document_title: Notre Dame–USC football rivalry

question_text: who did usc lose to this year in football

text: Notre Dame–USC football rivalry

text: Series history[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Conversation between wives[edit]

text: The origin of the series is quite often recounted as a "conversation between wives"[12] of Notre Dame head coach Knute Rockne and USC athletic director Gywnn Wilson. In fact, many sports writers often cite this popular story as the main reason the two schools decided to play one another. As the story goes, the rivalry began with USC looking for a national rival.[12] USC dispatched Wilson and his wife to Lincoln, Nebraska, where Notre Dame was playing Nebraska on Thanksgiving Day.[12] On that day (Nebraska 17, Notre Dame 0) Knute Rockne resisted the idea of a home-and-home series with USC because of the travel involved, but Mrs. Wilson was able to persuade Mrs. Rockne that a trip every two years to sunny Southern California was better than one to snowy, hostile Nebraska.[12] Mrs. Rockne spoke to her husband and on December 4, 1926, USC became an annual fixture on Notre Dame's schedule.[12]

text: Another tale[edit]

text: While the "wives story" remains the classic explanation for starting the series, college football historian Murray Sperber, who in researching his book on the early days of Notre Dame football, Shake Down the Thunder, uncovered a different explanation for the creation of the series that somewhat contradicts the story. Sperber documents that the series was created primarily for financial and political reasons,[13] and that Rockne's resistance to the series is misstated.[13] During the 1920s, many college institutions, including the Big Ten (then called the Western Conference), sought to combat the commercialism that was steadily increasing in college athletics. Part of the concern over commercialism stemmed from the large money payouts teams would receive by traveling long distances to play in Bowl Games.[13]

text: Meanwhile, Notre Dame had difficulty scheduling local Western Conference opponents because of a ban placed on member schools from playing them.[13] The Irish were initially forced to seek out opponents nationally to fill its schedule, often traveling far away to do so.[13] After Notre Dame started winning landmark games against college behemoths such as Yale and Army, Notre Dame started to grow in popularity and could command more money for games it scheduled.[13] Notre Dame garnered interest from the Rose Bowl Committee to have Notre Dame come and play a Pacific Coast Conference (now Pac-12) opponent for the 1924 football season.[13] Coach Rockne and the Notre Dame administration realized how lucrative an annual trip to Los Angeles would be for the football program.[13] Notre Dame's West Coast alumni began lobbying Rockne to bring the team to the Rose Bowl as a season finale every year.[13] The Rose Bowl Committee favored this arrangement (at the time there was no tie in with the Big Ten); however, the Pacific Coast Conference had reservations.[13] Specifically, two members schools, Stanford and California refused to play Notre Dame "on account of [Notre Dame's] low scholastic standards."[13] Since Notre Dame was a Catholic school, its academics were considered inferior at the time.[13] USC's coach, Gus Henderson reached out to Rockne through correspondence stating that "USC would welcome the chance to play Notre Dame New Year's Day in Pasadena."[13] While Rockne favored playing USC, Stanford, which won the Pacific Coast Conference title, had first choice and eventually realized that playing Notre Dame would be lucrative, and the two played in the 1925 Rose Bowl.[13]

text: The series between Notre Dame and USC was created because of the still-existing desire for Notre Dame to travel to Los Angeles to please its alums and earn a large payout, as well as the still-standing invitation to play them from Coach Henderson.[13] While the creation of the series was contradictory to Notre Dame's efforts to follow the Big Ten in combating commercialism (the Big Ten had a 26-year Bowl ban, which Notre Dame followed even longer), Rockne and other administrators justified the game since it was created as a home-and-home series, only to be played in Los Angeles every other year.[13] The creation of the series was also likely influenced by the hiring of Howard Jones, who knew Rockne from coaching against him at Iowa. To the priests who ran Notre Dame, playing USC in Los Angeles every other year was preferable to making further trips to the Rose Bowl game. Notre Dame would not play in another bowl game until the 1970 Cotton Bowl.

text: Knute Rockne–Howard Jones connection[edit]

text: Another factor in the creation of the series is the connection between both schools' coaches, Knute Rockne and Howard Jones. Following Notre Dame's 1924 championship season, Rockne was approached by USC to take over its football program.[11][13][14] Rockne would often entertain such advances and let the news slip out to the Notre Dame administration in order to get a raise and bolster his position internally and nationally.[13] While Rockne ultimately turned down the offer, he recommended that USC look at his friend Howard Jones, whom he knew from taking his Notre Dame teams to play Iowa.[11][13] Barry LeBrock, author of The Trojan Ten, also confirms that Rockne lent the Trojans a helping hand in recommending that they consider hiring Iowa's coach Howard Jones, after USC fired "Gloomy Gus" Henderson.[14] The creation of the series was likely influenced by their friendship, and by Jones' desire to take USC to Notre Dame's elite level.[14]

text: The early years: 1926–1940s[edit]

text: Notre Dame and USC played their first game in 1926, a 13–12 win for the Irish. Rockne was quoted as saying it was the greatest game he ever saw.[11] The following year, Notre Dame and USC would play a memorable game at Soldier Field in Chicago, a slim 7–6 Irish victory. An estimated 120,000 people were in attendance, a crowd that is considered to be one of the largest attended games in NCAA history.[15] USC's first win in the series also came during the same year they won their first national title in 1928. From 1928–1932, USC and Notre Dame combined to win the national title five straight years, with USC winning in 1928, 1931, and 1932, and Notre Dame winning in 1929 and 1930.[1] During this period, there was some talk of canceling the series, due to the long amount of travel time it took by train from South Bend to Los Angeles.[13] Rockne argued for the series against the Notre Dame faculty board and its chair, Father Mulcaire, countering that "he saw the day coming when most college teams will be going by air exclusively.."[13]

text: Notable Games:

text: The 1940s were good for the Irish, which earned national titles in 1943, 1946, 1947, and 1949.[1] Meanwhile, USC was fielding competitive teams, but none of title caliber.[1] Still, this era provided some memorable games, with USC playing spoiler to the Irish in 1948.[12]

text: Notable Games:

text: The 1960s–1982 period is considered by most fans[who?] to be the golden age of the rivalry, as Notre Dame and USC combined to win eight national titles.[1] Notre Dame won national titles in the 1966, 1973, and 1977 seasons; USC won titles in 1962, 1967, 1972, 1974, and 1978.[1] USC also played spoiler to Notre Dame in the 1964 season, costing them a chance at the national title.[12] The rivalry was equally intense between USC coach John McKay and Notre Dame coach Ara Parseghian.

text: Notable games[edit]

text: 1983–95 – Notre Dame's "Decade of Dominance"[edit]

text: From 1983 to 1993, Notre Dame entered an unprecedented run of success in the series, beating USC 11 straight times.[16] Including a 1994 tie, USC did not beat Notre Dame until 1996, going 13 years without a win.[16] Despite the one-sided nature of the series during this time period, the rivalry still produced several memorable games, including the series' first and only #1 vs #2 matchup to date.

