document_title: I Love New York (season 1)

question_text: who was the winner of i love new york 1

question_tokens: who was the winner of i love new york 1

text: I Love New York (season 1)

text: Production[edit]

text: In July 2006, VH1 published a casting call[1] looking for contestants for their new series tentatively titled The Flavorette. Various blogs speculated that the star of this program could be Flavor of Love season one contestants "Rain" (Thela Brown), "Hoopz" (Nicole Alexander) or Pollard.[2] Before the second season finale of Flavor of Love, Pollard denied having her own show[3] but when the Flavor of Love season 2 finale aired, she confirmed she was the "Flavorette" and that she was already down to the final three contestants.[4]

text: On November 3, 2006, VH1 announced the show's official title: I Love New York.[5] The first commercial for the series aired on December 3, 2006 during the VH1 2006 Big Awards show. The show premiered on Monday, January 8, 2007 and is the most watched series debut in VH1 history.[6]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Contestant Nickname[7]

Real name
Eliminated

Tango
Patrick Hunter[8]
Winner

Chance
Kamal Givens
Runner-Up

Real
Ahmad Givens
Episode 9

Whiteboy
Joshua Gallander
Episode 8

12 Pack
David Amerman[9]
Episode 7

Mr. Boston
Lee Marks[10]
Episode 6

Rico
Sandro Padrone
Episode 5

Heat
Jason Rosell
Episode 4

Onix
William Lash
Episode 4

Bonez
Kevin Peters
Episode 3

Pootie
Lamonty Council
Episode 3 (Quit)[q]

T-Weed
Kevin Watson[11]
Episode 3

Romance
Ricky Perillo
Episode 2

Token
Chase Irwin
Episode 2

Trendz
Hashim Smith
Episode 2

Ace
Darin Darnell
Episode 1

Jersey
Bryant Covert
Episode 1

T-Bone
Tyrone Ellis
Episode 1

T-Money
Thomas Young
Episode 1

Wood
Randy Richwood
Episode 1

text: Elimination Order[edit]

text:
New York's Call-out Order

#
Naming
Episodes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11

1

Rico
Whiteboy
Whiteboy1
Tango
Chance
Real
12 Pack
Chance2
Chance
Chance1
Tango

2

Pootie
Tango
Real
Real
12 Pack2
12 Pack
Real
Whiteboy
Real
Tango 1
Chance

3

Tango
Onix
T-Weed
Rico
Real2
Whiteboy2
Whiteboy
Real
Tango
Real1

4

Wood
Real
Rico
Onix
Whiteboy
Chance
Tango
Tango
Whiteboy

5

Whiteboy
Heat
Mr. Boston
12 Pack
Tango
Mr. Boston
Chance
12 Pack

6

12 Pack
Bonez
Tango
Chance
Rico
Tango
Mr. Boston2

7

Heat
Trendz
Heat
Whiteboy
Mr. Boston
Rico

8

T-Bone
12 Pack
Pootie
Mr. Boston
Heat2

9

Jersey
Pootie
Bonez
Heat
Onix

10

Mr. Boston
Token
Chance
Bonez

11

Onix
T-Weed
Onix1
T-Weed2

12

T-Weed
Romance
12 Pack1
Pootie

13

Ace
Rico
Trendz

14

Trendz
Mr. Boston
Token

15

Bonez
Chance
Romance

16

T-Money
Jersey

17

Real
Wood

18

Chance
T-Bone

19

Token
Ace

20

Romance
T-Money

text: The following numbers indicate which type of date the contestant won:

text:
1 The contestant won a group date with New York. On Episode 9, New York has a date with Tango, and another with Real and Chance. Their parents joined their sons on dates.
2 The contestant won a solo date with New York.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article appears to contain a large number of buzzwords. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. Please help improve this article if you can. (July 2011)

text: Do You Have Love For New York?[edit]

text: First aired January 8, 2007 (4.426M viewers)[12]

text: This was the first episode of I Love New York. New York talked about her Flavor of Love experiences and how she got her own show. Chamo was introduced as New York's personal stylist and assistant, while New York's mother, "Sister Patterson", served as New York's "consigliere" during this episode, especially during the naming ceremony. Unlike Flavor Flav in Flavor of Love, New York allowed the contestants to give themselves names with her final approval. Five men were selected for elimination during a mixer held in New York's backyard. Afterwards, Mr. Boston got into a fight with Chance, Romance scared New York by telling her he wanted to replace his dead dog, Rico called New York "mi negrita" (my little black girl)--a term of endearment in Spanish-speaking countries that greatly offended New York, and Chance got into an argument with New York's mother and yelled at her in a drunken stupor. Token was pointed out as a spy for New York's mother. New York eliminated Ace, Jersey, T-Bone, T-Money, and Wood for the following reasons: Wood was there to advance his acting career, having told New York that he did reality TV; New York called T-Money a "fucking pansy"; T-Bone was physically unattractive for New York; Jersey and Ace were not "good enough" for New York.

text: Eliminated: Ace, Jersey, T-Bone, T-Money, and Wood

text: The Mangeant[edit]

text: First aired January 15, 2007

text: In the episode 2, season 1 of I Love New York, New York brought various beauty pageant queens to the mansion to train the guys for the "Mangeant". Round 1 of the Mangeant was a swimsuit contest. Mr. Boston wore a spotted thong to show off his "bulge". In the end, New York chose five finalists to participate in a question and answer round; Real, 12 Pack, Onix, Whiteboy, and Romance, with Onix, 12 Pack and Whiteboy winning the reward of a date with New York. Onix won third place, 12 Pack came in second, and Whiteboy was the official Mangeant winner. Later that night, Pootie told New York that Trendz was passing out his demo CDs while she was in the hot tub with Rico.  The next day, in a letter delivered by Chamo, New York told the guys she would take the top three to the Santa Monica Pier for the afternoon. Whiteboy received some extra time with New York, which included a ride on the ferris wheel. New York confronted 12 Pack about allegations that Romance made about 12 Pack having a girl back at home. When the guys returned home, New York sat 12 Pack and Romance down to talk about the allegations. At the elimination, Romance is sent home because he "needs Prozac," Trendz because New York thought he was trying to boost his music career, and Token because he didn't want to kiss New York.

text:
Challenge: Compete in a pageant for men.
Challenge Winners: 12 Pack, Whiteboy, Onix
Eliminated: Trendz, Romance, Token

text: Big Ballers[edit]

text: First aired January 22, 2007

text: The one contestants were set to New York's test to see who had the best capability to earn money by evaluating each contestant's business portfolio. Whiteboy chose to participate in the challenge even after finding out that his best friend had died. They headed to a boardroom where New York had invited a special guest to help her judge, Omarosa. One of the contestants, known as Heat pissed off New York by telling her that his family would eat first before her. Obviously New York's mom got furious of this. Unable to impress New York and her mother by telling them that he was broke, Pootie had a nervous breakdown—he collapsed and was tended to by EMTs. On the way back to the house, Whiteboy got into a heated argument with Tango on Tango following Pootie, and should have left him alone, or otherwise, Pootie wouldn't have had his meltdown. Tango tells Whiteboy he wants to settle this outside the van, to which Whiteboy stands outside, while the rest of the guys hold back Tango. Tired of waiting for Tango, Whiteboy goes into the other van. Back at the mansion, the results of the challenge were announced: T-Weed was the supposed winner by promising that he had a net worth of $100 million. Sister Patterson forced T-Weed to sign a sheet that would allow her to do a background check. T-Weed drove New York in a Benz to their solo date and Pootie got a date with New York's mom; she noticed Pootie's unstable behavior and later, with the help of Tango, was convinced to willingly leave the competition. The next day, the contestants threw a barbecue for New York and impressed her with massages and lap dances. New York was pleasantly surprised by Mr. Boston's lap dance and Tango's back massage. During elimination, Tango was given his chain first. Before giving out her last chain, Sister Patterson announced T-Weed's financial information. T-Weed was in financial debt rather than his claims of having over $100 million in assets. In the end, Heat received the last chain and therefore, Bonez and T-Weed were sent home. Bonez was eliminated because New York said she didn't want to corrupt him. However, T-Weed was eliminated for not being honest with New York. This was the first (and only) episode in which someone had left the competition before elimination.

