document_title: National debt of the United States

question_text: how much of the u.s. national debt is owed to foreigners

question_tokens: how much of the u.s. national debt is owed to foreigners

root

text: National debt of the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The United States government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789, except for about a year during 1835–1836, a period in which president Andrew Jackson completely paid the national debt. To allow comparisons over the years, public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product (GDP).

tag: p

text: The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman's first presidential term, during and after World War II. Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period, and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon. Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton.

text: Public debt rose sharply during the 1980s, as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending. It fell during the 1990s, due to decreased military spending, increased taxes and the 1990s boom. Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases.[9]

text: Valuation and measurement[edit]

text: Public and government accounts[edit]

text: As of July 31, 2018, debt held by the public was $15.6 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion, for a total of $21 trillion.[5] Debt held by the public was approximately 77% of GDP in 2017, ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries.[6] The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100% by 2028, perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date.[7]

text: The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities. Most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes, bills, and bonds held by investors and governments globally. The non-marketable securities are mainly the "government account series" owed to certain government trust funds such as the Social Security Trust Fund, which represented $2.74 trillion in 2011.[10]

text: The non-marketable securities represent amounts owed to program beneficiaries. For example, in the case of the Social Security Trust Fund, the payroll taxes dedicated to Social Security were credited to the Trust Fund upon receipt, but spent for other purposes. If the government continues to run deficits in other parts of the budget, the government will have to issue debt held by the public to fund the Social Security Trust Fund, in effect exchanging one type of debt for the other.[11] Other large intragovernmental holders include the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation's Resolution Fund and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund (Medicare).[citation needed]

text: Accounting treatment[edit]

text: Only debt held by the public is reported as a liability on the consolidated financial statements of the United States government. Debt held by government accounts is an asset to those accounts but a liability to the Treasury; they offset each other in the consolidated financial statements.[12]

text: Government receipts and expenditures are normally presented on a cash rather than an accrual basis, although the accrual basis may provide more information on the longer-term implications of the government's annual operations.[13] The United States public debt is often expressed as a ratio of public debt to gross domestic product (GDP). The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus as well as due to growth of GDP and inflation.[citation needed]

text: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded[edit]

text: Under normal accounting rules, fully owned companies would be consolidated into the books of their owners, but the large size of Fannie and Freddie has made the U.S. government reluctant to incorporate Freddie and Fannie into its own books. When Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae required bail-outs, White House Budget Director Jim Nussle, on September 12, 2008, initially indicated their budget plans would not incorporate the GSE debt into the budget because of the temporary nature of the conservator intervention.[14]  As the intervention has dragged out, pundits have started to further question this accounting treatment, noting that changes in August 2012 "makes them even more permanent wards of the state and turns the government's preferred stock into a permanent, perpetual kind of security".[15]

text: The government controls the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which would normally criticize inconsistent accounting practices, but it does not oversee its own government's accounting practices or the standards set by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board. The on- or off-balance sheet obligations of those two independent GSEs was just over $5 trillion at the time the conservatorship was put in place, consisting mainly of mortgage payment guarantees and agency bonds.[16] The confusing independent but government-controlled status of the GSEs has resulted in investors of the legacy common shares and preferred shares launching various activist campaigns in 2014.[17]

text: Guaranteed obligations excluded[edit]

text: U.S. federal government guarantees are not included in the public debt total, until such time as there is a call on the guarantees. For example, the U.S. federal government in late-2008 guaranteed large amounts of obligations of mutual funds, banks, and corporations under several programs designed to deal with the problems arising from the late-2000s financial crisis. The guarantee program lapsed at the end of 2012 when Congress declined to extend the scheme. The funding of direct investments made in response to the crisis, such as those made under the Troubled Assets Relief Program, are included in the debt.

text: Unfunded obligations excluded[edit]

text: The U.S. government is obligated under current law to make mandatory payments for programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) projects that payouts for these programs will significantly exceed tax revenues over the next 75 years. The Medicare Part A (hospital insurance) payouts already exceed program tax revenues, and social security payouts exceeded payroll taxes in fiscal 2010. These deficits require funding from other tax sources or borrowing.[18] The present value of these deficits or unfunded obligations is an estimated $45.8 trillion. This is the amount that would have had to be set aside in 2009 in order to pay for the unfunded obligations which, under current law, will have to be raised by the government in the future. Approximately $7.7 trillion relates to Social Security, while $38.2 trillion relates to Medicare and Medicaid. In other words, health care programs will require nearly five times more funding than Social Security. Adding this to the national debt and other federal obligations would bring total obligations to nearly $62 trillion.[19] However, these unfunded obligations are not counted in the national debt, as shown in monthly Treasury reports of the national debt.[20]

text: Measuring debt burden[edit]

text: GDP is a measure of the total size and output of the economy. One measure of the debt burden is its size relative to GDP, called the "debt-to-GDP ratio." Mathematically, this is the debt divided by the GDP amount. The Congressional Budget Office includes historical budget and debt tables along with its annual "Budget and Economic Outlook." Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7% GDP in 2000 to 40.5% in 2008 and 67.7% in 2011.[21]

text: Mathematically, the ratio can decrease even while debt grows if the rate of increase in GDP (which also takes account of inflation) is higher than the rate of increase of debt. Conversely, the debt to GDP ratio can increase even while debt is being reduced, if the decline in GDP is sufficient.

text: According to the CIA World Factbook, during 2015, the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6% was the 39th highest in the world. This was measured using "debt held by the public."[22] However, $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2% as of April 2016 [See Appendix#National debt for selected years]. Also, this number excludes state and local debt. According to the OECD, general government gross debt (federal, state, and local) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion (125% of GDP); subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal "debt held by the public" gives 96% of GDP.[23]

text: The ratio is higher if the total national debt is used, by adding the "intragovernmental debt" to the "debt held by the public." For example, on April 29, 2016, debt held by the public was approximately $13.84 trillion or about 76% of GDP. Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5.35 trillion, giving a combined total public debt of $19.19 trillion. U.S. GDP for the previous 12 months was approximately $18.15 trillion, for a total debt to GDP ratio of approximately 106%.[24]

text: Calculating the annual change in debt[edit]

text: Conceptually, an annual deficit (or surplus) should represent the change in the national debt, with a deficit adding to the national debt and a surplus reducing it. However, there is complexity in the budgetary computations that can make the deficit figure commonly reported in the media (the "total deficit") considerably different from the annual increase in the debt. The major categories of differences are the treatment of the Social Security program, Treasury borrowing, and supplemental appropriations outside the budget process.[25]

text: Social Security payroll taxes and benefit payments, along with the net balance of the U.S. Postal Service, are considered "off-budget", while most other expenditure and receipt categories are considered "on-budget". The total federal deficit is the sum of the on-budget deficit (or surplus) and the off-budget deficit (or surplus). Since FY1960, the federal government has run on-budget deficits except for FY1999 and FY2000, and total federal deficits except in FY1969 and FY1998–FY2001.[26]

text: For example, in January 2009 the CBO reported that for fiscal year 2008 (FY2008) the "on-budget deficit" was $638 billion, offset by an "off-budget surplus" (mainly due to Social Security revenue in excess of payouts) of $183 billion, for a "total deficit" of $455 billion. This latter figure is the one commonly reported in the media. However, an additional $313 billion was required for "the Treasury actions aimed at stabilizing the financial markets," an unusually high amount due to the Subprime mortgage crisis.  This meant that the "debt held by the public" increased by $768 billion ($455B + $313B = $768B). The "off-budget surplus" was borrowed and spent (as is typically the case), increasing the "intra-governmental debt" by $183 billion. So the total increase in the "National debt" in FY2008 was $768B +$183B = $951 billion.[25] The Treasury Department reported an increase in the National Debt of $1,017B for FY2008.[27] The $66 billion difference is likely due to "supplemental appropriations" for the War on Terror, some of which were outside the budget process entirely until President Obama began including most of them in his FY2010 budget.[28]

text: In other words, spending the "off budget" Social Security surplus adds to the total national debt (by increasing the intragovernmental debt) while the "off-budget" surplus reduces the "total" deficit reported in the media. Certain spending called "supplemental appropriations" is outside the budget process entirely but adds to the national debt. Funding for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars was accounted for this way prior to the Obama administration.[28] Certain stimulus measures and earmarks were also outside the budget process. The federal government publishes the total debt owed (public and intragovernmental holdings) monthly.[29]

text: Reduction[edit]

text: Negative real interest rates[edit]

text: Since 2010, the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt, meaning the inflation rate is greater than the interest rate paid on the debt.[30] Such low rates, outpaced by the inflation rate, occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk, or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies, pensions, or bond, money market, and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk.[31][32]

text: Economist Lawrence Summers has stated that at such low interest rates, government borrowing actually saves taxpayer money and improves creditworthiness.[33]

text: In the late 1940s through the early 1970s, the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30% to 40% of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates, but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay this low.[31][34] Between 1946 and 1974, the US debt-to-GDP ratio fell from 121% to 32% even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits.[35]

text: Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking[edit]

text: The two economists, Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof, working for the International Monetary Fund, published a working paper called The Chicago Plan Revisited suggesting that the debt could be eliminated by raising bank reserve requirements and converting from fractional reserve banking to full reserve banking.[36][37] Economists at the Paris School of Economics have commented on the plan, stating that it is already the status quo for coinage currency,[38] and a Norges Bank economist has examined the proposal in the context of considering the finance industry as part of the real economy.[39] A Centre for Economic Policy Research paper agrees with the conclusion that, "no real liability is created by new fiat money creation, and therefore public debt does not rise as a result".[40]

text: Debt ceiling[edit]

text: The debt ceiling is a legislative mechanism to limit the amount of national debt that can be issued by the Treasury. In effect, it will restrain the Treasury from paying for expenditures after the limit has been reached, even if the expenditures have already been approved (in the budget) and have been appropriated. If this situation were to occur, it is unclear whether Treasury would be able to prioritize payments on debt to avoid a default on its debt obligations, but it would have to default on some of its non-debt obligations.

text: Debt holdings[edit]

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text: Because a large variety of people own the notes, bills, and bonds in the "public" portion of the debt, Treasury also publishes information that groups the types of holders by general categories to portray who owns United States debt. In this data set, some of the public portion is moved and combined with the total government portion, because this amount is owned by the Federal Reserve as part of United States monetary policy. (See Federal Reserve System.)

