document_title: List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters

question_text: who was the main character in to kill a mockingbird

text: Primary characters[edit]

text: Atticus Finch[edit]

text: Atticus Finch is the middle-aged father of Jem and Scout Finch. He is a lawyer and was once known as "the deadliest shot in Maycomb County". Although he was a good shot, he does not like to mention the fact as he does not like the thought of having an advantage over people. He appears to support racial equality and was appointed to represent Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. The town disapproves of him defending Tom especially when he makes clear his intent to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his abilities. He is portrayed by Gregory Peck in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird.

text: "Scout" Finch[edit]

text: Jean Louise "Scout" Finch, as an adult, is the narrator. She comments on how she could not understand something at the time but now can appreciate it. She gets into trouble with Miss Caroline, her teacher, because she is expected to learn reading and writing her way. She is a tomboy and spends the most of her time with her brother Jem and best friend Dill. To Jem's advice to pretend to be a lady and start sewing or something, she answers, "Hell, no". The hints the narrator gives us about her grown-up life reveal that she has not attempted to change herself to please others.[2]

text: She matures from age 6 to age 9 as the novel progresses but remains naive and idealistic, despite an increased understanding of human nature and racism in her town. At the beginning of the book, Scout is confused by some of the words and names she hears people directing towards her father, such as "nigger-lover". Being only six, Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she tries to resolve her problems by fighting, or by talking to Atticus about what she has heard. By the end of the book, Scout realizes that racism does exist and comes to terms with its presence in her town. Scout also learns how to deal with others, including the Finch family housekeeper, Calpurnia, and her aunt, Alexandra. Scout is the only one of the novel's primary three children (Dill, Jem, and herself) to see and speak to Boo Radley during the course of the novel and realize that he is harmless, despite her initial fear of him. She also stops a mob that is trying to lynch Tom Robinson by talking to the mob leader, Mr. Cunningham, about inviting his son, Walter, over for dinner. Mr. Cunningham then tells the other mob members to get back in their cars and leave them alone. The members listen, and Scout unintentionally saves Tom Robinson's life. She is portrayed by Mary Badham in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird.

text: Notable quote: "Until I feared I would lose it, I never loved to read. One does not love breathing." [3]

text: "Jem" Finch[edit]

text: Jeremy Atticus "Jem" Finch is Atticus' son and Scout's older brother by four years. Jem matures greatly throughout the course of the novel, much more affected by events than Scout seems to be. Being four years Scout's senior, Jem is seen to have a greater understanding of - and therefore greater difficulty in navigating - the obstacles thrown their way. Jem is seen explaining many things to Scout throughout the novel. Bob Ewell breaks Jem's arm during his assault on the Finch children, subsequently resulting in it being shorter than it had been, in an attempt to protect his sister. He is portrayed by Phillip Alford in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird.

text: Dill Harris[edit]

text: Charles Baker "Dill" Harris is a short, smart boy who visits Maycomb every summer from Meridian, Mississippi, and stays with his Aunt Rachel (Aunt Stephanie in the film). Dill is the best friend of both Jem and Scout, and his goal throughout the novel is to get Boo Radley to come out of his house. The children concoct many plans to lure Boo Radley out of his house for a few summers until Atticus tells them to stop. In chapter 5 of the novel, Dill promises to marry Scout and they become "engaged". One night Dill runs away from his home in Meridian, arriving in Maycomb County where he hides under Scout's bed. When she finds Dill, he tells both Scout and Atticus that he was chained to a wall in his father's basement; later, he confesses he actually ran away because he felt he was being replaced by his stepfather. Before Dill returned to Meridian after the summer, he went swimming with Jem at the Barker's Eddy creek. Scout, unfortunately, was unable to participate, because both boys were swimming naked.

text: Unlike Scout and Jem, Dill lacks the security of family support. He is unwanted and unloved by his mother and stepfather: "They do get on a lot better without me, I cannot help them any." As Francis (a cousin of Jem and Scout) says, "He hasn't got a home, he just gets passed around from relative to relative." Dill maintains he has no father; he doesn't know where his father might live, or if he will ever come back. He is played by John Megna in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird.

text: This character is believed to be based on author Truman Capote, a childhood friend of Harper Lee.[4]

text: Calpurnia[edit]

text: Calpurnia, nicknamed Cal, is the Finch family's African-American housekeeper, whom the children love and Atticus deeply respects (he remarks in her defense that she "never indulged [the children] like most colored nurses"). She is highly regarded by Atticus. She is an important figure in Scout's life, providing discipline, instruction, and love. She also fills the maternal role for the children after their mother's death. Calpurnia is a mother herself and raised her son, Zeebo, to adulthood. Calpurnia is one of the few black characters in the novel who is able to read and write, and it is she who taught Scout to write. She learned how to read from Miss Maudie's aunt, Miss Buford, who taught her how to read out of Blackstone's Commentaries, a book given to her. Aunt Alexandra despised Calpurnia because Alexandra believed that Calpurnia was not a "maternal figure" for Jem and Scout, especially for Scout.

text: Calpurnia is a member of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb. While Scout always hears her speak proper English, she is surprised to learn that Calpurnia does not do so at church, especially with the uneducated members of the congregation.

text: While everyone in the novel is filtered through Scout's perception, Calpurnia in particular appears for a long time more as Scout's idea of her than as a real person. At the beginning of the novel, Scout appears to think of Calpurnia as the wicked stepmother to Scout's own Cinderella. However, towards the end of the book, Scout views Calpurnia as someone she can look up to, and realizes Calpurnia has only protected her over the years. She is played by Estelle Evans in the film.

text: Arthur "Boo" Radley[edit]

text: Arthur "Boo" Radley is a recluse in To Kill a Mockingbird.

text: Maycomb children believe he is a horrible person, due to the rumors spread about him and a trial he underwent as a teenager. It is implied during the story that Boo is a very lonely man who attempts to reach out to Jem and Scout for love and friendship, such as leaving them small gifts and figures in a tree knothole. Scout finally meets him at the very end of the book, when he saves the children's lives from Bob Ewell. Scout describes him as being sickly white, with a thin mouth, thin and feathery hair, and grey eyes, almost as if he were blind. During the same night, when Boo whispers to Scout to walk him back to the Radley house, Scout takes a moment to picture what it would be like to be Boo Radley. While standing on his porch, she realizes his "exile" inside his house is really not that lonely.

text: Boo Radley's heroics in protecting the children from Bob Ewell are covered up by Atticus, Sheriff Tate, and Scout. This can be read as a wise refusal of fame. As Tate notes, if word got out that Boo killed Ewell, Boo would be inundated with gifts and visits, calamitous for him due to his reclusive personality. The precocious Scout recognizes the danger: renown would "kill the mockingbird". Boo Radley is a ghost who haunts the book yet manifests himself at just the right moments in just the right way. He is, arguably, the most potent character in the whole book and as such, inspires the other key characters to save him when he needs saving.

text: After the Tom Robinson trial, Jem and Scout have a different understanding of Boo Radley. "Scout, I think I'm beginning to understand something. I think I'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley's stayed shut up in the house all this time… it's because he wants to stay inside." (23.117)  Having seen a sample of the horrible things their fellow townspeople can do, choosing to stay out of the mess of humanity doesn't seem like such a strange choice.[5]

text: When Boo finally does come out, he has a good reason: Bob Ewell is trying to murder the Finch children. No one sees what happens in the scuffle, but at the end of it, Ewell is dead and Boo carries an unconscious Jem to the Finch house. Finally faced with Boo, Scout doesn't recognize him at first, but suddenly realizes who he is.   Boo Radley is played by Robert Duvall in the film.

text: Judge John Taylor[edit]

text: Judge John Taylor is a white-haired old man with a reputation for running his court in an informal fashion and an enjoyment of singing and dipping tobacco. He presides over the Tom Robinson trial showing great distaste for the Ewells and great respect for Atticus. Because of the judge's sympathies for Tom, Bob Ewell breaks into the judge's house while the judge's wife is at church. After the trial, Miss Maudie points out to the children that the judge had tried to help Tom by appointing Atticus to the case instead of Maxwell Green, the new, untried lawyer who usually received court-appointed cases. Judge Taylor knew that Atticus was the only man who would stand a chance at acquitting Tom, or at least would be able to keep the jury thinking for more than just a few minutes. By doing this, Judge Taylor was not giving in or supporting racism. He is portrayed in the film by Paul Fix.

text: Miss Maudie Atkinson[edit]

text: Miss Maude "Maudie" Atkinson lives across the street from the Finch family. She had known the Finches for many years, having been brought up on the Buford place, which was near the Finches' ancestral home, Finch's Landing. She is described as a woman of about 50 who enjoys baking and gardening; her cakes are especially held in high regard. However, she is frequently harassed by devout "Foot-Washing Baptists", who tell her that her enjoyment of gardening is a sin. The Foot-Washing Baptists also believe that women are a sin as well. Miss Maudie befriends Scout and Jem and tells them stories about Atticus as a boy. It is strongly implied that she and Atticus have a more than platonic relationship. Also, she is one of the few adults that Jem and Scout hold in high regard and respect. She does not act condescendingly towards them, even though they are young children. During the course of the novel, her house burns down; however, she shows remarkable courage throughout this (even saying that she wanted to burn it down herself to make more room for her flowers). She is not prejudiced, though she talks caustically to Miss Stephanie Crawford, unlike many of her Southern neighbors, and teaches Scout important lessons about racism and human nature. It is important to note that Miss Maudie fully explains that "it is a sin to kill a mockingbird", whereas Atticus Finch initially brings up the subject but doesn't go into depth. When Jem gets older, and doesn't want to be bothered by Scout, Miss Maudie keeps her from getting angry.  Maudie is played by Rosemary Murphy in the film.