text: Notable Games:

text: For a six-year period, USC and Notre Dame went .500 against each other, with Southern California winning the first three games[17] and Notre Dame winning the last three.[16] The 2001 Notre Dame victory was also their last until their 2010 defeat of the Trojans.[16]

text: Notable games:

text: 2002–09 – USC's Dominance[edit]

text: From 2002 – 2011, USC defeated Notre Dame eight straight times, in some games winning in a lopsided fashion unprecedented in the series.[16] Despite the one-sided nature of this stretch, the series still produced a classic game in 2005.[27]

text: Notable Games:

text: This game reestablished USC on a national level after a decade-long absence from the elite ranks.[17] The Trojans had not played in such a high-stakes game since the 1988 No. 1 vs. No. 2 loss to the Irish.[17] The victory for the Trojans helped them clinch their first-ever BCS bowl berth and established Trojan quarterback Carson Palmer as a Heisman Trophy candidate, which he eventually won. The game culminated USC's most successful season since 1979. A capacity crowd and a national television audience saw USC quarterback Carson Palmer throw for 425 yards and four touchdowns—then Notre Dame opponent records.[21] Palmer led the Trojan offense to 610 total yards, the most yards ever against the Irish.[21] Notre Dame briefly took a 13–10 lead, but Palmer led the Trojans on a 75-yard drive in just over a minute culminating in a pass that sailed over the outstretched hands of two Irish defenders and into the waiting arms of Mike Williams for a 19-yard touchdown. The Trojans sprinted into the locker room with a 17–13 halftime lead and never looked back. USC's 44 points were the most against the Irish by a USC team since Troy's 55–24 victory in 1974.[17]

text: After beating the Irish by 31 points each of the past three years, the Trojans came into South Bend to meet Notre Dame and first-year head coach Charlie Weis. The Irish players entered the stadium before the game wearing green jerseys, and put the crowd into a frenzy.[28] A close game throughout, the Irish took the lead with two minutes left on a Brady Quinn touchdown run. The Trojans stormed back after a 4th and 9 pass by Matt Leinart to Dwayne Jarrett that brought the ball inside the ND 15-yard line.[29] As Leinart scrambled and tried to dive into the endzone, he was hit hard short of the goal line, and the ball was knocked out of bounds with 7 seconds to go.[29] However, the clock continued to count down, and after it hit zero, the Irish fans began to storm the field.[29] There was no replay in this game, at the request of coach Pete Carroll, but after huddling, the officials spotted the ball on the one-yard line and put 7 seconds back on the clock.[29] On the next play, instead of securing a tie that would have resulted in overtime, the Trojan offense surprised the Irish by running the ball.[29] Trojan running back Reggie Bush pushed Matt Leinart, but although technically against the rules at that time, referees seldom, if ever, made that call.[30] Weis said he would hope his running back would make a play like that in a similar situation.[31] The Trojans went on to face the Texas Longhorns in the BCS championship game, losing in an equally thrilling fashion.

text: In 2010, USC was sanctioned by the NCAA for displaying a lack of institutional control for its football, men's basketball and women's tennis programs. As a result, all USC football victories from December 2004 through the 2005 season were vacated, including this classic game.[32] These sanctions have been criticized by some NCAA football writers,[33][34][35][36][37] including ESPN's Ted Miller, who wrote, "It's become an accepted fact among informed college football observers that the NCAA sanctions against USC were a travesty of justice, and the NCAA's refusal to revisit that travesty are a massive act of cowardice on the part of the organization."[38]

text: This was the largest margin of victory the Trojans have put forth on the Irish.[17] It was also their first shutout against them since 1998.[17] USC came into this game 5–1,[17] while Notre Dame came in 1–6.[39] Notre Dame head coach Charlie Weis announced during that summer that his team would wear throwback green jerseys for the matchup, signifying the 30-year anniversary of the Irish beating the Trojans in their green jerseys in 1977, when Weis was a senior at Notre Dame. Because of John David Booty's injured finger, USC back-up quarterback, Mark Sanchez, was the starter. In his second game as a starter, Sanchez managed to complete 21 of 38 passes with a combined total of 235 yards and 4 touchdown passes.[39] This was the Trojans' 6th consecutive victory over the Irish as well.[17] In the process, they became only the third team to accomplish this feat (Michigan and Michigan State share the record with eight straight wins in non consecutive years).[16]

text: 2010–present – Parity Returns[edit]

text: For the first time since 1941, both teams faced each other with first-year head coaches – who had never met and did not know each other. With the Irish coming off of two stellar performances against #14 Utah and Army (27–3 at Yankee Stadium), Notre Dame was riding high, while USC was one week removed from one of their most one-sided defeats in the last decade, a 36–7 loss to the Oregon State Beavers and would be starting fifth-year senior and backup QB Mitch Mustain for the first time due to an injury to starter Matt Barkley. Three key touchdown drives all taking place in the last three minutes of either half and a dropped pass by Ronald Johnson with a little over a minute remaining in the game led the Irish to their first victory over USC since 2001. They would go on to defeat Miami in the Sun Bowl and finish 8–5 under new coach Brian Kelly.[16]

text: USC defeated Notre Dame on the road for an unprecedented fifth straight win in South Bend. It was the first night game played in South Bend in 21 years. The turning point came in the third quarter. Down, 17–10, Notre Dame drove all the way to the USC 1-yard-line and were poised to tie the score when a fumbled snap from center was returned the other way for a touchdown by USC's Jawanza Starling to make it 24–10. For the game, Notre Dame debuted a shiny gold helmet.[40] Nearly 50 recruits attended the game.[41]

text: Going into the game, the teams found themselves in an unforeseen reversal of preseason expectations. Notre Dame was ranked #1 in the AP poll after being unranked in that poll to start the season, while USC entered the game unranked after starting the season as the preseason #1 team. With a balanced offensive attack and several late goal-line stands on defense, Notre Dame won the game 22–13. The Irish held on to their #1 BCS ranking and propelled themselves to the BCS Championship Game in Miami. With more than 16 million viewers, it was the most-watched regular-season college football game on ABC since 2006 and the most-viewed ABC Saturday night game ever.[42] Notre Dame vacated this win in 2016 after "the NCAA determined that a Notre Dame trainer committed academic misconduct for two football players and provided six other players with extra benefits;" the NCAA identified one player who was ineligible for every game in the 2012 season, and another player who was ineligible for every game in the 2013 season.[43]

text: Both teams were ranked in the preseason, with USC at #15 in both the AP and Coaches Polls while Notre Dame was #17 in both polls. Going into the game, both teams were unranked with identical 7–4 records. With a 49–14 victory, USC scored its highest points in the series in 40 years (#6 USC's 55–24 victory over #5 Notre Dame in 1974) and the highest score by either team in the series in 37 years (#11 Notre Dame's 49–19 victory over #5 USC in 1977). USC Quarterback Cody Kessler threw six touchdown passes, the first time in Notre Dame history that any team had ever made six touchdown passes against the Irish.[44][45]

text: Trophy: Jeweled Shillelagh[edit]

text: The Jeweled Shillelagh (shi-LAY-lee) is the trophy awarded to the winner of the annual Notre Dame–USC football rivalry game. The shillelagh, an Irish club, is made of oak or blackthorn saplings from Ireland. On the end of the club is engraved the following: From the Emerald Isle. The trophy was introduced in 1952 to commemorate the first game in the series played on December 4, 1926. The trophy was donated by the Notre Dame Alumni Club of Los Angeles, stating that "this shillelagh will serve to symbolize in part the high tradition, the keen rivalry, and above all the sincere respect which these two great universities have for each other."

text: For each victory, a respective jeweled ornament is added to the foot-long club. For each USC victory, a ruby-adorned Trojan head is added, marked with the year and game score; for each Notre Dame victory, a similarly detailed emerald-studded shamrock is added. For tie games, a combined Trojan head/shamrock medallion is used (in 1996 NCAA changed the rules to allow for overtime and thus no more ties are possible). Although the shillelagh was introduced in 1952, the medallions go back to the start of the series in 1926. In 1996, after USC defeated Notre Dame for the first time in 14 years, Notre Dame did not turn over the shillelagh, stating that it had run out of space for the Trojan heads and shamrocks after the 1989 game.[46] The original shillelagh was retired in a 1995 ceremony and is now permanently displayed at Notre Dame. Instead, Jim Gillis, former head of the Notre Dame Club of Los Angeles, commissioned a second shillelagh, longer than the original and handcrafted from a blackthorn in County Leitrim with gold and jeweled medallions made by Images Jewelers of Elkhart, Indiana. Official Jeweler of The University of Notre Dame.[47]