text: As is apparent from the chart, a little less than half of the total national debt is owed to the "Federal Reserve and intragovernmental holdings". The foreign and international holders of the debt are also put together from the notes, bills, and bonds sections. To the right is a chart for the data as of June 2008:

text: Foreign holdings[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As of September 2014, foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt, or approximately 47% of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34% of the total debt of $17.8 trillion.[41] As of  2018[update], the largest holders were China, Japan, Ireland, and Brazil.[43]

text: The share held by foreign governments has grown over time, rising from 13% of the public debt in 1988[44] to 25% in 2007.[45]

text: As of September 2014 the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China, with 21% of all foreign-held U.S. Treasury securities (10% of total U.S. public debt).[46] China's holdings of government debt, as a percentage of all foreign-held government debt are up significantly since 2000 (when China held just 6 percent of all foreign-held U.S. Treasury securities).[47]

text: This exposure to potential financial or political risk should foreign banks stop buying Treasury securities or start selling them heavily was addressed in a June 2008 report issued by the Bank of International Settlements, which stated, "Foreign investors in U.S. dollar assets have seen big losses measured in dollars, and still bigger ones measured in their own currency. While unlikely, indeed highly improbable for public sector investors, a sudden rush for the exits cannot be ruled out completely."[48]

text: On May 20, 2007, Kuwait discontinued pegging its currency exclusively to the dollar, preferring to use the dollar in a basket of currencies.[citation needed] Syria made a similar announcement on June 4, 2007.[49] In September 2009 China, India and Russia said they were interested in buying International Monetary Fund gold to diversify their dollar-denominated securities.[50] However, in July 2010 China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange "ruled out the option of dumping its vast holdings of US Treasury securities" and said gold "cannot become a main channel for investing our foreign exchange reserves" because the market for gold is too small and prices are too volatile.[citation needed]

text: According to Paul Krugman, "It's true that foreigners now hold large claims on the United States, including a fair amount of government debt. But every dollar's worth of foreign claims on America is matched by 89 cents' worth of U.S. claims on foreigners. And because foreigners tend to put their U.S. investments into safe, low-yield assets, America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors. If your image is of a nation that's already deep in hock to the Chinese, you've been misinformed. Nor are we heading rapidly in that direction."[51]  Nonetheless, the country's net investment position (including both debt to and debt owed by other countries) is a debt of more than $7 trillion and has recently been rising very rapidly.

text: Forecasting[edit]

text: CBO ten-year outlook 2018-2028[edit]

text: The CBO estimated the impact of Trump's tax cuts and separate spending legislation over the 2018-2028 period in their annual "Budget & Economic Outlook", released in April 2018:

text:
The budget deficit in fiscal 2018 (which runs from October 1, 2017 to September 30, 2018, the first year budgeted by President Trump) is forecast to be $804 billion, an increase of $139 billion (21%) from the $665 billion in 2017 and up $242 billion (39%) over the previous baseline forecast (June 2017) of $580 billion for 2018.  The June 2017 forecast was essentially the budget trajectory inherited from President Obama; it was prepared prior to the Tax Act and other spending increases under President Trump.
For the 2018-2027 period, CBO projects the sum of the annual deficits (i.e., debt increase) to be $11.7 trillion, an increase of $1.6 trillion (16%) over the previous baseline (June 2017) forecast of $10.1 trillion.
The $1.6 trillion debt increase includes three main elements: 1) $1.7 trillion less in revenues due to the tax cuts; 2) $1.0 trillion more in spending; and 3) Partially offsetting incremental revenue of $1.1 trillion due to higher economic growth than previously forecast.
Debt held by the public is expected to rise from 78% of GDP ($16 trillion) at the end of 2018 to 96% GDP ($29 trillion) by 2028. That would be the highest level since the end of World War Two.
CBO estimated under an alternative scenario (in which policies in place as of April 2018 are maintained beyond scheduled initiation or expiration) that deficits would be considerably higher, rising by $13.7 trillion over the 2018-2027 period, an increase of $3.6 trillion over the June 2017 baseline forecast. Maintaining current policies for example would include extending the individual Trump tax cuts past their scheduled expiration in 2025, among other changes.
The debt increase of $1.6 trillion represents approximately $12,700 per household (assuming 126.2 million households in 2017), while the $3.6 trillion represents $28,500 per household.[7]

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text: CBO long-term outlook[edit]

text: The CBO reports its Long-Term Budget Outlook annually, providing at least two scenarios for spending, revenue, deficits, and debt. The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25-year period through 2039. The "extended baseline scenario" assumes that the laws currently on the books will be implemented, for the most part. The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario:

text: If current laws remained generally unchanged in the future, federal debt held by the public would decline slightly relative to GDP over the next few years. After that, however, growing budget deficits would push debt back to and above its current high level. Twenty-five years from now, in 2039, federal debt held by the public would exceed 100 percent of GDP. Moreover, debt would be on an upward path relative to the size of the economy, a trend that could not be sustained indefinitely. By 2039, the deficit would equal 6.5 percent of GDP, larger than in any year between 1947 and 2008, and federal debt held by the public would reach 106 percent of GDP, more than in any year except 1946—even without factoring in the economic effects of growing debt.[52]

text: The "extended alternative fiscal scenario" assumes the continuation of present trends, which result in a more unfavorable debt position and adverse economic consequences relative to the baseline scenario. The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario:

text: [C]ertain policies that are now in place but are scheduled to change under current law are assumed to continue, and some provisions of current law that might be difficult to sustain for a long period are assumed to be modified. Under that scenario, deficits excluding interest payments would be about $2 trillion larger over the first decade than those under the baseline; subsequently, such deficits would be larger than those under the extended baseline by rapidly increasing amounts, doubling as a percentage of GDP in less than 10 years. CBO projects that real GNP in 2039 would be about 5 percent lower under the extended alternative fiscal scenario than under the extended baseline with economic feedback, and that interest rates would be about three-quarters of a percentage point higher. Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments, federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039.[52]

text: Over the long-term, the CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security) will continue to grow relative to GDP, while discretionary categories (e.g., Defense and other Cabinet Departments) continue to fall relative to GDP. Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios, although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt to GDP ratio down.[52]

text: The CBO estimated under the baseline scenario that the U.S. debt held by the public would increase approximately $8.5 trillion between the end of 2014 and 2024. Under a $2 trillion deficit reduction scenario during that first decade, federal debt held by the public in 2039 would stand at 75 percent of GDP, only slightly above the value of 72 percent at the end of 2013. Under a $4 trillion deficit reduction scenario for that decade, federal debt held by the public would fall to 42 percent of GDP in 2039. By comparison, such debt comprised 35 percent of GDP in 2007 and has averaged 39 percent of GDP during the past 40 years.[52]

text: The CBO reported in September 2011: "The nation cannot continue to sustain the spending programs and policies of the past with the tax revenues it has been accustomed to paying. Citizens will either have to pay more for their government, accept less in government services and benefits, or both."[53]

text: Risks and debates[edit]

text: CBO risk factors[edit]

text: The CBO reported several types of risk factors related to rising debt levels in a July 2010 publication:

text:
A growing portion of savings would go towards purchases of government debt, rather than investments in productive capital goods such as factories and computers, leading to lower output and incomes than would otherwise occur;
If higher marginal tax rates were used to pay rising interest costs, savings would be reduced and work would be discouraged;
Rising interest costs would force reductions in government programs;
Restrictions to the ability of policymakers to use fiscal policy to respond to economic challenges; and
An increased risk of a sudden fiscal crisis, in which investors demand higher interest rates.[54]

text: Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt[edit]

text: Many American and other economic analysts have expressed concerns on account of the People's Republic of China's "extensive" holdings of United States government debt,[55][56] as part of their reserves.

text: The National Defense Authorization Act of the fiscal year 2012 included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a "national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China." The Department issued its report in July 2012, stating that "attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States. As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out, it does not offer China deterrence options, whether in the diplomatic, military, or economic realms, and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war."[57]

text: The 112th United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China's ownership of U.S. debt.[57] The 2013 Report claimed that "[a] potentially serious short-term problem would emerge if China decided to suddenly reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly" [emphasis in the original text], noting, also, that Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had, in 2007, stated that "because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding, U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations."[57]

text: A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concerns over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars, including China's holdings.[58][59][60][61]

text: Sustainability[edit]

text: According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the United States is on a "fiscally unsustainable" path because of projected future increases in Medicare and Social Security spending.[18]

text: Risks to economic growth[edit]

text: Debt levels may affect economic growth rates. In 2010, economists Kenneth Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart reported that among the 20 developed countries studied, average annual GDP growth was 3–4% when debt was relatively moderate or low (i.e. under 60% of GDP), but it dips to just 1.6% when debt was high (i.e., above 90% of GDP).[62] In April 2013, the conclusions of Rogoff and Reinhart's study came into question when a coding error in their original paper was discovered by Herndon, Ash and Pollin of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.[63][64] Herndon, Ash and Pollin found that after correcting for errors and unorthodox methods used, there was no evidence that debt above a specific threshold reduces growth.[65] Reinhart and Rogoff maintain that after correcting for errors, a negative relationship between high debt and growth remains.[66] However, other economists, including Paul Krugman, have argued that it is low growth which causes national debt to increase, rather than the other way around.[67][68][69]

text: Commenting on fiscal sustainability, former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke stated in April 2010 that "Neither experience nor economic theory clearly indicates the threshold at which government debt begins to endanger prosperity and economic stability. But given the significant costs and risks associated with a rapidly rising federal debt, our nation should soon put in place a credible plan for reducing deficits to sustainable levels over time."[70]

text: Interest and debt service costs[edit]

text: Despite rising debt levels, interest costs have remained at approximately 2008 levels (around $450 billion in total) due to lower than long-term interest rates paid on government debt in recent years.[71] However, interest rates may return to higher historical levels.[72]

text: The cost of servicing the U.S. national debt can be measured in various ways. The CBO analyzes net interest as a percentage of GDP, with a higher percentage indicating a higher interest payment burden. During 2015, this was 1.3% GDP, close to the record low 1.2% of the 1966–1968 era. The average from 1966 to 2015 was 2.0% of GDP.[73] However, the CBO estimated in 2016 that the interest amounts and % GDP will increase significantly over the following decade as both interest rates and debt levels rise: "Interest payments on that debt represent a large and rapidly growing expense of the federal government. CBO's baseline shows net interest payments more than tripling under current law, climbing from $231 billion in 2014, or 1.3 percent of GDP, to $799 billion in 2024, or 3.0 percent of GDP—the highest ratio since 1996."[74]

text: Definition of public debt[edit]

text: Economists also debate the definition of public debt. Krugman argued in May 2010 that the debt held by the public is the right measure to use, while Reinhart has testified to the President's Fiscal Reform Commission that gross debt is the appropriate measure.[67] The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) cited research by several economists supporting the use of the lower debt held by the public figure as a more accurate measure of the debt burden, disagreeing with these Commission members.[75]