text: Robert E. Lee "Bob" Ewell[edit]

text: Robert E. Lee "Bob" Ewell is the main antagonist of To Kill a Mockingbird. He has a daughter named Mayella and a younger son named Burris, as well as six other unnamed children. He is an alcoholic, poaching game to feed his family because he spends whatever money they legally gain via government "relief checks" on alcohol. It is implied, and evidence suggests, that he was the one who abused his daughter Mayella, not Tom Robinson (the African American man accused of doing so). Although most everybody in town knows that the Ewells are a disgrace and not to be trusted, it is made clear that Tom Robinson was convicted because he is a Negro whose accuser is white. Upon hearing of Tom's death, Bob is absolutely gleeful, gloating about his success. After being humiliated at the trial, however, he goes on a quest for revenge, becoming increasingly violent. He begins by spitting in Atticus' face, followed by a failed attempt to break into the home of Judge Taylor, then finally menacing Helen, the poor widow of Tom Robinson. Ewell later attempts to murder Jem and Scout Finch with a knife to complete his revenge. Boo Radley saves Jem and Scout and it is believed that he kills Ewell with the knife. Heck Tate, the sheriff, puts in the official report that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife and died after lying under a tree for 45 minutes. Ewell is played by James Anderson in the film.

text: Mayella Ewell[edit]

text: Mayella Violet Ewell, 19, is the oldest of the eight Ewell children. Before the trial, Mayella is noted for growing red geraniums outside her otherwise dirty home in order to bring some beauty into her life. Due to her family's living situation, Mayella has no opportunity for human contact or love. She eventually gets so desperate that she attempts to seduce a black man, Tom Robinson, by saving up nickels to send her siblings to go get ice cream so that Mayella can be alone with Tom. Her father sees this through a window and in punishment he beats her. Ewell then finds the sheriff, Heck Tate, and tells him that his daughter has been raped and beaten by Tom. At the trial, Atticus points out that only the right side of Mayella's face is injured, suggesting a left-handed assailant; Tom's left arm is mangled and useless, but Bob Ewell is left-handed. When Atticus asks her if she has any friends, she becomes confused because she does not know what a friend is. During her testimony she is confused by Atticus' polite speech and thinks that his use of "Miss Mayella" is meant to mock her. She testifies against Tom Robinson. Mayella is played by Collin Wilcox in the film.

text: Tom Robinson[edit]

text: Thomas "Tom" Robinson is an African-American who is put on trial for the rape of a white woman, Mayella Ewell. Atticus is assigned to defend him, and stands up to a lynch mob intent on exacting their own justice against him before the trial begins. Tom's left arm is crippled and useless, the result of an accident with a cotton gin when he was a child. Atticus uses this fact as the cornerstone of his defense strategy, pointing out that the nature of Mayella's facial injuries strongly suggest a left-handed assailant. Tom testifies that he had frequently helped Mayella with household chores because he felt sorry for her and the family's difficult life - a statement that shocks the all-white, male jury. Despite Atticus' skilled defense, the jury's racial prejudices lead them to find Tom guilty. Atticus plans to appeal the verdict, but before he can do so, Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape the prison where he is being held. Tom Robinson is played by Brock Peters.

text: Aunt Alexandra[edit]

text: Alexandra Hancock (née Finch) is Atticus' and Jack's sister, married to James "Uncle Jimmy" Hancock. She has a son named Henry and a very spoiled grandson named Francis. Around the middle of the book, Aunt Alexandra decides to leave her husband at Finch's Landing, the Finch family homestead to come stay with the Finches. Aunt Alexandra doesn't consider the black Calpurnia to be a very good motherly figure for Jem and Scout; she disapproves of Scout being a tomboy and wants to make Scout into a southern belle (encouraging her to act more 'lady like').[6] This is the cause of many conflicts between Scout and Alexandra throughout the course of the novel. However, as the trial progresses, Scout comes to see how much her aunt cares for her father and what a strong woman she is. This is especially evidenced by a tea party when Scout is horrified by the racism displayed, and her aunt and Miss Maudie help her deal with her feelings. By the end of the book, it's clear that Alexandra cares very much for her niece and nephew, though she and Scout will probably never really get along.

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: Jack Finch[edit]

text: John Hale "Jack" Finch is Atticus' and Alexandra's younger brother. (He is about 40, which is 10 years younger than Atticus.) Jack smells like alcohol and something sweet, and is said that he and Alexandra have similar features. Jack is a childless doctor who can always make Scout and Jem laugh, and they adore him. He and Miss Maudie are close to the same age; he frequently teases her with marriage proposals, which she always declines. Jack also has a pet cat named Rose Aylmer, who is mentioned during the Christmas visit.

text: Francis Hancock[edit]

text: Francis Hancock is the spoiled grandson of Aunt Alexandra. (The son of her son, Henry Hancock.) Every Christmas, Henry and his wife drop Francis at Finch's Landing, which is the only time Scout and Jem see him. Francis lives in Mobile, Alabama, and is a bit of a tattle-tale. He gets along well with Jem, but often spars with Scout. One Christmas, Francis calls Atticus a "nigger-lover," as well as insisting that he was ruining the family and the likes, which infuriates Scout and causes them to get into a fight. Francis lies about his role in it, telling Uncle Jack that Scout started it by calling him a "whore lady", and Jack therefore punishes Scout. However, she explains the full story and charitably persuades her uncle not to punish Francis about it, but to let Atticus think they had been fighting about something else (although Atticus later discovers the truth).

text: Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose[edit]

text: Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose is an elderly woman who lives near the Finches. She is hated by the children, who run by her house to avoid her. Scout describes Mrs. Dubose as "plain hell." A virulent racist, she calls Atticus a "nigger-lover" to his children's faces, and Jem flies into a rage and ravages Mrs. Dubose's camellia bushes. As a punishment, Jem is required to read to Mrs. Dubose each day for a month. As Jem reads, she experiences a fit of drooling and twitching and does not seem to pay any attention to the words. When an alarm rings, Jem is allowed to leave for the day. She extends the punishment for one extra week and dies shortly after letting Jem go for the last time. Atticus informs him that Mrs. Dubose was terminally ill and had become addicted to morphine. By reading to her, Jem had distracted her so that she could break the addiction. In thanks, she leaves him a candy box with a camellia flower in it; Jem burns the box in anger, but is later seen by Scout admiring the flower. Atticus tells Jem that Mrs. Dubose was the bravest person he ever knew, and she was trying to teach Jem the importance of bravery and true courage to endure anything when the situation is hopeless, as in her morphine addiction.

text: Mr. Heck Tate[edit]

text: Mr. Heck Tate is a friend of Atticus and also the sheriff of Maycomb County. He believes in protecting the innocent although he doesn't usually show it. At the end of the book, the Atticus and Heck argue over whether Jem or Boo Radley should be held responsible for the death of Bob Ewell. Heck eventually persuades Atticus to accept the theory that Ewell accidentally fell on his own knife, thus saving the harmless, reclusive Boo from the public exposure of a criminal trial.

text: Mr. Braxton Underwood[edit]

text: Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood is a news reporter and a friend of Atticus. He owns and also publishes The Maycomb Tribune. Being a racist, he disagrees with Atticus on principle. He also has a strong belief in justice, as exemplified when he defends Atticus from the Cunningham mob by having his double barrel shotgun loaded and ready to shoot them. He also demonstrates some humanity when he publishes a scathing editorial comparing the killing of Tom Robinson (a cripple) to "the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children".

text: Mr. Horace Gilmer[edit]

text: Mr. Horace Gilmer is a lawyer from Abbottsville, and is the prosecuting attorney in the Tom Robinson case. Mr. Gilmer is between the ages of forty and sixty. Mr. Gilmer has a slight cast with one eye, which he uses to his advantage in trial. Mr. Gilmer appeared to be racist in his harsh cross-examination of Tom Robinson, but it is hinted at that he is in fact going easy on Tom. He and Atticus are not rivals and talk to each other during recesses during the case.

text: Dr. Reynolds[edit]

text: Dr. Reynolds is the Maycomb doctor. He is well known to Scout and Jem. Scout says that he "had brought Jem and me into the world, had led us through every childhood disease known to man including the time Jem fell out of the tree house, and he had never lost our friendship. Dr. Reynolds said that if we were boil-prone things would have been different..." (ch. 28). He inspects Jem's broken arm and Scout's minor bruises after the attack from Bob Ewell under the tree.

text: Dolphus Raymond[edit]

text: Dolphus Raymond is a white landowner who is jaded by the hypocrisy of the white society and prefers to live among black folks. In fact, he has children with a black woman. Dolphus pretends he is an alcoholic so that the people of Maycomb will have an excuse for his behavior, but in fact he only drinks Coca Cola out of a paper bag to try to hide it. When Dill and Scout discover that he is not a drunk, they are amazed. He shows Scout how sometimes you can pretend to be someone you're not so people will be more understanding of you.

text: Link Deas[edit]

text: Link Deas owns cotton fields and a store in Maycomb who employs Tom and later Helen because she does not get accepted by any other employers in the county due to Tom Robinson's legal troubles. He announces to the court (in defense of Tom) at one point in the trial that he hadn't "had a speck o' trouble outta him" in the eight years Tom had been working for him, and gets sent out by Judge John Taylor for doing so. When Bob Ewell starts threatening Helen after the trial, Mr. Deas fiercely defends her and threatens to have Mr. Ewell arrested if he keeps bothering her. He is on Tom Robinson's side during the trial and remains loyal to the family afterward.

