document_title: The Onedin Line

question_text: who played robert onedin in the onedin line

question_tokens: who played robert onedin in the onedin line

root

text: The Onedin Line

text: Overview[edit]

text: Classic BBC drama series set in 19th Century Liverpool, and narrating the changing fortunes of the ambitious Captain James Onedin and his family.[2] A 55-minute pilot episode for the series aired as part of BBC One's Drama Playhouse strand on 7 December 1970, produced by Anthony Coburn.[3]

tag: p

text: Series 1 (1971)[edit]

text: Series 1 played from 15 October 1971 to 28 January 1972 (15 50 min episodes).

text: The Series opens in 1860 Liverpool, as 28 year old Onedin establishes a new shipping company, marrying the owner of a ship to do so.[4] Main characters and story arc are introduced. Narrative unfolds around historically contemporary events, such as a Phylloxera outbreak affecting Portuguese wine, establishing a theme of incorporating real events around the fictitious family drama.

text: Series 2 (1972)[edit]

text: Series 2 played from 17 September to 31 December 1972 (14 50 min episodes)

text: Series 3 (1973)[edit]

text: Series 3 played from 21 October 1973 to 27 January 1974 (13 50 min episodes)

text: Series 4 (1976)[edit]

text: Series 4 played from 25 April to 27 June 1976 (10 50 min episodes)

text: Series 5 (1977)[edit]

text: Series 5 played from 26 June to 28 August 1977 (10 50 min episodes)

text: Series 6 (1978)[edit]

text: Series 6 played from 18 July to 17 September 1978 (10 50 min episodes)

text: Series 7 (1979)[edit]

text: Series 7 played from 22 July to 23 September 1979 (10 50 min episodes)

text: Series 8 (1980)[edit]

text: Series 8 played from 31 August to 26 October 1980 (9 50 min episodes)

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: James Onedin (Peter Gilmore), the younger son of Samuel Onedin, a miserly ship chandler, who left his money to his elder son Robert. He was a penniless sea captain with aspirations of greater things. In order to become a ship-owner, he married Anne Webster, who was some years his senior. She was the spinster daughter of Captain Joshua Webster (James Hayter), owner of the topsail schooner Charlotte Rhodes. At first, it was purely a business transaction on Onedin's part; but a warmer relationship gradually developed. On her death, at the end of the second series, James had come to love her. James considered two possible replacement brides: wealthy widow Caroline Maudslay and the young heiress Leonora Biddulph (Kate Nelligan), before settling for his daughter's governess, Letty Gaunt (Jill Gascoine). Tragedy struck in the first year of the marriage when she, unfortunately in James's view, became pregnant. The memories of Anne always remained in his thoughts. In due course, Letty also died, of diphtheria, and, by the last series, James was married to a third wife, the exotic Margarita Juarez and was, by then, a grandfather. He was framed for theft and imprisoned. He was freed when Elizabeth, Baines, and Samuel sought evidence to clear his name. On his release, he took to the sea again with Captain Baines on business to South America that would stabilise his life for the next twenty years, only to find Margarita as a stowaway. On the voyage home, she revealed that she was pregnant and unable, as was Baines as a cargo captain, to deliver the baby, so the cook was left to do the job. A baby son was successfully delivered, with both mother and son well. James named the boy William after Captain Baines.

text: Anne Webster/Onedin (Anne Stallybrass), entered into the marriage in full recognition that it was a business transaction. She was the conscience of James and, when she could not take his ruthless business nature any more, left him and lived hand to mouth in the Liverpool slums, seriously affecting her health. On her reconciliation with James, she ignored the doctor's warning not to get pregnant, knowing how much James wanted a son and heir, and died giving birth to a daughter, Charlotte.

text: William Baines (Howard Lang), first mate to James Onedin. Taught by Anne Onedin to read and write, he became a captain and served on all of Onedin's ships. Appalled at Onedin's business dealings and treatment of ship's crew, even though he was prepared to use his own fists to maintain discipline, he left to work for a rival shipping line for a short time but returned to Onedin. Another falling out led Baines to buy his own ship, but a fire broke out destroying the ship and killing Tom, a boy he and James took on first as a cabin boy and then as an indentured lad. Blaming James, he left again and was tricked in the plot to frame James for theft. He then helped to clear James' name. On their last voyage together, James' wife Margarita had a baby son, which was named in Baines' honour.

text: Elizabeth Onedin/Frazer/Fogarty (Jessica Benton), James's volatile sister, became pregnant by seafarer Daniel Fogarty (Michael Billington / Tom Adams). To avoid disgrace, she married wealthy Albert Frazer (Philip Bond), developer of steamship technology and heir to the Frazer shipyards, a connection James soon turned to his own advantage. Elizabeth gave birth to a son, William Frazer. The marriage was unhappy and Albert took trips away on business, finally settling in South America where he died. Albert's father died leaving his shipyards and shipping line to Elizabeth for William to inherit on coming of age so the Frazer's name would live on. Daniel Fogarty returned from Australia, where he had amassed a fortune, and married Elizabeth, who he still loved, to help and advise his son, who retained the name Frazer. Elizabeth and Daniel became estranged as their business interests differed and he rose in political circles to become ambassador to Turkey. She refused to go with him and remained to run "Frazers". As time went by, a reconciliation between Elizabeth and Daniel was in the offering as they exchanged letters and Daniel resigned as Ambassador. On his return to Liverpool, his ship was in a collision and he was declared missing.

text: Robert Onedin (Brian Rawlinson/James Garbutt (one series)), James's older brother, took after their father and counted coppers in the family ship chandlers, though he later expanded it into a profitable department store after visiting the United States to see new methods of selling. They had one son, Samuel, who at first cared more for the sea and ships than shopkeeping. Robert was elected as a Member of Parliament and he and Sarah moved to a smart new residence, but his life abruptly came to an end when he choked on a bone at a family dinner.

text: Sarah Onedin (Mary Webster), wife of Robert, was always looking to improve her station in life as her husband status rose. She was upset how her husband's brother James borrowed money from him to further his own ambitions. When her husband died, she and her son Samuel ran the business. She was shocked when her son married Charlotte after William got her pregnant. Sarah made attempts to contact Robert through a medium, despite her son Samuel's objections She almost married the fortune-hunting Captain Dampier. She was last heard of as having undertaken a tour of the world.

text: Letty Gaunt/Onedin (Jill Gascoine), employed as governess to James's daughter Charlotte. She reconciled the two and grew to love James; his feelings repressed by memories of his first wife Anne. Letty started her own business employing, at a fair wage, women whose men were out of work. James, recognizing that she was a force in her own right, softened and they married with his proviso, remembering Anne's death, that they had no children. Letty fell pregnant, as did Charlotte by her cousin William, and James returned from a voyage to discover that, like Anne before, she was having a difficult childbirth. The baby, James's male heir, died. Charlotte had a baby boy, Robert. Letty threw herself into work and built a house for foundlings of prostitutes and destitute women to the disbelief of prominent townsfolk. After some time, diphtheria broke out amongst the children at the home; Letty nursed the children and died from the disease.

text: The cousins[edit]

text: The cousins were all born within months of each other and Charlotte as a young child moved between Elizabeth Fraser and Sarah Onedin' home, and her aunt Mary's homes.

text: Charlotte Onedin (Laura Hartong), her mother Anne died when she was born and as a young child felt rejected by her father James as the cause of the death of her mother. Reconciled with her father by Letty her governess who married her father. She fell in love with her cousin William Frazer, but he abandoned her when she became pregnant by him. Instead, she married her other cousin, Samuel Onedin, who initially loved her. She had two children, Robert (by William) and Anne by Samuel. Following William's death, Charlotte and the now successful Samuel were increasingly unhappy and Charlotte ran off with Seth Burgess (Michael Walker), a sea captain who owed money and his ship to James. Her father pursued her and she realized that her sea captain had no feelings for her when Burgess traded the ship for her. She returned to England with her father suffering a serious head injury when hit by a falling block and tackle. Samuel divorced Charlotte, citing her infidelity with Seth Burgess. Charlotte, after staying with her aunt, left to take up a career as an actress and music hall singer "The Lancashire Rose" much to the horror of her father; although alleviated by the money she was earning. When her father was in prison, she returned home to help run the business and had secret meetings with Samuel to discuss their children.

text: William Frazer (Marc Harrison), the result of a relationship between Elizabeth and Daniel Fogarty. Elizabeth married Albert Frazer before he was born and Albert brought him up as his own son. As a young man, he came under the influence of Josiah Beaumont (Warren Clarke), an ambitious banker. Daniel Fogarty returned to marry Elizabeth and together they thwarted the plans of Beaumont. Denied access to his son by a bitter Samuel and Charlotte. Shortly afterwards, William was killed by a runaway horse and wagon.

text: Samuel Onedin (Christopher Douglas), son of Robert and Sarah and heir to his father's department store. As a youngster, he grew up with William and Charlotte and was more interested in the sea and ships. He became a stowaway on one of James's ships. On his father's death, he began to run the department store with his mother. Always fond of Charlotte, he married her when she became pregnant with William's baby. Charlotte never reciprocated his feelings, leading to an acrimonious parting after she went off with a sea captain leaving her two children. After a trip to the United States, he returned with a new bride, Caroline. An heiress to a fortune, she immediately put Charlotte in her place by taking full control of the children's upbringing. When Caroline's ambitions for Samuel's election as an MP in Daniel Fogarty's seat failed, she grew colder. Samuel secretly saw Charlotte.

text: The Charlotte Rhodes[edit]

text: The Charlotte Rhodes is frequently listed as being portrayed by a schooner built in 1900, originally named Kathleen & May;.[5] Whilst there is a strong resemblance the Charlotte Rhodes was a victim of arson in the mid/late '70s in Holland before the end of the series. This first link between the Kathleen & May and the Charlotte Rhodes is not until 2005. A shrewd and often ruthless operator, James soon built up a fleet, assisted by the loyal Mr (later Captain) Baines (Howard Lang). His other sailing ships included the Pampero, the Medusa, the Søren Larsen, the Neptune, the Falcon, the Trident, the Osprey, the "Orphia", the "Oberon", the "Osiris", the steamship Shearwater, the Christian Radich, the Thorsoe, the steamer Black Pearl, the Jenny Peak renamed the Letty Gaunt, the Ondine, the Orlando, the Star of Bethlehem, the Teawynd and the Lady Lazenby. He also initiated the building of a steamship, the Anne Onedin (until the death of his wife, to be named the Golden Nugget).