text: There is debate regarding the economic nature of the intragovernmental debt, which was approximately $4.6 trillion in February 2011.[76] For example, the CBPP argues: that "large increases in [debt held by the public] can also push up interest rates and increase the amount of future interest payments the federal government must make to lenders outside of the United States, which reduces Americans' income. By contrast, intragovernmental debt (the other component of the gross debt) has no such effects because it is simply money the federal government owes (and pays interest on) to itself."[75]

text: However, if the U.S. government continues to run "on budget" deficits as projected by the CBO and OMB for the foreseeable future, it will have to issue marketable Treasury bills and bonds (i.e., debt held by the public) to pay for the projected shortfall in the Social Security program. This will result in "debt held by the public" replacing "intragovernmental debt".[77][78]

text: Intergenerational equity[edit]

text: One debate about the national debt relates to intergenerational equity. For example, if one generation is receiving the benefit of government programs or employment enabled by deficit spending and debt accumulation, to what extent does the resulting higher debt impose risks and costs on future generations? There are several factors to consider:

text:
For every dollar of debt held by the public, there is a government obligation (generally marketable Treasury securities) counted as an asset by investors. Future generations benefit to the extent these assets are passed on to them.[79]
As of 2010, approximately 72% of the financial assets were held by the wealthiest 5% of the population.[80] This presents a wealth and income distribution question, as only a fraction of the people in future generations will receive principal or interest from investments related to the debt incurred today.
To the extent the U.S. debt is owed to foreign investors (approximately half the "debt held by the public" during 2012), principal and interest are not directly received by U.S. heirs.[79]
Higher debt levels imply higher interest payments, which create costs for future taxpayers (e.g., higher taxes, lower government benefits, higher inflation, or increased risk of fiscal crisis).[54]
To the extent the borrowed funds are invested today to improve the long-term productivity of the economy and its workers, such as via useful infrastructure projects or education, future generations may benefit.[81]
For every dollar of intragovernmental debt, there is an obligation to specific program recipients, generally non-marketable securities such as those held in the Social Security Trust Fund. Adjustments that reduce future deficits in these programs may also apply costs to future generations, via higher taxes or lower program spending.[citation needed]

text: Krugman wrote in March 2013 that by neglecting public investment and failing to create jobs, we are doing far more harm to future generations than merely passing along debt: "Fiscal policy is, indeed, a moral issue, and we should be ashamed of what we're doing to the next generation's economic prospects. But our sin involves investing too little, not borrowing too much." Young workers face high unemployment and studies have shown their income may lag throughout their careers as a result. Teacher jobs have been cut, which could affect the quality of education and competitiveness of younger Americans.[82]

text: Credit default[edit]

text: The US has never fully defaulted.[83][84]

text: In April 1979, however, the United States may have technically defaulted on $122 million in Treasury bills, which was less than 1% of U.S. debt. The Treasury Department characterized it as a delay rather than as a default, but it did have consequences for short-term interest rates, which jumped 0.6%.[85] Others view it as a temporary, partial default.[86][87][88]

text: Appendix[edit]

text: National debt for selected years[edit]

text:
Fiscal year

Total debt,$Bln[89][90][91]

Total debtas % of GDP

Public debt,$Bln, 1996–

Public debtas % of GDP

GDP, $Bln,BEA/OMB[92]

1910

2.65/-
8.1%
2.65
8.1%
est. 32.8

1920

25.95/-
29.2%
25.95
29.2%
est. 88.6

1927

[93] 18.51/-
19.2%
18.51
19.2%
est. 96.5

1930

16.19/-
16.6%
16.19
16.6%
est. 97.4

1940

42.97/50.70
43.8–51.6%
42.77
43.6%
-/98.2

1950

257.3/256.9
92.0%
219.00
78.4%
279.0

1960

286.3/290.5
53.6–54.2%
236.80
44.3%
535.1

1970

370.9/380.9
35.4–36.4%
283.20
27.0%
1,049.0

1980

907.7/909.0
32.4–32.6%
711.90
25.5%
2,796.0

1990

3,233/3,206
54.2–54.6%
2,400.00
40.8%
5,915.0

2000

a1 5,659
a 55.8%
a 3,450.00
33.9%
10,150.0

2001

a2 5,792
a 54.8%
a 3,350.00
31.6%
10,550.0

2002

a3 6,213
a 57.1%
a 3,550.00
32.7%
10,900.0

2003

a 6,783
a 59.9%
a 3,900.00
34.6%
11,350.0

2004

a 7,379
a 61.0%
a 4,300.00
35.6%
12,100.0

2005

a4 7,918
a 61.4%
a 4,600.00
35.7%
12,900.0

2006

a5 8,493
a 62.1%
a 4,850.00
35.4%
13,700.0

2007

a6 8,993
a 62.8%
a 5,050.00
35.3%
14,300.0

2008

a7 10,011
a 67.9%
a 5,800.00
39.4%
14,750.0

2009

a8 11,898
a 82.5%
a 7,550.00
52.4%
14,400.0

2010

a9 13,551
a 91.6%
a 9,000.00
61.0%
14,800.0

2011

a10 14,781
a 96.1%
a 10,150.00
65.8%
15,400.0

2012

a11 16,059
a 100.2%
a 11,250.00
70.3%
16,050.0

2013

a12 16,732
a 101.3%
a 12,000.00
72.6%
16,500.0

2014

a13 17,810
a 103.4%
a 12,800.00
74.2%
17,200.0

2015

a14 18,138
a 101.3/101.8%
a 13,100.00
73.3%
17,900.0

2016(Oct. '15 – Jul. '16 only)

~19,428
~106.1%
~13,998.00
~76.5%

text: On June 25, 2014, the BEA announced: "[On July 30, 2014, i]n addition to the regular revision of estimates for the most recent 3 years and for the first quarter of 2014, GDP and select components will be revised back to the first quarter of 1999.

text: Fiscal years 1940–2009 GDP figures were derived from February 2011 Office of Management and Budget figures which contained revisions of prior year figures due to significant changes from prior GDP measurements. Fiscal years 1950–2010 GDP measurements were derived from December 2010 Bureau of Economic Analysis figures which also tend to be subject to revision, especially more recent years. Afterwards the OMB figures were revised back to 2004 and the BEA figures (in a revision dated July 31, 2013) were revised back to 1947.

text: Regarding estimates recorded in the GDP column (the last column) marked with a "~" symbol, absolute differences from advance (one month after) BEA reports of GDP percent change to current findings (as of November 2013) found in revisions are stated to be 1.3% ± 2.0% or a 95% probability of being within the range of 0.0–3.3%, assuming the differences to occur according to standard deviations from the average absolute difference of 1.3%. E.g. with an advance report of a $400 billion increase of a $10 trillion GDP, for example, one could be 95% confident that the range in which the exact GDP dollar amount lies would be 0.0 to 3.3% different than 4.0% (400 ÷ 10,000) or within the range of $0 to $330 billion different than the hypothetical $400 billion (a range of $70–730 billion). Two months after, with a revised value, the range of potential difference from the stated estimate shrinks, and three months after with another revised value the range shrinks again.

text: Fiscal years 1940–1970 begin July 1 of the previous year (for example, Fiscal Year 1940 begins July 1, 1939 and ends June 30, 1940); fiscal years 1980–2010 begin October 1 of the previous year. Intragovernmental debts before the Social Security Act are presumed to equal zero.

text: 1909–1930 calendar year GDP estimates are from MeasuringWorth.com[94] Fiscal Year estimates are derived from simple linear interpolation.

text: (a1) Audited figure was "about $5,659 billion."[95]

text: (a2) Audited figure was "about $5,792 billion."[96]

text: (a3) Audited figure was "about $6,213 billion."[96]

text: (a) Audited figure was said to be "about" the stated figure.[97]

text: (a4) Audited figure was "about $7,918 billion."[98]

text: (a5) Audited figure was "about $8,493 billion."[98]

text: (a6) Audited figure was "about $8,993 billion."[99]

text: (a7) Audited figure was "about $10,011 billion."[99]

text: (a8) Audited figure was "about $11,898 billion."[100]

text: (a9) Audited figure was "about $13,551 billion."[101]

text: (a10) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $14,781 billion.[102]

text: (a11) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $16,059 billion.[102]

text: (a12) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service's figure as $16,732 billion.[103]

text: (a13) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service's figure as $17,810 billion.[104]

text: (a14) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service's figure as $18,138 billion.[105]

text: Interest paid[edit]

text:
FiscalYear

Historical debt outstanding,$billions, US[106]

Interest paid$billions, US[107]

Interest rate

2017
20,244
458.5
2.26%

2016
19,573
432.6
2.21%

2015
18,150
402.4
2.22%

2014
17,824
430.8
2.42%

2013
16,738
415.7
2.48%

2012
16,066
359.8
2.24%

2011
14,790
454.4
3.07%

2010
13,562
414.0
3.05%

2009
11,910
383.1
3.22%

2008
10,025
451.2
4.50%

2007
9,008
430.0
4.77%

2006
8,507
405.9
4.77%

2005
7,933
352.4
4.44%

2004
7,379
321.6
4.36%

2003
6,783
318.1
4.69%

2002
6,228
332.5
5.34%

2001
5,807
359.5
6.19%

2000
5,674
362.0
6.38%

1999
5,656
353.5
6.25%

1998
5,526
363.8
6.58%

1997
5,413
355.8
6.57%

1996
5,225
344.0
6.58%

1995
4,974
332.4
6.68%

1994
4,693
296.3
6.31%

1993
4,411
292.5
6.63%

1992
4,065
292.4
7.19%

1991
3,665
286.0
7.80%

text: Foreign holders of US Treasury securities[edit]

text: The following is a list of the top foreign holders  of US Treasury securities as listed by the US Treasury (revised by August 2018 survey):[108]

text:
Leading foreign holders of US Treasury securities as of June 2018

Country or region
Billions of dollars (est.)
Ratio of owned US debtto 2017 GDP (est.)[109][110]
Percent change sinceJune 2017

