,420,140
0.235%

36
Dogri
2,282,547
0.222%

37
Garhwali
2,267,314
0.220%
Hindi

38
Nimadi
2,148,146
0.209%
Hindi

39
Sadan/Sadri
2,044,776
0.199%
Hindi

40
Kumaoni
2,003,783
0.195%
Hindi

41
Dhundhari
1,871,130
0.182%
Hindi

42
Ahirani
1,865,813
0.181%
Khandeshi

43
Kurukh/Oraon
1,737,044
0.169%

44
Tulu
1,720,422
0.167%

45
Sindhi
1,694,061
0.165%

46
Meitei
1,466,497
0.143%

47
Surgujia
1,458,533
0.142%
Hindi

48
Bagri Rajasthani
1,434,123
0.139%
Hindi

49
Bodo/Boro
1,330,775
0.129%

50
Banjari
1,259,821
0.122%
Hindi

51
Nagpuria
1,242,586
0.121%
Hindi

52
Surjapuri
1,217,019
0.118%
Hindi

53
Kangri
1,122,843
0.109%
Hindi

54
Mundari
1,046,951
0.102%

55
Ho
1,037,987
0.101%

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Some languages may be over- or under-represented as the census data used is at the state-level. For example, while Urdu has 52 million speakers (2001), in no state is it a majority language.
Jump up ^ includes Western Hindi apart from Urdu, Eastern Hindi, Bihari languages except for Maithili, the Rajasthani languages, and the Pahari languages apart from Nepali and (in 2001) Dogri, whether or not the included varieties were reported as "Hindi" or under their individual names.
Jump up ^ "Pahari" as ambiguous, but in the census returns the language name most commonly comes from the Western Pahari area.[19]

tag: ol


document_title: List of winners of the New York City Marathon

question_text: who won the new york marathon in 2016

question_tokens: who won the new york marathon in 2016

text: Men's open division[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Country
Time
Notes