text:
Challenge: Create portfolio showing capability to earn money.
Challenge Winner: T-Weed
Eliminated: T-Weed, Bonez
Withdrew: Pootie

text: What's Up Dog?[edit]

text: First aired January 29, 2007

text: The remaining nine men constructed a dog house for New York's Chihuahua, "Her Majesty." Each team had to appoint a foreman and the team that won would receive a date with New York. The black team had Chance, Mr. Boston and Rico as the foreman, the white team had Real, Heat, and 12 Pack as the foreman, and the gray team had Tango as the foreman, Onix, and Whiteboy. During construction, Rico and Chance complained that Mr. Boston wasn't working. After construction was over, New York and Her Majesty chose the white team's pink zebra-striped painted doghouse as the best. Later that night, the reward for Real was to have cocktails with New York and Heat's reward was to have dinner with New York, but New York didn't like how much he was into his family and was still upset about how Heat's grandmother (Yaya) came before her. Meanwhile, back at the mansion, Mr. Boston talks badly about his team behind their backs and Chance can't take it and after giving Whiteboy a haircut, he, Whiteboy, Real, and Rico gang up on Mr. Boston and try to shave his head, but Tango saved Mr. Boston, and Chance declares it isn't over and says "next time we throwin' this shit (bandanna) in your mouth." Mr. Boston likes that they see him as a threat. 12 Pack was New York's "dessert" and as the foreman, he got an extra treat: a session with a sex coach and an opportunity to get closer to New York. As it turns out, 12 Pack was more interested in pursuing a relationship with Heat. After the session, 12 Pack paraded about the house in speedos with Heat notoriously staring at him. Heat and 12 Pack then shared some drunken, romantic moments in the hot tub. Heat admitted that he admired 12 Pack's body and began making sexually suggestive drunken compliments. The next morning, Sister Patterson took all of the men to church (even Mr. Boston and Whiteboy, who are Jewish) and Sister Patterson testified in front of the church members. After the service, Onix told Rico and Tango that he thought New York's mother was "not real" and that she was faking it at the service. After the day was over, the elimination ceremony was held. Onix was eliminated for accusing Sister Patterson for being fake, and Heat was eliminated for prioritizing his family (and 12 Pack) over New York.

text:
Challenge: Build a doghouse for New York's dog, Her Majesty.
Teams

text:
Black: Chance, Mr. Boston, Rico
White: Real, Heat, 12 Pack
Gray: Tango, Onix, Whiteboy

text:
Challenge Winners: Real, Heat, 12 Pack
Eliminated: Heat, Onix

text: Who's Got Game?[edit]

text: First aired February 12, 2007

text: The remaining seven contestants participated in a basketball game against a professional WNBA basketball player, Tamara Moore from the Los Angeles Sparks. Chamo served as the cheerleader. Tango dislocated his arm and went to the hospital. Whiteboy won the competition and was awarded more quality time with New York. They had a romantic dinner. Soon after, everyone was having lunch in the backyard and Sister Patterson suspected that someone was in love with New York. Tango and Whiteboy got into a heated discussion. While New York stood out on her balcony, Tango revealed that he had strong feelings for New York, which made her cry. In the end, Rico was eliminated. In a confessional interview at the end of the episode, New York explained that "I had to let Rico go, because, simply, this competition is not for him. Rico is...a young kid, he's a young boy... He wasn't stepping it up."

text:
Challenge: Score a point against Tamara Moore in basketball, remaining two play against each other and the first to three points wins the date.
Challenge Winner: Whiteboy
Eliminated: Rico

text: Momma Said Knock You Out[edit]

text: First aired February 19, 2007

text: New York emerged in a tiara and asked the six remaining men if they were ready to party. The men said they were. At that time, a group of thirteen young girls ran through the front door. New York left the girls alone with the men to look after them at a "princess party." Chance didn't deal well, calling the girls "Oompa-Loompas" and insulting some of them. Real and White Boy both stayed aloof, and later the girls gave all three of them (Chance, Real, and White Boy) the thumbs down. 12-Pack allowed the girls to put makeup on him, saying that he hoped that they'll notice that he's attractive - but they painted his face red, making him look "scary." The girls later gave him a thumbs down, too; because, as they explain, "he's ugly." The girls did like Mr. Boston, who allowed them to dress him in a girl's dress and smashed his face in cake. Tango was also a success, because he was attentive. New York chose Mr. Boston to go on a date with her.

text: Mr. Boston noted to himself that this was his first date with New York - and his first date with a black woman. They went on a horse-drawn carriage ride and had a dinner outside by a lake, with a harpist playing music nearby. New York told Mr. Boston that she found him "way more attractive." In the limo ride on the way home, they fed each other treats, then began kissing.

text: Meanwhile, back at the mansion, the remaining contestants tried cooking dinner for Sister Patterson. She handed out index cards with recipes, and said that they had one hour to make the dinner. She hated all the food they made, except Real's salad. At dinner, Sister told Chance that he wasn't ready for kids, and this spurred Chance to reveal that he has a son. Soon, Chance began to shout that it was time for him to leave, so that he could be with his son. Sister encouraged him to do so. He went upstairs to pack, and Tango told Sister that if he had a child himself, he wouldn't go on a reality show. New York arrived home with Mr. Boston, and they planned to go into the hot tub together, but New York noticed Chance packing. She asked him not to go, and eventually — after an altercation with Tango — he decided to stay. Boston was annoyed because he didn't get to have sex in the hot tub with New York.

text: In the morning, the men were sent to a boxing ring for a series of boxing matches. White Boy knocked out Real in the first match; in the second round, 12-Pack knocked Tango's mouthpiece out and accused Tango of making excuses as to why he had lost the boxing match; and in the final round, despite Mr. Boston's boasts, Chance knocked Mr. Boston over the ropes. New York attended to Mr. Boston's bloody nose, and Mr. Boston said that would probably help him in the competition.

text: Chance approached Mr. Boston at the mansion to "check on him." Boston conceded the moral victory in the bout to Chance, as well, when he submitted to Chance's "lesson" in oneupmanship. Where Boston would have otherwise carried the day, his concession to Chance's overt psychological dress-down cost him his on-screen dignity.

text: At the elimination, it came down to Mr. Boston and Chance. New York scolded Chance about hiding his son from her, and about being so rude to the girls at the party. However, she said that she "isn't done with him yet." She gave him the chain, eliminating Mr. Boston. She explained that he "had to leave because he was taking a beat-down, and because I knew in my heart I would never end up with him." However, she told the remaining contestants that Mr. Boston was the best kisser in the house.

text:
Challenge: Watch and entertain 13 girls at a "Princess Party."
Challenge Winner: Mr. Boston
Eliminated: Mr. Boston

text: Guess Who's Coming To Dinner[edit]

text: First aired March 5, 2007 (4.06M viewers)[13]

text: The episode began with New York receiving a letter from Tango. In it, he expressed how much he liked her. Chamo then escorted the remaining five men into the living room where she had them lined up. One by one, New York sent in all of the men's ex-girlfriends, except Whiteboy, whose sister came instead. New York then told the men that while they stay at home, she would take the girls out. In the limo on the way to the salon, New York and her mom asked the girls the concerns they had for each man. 12 Pack's ex-girlfriend said that her parents thought he was gay, and noted that he had performed striptease for gay men at a New Jersey gay club called Feathers. Chance's ex-girlfriend talked about how drugs are basically a trend in the rap industry. New York's mom questioned if Chance had used drugs. Real's ex-girlfriend talked about their relationship, but New York thought that Real may have still had feelings for her. Tango's ex-girlfriend told her that they broke up due to Tango's obsession with his job. Whiteboy's sister talked about how Whiteboy was in a five-year relationship with a girl. 12 Pack's ex also said that 12 Pack had a girlfriend before he came to do the show. At dinner that night, 12 Pack confessed that he did have a girlfriend before he came to do the show, but he said that they had already broken up. When New York talked about 12 Pack working at a gay strip club, he said he only worked there for the money. New York talked about how she thought there was a vibe between Real and his ex-girlfriend. She became disappointed in Whiteboy, because she wished she knew about his relationship earlier. New York started to get jealous that Tango had supposedly only been paying attention to his ex-girlfriend. Once outside, New York overheard 12 Pack talking to his ex-girlfriend, saying that he would be famous because he would be on the number one show in America. New York then fought with Tango, for she was jealous, and Tango became tempted to leave the show. New York then realized her anger came out due to her feelings for Tango. She talked to Tango and he decides to stay.