 China
1,178.7
5%
+ 3%

 Japan
1,030.4
21%
− 5%

 Brazil
300.1
14%
+11%

 Ireland
299.6
92%
− 2%

 United Kingdom
274.0
11%
+16%

  Switzerland
236.5
35%
− 3%

 Luxembourg
219.7
346%
+ 4%

 Cayman Islands
197.2
n/a
−21%

 Hong Kong
196.1
57%
− 2%

 Saudi Arabia
164.9
24%
+16%

 Taiwan
162.5
28%
–13%

 Belgium
154.7
31%
+57%

 India
147.3
6%
+13%

other
1,649.7
n/a
+0.5%

Grand total
6,211.4
n/a
+ 1%

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
U.S. official gold reserves as of  31 July 2014[update] total 261.5 million troy ounces with a book value of approximately $11.04 billion.[111]
Foreign exchange reserves $140 billion as of  September 2014[update].[112]  United States balance of trade (1980–2014), with negative numbers denoting a trade deficit
The national debt equates to $59,143 per person U.S. population, or $159,759 per member of the U.S. working taxpayers, as of March 2016.[113]
In 2008, $242 billion was spent on interest payments servicing the debt, out of a total tax revenue of $2.5 trillion, or 9.6%. Including non-cash interest accrued primarily for Social Security, interest was $454 billion or 18% of tax revenue.[99]
Total U.S. household debt, including mortgage loan and consumer debt, was $11.4 trillion in 2005. By comparison, total U.S. household assets, including real estate, equipment, and financial instruments such as mutual funds, was $62.5 trillion in 2005.[114]
Total U.S. Consumer Credit Card revolving credit was $931.0 billion in April 2009.[115]
The U.S. balance of trade deficit in goods and services was $725.8 billion in 2005.[116]
According to the U.S. Department of Treasury Preliminary 2014 Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities, the United States valued its foreign treasury securities portfolio at $2.7 trillion. The largest debtors are Canada, the United Kingdom, Cayman Islands, and Australia, whom account for $1.2 trillion of sovereign debt owed to residents of the U.S.[117]
The entire public debt in 1998 was attributable to the cost of research, development, and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons-related programs during the Cold War.[118][119][120]

text: A 1998 Brookings Institution study published by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee (formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation), calculated that total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars.[118] The total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars[121] or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars.

text: International debt comparisons[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2015)

text:
Gross debt as percentage of GDP

Entity
2007
2010
2011
2017/2018

United States
62%
92%
102%
108%

European Union
59%
80%
83%
82%

Austria
62%
78%
72%
78%

France
64%
82%
86%
97%

Germany
65%
82%
81%
64%

Sweden
40%
39%
38%
41%

Finland
35%
48%
49%
61%

Greece
104%
123%
165%
179%

Romania
13%
31%
33%
35%

Bulgaria
17%
16%
16%
25%

Czech Republic
28%
38%
41%
35%

Italy
112%
119%
120%
132%

Netherlands
52%
77%
65%
57%

Poland
51%
55%
56%
51%

Spain
42%
68%
68%
98%

United Kingdom
47%
80%
86%
88%

Japan
167%
197%
204%
236%

Russia
9%
12%
10%
19%

Asia 1 (2017+)2
37%
40%
41%
80%

text: Sources: Eurostat,[122] International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (emerging market economies); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Economic Outlook (advanced economies)[123]IMF,[124]

text:
1China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand
2Afghanistan, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, People's Republic of, Fiji, Georgia, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Korea, Republic of, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao P.D.R., Macao SAR, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Fed. States of, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan Province of China, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam

text: Recent additions to the public debt of the United States[edit]

text:
Recent additions to U.S. public debt[125][89][90][92]

Fiscal year (begins Oct. 1 of year priorto stated year)

GDP$Billions

New debtforfiscal year$Billions

New debtas% of GDP

Total debt$Billions

Total debtas % of GDP(Debt to GDPratio)

1994

$7,200
$281–292
3.9–4.1%
~$4,650
64.6–65.2%

1995

7,600
277–281
3.7%
~4,950
64.8–65.6%

1996

8,000
251–260
3.1–3.3%
~5,200
65.0–65.4%

1997

8,500
188
2.2%
~5,400
63.2–63.8%

1998

8,950
109–113
1.2–1.3%
~5,500
61.2–61.8%

1999

9,500
127–130
1.3–1.4%
5,656
59.3%

2000

10,150
18
0.2%
5,674
55.8%

2001

$10,550
$  133
1.3%
$5,792
54.8%

2002

10,900
421
3.9%
6,213
57.1%

2003

11,350
570
5.0%
6,783
59.9%

2004

12,100
596
4.9%
7,379
61.0%

2005

12,900
539
4.2%
7,918
61.4%

2006

13,700
575
4.2%
8,493
62.1%

2007

14,300
500
3.5%
8,993
62.8%

2008

14,750
1,018
6.9%
10,011
67.9%

2009

$14,400
$1,887
13.1%
$11,898
82.5%

2010

14,800
1,653
11.2%
13,551
91.6%

2011[126]

15,400
1,230
8.0%
14,781
96.1%

2012

16,050
1,278
8.0%
16,059
100.2%

2013

16,500
673
4.1%
16,732
101.3%

2014

17,200
1,078
6.3%
17,810
103.4%

2015

17,900
328
1.8%
18,138
101.3%

2016 (Oct. '15 – Jul. '16 only)

~1,290
~7.0%
~19,428
~106.1%

text: On July 29, 2016, the BEA released a revision to 2013–2016 GDP figures.  The figures for this table were corrected the next week with changes to figures in those fiscal years.

text: On July 30, 2015, the BEA released a revision to 2012–2015 GDP figures.  The figures for this table were corrected on that day with changes to FY 2013 and 2014, but not 2015 as FY 2015 is updated within a week with the release of debt totals for July 31, 2015.

text: On June 25, 2014, the BEA announced a 15-year revision of GDP figures would take place on July 31, 2014. The figures for this table were corrected after that date with changes to FY 2000, 2003, 2008, 2012, 2013 and 2014. The more precise FY 1999–2014 debt figures are derived from Treasury audit results. The variations in the 1990s and FY 2015 figures are due to double-sourced or relatively preliminary GDP figures respectively. A comprehensive revision GDP revision dated July 31, 2013 was described on the Bureau of Economic Analysis website. In November 2013 the total debt and yearly debt as a percentage of GDP columns of this table were changed to reflect those revised GDP figures.

text: Historical debt ceiling levels[edit]

text:
showTable of historical debt ceiling levels[127]

Date
Debt Ceiling(billions of dollars)
Change in Debt Ceiling(billions of dollars)
Statute

June 25, 1940

49[128]

February 19, 1941

65

+16

March 28, 1942

125

+60

April 11, 1943

210

+85

June 9, 1944

260

+50

April 3, 1945

300

+40

June 26, 1946

275

−25

August 28, 1954

281

+6

July 9, 1956

275

−6

February 26, 1958

280

+5

September 2, 1958

288

+8

June 30, 1959

295

+7

June 30, 1960

293

−2

June 30, 1961

298[129]

+5

July 1, 1962

308

+10

March 31, 1963

305

−3

June 25, 1963

300

−5

June 30, 1963

307

+7

August 31, 1963

309

+2

November 26, 1963

315

+6

June 29, 1964

324

+9

June 24, 1965

328

+4

June 24, 1966

330

+2

March 2, 1967

336

+6

June 30, 1967

358

+22

June 1, 1968

365

+7

April 7, 1969

377

+12

June 30, 1970

395

+18

March 17, 1971

430

+35

March 15, 1972

450[130]

+20

October 27, 1972

465

+15

June 30, 1974

495

+30

February 19, 1975

577

+82

November 14, 1975

595

+18

March 15, 1976

627

+32

June 30, 1976

636

+9

September 30, 1976

682

+46

April 1, 1977

700

+18

October 4, 1977

752

+52

August 3, 1978

798

+46

April 2, 1979

830

+32

September 29, 1979

879[131]

+49

June 28, 1980

925

+46

December 19, 1980

935

+10

February 7, 1981

985

+50

September 30, 1981

1,079

+94

June 28, 1982

1,143

+64

September 30, 1982

1,290

+147

May 26, 1983

1,389

+99

Pub.L. 98–34

November 21, 1983

1,490

+101

Pub.L. 98–161

May 25, 1984

1,520

+30

June 6, 1984

1,573

+53

Pub.L. 98–342

October 13, 1984

1,823

+250

Pub.L. 98–475

November 14, 1985

1,904

+81

December 12, 1985

2,079

+175

Pub.L. 99–177

August 21, 1986

2,111

+32

Pub.L. 99–384

October 21, 1986

2,300

+189

May 15, 1987

2,320[132]

+20

August 10, 1987

2,352

+32

September 29, 1987

2,800

+448

Pub.L. 100–119

August 7, 1989

2,870

+70

November 8, 1989

3,123

+253

Pub.L. 101–140

August 9, 1990

3,195

+72

October 28, 1990

3,230

+35

November 5, 1990

4,145

+915

Pub.L. 101–508

April 6, 1993

4,370

+225

August 10, 1993

4,900

+530

Pub.L. 103–66

March 29, 1996

5,500

+600

Pub.L. 104–121

August 5, 1997

5,950

+450

Pub.L. 105–33

June 11, 2002

6,400[133]

+450

Pub.L. 107–199

May 27, 2003

7,384

+984

Pub.L. 108–24

November 16, 2004

8,184[133]

+800

Pub.L. 108–415

March 20, 2006

8,965[134]

+781

Pub.L. 109–182

September 29, 2007

9,815

+850

Pub.L. 110–91

June 5, 2008

10,615

+800

Pub.L. 110–289

October 3, 2008

11,315[135]

+700

Pub.L. 110–343

February 17, 2009

12,104[136]

+789

Pub.L. 111–5

December 24, 2009

12,394

+290

Pub.L. 111–123

February 12, 2010

14,294

+1,900

Pub.L. 111–139

January 30, 2012

16,394

+2,100

May 19, 2013

16,700

+306


document_title: Bleach (season 16)

question_text: what episode of bleach does the fullbring arc start

text: Bleach (season 16)

text:
Lost Agent Arc
The cover of the first DVD compilation released by Aniplex of Lost Agent ArcCountry of origin
JapanNo. of episodes
24ReleaseOriginal network
TV TokyoOriginal release
October 11, 2011 (2011-10-11) – March 27, 2012 (2012-03-27)Season chronology
← PreviousSeason 15
List of Bleach episodes

text: The sixteenth season of the Bleach anime series is known as the Lost Agent arc (死神代行消失篇, Shinigami Daikō Shōshitsu hen).[1] It is directed by Noriyuki Abe, and produced by TV Tokyo, Dentsu and Studio Pierrot.[2] Based on Tite Kubo's manga series, the season is set seventeen months after Ichigo Kurosaki lost his Soul Reaper powers and meets a man known as Kūgo Ginjō who proposes him to recover them.

text: The season aired from October 2011 to March 2012.[3] Aniplex collected it in six DVD volumes between August 22, 2012 and January 23, 2013.[4][5] The episodes of this season use three pieces of theme music; one opening and two endings. The opening theme is "Harukaze" by Scandal.[2] The first ending theme, "Re:pray" by Aimer is used from episodes 343 to 354[2] and the second ending theme, "MASK" by Aqua Timez is used from episode 355 to 366.