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: Series creator Cyril Abraham had originally envisaged The Onedin Line as being about a modern shipping company with its boardroom battles and seagoing adventures, but then he discovered that almost all such companies were run by boards of anonymous executives. However, he noticed that most of these companies had their origins in the 19th century, mostly started by one shrewd and far-sighted individual who, through his own business acumen, built up a shipping line from nothing.[6] Abraham stated that James Onedin was not based on one individual but was rather an amalgamation of several characters. Suggested real-life inspirations include Victorian era shipping line owner James Baines & Co. of Liverpool (a leading character in the series was named 'Captain Baines'), Sir Samuel Cunard and various members of the Allan Line family.

text: An article in Woman magazine published in July 1973 featured an interview with Cyril Abraham in which he recalled how he came up with the very unusual family name Onedin.

text: He wanted something unique. He had decided to call the leading male character James but still had not found a surname when the BBC agreed to film the story. Then some inspiration - he said:

text: One day I stumbled across the word Ondine, a mythological sea creature. By transposing the "e", I had James Onedin, a sea devil.

text: The programme was recorded in Dartmouth, Devon,[7] as well as certain scenes in Exeter, Falmouth and Gloucester (many of the dock scenes). The last series was filmed in Pembroke Dock, Wales, where the 18th-century naval dockyard and surrounding streets became Liverpool, and various coastal locations in the Pembrokeshire area substituted for Turkey and Portugal.

text: Due to its popularity in Sweden, the series inspired the name for a real-life shipping line in Stockholm, the Ånedin-Linjen, founded in 1973, which until recently operated cruises in the Baltic.[8]

text: Music[edit]

text: The music behind the opening credits of the series is an excerpt from the Adagio of Spartacus and Phrygia from the ballet Spartacus by Aram Khachaturian. Other background music includes excerpts from Ralph Vaughan Williams's Symphony No. 5, Manuel de Falla's The Three-Cornered Hat, Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 2 and Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 1 and Jean Sibelius's Tapiola, symphonic poem for orchestra.

text: Traditional music, including folk songs and sea shanties in particular, are heard in abundance throughout the series, including such songs as "The Maid of Amsterdam," "Ruben Ranzo," "South Australia," "Maggie May," "The Sailor's Hornpipe," "Botany Bay," "Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes," "A Hundred Years Ago," "Blow the Man Down," and "On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at".

text: Vessels[edit]

text: Among the historic ships and boats featured in the series was the steam pinnace Hero, then owned and lent by John Player & Sons,[9][10] and the following tall ships:

text:
Statsraad Lehmkuhl
Kathleen and May playing the part of the Charlotte Rhodes[11]
Christian Radich
Sagres
Søren Larsen[12]
Danmark
Sir Winston Churchill - one early episode
Gorch Fock
Thorso
Nora-av-Ven from Ven, Sweden. An 82 feet long twin-masted topsail schooner built in 1825. Used in Series 1.
De Wadden, The Netherlands, 1917

tag: ul

text: Actors[edit]

text: The series made the careers of Peter Gilmore, who played James, Anne Stallybrass, who played Anne, and Howard Lang, who played Captain William Baines, as well as being an important break for Jill Gascoine (Letty Gaunt), Warren Clarke (Josiah Beaumont), Kate Nelligan (Leonora Biddulph) and Jane Seymour (Emma Callon).

text: Other regular cast members included Jessica Benton (Elizabeth Frazer), Brian Rawlinson and James Garbutt (Robert Onedin), Mary Webster, (Sarah Onedin), Michael Billington / Tom Adams (Daniel Fogarty).

text: Other featured cast members included Philip Bond (Albert Frazer), Edward Chapman (Thomas Callon), James Warwick (Edmund Callon), John Phillips (Jack Frazer), Caroline Harris (Caroline Maudslay), James Hayter (Captain Joshua Webster), Ken Hutchison (Matt Harvey), Laura Hartong (Charlotte Onedin), Marc Harrison (William Frazer), Christopher Douglas (Samuel Onedin), Roberta Iger (Margarita Onedin), Jenny Twigge (Caroline Onedin), Cyril Shaps (Braganza), Hilda Braid (Miss Simmonds), David Garfield (Samuel Plimsoll), Robert James (Rowland Biddulph), Sylvia Coleridge (Mrs Salt), Sonia Dresdel (Lady Lazenby), Nicolette Roeg (Ada Gamble), John Rapley (Dunwoody), Stephanie Bidmead (Mrs Darling), John Sharp (Uncle Percy Spendilow), Heather Canning (Mrs Arkwright), Keith Jayne (Tom Arnold), Frederick Jaeger (Max van der Rheede), Edward Judd (Manuel Ortega), Elizabeth Chambers (Miss Gladstone), Jack Watson (Dr Darling), Paul Lavers (Francis Polter/David Teal) and Maurice Colbourne (Viscount Marston).

text: Victoria Thomas is a female child actress who played Charlotte Onedin in Month of the Albatross, A Clear Conscience and Undercurrent.[13]

text: Novels[edit]

text: There are six novels based on the series.

text: The first five are all by the series creator, Cyril Abraham:

text:
The Shipmaster (1972) ISBN 9780426071143
The Iron Ships (1974) ISBN 9780426132660
The High Seas (1975) ISBN 9780855230456
The Trade Winds (1977) ISBN 9780426172673
The White Ships (1979) ISBN 9780352304001

text: The books are not straightforward novelisations of the television episodes, since the author introduced additional material and also changed a number of details, though dialogue from the series that Abraham had penned himself is utilised.

text: In print, Elizabeth's child is conceived in a private room above a restaurant, not on the Charlotte Rhodes;

text: George Callon lasted considerably longer and died in bed after suffering a stroke, not in a warehouse fire;

text: Emma was Callon's daughter, not his niece;

text: Captain Webster remarried, his new partner being the irrepressible old crone Widow Malloy, an entertaining character with a repertoire of coarse remarks;

text: Albert did not abscond to Patagonia but died aboard ship following his involvement in retrieving a kidnapped Elizabeth from Daniel Fogarty;

text: Caroline Maudslay and Matt Harvey were omitted altogether (though Matt did appear in a short story - see below);

text: Jack Frazer's life was extended and he lived to see both Emma's death and Daniel's return from Australia, though his television discovery that William was not his grandson never took place.

text: The sixth novel, The Turning Tide (1980) ISBN 9780352305732, was written by Bruce Stewart.

text: This deviated even more from the television series and probably from Cyril Abraham's intentions as well.

text: Letty was depicted as a jealous harpy aiming unpleasant remarks at Charlotte; Elizabeth and Daniel ended up emigrating to Australia permanently and James became the owner of the Frazer Line.

text: A series of Onedin short stories by Cyril Abraham, set between Series Two and Series Three, appeared in Woman magazine in 1973.

text: The first one was called For The Love Of A Lady; the final one was entitled The Choice.

text: The plots involved:

text: two of James' crew who were rivals for the same woman; Robert's encounter with the attractive Amelia;

text: a social gathering that revolves around the naming of the first Onedin steamship;

text: an appearance by Sarah's destitute sister Constance, who is on the streets;

text: the first appearance in James' life of Leonora Biddulph.

text: A later tale by Abraham, For Love of the Onedins, appeared in a short-lived magazine called tvlife.

text: This story, covering Leonora's wedding, occurs between Series Three and Series Four and features Matt Harvey, who was Elizabeth's love interest during the fourth series. There is a slanging match between Elizabeth and Sarah, who each disparage the circumstances of the other's wedding day until Leonora intervenes to restore peace.

text: Cyril Abraham had planned to write a whole series of novels about the Onedin Line, but he died in 1979 after completing the fifth book, The White Ships.

text: The story was eventually to have seen James and Elizabeth as two wizened old autocrats, both determined not to relinquish their hold on the shipping business. James would have died as a very old man, leaving the family divided over control of the company.

text: Cyril Abraham had intended the Onedin saga to continue right up to the 1970s.