text: The next day, New York's mother told her to go on a date with Real, but when she left, New York took Chance on a date instead. She took Chance to Chez Cherie cooking school. They had a great time and kissed then went back to the house. At elimination, New York eliminated 12 Pack because she felt that he had too many secrets-most of them involving his sexual orientation. They end on good terms and she wished 12 Pack the best of luck, saying that she hoped he would become famous, though this comment was likely sarcastic.

text: Eliminated: 12 Pack

text: Gettin' Hot In The Desert[edit]

text: First aired March 12, 2007 (4.7M viewers)[14]

text: The remaining four men went to Palm Springs, California, with New York, where each night a different contestant took New York on a date. On New York, Tango and Real's date, the trio went to the golf course. While driving the Cadillac-styled golf cart, New York drove into a sprinkler system and wrecked into another cart. During New York's date with Chance and Whiteboy, the three went on a hot air balloon ride. New York was afraid to get in the hot air balloon, in fear of getting her synthetic hair caught on fire. In the end, Whiteboy was eliminated, because New York "doesn't want to be a rebound girl", as Whiteboy had recently broken up with his girlfriend of five years.

text: Dates

text:
Tango and Real: Trip to the golf course.
Chance and Whiteboy: Hot air balloon ride.

text: Eliminated: Whiteboy

text: Momma's Boys[edit]

text: First aired March 19, 2007 (4.2M viewers)[15]

text: With the three remaining men, the mothers of the brothers, Chance and Real, and of Tango met New York and Sister Patterson. On the first date, New York and Sister Patterson went to Real, Chance, and their mother's horse ranch in California. During the excursion on the ranch, Real and Chance's mother impressed upon her sons that affection for New York should not drive their brotherhood to odds. Later, New York and Sister Patterson went with Tango and his mother for tango lessons. New York and Sister Patterson remarked that Tango's mother was old. After the date and before the elimination ceremony, Sister Patterson offered Chance $10,000 to give up his chain and go home. However, when New York gave Chance the chain, he took the chain off at first and wondered if Sister Patterson will follow up with her offer. New York got mad as a result. Later, Chance told New York of Sister Patterson's offer. In the end, Chance decided to stay. New York gave her second chain to Tango, because he is "hot and sexy." New York eliminated Real because she felt that he was too sensitive for her. After being eliminated, Real cried and confessed his love for New York.

text: Dates

text:
Real and Chance: Trip to Real and Chance's ranch.
Tango: Tango lessons.

text: Eliminated: Real

text: Clip Show[edit]

text: First aired March 26, 2007

text: In this episode, never-before-scenes were shown. They included:

text:
New York and Sister Patterson viewing the casting tapes
Romance sliding down the "ghetto Slip 'n Slide" naked.
Mr. Boston getting an "ass-tan" in a thong
More scenes of Chance bullying Mr. Boston
Sister Patterson commented on contestants she believed to be gay
12 Pack almost giving Chamo a lap dance
New York has laryngitis during her commentary

text: The Final Adios[edit]

text: First aired April 2, 2007 (4.8M viewers)[16]

text: The two finalists traveled with New York to Playacar resort in Playa del Carmen, Mexico. Later, New York made her final decision in Hollywood, California for her potential mate. This episode was the final episode where Chance and Tango were split into two separate rooms, because Chance and Tango were in a heated argument while at dinner with New York. In the end, New York chose Tango over Chance, to much of Chance's shock. New York claims she would have to bet on Tango, because Chance was beginning to remind her too much of Flav. Tango then kneeled and proposed to her. New York was taken aback by this proposal, and seemed to experience a mix of reluctance and elation, but she finally answered yes. Sister Patterson was pleased with New York's decision and said to the camera, "Praise God she didn't pick Chance!" On Chance's way out, Sister Patterson asks Chance if she can give him a hug before he leaves and Chance replies, "I sho as f**k ain't huggin' yo ass." Chance gets in a limousine and calls New York and Sister Patterson a 'hoe'.

text:
Winner: Tango Patrick S. Hunter
Runner Up: Chance

text: The Reunion[edit]

text: First aired April 15, 2007 (5.01M viewers)[17]

text: 17 of the original 20 contestants came together to discuss issues that arose from the series, and the audience discovered what had happened with Tango and New York after the show. The reunion was taped on April 9, 2007 so the cast would have already seen all of the episodes and had issues that were addressed. The host for the reunion (also the host for both Flavor of Love reunions) La La Vasquez revealed that Pootie wasn't invited because of his issues, Jersey was on crutches, and Rico was in jail for driving without a license because his father was having a heart attack.

text: First, Romance and New York argued over 12 Pack getting to stay and him leaving. Romance then boasted his new "love", a dog named Bella, looked better than New York's chihuahua, Your Majesty. New York learned Mr. Boston has a twin brother, Ben and was surprised when she kissed him and not Mr. Boston. She also found out that Mr. Boston and Pumkin, from Flavor of Love, were then dating. New York and Pumkin were not amicable on stage. New York and Pumkin start going at it. When Pumkin leaves the stage, New York says, "Bye, skank. Back to the trailer park." Rumor is that Pumkin called New York a "nigger" causing Sister Patterson to assault Pumkin. Pumkin backstage takes out her cell phone and shows a picture of her and New York making out, in attempt to embarrass New York. Heat and 12 Pack revealed that they have formed a partnership. Sister Patterson replied sarcastically that they make a "nice couple." Chance and Whiteboy had an argument with Tango, to which he told them to act on their threats (even telling Real to come up) and approach the stage. Chance stood up but almost immediately sat back down and even tried to tell Whiteboy to sit back down, but Whiteboy walked up to the stage and the security guards held him back. Wood came up to calm Whiteboy down as well. Tango was taken backstage where he made a threat to give them a "Tampa Bay ass-whupin'". This was similar to the way the girls on the Flavor of Love (season 2) reunion brawled in an attempt to attack at New York.

text: Tango Patrick S. Hunter and New York reunited to Macy Gray's "Glad You're Here" after not being able to see each other after the finale. Never before seen clips were shown of New York's reaction to Tango's proposal. He then went to get his "mother-in-law" while she still was confused and requested a drink. In an attempt to not tell her mother about the engagement, she hid the ring in her mouth. Sister Patterson found the ring and said it was too small. Tango became upset after watching the show and the comments New York made about his mother being too plain and overweight. He broke up with New York on stage, declaring that he originally came on the show to get to know Tiffany, the person; however, he received the notorious persona of "New York," which he had always dreaded. New York attempted to attack him and then made insulting comments about his appearance and physical assets, specifically calling him out on his inadequate penis size. She then cried onstage and said that she will not let it hurt her. She then told Chance that she should have chose him. La La comforted her by asking if she really wanted to be with someone like Tango. La La then ask New York if she knew in advance about Tango's decision to end the relationship to which New York replied "No". It was later revealed on VH1's website that Tango had already forgiven New York, before the reunion, for her remarks about his mother; however, the sudden angry attitude about her disrespecting his mother during the reunion show was just a plot to get himself out of the relationship he had committed to New York.