text: Episode list[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Original airdate

English airdate
343"3rd Year High School Student! Dressed Up, and a New Chapter Begins!""Kōkō 3 Nensei! Yosoi Arata ni Shinshō Kaishi!" (高校３年生！装い新たに新章開始！)October 11, 2011May 3, 2014
Seventeen months after the defeat of Sōsuke Aizen at the cost of his Soul Reaper powers, Ichigo Kurosaki has been living in peace as a third year high school student. On the way home from school, Ichigo incapacitates a thief and returns the stolen bag to its owner. The next day, the thief and his gang seek out Ichigo at his school and are confronted by Uryū Ishida. Elsewhere, the owner of the stolen bag meets with his friends revealing he has found Ichigo.
344"A Dispute in School!? Ichigo and Uryū, Fight Together!""Gakkō Kan Kōsō!? Ichigo to Uryū, Kyōtou!" (学校間抗争!?一護と雨竜、共闘！)October 18, 2011May 10, 2014
Ichigo and Uryū dispatch the gang with ease but are interrupted when Ichigo's part-time job boss, Ikumi Unagiya, kidnaps and forces him to work. Their client, the owner of the stolen bag, requests an investigation on Isshin Kurosaki, Ichigo's father. Ichigo declines but is intrigued when the owner reveals that one of his younger sisters, Karin Kurosaki, had been visiting Kisuke Urahara. The owner introduces himself as Kūgo Ginjō, gives Ichigo a Xcution business card and cryptically warns him to act before his family is hurt. Uryū, passing by Ichigo's house, pursues a strange man and is critically injured as a result.
345"Uryū is Attacked, A Threat Draws Near the Friends!""Osowareta Uryū, Nakama-tachi ni Semaru Kyōi!" (襲われた雨竜、仲間達に迫る脅威！)October 25, 2011May 17, 2014
While walking at night, Ichigo decides to forget his past and throws his substitute badge into the river. Later, he hears from Orihime Inoue that Uryū is in the hospital. At the hospital, Ryūken Ishida sends Ichigo home and reveals to Orihime the assailant was a human with powers and cautions her to be careful. The next day, Ichigo's friends, Keigo Asano and Mizuiro Kojima, are attacked by the thief whom Ichigo had stopped prior. Ichigo saves them and meets Uryū's assailant who flees when Ryūken arrives. Ichigo, realizing he is being excluded from information due to his lack of powers, decides to contact Xcution.
346"The Man with the Fullbring Ability: Kūgo Ginjō""Furuburingu no Nōryokusha: Ginjō Kūgo" (完現術の能力者・銀城空吾)November 1, 2011May 31, 2014
After contacting Ginjō, Ichigo is led to the Xcution headquarters and learns its members possess the ability dubbed as Fullbring, which allows them to manipulate the souls of inanimate objects. The cause of the power are residual spiritual energy from hollows who attacked their pregnant mothers. Yasutora "Chad" Sado, who had been missing, appears at the headquarters, shocking Ichigo. Ginjō reveals that Xcution plans to restore Ichigo's Soul Reaper powers in order to rid themselves of their Fullbring abilities. Ichigo declines, stating that he is only seeking information his family and friends are hiding from him.
347"A Crisis Sneaking up on the Kurosaki Family!? Ichigo's Confusion!""Kurosaki-ka ni Shinobiyoru Kiki!? Ichigo no Mayoi!" (黒崎家に忍び寄る危機!?一護の迷い！)November 8, 2011June 7, 2014
Uryū's assailant stabs an incomplete hollow and asks for its cooperation. Ichigo returns home and resumes his life. Chad attempts to convince Ichigo to accept Xcution's offer, stating that Ichigo himself wants the power to protect his loved ones. While walking through town, Ichigo sees Uryū's assailant and pursues him but runs into his other younger sister, Yuzu Kurosaki, on the way. The hollow attacks them and are saved when Ginjō dispatches it. As a result, Ichigo returns to Xcution and accepts their offer, and Ginjō returns Ichigo's substitute badge back to him.
348"Power of the Substitute Badge, Ichigo's 'Pride'!""Daikōshō no Chikara, Ichigo no "Hokori"!" (代行証の力、一護の“誇り”！)November 15, 2011June 14, 2014
The next day, Ichigo is called in to Xcution headquarters to learn how to use the Fullbring abilities. Ichigo is shrunken and placed in a dollhouse by Riruka Dokugamine, where he has to defeat an aggressive pig plushie under a time limit set by Giriko Kutsuzawa. When Chad advises Ichigo to use his pride, Ichigo uses his substitute badge as the focal item to materialize his Fullbring.
349"Next Target, The Devil's Hand Aims at Orihime!""Tsugi no Hyōteki, Orihime o Nerau Ma no Te!" (次の標的、織姫を狙う魔の手！)November 22, 2011June 21, 2014
Ichigo defeats the pig plushie with his Fullbring and is freed from the dollhouse. Elsewhere, Orihime is confronted by Moe Shishigawara, who intends to kill her. Shishigawara is then interrupted by his superior, Uryū's assailant, who is revealed to be Shūkurō Tsukishima. Tsukishima prepares to punish Shishigawara for going against his orders, but Orihime decides to intervene.
350"The Man Who Killed the Shinigami Substitute!? Tsukishima Makes His Move""Shinigami Daikō o Koroshita Otoko!? Ugokidasu Tsukishima" (死神代行を殺した男!?動き出す月島)November 29, 2011June 28, 2014
Tsukishima pretends to impale Orihime's chest and leaves her. Although Orihime suffered no cuts, she starts having a vague idea that Tsukishima was her friend. Unwilling to worry Ichigo about what happened, she only tells Chad about Tsukishima. Aware that Orihime is hiding information from him, Ichigo goes back to Xcution headquarters to continue his training to help his friends.
351"Fullbring, The Detested Power!""Furuburingu, Imikirawareta Chikara!" (フルブリング、忌み嫌われた力！)December 6, 2011July 12, 2014
Ichigo continues his training, but desires to actually battle one of the members of Xcution. Ginjō suggests that Jackie Tristan should be his opponent, but she refuses and storms off. Meanwhile, Tsukishima sends Shishigawara to tail Chad. However, while Chad is wary of Shishigawara's presence, no attack on him is attempted. Later, Jackie decides that she will fight Ichigo in a fish tank after seeing him pass his training in a bird cage, both set up by Riruka. She fully introduces herself, activates her Fullbring using her boots and proceeds to attack a surprised Ichigo.
352"Tsukishima Attacks! The Training Has Been Thwarted""Tsukishima, Kyōshū! Bōgaisareta Shugyō" (月島、強襲！妨害された修行)December 13, 2011July 19, 2014
Ichigo continues his training with Jackie. While at first Jackie overwhelms him with her more experienced powers, Ichigo is able to activate a power of Fullbring known as Bringer Light to gain the advantage. As they go on with the battle, Ichigo's powers go out of control, but insist that he can still fight despite Jackie's insistence that they stop. It is then that Tsukishima attacks Xcution, wanting to kill Ichigo. When Tsukishima cuts the fish tank containing Ichigo and Jackie, Ichigo appears, revealing the next stage of his Fullbring.
353"Ichigo, Mastering the Fullbring!""Ichigo, Furuburingu o Tsukaikonase!" (一護、完現術を使いこなせ！)December 20, 2011July 26, 2014
Ichigo, Chad and Xcution start their battle with Tsukishima. The battle is taken outside when Chad attacks Tsukishima before he reveals he was the one who attacked Uryū and Orihime, but Ichigo finds it out anyway. Enraged he starts to battle Tsukishima, but the expert Fullbringer overwhelms him. Ginjō then gets in the way and battles with Tsukishima instead, the two being more evenly matched. Yet Ichigo, who cannot just stand there and watch, attacks again and is able to land a hit, but is stopped by Yukio Hans Vorarlberna, who then proceeds to stop Tsukishima himself.
354"Ichigo vs. Ginjō! To the Game's Space""Ichigo tai Ginjō, Gēmu no Kūkan e" (一護vs銀城、ゲームの空間へ)December 27, 2011August 2, 2014
While Ichigo is fully protected by Yukio's Fullbring, Chad, Ginjō and Riruka successfully manage to force Tsukishima to retreat. The group then moves to their second hideout to ponder what Tsukishima's motives really were, but they soon come to realize that they have been overthinking this. While Orihime heals Uryū, the two discuss the new threat but are unable to figure out if all the incidents so far were from the same culprit. Orihime later runs into Chad, who brings her back to the Xcution hideout to heal Ichigo, who has been training with Ginjō inside Yukio's Fullbring in a video game setting. Elsewhere, Urahara and Isshin plan to collect spiritual energy inside a vat with the help of a Soul Reaper, who is none other than Rukia Kuchiki.
355"Shinigami at War! New Year in Seireitei Special!""Shinigami Sansen! Seireitei mo Oshōgatsu SP!" (死神参戦！瀞霊廷もお正月SP！)January 10, 2012August 9, 2014
During the time skip of the seventeen months, the Soul Reapers of the Soul Society celebrate the new year. Izuru Kira is tasked to organize a special event for this occasion, though at first he was reluctant to participate. He hosts a friendly kite-flying activity, but it slowly turns into a chaotic competition among many of the squad divisions. Kira attempts to stop the chaos, but his plan ultimately fails. Later on, Rukia prepares for an upcoming ceremonial dance her late sister had been in many years ago, but she is unimpressed with her own dancing abilities. Renji Abarai decides to help her out, but she gets angry when he later accidentally spills ink on her ceremonial kimono and tells him to leave. After Rukia is given her late sister's kimono instead, she realizes that Renji was trying to help relax her so she would not worry so much about the dance. Rukia sends a letter of apology to Renji, who was able to come to the dance which turns out to be a huge success.
356"Friend or Foe!? Ginjō's True Intentions!""Teki ka Mikata ka!? Ginjō no Mienai Kokoro!" (敵か味方か!?銀城の見えない心！)January 17, 2012August 16, 2014
Ichigo continues his training with Ginjō while Orihime heals him. Yet when Ginjō blinds him and starts to say antagonastic things to make Ichigo angry, Ichigo begins to doubt Ginjō's true intentions. When Ginjō claims that he will kill Chad and Orihime, Ichigo is able to notice his spiritual pressure. Ichigo then manages to wound Ginjō with his Fullbring, reaching its final level, and Ginjō apologizes for his acting.
357"Tsukishima's Ability, the Danger is Drawing Near!""Shinobiyoru Kyōi... Tsukishima no Nōryoku!" (忍び寄る脅威…月島の能力！)January 24, 2012August 23, 2014
After Ichigo achieves the final level of Fullbring, he spends his time perfecting it. With Xcution deciding to protect Ichigo so that they can complete their goal, Riruka goes to search Chad and Orihime, who are investigating Tsukishima. Riruka ends being ambushed by Tsukishima, who attacks her with his Fullbring. Tsukishima then confronts Chad and Orihime, who are unable to kill him as a result of his Fullbring causing him to be part of their memories.
358"Clash!? Xcution attacks Ginjō""Gekitotsu!? Ginjō o Osou Ekusukyūshon" (激突!?銀城を襲うXCUTION)January 31, 2012September 6, 2014
After Ichigo puts the finishing touches on completing his Fullbring, Ginjō tells him to go home to see his sisters, but Tsukishima activates his Fullbring that was placed on Ichigo's friends and sisters in order to make them believe that he is a close relative of the Kurosaki family. After running out, Ichigo encounters Ginjō, who tells Ichigo that all the other members of Xcution have fallen under Tsukishima's control.
359"The Sorrowful Battle! Ichigo vs. Sado & Orihime""Kanashimi no Tatakai! Ichigo tai Sado to Orihime" (哀しみの戦い！一護VS茶渡＆織姫)February 7, 2012September 13, 2014
Ichigo and Ginjō, figuring out Tsukishima's Fullbring can manipulate the memories of the people he cuts down, are found out by Yukio, who brings them to Tsukishima's mansion. The two are welcomed by Ichigo's affected friends and sisters, but Ichigo, unable to fight with all of them in the crosshairs, runs away to a safer location, only to be stopped by the brainwashed Xcution. Ginjō destroys the staircase and takes on his fellow members himself while Ichigo fights Tsukishima. Ichigo is able to gain the upper hand with his Fullbring and severely injures Tsukishima's arm. However, Chad and Orihime, also affected, arrive and stop him from finishing Tsukishima off, as they explain how he has been a part of their lives from the start.
360"Ichigo vs Uryū!? Who is the Traitor!?""Ichigo tai Uryū!? Uragirimono wa Dare da!" (一護vs雨竜!?裏切り者は誰だ！)February 14, 2012September 20, 2014
Chad and Orihime, who believe Ichigo has gone crazy, try to prevent him from attacking Tsukishima, even when the fight is taken outside. Meanwhile, Ginjō, while confronting his fellow members, runs into trouble with Shishigawara and his lucky punches. An overwhelmed Ichigo is soon about to be slashed by Tsukishima, but Ginjō takes the hit instead. After Ginjō seems to be unaffected, Uryū suddenly arrives and claims that Ginjō was his assailant instead of Tsukishima. Before Ichigo can react, he is stuck down by Ginjō, who reveals that he allowed Tsukishima to slash him twice to return to his original self. He stabs Ichigo with his sword and says he will take Ichigo's Fullbring.
361"A New Appearance! The Gotei 13, Arrives!""Arata na Sugata! Gotei Jūsan-tai, Kenzan!" (新たな姿！護廷十三隊、見参！)February 21, 2012September 27, 2014
Ginjō is able to take Ichigo's Fullbring and apply its power to his own. Unable to do anything about his situation, Ichigo falls deep into despair and runs after Ginjō, demanding for Ginjō to give him his power back. Ichigo is then impaled by a sword held by Rukia which causes him to become a Soul Reaper once again. The sword is revealed to possess the powers from the Thirteen Court Guard Squads in order to assist Ichigo in his fight against Ginjō. Ichigo attacks Ginjō with a Getsuga Tenshō, which is powerful enough to clear away a thunderstorm and slice Tsukishima's mansion in half.
362"Revival! Substitute Shinigami: Ichigo Kurosaki!""Fukkatsu! Shinigami Daikō: Kurosaki Ichigo!" (復活！死神代行･黒崎一護！)February 28, 2012October 4, 2014
Ichigo eventually overpowers Ginjō using his regained Soul Reaper powers, and he also learns that he regained his powers, thanks to the spiritual energies given by all of the captains and lieutenants. Tōshirō Hitsugaya reveals that Ginjō was the first Substitute Soul Reaper. Meanwhile, Chad and Orihime rush to Ichigo, confused as to why Ginjō is being attacked. Tsukishima appears behind them and tries to break their minds by adding new memories to their past, but Urahara and Isshin knock them out. As promised, Ginjō gives the other Xcution members new powers of their own. Ichigo attempts to take them down, but Yukio uses his new powers to protect them and separate the others. Kenpachi Zaraki quickly takes care of Kutsuzawa and cuts him in half, killing him instantly.
363"Fierce Fight! Shinigami vs. XCUTION!""Gekitō! Shinigami tai Ekusukyūshon!" (激闘！死神vsXCUTION！)March 6, 2012October 11, 2014
Uryū comes to assist Ichigo in his battle against Ginjō. Byakuya Kuchiki prepares to start fighting Tsukishima while Riruka ambushes Rukia using stuffed animals. Renji encounters Jackie and defeats her without the use of his zanpakutō, having trained to fight an opponent at Aizen's level. As Yukio then attempts to destroy the dimension where Renji and Jackie are situated, he is confronted by Hitsugaya. Hitsugaya manages to capture Yukio in ice and attempts to force him to free his comrades. Meanwhile, Ikkaku Madarame confronts Shishigawara, managing to find his Fullbring's weakness and overpower him.
364"Desperate Struggle!? Byakuya's Troubled Memories""Zettai Zetsumei!? Kioku o Hasamareta Byakuya" (絶体絶命!?記憶を挟まれた白哉)March 13, 2012October 18, 2014
Tsukishima, revealing that he can use his Fullbring on inanimate objects as well, hits Byakuya's zanpakuto, thus learning all he needs to know about Byakuya's weaknesses. Meanwhile, Rukia fights against Riruka and gets her body trapped in a stuffed animal, and attempting to fight with kido was ineffective. Riruka tells about how the Fullbringers, through their tragic childhood pasts, were gathered together to form Xcution. Using this distraction as an opportunity, Rukia touches Riruka with her zanpakuto, but Riruka, unable to dodge Rukia, uses a special ability from her Fullbring to vanish while causing Rukia to collapse. Meanwhile, Tsukishima is able to overwhelm Byakuya and manages to inflict a serious injury. However, Byakuya shoots out his bankai from his hand, piercing Tsukishima's chest. Before Tsukishima falls to the ground, Byakuya thanks him for an exciting battle.
365"Ichigo vs. Ginjō! Secret of the Substitute Badge""Ichigo tai Ginjō! Daikōshō no Himitsu" (一護VS銀城！代行証の秘密)March 20, 2012October 25, 2014
Ichigo and Uryū continue their battle with Ginjō. However, when Ginjō senses that Tsukishima is near death, he tells Ichigo they have no longer have a reason to fight while revealing that the Substitute Soul Reapers have been constantly spied on by the Soul Society to monitor their actions. However, using his bankai to destroy the dimension with the other Soul Reapers looking on, Ichigo admits knowing about the revelation yet still intends to trust the Soul Society for aiding him in protecting the people close to him. This has Ginjō releases his own bankai in response to Ichigo's resolve as the two have a final clash.
366"Changing History, Unchanging Heart""Kawariyuku Rekishi, Kawaranu Kokoro" (変わりゆく歴史、変わらぬ心)March 27, 2012November 1, 2014
The battle between Ichigo and Ginjō comes to a close when the latter receives a mortal wound. Just as Ginjō is about to die, the dying Tsukishima tries to kill Ichigo but is stopped by Riruka as she emerges from Rukia's body. Shishigawa proceeds to carry Tsukishima away while the other surviving Xcution members decide to separate. Ichigo later returns to the Soul Society and requests that Genryūsai Shigekuni Yamamoto let Ginjō's body be buried within the human world as the last thing he can do for him. Yamamoto agrees just as Ichigo accepts to continue being a Substitute Soul Reaper. Rukia sees Ichigo off, recalling their time together and silently thanks him. Ichigo returns to Karakura Town where he is greeted by his friends and family.