text: Miss Caroline Fisher[edit]

text: Miss Caroline Fisher is Scout's first grade teacher and is new to Maycomb, Alabama and its ways. She attempts to teach the first grade class using a new system which she learned from taking certain college courses (Jem mistakenly refers to it as the "Dewey Decimal System", which is really how library books are organized.). She is upset by Scout's advanced reading capabilities and believes that Scout is receiving lessons from Atticus. She feels as though Scout is trying to outsmart and mock her. In an effort to standardize the class, she forbids Scout from reading with her father. Atticus asks Scout to step into Miss Caroline's skin.  However, he continues to allow Scout to read with him at night so long as she continues to go to school.  Miss Caroline has good intentions but proves quite incompetent as a teacher. When Scout tells Miss Fisher that she shamed a student (Walter Cunningham, Jr.) by giving him lunch money, she raps Scout's palms with a ruler (a punishment unheard of in Maycomb). She is also very sensitive and gets emotionally hurt quite easily, as seen when she cries after Burris Ewell yells at her, "Report and be damned to ye! Ain't no snot-nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin'! You ain't makin' me go nowhere, missus. You just remember that, you ain't makin' me go nowhere!"  After the Burris Ewell incident, Miss Caroline is seldom seen and soon forgotten.

text: Reverend Sykes[edit]

text: Reverend Sykes is the reverend of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb County, where most if not all of the African-American characters go to church. Reverend Sykes forces the congregation to donate 10 dollars for Tom Robinson's family since at the time, Tom's wife, Helen, was having trouble finding work. During the trial, when the courtroom was too packed for the children to find seats, Reverend Sykes lets the kids sit with him up in the colored balcony and even saves their seats for them.

text: Miss Stephanie Crawford[edit]

text: Stephanie Crawford is the neighborhood gossip who claimed that she saw Boo Radley from her bedroom standing outside of her cleaned window one night. Crawford is one of the first on the scene after a loud gunshot is heard behind the Radley house. Because she is the neighborhood gossip, it is unwise to think of anything that she says as true, because most of the time it is not true at all. She is a friend of Alexandra Hancock. She lets Miss Maudie live with her when Miss Maudie's house burns down, supposedly in order to steal Miss Maudie's Lane cake recipe. She is thrilled to pass on gossip to the kids about Boo Radley. She claimed to have witnessed Bob Ewell's threatening Atticus at the Post Office corner as she was returning from the local Jitney Jungle grocery store.

text: In the film, she takes the place of Rachel Haverford and is now Dill's aunt.

text: Miss Rachel Haverford[edit]

text: Miss Rachel Haverford is Dill's aunt and the Finches' next door neighbor. She drank neat whiskey heavily after seeing a rattlesnake coiled in her closet, on her washing, when she hung her negligee up. Even though she can be very hard to deal with, she truly does love her nephew.  Her family name, in the legends of Maycomb County, is synonymous with jackass. She is also a Southern Belle.

text: In the film, she is not a character and Miss Stephanie takes her place as Dill's aunt.

text: Helen Robinson[edit]

text: Helen Robinson is the wife of Tom Robinson. She is spoken about a few times. She has three children. Employed by Link Deas following the death of her husband, she is repeatedly harassed by Bob Ewell when traveling to work. Upon learning of this, Deas threatens Ewell, forcing him to stop. She is an example of how one person's actions can have an effect on a lot of people and she elucidates the hardships that surround the Tom Robinson case.

text: Nathan Radley[edit]

text: Nathan Radley is the brother of Arthur "Boo" Radley and another difficult character to understand in To Kill a Mockingbird. When the children try to catch a view of "Boo" late one night through a window, he shoots over their heads with a shotgun (albeit thinking he was aiming at a black person). Nathan also cements up the knothole in which Arthur leaves little gifts for the children. On the other hand, he helps Miss Maudie by saving some of her belongings when her house is on fire. He is more present than his brother, but equally mysterious.

text: Jessie[edit]

text: Jessie is Mrs. Dubose's black nurse. She is the woman who shoos the children out when Mrs. Dubose has her fits, and she seems to care enormously for Mrs. Dubose. When Jem is forced to stay reading to Mrs. Dubose, Jessie kindly leads Jem and Scout to the door when Mrs. Dubose's alarm goes off. The rumors about Mrs. Dubose concealing a gun about her person involves Jessie; the book says "and even if Mrs. Dubose missed, her girl Jessie wouldn't".

text: Burris Ewell[edit]

text: Burris Ewell is a son of Bob Ewell and a younger sibling of Mayella Ewell as well as the first antagonist of the novel.  Burris is described as being chiefly antagonistic of Little Chuck Little and his teacher Miss Caroline Fisher. He comes to the first day of school, but departs just as everyone else in his family does. Burris is also poor. He has live lice in his hair. Burris also scared his teacher Caroline Fisher. He behaves rudely when she tells him to go home, wash his hair, and come back clean the next day. He refuses, and a student explains to Miss Caroline that Ewell children don't attend school. All they do is show up for the first day, get marked down on the register, and then they miss the entire school year until the first day of the next year. His famous quote was, "Report and be damned to ye! Ain't no snot-nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin'! You ain't makin' me go nowhere, missus. You just remember that, you ain't makin' me go nowhere!" As of Scout's first year of school (the first grade), Burris has repeated the first grade three times. Burris is also like his father and is very belligerent.

text: Lula[edit]

text: Lula is an African-American woman with a dislike for white people.  She doesn't like the idea of Calpurnia bringing Atticus Finch's children, Jem and Scout, with her to church and tells her so but is overruled by the other congregants. According to James Zeebo, Calpurnia's son, Lula's said to be, "a troublemaker from way back, with fancy ideas and haughty ways." She's threatened with being "churched" (subjected to church discipline) by Reverend Sykes.

text: Mrs. Grace Merriweather[edit]

text: Mrs. Grace Merriweather is the producer of the play in which Scout plays as a ham. She tells Everett that "the ladies of the South Maycomb Alabama Methodist Episcopal Church are behind him one hundred percent." She is mostly known for her devotion to the church and is widely held as the most devout lady in Maycomb; however, like many of her peers, she is very hypocritical and loves to gossip with all the other women.

text: Walter Cunningham, Jr.[edit]

text: Walter Cunningham, Jr. is a child who is almost as old as Jem but is in Scout's class. He lives on a farm. He is too poor to even pay off a 25-cent debt because the Great Depression hit his poor family hard. He doesn't take money because his family can't pay people back in cash.  His father paid Atticus for his service for something a while back with some goods.  Walter is invited over to the Finches' house once, after engaging in a fight with Scout, where he covers up all of his dinner with molasses, much to Scout's vocal dismay. This teaches Scout a lesson in humility and compassion.

text: Walter Cunningham, Sr.[edit]

text: Walter Cunningham, Sr. is Walter Cunningham Jr.'s father. He appears only twice, once at the beginning of the story when he has to pay off the debt to Atticus (Walter Cunningham Sr. was his client) by giving him firewood, vegetables and other supplies. He also leads the mob that comes to lynch Tom Robinson the night before the trial. Only when Scout talks to him about his son and how much he owes to Atticus does he reconsider and call off the mob. Scout innocently shames him because Scout reminds him of all the things that Atticus has done for him and for Maycomb County. After the verdict is given in the trial, Atticus tells Jem that one of the Cunninghams had changed his thoughts about Tom and pleaded that Tom was not guilty to the jury.

text: Little Chuck Little[edit]

text: Little Chuck Little is a student in Scout's first-grade class who has the mindset of an adult. His real name is Charles. He is depicted as chiefly antagonistic of Burris Ewell. He is presented in the novel when Miss Caroline is frightened by Burris' lice. He warned Miss Caroline that if Burris wasn't released from class, he might try something that would put their classmates at risk. When Burris starts advancing on Little Chuck after his warning/veiled insult, Little Chuck's hand moved to his pocket (implying that he was going to pull out a knife) while saying, "Watch your step, Burris. I'd soon's kill you as look at you. Now go home." Scared by Little Chuck's bravery and his implied knife, Burris retreats. From this we see, through the narrative view of Scout, his gentlemanly attitude and how it calms Miss Caroline down. Little Chuck may be even more intelligent than originally meets the eye, as he easily could have been bluffing about the aforementioned implied knife to scare Burris into retreating.

text: Mr. Dick Avery[edit]

text: Mr. Dick Avery is an overweight neighbor who tells Jem and Scout that dramatic changes in the weather are caused by disobedient and misbehaving children. After it snows, they build a snowman that resembles him. Mr. Avery can also be seen in the story pushing a mattress out of a window when Miss Maudie's house catches fire. The kids, including Jem and Scout, always waited for him to do something interesting. For instance, Jem claims that one night he urinated from his front porch in an impressive arc.

text: Miss Gates[edit]

text: Miss Gates is a third grade teacher at Scout's school who insists that America isn't prejudiced like Hitler's Germany. Despite this, Scout has heard her say that the blacks need to be taught a lesson after Tom's trial.

text: Eula May[edit]

text: Eula May is Maycomb's most prominent telephone operator. She sends out public announcements, invitations, and activates the fire alarm. She announced the closing of schools when it snowed and announced the rabid dog that entered Maycomb. Also, Eula May knows everybody in the town because of her unique job.

text: Cecil Jacobs[edit]

text: Cecil Jacobs teases Scout and Jem at school. Scout almost gets into a fight with Cecil over the trial of Tom Robinson. Scout beats up Cecil Jacobs because he says Atticus is a "Nigger Lover." He gives a current event on Adolf Hitler and later frightens Scout and Jem on their way to the Halloween pageant. He and Scout then pair up at the carnival. At the Halloween pageant afterwards, Cecil was a cow. He hints that black people are not as good as white people while talking about Hitler during current events. He also tends to take jokes too far. However importantly he shows how prejudice is passed on from parent to child.