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Notre Dame victories
USC victories
Tie games
Vacated wins[n 1]

text:
No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score

1
December 4, 1926
Los Angeles, CA
Notre Dame
13–12

2
November 26, 1927
Chicago, IL
Notre Dame
7–6

3
December 1, 1928
Los Angeles, CA
USC
27–14

4
November 16, 1929
Chicago, IL
Notre Dame
13–12

5
December 6, 1930
Los Angeles, CA
Notre Dame
27–0

6
November 21, 1931
South Bend, IN
USC
16–14

7
December 10, 1932
Los Angeles, CA
USC
13–0

8
November 25, 1933
South Bend, IN
USC
19–0

9
December 8, 1934
Los Angeles, CA
Notre Dame
14–0

10
November 23, 1935
South Bend, IN
Notre Dame
20–13

11
December 5, 1936
Los Angeles, CA
Tie
13–13

12
November 27, 1937
South Bend, IN
#9 Notre Dame
13–6

13
December 3, 1938
Los Angeles, CA
#8 USC
13–0

14
November 25, 1939
South Bend, IN
#4 USC
20–12

15
December 7, 1940
Los Angeles, CA
Notre Dame
10–6

16
November 22, 1941
South Bend, IN
#4 Notre Dame
20–18

17
November 28, 1942
Los Angeles, CA
#8 Notre Dame
13–0

18
November 30, 1946
South Bend, IN
#2 Notre Dame
26–6

19
December 6, 1947
Los Angeles, CA
#1 Notre Dame
38–7

20
December 4, 1948
Los Angeles, CA
Tie
14–14

21
November 26, 1949
South Bend, IN
#1 Notre Dame
32–0

22
December 2, 1950
Los Angeles, CA
USC
9–7

23
December 1, 1951
Los Angeles, CA
Notre Dame
19–12

24
November 29, 1952
South Bend, IN
#7 Notre Dame
9–0

25
November 28, 1953
Los Angeles, CA
#2 Notre Dame
48–14

26
November 27, 1954
South Bend, IN
#4 Notre Dame
23–17

27
November 26, 1955
Los Angeles, CA
USC
42–20

28
December 1, 1956
Los Angeles, CA
#17 USC
28–20

29
November 30, 1957
South Bend, IN
#12 Notre Dame
40–12

30
November 29, 1958
Los Angeles, CA
#18 Notre Dame
20–13

31
November 28, 1959
South Bend, IN
Notre Dame
16–6

32
November 26, 1960
Los Angeles, CA
Notre Dame
17–0

33
October 14, 1961
South Bend, IN
#8 Notre Dame
30–0

34
December 1, 1962
Los Angeles, CA
#1 USC
25–0

35
October 12, 1963
South Bend, IN
Notre Dame
17–14

36
November 28, 1964
Los Angeles, CA
USC
20–17

37
October 23, 1965
South Bend, IN
#7 Notre Dame
28–7

38
November 26, 1966
Los Angeles, CA
#1 Notre Dame
51–0

39
October 14, 1967
South Bend, IN
#1 USC
24–7

40
November 30, 1968
Los Angeles, CA
Tie
21–21

41
October 18, 1969
South Bend, IN
Tie
14–14

42
November 28, 1970
Los Angeles, CA
USC
38–28

43
October 23, 1971
South Bend, IN
USC
28–14

44
December 2, 1972
Los Angeles, CA
#1 USC
45–23

45
October 27, 1973
South Bend, IN
#8 Notre Dame
23–14

No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score

46
November 30, 1974
Los Angeles, CA
#6 USC
55–24

47
October 25, 1975
South Bend, IN
#3 USC
24–17

48
November 27, 1976
Los Angeles, CA
#3 USC
17–13

49
October 22, 1977
South Bend, IN
#11 Notre Dame
49–19

50
November 25, 1978
Los Angeles, CA
#3 USC
27–25

51
October 20, 1979
South Bend, IN
#4 USC
42–23

52
December 6, 1980
Los Angeles, CA
#17 USC
20–3

53
October 24, 1981
South Bend, IN
#5 USC
14–7

54
November 27, 1982
Los Angeles, CA
#17 USC
17–13

55
October 22, 1983
South Bend, IN
Notre Dame
27–6

56
November 24, 1984
Los Angeles, CA
Notre Dame
19–7

57
October 26, 1985
South Bend, IN
Notre Dame
37–3

58
November 29, 1986
Los Angeles, CA
Notre Dame
38–37

59
October 24, 1987
South Bend, IN
#10 Notre Dame
26–15

60
November 26, 1988
Los Angeles, CA
#1 Notre Dame
27–10

61
October 21, 1989
South Bend, IN
#1 Notre Dame
28–24

62
November 24, 1990
Los Angeles, CA
#7 Notre Dame
10–6

63
October 26, 1991
South Bend, IN
#5 Notre Dame
24–20

64
November 28, 1992
Los Angeles, CA
#5 Notre Dame
31–23

65
October 23, 1993
South Bend, IN
#2 Notre Dame
31–13

66
November 26, 1994
Los Angeles, CA
Tie
17–17

67
October 21, 1995
South Bend, IN
#17 Notre Dame
38–10

68
November 30, 1996
Los Angeles, CA
USC
27–20

69
October 18, 1997
South Bend, IN
USC
20–17

70
November 28, 1998
Los Angeles, CA
USC
10–0

71
October 16, 1999
South Bend, IN
Notre Dame
25–24

72
December 2, 2000
Los Angeles, CA
#11 Notre Dame
38–21

73
October 20, 2001
South Bend, IN
Notre Dame
27–16

74
November 30, 2002
Los Angeles, CA
#6 USC
44–13

75
October 18, 2003
South Bend, IN
#4 USC
45–14

76
November 27, 2004
Los Angeles, CA
#1 USC
41–10

77
October 15, 2005
South Bend, IN
#1 USC
34–31

78
December 2, 2006
Los Angeles, CA
#2 USC
44–24

79
October 20, 2007
South Bend, IN
#9 USC
38–0

80
November 29, 2008
Los Angeles, CA
#5 USC
38–3

81
October 17, 2009
South Bend, IN
#6 USC
34–27

82
November 27, 2010
Los Angeles, CA
Notre Dame
20–16

83
October 22, 2011
South Bend, IN
USC
31–17

84
November 24, 2012
Los Angeles, CA
#1 Notre Dame
22–13

85
October 19, 2013
South Bend, IN
Notre Dame
14–10

86
November 29, 2014
Los Angeles, CA
USC
49–14

87
October 17, 2015
South Bend, IN
#14 Notre Dame
41–31

88
November 26, 2016
Los Angeles, CA
#12 USC
45–27

89
October 21, 2017
South Bend, IN
#13 Notre Dame
49–14

Series: Notre Dame leads 47–37–5


document_title: Chief Justice of the United States

question_text: who appoints the chief justice of the supreme court

root

text: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Origin, title, and appointment to office[edit]

text: The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice, but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I, Section 3, Clause 6: "When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside." Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office. Article III, Section 1, which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court, refers to all members of the Court simply as "judges." The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

tag: p

text: In 1866, at the urging of Salmon P. Chase, Congress restyled the chief justice's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States. The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888.[1] The associate justices' title was not altered in 1866, and remains as originally created.

text: The chief justice, like all federal judges, is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior". This language means that the appointments are effectively for life, and that, once in office, a justice's tenure ends only when they die, retire, resign, or are removed from office through the impeachment process. Since 1789, 15 presidents have made a total of 22 official nominations to the position.[2]

text: The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress; the current (2018) annual salary is $267,000, which is slightly higher than that of associate justices, which is $255,300.[3] The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice, it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom. There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court. Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with, and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice.[4]

text: Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice: Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, and William Rehnquist in 1986. A fourth, Abe Fortas, was nominated to the position in 1968, but was not confirmed. As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the Court in order to be nominated as chief justice, Fortas remained an associate justice. Similarly, when associate justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796, but declined the office, he too remained on the Court. Two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the Court as chief justice. John Rutledge was the first. President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795. However, his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate, and he left office and the Court. In 1933, former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice. Additionally, in December 1800, former chief justice John Jay was nominated and confirmed to the position a second time, but ultimately declined it; opening the way for the appointment of John Marshall.[2]

text: Duties[edit]

text: Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill.

text: Impeachment trials[edit]

text: Article I, section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate. Two Chief Justices, Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist, have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president – Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton. Both presidents were subsequently acquitted.