document_title: Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party

question_text: who sings ain't nothing but a gangsta party

question_tokens: who sings ai n 't nothing but a gangsta party

text: Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party

text: This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions.  (September 2014)

text:
Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party
Compilation album by Various ArtistsReleased
July 4, 2000 [1]Recorded
1990-2000Genre
G-funk, Gangsta Rap, West Coast Hip HopLength
77:37 [2]Label
Priority RecordsProducer
Fredwreck, Fingazz, Crazy Toones, Dr. Dre, DJ U-Neek, Warren G, Ant Banks, Jesse West, Bink Dogg, Battlecat, DJ Pooh, Ice Cube, George Clinton, DJ Bobcat, Daz Dillinger, DJ AladdinVarious Artists chronology

Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party(2000)

Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party 2(2001)Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party 22001

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic [3]

text: Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party is a compilation album, released by Priority Records on July 4, 2000. It is composed mainly of previously-released songs on the label [with the exceptions of the first two tracks which were previously unreleased]. The album peaked at No. 67 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart [4] and No. 155 on the Billboard 200.[5] A sequel, entitled Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party 2, followed a year later.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Everybody Knows (Fred Wreck's House Party!!) (Kurupt Featuring Fredwreck)
I Love Cali (Roscoe)
Let It Reign (Westside Connection)
B Please (Snoop Dogg) Featuring Xzibit)
Where My Thugs At (Krayzie Bone)
I Want It All (Warren G Featuring Mack 10)
Players Holiday (Ant Banks presents T.W.D.Y. Featuring Too Short & Mac Mall)
What U See Is What U Get (Xzibit)
Girls All Pause (Kurupt)
Just Clownin' (WC)
We Be Puttin' It Down! [Remix] (Bad Azz Featuring Snoop Dogg)
Bop Gun (One Nation) (Edit) (Ice Cube Featuring George Clinton)
Keep Their Heads Ringin' (Dr. Dre)
Backyard Boogie (Mack 10)
Big Thangs (Ant Banks presents T.W.D.Y. Featuring Too Short & Ice Cube)
2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted (2Pac Featuring Snoop Doggy Dogg)
Friday (Ice Cube)
Pay Ya Dues (Low Profile)

tag: ol


document_title: Cinderella (2015 Disney film)

question_text: who played cinderella in the live action movie

text: Cinderella (2015 Disney film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: After losing her mother at a young age, Ella promises to follow her mother's dying wishes: to have courage and be kind. Some years later, Ella's father remarries Lady Tremaine, the widow of an old acquaintance, who has two daughters of her own, Drisella and Anastasia. Ella welcomes her new stepfamily, despite the stepsisters' unpleasant attitudes. When Ella's father goes abroad for business, Lady Tremaine slowly reveals her cruel and jealous nature, as she pushes Ella to give up her bedroom to the stepsisters for the attic. When Ella's father unexpectedly dies during the trip, Lady Tremaine dismisses the household to save money and forces all of the chores on Ella. One morning, when her stepfamily see Ella's face covered in cinders due to her sleeping by the fireplace for warmth, they mock Ella as "Cinderella" and forbid her from eating with them.