text: Tim Johnson[edit]

text: Tim Johnson is a dog belonging to Harry Johnson (a character in the book who is mentioned once but is never seen). He is infected by rabies in chapter 10 and goes mad, putting everyone in the town at risk. Atticus is forced to shoot Tim Johnson before he reaches the Radley House or attacks anyone. When Atticus shoots the dog, his excellent marksmanship is revealed to Scout and Jem (his nickname used to be One-Shot Finch). The dog's body is collected by Zeebo.

text: Simon Finch[edit]

text: Simon Finch is the founder of Finch's Landing. He is referred to in the first chapter of the book, being a direct ancestor of Atticus. He is a Cornish Methodist, and emigrated from England to avoid religious persecution, landing in Philadelphia before settling in Alabama. He was married, with one son, eight daughters. He is also an apothecary.

text: Maxwell Green[edit]

text: Maxwell Green is the new lawyer in town. He is normally the judicially-assigned defense attorney but Judge Taylor assigned Tom Robinson's case to Atticus to give Tom Robinson a better chance.

text: Mr. X Billups[edit]

text: Mr. X Billups who is seen only once in the book, going to the trial, is described as a "funny man".  X is his name, and not his initial.  He was asked repeated times what his name was until he signed it.  X was the name he had been given when he was born because his parents marked his birth certificate with an X instead of a name.

text: The Barber Sisters (Miss "Tutti" and Miss "Frutti")[edit]

text: The Barber Sisters (Miss Sarah, nicknamed "Tutti" and Miss Frances, nicknamed "Frutti") are maiden sisters who live in the only house in Maycomb with a cellar. They were originally from Clanton, Alabama; and are rumored to be Republicans. Besides their Yankee ways, both sisters are deaf (Tutti completely deaf; Frutti uses an ear trumpet), and had a Halloween prank pulled on them by some "wicked" schoolchildren (Scout claims she was not included) who put all of their furniture in their cellar.

text: Mrs. Gertrude Farrow[edit]

text: Mrs. Farrow is a lady in the missionary society who visits the Finch house occasionally.

text: Mr. Conner[edit]

text: Mr. Conner is mentioned early on in the book. He was locked in an outhouse by "Boo" Radley and his friends. After taking the teenagers to court, Mr. Conner accused them of "disorderly conduct, disturbing the peace, assault and battery, and using abusive and profane language in the presence and hearing of a female." He added the last charge after claiming that the teens had "cussed so loud he was sure every lady in Maycomb heard them."

text: Zeebo[edit]

text: Calpurnia's eldest son, Zeebo, was taught how to read by Calpurnia. Zeebo is one of just four people in First Purchase Church who can read, so he is the vocal leader, leading hymns in their church by "lining"—reading a line of verse and having the congregation repeat it. He is also the garbage man of Maycomb, and took away the dead rabid dog, Tim Johnson. When Lula, a fellow church member tries to make Scout and Jem feel bad for attending church with Calpurnia, Zeebo welcomes them with open arms.


document_title: Winter Olympic Games

question_text: when did the olympics split summer and winter

root

text: Winter Olympic Games

text: Sports[edit]

text: The Olympic Charter limits winter sports to "those ... which are practised on snow or ice."[5] Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme; which include short track speed skating, snowboarding, freestyle and moguls skiing. The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America. While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports, countries such as South Korea, Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports. The results are more parity in the national medal tables, more interest in the Winter Olympics and higher global television ratings.[6]

tag: p

text: Current sports[edit]

text:
Sport
Years
Events
Medal events contested in 2014

Alpine skiing
Since 1936
10
Men's and women's downhill, super G, giant slalom, slalom, and combined.[7]

Biathlon
Since 1960Note 3
11
Sprint (men: 10 km; women: 7.5 km), the individual (men: 20 km; women: 15 km),
pursuit (men: 12.5 km; women: 10 km), relay (men: 4x7.5 km; women: 4x6 km; mixed: 2x7.5 km+2x6 km),
and the mass start (men: 15 km; women: 12.5 km).[8]

Bobsleigh
1924–1956
since 1964
3
Four-man race, two-man race and two-woman race.[9]

Cross-country
skiing
Since 1924
12
Men's sprint, team sprint, 30 km pursuit, 15 km, 50 km and 4x10 km relay;
women's sprint, team sprint, 15 km pursuit, 10 km, 30 km and 4x5 km relay.[10]

Curling
1924
since 1998
2
Men's and women's tournaments.[11]

Figure skating
Since 1924Note 1
5
Men's and women's singles; pairs; ice dancing and team event.[12]

Freestyle skiing
Since 1992
10
Men's and women's moguls, aerials, ski cross, superpipe, and slopestyle.[13]

Ice hockey
Since 1924Note 2
2
Men's and women's tournaments.[14]

Luge
Since 1964
4
Men's and women's singles, men's doubles, team relay.[15]

Nordic combined
Since 1924
3
Men's 10 km individual normal hill, 10 km individual large hill and team.[16]

Short track
speed skating
Since 1992
8
Men's and women's 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m;
women's 3000 m relay; and men's 5000 m relay.[17]

Skeleton
1928; 1948
Since 2002
2
Men's and women's events.[18]

Ski jumping
Since 1924
4
Men's individual large hill, team large hill;[19] men's and women's individual normal hill.

Snowboarding
Since 1998
10
Men's and women's parallel, giant slalom, half-pipe, snowboard cross, and slopestyle.[20]

Speed skating
Since 1924
12
Men's and women's 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m,
and team pursuit; women's 3000 m; men's 10,000 m.[21]

tag: table

text:
^ Note 1. Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics.
^ Note 2. A men's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
^ Note 3. The IOC's website now treats Men's Military Patrol at the 1924 games as an event within the sport of Biathlon.[nb 2]

text: Demonstration events[edit]

text: Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals. Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992.[22] Military patrol, a precursor to the biathlon, was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928, 1936 and 1948, becoming an official sport in 1960.[23] The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics.[24] Bandy (Russian hockey) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia. In the latter it's considered a national sport.[25] It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games.[26] Ice stock sport, a German variant of curling, was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria.[27] The ski ballet event, later known as ski-acro, was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992.[28] Skijöring, skiing behind dogs, was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928.[26] A sled-dog race was held at Lake Placid in 1932.[26] Speed skiing was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics.[29] Winter pentathlon, a variant of the modern pentathlon, was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included cross-country skiing, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horse riding.[8]

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: A predecessor, the Nordic Games, were organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm, Sweden in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926.[30] Balck was a charter member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin. He attempted to have winter sports, specifically figure skating, added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom.[30] Four figure skating events were contested, at which Ulrich Salchow (10-time world champion) and Madge Syers won the individual titles.[31][32]

text: Three years later, Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports.[33][34][35] The idea was resurrected for the 1916 Games, which were to be held in Berlin, Germany. A winter sports week with speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned, but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of World War I.[34]

text: The first Olympics after the war, the 1920 Summer Olympics, were held in Antwerp, Belgium, and featured figure skating and an ice hockey tournament.[34] Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the Games. At the IOC Congress held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the 1924 Summer Olympics, France, would host a separate "International Winter Sports Week" under the patronage of the IOC. Chamonix was chosen to host this "week" (actually 11 days) of events. The Games proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events.[36] Athletes from Finland and Norway won 28 medals, more than the rest of the participating nations combined.[37] Germany remained banned until 1925, and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele, starting with the Winter edition of 1922 (which predated the first Winter Olympics). In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate Olympic Winter Games and the 1924 Games in Chamonix was retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics.[34][36]

text: St. Moritz, Switzerland, was appointed by the IOC to host the second Olympic Winter Games in 1928.[38] Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts. The opening ceremony was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the Games.[39] Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed-skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled.[40] The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 Games: Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15. She became the youngest Olympic champion in history, a distinction she held for 74 years.[41]

text: The next Winter Olympics was the first to be hosted outside of Europe. Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated.[42] This was less than in 1928, as the journey to Lake Placid, United States, was long and expensive for most competitors, who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression. The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports.[42] Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games, and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January.[43] Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title, and Eddie Eagan, who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920, won the gold medal in the men's bobsleigh event to become the first, and so far only, Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics.[42]

text: The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games, held on 6–16 February.[44] This was the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year. Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut, but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals.[27] Because of this decision the Swiss and Austrian skiers refused to compete at the Games.[27]

text: World War II[edit]

text: World War II interrupted the holding of the Winter Olympics. The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo, Japan, but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China. The Games were then to be held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, but the 1940 Games were cancelled following the German invasion of Poland in 1939.[45] Due to the ongoing war, the 1944 Games, originally scheduled for Cortina D'Ampezzo, Italy, were cancelled.[46]

text: 1948 to 1960[edit]

text: St. Moritz was selected to host the first post-war Games in 1948. Switzerland's neutrality had protected the town during World War II, and most of the venues were in place from the 1928 Games, which made St. Moritz a logical choice. It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice.[47] Twenty-eight countries competed in Switzerland, but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited.[48] Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the United States arrived, both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative. The Olympic flag presented at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp was stolen, as was its replacement. There was unprecedented parity at these Games, during which 10 countries won gold medals—more than any Games to that point.[49]

text: The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo, was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim, and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis.[50][51] Bandy, a popular sport in the Nordic countries, was featured as a demonstration sport, though only Norway, Sweden, and Finland fielded teams. Norwegian athletes won 17 medals, which outpaced all the other nations.[52] They were led by Hjalmar Andersen who won three gold medals in four events in the speed skating competition.[53]

text: After not being able to host the Games in 1944, Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics. At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer, Guido Caroli, entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates. As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell, nearly extinguishing the flame. He was able to recover and light the cauldron.[54] These were the first Winter Games to be televised, and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience, though no television rights were sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.[55] The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events.[55] The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact, winning more medals than any other nation.[56] Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom.[57]

text: The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed true amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full time.[58] Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism.[59]