text: Additional books[edit]

text: In June 1977, "The World of The Onedin Line" by Alison McLeay was published. The hardback book (ISBN 978-0715373989) was a historical and factual look at the world and places in which The Onedin Line was set.

text: Peter Graham Scott's autobiography British Television: An Insider's Story (McFarland & Company, 2000) includes a full (25 page) chapter on the setting-up of the series and his time as producer (and occasional director/writer) on the first 42 episodes, along with six behind-the-scenes black-and-white photos.

text: Broadcasts[edit]

text: The pilot was produced by Anthony Coburn [14] and was broadcast as a one-off BBC Drama Playhouse production on 7 December 1970.

text: It was announced in September 2010 that a copy of pilot episode was discovered in the American Library of Congress. Until the discovery it was thought that there was no recording of the episode in existence.

text: The story and the cast were basically the same as the resulting series with the exception of Sheila Allen playing Anne Webster/Onedin; Anne Stallybrass took over the part for the series.

text: The series was originally aired in the United Kingdom by the BBC, from 15 October 1971 to 26 October 1980.

text: In the Netherlands, broadcasts started in 1972.

text: In the mid '80s, the BBC repeated the series in a daytime slot. From 1992 UK Gold repeated the series in full, ending repeats in 1998, before moving to sister channel UK Gold Classics in October 1998 when that channel was launched, although it was only available on Sky Digital on weekends between 6pm-2am and the showing only lasted around six months.

text: In 2000 it reappeared on UK Drama and has been repeated in full on that channel in more recent years.

text: In 2007 MAX restarted a broadcast of the first series, with one episode every weekday (Monday through Friday), starting 10 July 2007.

text: The UK digital channel Yesterday began running the whole series from 27 July 2010, starting at 4 pm (Monday through Friday) and repeated at 7 pm, also showing an hour later on Yesterday +1. As with many of the vintage series run by the channel, the episodes are slightly cut, from the c.50m length standard in the 1970s to the c.46m standard on Yesterday.

text: As of 6 January 2018, the UKTV channel Drama began repeating the series from the first episode at the rate of four episodes a week.

text: Contribution to Romanian revolution[edit]

text: The programme was extremely popular in Romania, but following his visit to North Korea the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu opted to replace the programme (and other popular shows) with broadcasts designed to show off the success of his policies. Consequently, the population tuned into foreign stations to follow the series. In 1989 these channels carried news broadcasts of events such as the fall of the Berlin Wall, which were absent from Romanian television news. This in turn contributed to the uprising which brought down the Ceaușescu regime.[15]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Home video versions of the series have been made available in various versions over the years. For series one, edited versions were made available by BBC Video on VHS in the 1990s. These edited masters saw a re-release in the UK on DVD from Universal Playback in 2003. The Australian (from ABC) and Dutch (from Memphis Belle) DVD versions of series one also derive from these edited versions. In North America, Canadian company BFS Video released the first four episodes uncut on VHS in 2001, with these and the next four episodes arriving on DVD in two double-disc sets two years later.

text: It would not be until 2007 that all 15 episodes of the first series became available uncut on DVD, in the UK from 2 entertain in a four-disc set.

text: Series two follows a similar pattern, with edited versions arriving on VHS and DVD in the UK from the same companies listed above. The version from the Netherlands is sourced from the same masters. The Australian version, however, has all 14 episodes uncut on four discs, and was released in 2008.

text: Series three to eight are available on DVD from Memphis Belle in the Netherlands, and all are uncut. All series are also available in Germany.

text: Series three and four are available uncut in the UK and Australia.

text: In summary, all current DVD editions are uncut apart from the Australian series one and the Dutch series one and two. The earlier edited UK versions of the first two series are still available from a number of sites.


document_title: The Hills Have Eyes (2006 film)

question_text: where was the original the hills have eyes filmed

text: The Hills Have Eyes (2006 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A group of scientists are killed by a mutant named Pluto (Michael Bailey Smith). Later, Bob Carter (Ted Levine) and his wife, Ethel (Kathleen Quinlan) are traveling from Cleveland, Ohio to San Diego, California for their silver anniversary. With them are their teenage children Bobby (Dan Byrd) and Brenda (Emilie de Ravin), eldest daughter Lynn (Vinessa Shaw), Lynn's husband Doug (Aaron Stanford), Lynn and Doug's baby Catherine (Maisie Camilleri Preziosi), and their German Shepherds, Beauty and Beast.

text: In the New Mexico desert, they meet a gas station attendant named Jeb (Tom Bower), who tells them of a short-cut through the hills. After taking the supposed short-cut, their tires are punctured by a hidden spike strip. Doug and Bob go look for help, while the rest of the family stays behind.

text: Bobby chases a panicked Beauty into the hills and finds her mutilated body. Frightened, he runs and falls, knocking himself unconscious. A young female mutant named Ruby (Laura Ortiz) finds him and protects him from her brother Goggle (Ezra Buzzington).

text: As Doug travels towards the interstate, he finds a vast area full of craters that are filled with numerous abandoned cars and other items.

text: Bob goes back to the gas station for help, and after finding news clippings detailing various disappearances that have occurred in the area, he realizes the attendant purposefully led them to danger by suggesting they take an alternative route through the hills. When Bob exits he finds the hysterical Jeb, who commits suicide in front of him. In fear, Bob attempts to flee, but is attacked by the mutant leader, Papa Jupiter (Billy Drago), and dragged into the mining caves by Jupiter, Jupiter's eldest son Lizard (Robert Joy), and Pluto.

text: Bobby returns to the trailer, but doesn't mention Beauty's death not wanting to frighten the rest of the family. Later that night, the family is awakened by Bob's screams, and they all rush from the trailer, except for Brenda and the baby, who are left behind. Outside they find Bob being burned alive on a stake and frantically try to save him, but to no avail. Meanwhile, Pluto and Lizard use the distraction to ransack the trailer, and Lizard beats and rapes Brenda. When Lynn returns to the trailer she is greeted by Lizard and Pluto, and forced to let Lizard drink from her breasts while her baby is held at gunpoint. When Ethel returns she is shot by Lizard, and Lynn stabs Lizard in the leg, prompting him to shoot Lynn in the head. Lizard and Pluto flee with the baby after Lizard attempts to shoot Brenda.

text: Doug and Bobby return to the trailer and discover Lynn and Ethel, who die shortly afterward. Goggle, who is watching the Carters with a pair of binoculars, is attacked by Beast, who tears his throat out, killing him. The next morning, Doug and Beast set out to rescue Catherine. During his search, Doug comes across an abandoned nuclear testing village, and is knocked unconscious by Big Mama (Ivana Turchetto). Upon awakening, he escapes an ice box filled with human body parts and continues his search, only to encounter Big Brain (Desmond Askew). After Big Brain tells him the mutants' origins, Doug is attacked by Pluto, who beats him and severs two of his fingers with an axe. Pluto almost kills Doug, but Doug manages to gain the upper hand while Pluto is distracted, and kills him with his own axe.

text: Outside, Doug kills the mutant Cyst (Gregory Nicotero) and continues to search for Catherine. After ordering Lizard to kill Catherine, Big Brain is mauled to death by Beast. Lizard takes a cleaver and prepares to kill Catherine, but finds that Ruby has taken her. Doug sees Ruby running through the hills with Catherine and follows her. At the trailer, Brenda and Bobby prepare an explosive trap, which destroys the trailer, apparently killing Papa Jupiter.

text: Doug catches up with Ruby, but before she can return Catherine, Lizard attacks him. Lizard and Doug have one final battle and Lizard is presumed dead. When Doug turns his back Lizard aims a shotgun at him, but Ruby tackles Lizard off a cliff, killing them both. Bobby and Brenda find that Papa Jupiter managed to survive their trap, and Brenda finishes him off. They are then reunited with Doug, Catherine, and Beast. As five of them of the Carter family embrace, an unknown mutant watches them through binoculars from the hills.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Aaron Stanford as Doug Bukowski
Kathleen Quinlan as Ethel Carter
Vinessa Shaw as Lynn Carter-Bukowski
Emilie de Ravin as Brenda Carter
Dan Byrd as Bobby Carter
Tom Bower as Jeb, the Gas Station Attendant
Billy Drago as Papa Jupiter
Robert Joy as Lizard
Ted Levine as "Big" Bob Carter
Desmond Askew as Big Brain
Ezra Buzzington as Goggle
Michael Bailey Smith as Pluto
Laura Ortiz as Ruby
Maisie Camilleri Preziosi as Catherine Bukowski
Gregory Nicotero as Cyst
Ivana Turchetto as Big Mama
Maxime Giffard as First Victim
Judith Jane Vallette as Venus
Adam Perrell as Mercury

text: Production[edit]

text: Wes Craven, director and writer of the original film, considered a remake after he saw the success of other horror remakes such as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre and The Amityville Horror. The search then began for filmmakers to helm the project. Marianne Maddalena, Craven's long time producing partner, came across Alexandre Aja and his art director/collaborator Grégory Levasseur who had previously made the French slasher film Haute Tension. After showing the film to Craven and the rest of the production crew, they were impressed with the pair. Craven comments that they "demonstrated a multi-faceted understanding of what is profoundly terrifying" and "After viewing the film and then meeting the film makers, I knew I wanted to work with them."[2] Aja and Levasseur then began to re-write the story in what is the pair's first American production.