text: Seniority[edit]

text: Many of the procedures and inner workings of the Court turn on the seniority of the justices. Traditionally, the chief justice has been regarded as primus inter pares (first among equals)—that is, the chief justice is the highest-ranking and foremost member of the Court, regardless of that officeholder's length of service when compared against that of any associate justice. This seniority and added prestige enables a chief justice to define the Court's culture and norms and, thus, influence how it functions. The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari, to decide whether to hear or deny each case. The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it. While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda, in practice this initial agenda-setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court. Nonetheless, a chief justice's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices' understanding of legal principles; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari.[5][6]

text: Despite the chief justice's elevated stature, his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice. Additionally, he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them.[5] The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority. Thus, when the chief justice is in the majority, he always assigns the opinion.[7] Early in his tenure, Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court's national prestige. In doing so, Marshall would often write the opinions himself, and actively discouraged dissenting opinions. Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice: one justice writes an opinion for the majority, and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not, whether concurring or dissenting.[8]

text: The chief justice's formal prerogative—when in the majority—to assign which justice will write the Court's opinion is perhaps his most influential power,[6] as this enables him to influence the historical record.[5] He "may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition, to an ideologically amenable colleague, or to himself." Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion; two justices in the same majority, given the opportunity, might write very different majority opinions.[6] A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much—by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court—to affect the general character or tone of an opinion, which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come.

text: Additionally, the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices. He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion. Although the chief justice votes first—the Court votes in order of seniority—he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired.[6] It is reported that:

text: Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned, and even vilified in some quarters, for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court’s agenda through opinion assignment. Indeed, Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition, cast "phony votes" by voting against his preferred position, and declined to express a position at conference.[9]

text: Oath of office[edit]

text: The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States. This is a tradition, rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular, simply that it be taken by the president. Law empowers any federal and state judge, as well as notaries public (such as John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.), to administer oaths and affirmations.

text: If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated, the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court. Seven times, someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President.[10] Robert Livingston, as Chancellor of the State of New York (the state's highest ranking judicial office), administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration; there was no Chief Justice of the United States, nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration. William Cushing, an associate justice of the Supreme Court, administered Washington's second oath of office in 1793. Calvin Coolidge's father, a notary public, administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding.[11] This, however, was contested upon Coolidge's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.[12] John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia.[13] Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office.  On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane.

text: In addition, the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices, whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president.

text: Other duties[edit]

text: Since the tenure of William Howard Taft, the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals.[14] The Chief Justice also:

text:
Serves as the head of the federal judiciary.
Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States, the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts. The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules, which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court (subject to disapproval by Congress under the Congressional Review Act), to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts. Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools.
Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), a "secret court" which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies (primarily the F.B.I.) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States. (see 50 U.S.C. § 1803).
Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts.
Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents, and by custom as the Chancellor, of the Smithsonian Institution.
Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law Library of the Library of Congress.[15]

tag: ul

text: Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other "office of trust or profit" of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats, the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions.  Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so-called Jay Treaty (also known as the Treaty of London of 1794), Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis, and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy.  As described above, the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress.

text: Disability or vacancy[edit]

text: Under 28 USC,[16] when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions, or that office is vacant, the duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice who is able to act, until the disability or vacancy ends, as chief justice.[4] Clarence Thomas is the most senior associate justice.

text: List of Chief Justices[edit]

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice:[17][18]

text:
Chief Justice

Date confirmed(Vote)

Tenure[a]

Tenure length

Appointed by

Prior position[b]

1

John Jay(1745–1829)

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

October 19, 1789–June 29, 1795(Resigned)

7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days

George Washington

ActingUnited States Secretary of State(1789–1790)

2

John Rutledge(1739–1800)

December 15, 1795(10–14)[c]

August 12, 1795[d]–December 28, 1795(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)

7002138000000000000♠138 days

Chief Justice of theSouth Carolina Court ofCommon Pleas and Sessions(1791–1795)Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1789–1791)

3

Oliver Ellsworth(1745–1807)

March 4, 1796(21–1)

March 8, 1796–December 15, 1800(Resigned)

7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days

United States Senatorfrom Connecticut(1789–1796)

4

John Marshall(1755–1835)

January 27, 1801(Acclamation)

February 4, 1801–July 6, 1835(Died)

7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days

John Adams

4thUnited States Secretary of State(1800–1801)

5

Roger B. Taney(1777–1864)

 March 15, 1836(29–15)

March 28, 1836–October 12, 1864(Died)

7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days

Andrew Jackson

12thUnited States Secretaryof the Treasury(1833–1834)

6

Salmon P. Chase(1808–1873)

December 6, 1864(Acclamation)

December 15, 1864–May 7, 1873(Died)

7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days

Abraham Lincoln

25thUnited States Secretaryof the Treasury(1861–1864)

7

Morrison Waite(1816–1888)

January 21, 1874(63–0)

March 4, 1874–March 23, 1888(Died)

7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days

Ulysses S. Grant

Ohio State Senator(1849–1850)Presiding officer,Ohio constitutional convention(1873)

8

Melville Fuller(1833–1910)

July 20, 1888(41–20)

October 8, 1888–July 4, 1910(Died)

7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days

Grover Cleveland

President,Illinois State Bar Association(1886)Illinois State Representative(1863–1865)

9

Edward Douglass White(1845–1921)

December 12, 1910[e](Acclamation)

December 19, 1910–May 19, 1921(Died)

7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days

William Howard Taft

Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1894–1910)

10

William Howard Taft(1857–1930)

June 30, 1921(Acclamation)

July 11, 1921–February 3, 1930(Retired)

7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days

Warren G. Harding

27thPresident of the United States(1909–1913)

11

Charles Evans Hughes(1862–1948)

February 13, 1930(52–26)

February 24, 1930–June 30, 1941(Retired)

7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days

Herbert Hoover

44thUnited States Secretary of State(1921–1925)Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1910–1916)

12

Harlan F. Stone(1872–1946)

June 27, 1941[e](Acclamation)

July 3, 1941–April 22, 1946(Died)

7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1925–1941)

13

Fred M. Vinson(1890–1953)

June 20, 1946(Acclamation)

June 24, 1946–September 8, 1953 (Died)

7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days

Harry S. Truman

53rdUnited States Secretaryof the Treasury(1945–1946)

14

Earl Warren(1891–1974)

March 1, 1954(Acclamation)

October 5, 1953[d]–June 23, 1969(Retired)

7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days

Dwight D. Eisenhower

30thGovernor of California(1943–1953)

15

Warren E. Burger(1907–1995)

June 9, 1969(74–3)

June 23, 1969–September 26, 1986(Retired)

7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days

Richard Nixon

Judge of theUnited States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit(1956–1969)

16

William Rehnquist(1924–2005)

September 17, 1986[e](65–33)

September 26, 1986–September 3, 2005(Died)

7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days

Ronald Reagan

Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1972–1986)

17

John Roberts(born 1955)

September 29, 2005(78–22)

September 29, 2005–Incumbent

7003471400000000000♠12 years, 331 days

George W. Bush

Judge of theUnited States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit(2003–2005)

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The start date given here for each chief justice is the day they took the oath of office, and the end date is the day of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.

Jump up ^ Listed here (unless otherwise noted) is the position—either with a U.S. state or the federal government—held by the individual immediately prior to becoming Chief Justice of the United States.

Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.