text: The IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley, United States. Since the village had no facilities, there was a rush to construct infrastructure and sports facilities including an ice arena, speed-skating track, and a ski-jump hill.[60][61] The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney.[62] The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first winter Olympics to have a dedicated athletes' village[citation needed], the first to use a computer (courtesy of IBM) to tabulate results, and the first to feature female speed skating events. The bobsleigh events were absent for the only time due to the cost of building a bobsleigh run.[62]

text: 1964 to 1980[edit]

text: The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964. Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort, warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was asked to transport snow and ice to the sport venues.[62] Soviet speed-skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by sweeping all four speed-skating events. Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes.[62] Luge was first contested in 1964, although the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run.[63][64]

text: Held in the French town of Grenoble, the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour. There were 37 nations and 1,158 athletes competing in 35 events.[65] Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy became only the second person to win all the men's alpine skiing events. The organising committee sold television rights for US$2 million, which was more than twice the price of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games.[66] Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes' villages. The organisers claimed this was required to accommodate technological advances. Critics disputed this, alleging that the layout was necessary to provide the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the expense of the athletes.[66]

text: The 1972 Winter Games, held in Sapporo, Japan, were the first to be hosted outside North America or Europe. The issue of professionalism became contentious during the Sapporo Games. Three days before the Games IOC president Avery Brundage threatened to bar a number of alpine skiers from competing because they participated in a ski camp at Mammoth Mountain in the United States. Brundage reasoned that the skiers had financially benefited from their status as athletes and were therefore no longer amateurs.[67] Eventually only Austrian Karl Schranz, who earned more than all the other skiers, was not allowed to compete.[68] Canada did not send teams to the 1972 or 1976 ice hockey tournaments in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues.[69] Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first (and as of 2017 only) Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal; he triumphed in the slalom.[70]

text: The 1976 Winter Olympics had been awarded in 1970 to Denver, United States, but in November 1972 the voters of the state of Colorado voted against public funding of the games by a 3 to 2 margin.[71][72] The IOC turned to offer the Games to Vancouver-Garibaldi, British Columbia, which had been a candidate for the 1976 Games. However, a change in provincial government brought in an administration which did not support the Olympic bid, so the offer was rejected. Salt Lake City, a candidate for the 1972 Games, offered itself, but the IOC opted to ask Innsbruck, which had maintained most of the infrastructure from the 1964 Games. Despite only having half the time to prepare for the Games, Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973.[73] Two Olympic flames were lit because it was the second time the Austrian town had hosted the Games.[73] The 1976 Games featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track, in neighbouring Igls.[70] The Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal.[73]

text: In 1980 the Olympics returned to Lake Placid, which had hosted the 1932 Games. The first boycott of a Winter Olympics took place in 1980, when Taiwan refused to participate after an edict by the IOC mandated that they change their name and national anthem.[74] The IOC was attempting to accommodate China, who wished to compete using the same name and anthem used by Taiwan.[74] American speed-skater Eric Heiden set either an Olympic or world record in each of the five events he competed in.[75] Hanni Wenzel won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country, Liechtenstein, became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist.[76] In the "Miracle on Ice" the American hockey team beat the favoured Soviets, and then went on to win the gold medal.[77][nb 4]

text: 1984 to 1998[edit]

text: Sapporo, Japan, and Gothenburg, Sweden, were front-runners to host the 1984 Winter Olympics. It was therefore a surprise when Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, was selected as host.[80] The Games were well-organised and not affected by the run-up to the war that engulfed the country eight years later.[81] A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events. Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier Jure Franko won a silver in the giant slalom. Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean. Their performance to Ravel's Boléro earned the pair the gold medal after achieving unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression.[81]

text: In 1988 the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span 16 days.[82] New events were added in ski-jumping and speed skating; while future Olympic sports curling, short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their appearance as demonstration sports. For the first time the speed skating events were held indoors, on the Olympic Oval. Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip won three gold medals and set two world records, beating skaters from the favoured East German team in every race.[83] Her medal total was equalled by Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen, who won all three events in his sport. Alberto Tomba, an Italian skier, made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom. East German Christa Rothenburger won the women's 1,000 metre speed skating event. Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the Summer Games in Seoul, to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year.[82]

text: The 1992 Games were the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games.[84] They were hosted in the French Savoie region in the city of Albertville, though only 18 events were held in the city. The rest of the events were spread out over the Savoie.[84] Political changes of the time were reflected in the Olympic teams appearing in France: this was the first Games to be held after the fall of Communism and the fall of the Berlin Wall, and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games; former Yugoslavian republics Croatia and Slovenia made their debuts as independent nations; most of the former Soviet republics still competed as a single team known as the Unified Team, but the Baltic States made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II.[85] At 16 years old, Finnish ski jumper Toni Nieminen made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion.[86] New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women's slalom.

text: In 1986 the IOC had voted to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even-numbered years. This change became effective for the 1994 Games, held in Lillehammer, Norway, which became the first Winter Olympics to be held separately from the Summer Games.[87] After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts.[88] The women's figure skating competition drew media attention when American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured on 6 January 1994, in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding.[89] Both skaters competed in the Games, but the gold medal was won by Oksana Baiul. She became Ukraine's first Olympic champion.[90][91] Johann Olav Koss of Norway won three gold medals, coming first in all of the distance speed skating events.[92] Russia won the most gold medals with 11 overall, closely followed by Norway with 10. Juan Antonio Samaranch described Lillehammer as the best Olympic Winter Games ever in his closing ceremony speech.

text: The 1998 Winter Olympics were held in the Japanese city of Nagano and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes.[93] The men's ice hockey tournament was opened to professionals for the first time. Canada and the United States, with their many NHL players, were favoured to win the tournament.[93] Neither won any hockey medals however; the Czech Republic prevailed.[93] Women's ice hockey made its debut and the United States won the gold medal.[94] Bjørn Dæhlie of Norway won three gold medals in Nordic skiing, becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete, with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall.[93][95] Austrian Hermann Maier survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the super-g and the giant slalom.[93] New world records were set in speed skating because of the introduction of the clap skate.[96]

text: 2002 to 2010[edit]

text: The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City, United States, hosting 77 nations and 2,399 athletes in 78 events in 7 sports.[97] These games were the first to take place since the September 11 attacks of 2001, which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack. The opening ceremonies of the games saw signs of the aftermath of the events of that day, including the flag that flew at Ground Zero, NYPD officer Daniel Rodríguez singing "God Bless America", and honour guards of NYPD and FDNY members.

text: German Georg Hackl won a silver in the singles luge, becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics.[97] Canada achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men's and women's ice hockey gold medals.[97] Canada became embroiled with Russia in a controversy that involved the judging of the pairs figure skating competition. The Russian pair of Yelena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze competed against the Canadian pair of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier for the gold medal. The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition, yet the Russians were awarded the gold. The judging broke along Cold War lines with judges from former Communist countries favouring the Russian pair and judges from Western nations voting for the Canadians. The only exception was the French judge, Marie-Reine Le Gougne, who awarded the gold to the Russians. An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated; in return the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition.[98] The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second medal ceremony held later in the Games.[99] Australian Steven Bradbury became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short-track speed skating event.[100]

text: The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics. It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games. South Korean athletes won 10 medals, including 6 gold in the short-track speed skating events. Sun-Yu Jin won three gold medals while her teammate Hyun-Soo Ahn won three gold medals and a bronze.[101] In the women's Cross-Country team pursuit Canadian Sara Renner broke one of her poles and, when he saw her dilemma, Norwegian coach Bjørnar Håkensmoen decided to lend her a pole. In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team, who finished fourth.[101][102] Claudia Pechstein of Germany became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals.[101] In February 2009 Pechstein tested positive for "blood manipulation" and received a two-year suspension, which she appealed. The Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the 2010 German Olympic team.[103] This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal, which overturned the lower court's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver.[104]

text: In 2003 the IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver, thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics. With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games.[105] Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events.[106] The death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the Whistler Sliding Centre changing the track layout on safety grounds.[107] Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women's programme. She finished the Olympics with three golds, a silver and a bronze.[108] The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the Russian athletes. From their first Winter Olympics in 1956 to the 2006 games, a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal-winning nations. In 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals. President Dmitry Medvedev called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games.[109] The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under-performing Russian team, with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries. In 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals, three of which were gold. In Vancouver the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty-one, with eleven of them being gold. The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as South Korea, Japan and China.[110][111]

text: Sochi, Russia, was selected as the host city of the 2014 Winter Olympics over Salzburg, Austria, and Pyeongchang, South Korea. This was the first time that Russia hosted a Winter Olympics.[112] Over 2800 athletes from 88 countries participated in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast. All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres (31 mi) away in the alpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana.[112]

text: The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially the XXII Olympic Winter Games, or the 22nd Winter Olympics, took place from 7 to 23 February 2014.[113] A record 2,800 participants from 88 countries competed. The Games were the most expensive so far, with a cost of £30 billion. Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games, and an investment of £600 million in elite sport, the host nation topped the medal table, taking 33 medals including 13 golds.[114] However Grigory Rodchenkov, the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory, subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games, and that he had had the assistance of the Russian Federal Security Service in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so samples with banned substances could be replaced with "clean" urine. A subsequent investigation commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency led by Richard McLaren concluded that a state-sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from 2011 to 2015 across the "vast majority" of Summer and Winter Olympic sports.[115] On the snow, Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13, overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time. Another Norwegian, cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen took three golds: her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals, alongside Raisa Smetanina and Stefania Belmondo. Snowboarder Ayumu Hirano became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the halfpipe competition at the age of 15. On ice, the Dutch dominated the speed skating events, taking 23 medals, four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the 12 medal events. Ireen Wüst was their most successful competitor, taking two golds and three silvers. In figure skating, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first skater to break the 100-point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal. Among the sledding disciplines, luger Armin Zöggeler took a bronze, becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games.[112]