text: Director Aja and art director Grégory Levasseur chose not to film in the original's filming location of Victorville, California, and instead scouted many locations for filming including Namibia, South Africa, New Mexico, and Mexico. The two settled on Ouarzazate in Morocco, which was also known as "the gateway to the Sahara Desert".[2]

text: The film is set in New Mexico, and strongly implies that a large number of atmospheric nuclear weapon tests were performed in that state. In fact, the only atmospheric nuclear detonation in New Mexico was the Trinity test, the first test of a nuclear device conducted on July 16, 1945. The United States carried out most of its atmospheric nuclear weapons tests at the Nevada Test Site and in the Marshall Islands at the lagoons of Bikini and Eniwetok, between 1946 and 1962. The theatrical poster shows Vinessa Shaw's character lying down with a mutant hand on her face.

text: Effects[edit]

text: Prior to filming, Aja and Levasseur had already conceived an idea for the mutants' appearance. "We based all our descriptions and directions on real documents, pictures and footage that we found on the effects of nuclear fallout in Chernobyl and Hiroshima", explains Aja. The Hills Have Eyes utilized the K.N.B. EFX Group Inc. who had done previous work on films such as The Chronicles of Narnia (for which they were nominated for an Academy Award) and Sin City.

text: K.N.B. spent over six months designing the mutants, first using 3D designer tools, such as ZBrush, allowing them to use a computer to generate their sculptures. After prosthetics were made, they could be fitted to the actors before filming. Robert Joy, who plays the mutant Lizard, explained, "Every day, these amazing artists took more than three hours to transform me into something that could only be found in a nightmare."[2]

text: K.N.B. artist Gregory Nicotero was also made a cameo as Cyst, the mutant with the halo head-gear.

text: Jamison Goei and his team, who had done previous work on Hellraiser: Hellseeker and Halloween: Resurrection, had done over 130 visual effects for the film. A large part of that was digitally constructing the testing village, which in actuality was only one built street with others digitally added. The team also warped the mutant's faces slightly, which is shown mostly in the character of Ruby.

text: Papa Jupiter displays no deformities. However, as shown in "The Making Of", Papa Jupiter appears to have a large parasitic twin attached to his upper left torso. The young children of the film had their deformities added by CGI, with the exception of Ruby, who had a combination of CGI and makeup.

text: Casting[edit]

text: The casting process began with the selection of The Silence of the Lambs's Ted Levine as the character Big Bob. Levine was also a fan of the film Haute Tension. Afterward, Kathleen Quinlan was cast as Ethel in her first role starring in a horror film (despite appearing in Twilight Zone: The Movie and Event Horizon). Next, Aaron Stanford was cast as Doug Bukowski who "undergoes the most radical transformation of anyone in the Carter family"[2] Stanford even asked not to see any of the mutants in make-up before his character's battle in the testing village so, that way, he'd be truly frightened. When casting Lynn, Doug's wife, Aja wanted to cast Vinessa Shaw who he had wanted to work with since seeing her in Stanley Kubrick's 1999 film Eyes Wide Shut. Shaw was hesitant to play the role, but after watching Haute Tension, she agreed, explaining: "There was such an odd combination of beauty and terror, it felt almost like an art film. So, after meeting with Alex and Greg, I decided to do it."[2] For the role of Brenda, the filmmakers sought a young actress who had relatively little exposure and found it in Emilie de Ravin who was beginning her rise in the television series Lost. After de Ravin, Dan Byrd was cast as Bobby. Byrd had previous genre experience starring in Salem's Lot.

text: Aja then had the six actors arrive in the filming location of Morocco early to bond together.

text: When casting for the mutants, associate producer Cody Zwieg explained: "We needed to find actors who could not only perform the stunt work, handle the extensive makeup and perform in that makeup, but who truly could embody the fierce, primal nature of the mutants' way of life."[2] To play the role of Pluto, Aja looked to Michael Bailey Smith, who had been in A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child. For Lizard, the filmmakers cast Robert Joy, who had made previous genre films such as Amityville 3-D and George A. Romero's Land of the Dead. Ezra Buzzington, impressed with the filmmakers, agreed to play the role of Goggle and even watched a documentary about human cultures engaging in cannibalism. To play the mutant leader, Billy Drago was cast. Drago had previously had a role in Brian De Palma's The Untouchables and other horror features. The most difficult mutant to cast was Ruby, who was a "touch of sweetness to the madness of the mutants."[2] Laura Ortiz was ultimately cast, making her film debut.

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Hills Have Eyes was a commercial success, playing in total 2,521 theaters and taking in its opening weekend $15,708,512.[3] The film grossed $41,778,863 in the United States Box Office[4] and $70,000,000 worldwide,[3] surpassing its budget costs by over fourfold.

text: The film placed third at the box office during its opening week.[5] It dropped to fifth after its second week of release, and to eighth after its third week. It fell out of the Top 10 into twelfth place after four weeks in release. After five weeks, it placed seventeenth at the box office, and it fell out of the Top 20 into twenty-first place after its sixth week. It continued to fall in subsequent weeks.[5]

text: The Hills Have Eyes was in first release for a total of 105 days, or 15 weeks, with its final showing on June 22, 2006.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2014)

tag: table

text: Reviews were mixed, with an average critic "Rotten" rating of 50% on Rotten Tomatoes and a critical consensus stating "Faster paced for today's audiences, this 'Hills' remake ratchets up the gore for the hardcore horror fans, but will turn away casual audiences."[6] The Washington Post said: "this remake of the alleged 1977 Wes Craven classic has one very disturbing quality: It's too damned good."[7] Some have gone on to refer to the film as torture porn.[8] Bloody Disgusting, however, was scathing of those who referred to the movie's genre as such, saying "some may call it 'Torture porn' - these people are idiots".[9] Roger Ebert also gave a negative review, mentioning that the characters in the film are not familiar with horror movies, and went on to cite that the film should have focused more on the characters rather than the violence, saying "The Hills Have Eyes finds an intriguing setting in 'typical' fake towns built by the government [...] But its mutants are simply engines of destruction. There is a misshapen creature who coordinates attacks with a walkie-talkie; I would have liked to know more about him, but no luck."[10]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Hills Have Eyes

Film score by Various

Released
March 7, 2006

Genre
Soundtracks
Film scores

Length
70:14

Label
Lakeshore Records 33852

Various chronology

The Hills Have Eyes
The Hills Have Eyes 2String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found

text: The soundtrack score was composed by "tomandandy". The record was released on March 7, 2006 via Lakeshore Records label.[11]

text: US Edition[12]

text:
Leave the Broken Hearts - The Finalist
Blue Eyes Woman - The Go
Highway Kind - Moot Davis
Summers Gonna Be My Girl - The Go
More and More - Webb Pierce
The Walls - Vault
In the Valley of the Sun - Buddy Stuart
Daisy - Wires on Fire
California Dreamin' - The Mamas and the Papas
Forbidden Zone
Gas Haven
Out House
Praying
Beauty
Ravens
Daddy Daddy
Beast Finds Beauty
Trailer
Aftermath
Ethel's Death
Next Morning
Mine
Village Test
Breakfast Time
Play with Us
The Quest I
The Quest II
Sacrifice
It's Over?

tag: ol


document_title: List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl

question_text: who sang national anthem for 2018 super bowl

text: Performances[edit]

text:
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]

I
1967
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California
The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir

II
1968
Orange Bowl, Miami
GSU Tiger Marching Band

III
1969
Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.

IV
1970
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
Al Hirt

V
1971
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tommy Loy (trumpet)

VI
1972
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale

VII
1973
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church

VIII
1974
Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas
Charley Pride

IX
1975
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)

X
1976
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tom Sullivan

XI
1977
Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")

XII
1978
Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans
Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University

XIII
1979
Orange Bowl, Miami
The Colgate Thirteen

XIV
1980
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Cheryl Ladd

XV
1981
Superdome, New Orleans
Helen O'Connell

XVI
1982
Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan
Diana Ross

XVII
1983
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Leslie Easterbrook

XVIII
1984
Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Barry Manilow

XIX
1985
Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California
San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus

XX
1986
Superdome, New Orleans
Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)

XXI
1987
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Neil Diamond

XXII
1988
Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego
Herb Alpert (trumpet)

XXIII
1989
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Billy Joel

XXIV
1990
Superdome, New Orleans
Aaron Neville

XXV
1991
Tampa Stadium, Tampa
Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling

XXVI
1992
Metrodome, Minneapolis
Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary

XXVII
1993
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin

XXVIII
1994
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley

XXIX
1995
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone

XXX
1996
Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona
Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla

XXXI
1997
Superdome, New Orleans
Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz

XXXII
1998
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich

XXXIII
1999
Pro Player Stadium, Miami
Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands

XXXIV
2000
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir

XXXV
2001
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa
Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney

XXXVI
2002
Superdome, New Orleans
Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse

XXXVII
2003
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell

XXXVIII
2004
Reliant Stadium, Houston
Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy

XXXIX
2005
Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida
Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent

XL
2006
Ford Field, Detroit
Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia

XLI
2007
Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida
Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)

XLII
2008
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona
Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]

XLIII
2009
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos

XLIV
2010
Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens
Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles

XLV
2011
Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas
Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]

XLVI
2012
Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis
Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]

XLVII
2013
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans
Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]

XLVIII
2014
MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey
Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion

XLIX
2015
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8]
Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]

50
2016
Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California
Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]

LI
2017
NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas
Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].