^ Jump up to: a b Recess appointment

^ Jump up to: a b c Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. The nomination of a sitting associate justice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process.

tag: ol


document_title: RuPaul's Drag Race

question_text: when does rupauls drag race season 10 start

text: RuPaul's Drag Race

text: Format[edit]

text: Casting calls are announced online, where prospective contestants submit audition tapes in hopes of being cast. All contestants selected must be 21 years of age or older at the time of taping. Applications of any sexual orientation or gender identity are accepted, although most contestants to date have been gay men. Transgender women are eligible to compete and have become more common as seasons have progressed. Sonique, a season two contestant, became the first openly transgender contestant; she came out as transgender during the Season 2 reunion special.[3] Monica Beverly Hillz, from season five, became the first transgender woman to reveal her status during the competition.[4] Other transgender contestants have begun transitioning after their elimination. Carmen Carrera, a season three contestant, announced her transition during an episode of ABC's Primetime: What Would You Do?[5] Season 4 contestant Kenya Michaels announced her own transition via Facebook and Twitter.[6] Other transgender contestants include Stacy Layne Matthews, Jiggly Caliente, Gia Gunn, and Peppermint.[7][8][9]

text: RuPaul plays dual roles in the show. USA Today's Lifeline explains: "RuPaul the drag queen will be the final word in judging and eliminations, while RuPaul the man will offer guidance to contestants for each challenge."[10] RuPaul's Drag Race uses progressive elimination to reduce the number of drag queens in the competition from the initial field of fourteen contestants (the maximum a season has started with) down to the final three or four, who will compete in the final challenge. In Seasons 1, 2, and 3, the contestants were narrowed down to a final two, with a winner being selected the final episode. Each episode (with the exception of the casting special, "recap" episode, and reunion special) follows a format consisting of a mini challenge, a main challenge, a runway walk (where the contestants model fashion on a runway, usually with a theme based on the main challenge), the judging panel, and the elimination of a contestant. There have been some exceptions to episodes, including double-elimination episodes, no-elimination episodes, disqualifications of a contestant, and the removal of a contestant due to an injury.

text: Mini challenges[edit]

text: In the mini challenge, each contestant is asked to perform a different task with varying requirements and time limitations. Certain mini challenges are repeated from season to season. For instance, the first mini challenge of the first six seasons is a photo shoot with the photographer Mike Ruiz that includes some kind of special twist (such as being doused with water while in full drag, having a high-powered fan turned on during the shoot, or being photographed while jumping on a trampoline). Another recurring mini challenge is dedicated to "reading," a drag term for making insulting observations about one's peers for comedic effect. The winner of a mini challenge is sometimes rewarded with some kind of advantage in the main challenge. Though most episodes have a mini challenge, select episodes do not and progress straight to the main challenge.

text: Main challenges[edit]

text: The requirements of the main challenge vary across each episode, and can be individual or group challenges, and initially grant immunity to the winner in the next challenge (until RuPaul announces the discontinuation of that policy mid-season). However, as of season 6, immunity is no longer granted to challenge winners. The winner of the main challenge also receives a "special" prize for their win. In the past, challenge winners have been rewarded with prizes including custom designer clothing, vacations, cruises, and quality cosmetic items. The final main challenge of every season is where the contestants star in RuPaul's music video, with the exception of season 9.

text: The goal of each main challenge involves a new theme and outcome. Contestants are often asked to design and construct a custom outfit, sometimes incorporating unconventional materials. Other challenges focus on the contestants' ability to present themselves on camera, perform with music, or perform humorously. Some challenges become a tradition across seasons.

text: Judging[edit]

text:
Judges on RuPaul's Drag Race

Judge
Season

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

RuPaul

Main

Merle Ginsberg

Main

Guest

Santino Rice

Main
Guest

Michelle Visage

Main

Billy B

Main

Ross Mathews

Guest

Main

Carson Kressley

Main

text: Beginning with the seventh season, Michelle Visage, Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley are the staple judges alongside RuPaul. Visage joined the show at the start of season 3, while Mathews and Kressley joined at the start of season 7, and each joins RuPaul and Visage on alternate episodes. Past fixtures on the panel include Merle Ginsberg, who was a regular judge in the first two seasons, and Santino Rice, who held his position from the first season until the conclusion of the sixth. Until season 8, Rice was the only person, apart from RuPaul, to take part in every season of the show, serving as a main judge for seasons one through six, and all stars 1, and guest judging for season seven. In certain instances, Rice was absent and replacement judging has been provided by make-up artist Billy Brasfield (better known as Billy B), Mike Ruiz, Jeffrey Moran (Absolut Vodka marketing executive), or Lucian Piane. However, due to Brasfield's numerous appearances in seasons three and four, including appearing in the Reunited episodes both seasons, Rice and Billy B are considered to have been alternates for the same seat at the judges table throughout the two seasons.[11]

text: Prior to the grande finale, the three main judges are joined by two celebrity guest judges each week. Guest judges have included Paula Abdul, Pamela Anderson, Eve, Ariana Grande, Neil Patrick Harris, Kathy Griffin, Khloé Kardashian, La Toya Jackson, Adam Lambert, Demi Lovato, Bob Mackie, Rose McGowan, Olivia Newton-John, Rebecca Romijn, Gigi Hadid, Sharon Osbourne, Dan Savage, John Waters, Michelle Williams, Candis Cayne and Lady Gaga.

text: The judges each provide their opinion on the contestants' performances in the main challenge and on the runway before RuPaul announces which queen is the episode's winner and which two had the weakest performances. The day before judging, the contestants are all provided with a song by a female artist to which they must learn the lyrics. The contestants deemed as being the bottom two must "lip sync for their lives" to the song in a final attempt to impress RuPaul. After the lip sync, RuPaul alone decides who stays and who leaves. RuPaul describes the qualities the contestants must have to be crowned the winner of the show as "Charisma, Uniqueness, Nerve, and Talent... These are people who have taken adversity and turned it into something that is beautiful and something powerful."[12] The phrase "charisma, uniqueness, nerve, and talent" is used repeatedly on the show, the acronym of which is CUNT. On the first All Stars season, "synergy" was added to provide an explanation behind the contestants being sorted into teams (expanding the acronym into CUNTS).

text: Untucked[edit]

text: The first season of Drag Race was accompanied by a seven-episode web series, titled Under the Hood of RuPaul's Drag Race. LOGOonline published a webisode of Under the Hood after each episode of Drag Race. In this companion series, RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants' conversation in the green room, replays pertinent moments from Drag Race, and airs deleted footage.[13][14]

text: Starting with the second season of Drag Race in 2010, Logo reformatted Under the Hood, increased its production budget, moved it from the web to television, and re-titled it to RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked. Logo broadcast an episode of Untucked after each episode of Drag Race. Untucked replaces the basic green room of Under the Hood with two decorated rooms that were until season 6 sponsored by Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions, Inc.: the Interior Illusions Lounge and the Gold Bar. FormDecor sponsored the Lounge for season 6. These two backstage areas allow for separated group conversation.

text: At the start of the seventh season of the Drag Race, Untucked reverted to a webseries, as part of the World of Wonder YouTube page. Instead of two decorated rooms, Untucked was moved back to the one room, an empty backstage space that connects to the main stage and work room, with couches for contestants to chat on. The newly renovated version also follows contestants following their elimination from the show, documenting them packing their belongings and leaving the set. The webseries format continued for the eighth and ninth season. For the show's tenth season, it was announced that Untucked would return to television.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Premiere Date
Finale Date
No. of
Queens
Winner
Runner(s)-up
Miss
Congeniality
Winner Prizes

1
February 2, 2009
March 23, 2009
9
BeBe Zahara Benet
Nina Flowers
Nina Flowers

$20,000, courtesy of the V&S Group (producers of Absolut Vodka) and MAC Cosmetics
Top billing in Logo TV's Drag Race Tour, sponsored by Absolut Vodka
Appearance in an advertising campaign for L.A. Eyeworks
A photo-spread in Paper magazine
A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels

2
February 1, 2010
April 26, 2010
12
Tyra Sanchez
Raven
Pandora Boxx

$25,000
A lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics and be the face of NYXCosmetics.com
Top billing in Logo TV's Drag Race Tour, sponsored by Absolut Vodka
Appearance in an advertising campaign for L.A. Eyeworks
A one-year contract with LGBT public relations firm Project Publicity
A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels

3
January 24, 2011
May 2, 2011
13
Raja
Manila Luzon
Yara Sofia

$75,000
A lifetime supply of Kryolan make-up
Top billing in Logo TV's Drag Race Tour, sponsored by Absolut Vodka
A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels

4
January 30, 2012
April 30, 2012
13
Sharon Needles
Chad Michaels
Phi Phi O'Hara
Latrice Royale

$100,000
A lifetime supply of NYX cosmetics
Top billing in Logo TV's Drag Race Tour, sponsored by Absolut Vodka
A holiday courtesy of ALandCHUCK.travel
A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels

5
January 28, 2013
May 6, 2013
14
Jinkx Monsoon
Alaska
Roxxxy Andrews
Ivy Winters

$100,000
A collection of ColorEvolution cosmetics
Top billing in Logo TV's Drag Race Tour, sponsored by Absolut Vodka
A holiday courtesy of ALandCHUCK.travel
A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels

6
February 24, 2014
May 19, 2014
14
Bianca Del Rio
Adore Delano
Courtney Act
BenDeLaCreme

$100,000
A collection of ColorEvolution cosmetics
A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels

7
March 2, 2015
June 1, 2015
14
Violet Chachki
Ginger Minj
Pearl
Katya

$100,000
A one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics
A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels

8
March 7, 2016
May 16, 2016
12
Bob the Drag Queen
Kim Chi
Naomi Smalls
Cynthia Lee Fontaine

$100,000
A one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics
A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels

9
March 24, 2017
June 23, 2017
14
Sasha Velour
Peppermint
Valentina

$100,000
A one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics
A crown and scepter from Shandar Fashion Accessories & Shoes

text: Season 1 (2009)[edit]

text: The first season of RuPaul's Drag Race, later referred as The Lost Season, premiered in the United States on February 2, 2009, on Logo. Nine contestants were selected to compete in the running of becoming "America's Next Drag Superstar." The winner of the first season won a lifetime supply of MAC Cosmetics, was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign, joined the Logo Drag Race tour, and won a cash prize of $20,000. One of the nine contestants to compete on RuPaul's Drag Race was determined by an audience vote via the show's official website. The results were announced in early September 2008. The contestant to win this honor was Nina Flowers from Bayamón, Puerto Rico (currently residing in Denver, Colorado). The theme song playing during the runway every episode was "Cover Girl" from RuPaul's album Champion. The winner of the first season of RuPaul's Drag Race was BeBe Zahara Benet, with Nina Flowers winning Miss Congeniality.

text: In late 2013,[15] Logo re-aired the first season, which was titled RuPaul's Drag Race: The Lost Season Ru-Vealed, and featured commentary from RuPaul[16]

text: Season 2 (2010)[edit]

text: For season two, the number of contestants was increased from nine to twelve, and the prizes were slightly modified: a lifetime supply of Nyx Cosmetics and be the face of nyxcosmetics.com, an exclusive one year public relations contract with LGBT firm Project Publicity, be featured an LA Eyeworks campaign, join the Logo Drag Race tour, and a cash prize of $25,000. A new tradition of writing a farewell message, in lipstick on their workstation mirror, was started by the first eliminated queen of the season. The theme song playing during the runway and the end credits every episode is "Jealous of My Boogie" from RuPaul's album Champion. Each week's episode is followed by a behind-the-scenes show, RuPaul's Drag Race Untucked. The winner of the second season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Tyra Sanchez, with Pandora Boxx winning Miss Congeniality.

text: On December 6, 2011, Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program.[17]

text: Season 3 (2011)[edit]

text: This season had Michelle Visage replacing Merle Ginsberg at the judge's table and Billy Brasfield[18] (better known as Billy B), Mike Ruiz, and Jeffrey Moran (courtesy of Absolut Vodka) filling in for Santino Rice's absence during several episodes. Billy B, celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series Hometown Renovation, appeared as a judge in five episodes. Whereas Mike Ruiz only judged for two episodes, and Jeffrey Moran for one, Moran only appearing for promotional reasons. Due to Billy B's continued appearances, he and Rice are now considered to have been alternate judges for the same seat at the judges table.[19] Other changes made included the introduction of a wildcard contestant from the past season, Shangela Laquifa Wadley; an episode with no elimination; and a contestant, Carmen Carrera, being brought back into the competition after having been eliminated a few episodes prior. A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was changed to "Champion" while the song playing during the credits is "Main Event", both from RuPaul's album Champion. As with the previous season, each week's episode was followed by a behind-the-scenes show, RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked. The winner of the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Raja, with Yara Sofia winning Miss Congeniality.

text: On December 6, 2011 Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program.[20]

text: Season 4 (2012)[edit]

text: The fourth season of RuPaul's Drag Race began airing on January 30, 2012,[21] with cast members announced November 13, 2011.[22] The winner of season four will headline Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka, wins a one-of-a-kind trip, a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics, a cash prize of $100,000, and the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar."[23] Like the last season, Santino Rice & Billy B (Billy Brasfield), celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series Hometown Renovation, shared the same seat at the judges table alternatively, Brasfield filling in for Rice when needed.[19] Both judges appeared side-by-side in the audience during the "Reunited" episode. The winner of the fourth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Sharon Needles, with Latrice Royale winning Miss Congeniality.

text: The theme song playing during the runway every episode was "Glamazon" and the song played during the credits was "The Beginning", both from RuPaul's album Glamazon.

text: Season 5 (2013)[edit]

text: The fifth season of RuPaul's Drag Race began airing on January 28, 2013, with a 90-minute premiere episode. It had the most contestants since the creation of the show with fourteen.

text: Season five's winner walked away with the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar" along with a lifetime supply of Colorevolution Cosmetics, a one-of-a-kind trip courtesy of AlandChuck.travel, a headlining spot on Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka and a cash prize of $100,000. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage were back as judges at the panel.[24] The theme song playing during the runway every episode is "I Bring the Beat", while the song playing during the credits is "The Beginning", both songs are from RuPaul's album Glamazon. The winner of the fifth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Jinkx Monsoon, with Ivy Winters winning Miss Congeniality.

text: Season 6 (2014)[edit]

text: The sixth season of RuPaul's Drag Race began airing February 24, 2014. Like the fifth season, the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". For the first time in the show's history, the season premiere was split into two episodes; the fourteen queens are split into two groups and the seven queens into each group compete against each other before being united as one group for the third episode.

text: Santino Rice and Michelle Visage are back as judges at the panel. Two new pit crew members, Miles Moody and Simon Sherry-Wood, joined Jason Carter and Shawn Morales.[25] The winner of this season won a prize package that included a supply from Colorevolution Cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000.[26] This was also the first season where Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions, Inc. were not sponsors for the show, more specifically for the Untucked episodes. The Interior Illusions Lounge is now simply known as the Silver Lounge or FormDecor Lounge. The theme song played during the runway segment every episode was "Sissy That Walk" while the song playing during the credits is "Dance With U", both from the album Born Naked. The winner of the sixth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Bianca Del Rio, with BenDeLaCreme winning Miss Congeniality.

text: Season 7 (2015)[edit]

text: The seventh season of RuPaul's Drag Race began airing on March 2, 2015.

text: Returning judges included RuPaul and Michelle Visage, while the space previously occupied by Santino Rice was filled by new additions Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley.[27] Mathews and Kressley were both present for the season premiere and then took turns sharing judging responsibilities. Shawn Morales, a member of the Pit Crew since the third season and Simon Sherry-Wood, a member in the sixth season, did not appear this season and were replaced by Bryce Eilenberg.

text: Like the previous two seasons of RuPaul's Drag Race, the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The season premiere debuted with a live and same-day viewership of 348,000, a 20% increase from the previous season. On March 20, 2015, it was announced that LogoTV had given the series an early renewal for an eighth season.[28] The winner of the seventh season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Violet Chachki, with Katya winning Miss Congeniality.

text: Season 8 (2016)[edit]

text: On January 14, 2016, it was announced that the cast for the eighth season will be revealed during the 2016 New Now Next Honors on February 1, 2016, followed by the season premiere on March 7, 2016. The first episode celebrated the 100th taping of the show, and the 100th drag queen to enter the work room. Michelle Visage returned as a main judge, while Carson Kressley and Ross Mathews returned as rotating main judges.[29] Similar to the second season of RuPaul's Drag Race, the season featured 12 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The winner of the eighth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Bob the Drag Queen, with Cynthia Lee Fontaine winning Miss Congeniality.