text: Future[edit]

text: On 6 July 2011, the IOC selected the city of Pyeongchang, South Korea to host the 2018 Winter Olympics.[116]

text: The host city for the XXIV Olympic Winter Games, also known as the 2022 Winter Olympics, is Beijing, elected on 31 July 2015, at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur. Beijing will be the first city to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games.[117] Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to curry favour with IOC officials.[117] Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City's bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member's son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles valued at $2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member.[118] The subsequent investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Games (both summer and winter) since 1988.[119] For example, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano's bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as "astronomical".[120] Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support.[121] The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities.[122][123][124]

text: Host city legacy[edit]

text: According to the IOC, the host city is responsible for, "...establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games, such as sports planning, venues, finance, technology, accommodation, catering, media services etc., as well as operations during the Games."[125] Due to the cost of hosting an Olympic Games, most host cities never realise a profit on their investment.[126] For example, the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, cost $12.5 billion. By comparison the Torino Games of 2006 cost $3.6 billion to host.[127] The organisers claimed that the cost of extending the bullet train service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag.[127] The organising committee hoped that the exposure of the Olympic Games, and the expedited access to Nagano from Tokyo, would be a boom to the local economy for years afterward. Nagano's economy did experience a two-year post-Olympic spurt, but the long-term effects have not materialised as planned.[127] The possibility of heavy debt, coupled with unused sports venues and infrastructure that saddle the local community with upkeep costs and no practical post-Olympic value, is a deterrent to prospective host cities.[128]

text: To mitigate these concerns the IOC has enacted several initiatives. First it has agreed to fund part of the host city's budget for staging the Games.[129] Secondly, the IOC limits the qualifying host countries to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting the region or nation. This eliminates a large portion of the developing world.[130] Finally, cities bidding to host the Games are required to add a "legacy plan" to their proposal. This requires prospective host cities and the IOC, to plan with a view to the long-term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have on the region.[131]

text: Doping[edit]

text: In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols. They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics.[132] The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was Alois Schloder, a West German hockey player,[133] but his team was still allowed to compete.[134] During the 1970s testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance-enhancing drugs.[135] The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures, which undermined the credibility of the tests. It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug-testing protocols.[136] The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in November 1999.[137][138]

text: The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of blood doping, the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as Erythropoietin (EPO) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue.[139] The Italian police conducted a raid on the Austrian cross-country ski team's residence during the Games where they seized blood-doping specimens and equipment.[140] This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of haemoglobin, which is evidence of blood doping.[139]

text: The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with, and making it all but certain that Russia will lose its first-place standing in the medals table from those Games.[141][142][143][144][145]

text: Commercialisation[edit]

text: Avery Brundage, as president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972, rejected all attempts to link the Olympics with commercial interests as he felt that the Olympic movement should be completely separate from financial influence.[146] The 1960 Winter Olympics marked the beginning of corporate sponsorship of the Games.[146] Despite Brundage's strenuous resistance the commercialisation of the Games continued during the 1960s, and revenue generated by corporate sponsorship swelled the IOC's coffers.[147] By the Grenoble Games, Brundage had become so concerned about the direction of the Winter Olympic Games towards commercialisation that, if it could not be corrected, he felt the Winter Olympics should be abolished.[148] Brundage's resistance to this revenue stream meant that the IOC was unable to gain a share of the financial windfall that was coming to host cities, and had no control over the structuring of sponsorship deals. When Brundage retired the IOC had $2 million in assets; eight years later its accounts had swelled to $45 million. This was due to a shift in ideology among IOC members, towards expansion of the Games through corporate sponsorship and the sale of television rights.[146]

text: Brundage's concerns proved prophetic. The IOC has charged more for television broadcast rights at each successive Games.[149] At the 1998 Nagano Games American broadcaster CBS paid $375 million, whereas the 2006 Turin Games cost NBC $613 million to broadcast.[150] The more television companies have paid to televise the Games, the greater their persuasive power has been with the IOC.[149][151] For example, the television lobby has influenced the Olympic programme by dictating when event finals are held, so that they appear in prime time for television audiences. They have pressured the IOC to include new events, such as snowboarding, that appeal to broader television audiences. This has been done to boost ratings, which were slowly declining until the 2010 Games.[152][153]

text: In 1986 the IOC decided to stagger the Summer and Winter Games. Instead of holding both in the same calendar year the committee decided to alternate them every two years, although both Games would still be held on four-year cycles.[154] It was decided that 1992 would be the last year to have both a Winter and Summer Olympic Games.[87] There were two underlying reasons for this change: first was the television lobby's desire to maximise advertising revenue as it was difficult to sell advertising time for two Games in the same year;[154] second was the IOC's desire to gain more control over the revenue generated by the Games. It was decided that staggering the Games would make it easier for corporations to sponsor individual Olympic Games, which would maximise revenue potential. The IOC sought to directly negotiate sponsorship contracts so that they had more control over the Olympic "brand".[155] The first Winter Olympics to be hosted in this new format were the 1994 Games in Lillehammer.[84]

text: Politics[edit]

text: Cold War[edit]

text: The Winter Olympics have been an ideological front in the Cold War since the Soviet Union first participated at the 1956 Winter Games. It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be. The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.[58] Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism.[156]

text: The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers. The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC. Because of its role in World War II, Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics.[48] In 1950 the IOC recognised the West German Olympic Committee, and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games.[157] East Germany declined the invitation and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany.[158] In 1955 the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state, thereby giving more credibility to East Germany's campaign to become an independent participant at the Olympics. The IOC agreed to provisionally accept the East German National Olympic Committee with the condition that East and West Germans compete on one team.[159] The situation became tenuous when the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1962 and western nations began refusing visas to East German athletes.[160] The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC officially split the teams and threatened to reject the host-city bids of any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes.[161]

text: Boycott[edit]

text: The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid. Prior to the Games the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952. China was given permission to compete as the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) and to use the PRC flag and anthem. Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name "Republic of China" (ROC) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem.[74] The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the "Republic of China".[162][163] The IOC renamed the island "Chinese Taipei" and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem, stipulations that Taiwan would not agree to. Despite numerous appeals and court hearings the IOC's decision stood. When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted. They subsequently left the Olympics in protest, just before the opening ceremonies.[74] Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei. The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal. The agreement remains in place to this day.[164]

text: All-time medal table[edit]

text: According to official data of the International Olympic Committee.

text:
No.
Nation
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Norway (NOR)
22
118
111
100
329

2
 United States (USA)
22
96
102
84
282

3
 Germany (GER)
11
78
78
53
209

4
 Soviet Union (URS)
9
78
57
59
194

5
 Canada (CAN)
22
62
56
52
170

6
 Austria (AUT)
22
59
78
81
218

7
 Sweden (SWE)
22
50
40
54
144

8
 Switzerland (SUI)
22
50
40
48
138

9
 Russia (RUS)
6
49
40
35
124

10
 Finland (FIN)
22
42
62
57
161

11
 East Germany (GDR)
6
39
36
35
110

12
 Netherlands (NED)
20
37
38
35
110

13
 Italy (ITA)
22
37
34
43
114

14
 France (FRA)
22
31
31
47
109

15
 South Korea (KOR)
17
26
17
10
53

16
 China (CHN)
10
12
22
19
53

17
 West Germany (FRG)
6
11
15
13
39

18
 Japan (JPN)
20
10
17
18
45

19
 Great Britain (GBR)
22
10
4
12
26

20
 Unified Team (EUN)
1
9
6
8
23

21
 United Team of Germany (EUA)
3
8
6
5
19

22
 Czech Republic (CZE)
6
7
9
8
24

23
 Poland (POL)
22
6
7
7
20

24
 Belarus (BLR)
6
6
4
5
15

25
 Australia (AUS)
18
5
3
4
12

26
 Croatia (CRO)
7
4
6
1
11

27
 Estonia (EST)
9
4
2
1
7

28
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
16
2
8
15
25

29
 Slovenia (SLO)
7
2
4
9
15

30
 Liechtenstein (LIE)
18
2
2
5
9

31
 Slovakia (SVK)
6
2
2
1
5

32
 Ukraine (UKR)
6
2
1
4
7

33
 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
6
1
3
3
7

34
 Bulgaria (BUL)
19
1
2
3
6

35
 Belgium (BEL)
20
1
1
3
5

36
 Spain (ESP)
19
1
0
1
2

37
 Uzbekistan (UZB)
6
1
0
0
1

38
 Latvia (LAT)
10
0
4
3
7

39
 Yugoslavia (YUG)
14
0
3
1
4

40
 Hungary (HUN)
22
0
2
4
6

41
 Luxembourg (LUX)
8
0
2
0
2

42
 North Korea (PRK)
8
0
1
1
2

43
 Denmark (DEN)
13
0
1
0
1

43
 New Zealand (NZL)
15
0
1
0
1

45
 Romania (ROU)
20
0
0
1
1

text: List of Winter Olympic Games[edit]

text:
Games
Year
Host
Opened by
Dates
Nations
Competitors
Sports
Disci-
plines
Events
Top Nation
Ref

Total
Men
Women

I
1924
 Chamonix, France
Undersecretary Gaston Vidal
25 January – 5 February
16
258
247
11
6
9
16
 Norway (NOR)
[2]

II
1928
 St. Moritz, Switzerland
President Edmund Schulthess
11–19 February
25
464
438
26
4
8
14
 Norway (NOR)
[3]

III
1932
 Lake Placid, United States
Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt
 4–15 February
17
252
231
21
4
7
14
 United States (USA)
[4]