LII
2018
U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].

text: Multiple and hometown performances[edit]

text: Acts that have performed three times:

text: Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)

text: Acts that have performed two times:

text:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)

text: Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:

text:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)

text: Notable performances[edit]

text: The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.

text: The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.

text: Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]

text: At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]

text: Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]

text: Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]

text: Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]

text: At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]

text: Other patriotic performances[edit]

text: The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]

text:
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew

text:
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].

text: 2003: Céline Dion


document_title: List of oldest trees

question_text: what is the oldest living tree in america

text: List of oldest trees

text: Individual trees with verified ages[edit]

text:
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes

 ?
7003506700000000000♠5,067
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
White Mountains, California
United States
Oldest known currently living tree. Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan.[6]

Methuselah
7003484900000000000♠4,849[nb 1]
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
Inyo County, California
United States
Until 2012 it was the oldest living tree in the world[8]

Prometheus
(WPN-114)
4844 !4,844
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
Wheeler Peak, Nevada
United States
Cut down in 1964.[6]

Gran Abuelo
7003364600000000000♠3,646
Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides
Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos
Chile
Alive.[6][9] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[10]

Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601)
3,350
European olive tree
Olea europea L. var. europaea

Mouriscas, Abrantes
Portugal
Alive.[11][12]

CBR26
3266 !3,266
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

D-21
3220 !3,220
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

The President
3200 !3,200
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Alive.[6]

D-23
3075 !3,075
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

CMC 3
3033 !3,033
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

Scofield Juniper
2675 !2,675
Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

CB-90-11
7003246000000000000♠2,460
Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine
Pinus aristata
central Colorado
United States
[6][13]

Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2302 !2,302
Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa
Anuradhapura, North Central Province
Sri Lanka
A sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which the Buddha became enlightened. It was planted in 288 BC and is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[6]

 ?
2200 !2,200
Coast Redwood
Sequoia sempervirens
northern California
United States
Dead.[6]

Bennett Juniper
2200 !2,200
Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6]

SHP 7
2110 !2,110
Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada California
United States
[6]

 ?
7003194300000000000♠1,943
Subalpine Larch
Larix lyallii
Kananaskis, Alberta
Canada
[6][14]

CRE 175
1889 !1,889
Rocky Mountain Juniper
Juniperus scopulorum
northern New Mexico
United States
[6]

Miles Juniper
7003182900000000000♠1,829
Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6][15]

 ?
7003180500000000000♠1,805
Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica
Yakushima Island
Japan
[16]

KET 3996
7003171900000000000♠1,719
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
Ketchum, Idaho
United States
[6][17]

BFR-46
1697 !1,697
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
Wasatch Mountains, Utah
United States
[6]

FL117
7003167900000000000♠1,679
Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis
Ontario
Canada
[6][18]

ERE
1670 !1,670
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
northern New Mexico
United States
[6]

RCR 1
1666 !1,666
Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6]

 ?
1661 !1,661
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
South Park, Colorado
United States
[6]

BBL 2
1649 !1,649
Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6]

BCK 69
7003165100000000000♠1,651
Baldcypress
Taxodium distichum
Bladen County, North Carolina
United States
[6][19]

 ?
1636 !1,636
Nootka Cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis
Vancouver Island
Canada
[6]

FL101
1567 !1,567
Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis
Ontario
Canada
[6]

 ?
1542 !1,542
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
central Colorado
United States
[6]

text: Old trees with estimated ages[edit]

text: Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and probably unreliable.

text:
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes

 ?
4,112
Yew
Taxus baccata
Zonguldak
Turkey
Alive, found in 2016.[20]

Llangernyw Yew
4,000–5,000
Common Yew
Taxus baccata
Llangernyw, Conwy
North Wales
Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village. One of the 50 Great British Trees.

Sarv-e Abarkuh
4,500
Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens
Abarkuh, Yazd
Iran
Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv",[21][22]

The Senator
3,500
Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens
Longwood, Florida
United States
Destroyed by fire on January 16, 2012[23][24]

Alishan Sacred Tree
3,000
Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis
Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi
Taiwan
Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[25]

S’Ozzastru
3,000–4,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Luras, Sardinia
Italy
[26]

Patriarca da Floresta
3,000
Cariniana legalis
Santa Rita do Passa Quatro
Brazil
Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest".

Raintree
3,000
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Spring Mountains, Nevada
United States
Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.

Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia
2,850
Olive
Olea europaea
Santa Iria de Azóia (pt), Loures, Lisbon
Portugal
Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority ; Tree ID [27]

Mother of the Forest
2520 !2,520
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California
United States
Dead.

Kayano Ōsugi
2,300
Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica
Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa
Japan
Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".

Jōmon Sugi
2,170–7,200
Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica
Yakushima
Japan
Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[28][29][30]

Koca Katran
2022 !2,022
Lebanon Cedar
Cedrus libani
Antalya
Turkey
Alive.[31]

Ballyconnell Yew
2,000–5,000
Yew
Taxus baccata
Ballyconnell, Annagh
Ireland
Oldest tree in Ireland and possibly in Europe.[citation needed]

Fortingall Yew
2,000–3,000
Yew
Taxus baccata
Fortingall, Perthshire
Scotland
Possibly the oldest tree in Britain[32]

Elia Vouvon
2,000–5,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Kolymvari, Crete
Greece
Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[33]

Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi
2,000–4,000
Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa
Sicily
Italy
Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".

Ulleungdo Hyangnamu
2,000–3,000
Chinese Juniper
Juniperus chinensis
Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk
South Korea
Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".

Lady Liberty
2,000
Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum
Longwood, Florida
United States
Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".

Tnjri
2,000
Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis
Martuni Region
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Oldest tree in Nagorno-Karabakh. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".

Stara Maslina
2,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Stari Bar, Bar
Montenegro

The Pechanga Great Oak Tree
2,000
Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia
Temecula, California
United States
Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.

 ?
2,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Tavira, Algarve
Portugal
Possibly oldest olive tree in Portugal.[34]

 ?
2,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Exo Hora, Zakynthos
Greece
[35]

 ?
2,000
Yew
Taxus
Sochi, Krasnodar Krai
Russia
A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[36]

Houkisugi at Nakagawa
2,000
Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica
Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita town, Ashigarakami District, Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan

Methuselah
1,800
Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens
Woodside, California
United States
[37]

Araucaria Madre
1,800
Araucaria Araucana
Araucanía
Chile
Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1.800 rings account for at least 1.800 years.[38]

Granit oak
1,700
Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur
Granit
Bulgaria

Kongeegen
1,500–2,000
Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur
Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand
Denmark
[39]

Stelmužė Oak
1,500-2,000
Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur
Stelmužė, Zarasai
Lithuania
Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.

Aubépines
1,500
Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna
Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne
France
Oldest tree in France.[citation needed]

Angel Oak
1,500
Southern live oak
Quercus virginiana
Charleston, South Carolina
United States
Highly speculative, live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.[40]

Seven Sisters Oak
1,500
Southern live oak
Quercus virginiana
Mandeville, Louisiana
United States
Highly speculative, live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.[40]

Jardine Juniper
1,500
Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum
Logan Canyon, Utah
United States
[41]

Árbol del Tule
1,433–1,600
Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum
Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca
Mexico
Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".

Cedars of God
1000+
Cedrus libani
Cedars of Lebanon
Mount Lebanon
Lebanon
Oldest forest of cedars in Lebanon[42]

Te Matua Ngahere
1,200–4,000
Kauri
Agathis australis
Waipoua Forest, Northland
New Zealand
Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".

Algarrobo Abuelo
+ 1,200
Algarrobo blanco
Prosopis chilensis
Merlo Forest, Merlo, San Luis
Argentina
Oldest tree in Central Argentina.

text: Clonal trees[edit]

text: As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[citation needed]

text:
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes

Pando
80,000[43]–1,000,000[44]
Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
Fishlake National Forest, Utah
United States
Covers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (average age 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.