text: Season 9 (2017)[edit]

text: On February 2, 2017, the cast for the ninth season was announced. On March 1, 2017, it was announced that the ninth season would premiere on March 24, the ninth season features 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The ninth season aired on VH1, with encore presentations continuing to air on Logo.[30][31] This season featured the return of Cynthia Lee Fontaine, who previously participated in the series' eighth season. The ninth season featured a top four in the finale episode, as opposed to the top three, which was previously established in the fourth season. The winner of the ninth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Sasha Velour, with Valentina winning Miss Congeniality.

text: Season 10[edit]

text: On April 13, 2017, VH1 renewed the series for a tenth season, tentatively scheduled to begin airing in 2018.[32] Eureka O'Hara, who was removed from the ninth season due to medical reasons, has accepted an open invitation she was granted to return to the competition for the next season.[33] On August 21, 2017, VH1 announced that the tenth season of Drag Race would premiere sometime in spring 2018, alongside the televised return of Untucked.[34]

text: Music[edit]

text: Almost all music used in the series comes from RuPaul's albums: Champion, Glamazon, Born Naked and Realness.[citation needed] Exceptions are songs used during the lip-sync portion of the show.

text: Runway[edit]

text: Songs used while the contestants walk the runway have been:

text:
"Cover Girl" from Champion (season 1)
"Jealous of My Boogie" (Gomi & RasJek Mix) from Jealous of My Boogie - The RuMixes (season 2)
"Champion" (DJ BunJoe's Olympic Mix) from Champion (season 3)
"Glamazon" from Glamazon (season 4)
"I Bring the Beat" from Glamazon (season 5)
"Sissy That Walk" from Born Naked (season 6–7)
"The Realness" from Realness (season 8)
"Snapshot (2017 version)" from Remember Me: Essential, Vol. 1 (season 9)

text: The Covergurlz & Covergurlz 2[edit]

text: RuPaul confirmed on Twitter that a new album, in which each of the Season 6 contestants covered a song from his catalog, would be released. The album, titled RuPaul Presents: The CoverGurlz, was released on January 28, 2014[35]

text: Similar to Season 6, each of the season 7's contestants covered a song that was previously recorded by RuPaul. The album is titled RuPaul Presents: CoverGurlz2 and was released on February 3, 2015. The album also features the single "New York City Beat", a song by RuPaul featuring Michelle Visage.[36]

text: Other music[edit]

text: Four promotional singles have been released from the show's respective casts. The first single, titled "Can I Get an Amen" was released in 2013, and featured the eight remaining contestants of the season 5 cast. "Can I Get an Amen" was a parody of the charity single "We Are the World", and featured Alaska, Alyssa Edwards, Coco Montrese, Detox, Ivy Winters, Jade Jolie, Jinkx Monsoon, and Roxxxy Andrews. The second single to surface from the show was a rap song titled "Oh No She Better Don't," and was released in 2014. The single featured the remaining nine contestants of the season 6 cast: Adore Delano, BenDeLaCreme, Bianca Del Rio, Courtney Act, Darienne Lake, Joslyn Fox, Laganja Estranja, Milk, and Trinity K. Bonet. The third single, "Read U Wrote U", was released in 2016. It featured the top 4 contestants from All Stars 2; Alaska, Katya, Detox & Roxxxy Andrews. The fourth single, "Category Is", was released in 2017, and featured the top 4 contestants from season 9; Peppermint, Sasha Velour, Trinity Taylor, & Shea Couleé.

text: Following Drag Race, many contestants from the show have delved into music careers, with some garnering moderate success. Albums released by the shows alumni include PG-13 by season 4 winner Sharon Needles and Till Death Do Us Party by season 6 runner-up Adore Delano.

text: Related media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Season
Release date
Special features
Discs

2
December 6, 2011[45]

Bonus scenes
Interviews with contestants
Extended reunion moments

3

3
December 6, 2011[46]

Bonus scenes
Interviews with contestants
Extended reunion moments

4

4
June 26, 2012[47]

Bonus scenes
Episodes of Untucked
Episodes of Drag Ya Later with Jon & John

5

5
June 10, 2013[48][49]

Bonus scenes
Episodes of Untucked

5

6
October 21, 2014[50]

Bonus scenes
Episodes of Untucked

5

7
June 8, 2016[51]

Bonus scenes
RuPaul's Drag Race: The Ru-les
Episodes of Whatcha Packin'

4

8
July 29, 2016[52]

Bonus scenes
Episodes of Whatcha Packin'

3

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2009
NewNowNext Award
Most Addictive Reality Star
Ongina
Won

2010
GLAAD Media Award
Outstanding Reality Program
RuPaul's Drag Race
Won

NewNowNext Award
Best New Indulgence
RuPaul's Drag Race
Won

Most Addictive Reality Star
Jujubee
Nominated

2011
NewNowNext Award
Most Addictive Reality Star
Carmen Carrera
Nominated

Critics' Choice Television Award
Best Reality Series – Competition
RuPaul's Drag Race
Nominated

2012
NewNowNext Award
Most Addictive Reality Star
Willam
Nominated

Critics' Choice Television Award
Best Reality Show Host
RuPaul
Nominated

TV.com's Best of 2012 Awards
Best Reality Show Judge/Host
RuPaul
Won

Best Reality Competition Series
RuPaul's Drag Race
Won

2013
RyanSeacrest.com's Favorite TV Show Awards
Best Reality Series
RuPaul's Drag Race
Won

POPrepublic.tv Awards
Favourite International TV Shows
RuPaul's Drag Race
Nominated

2014
Critics' Choice Television Award
Best Reality Show Host
RuPaul
Nominated

TCA Award
Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming[53]
RuPaul's Drag Race
Won

NewNowNext Award
Best New TV Personality
Bianca Del Rio
Won

2015
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Makeup for a Multi-Camera Series or Special (Non-Prosthetic)
Mathu Andersen (for "ShakesQueer")
Nominated

2016
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program
RuPaul
Won

Outstanding Costumes for a Variety, Nonfiction, or Reality Program
Zaldy (for "Keeping It 100!")
Nominated

4th Reality Television Awards
Competition Show
RuPaul's Drag Race
Nominated[54]

Creative Challenge
RuPaul's Drag Race
Won[55]

Host
Rupaul
Won[55]

2017
MTV Movie & TV Awards
Best Reality Competition
RuPaul's Drag Race
Won

Best Host
RuPaul
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Reality-Competition Program
RuPaul's Drag Race
Nominated

Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program
RuPaul
Won

Outstanding Casting for a Reality Program
Doron Ofir
Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Variety, Nonfiction, or Reality Program
Zaldy, Perry Meek (for "Oh. My. Gaga!")
Won

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series or Special
Hector Pocasangre (for "Oh. My. Gaga!")
Nominated

Outstanding Makeup for a Multi-Camera Series or Special (Non-Prosthetic)
Jen Fregozo, Nicole Faulkner, Natasha Marcelina (for "Oh. My. Gaga!")
Nominated

Outstanding Picture Editing for a Structured or Competition Reality Program
Jamie Martin, John Lim, Michael Roha (for "Oh. My. Gaga!")
Won

Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program
Randy Barbato, Fenton Bailey, Tom Campbell, RuPaul Charles and Steven Corfe, executive producers; Kenneth Leslie, co-executive producer (for "RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked")
Nominated

text: Criticism[edit]

text: RuPaul's Drag Race has been criticized for appearing to favor glamorous drag queens over comedic or camp queens. For example, Popbytes commented Drag Race has been accused numerous times of keeping some of the more unpleasant but feminine queens in the competition for the sake of keeping the drama high. However, Common Sense Media commented, "RuPaul's Drag Race combines the fashion design drama of Project Runway with the modeling excitement of America's Next Top Model to create an entertainingly voyeuristic glimpse into the performance art world of drag queens. There's plenty of over-the-top stuff, but rather than simply treating drag performers as people to be laughed at and/or scorned, the show also focuses on the hard work and talent that goes into drag performances."[56] Entertainment Weekly cited the elimination of comedian and eventual season two fan favorite Pandora Boxx as the season's most controversial.[57]

text: In March 2014, Drag Race sparked controversy over the use of the term "She-male" in the season 6 Mini-challenge "Female or She-male?".[4] Logo has since removed the episode from all platforms and has addressed the allegations of transphobia by removing the "You've got she-mail" intro from new episodes of the series. This was replaced with, "She done already done had herses!"[58]

text: International airings[edit]

text:
Australia: In Australia, lifestyle channel LifeStyle YOU[59] regularly shows and re-screens seasons 1-7, including Untucked. In addition, free-to-air channel SBS2 began screening the first season on August 31, 2013. On March 13, 2017, it was announced that Stan will fast track season 9 (including Untucked). Additionally, Stan streams all episodes from seasons 2-8.[60][61]
Brazil: In January 2011, VH1 Brasil aired season 2 followed by season 1, season 3, and season 4.[62] The season 7 was aired on the Multishow cable network every Monday at 11:30pm in August 2015.[63] The season 8 was premiered on April 2017 in Comedy Central.[64] All seasons are also available on Netflix.
Canada: The series airs on OutTV in Canada at the same time as the US airing. Unlike Logo, OutTV continues to broadcast Untucked immediately after each Drag Race episode.[65]
Germany: During summer 2009, TIMM – a former gay television channel from Germany – aired the first season every Friday night.[66]
Hungary: In Hungary, the show aired on FEM3 channel as RuPaul – Drag Queen leszek! ("RuPaul – I'll be Drag Queen!").[67]
Ireland: In Ireland, season 2 to season 8 of the programme are available on Netflix. Netflix has started airing season 9 episodes one day after they air in the USA.
Latin America: In January 2011, VH1 Latin America aired season 2 followed by season 1, season 3, and season 4.[68] The season 8 was premiered on April 2017 in Comedy Central.[69]
Spain: On 19 September 2016, free-to-air channel TEN began screening the series from season 5.[70]
Sweden: Season 8 of the series currently airs on OutTV on Thursdays at 20:00.[71]
The Philippines: The Philippines aired season 3 on the Velvet cable network every Tuesday at 11 pm with RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked, airing directly after the show. Season 4 started airing on April 17, 2012.[72]
UK: E4 aired season 1 in 2009, followed by season 2 in 2010.[73] Since its success on Netflix in the UK,[74] TruTV acquired the broadcast rights for all eight seasons of the show including Untucked episodes.[75] In June 2015, TruTV started airing two episodes of the show a week, starting with season 4, followed by All Stars, then season 5. Currently on truTV on Monday nights at 9pm, season 8 is broadcast with Untucked being on the truTV UK YouTube account. As of 2017, seasons 2-9 are available to stream on Netflix UK.


document_title: Being Mary Jane

question_text: how many episodes are in being mary jane season 2

text: Being Mary Jane

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
9
July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)

2
12
February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)
April 14, 2015 (2015-04-14)

3
10
October 20, 2015 (2015-10-20)
December 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)

4
20
10
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)

10
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
Gabrielle Union as Pauletta ("Mary Jane Paul") Patterson: a successful TV news anchor for Satellite News Channel (SNC) who remains devoted to a family that doesn't share her motivation as she juggles her life, her relationships, her work, and commitments.
Lisa Vidal as Kara Lynch: the executive producer of the Talkback (Mary Jane's show) at SNC and Mary Jane's best friend.
Margaret Avery as Helen Patterson: Mary Jane's overprotective mother, who is battling lupus.
Latarsha Rose as Dr. Lisa Hudson: Mary Jane's best friend since elementary school, an OB/GYN. (Seasons 1-3)
Aaron D. Spears as Mark Bradley: a co-anchor at the newsroom and the closeted gay friend of Mary Jane
Richard Brooks as Patrick Patterson: Mary Jane's older, less-motivated brother.
B.J. Britt as Paul Patterson, Jr.: Mary Jane's responsible younger brother.
Raven Goodwin as Niecy Patterson: Mary Jane's niece; Patrick Patterson's daughter, who is also a mother.
Richard Roundtree as Paul Patterson, Sr.: Mary Jane's compassionate father.
Omari Hardwick as Andre Daniels: Mary Jane's married love interest. (Season 1)[15]
Stephen Bishop as David Paulk - Mary Jane's playboy love interest. (Seasons 2-3; recurring Season 1)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Robinne Lee as Avery Daniels - Andre's wife, who learns of her husband's affair with Mary Jane. (Season 1)
Tatom Pender as Tracy - Patrick's girlfriend and mother of their child.
Madison Alsobrook as D'Asia - Patrick's daughter (Season 4). Formerly Navia Robinson (Seasons 1-3)
Brély Evans as Nichelle - Mary Jane's friend and publicist to the stars.
Kelly Rutherford as Cynthia Phillips (Seasons 1-2)
Ryan Homchick as Lance (Season 1-3)
Salli Richardson as Valerie (Season 2)
Gary Dourdan as Sheldon (Season 2)
Kyle Massey as Cameron (Season 2)
Loretta Devine as Cece (Season 3)
Daniella Alonso as Marisol Esparza (Season 3)
Thomas Jones as Brandon (Season 3)
Paul Rolfes as Aaron Felty (Seasons 3-4)
Michael Ealy as Justin Talbot (Season 4)
Chiké Okonkwo as Lee Truitt (Season 4)
Valarie Pettiford as Ronda Sales (Season 4)
Ashton Holmes as Garrett (Season 4)
Julian Walker as Ty (Season 4)
Cesar Cipriano as Dante (Season 4)
Tian Richards as Jovan (Season 4)

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Jasmine Dustin as Ana Hoem (Season 1)
Lesley-Ann Brandt as Tamiko Roberts (Season 1)
Sheila Frazier as Catherine Stafford (Season 1)
Darrin Dewitt Henson (Season 1)
Lorraine Toussaint as Aunt Toni, Paul's younger sister and Mary Jane's aunt (Season 1)
Wayne Brady as Sean Anders (Season 1)
Ludacris as Terrence Mitchell (Season 1)
Dorian Missick as Detective Cedric Rawlins (Season 1)
Frances Burnett as Dana Shultz (Season 1)
India Arie as herself (Season 2)
Christina Vidal as Lilly (Season 2) (Christina Vidal plays the sister of Kara, played by her real-life sister Lisa)
Nina Parker (season 3, episode 6)
Jill Scott (season 3, episode 5)
Kelly Rowland as Robin (season 3, episode 6)
Tamar Braxton as Herself (season 3, episode 10)
Adrienne Bailon as Herself (season 3, episode 10)
Ava DuVernay (Season 1)
Cardi B (Season 4)
Loren "Lo London" Jordan (Season 4)
Dave East (Season 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: The show was originally to be called Single Black Female.[16] The series centers on successful broadcast journalist Mary Jane Paul (played by Gabrielle Union) and her professional and private family life while searching for "Mr. Right":

text: Mary Jane Paul has it all: she's a successful TV news anchor, entirely self-sufficient – an all-around powerhouse who remains devoted to a family that doesn’t share her motivation. As Mary Jane juggles her life, her work and her commitment to her family, we find out how far she's willing to go to find the puzzle pieces that she, and society, insist are missing from her life as a single Black female.[17]

text: Omari Hardwick plays a potential Mr. Right. Other cast members include Latarsha Rose, Lisa Vidal, Aaron D. Spears, Richard Roundtree, Margaret Avery, Richard Brooks, Tika Sumpter, Raven Goodwin, B. J. Britt, and Robinne Lee.[17]

text: The series is produced by Mara Brock Akil, who produced BET's most successful series ever, The Game, and the romantic comedy film Jumping the Broom. The pilot episode was filmed in April 2012 at 780 N. Highland Ave. in the Virginia Highland neighborhood of Atlanta.[18][19][20]

text: On September 12, 2013, BET renewed Being Mary Jane for a second season, before the first season premiered.[6] The second season premiered on February 3, 2015, and on February 5 the series was renewed for a third season,[21] which premiered October 20, 2015.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 2016, Gabrielle Union sued BET for allegedly depriving her of agreed upon compensation.[22]