IV
1936
 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Chancellor Adolf Hitler
 6–16 February
28
646
566
80
4
8
17
 Norway (NOR)
[5]

1940
Awarded to Sapporo, Japan; cancelled because of World War II

1944
Awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy; cancelled because of World War II

V
1948
 St. Moritz, Switzerland
President Enrico Celio
30 January – 8 February
28
669
592
77
4
9
22
 Norway (NOR)
 Sweden (SWE)
[6]

VI
1952
 Oslo, Norway
Princess Ragnhild
14–25 February
30
694
585
109
4
8
22
 Norway (NOR)
[7]

VII
1956
 Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
President Giovanni Gronchi
26 January – 5 February
32
821
687
134
4
8
24
 Soviet Union (URS)
[8]

VIII
1960
 Squaw Valley, United States
Vice President Richard Nixon
18–28 February
30
665
521
144
4
8
27
 Soviet Union (URS)
[9]

IX
1964
 Innsbruck, Austria
President Adolf Schärf
29 January – 9 February
36
1091
892
199
6
10
34
 Soviet Union (URS)
[10]

X
1968
 Grenoble, France
President Charles de Gaulle
 6–18 February
37
1158
947
211
6
10
35
 Norway (NOR)
[11]

XI
1972
 Sapporo, Japan
Emperor Hirohito
 3–13 February
35
1006
801
205
6
10
35
 Soviet Union (URS)
[12]

XII
1976
 Innsbruck, Austria
President Rudolf Kirchschläger
 4–15 February
37
1123
892
231
6
10
37
 Soviet Union (URS)
[13]

XIII
1980
 Lake Placid, United States
Vice President Walter Mondale
13–24 February
37
1072
840
232
6
10
38
 Soviet Union (URS)
[14]

XIV
1984
 Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
President Mika Špiljak
 8–19 February
49
1272
998
274
6
10
39
 East Germany (GDR)
[15]

XV
1988
 Calgary, Canada
Governor General Jeanne Sauvé
13–28 February
57
1423
1122
301
6
10
46
 Soviet Union (URS)
[16]

XVI
1992
 Albertville, France
President François Mitterrand
 8–23 February
64
1801
1313
488
6
12
57
 Germany (GER)
[17]

XVII
1994
 Lillehammer, Norway
King Harald V
12–27 February
67
1737
1215
522
6
12
61
 Russia (RUS)
[18]

XVIII
1998
 Nagano, Japan
Emperor Akihito
 7–22 February
72
2176
1389
787
7
14
68
 Germany (GER)
[19]

XIX
2002
 Salt Lake City, United States
President George W. Bush
 8–24 February
78[165]
2399
1513
886
7
15
78
 Norway (NOR)
[20]

XX
2006
 Turin, Italy
President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
10–26 February
80
2508
1548
960
7
15
84
 Germany (GER)
[21]

XXI
2010
 Vancouver, Canada
Governor General Michaëlle Jean
12–28 February
82
2566
1522
1044
7
15
86
 Canada (CAN)
[22]

XXII
2014
 Sochi, Russia
President Vladimir Putin
7–23 February
88
2873
1714
1159
7
15
98
 Russia (RUS)
[23]

XXIII
2018
 Pyeongchang, South Korea
President Moon Jae-in (expected)
9–25 February
82[166][167][168][169]
Future event
7
15
102

[24]

XXIV
2022
 Beijing, China

4–20 February
Future event
7
15
102

[25]

text: Unlike the Summer Olympics, the cancelled 1940 Winter Olympics and 1944 Winter Olympics are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games. While the official titles of the Summer Games count Olympiads, the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves.


document_title: Xiaomi Redmi

question_text: what is the name of redmi y1 in china

question_tokens: what is the name of redmi y1 in china

text: Xiaomi Redmi

text: The Redmi phone release in 2013 was first announced on Xiaomi's website, with consumer sales beginning on July 12, 2013.

text: On March 13, 2014, Redmi phones were announced to be sold out, in Singapore alone, eight minutes[3] after being purveyed to consumers on Xiaomi's website. Criticism regarding the release of Redmi phones has included the notion that the firm may be exaggerating its sales by releasing them in small batches, causing them to quickly sell out.[4]

text: On August 4, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that in China's smartphone market, Xiaomi overtook Samsung in the second-quarter of the 2014 fiscal year with a 14% market share in smartphone shipment rankings, while Samsung had a 12% market share during this time.[5] Additionally, Yulong and Lenovo both had a 12% market share during this time.[2] Redmi sales were attributed as contributing to Xiaomi's increased shipment rankings in the smartphone market.[2] Conversely, in the first-quarter of 2014, Xiaomi held a 10.7% market share.[2]

text: The Redmi Note 3 launched on 24 November 2015, unlike its predecessor, does not have a user-changeable battery and microSD slot. It's based on Mediatek Helio X10 Octa-core 2.0 GHz Cortex-A53 SOC with PowerVR G6200 GPU. Snapdragon variant of the phone, released later the same year, is based on Snapdragon 650 and brings back microSD support.

text: In July 2016, Chinese artists - Liu Shishi, Wu Xiubo and Liu Haoran became the first ambassadors of Xiaomi's Redmi series in China.[6] Redmi Pro has appeared as Pro lineup in Redmi series.

text: On 25 August 2016, Xiaomi unveiled the Redmi Note 4. The Redmi Note 4 is powered by MediaTek's Helio X20 deca-core processor which is clocked at 2.1 GHz. The device also has 2 GB RAM and offers 16 GB of internal storage. The Redmi Note 4 boasts a 5.5-inch Full-HD display and features a camera combo of 13 MP rear camera and 5 MP front camera. It runs on Android 5.1 Lollipop and packs a 4100 mAh battery.

text: On November 2016, Xiaomi released its new budget phone, Redmi 4. It has a poly-carbonate body, the dual-SIM support and runs on MIUI 8 based on Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow. The Redmi 4 sports a 5-inch 720x1280 pixels display,  powered by a 1.4 GHz quad-core processor and 2GB of RAM.

text: In January 2017, The Xiaomi Redmi Note 4x based on Qualcomm Snapdragon 625 Chipset became company's first major launch of 2017.[7] It is an upgraded version of the previously released Redmi Note 4 based on the MediaTek Helio X20 chipset. The device is also known as Redmi Note 4 in regions where the original Redmi Note 4 was not released.

text: In December 2017, Xiaomi unveiled the Redmi 5 and 5 Plus. They are the first phones in the Redmi series which features a 18:9 screen aspect ratio. The Redmi 5 starts from 799 RMB and the Plus version starts from 999 RMB. The EU release was set to January 2018 and prices were set to € 170 and €215 for Redmi 5 and Redmi 5 Plus respectively.

text: List of devices[8][edit]

text: Redmi[edit]

text:
Model

Display type

Display size

Resolution

Release date

4G LTE support

System on chip

GPU (Integrated with System on chip)

RAM

Internal Storage

Primary camera

Front camera

Operating System

Initial

Current

Redmi 1[9]

IPS

4.7"

HD 720p

2013.7

No

Mediatek
MT6589T
4x 1.5 GHz ARM cortex-A7

Imagination Technologies PowerVR SGX544 MP @357Mhz

1 GB LPDDR2

4 GB eMMC 2.0

8 MP Samsung S5K3H2/
OmniVision OV8825

1.3 MP Aptina Mt9m114

MIUI V5
Android 4.2.2

MIUI 9
Android 4.4.2

Redmi 1S[10]
IPS

4.7"

HD 720p

2014.5
No

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 4004x 1.6 GHz ARM cortex-A7

Qualcomm Adreno 305 @400Mhz

1 GB LPDDR3

8 GB eMMC 4.2

8 MP Samsung S5K3H2/
OmniVision OV8865

1.6 MP OmniVision OX1A15

MIUI V5
Android 4.3

MIUI 9
Android 4.4.4

Redmi 1S 4G[11]

IPS

4.7"

HD 720p

2014.5

Yes

MediaTek
MT6582
4x 1.3 GHz ARM cortex-A7

ARM Mali-400 MP2 @400Mhz

1 GB
LPDDR3

8 GB
eMMC 4.2

8 MP Samsung S5K3H2/
OmniVision OV8865

1.6 MP OmniVision OX1A15

MIUI V5
Android 4.2.2

MIUI 9
Android 4.4.2

Redmi 2[12]

IPS

4.7"

HD 720p

2015.1
Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 4104x 1.2 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 306 @400Mhz

1 GB / 2 GB LPDDR3

8 / 16 GB eMMC 5.0

8 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K4H8/
OmniVision OV8865

2 MP OmniVision OV2680

MIUI 6
Android 4.4.4

MIUI 9
Android 5.1.1

Redmi 2A[13]
IPS

4.7"

HD 720p

2015.4
Yes

Leadcore
LC1860C4x 1.5 GHz ARM cortex-A7

ARM Mali-T628 MP2 @450Mhz

1 GB LPDDR3

8 GB eMMC 5.0

8 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K4H8/
OmniVision OV8865

2 MP OmniVision OV2680

MIUI 6
Android 4.4.4

MIUI 9
Android 5.1.1

Redmi 3[14]
IPS

5"
HD 720p

2015.12
Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 6164x 1.5 GHz ARM cortex-A53 & 4x 1.2 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 405 @450Mhz

2 GB / 3 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB eMMC 5.1

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3L8/
OmniVision OV13853

5 MP OmniVision OV5670

MIUI 7
Android 5.1.1

MIUI 9
Android 5.1.1

Redmi 3S[15]

IPS

5"

HD 720p

2016.4

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 4308x 1.4 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 505 @450Mhz

2 GB / 3 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB eMMC 5.1

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3L8/
OmniVision OV13853

5 MP OmniVision OV5670

MIUI 7
Android 6.0.1

MIUI 10
Android 6.0.1

Redmi 3X[16]