text: DVD release[edit]

text: The complete first season DVD was released October 2, 2007 for publicity for the second season. It contains all eleven episodes including the reunion special.[18] An Australian DVD was released on November 1, 2008.[19]

text: After the show[edit]

text:
12 Pack (David Amerman), Heat (Jason Rosell), Chance (Kamal Givens), Real (Ahmad Givens), Mr. Boston (Lee Marks) and Whiteboy (Joshua Gallander) appeared on the first season of I Love Money.
Bonez (Kevin Peters), Heat (Jason Rosell), Onix (William Lash), and T-Weed (Kevin Watson) appeared on the second season of I Love Money.
12 Pack (David Amerman) appeared on Daisy of Love.
Jason Rosell ("Heat") has appeared on Gilmore Girls,[20] also competed in I Love Money 1 and 2, as well as appearing in several movies and currently working on a 2011 film.
Mr. Boston (Lee Marks) made a guest appearance on I Love New York 2 and New York Goes to Work.
Real (Ahmad Givens) and Chance (Kamal Givens) made a guest appearance on I Love New York 2. The duo later appeared on their own VH1 dating game show entitled Real Chance of Love.
T-Weed (Kevin Watson) appeared in several films.[21]
Rico (Sandro Padrone) has starred in several pornographic videos under the alias "Marco Rivera".[22] He also appeared on an episode of Judge Joe Brown where he was ordered to pay his roommate (who claimed Padrone had stiffed him on rent for their Hollywood apartment) $3,130.[23]
Bonez (Keven Peters) was a contestant on an episode of Excused he was the last man standing out of all the three rounds of men who came to the door and in the end was Excused.
On February 20, 2015, Real (Ahmad Givens) died after his battle with stage 4 colon cancer at the age of 35.[24]


document_title: Galvanic cell

question_text: where do electrons flow in a galvanic cell

root

text: Galvanic cell

text: History[edit]

text: In 1780, Luigi Galvani discovered that when two different metals (e.g., copper and zinc) are connected and then both touched at the same time to two different parts of a nerve of a frog leg, to close the circuit, the frog's leg contracts.[2] He called this "animal electricity". The frog's leg, as well as being a detector, was also the electrolyte (to use the language of modern chemistry).

tag: p

text: A year after Galvani published his work (1790), using a force-based detector and brine-soaked paper (as electrolyte), Alessandro Volta showed that the frog was not necessary. (Earlier Volta had established the law of capacitance C=Q/V with force-based detectors). In 1799 Volta invented the voltaic pile, which consists of a pile of galvanic cells. He built it entirely out of non-biological material in order to challenge Galvani's (and the later experimenter Leopoldo Nobili) animal electricity theory in favor of his own metal-metal contact electricity theory.[3] Carlo Matteucci in his turn constructed a battery entirely out of biological material in answer to Volta.[4] Volta's contact electricity view characterized each electrode with a number that we would now call the work function of the electrode. This view ignored the chemical residue at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces.

text: Although Volta did not understand the operation of the battery or the galvanic cell, these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries; Volta's cell was named an IEEE Milestone in 1999.[5]

text: Some forty years later Faraday (see Faraday's laws of electrolysis) showed that the galvanic cell -- now often called a voltaic cell -- was chemical in nature. Faraday introduced new terminology to the language of chemistry: electrode (cathode and anode), electrolyte, and ion (cation and anion). Thus Galvani incorrectly thought the source of electricity (or source of emf, or seat of emf) was in the animal, Volta incorrectly thought it was in the physical properties of the isolated electrodes, but Faraday correctly identified the source of emf as the chemical reactions at the two electrode-electrolyte interfaces. The authoritative work on the intellectual history of the voltaic cell remains that by Ostwald.[6]

text: It was suggested by Wilhelm König in 1940 that the object known as the Baghdad battery might represent galvanic cell technology from ancient Parthia. Replicas filled with citric acid or grape juice have been shown to produce a voltage. However, it is far from certain that this was its purpose—other scholars have pointed out that it is very similar to vessels known to have been used for storing parchment scrolls.[7]

text: Basic description[edit]

text: In its simplest form, a half-cell consists of a solid metal (called an electrode) that is submerged in a solution; the solution contains cations (+) of the electrode metal and anions (-) to balance the charge of the cations. The full cell consists of two half-cells, usually separated by a semi-permeable membrane or by a salt bridge.

text: A specific example is the Daniell cell, where a salt bridge is used as separator (see figure). The zinc (Zn) half-cell has a solution of ZnSO4 (zinc sulfate) and the copper (Cu) half-cell has a solution of Cu2SO4 (copper sulfate).

text: Let an external electrical conductor connect the Cu and Zn electrodes. In the Zn half-cell, Zn from the Zn electrode dissolves into the solution as Zn2+ ions (oxidation), releasing electrons that enter the external conductor. In addition, via the salt bridge Zn ions leave and sulfate ions (HSO4-) enter the Zn half-cell.

text: In the Cu half-cell, the Cu ions plate onto the Cu electrode (reduction), taking up electrons that leave the external conductor. Since the Cu2+ ions (cations) plate onto the Cu electrode, the latter is called the cathode. Correspondingly the Zn electrode is the anode. The electrochemical reaction is:

text: In addition, electrons flow through the external conductor, which is the primary application of the galvanic cell.

text: As discussed under Cell Voltage, the emf of the cell is the difference of the half-cell potentials, a measure of the relative ease of dissolution of the two electrodes into the electrolyte. The emf depends on both the electrodes and on the electrolyte, an indication that the emf is chemical in nature.

text: Detailed description[edit]

text: In essence, a half-cell contains a metal in two oxidation states; inside an isolated half-cell, there is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction that is in chemical equilibrium, a condition written symbolically as follows (here, "M" represents a metal cation, an atom that has a charge imbalance due to the loss of "n" electrons):

text: A galvanic cell consists of two half-cells, such that the electrode of one half-cell is composed of metal A, and the electrode of the other half-cell is composed of metal B; the redox reactions for the two separate half-cells are thus:

text: In general, then, these two metals can react with each other:

text: In other words, the metal atoms of one half-cell are able to induce reduction of the metal cations of the other half-cell; conversely stated, the metal cations of one half-cell are able to oxidize the metal atoms of the other half-cell. When metal B has a greater electronegativity than metal A, then metal B tends to steal electrons from metal A (that is, metal B tends to oxidize metal A), thus favoring one direction of the reaction:

text: This reaction between the metals can be controlled in a way that allows for doing useful work:

text: The electrodes are connected with a metal wire in order to conduct the electrons that participate in the reaction.

tag: ul

text: The solutions are connected by a salt bridge or a porous plate in order to conduct the ions (both the metal-A cations from one solution, and the anions from the other solution), which balances the charges of the solutions and thereby allows the reaction between metal A and metal B to continue without opposition.

text: By definition:

text:
The anode is the electrode where oxidation (loss of electrons) takes place; in a galvanic cell, it is the negative electrode, as when oxidation occurs, electrons are left behind on the electrode.[8] These electrons then migrate to the cathode (positive electrode). However, in electrolysis, an electric current stimulates electron flow in the opposite direction. Thus, the anode is positive, and the statement anode attracts anions is true (negatively charged ions flow to the anode, while electrons are expelled through the wire). The metal-A electrode is the anode.
The cathode is the electrode where reduction (gain of electrons) takes place; in a galvanic cell, it is the positive electrode, as less oxidation occurs, fewer ions go into solution, and fewer electrons are left on the electrode.[8] Instead, there is a greater tendency for aqueous ions to be reduced by the incoming electrons from the anode. However, in electrolysis, the cathode is the negative terminal, and attracting positive ions from the solution. In this situation, the statement the cathode attracts cations is true (positively charged, oxidized metal ions flow toward cathode as electrons travel through the wire). The metal-B electrode is the cathode.

text: Galvanic cells are typically used as a source of electrical power. By their nature, they produce direct current. The Weston cell has an anode composed of cadmium mercury amalgam, and a cathode composed of pure mercury. The electrolyte is a (saturated) solution of cadmium sulfate. The depolarizer is a paste of mercurous sulfate. When the electrolyte solution is saturated, the voltage of the cell is very reproducible; hence, in 1911, it was adopted as an international standard for voltage.

text: A battery is a set of galvanic cells that are connected together to form a single source of voltage. For instance, a typical 12V lead–acid battery has six galvanic cells connected in series with the anodes composed of lead and cathodes composed of lead dioxide. Large battery rooms, for instance in a telephone exchange providing central office power to user's telephones, may have cells connected in both series and parallel.

text: Cell voltage[edit]

text: The standard electrical potential of a cell can be determined by the use of a standard potential table for the two half cells involved. The first step is to identify the two metals reacting in the cell. Then one looks up the standard electrode potential, E0, in volts, for each of the two half reactions. The standard potential for the cell is equal to the more positive E0 value minus the more negative E0 value.