1970
Gary Muhrcke
 United States
2:31:38
Course record

1971
Norman Higgins
 United States
2:22:54
Course record

1972
Sheldon Karlin
 United States
2:27:52

1973
Tom Fleming
 United States
2:21:54
Course record

1974
Norbert Sander
 United States
2:26:30

1975
Tom Fleming
 United States
2:19:27
Course record, 2nd victory

1976
Bill Rodgers
 United States
2:10:10
Course record

1977
Bill Rodgers
 United States
2:11:28
2nd victory

1978
Bill Rodgers
 United States
2:12:12
3rd victory

1979
Bill Rodgers
 United States
2:11:42
4th victory

1980
Alberto Salazar
 United States
2:09:41
Course record

1981
Alberto Salazar
 United States
2:08:13
World record, 2nd victory

1982
Alberto Salazar
 United States
2:09:29
3rd victory

1983
Rod Dixon
 New Zealand
2:08:59

1984
Orlando Pizzolato
 Italy
2:14:53

1985
Orlando Pizzolato
 Italy
2:11:34
2nd victory

1986
Gianni Poli
 Italy
2:11:06

1987
Ibrahim Hussein
 Kenya
2:11:01

1988
Steve Jones
 United Kingdom
2:08:20

1989
Juma Ikangaa
 Tanzania
2:08:01
Course record

1990
Douglas Wakiihuri
 Kenya
2:12:39

1991
Salvador García
 Mexico
2:09:28

1992
Willie Mtolo
 South Africa
2:09:29

1993
Andrés Espinosa
 Mexico
2:10:04

1994
Germán Silva
 Mexico
2:11:21

1995
Germán Silva
 Mexico
2:11:00
2nd victory

1996
Giacomo Leone
 Italy
2:09:54

1997
John Kagwe
 Kenya
2:08:12

1998
John Kagwe
 Kenya
2:08:45
2nd victory

1999
Joseph Chebet
 Kenya
2:09:14

2000
Abdelkader El Mouaziz
 Morocco
2:10:09

2001
Tesfaye Jifar
 Ethiopia
2:07:43
Course record

2002
Rodgers Rop
 Kenya
2:08:07

2003
Martin Lel
 Kenya
2:10:30

2004
Hendrick Ramaala
 South Africa
2:09:28

2005
Paul Tergat
 Kenya
2:09:30

2006
Marílson Gomes dos Santos
 Brazil
2:09:58

2007
Martin Lel
 Kenya
2:09:04
2nd victory

2008
Marílson Gomes dos Santos
 Brazil
2:08:43
2nd victory

2009
Meb Keflezighi
 United States
2:09:15

2010
Gebregziabher Gebremariam
 Ethiopia
2:08:14

2011
Geoffrey Mutai
 Kenya
2:05:06
Course record

2012
Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy

2013
Geoffrey Mutai
 Kenya
2:08:24
2nd victory

2014
Wilson Kipsang
 Kenya
2:10:59

2015
Stanley Biwott
 Kenya
2:10:34

2016
Ghirmay Ghebreslassie
 Eritrea
2:07:51

2017
Geoffrey Kamworor
 Kenya
2:10:53

text: Women's open division[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Country
Time
Notes

1972
Nina Kuscsik
 United States
3:08:41
Course record

1973
Nina Kuscsik
 United States
2:57:07
Course record, 2nd victory

1974
Kathrine Switzer
 United States
3:07:29

1975
Kim Merritt
 United States
2:46:14
Course record

1976
Miki Gorman
 United States
2:39:11
Course record

1977
Miki Gorman
 United States
2:43:10
2nd victory

1978
Grete Waitz
 Norway
2:32:30
Course record

1979
Grete Waitz
 Norway
2:27:33
Course record, 2nd victory

1980
Grete Waitz
 Norway
2:25:42
Course record, 3rd victory

1981
Allison Roe
 New Zealand
2:25:29
Course record

1982
Grete Waitz
 Norway
2:27:14
4th victory

1983
Grete Waitz
 Norway
2:27:00
5th victory

1984
Grete Waitz
 Norway
2:29:30
6th victory

1985
Grete Waitz
 Norway
2:28:34
7th victory

1986
Grete Waitz
 Norway
2:28:06
8th victory

1987
Priscilla Welch
 United Kingdom
2:30:17

1988
Grete Waitz
 Norway
2:28:07
9th victory

1989
Ingrid Kristiansen
 Norway
2:25:30

1990
Wanda Panfil
 Poland
2:30:45

1991
Liz McColgan
 United Kingdom
2:27:32

1992
Lisa Ondieki
 Australia
2:24:40
Course record

1993
Uta Pippig
 Germany
2:26:24

1994
Tegla Loroupe
 Kenya
2:27:37

1995
Tegla Loroupe
 Kenya
2:28:06
2nd victory

1996
Anuţa Cătună
 Romania
2:28:18

1997
Franziska Rochat-Moser
 Switzerland
2:28:43

1998
Franca Fiacconi
 Italy
2:25:17

1999
Adriana Fernandez
 Mexico
2:25:06

2000
Lyudmila Petrova
 Russia
2:25:45

2001
Margaret Okayo
 Kenya
2:24:21
Course record

2002
Joyce Chepchumba
 Kenya
2:25:56

2003
Margaret Okayo
 Kenya
2:22:31
Course record, 2nd victory

2004
Paula Radcliffe
 United Kingdom
2:23:10

2005
Jeļena Prokopčuka
 Latvia
2:24:41

2006
Jeļena Prokopčuka
 Latvia
2:25:05
2nd victory

2007
Paula Radcliffe
 United Kingdom
2:23:09
2nd victory

2008
Paula Radcliffe
 United Kingdom
2:23:56
3rd victory

2009
Derartu Tulu
 Ethiopia
2:28:52

2010
Edna Kiplagat
 Kenya
2:28:20

2011
Firehiwot Dado
 Ethiopia
2:23:15

2012
Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy

2013
Priscah Jeptoo
 Kenya
2:25:07

2014
Mary Keitany
 Kenya
2:25:07

2015
Mary Keitany
 Kenya
2:24:25
2nd victory

2016
Mary Keitany
 Kenya
2:24:26
3rd victory

2017
Shalane Flanagan
 United States
2:26:53
Fifth US woman to win; first since 1977

text: Men's wheelchair division[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Country
Time
Notes