text: Crushed by their cruelty, Ella rides off into the woods, where she meets Kit, the crown prince, posing as a palace apprentice, along with his hunting party. Though Ella is unaware of Kit's true identity, they both take a liking to each other. The two part without Kit learning Ella's name. The King, upon learning he has little time left to live, urges Kit that, for the advantage of the kingdom, he should take a princess for his bride at the upcoming royal ball. Kit persuades his father to also invite every eligible maiden in the kingdom to the ball, hoping to see Ella again.

text: Upon receiving notice of the ball, Ella finds a gown that had once belonged to her late mother and decides to refashion it for the ball. On the night of the ball, Ella tries to join her stepfamily, but Lady Tremaine and her daughters tear her dress to shreds and leave without her. Ella runs into the garden in tears and meets an old beggar woman, who reveals herself to be her Fairy Godmother. To help Ella attend the ball, her Fairy Godmother magically transforms a pumpkin into a golden carriage, her four mice into white horses, two lizards into footmen, and a goose into the coachman. She then transforms Ella's ripped dress into a gorgeous blue gown, complete with a pair of magical glass slippers. As Ella leaves for the ball, the Fairy Godmother warns her the spell will break at the last stroke of midnight. Finally, she casts a spell to keep Ella's stepmother and stepsisters from recognizing her.

text: At the ball, the entire court is entranced by Ella when she appears. Ella and Kit proceed to have their first dance. This is much to the chagrin of the Grand Duke, who has promised Kit to Princess Chelina of Zaragoza, a comment which Lady Tremaine overhears. While surprised at Kit's true identity, Ella continues to bond with him, touring the palace grounds. As Ella is about to tell Kit her name, Ella hears the clock start to chime midnight and flees. As she flees the castle, one of her slippers falls off. After being pursued by the Grand Duke and his men, Ella manages to escape home before the final stroke of midnight chimes, causing the spell to wear off. After returning home, Ella hides the remaining glass slipper left behind under the floorboards of her bedroom.

text: The King passes away soon after, but not before giving his son permission to marry Ella. Now King, Kit issues a royal proclamation ordering every maiden in the kingdom to try on the slipper in an effort to find the girl. Ella hurries to retrieve the glass slipper to prove her identity, only to find her stepmother holding it. Having deduced that Ella is the mystery princess, Lady Tremaine tells her stepdaughter about her own tragic past and of the bitter effects it has caused on her life. She blackmails Ella to be made head of the royal household and that respectable husbands are found for the stepsisters, as conditions in order to give Ella's hand in marriage to Kit. When Ella refuses to meet her demands, Lady Tremaine smashes the slipper and locks Ella in the attic. Lady Tremaine then takes the shattered remains of the slipper to the Grand Duke, and manipulates him into agreeing to make her a countess and securing marriages for her daughters, in exchange for keeping Ella hidden.

text: The Grand Duke and the captain of the palace guards lead the mission to find the mystery princess, but the slipper refuses to fit any other maiden. When they arrive at the Tremaine estate, the shoe fits neither of the stepsisters. As they turn to leave, Ella's singing of Lavender's Blue is heard. The Grand Duke tries to ignore this, but Kit, disguised as a guard, commands the captain to investigate. Dismissing Lady Tremaine's attempts to stop her, Ella is reunited with Kit. They leave the house as Ella offers forgiveness to her stepmother. Afterward, the Fairy Godmother states that Ella's stepfamily and the Grand Duke are exiled from the kingdom, never to return.

text: Ella and Kit marry and eventually grow to become the land's most beloved monarchs, ruling with the same courage and kindness that Ella has promised her mother, living happily ever after.

text: Cast[edit]

text: As shown in the credits, some names differ in dialogue.

text:
Cate Blanchett as the Stepmother, also known as Lady Tremaine
Lily James as Cinderella, also known as Ella

Eloise Webb as a young Ella

Richard Madden as the Prince, also known as Kit
Helena Bonham Carter as the Fairy Godmother
Nonso Anozie as the Captain
Stellan Skarsgård as the Grand Duke
Sophie McShera as Drisella
Holliday Grainger as Anastasia
Derek Jacobi as the King
Ben Chaplin as Ella's father
Hayley Atwell as Ella's mother
Rob Brydon as Master Phineus
Jana Perez as Princess Chelina of Zaragosa
Alex Macqueen as the Royal Crier

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2010, following the box office success of Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland, which was the second-highest-grossing film of 2010 and earned over $1 billion at the box office worldwide,[5] Walt Disney Pictures began developing a new film adaptation of Cinderella, commissioning a live-action reimagining based on a script by Aline Brosh McKenna and produced by Simon Kinberg.[6] In August 2011, Mark Romanek was brought on to direct.[7] On February 29, 2012, it was announced that Chris Weitz would revise McKenna's script.[8][9] In January 2013, Romanek left the project due to creative differences, as he was developing a version that was darker than Disney wanted.[10] Later that month, Disney negotiated with Kenneth Branagh to take over as director.[11][12]

text: Cate Blanchett was the first actor to sign on, when it was announced in November 2012 that she would be playing Lady Tremaine, Cinderella's evil stepmother.[13] In March 2013, Emma Watson was in talks to portray Cinderella, but a deal could not be worked out.[14][15] Gabriella Wilde, Saoirse Ronan, Alicia Vikander, Bella Heathcote and Margot Robbie were also considered for the part, but deals could not be worked out due to scheduling and other conflicts.[15][16]

text: On April 30, 2013, Lily James was cast as the title character.[17][18] A week later, Richard Madden was cast as Prince Charming, who was named Kit in the film.[19] In June 2013, it was reported that Holliday Grainger and Sophie McShera joined the film as Cinderella's two evil stepsisters, Anastasia and Drisella.[20][21] Later that month, Helena Bonham Carter was cast as the Fairy Godmother.[22] In August 2013, Hayley Atwell and Ben Chaplin joined the cast to play Cinderella's mother and Cinderella's father.[23] In September 2013, Stellan Skarsgård's role as the Grand Duke was confirmed.[24] On September 23, 2013, it was announced that Derek Jacobi was cast as the King, Prince Kit's father, and Nonso Anozie as the Captain, a loyal friend to the Prince.[24]

text: According to Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey, studio chairman Alan F. Horn wished to make the film the "definitive Cinderella for generations to come," and told him that "if you need to spend a little more, spend it, to make sure it's one for the time capsule."[25]

text: Costumes[edit]

text: Three-time Oscar-winning costume designer Sandy Powell was in charge of the costumes for the film. Powell began working on concepts for the characters' looks almost two years before principal photography began in the summer of 2013. Powell said she was aiming for the look of "a nineteenth-century period film made in the 1940s or 1950s."[26][27]

text: For the stepmother and stepsisters, Powell had a very clear idea about the look; "They are meant to be totally ridiculous on the outside—a bit too much and overdone—and ugly on the inside."[27] The silhouette of the prince came from the original animation, however she created a more fitted look and less masculine colors. Some of the prince costumes were dyed to accentuate Madden's eyes.[26]

text: The ball gown was inspired by the Disney animated film in its color and shape; "The gown had to look lovely when she dances and runs away from the ball. I wanted her to look like she was floating, like a watercolor painting."[26] The dress was made with more than a dozen fine layers of fabric, a corset and a petticoat. Nine versions of the Cinderella gown were designed, each with more than 270 yards of fabric and 10,000 crystals. It took 18 tailors and 500 hours to make each dress.[26]

text: The wedding dress was another difficult project. "Creating the wedding dress was a challenge. Rather than try to make something even better than the ball gown, I had to do something completely different and simple... I wanted the whole effect to be ephemeral and fine, so we went with an extreme-lined shaped bodice with a long train", said Powell. It took 16 people and 550 hours to complete the silk-organza, hand painted dress. While the crew photographed James in the gown, the actress stood too close to an electric heater and the dress caught on fire; the top layer of the dress had to be redone because only one wedding dress was created due to time and budget constraints.[26]

text: For the glass slipper, Powell took inspiration from a 1950s shoe she saw in a museum. Since glass does not sparkle, they decided to use crystal instead. Swarovski partnered with Disney to make the famous shoe. Powell went directly to Swarovski headquarters in Austria to meet the product developers. It took 6 digital renderings of the shoes until they found the right one for the film. Swarovski made eight pairs of crystal shoes for the film, though none were actually wearable. Consequently, the leather shoes James wore on set had to be digitally altered into crystal. Alongside the slipper, Swarovski provided more than 7 million crystals that were used in costumes and 100 tiaras for the ball scene.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on Cinderella began on September 23, 2013.[24] The film was shot at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England, where Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and Maleficent were also filmed,[29] and at various other locations including Blenheim Palace, Windsor Castle, Cliveden, Old Royal Naval College, and Black Park.[12] Although the royal palace is mainly computer-generated, it has been modeled after the Zwinger in Dresden, Germany.[30]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Post-production began in December 2013, and was completed in August 2014.[12] The finished film was rated PG for "mild thematic elements" by the MPAA.[31]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Cinderella (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by Patrick Doyle

Released
March 10, 2015

Recorded
Air Lyndhurst Studios (London)

Genre
Orchestral

Length
84:57

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
Kenneth Branagh

Patrick Doyle chronology

Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit
(2014)
Cinderella
(2015)

text: On June 7, 2013, news confirmed that composer Patrick Doyle would score the film, with the music having an emphasis on romance.[32][33] Doyle has previously scored several Branagh films, including Hamlet and Thor.[34] He has also scored the Disney·Pixar computer-animated fantasy-comedy film Brave.[35] Doyle recorded the film's score with the London Symphony Orchestra at the Air Lyndhurst Studios in London.[36]

text: The soundtrack debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard 200, selling 8,000 copies in its first week.[37]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"A Golden Childhood"

3:56

2.
"The Great Secret"

3:01

3.
"A New Family"

2:15

4.
"Life and Laughter"

1:34

5.
"The First Branch"

2:11

6.
"Nice and Airy"

1:53

7.
"Orphaned"

3:46

8.
"The Stag"

4:56

9.
"Rich Beyond Reason"

1:43

10.
"Fairy Godmother"

2:47

11.
"Pumpkins and Mice"

4:32

12.
"You Shall Go"

3:02

13.
"Valse Royale"

2:06

14.
"Who Is She?"