Jurupa Oak[45]
13,000[46]
Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri
Jurupa Mountains, California
United States
Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[46]

Old Tjikko
9,550
Norway spruce
Picea abies
Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna
Sweden
The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[47][48] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[49] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[50]

Old Rasmus
9,500
Norway spruce
Picea abies
Sonfjället, Härjedalen
Sweden
[51]

 ?
3,000[52]–10,000[53]
Huon Pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii
Mount Read, Tasmania
Australia
Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[5]


document_title: The Big Lebowski

question_text: who has the money in the big lebowski

question_tokens: who has the money in the big lebowski

text: The Big Lebowski

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1991 Los Angeles, slacker Jeff "the Dude" Lebowski is assaulted in his home by two hired goons who demand money that the wife of a Jeffrey Lebowski owes to a porn magnate and loan shark named Jackie Treehorn. The two soon realize they have attacked the wrong Jeffrey Lebowski and leave but not before one of them urinates on the Dude's rug.

text: The next day, the Dude explains this incident to his two friends and bowling partners: timid Donny and temperamental Vietnam veteran Walter Sobchak. Encouraged by Walter, the Dude pays a visit to the other Jeffrey Lebowski, the eponymous "Big Lebowski", a cantankerous elderly wheelchair-bound millionaire, to seek compensation for his ruined rug. Although his request is promptly refused, the Dude craftily steals one of Lebowski's expensive rugs by telling Brandt, Lebowski's sycophantic assistant, that his boss told him to take any rug in the house. The Dude subsequently meets Bunny, Lebowski's young trophy wife.

text: Days later, Lebowski contacts the Dude stating that Bunny has been kidnapped. He wants the Dude to deliver a briefcase containing the million-dollar ransom and see if he can recognize the culprits. Later, a different pair of thugs appear in the Dude's apartment, knock him unconscious and take Lebowski's rug. When Bunny's kidnappers call to arrange delivery of the ransom, Walter instead gives the kidnappers a fake ransom, namely, a briefcase filled with dirty underwear. The kidnappers grab the fake ransom and leave. Later that night, the Dude's car is stolen with the actual ransom money briefcase still inside.

text: Jeffrey Lebowski's adult daughter Maude contacts the Dude and reveals that she took the rug, explaining that Bunny is one of Jackie Treehorn's porn stars. She reasons that Bunny 'kidnapped' herself and asks the Dude to recover the ransom which her father illegally withdrew from the family's foundation. Lebowski is angry that the Dude failed to deliver the ransom money and shows him a severed green-painted toe, allegedly belonging to Bunny and delivered by the kidnappers. Later, a gang of German nihilists invade the Dude's apartment and threaten him, identifying themselves as the kidnappers. Maude says the German nihilists are actually Bunny's friends.

text: The Dude's car is found by the police without the ransom money, and he reclaims it. Later, while cruising around in the car, the Dude finds the homework assignment of a high school student named Larry inside. Assuming that Larry was the one who stole the car, Walter and the Dude go to his house, believing Larry has also stolen the money. When Larry refuses to respond to Walter and the Dude's threats, Walter wrecks a new sports car parked outside which they assume Larry bought with the money. However, a neighbor rushes outside, reveals himself as having just bought the car and angrily wrecks the Dude's car in revenge, thinking it to be Walter's.

text: The Dude is then forcibly brought before Treehorn, who asks the whereabouts of Bunny and says he wants the money she owes him. He drugs the Dude's White Russian cocktail, causing the Dude to have a dream sequence involving Maude and bowling. The Dude awakens in police custody, where he is verbally and physically assaulted by the Malibu police chief. During the cab ride home, the Dude gets thrown out after he asks the cab driver to change the radio station playing an Eagles song. A red sports car zooms past and the viewer sees that Bunny is driving with all her toes intact.

text: The Dude then finds his bungalow completely trashed and is greeted by Maude, who seduces him. He figures that Treehorn drugged him so that his goons could look for the ransom money at the Dude's home. After Maude has sex with him, she says she hopes to conceive a child. The Dude protests being a father but Maude tells him that he will not be involved in the child's upbringing. Maude also explains that her father has no money: her mother was the wealthy one and she left her money exclusively to the family charity. Having an epiphany, the Dude and Walter travel to the Lebowski estate, while the Dude explains: when Lebowski, who apparently hated his wife, heard of the kidnapping, he withdrew money from the foundation, kept it for himself and gave the Dude a briefcase without any money in it, lying that it contained a million dollar ransom. The kidnapping was also a ruse: when Bunny took an unannounced trip, her friends (the nihilists) faked a kidnapping to be able to extort money from Lebowski. Walter and the Dude confront the Big Lebowski, who refuses to admit responsibility but is thrown out of his wheelchair by Walter, who believes that he's faking his paralysis.

text: The affair apparently over, the Dude and his bowling teammates return to the bowling alley. As they leave, they are confronted in the parking lot by the nihilists, who have set the Dude's car on fire. They once again demand the ransom money. Even after the Dude and Walter explain they don't have the money, the nihilists try to rob them anyway. Walter violently beats all three, biting the ear off of one. However, in all the excitement, Donny suffers a fatal heart attack.

text: Walter and the Dude go to the beach to scatter Donny's ashes. Walter turns an informal eulogy into a tribute to the Vietnam War. After accidentally covering the Dude with Donny's ashes and after a brief argument, Walter hugs him and says, "Come on, Dude. Fuck it, man. Let's go bowling." At the bowling alley, the story's cowboy narrator tells the viewer that Maude is pregnant with a "little Lebowski" and expresses his hope that the Dude and Walter will win the bowling tournament.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski. Bridges had heard or was told by the Coen brothers that they had written a screenplay for him.[9]:27
John Goodman as  Walter Sobchak. Walter was based, in part, on screenwriter and director John Milius.[10]:189
Steve Buscemi as Theodore Donald "Donny" Kerabatsos. Walter's repeated response, "Shut the fuck up, Donny!" is a reference to Fargo, in which Buscemi's character was constantly talking.[11]
David Huddleston as Jeffrey "The Big" Lebowski
Julianne Moore as Maude Lebowski
Tara Reid as Bunny Lebowski. According to Reid, Charlize Theron tried out for the role.[9]:72
Philip Seymour Hoffman as Brandt
Sam Elliott as The Stranger
Ben Gazzara as Jackie Treehorn
David Thewlis as Knox Harrington
Peter Stormare, Torsten Voges, and Flea as Uli Kunkel, Franz, and Kieffer, a group of nihilist German musicians. The character of Uli originated on the set of Fargo between Ethan Coen and Stormare, who often spoke in a mock German accent.[9]:57
John Turturro as Jesus Quintana. The Coen brothers let Turturro come up with a lot of his own ideas for the character, like shining the bowling ball and the scene where he dances backwards, which he says was inspired by Muhammad Ali.[9]:44

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Dude is mostly inspired by Jeff Dowd, an American film producer and political activist the Coen brothers met while they were trying to find distribution for their first feature, Blood Simple.[9]:90[12] Dowd had been a member of the Seattle Seven, liked to drink White Russians, and was known as "The Dude".[9]:91–92 The Dude was also partly based on a friend of the Coen brothers, Peter Exline (now a member of the faculty at USC's School of Cinematic Arts), a Vietnam War veteran who reportedly lived in a dump of an apartment and was proud of a little rug that "tied the room together".[10]:188 Exline knew Barry Sonnenfeld from New York University and Sonnenfeld introduced Exline to the Coen brothers while they were trying to raise money for Blood Simple.[9]:97–98 Exline became friends with the Coens and in 1989, told them all kinds of stories from his own life, including ones about his actor-writer friend Lewis Abernathy (one of the inspirations for Walter), a fellow Vietnam vet who later became a private investigator and helped him track down and confront a high school kid who stole his car.[9]:99 As in the film, Exline's car was impounded by the Los Angeles Police Department and Abernathy found an 8th grader's homework under the passenger seat.[9]:100

text: Exline also belonged to an amateur softball league but the Coens changed it to bowling in the film, because "it's a very social sport where you can sit around and drink and smoke while engaging in inane conversation".[10]:195 The Coens met filmmaker John Milius, when they were in Los Angeles making Barton Fink and incorporated his love of guns and the military into the character of Walter.[10]:189 John Milius introduced the Coen Brothers to one of his best friends, Jim Ganzer, who would have been another source of inferences to create Jeff Bridges' character.[13] Also known as the Dude,[14] Ganzer and his gang, typical Malibu surfers, served as inspiration as well for Milius's film The Big Wednesday.[15]

text: According to Julianne Moore, the character of Maude was based on artist Carolee Schneemann "who worked naked from a swing" and on Yoko Ono.[16]:156 The character of Jesus Quintana was inspired, in part, by a performance the Coens had seen John Turturro give in 1988, at the Public Theater in a play called Mi Puta Vida in which he played a pederast-type character, "so we thought, let's make Turturro a pederast. It'll be something he can really run with," Joel said in an interview.[10]:195

text: The film's overall structure was influenced by the detective fiction of Raymond Chandler. Ethan said, "We wanted something that would generate a certain narrative feeling – like a modern Raymond Chandler story, and that's why it had to be set in Los Angeles ... We wanted to have a narrative flow, a story that moves like a Chandler book through different parts of town and different social classes."[17] The use of the Stranger's voice-over also came from Chandler as Joel remarked, "He is a little bit of an audience substitute. In the movie adaptation of Chandler it's the main character that speaks off-screen, but we didn't want to reproduce that though it obviously has echoes. It's as if someone was commenting on the plot from an all-seeing point of view. And at the same time rediscovering the old earthiness of a Mark Twain."[16]:169

text: The significance of the bowling culture was, according to Joel, "important in reflecting that period at the end of the fifties and the beginning of the sixties. That suited the retro side of the movie, slightly anachronistic, which sent us back to a not-so-far-away era, but one that was well and truly gone nevertheless."[16]:170