text: For example, in the figure above the solutions are CuSO4 and ZnSO4. Each solution has a corresponding metal strip in it, and a salt bridge or porous disk connecting the two solutions and allowing SO42− ions to flow freely between the copper and zinc solutions. In order to calculate the standard potential one looks up copper and zinc's half reactions and finds:

text: Thus the overall reaction is:

text: The standard potential for the reaction is then +0.34 V − (−0.76 V) = 1.10 V. The polarity of the cell is determined as follows. Zinc metal is more strongly reducing than copper metal; equivalently, the standard (reduction) potential for zinc is more negative than that of copper. Thus, zinc metal will lose electrons to copper ions and develop a positive electrical charge. The equilibrium constant, K, for the cell is given by

text: where F is the Faraday constant, R is the gas constant and T is the temperature in kelvins. For the Daniell cell K is approximately equal to 1.5×1037. Thus, at equilibrium, a few electrons are transferred, enough to cause the electrodes to be charged.[9]

text: Actual half-cell potentials must be calculated by using the Nernst equation as the solutes are unlikely to be in their standard states,

text: where Q is the reaction quotient. This simplifies to

text: where {Mn+} is the activity of the metal ion in solution. The metal electrode is in its standard state so by definition has unit activity. In practice concentration is used in place of activity. The potential of the whole cell is obtained by combining the potentials for the two half-cells, so it depends on the concentrations of both dissolved metal ions.

text:
The value of 2.303R/F is 0.19845×10−3 V/K, so at 25 °C (298.15 K) the half-cell potential will change by

0.05918

V

/

n

{\displaystyle {0.05918\ {\text{V}}}/{n}}

 if the concentration of a metal ion is increased or decreased by a factor of 10.

text: These calculations are based on the assumption that all chemical reactions are in equilibrium. When a current flows in the circuit, equilibrium conditions are not achieved and the cell potential will usually be reduced by various mechanisms, such as the development of overpotentials.[10] Also, since chemical reactions occur when the cell is producing power, the electrolyte concentrations change and the cell voltage is reduced. A consequence of the temperature dependency of standard potentials is that the voltage produced by a galvanic cell is also temperature dependent.

text: Galvanic corrosion[edit]

text: Galvanic corrosion is a process that degrades metals electrochemically. This corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are located in contact with each other in the presence of an electrolyte, such as salt water, forming a galvanic cell. A cell can also be formed if the same metal is exposed to two different concentrations of electrolyte. The resulting electrochemical potential then develops an electric current that electrolytically dissolves the less noble material.

text: Cell types[edit]

text:
Concentration cell
Electrolytic cell
Electrochemical cell
Lemon battery
Thermogalvanic cell


document_title: Saint

question_text: when did the catholic church start honoring saints

text: Saint

text: General characteristics[edit]

text: The English word "saint" comes from the Latin "sanctus". The word translated the Greek "ἅγιος" (hagios), which derives from the verb ἁγιάζω (hagiazo), which means "to set apart", "to sanctify", or "to make holy".[8][verification needed] The word ἅγιος appears 229 times in the Greek New Testament, and its English translation 60 times in the corresponding text of the King James Version of the Bible.[9]

text: In the New Testament, "saint" did not denote the deceased who had been recognized as especially holy or emulable, but rather the living faithful who had dedicated themselves to God.[8][verification needed]

text: The word sanctus was originally a technical one in ancient Roman religion, but due to its "globalized" use in Christianity the modern word "saint" in English and its equivalent in Romance languages is now also used as a translation of comparable terms for persons "worthy of veneration for their holiness or sanctity" in other religions.

text: Many religions also use similar concepts (but different terminology) to venerate persons worthy of some honor.[6] Author John A. Coleman (Society of Jesus, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California) wrote that saints across various cultures and religions have the following family resemblances:[10]

text:
exemplary model
extraordinary teacher
wonder worker or source of benevolent power
intercessor
a life often refusing material attachments or comforts
possession of a special and revelatory relation to the holy.

tag: ol

text: The anthropologist Lawrence Babb in an article about Sathya Sai Baba asks the question "Who is a saint?", and responds by saying that in the symbolic infrastructure of some religions, there is the image of a certain extraordinary spiritual king's "miraculous powers", to whom frequently a certain moral presence is attributed. These saintly figures, he asserts, are "the focal points of spiritual force-fields". They exert "powerful attractive influence on followers but touch the inner lives of others in transforming ways as well".[11]

text: Christianity[edit]

text:
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text: Catholic Church[edit]

text: According to the Catholic Church, a "saint" is anyone in Heaven, whether recognized on Earth or not, who form the "great cloud of witnesses" (Hebrews 12:1).[12][13] These "may include our own mothers, grandmothers or other loved ones (cf. 2 Tim 1:5)" who may have not always lived perfect lives but "amid their faults and failings they kept moving forward and proved pleasing to the Lord".[12] The title "Saint" denotes a person who has been formally canonized, that is, officially and authoritatively declared a saint, by the Church as holder of the Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, and is therefore believed to be in Heaven by the grace of God. There are many persons that the Church believes to be in Heaven who have not been formally canonized and who are otherwise titled "saints" because of the fame of their holiness.[14] Sometimes the word "saint" also denotes living Christians.[15]

text: In his book Saint of the Day, editor Leonard Foley, OFM says this: the "[Saints'] surrender to God's love was so generous an approach to the total surrender of Jesus that the Church recognizes them as heroes and heroines worthy to be held up for our inspiration. They remind us that the Church is holy, can never stop being holy and is called to show the holiness of God by living the life of Christ."[16]

text: The Catholic Church teaches that it does not "make" or "create" saints, but rather recognizes them. Proofs of heroicity required in the process of beatification will serve to illustrate in detail the general principles exposed above[17] upon proof of their "holiness" or likeness to God.

text: On 3 January 993, Pope John XV became the first pope to proclaim a person a "saint" from outside the diocese of Rome: on the petition of the German ruler, he had canonized Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg. Before that time, the popular "cults", or venerations, of saints had been local and spontaneous and were confirmed by the local bishop.[18] Pope John XVIII subsequently permitted a cult of five Polish martyrs.[18] Pope Benedict VIII later declared the Armenian hermit Symeon to be a saint, but it was not until the pontificate of Pope Innocent III that the Popes reserved to themselves the exclusive authority to canonize saints, so that local bishops needed the confirmation of the Pope.[18] Walter of Pontoise was the last person in Western Europe to be canonized by an authority other than the Pope: Hugh de Boves, the Archbishop of Rouen, canonized him in 1153.[19][20] Thenceforth a decree of Pope Alexander III in 1170 reserved the prerogative of canonization to the Pope, in so far as the Latin Church was concerned.[19]

text: One source claims that "there are over 10,000 named saints and beatified people from history, the Roman Martyrology and Orthodox sources,[21] but no definitive head count".[22]

text: Alban Butler published Lives of the Saints in 1756, including a total of 1,486 saints. The latest revision of this book, edited by the Jesuit Herbert Thurston and the British author Donald Attwater, contains the lives of 2,565 saints.[23] Monsignor Robert Sarno, an official of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints of the Holy See, expressed that it is impossible to give an exact number of saints.[24]

text: The veneration of saints, in Latin cultus, or the "cult of the Saints", describes a particular popular devotion or entrustment of one's self to a particular saint or group of saints. Although the term "worship" is sometimes used, it is only used with the older English connotation of honoring or respecting (dulia) a person. According to the Church, Divine worship is in the strict sense reserved only to God (latria) and never to the Saints.[25] One is permitted to ask the Saints to intercede or pray to God for persons still on Earth,[26] just as one can ask someone on Earth to pray for him.