3:20

15.
"La Valse De L'amour"

2:34

16.
"La Valse Champagne"

1:35

17.
"La Polka Militaire"

1:47

18.
"La Polka De Paris"

1:22

19.
"A Secret Garden"

2:48

20.
"La Polka De Minuit"

2:02

21.
"Choose That One"

1:16

22.
"Pumpkin Pursuit"

2:28

23.
"The Slipper"

1:00

24.
"Shattered Dreams"

4:10

25.
"Searching the Kingdom"

2:51

26.
"Ella and Kit"

2:11

27.
"Courage and Kindness"

4:38

28.
"Strong"
Patrick Doyle, Kenneth Branagh and Tommy Danvers
Sonna Rele
3:14

29.
"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes"
Al Hoffman, Mack David, and Jerry Livingston
Lily James
2:00

30.
"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo (The Magic Song)"
Al Hoffman, Mack David, and Jerry Livingston
Helena Bonham Carter
2:28

31.
"Strong (Instrumental Version)"

3:14

32.
"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes (Instrumental Version)"

2:01

33.
"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo (The Magic Song) (Instrumental Version)"

1:21

Total length:
84:57

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere on February 13, 2015 at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival,[38][39] and was released on March 13, 2015.[40] Theatrically, it was accompanied by Walt Disney Animation Studios' short film Frozen Fever, featuring the characters from Frozen.[41] On February 10, 2015, IMAX Corporation and Disney announced plans to digitally re-master the film into the IMAX format and release it in IMAX theaters globally on the scheduled release date.[42]

text: The first official presentation of the film occurred at Disney's three-day D23 Expo in August 2013.[43][44] The film was previewed at CinemaCon in Las Vegas, Nevada, in March 2014, with a teaser showing Cinderella hearing about her father's death, meeting the prince while riding through the forest, her mother's ball gown being torn apart by her step-family, and a comedic bit where the Fairy Godmother transforms a pumpkin into a carriage.[45][46]

text: The first official trailer debuted on May 15, 2014. In the minute-long teaser, which doesn't include any footage from the film, a sparkling glass slipper is slowly revealed over a black background.[47][48] The second official trailer, two-and-a-half minutes long and containing footage from the film, debuted on Good Morning America on November 19, 2014, with a 15-second trailer preview released two days prior.[49][50] In its first 24 hours of release, the trailer was viewed 4.2 million times on YouTube and 33 million times on Facebook, the highest views among all Disney films in history, except for Marvel Studios releases.[51] The movie's official poster was also released on November 19, featuring James as Cinderella and photographed by Annie Leibovitz.[52] Disney released an international trailer on December 16, 2014.[53] A new trailer was released on January 1, 2015.[54] On February 11, 2015, Disney released a final trailer for the film.[55]

text: In October 2014, a licensing agreement between Disney and Turner Broadcasting was announced, in which Cinderella would premiere across Turner's cable network portfolio (including TBS and TNT) in the Spring of 2017.[56]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Cinderella on Blu-ray combo pack, Digital HD, DVD, and "Disney Movies Anywhere" on September 15, 2015.[57] Blu-ray bonus features include an alternate opening, the Frozen Fever short, and the featurettes: "Staging The Ball", "Ella's Furry Friends", "A Fairy Tale Comes to Life", and "Costume Test Fun". Five deleted scenes with an introduction by Kenneth Branagh are included exclusively on "Disney Movies Anywhere".[58] The film debuted in second place on the home media sales charts behind Furious 7.[59]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Cinderella grossed $201.2 million in the US and Canada, and $342.4 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $543.5 million against a budget of $100 million.[3][2] It is the twelfth highest-grossing film of 2015 in any genre.[60] The film had a worldwide opening of $132.45 million,[61] and an IMAX opening of $9 million.[62] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $164.77 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[63]

text: In the U.S. and Canada, Cinderella opened on Friday, March 13, 2015, across 3,845 theaters, and earned $23 million.[64] The film's Friday gross included a $2.3 million late night run.[64] It topped the box office during its opening weekend as projected, earning $67.9 million,[65] including a record $5 million from 358 IMAX theaters, and became Disney's biggest 2D PG-rated opening of all time.[66][67] It is director Kenneth Branagh's biggest opening of his career (breaking 2011's Thor record), the fourth-highest Disney opening in March,[68] and was the seventh-highest opening in March overall (not counting for inflation).[69][70] Audiences during its opening weekend comprised 66% female, 66% families, 26% adults, 8% teenagers, 31% under the age of 12 and 9% 50 years and older.[62] Cinderella finished its first week at the box office with $87.55 million, which was very high end of the film's lofty pre-release expectations.[71] In its second weekend, the film declined 49% to $35 million and was surpassed by The Divergent Series: Insurgent, dropping to #2.[72] The drop was in between two of Disney's previous live-action fantasy films, Oz the Great and Powerful (48%) and Maleficent (51%).[73] In North America, Cinderella is the ninth highest-grossing 2015 film.[74]

text: Outside North America, box office analysts predicted as much as $60 million opening.[75] The film made its debut outside of North America on the same weekend as its wide North American release and earned an estimated $62.4 million from 31 countries,[61] including $4 million from IMAX theaters.[62] It topped the box office for two non-consecutive weekends.[76] It opened in China with $25 million, the biggest March opening in the country,[61] and Russia with $7.3 million.[61] The opening in these two countries were considered impressive given that both the countries are famous for their keenness for 3D films rather than 2D.[61] Other high openings occurred in the UK, Ireland and Malta ($5.6 million), Mexico ($5 million), Japan ($4.8 million), France ($3.3 million), and Brazil ($3.7 million).[76][77] In Australia, where the release date was coinciding with the Cricket World Cup finale, it managed to open with $3.4 million.[76] Italy opened with $4.6 million and topped the box office for three consecutive weekends.[61][76] It also topped the Japanese box office for five consecutive weekends.[78] It became the second-highest grossing Disney live-action film in China, behind Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and in the Philippines, behind Maleficent.[79] In total earnings, its largest markets outside of the US and Canada are China ($71.1 million), Japan ($46 million) and the UK, Ireland and Malta ($29.2 million).[78][80][81]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Cinderella received mostly positive reviews from critics with particular praise going to the cast, notably Blanchett, James, and Bonham Carter, Patrick Doyle's musical score, faithfulness to the original animated film, and Sandy Powell's costume designs, with some criticism for the screenplay.[82] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 84% approval rating, based on 220 reviews, with a rating average of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Refreshingly traditional in a revisionist era, Kenneth Branagh's Cinderella proves Disney hasn't lost any of its old-fashioned magic."[83] Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[84] According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[85]

text: David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter reviewed the film at the Berlin Film Festival and praised the special effects, the screenplay, and Blanchett's performance and said that "anyone nostalgic for childhood dreams of transformation will find something to enjoy in an uplifting movie that invests warm sentiment in universal themes of loss and resilience, experience and maturity."[86] Peter Debruge of Variety said, "It's all a bit square, big on charm, but lacking the crackle of Enchanted or The Princess Bride. But though this Cinderella could never replace Disney's animated classic, it's no ugly stepsister either, but a deserving companion."[87] Guy Lodge of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said, "While it might have been nice to see the new-model Cinderella follow Frozen's progressive, quasi-feminist lead, the film's naff, preserved-in-amber romanticism is its very charm."[88] Scott Mendelson of Forbes admired the film's visual effects, production design, and called the costume design as Oscar-worthy, adding, "with an emphasis on empathy and empowerment, Walt Disney's Cinderella is the best film yet in their 'turn our animated classics into live-action blockbuster' subgenre."[89]

text: Richard Corliss of Time magazine said that Branagh's Cinderella successfully updates and revitalizes Disney's "ill-conceived" animated film, and praised the empowered Ella, the visuals, and Blanchett's performance.[90] Katy Waldman of Slate similarly deemed the film a commendable and authentic upgrade that does not undermine its heroine while maintaining its classic splendor and charm.[91] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal commended James' and Blanchett's performances, the sets, costumes and minimal digital effects, as well as Branagh's direction, stating he "set a tone of lushly sustainable fantasy that's often affecting, frequently witty, seldom cloying, nearly free of self-comment and entirely free of irony."[92] Likewise, Claudia Puig of USA Today complimented the performances along with Branagh and screenwriter Chris Weitz for "ground[ing] this romantic tale with sincerity amid the dazzle."[93] Los Angeles Times' Betsy Sharkey praised Blanchett's and James' performances and considered the film a "poetically, if not prophetically, imagined storybook fable" that succeeds because of its earnestness, humor, its lack of modern-day pretenses, and Branagh's "singular focus".[94] Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer proclaimed, "This version has more psychological depth than usual and answers questions we may always have had. Branagh's 'Cinderella' does something extraordinarily rare among fairy-tale adaptations: It leaves out nothing we want and adds nothing we don't."[95] Noting the religious themes and symbols of the film, cultural commentator Fr. Robert Barron writes that due to Branagh's traditional telling of the story, "he actually allows the spiritual -- indeed specifically Christian -- character of the tale to emerge."[96]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

2015
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Nominated
[97]

Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy
Lily James

Heartland Film Festival
Truly Moving Picture Award

Won
[98]

Hollywood Film Awards
Costume Designer of the Year
Sandy Powell
[99]

Italian Online Movie Awards
Best Art Direction
Dante Ferretti
Nominated
[100]

Best Costume Design
Sandy Powell

World Soundtrack Award
Best Original Score of the Year
Patrick Doyle

2016
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Family Movie

[101]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards
Costume Design
Sandy Powell
[102]

British Academy Film Awards
Costume Design
[103]

Satellite Awards
Best Art Direction and Production Design
Dante Ferretti
[104]

Best Costume Design
Sandy Powell

Costume Designers Guild
Excellence in Fantasy Film
[105]

Academy Awards
Best Costume Design
[106]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie

[107]

Favorite Movie Actress
Lily James

Empire Awards
Best Costume Design
Sandy Powell
[108]

Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Film

Won
[109]
[110]

Best Costume Design
Sandy Powell
Nominated

text: Impact[edit]

text: After the release and success of Cinderella, along with Maleficent, The Jungle Book, and Beauty and the Beast —Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several other live-action remakes from their Animated Classics series.[111][112] Since the releases of these four films, Disney has announced the development of live-action adaptations of Christopher Robin,[113] Dumbo,[114] Aladdin,[115] The Lion King,[116] Mulan,[117] Pinocchio,[118] Fantasia,[119] The Sword in the Stone,[120] The Black Cauldron,[121] Peter Pan,[122] The Little Mermaid,[123] Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,[124] and Lady and the Tramp.[125] The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of Peter Pan, One Hundred and One Dalmatians and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs along with a live-action prequel to Aladdin.[126][127][128][129]