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: The Big Lebowski was written around the same time as Barton Fink. When the Coen brothers wanted to make it, John Goodman was filming episodes for the Roseanne television program and Jeff Bridges was making the Walter Hill film Wild Bill. The Coens decided to make Fargo in the meantime.[10]:189 According to Ethan, "the movie was conceived as pivoting around that relationship between the Dude and Walter", which sprang from the scenes between Barton Fink and Charlie Meadows in Barton Fink.[16]:169 They also came up with the idea of setting the film in contemporary L.A., because the people who inspired the story lived in the area.[18]:41 When Pete Exline told them about the homework in a baggie incident, the Coens thought that that was very Raymond Chandler and decided to integrate elements of the author's fiction into their script. Joel Coen cites Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye as a primary influence on their film, in the sense that The Big Lebowski "is just kind of informed by Chandler around the edges".[18]:43 When they started writing the script, the Coens wrote only 40 pages and then let it sit for a while before finishing it. This is a normal writing process for them, because they often "encounter a problem at a certain stage, we pass to another project, then we come back to the first script. That way we've already accumulated pieces for several future movies."[16]:171 In order to liven up a scene that they thought was too heavy on exposition, they added an "effete art-world hanger-on", known as Knox Harrington, late in the screenwriting process.[19] In the original script, the Dude's car was a Chrysler LeBaron, as Dowd had once owned, but that car was not big enough to fit John Goodman so the Coens changed it to a Ford Torino.[9]:93

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: PolyGram and Working Title Films, who had funded Fargo, backed The Big Lebowski with a budget of $15 million. In casting the film, Joel remarked, "we tend to write both for people we know and have worked with, and some parts without knowing who's going to play the role. In The Big Lebowski we did write for John [Goodman] and Steve [Buscemi], but we didn't know who was getting the Jeff Bridges role."[20] In preparation for his role, Bridges met Dowd but actually "drew on myself a lot from back in the Sixties and Seventies. I lived in a little place like that and did drugs, although I think I was a little more creative than the Dude."[10]:188 The actor went into his own closet with the film's wardrobe person and picked out clothes that he had thought the Dude might wear.[9]:27 He wore his character's clothes home because most of them were his own.[21] The actor also adopted the same physicality as Dowd, including the slouching and his ample belly.[9]:93 Originally, Goodman wanted a different kind of beard for Walter but the Coen brothers insisted on the "Gladiator" or what they called the "Chin Strap" and he thought it would go well with his flattop haircut.[9]:32

text: For the film's look, the Coens wanted to avoid the usual retro 1960s clichés like lava lamps, Day-Glo posters, and Grateful Dead music[18]:95 and for it to be "consistent with the whole bowling thing, we wanted to keep the movie pretty bright and poppy", Joel said in an interview.[10]:191 For example, the star motif featured predominantly throughout the film, started with the film's production designer Richard Heinrichs' design for the bowling alley. According to Joel, he "came up with the idea of just laying free-form neon stars on top of it and doing a similar free-form star thing on the interior". This carried over to the film's dream sequences. "Both dream sequences involve star patterns and are about lines radiating to a point. In the first dream sequence, the Dude gets knocked out and you see stars and they all coalesce into the overhead nightscape of L.A. The second dream sequence is an astral environment with a backdrop of stars", remembers Heinrichs.[10]:191 For Jackie Treehorn's Malibu beach house, he was inspired by late 1950s and early 1960s bachelor pad furniture. The Coen brothers told Heinrichs that they wanted Treehorn's beach party to be Inca-themed, with a "very Hollywood-looking party in which young, oiled-down, fairly aggressive men walk around with appetizers and drinks. So there's a very sacrificial quality to it."[18]:91

text: Cinematographer Roger Deakins discussed the look of the film with the Coens during pre-production. They told him that they wanted some parts of the film to have a real and contemporary feeling and other parts, like the dream sequences, to have a very stylized look.[18]:77 Bill and Jacqui Landrum did all of the choreography for the film. For his dance sequence, Jack Kehler went through three three-hour rehearsals.[9]:27 The Coen brothers offered him three to four choices of classical music for him to pick from and he chose Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition. At each rehearsal, he went through each phase of the piece.[9]:64

text: Principal photography[edit]

text: Actual filming took place over an eleven-week period with location shooting in and around Los Angeles, including all of the bowling sequences at the Hollywood Star Lanes (for three weeks)[22] and the Dude's Busby Berkeley dream sequences in a converted airplane hangar.[17] According to Joel, the only time they ever directed Bridges "was when he would come over at the beginning of each scene and ask, 'Do you think the Dude burned one on the way over?' I'd reply 'Yes' usually, so Jeff would go over in the corner and start rubbing his eyes to get them bloodshot."[10]:195 Julianne Moore was sent the script while working on The Lost World: Jurassic Park. She worked only two weeks on the film, early and late during the production that went from January to April 1997[23] while Sam Elliott was only on set for two days and did many takes of his final speech.[9]:46

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The scenes in Jackie Treehorn's house were shot in the Sheats Goldstein Residence, designed by John Lautner and built in 1963 in the Hollywood Hills.[24]

text: Deakins described the look of the fantasy scenes as being very crisp, monochromatic, and highly lit in order to afford greater depth of focus. However, with the Dude's apartment, Deakins said, "it's kind of seedy and the light's pretty nasty" with a grittier look. The visual bridge between these two different looks was how he photographed the night scenes. Instead of adopting the usual blue moonlight or blue street lamp look, he used an orange sodium-light effect.[18]:79 The Coen brothers shot a lot of the film with wide-angle lens because, according to Joel, it made it easier to hold focus for a greater depth and it made camera movements more dynamic.[18]:82

text: To achieve the point-of-view of a rolling bowling ball the Coen brothers mounted a camera "on something like a barbecue spit", according to Ethan, and then dollied it along the lane. The challenge for them was figuring out the relative speeds of the forward motion and the rotating motion. CGI was used to create the vantage point of the thumb hole in the bowling ball.[23]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Big Lebowski: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
February 24, 1998

Genre
Rock, classical, jazz, country, folk, pop

Length
51:46

Label
Mercury

Producer
T-Bone Burnett, Joel Coen, Ethan Coen

Coen Brothers film soundtracks chronology

Fargo
(1996)Fargo1996
The Big Lebowski
(1998)
O Brother, Where Art Thou?
(2000)O Brother, Where Art Thou?2000

text: The original score was composed by Carter Burwell, a veteran of all the Coen Brothers' films. While the Coens were writing the screenplay they had Kenny Rogers' "Just Dropped In (to See What Condition My Condition Was in)", the Gipsy Kings' cover of "Hotel California", and several Creedence Clearwater Revival songs in mind.[25] They asked T-Bone Burnett (who would later work with the Coens on O Brother, Where Art Thou? and Inside Llewyn Davis) to pick songs for the soundtrack of the film. They knew that they wanted different genres of music from different times but, as Joel remembers, "T-Bone even came up with some far-out Henry Mancini and Yma Sumac."[26] Burnett was able to secure songs by Kenny Rogers and the Gipsy Kings and also added tracks by Captain Beefheart, Moondog and Bob Dylan's "The Man in Me" (from New Morning).[25] However, he had a tough time securing the rights to Townes Van Zandt's cover of the Rolling Stones' "Dead Flowers", which plays over the film's closing credits. Former Stones manager Allen Klein owned the rights to the song and wanted $150,000 for it. Burnett convinced Klein to watch an early cut of the film and remembers, "It got to the part where the Dude says, 'I hate the fuckin' Eagles, man!' Klein stands up and says, 'That's it, you can have the song!' That was beautiful."[25][27] Burnett was going to be credited on the film as "Music Supervisor", but asked his credit to be "Music Archivist" because he "hated the notion of being a supervisor; I wouldn't want anyone to think of me as management".[26]

text: For Joel, "the original music, as with other elements of the movie, had to echo the retro sounds of the Sixties and early Seventies".[16]:156 Music defines each character. For example, "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" by Bob Nolan was chosen for the Stranger at the time the Coens wrote the screenplay, as was "Lujon" by Henry Mancini for Jackie Treehorn. "The German nihilists are accompanied by techno-pop and Jeff Bridges by Creedence. So there's a musical signature for each of them", remarked Ethan in an interview.[16]:156 The character Uli Kunkel was in the German electronic band Autobahn, a homage to the band Kraftwerk. The album cover of their record Nagelbett (bed of nails) is a parody of the Kraftwerk album cover for The Man-Machine and the group name Autobahn shares the name of a Kraftwerk song and album. In the lyrics the phrase "We believe in nothing" is repeated with electronic distortion. This is a reference to Autobahn's nihilism in the film.[28]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length

1.
"The Man in Me"
Bob Dylan
Dylan

2.
"Her Eyes Are a Blue Million Miles"
Captain Beefheart
Beefheart

3.
"My Mood Swings"
Elvis Costello and Cait O'Riordan
Costello

4.
"Ataypura"
Moises Vivanco
Yma Sumac

5.
"Traffic Boom"
Piero Piccioni
Piccioni

6.
"I Got It Bad & That Ain't Good"
Duke Ellington and Paul Francis Webster
Nina Simone

7.
"Stamping Ground" (The track actually includes two songs, starting with "Theme", which then leads to "Stamping Ground")
Moondog
Moondog

8.
"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)"
Mickey Newbury
Kenny Rogers & The First Edition

9.
"Walking Song"
Meredith Monk
Monk

10.
"Glück das mir verblieb" (from Die tote Stadt )
Erich Wolfgang Korngold
Ilona Steingruber, Anton Dermota and the Austrian State Radio Orchestra

11.
"Lujon"
Henry Mancini
Mancini

12.
"Hotel California"
Don Henley, Glenn Frey and Don Felder
The Gipsy Kings

13.
"Technopop" (Wie Glauben)
Carter Burwell
Burwell

14.
"Dead Flowers"
Mick Jagger and Keith Richards
Townes Van Zandt

text:
[show]Other music used (not on soundtrack album)

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length

1.
"Tumbling Tumbleweeds"
Bob Nolan
Sons of the Pioneers

2.
"Mucha Muchacha"
Juan García Esquivel
Esquivel

3.
"I Hate You"
Gary Burger, David Havlicek, Roger Johnston, Thomas E. Shaw and Larry Spangler
The Monks

4.
"Requiem in D Minor: Introitus and Lacrimosa"
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
The Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir

5.
"Run Through the Jungle"
John Fogerty
Creedence Clearwater Revival

6.
"Behave Yourself"
Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Al Jackson, Jr. and Lewie Steinberg
Booker T. & the MG's

7.
"Standing on the Corner"
Frank Loesser
Dean Martin

8.
"Tammy"
Jay Livingston and Ray Evans
Debbie Reynolds

9.
"We Venerate Thy Cross"
traditional
The Rustavi Choir

10.
"Lookin' Out My Back Door"
John Fogerty
Creedence Clearwater Revival

11.
"Gnomus" (from Pictures at an Exhibition)
Modest Mussorgsky, arranged for orchestra by Maurice Ravel.