text: A saint may be designated as a patron saint of a particular cause, profession, or locale, or invoked as a protector against specific illnesses or disasters, sometimes by popular custom and sometimes by official declarations of the Church.[27] Saints are not believed to have power of their own, but only that granted by God. Relics of saints are respected, or "venerated", similar to the veneration of holy images and icons. The practice in past centuries of venerating relics of saints with the intention of obtaining healing from God through their intercession is taken from the early Church.[28] For example, an American deacon claimed in 2000 that Bl. John Henry Cardinal Newman interceded with God to cure him of a physical illness. The deacon, Jack Sullivan, asserted that after addressing Newman he was cured of spinal stenosis in a matter of hours. In 2009, a panel of theologians concluded that Sullivan's recovery was the result of his prayer to Newman. According to the Church, to be deemed a miracle, "a medical recovery must be instantaneous, not attributable to treatment, disappear for good."[29]

text: Once a person has been canonized, the deceased body of the saint is considered holy as a relic.[30] The remains of saints are called holy relics and are usually used in churches. Saints' personal belongings may also be used as relics.[30] Some of the saints have a special symbol by tradition, e.g., Saint Lawrence, deacon and martyr, is identified by a gridiron because he is believed to have been burned to death on one. This symbol is found, for instance, in the Canadian heraldry of the office responsible for the St. Lawrence Seaway.

text: Stages of canonization[edit]

text:
Stages of canonization in the Catholic Church

Servant of God   →   Venerable   →   Blessed   →   Saint

text: Formal canonization is a lengthy process, often of many years or even centuries.[31] The first stage in this process is an investigation of the candidate's life by an expert. After this, the official report on the candidate is submitted to the bishop of the pertinent diocese and more study is undertaken. The information is then sent to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints of the Holy See for evaluation at the universal level of the Church.[32] If the application is approved the candidate may be granted the title "Venerable".[32] Further investigation may lead to the candidate's beatification with the title "Blessed",[32] which is elevation to the class of the Beati. Next, and at a minimum, proof of two important miracles obtained from God through the intercession of the candidate are required for formal canonization as a saint. These miracles must be posthumous.[32] Finally, after all of these procedures are complete, the Pope may canonize the candidate as a saint[32] for veneration by the universal Church.

text: Eastern Orthodoxy[edit]

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church a saint is defined as anyone who is in Heaven, whether recognized here on earth, or not.[5] By this definition, Adam and Eve, Moses, the various prophets, except for the angels and archangels are all given the title of "Saint". Sainthood in the Orthodox Church does not necessarily reflect a moral model, but the communion with God: there are countless examples of people who lived in great sin and became saints by humility and repentance, such as Mary of Egypt, Moses the Ethiopian, and of course Dysmas, the repentant thief who was crucified. Therefore, a more complete definition of what a saint is, has to do with the way that saints, through their humility and their love of humankind, saved inside them the entire Church, and loved all people.

text: Orthodox belief considers that God reveals his saints through answered prayers and other miracles.[5] Saints are usually recognized by a local community, often by people who directly knew them. As their popularity grows they are often then recognized by the entire church. The formal process of recognition involves deliberation by a synod of bishops.[5] If successful, this is followed by a service of Glorification in which the Saint is given a day on the church calendar to be celebrated by the entire church.[33] This does not, however, make the person a saint; the person already was a saint and the Church ultimately recognized it.

text: It is believed that one of the ways the holiness (sanctity) of a person is revealed, is through the condition of their relics (remains).[citation needed] In some Orthodox countries (such as Greece, but not in Russia) graves are often reused after 3 to 5 years because of limited space. Bones are washed and placed in an ossuary, often with the person's name written on the skull. Occasionally when a body is exhumed something miraculous is reported as having occurred; exhumed bones are claimed to have given off a fragrance, like flowers, or a body is reported as having remained free of decay, despite not having been embalmed (traditionally the Orthodox do not embalm the dead) and having been buried for some years in the earth.

text: The reason relics are considered sacred is because, for the Orthodox, the separation of body and soul is unnatural.[citation needed] Body and soul both comprise the person, and in the end, body and soul will be reunited; therefore, the body of a saint shares in the "Holiness" of the soul of the saint.[citation needed] As a general rule only clergy will touch relics in order to move them or carry them in procession, however, in veneration the faithful will kiss the relic to show love and respect toward the saint. The altar in an Orthodox church usually contains relics of saints,[34] often of martyrs. Church interiors are covered with the Icons of saints.

text: Because the Church shows no true distinction between the living and the dead (the saints are considered to be alive in Heaven), saints are referred to as if they were still alive. Saints are venerated but not worshipped. They are believed to be able to intercede for salvation and help mankind either through direct communion with God, or by personal intervention.

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the title Ὅσιος, Hosios (f. Ὁσία Hosia) is also used. This is a title attributed to saints who had lived a monastic or eremitic life, and it is equal to the more usual title of "Saint".[citation needed]

text: Oriental Orthodoxy[edit]

text: The Oriental Orthodox churches ‒ the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Tewahedo Church, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church ‒ follow a canonization process unique to each church. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, for example, has the requirement that at least 50 years must pass following a prospective saint's death before the Coptic Orthodox Church's pope can canonize the saint.

text: Anglicanism[edit]

text: In the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement, the title of Saint refers to a person who has been elevated by popular opinion as a pious and holy person. The saints are seen as models of holiness to be imitated, and as a 'cloud of witnesses' that strengthen and encourage the believer during his or her spiritual journey (Hebrews 12:1). The saints are seen as elder brothers and sisters in Christ. Official Anglican creeds recognise the existence of the saints in heaven.

text: In high-church contexts, such as Anglo-Catholicism, a saint is generally one to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated) a high level of holiness and sanctity. In this use, a saint is therefore not merely a believer, but one who has been transformed by virtue. In Catholicism, a saint is a special sign of God's activity. The veneration of saints is sometimes misunderstood to be worship, in which case it is derisively termed "hagiolatry".

text: So far as invocation of the saints is concerned,[35] one of the Church of England's Articles of Religion "Of Purgatory" condemns "the Romish Doctrine concerning...(the) Invocation of Saints" as "a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God". Anglo-Catholics in Anglican provinces using the Articles often make a distinction between a "Romish" and a "Patristic" doctrine concerning the invocation of saints, permitting the latter in accordance with Article XXII. Indeed, the theologian E.J. Bicknell, stated that the Anglican view acknowledges that the term "invocation may mean either of two things: the simple request to a saint for his prayers (intercession), 'ora pro nobis,' or a request for some particular benefit. In medieval times the saints had come to be regarded as themselves the authors of blessings. Such a view was condemned but the former was affirmed."[36]

text: Some Anglicans and Anglican churches, particularly Anglo-Catholics, personally ask prayers of the saints. However, such a practice is seldom found in any official Anglican liturgy. Unusual examples of it are found in The Korean Liturgy 1938, the liturgy of the Diocese of Guiana 1959 and The Melanesian English Prayer Book.

text: Anglicans believe that the only effective Mediator between the believer and God the Father, in terms of redemption and salvation, is God the Son, Jesus Christ. Historical Anglicanism has drawn a distinction between the intercession of the saints and the invocation of the saints. The former was generally accepted in Anglican doctrine, while the latter was generally rejected."[36] There are some, however, in Anglicanism, who do beseech the saints' intercession. Those who beseech the saints to intercede on their behalf make a distinction between "mediator" and "intercessor", and claim that asking for the prayers of the saints is no different in kind than asking for the prayers of living Christians. Anglican Catholics understand sainthood in a more Catholic or Orthodox way, often praying for intercessions from the saints and celebrating their feast days.

text: According to the Church of England, a saint is one who is sanctified, as it translates in the Authorised King James Version (1611) 2 Chronicles 6:41

text: Now therefore arise, O LORD God, into thy resting place, thou, and the ark of thy strength: let thy priests, O LORD God, be clothed with salvation, and let thy saints rejoice in goodness.

text: Lutheranism[edit]

text: In the Lutheran Church, all Christians, whether in heaven or on earth, are regarded as saints. However, the church still recognizes and honors specific saints, including some of those recognized by the Catholic Church, but in a qualified way: according to the Augsburg Confession,[37] the term "saint" is used in the manner of the Catholic Church only insofar as to denote a person who received exceptional grace, was sustained by faith, and whose good works are to be an example to any Christian. Traditional Lutheran belief accounts that prayers to the saints are prohibited, as they are not mediators of redemption.[38][39] But, Lutherans do believe that saints pray for the Christian Church in general.[40] Philip Melanchthon, the author of the Apology of the Augsburg Confession, approved honoring the saints by saying they are honored in three ways:

text: The Lutheran Churches also have liturgical calendars in which they honor individuals as saints.