IPS

5"

HD 720p

2016.4

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 4308x 1.4 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 505 @450Mhz

2 GB / 3 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB eMMC 5.1

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3L8/
OmniVision OV13853

5 MP OmniVision OV5670

MIUI 7
Android 6.0.1

MIUI 10
Android 6.0.1

Redmi Pro[17]

OLED

5.5"

FHD 1080p

2016.7

Yes

Mediatek
Helio X20 / X25
4x 2.1 GHz ARM cortex-A53 & 4x 2.3 GHz ARM cortex-A53 & 2x 2.5 GHz ARM cortex-A72

ARM Mali-T880 MP4 @700Mhz

3 GB / 4 GB
LPDDR3

32 / 64 / 128 GB
eMMC

Dual 13 MP/5 MP
Sony Exmor RS IMX258/Samsung S5K5E8

5 MP
Samsung S5K5E8

MIUI 8
Android 6.0

MIUI 10
Android 6.0

Redmi 4[18]

IPS

5"

HD 720p

2016.11

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 4308x 1.4 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 505 @450Mhz

2 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB eMMC 5.1

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3L8/
OmniVision OV13853

5 MP OmniVision OV5670

MIUI 8
Android 6.0.1

MIUI 10
Android 6.0.1

Redmi 4A[19]

IPS

5"

HD 720p

2016.11

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 4254x 1.4 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 308 @400Mhz

2 / 3 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB eMMC 5.1

13 MP OmniVision OV13850

5 MP OmniVision OV5675

MIUI 8
Android 6.0.1

MIUI 10
Android 7.1.2

Redmi 4 Prime

IPS

5"

FHD 1080p

2016.11

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 6258x 2.0 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 506 @650Mhz

3 GB LPDDR3

32 GB eMMC 5.1

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3L8/
OmniVision OV13853

5 MP OmniVision OV5670

MIUI 8
Android 6.0.1

MIUI 10
Android 6.0.1

Redmi 4X[20]

IPS

5"

HD 720p

2017.3

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 4358x 1.4 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 505 @500Mhz

2 / 3 / 4 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 / 64 GB eMMC 5.1

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3L8/
OmniVision OV13853

5 MP OmniVision OV5670

MIUI 8
Android 6.0.1

MIUI 10
Android 7.1.2

Redmi 5A[21]

IPS

5"

HD 720p

2017.10

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 425
4x 1.4 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 308 @400Mhz

2 / 3 GB
LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB
eMMC 5.1

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3L8/
OmniVision OV13853

5 MP OmniVision OV5675

MIUI 9
Android 7.1.2

MIUI 10
Android 7.1.2

Redmi 5[22]

IPS

5.7"

HD+ 1440 × 720

2017.12

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 450
8x 1.8 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 506 @600Mhz

2 / 3 GB
LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB
eMMC 5.1

12 MP OmniVision OV12A10/Sony Exmor RS IMX486

5 MP OmniVision OV5675

MIUI 9
Android 7.1.2

MIUI 10
Android 8.1.0

Redmi 5 Plus[23]India: Redmi Note 5

IPS

5.99"

FHD+ 2160 × 1080

2017.12

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 625
8x 2.0 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 506 @650Mhz

3 / 4 GB
LPDDR3

32 / 64 GB
eMMC 5.1

12 MP OmniVision OV12A10/Sony Exmor RS IMX486

5 MP OmniVision OV5675

MIUI 9
Android 7.1.2

MIUI 10
Android 8.1.0

Redmi S2[24]India: Redmi Y2

IPS

5.99"

HD+ 1440 × 720

2018.5

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 625
8x 2.0 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 506 @650Mhz

3 / 4 GB
LPDDR3

32 / 64 GB
eMMC 5.1

12 MP Sony Exmor RS IMX486+5 MP Samsung S5K5E8

16 MP
Samsung S5K3P8

MIUI 10
Android 8.1

MIUI 10
Android 8.1.0

Redmi 6[25]

IPS

5.45"

HD+ 1440 × 720

2018.6

Yes

Mediatek
Helio P22
8x 2.0 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Imagination Technologies PowerVR GE8320 @500Mhz

3 / 4 GB
LPDDR4X

32 / 64 GB
eMMC 5.1

12 MP Sony Exmor RS IMX486+5 MP Samsung S5K5E8

5 MP Samsung S5K5E8

MIUI 10
Android 8.1

MIUI 10
Android 8.1.0

Redmi 6A[26]

IPS

5.45"

HD+ 1440 × 720

2018.6

Yes

Mediatek
Helio A22
4x 2.0 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Imagination Technologies PowerVR GE8100 @450Mhz

2 GB
LPDDR4X

16 GB
eMMC 5.1

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3L8/OmniVision OV13855

5 MP Samsung S5K5E8

MIUI 10
Android 8.1

MIUI 10
Android 8.1.0

Redmi 6 Pro[27]

IPS

5.84"

FHD+ 2280 x 1080

2018.6

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 625
8x 2.0 GHz ARM cortex-A53

Qualcomm Adreno 506 @650Mhz

3 / 4 GB
LPDDR3

32 / 64 GB
eMMC 5.1

12 MP Sony Exmor RS IMX486+5 MP Samsung S5K5E8

5 MP Samsung S5K5E8

MIUI 10
Android 8.1

MIUI 10
Android 8.1.0

text: Redmi Note[edit]

text:
Model

Display type

Display size

Resolution

Release date

4G LTE support

System on chip

RAM

Internal
Storage

Primary camera

Front camera

Operating system

Redmi Note 3G[28]

IPS

5.5"

HD 720p

2014.4
No

Mediatek
MT6592
8x 1.4 GHz or 1.7 GHz

1 GB / 2 GB LPDDR2

8 GB eMMC 4.2

13 MP OmniVision OV13850

5 MP OmniVision OV5642

MIUI v9
Android 4.4

Redmi Note 4G[29]
IPS

5.5"

HD 720p

2014.6
Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 400
4x 1.6 GHz

2 GB LPDDR3

8 GB emmc 4.2

13 MP Sony Exmor RS IMX135/
OmniVision OV13850

5 MP OmniVision OV5642

MIUI v9
Android 4.4

Redmi Note Prime[30]

IPS

5.5"

HD 720p

2015.12

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 410
4x 1.2 GHz

2 GB LPDDR3

8 GB emmc 5.0

13 MP Samsung S5K3L2

5 MP OmniVision OV5642

MIUI v9
Android 4.4

Redmi Note 2[31]
IPS

5.5"

FHD 1080p

2015.7
Yes

Mediatek
Helio X10
8x 2 GHz or 2.2 GHz

2 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB emmc 5.0

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3M2

5 MP OmniVision OV5670

MIUI v9
Android 5.0

Redmi Note 3
henessy[32]

IPS

5.5"

FHD 1080p

2015.11
Yes

MediatekHelio X108x 2 GHz or 2.2 GHz

2 GB / 3 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB emmc 5.0

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3M2/
OmniVision OV13853

5 MP OmniVision OV5670

MIUI v9
Android 5.0

Redmi Note 3
kenzo[33]

IPS

5.5"

FHD 1080p

2016.2

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 650
4x 1.4 GHz &
2x 1.8 GHz

2 GB / 3 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB emmc 5.1

16 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3P3/
OmniVision OV16880

5 MP OmniVision OV5670

MIUI v9
Android 6.0

Redmi Note 3 Special Edition
kate[34]

IPS

5.5"

FHD 1080p

2016.6

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 650
4x 1.4 GHz &
2x 1.8 GHz

2 GB / 3 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 GB emmc 5.1

16 MP

5 MP

MIUI v9
Android 6.0

Redmi Note 4[35]

IPS

5.5"

FHD 1080p

2016.6
Yes

Mediatek
Helio X20
2x 2.3 GHz &
4x 2 GHz & 4x 1.4 GHz

3 GB / 4 GB LPDDR3

32 / 64 GB emmc 5.1

13 MP Samsung ISOCELL S5K3L8/
OmniVision OV13853

5 MP Samsung S5K5E8

MIUI v9
Android 6.0

Redmi Note 4X[36]
IPS

5.5"

FHD 1080p

2017.1
Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 625
8x 2 GHz

2 GB / 3 GB / 4 GB LPDDR3

16 / 32 / 64 GB emmc 5.1

13 MP Sony Exmor RS IMX258/
Samsung ISOCELL S5K3L8

5 MP Samsung S5K5E8

MIUI v9
Android 7.0

Redmi Note 5A[37]India: Redmi Y1 lite[38]

IPS

5.5"

HD 720p

2017.8

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 425
4x 1.4 GHz

2 GB LPDDR3

16 GB emmc 5.1

13 MP

5 MP

MIUI v9
Android 7.1

Redmi Note 5A Prime[39]India: Redmi Y1[40]

IPS

5.5"

HD 720p

2017.8

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 435
8x 2 GHz

3 GB / 4 GB LPDDR3

32 / 64 GB emmc 5.1

13 MP

16 MP

MIUI v9
Android 7.1

Redmi Note 5[41]India: Redmi Note 5 Pro

IPS

5.99"

FHD+ 2160 × 1080

2018.2

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 636
4x 1.8Ghz Kryo 260 Gold
4x 1.6Ghz Kryo 260 Silver

3 / 4 / 6 GB

32 / 64 GB

5 MP + 12 MP

13 MP20 MP in India

MIUI v10
Android 8.1

Redmi Note 6 Pro

IPS

6.26"

2280*1080

2018-10

Yes

Qualcomm
Snapdragon 636
4x 1.8Ghz Kryo 260 Gold
4x 1.6Ghz Kryo 260 Silver

3 / 4 / 6 GB

32 / 64 GB

5 MP + 12 MP

2 MP + 20 MP

MIUI v10
Android 8.1