2000
Ayari, KamelKamel Ayari
 Tunisia
1:53:50
[1]

2001
Mendoza, SaúlSaúl Mendoza
 Mexico
1:39:29
Course record[2]

2002
Schabort, KrigeKrige Schabort
 South Africa
1:38:27
Course record[3]

2003
Schabort, KrigeKrige Schabort
 South Africa
1:32:19
Course record, 2nd victory[4]

2004
Mendoza, SaúlSaúl Mendoza
 Mexico
1:33:16
2nd victory[5]

2005
van Dyk, ErnstErnst van Dyk
 South Africa
1:31:11
Course record[6]

2006
Fearnley, KurtKurt Fearnley
 Australia
1:29:22
Course record[7]

2007
Fearnley, KurtKurt Fearnley
 Australia
1:33:58
2nd victory[8]

2008
Fearnley, KurtKurt Fearnley
 Australia
1:44:51
3rd victory[9]

2009
Fearnley, KurtKurt Fearnley
 Australia
1:35:58
4th victory

2010
Weir, DavidDavid Weir
 United Kingdom
1:37:29

2011
Soejima, MasazumiMasazumi Soejima
 Japan
1:31:41

2012
Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy

2013
Hug, MarcelMarcel Hug
 Switzerland
1:40:14

2014
Fearnley, KurtKurt Fearnley
 Australia
1:30:55
5th victory (Note that the course was shortened by 3 miles at the start)

2015
van Dyk, ErnstErnst van Dyk
 South Africa
1:30:54
2nd victory

2016
Hug, MarcelMarcel Hug
 Switzerland
1:35:44
2nd victory

2017
Hug, MarcelMarcel Hug
 Switzerland
1:37.17
3rd victory

text: Women's wheelchair division[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Country
Time
Notes

2000
Xuan, Anh Nguyen ThiAnh Nguyen Thi Xuan
 Vietnam
2:46:47
[1]

2001
Porcellato, FrancescaFrancesca Porcellato
 Italy
2:08:51
Course record[10]

2002
Blauwet, CheriCheri Blauwet
 United States
2:14:39
[3]

2003
Blauwet, CheriCheri Blauwet
 United States
1:59:30
Course record, 2nd victory[4]

2004
Hunkeler, EdithEdith Hunkeler
 Switzerland
1:53:27
Course record[5]

2005
Hunkeler, EdithEdith Hunkeler
 Switzerland
1:54:52
2nd victory[6]

2006
McGrory, AmandaAmanda McGrory
 United States
1:54:19
2 seconds ahead of 2nd-place finisher[7]

2007
Hunkeler, EdithEdith Hunkeler
 Switzerland
1:52:38
Course record, 3rd victory[8]

2008
Hunkeler, EdithEdith Hunkeler
 Switzerland
2:06:42
4th victory[9]

2009
Hunkeler, EdithEdith Hunkeler
 Switzerland
1:58:15
5th victory

2010
McFadden, TatyanaTatyana McFadden
 United States
2:02:22

2011
McGrory, AmandaAmanda McGrory
 United States
1:50:25
Course record

2012
Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy

2013
McFadden, TatyanaTatyana McFadden
 United States
1:59:13
2nd victory

2014
McFadden, TatyanaTatyana McFadden
 United States
1:42:16
3rd victory (Note that their course was shortened by 3 miles at the start)

2015
McFadden, TatyanaTatyana McFadden
 United States
1:43:04
4th victory; course record

2016
McFadden, TatyanaTatyana McFadden
 United States
1:47:43
5th victory

text: Victories by nationality[edit]

text:
Country
Men's
Open
Women's
Open
Men's
Wheelchair
Women's
Wheelchair
Total

 United States
14
7
0
9
30

 Kenya
14
10
0
0
24

 Norway
0
10
0
0
10

 Mexico
4
1
2
0
7

 United Kingdom
1
5
1
0
7

  Switzerland
0
1
3
5
9

 Italy
4
1
0
1
6

 Australia
0
1
5
0
6

 South Africa
2
0
4
0
6

 Ethiopia
2
2
0
0
4

 Brazil
2
0
0
0
2

 New Zealand
1
1
0
0
2

 Latvia
0
2
0
0
2

 Morocco
1
0
0
0
1

 Tanzania
1
0
0
0
1

 Germany
0
1
0
0
1

 Poland
0
1
0
0
1

 Romania
0
1
0
0
1

 Russia
0
1
0
0
1

 Tunisia
0
0
1
0
1

 Vietnam
0
0
0
1
1

 Eritrea
1
0
0
0
1