text: Methodism[edit]

text: While Methodists as a whole do not practice the patronage or veneration of saints, they do honor and admire them. Methodists believe that all Christians are saints, but mainly use the term to refer to biblical people, Christian leaders, and martyrs of the faith. Many Methodist churches are named after saints, such as the Twelve Apostles, John Wesley, etc. Although, most are named after geographical locations associated with an early circuit or prominent location. Some Methodist congregations observe All Saints Day if they follow the liturgical calendar. Many encourage the study of saints, that is, the biography of holy people.

text: The 14th Article of Religion in the United Methodist Discipline states,

text: The Romish doctrine concerning purgatory, pardon, worshiping, and adoration, as well of images as of relics, and also invocation of saints, is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warrant of Scripture, but repugnant to the Word of God.

text: John Wesley, the theological father of world Methodism, did not practice or permit Catholic practices associated with the veneration of the Virgin Mary or prayers to saints.

text: Other Protestantism[edit]

text: In many Protestant churches, the word "saint" is used more generally to refer to anyone who is a Christian. This is similar in usage to Paul's numerous references in the New Testament of the Bible.[44] In this sense, anyone who is within the Body of Christ (i.e., a professing Christian) is a 'saint' because of their relationship with Christ Jesus. Many Protestants consider intercessory prayers to the saints to be idolatry as an application of divine worship that should be given only to God himself is being given to other believers, dead or alive.[45] Many Protestant sects also consider the practice to be similar to necromancy as the dead are believed to be awaiting resurrection, unable to do anything for the living saint.[citation needed]

text: Within some Protestant traditions, "saint" is also used to refer to any born-again Christian. Many emphasize the traditional New Testament meaning of the word, preferring to write "saint" to refer to any believer, in continuity with the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers.

text: Latter-day Saints[edit]

text: The beliefs within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) with regard to saints are similar but not quite the same as the Protestant tradition. In the New Testament, saints are all those who have entered into the Christian covenant of baptism. The qualification "latter-day" refers to the doctrine that members are living in the "latter days", before the Second Coming of Christ, and is used to distinguish the members of the LDS Church, which considers itself the restoration of the ancient Christian church.[46] Members are therefore often referred to as "Latter-day Saints" or "LDS", and among themselves as "saints".[47]

text: Other religions[edit]

text: The use of the term "saint" is not exclusive to Christianity. In many religions, there are people who have been recognized within their tradition as having fulfilled the highest aspirations of religious teaching. In English, the term saint is often used to translate this idea from many world religions. The Jewish hasid or tsaddiq, the Islamic Mu'min, the Zoroastrian fravashi, the Hindu rsi or guru, the Buddhist arahant or bodhisattva, the Daoist shengren, the Shinto kami and others have all been referred to as saints."[48]

text: African diaspora[edit]

text: Cuban Santería, Haitian Vodou, Brazilian Umbanda, Candomblé, and other similar syncretist religions adopted the Catholic saints, or at least the images of the saints, and applied their own spirits/deities to them. They are worshiped in churches (where they appear as saints) and in religious festivals, where they appear as the deities. The name santería was originally a pejorative term for those whose worship of saints deviated from Catholic norms.

text: Buddhism[edit]

text: Buddhists in both the Theravada and Mahayana traditions hold the Arhats in special esteem, as well as Bodhisattvas, other Buddhas, or eminent members of the Sangha. Tibetan Buddhists hold the tulkus (reincarnates of deceased eminent practitioners) as living saints on earth.

text: Hinduism[edit]

text: Hindu saints are those recognized by Hindus as showing a great degree of holiness and sanctity. Hinduism has a long tradition of stories and poetry about saints. There is no formal canonization process in Hinduism, but over time many men and women have reached the status of saints among their followers and among Hindus in general. Hindu saints have often renounced the world, and are variously called gurus, sadhus, rishis, swamis, and other names.[49]

text: Some Hindu saints are given god-like status, being seen as incarnations of Vishnu, Shiva, and other aspects of God—this can happen many years after their deaths. This explains another common name for Hindu saints: godmen.[50]

text: Unlike Christianity, Hinduism does not canonize people as saints after death.[51]

text: Islam[edit]

text: Islam has had a rich history of veneration of saints (often called wali, which literally means "Friend [of God]"),[52] which has declined in some parts of the Islamic world in the twentieth century due to the influence of the various streams of Salafism. In Sunni Islam, the veneration of saints became a very common form of devotion early on,[52] and saints came to be defined in the eighth-century as a group of "special people chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work miracles."[53] The classical Sunni scholars came to recognize and honor these individuals as venerable people who were both "loved by God and developed a close relationship of love to Him."[53] "Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) ... [became a] requirement in Sunni Islam [during the classical period],"[54] with even medieval critics of the ubiquitous practice of grave visitation like Ibn Taymiyyah emphatically declaring: "The miracles of saints are absolutely true and correct, and acknowledged by all Muslim scholars. The Quran has pointed to it in different places, and the sayings of the Prophet have mentioned it, and whoever denies the miraculous power of saints are innovators or following innovators."[55] The vast majority of saints venerated in the classical Sunni world were the Sufis, who were all Sunni mystics who belonged to one of the four orthodox legal schools of Sunni law.[56]

text: Veneration of saints eventually became one of the most widespread Sunni practices for more than a millennium, before it was opposed in the twentieth century by the Salafi movement, whose various streams regard it as "being both un-Islamic and backwards ... rather than the integral part of Islam which they were for over a millennium."[57] In a manner similar to the Protestant Reformation,[58] the specific traditional practices which Salafism has tried to curtail in both Sunni and Shia contexts include those of the veneration of saints, visiting their graves, seeking their intercession, and honoring their relics. As Christopher Taylor has remarked: "[Throughout Islamic history] a vital dimension of Islamic piety was the veneration of Muslim saints…. [due, however to] certain strains of thought within the Islamic tradition itself, particularly pronounced in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries ... [some modern day] Muslims have either resisted acknowledging the existence of Muslim saints altogether or have viewed their presence and veneration as unacceptable deviations."[59]

text: Judaism[edit]

text: The term Tzadik "righteous", and its associated meanings, developed in Rabbinic thought from its Talmudic contrast with Hasid ("Pious" honorific), to its exploration in Ethical literature, and its esoteric spiritualisation in Kabbalah. In Hasidic Judaism, the institution of the Tzadik assumed central importance, combining former elite mysticism with social movement for the first time.

text: Sikhism[edit]

text: The concept of sant or bhagat is found in North Indian religious thought including Sikhism. Figures such as Kabir, Ravidas, Nanak, and others are widely regarded as belonging to the Sant tradition. Some of their mystical compositions are incorporated in the Guru Granth Sahib. The term "Sant" is still sometimes loosely applied to living individuals in the Sikh and related communities.[60]


document_title: Three-point field goal

question_text: when did 3 pointers start in high school basketball

text: Three-point field goal

text: History[edit]

text: The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.

text: The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967–68 season. ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).

text: In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day.

text: The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at a distance of 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).

text: The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[5][6] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[6][7][8] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference.[9] Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[10] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[11] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three-point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season.[12] The NCAA women's three-point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011–12.[11] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[13] The NCAA is experimenting with the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the 2018 National Invitation Tournament.[14]

text: During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[15]

text: In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.69 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA's distance, too, as of the 2013 season. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[16]

text: In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979-80 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game and 6.6 attempts (28% effectiveness). The 1989-90 season had an average 4.8 three-point goals per game and 13.7 attempts (35% effectiveness). The 2009-10 season had an average 6.4 three-point goals per game and 18.1 attempts (36% effectiveness). The 2016-17 season had an average 9.7 three-point goals per game and 27.0 attempts (36% effectiveness).[17]

text: Rule specifications[edit]

text: A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:

text:
Arc radius
Minimum distance from sidelines

National Basketball Association
23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m)
3 feet (0.91 m)
[18]

FIBA (also used by WNBA)
6.75 meters (22 ft 2 in)
0.90 meters (2 ft 11 in)
[19]

National Collegiate Athletic Association
20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m)
4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m)
[20]

American high school basketball
19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m)
5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m)
[21]

text: A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

text: An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[22] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.

text: If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.

text: In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).

text: During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.

text: The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[23]

text: The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.


document_title: The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (film)

question_text: who plays emma in the hand that rocks the cradle

text: The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Claire Bartel is happily married and pregnant with her second child. At a routine check-up, she is sexually molested by her new obstetrician, Dr. Victor Mott. Traumatized, she tells her husband Michael, who encourages her to report him to the state medical board. Her initial accusation prompts four more women to come forward with similar accusations. As a result, multiple charges are prepared against Dr. Mott by the district attorney's office. Upon seeing a news report about the charges, Dr. Mott commits suicide to avoid being arrested and tried. Later, Dr. Mott's pregnant widow is told by her lawyers that her husband's assets have been frozen because of the lawsuits and that she will lose her luxurious home. Mrs. Mott goes into early labor after fainting from the stressful news her lawyer gives her, causing her to lose her baby and, after hemorrhaging, having to have an emergency hysterectomy. While recovering in the hospital, Mrs. Mott sees a news story featuring Claire as the woman who went to the state medical board, leading her to swear vengeance.

text: Claire eventually gives birth to a boy named Joey. Looking for a nanny, she unknowingly hires Mrs. Mott, who is going under the alias "Peyton Flanders". Mrs. Mott begins waging a campaign to undermine Claire. She begins frequently breastfeeding Joey in secret, effectively brainwashing him to believe that Mott is his mother; apparently, this causes him to reject Claire, as he stops taking Claire's milk. Mrs. Mott also encourages her daughter Emma to keep secrets from her mother and tries to turn her against Claire, and also secretly destroys Michael's office proposal. Knowing that Claire's close friend Marlene had been Michael's ex-girlfriend before he married Claire, Mrs. Mott also suggests to Michael that he arrange a surprise party for Claire, leading Marlene and Michael to meet in secret. Claire accuses Michael of having an affair with Marlene, only to find the party-goers waiting in the next room.

text: Solomon, an intellectually disabled handyman who has been assisting the Bartels, discovers Mrs. Mott breastfeeding Joey. Mrs. Mott then plants a pair of Emma's panties in Solomon's toolbox, leading Claire to fire him. Emma tells Claire that Solomon never did anything to her. Unfortunately, Claire doesn't believe Emma, causing her to turn against her mother as Mrs. Mott had planned. Unknown to the family, except for Emma, Solomon begins to keep a watchful eye over them.

text: Claire begins to doubt "Peyton" and tells Michael. Mrs. Mott overhears them, then sets a trap for Claire in the greenhouse. Meanwhile, Marlene finds out Mrs. Mott's identity. Although Marlene plans to warn Claire, Mrs. Mott tricks her into going into the greenhouse, where she is killed by the falling glass. Mrs. Mott, who knows that Claire suffers from asthma, empties all of her inhalers. When Claire finds Marlene's body, she has an asthma attack and is briefly hospitalized. As Michael is distraught over both Marlene's death and his wife's condition, Mrs. Mott, wearing a sheer white nightgown, attempts to seduce him, but he rejects her various advances.

text: Claire eventually uncovers the truth about Mrs. Mott, confronts her, and reveals the truth about "Peyton" to Michael as Mrs. Mott claims that she and Michael are having an affair. Michael denies this claim and kicks Mrs. Mott out. Claire then tells Michael to call the police as she realizes that Mrs. Mott rigged the greenhouse to kill her and not Marlene. Michael tells Claire to get Emma and Joey so that they can head to a hotel to be safe.

text: Later, Mrs. Mott breaks into the house and lures Michael down to the basement where she knocks him down the stairs and breaks his legs with a shovel. Mrs. Mott then attempts to take Emma and Joey, but after seeing Mrs. Mott assault her mother, Emma locks Mrs. Mott in the nursery. Mrs. Mott escapes, and hears Joey in the attic. She enters and sees Solomon aiding the children's escape. Claire enters and Mrs. Mott attempts to kill her, but stops after Claire appears to be having another asthma attack, allowing Mrs. Mott to mock her. As Mrs. Mott tries to take Joey, Claire gets back up, having faked her asthma attack, and pushes Mrs. Mott out of the window, impaling her on the picket fence and killing her. Touched at how Solomon risked his life to protect her family, Claire welcomes him back into their lives. As they leave the attic, police and paramedics arrive at the house.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Annabella Sciorra as Claire Bartel
Rebecca De Mornay as Mrs. Mott
Matt McCoy as Michael Bartel
Ernie Hudson as Solomon
Julianne Moore as Marlene Craven
Madeline Zima as Emma Bartel
John de Lancie as Dr. Victor Mott
Kevin Skousen as Marty Craven

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Filming locations were Issaquah, Washington; Seattle, Washington (Mott's residence at 2502 37th Ave W in Seattle); and the Bartels' residence at 808 N. Yakima Ave. Tacoma, Washington.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Hand That Rocks the Cradle opened on January 10, 1992, and grossed $7,675,016 in its opening weekend,[3] bringing Hook down to #2 from its four-week stay at #1. The film lasted at #1 for four consecutive weeks, then was upended by Medicine Man, which was also released by Hollywood Pictures. By the end of its run, the film earned a domestic total of $88,036,683.[4][5] It was also placed at #24 in Bravo's special 30 Even Scarier Movie Moments.

text: The film has received mixed to positive reviews from critics, currently holding a rating of 64% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 47 reviews and a rating of 6.5/10 on IMDb. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[6]

text: Gene Siskel stated that he "had trouble accepting the premise of this picture because of the casual way in which the nanny is hired in an early scene by the mother," citing that the premise is unrealistic. However, he gave praise to Julianne Moore's character, saying, "much more believable, is the supporting character of the mother's best friend" and that "the friend is a terrific character, it's too bad she doesn't have more scenes in the picture." He mentioned that his "biggest objection to Hand That Rocks the Cradle is to its scenes with the children in jeopardy or psychic pain." Siskel finally remarked that "there are some fun thrills in The Hand that Rocks the Cradle to be sure, but I found a lot of it distasteful, too." Roger Ebert, however, had a higher opinion of the film, stating that he "found this film worked" and that "It touches on a fear and that's why it appeals to us." Ebert praised De Mornay's performance in the film, saying, "she does, I think, a very good job, a very, very sound job of being the villainess in this film and I think it's an effective performance" and that he found the scenes of the children "very interesting because I saw them as a portrait of the evil of that woman"[7]

text: Vincent Canby of The New York Times said of the film that "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle" is meant to scare audiences more or less in the way that the patrons of the early nickelodeons were frightened when they saw the image of a train rushing at them. Audiences aren't asked to think, only to react" and that "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle proves again that not thinking isn't especially easy even today. Though Mr. Hanson is a slick movie maker, he is not an especially persuasive one here. Don't be gulled by those who would compare The Hand That Rocks the Cradle to Fatal Attraction, which features three strong characters who, in one way or another, are ready to answer for their actions." He added that "Mr. Hanson creates the occasionally effective shock effect to satisfy those who want to squeal in mock fright. More often the devices he uses are such tired tricks as the crosscutting between two sets of simultaneous, often innocent, actions to create the illusion of suspense that can't be sustained."[8] Rebecca Hawkes of The Daily Telegraph gave the film a rating a 3 stars out of 5 and said that "It’s a tense, viscerally unsettling moment, that helps make the film into something more than just a fun, formulaic thriller",[9] while Sue Heal of The Radio Times rated the film 4 stars out of 5, stated that "This is pure unbridled hokum, of course, but extremely effective until the last 30 minutes, when the plot rapidly self-destructs."[10]

text: Home media[edit]

text:
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle was released on VHS on July 8, 1992, on DVD on December 8, 1998 and Blu-ray on September 4, 2012.
The film was presented in its original widescreen aspect ratio, approximately 1.85.1. The only special feature included on the DVD is the film's original theatrical trailer.