12.
"Oye Como Va"
Tito Puente
Santana

13.
"Piacere Sequence"
Teo Usuelli
Usuelli

14.
"Branded Theme Song"
Alan Alch and Dominic Frontiere

15.
"Peaceful Easy Feeling"
Jack Tempchin
Eagles

16.
"Viva Las Vegas"
Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman
ZZ Top (with Bunny Lebowski); and Shawn Colvin (closing credits).

17.
"Dick on a Case"
Carter Burwell
Burwell

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Big Lebowski received its world premiere at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 1998, at the 1,300-capacity Eccles Theater. It was also screened at the 48th Berlin International Film Festival[29][30] before opening in North America on March 6, 1998 in 1,207 theaters. It grossed USD $5.5 million on its opening weekend, grossing US$17 million in the United States, just above its US$15 million budget. The film's worldwide gross outside of the US was $28 million, bringing its worldwide gross to $46,189,568.[31]

text: Many critics and audiences have likened the film to a modern Western, while many others dispute this, or liken it to a crime novel that revolves around mistaken identity plot devices.[32] Peter Howell, in his review for the Toronto Star, wrote: "It's hard to believe that this is the work of a team that won an Oscar last year for the original screenplay of Fargo. There's a large amount of profanity in the movie, which seems a weak attempt to paper over dialogue gaps."[33] Howell revised his opinion in a later review, and more recently stated that "it may just be my favourite Coen Bros. film."[34]

text: Todd McCarthy in Variety magazine wrote: "One of the film's indisputable triumphs is its soundtrack, which mixes Carter Burwell's original score with classic pop tunes and some fabulous covers."[35] USA Today gave the film three out of four stars and felt that the Dude was "too passive a hero to sustain interest", but that there was "enough startling brilliance here to suggest that, just like the Dude, those smarty-pants Coens will abide".[36]

text: In his review for The Washington Post, Desson Howe praised the Coens and "their inspired, absurdist taste for weird, peculiar Americana – but a sort of neo-Americana that is entirely invented – the Coens have defined and mastered their own bizarre subgenre. No one does it like them and, it almost goes without saying, no one does it better."[37]

text: Janet Maslin praised Bridges' performance in her review for The New York Times: "Mr. Bridges finds a role so right for him that he seems never to have been anywhere else. Watch this performance to see shambling executed with nonchalant grace and a seemingly out-to-lunch character played with fine comic flair."[38] Andrew Sarris, in his review for the New York Observer, wrote: "The result is a lot of laughs and a feeling of awe toward the craftsmanship involved. I doubt that there'll be anything else like it the rest of this year."[39] In a five star review for Empire Magazine, Ian Nathan wrote: "For those who delight in the Coens' divinely abstract take on reality, this is pure nirvana" and "In a perfect world all movies would be made by the Coen brothers."[40] Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, describing it as "weirdly engaging".[41] In a 2010 review, Ebert gave The Big Lebowski four stars out of four and added the film to his "Great Movies" list.[42]

text: However, Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote in the Chicago Reader: "To be sure, The Big Lebowski is packed with show-offy filmmaking and as a result is pretty entertaining. But insofar as it represents a moral position—and the Coens' relative styling of their figures invariably does—it's an elitist one, elevating salt-of-the-earth types like Bridges and Goodman ... over everyone else in the movie."[43] Dave Kehr, in his review for the Daily News, criticized the film's premise as a "tired idea, and it produces an episodic, unstrung film".[44] The Guardian criticized the film as "a bunch of ideas shoveled into a bag and allowed to spill out at random. The film is infuriating, and will win no prizes. But it does have some terrific jokes."[45]

text: The Big Lebowski currently holds an approval rating of 81% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 91 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Typically stunning visuals and sharp dialogue from the Coen Brothers, brought to life with strong performances from Goodman and Bridges."[46]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Since its original release, The Big Lebowski has become a cult classic.[6] Ardent fans of the film call themselves "achievers".[47][48] Steve Palopoli wrote about the film's emerging cult status in July 2002.[49] He first realized that the film had a cult following when he attended a midnight screening in 2000 at the New Beverly Cinema in Los Angeles and witnessed people quoting dialogue from the film to each other.[9]:129 Soon after the article appeared, the programmer for a local midnight film series in Santa Cruz decided to screen The Big Lebowski and on the first weekend they had to turn away several hundred people. The theater held the film over for six weeks, which had never happened before.[9]:130

text: An annual festival, Lebowski Fest, began in Louisville, Kentucky, United States in 2002 with 150 fans showing up, and has since expanded to several other cities.[50] The festival's main event each year is a night of unlimited bowling with various contests including costume, trivia, hardest- and farthest-traveled contests. Held over a weekend, events typically include a pre-fest party with bands the night before the bowling event as well as a day-long outdoor party with bands, vendor booths and games. Various celebrities from the film have even attended some of the events, including Jeff Bridges who attended the Los Angeles event.[50] The British equivalent, inspired by Lebowski Fest, is known as The Dude Abides and is held in London.[51]

text: Dudeism, a religion devoted largely to spreading the philosophy and lifestyle of the film's main character, was founded in 2005. Also known as The Church of the Latter-Day Dude, the organization has ordained over 220,000 "Dudeist Priests" all over the world via its website.[52]

text: Two species of African spider are named after the film and main character: Anelosimus biglebowski and Anelosimus dude, both described in 2006.[53] Additionally, an extinct Permian conifer genus is named after the film in honor of its creators. The first species described within this genus in 2007 is based on 270-million-year-old plant fossils from Texas, and is called Lebowskia grandifolia.[54]

text: Entertainment Weekly ranked it 8th on their Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years list.[55] The film was also ranked No. 34 on their list of "The Top 50 Cult Films"[56] and ranked No. 15 on the magazine's "The Cult 25: The Essential Left-Field Movie Hits Since '83" list.[57] In addition, the magazine also ranked The Dude No. 14 in their "The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years" poll.[58] The film was also nominated for the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association.[59] The Big Lebowski was voted as the 10th best film set in Los Angeles in the last 25 years by a group of Los Angeles Times writers and editors with two criteria: "The movie had to communicate some inherent truth about the L.A. experience, and only one film per director was allowed on the list."[60] Empire magazine ranked Walter Sobchak No. 49 and the Dude No. 7 in their "The 100 Greatest Movie Characters" poll.[61] Roger Ebert added The Big Lebowski to his list of "Great Movies" in March 2010.[42]

text: Use as social and political analysis[edit]

text: The film has been used as a tool for analysis on a number of issues. In September 2008, Slate published an article that interpreted The Big Lebowski as a political critique. The center piece of this viewpoint was that Walter Sobchak is "a neocon", citing the film's references to then President George H. W. Bush and the first Gulf War.[62]

text: A journal article by Brian Wall, published in the feminist journal Camera Obscura, uses the film to explain Karl Marx's commodity fetishism and the feminist consequences of sexual fetishism.[63]

text: In That Rug Really Tied the Room Together, first published in 2001, Joseph Natoli argues that The Dude represents a counter narrative to the post-Reaganomic entrepreneurial rush for "return on investment" on display in such films as Jerry Maguire and Forrest Gump.[64][65][66]

text: It has been used as a Carnivalesque critique of society, as an analysis on war and ethics, as a narrative on mass communication and US militarism and other issues.[67][68][69]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Universal Studios Home Entertainment released a "Collector's Edition" DVD on October 18, 2005, with extra features that included an "introduction by Mortimer Young", "Jeff Bridges' Photography", "Making of The Big Lebowski", and "Production Notes". In addition, a limited-edition "Achiever's Edition Gift Set" also included The Big Lebowski Bowling Shammy Towel, four Collectible Coasters that included photographs and quotable lines from the film, and eight Exclusive Photo Cards from Jeff Bridges' personal collection.[70]

text: A "10th Anniversary Edition" was released on September 9, 2008 and features all of the extras from the "Collector's Edition" and "The Dude's Life: Strikes and Gutters ... Ups and Downs ... The Dude Abides" theatrical trailer (from the first DVD release), "The Lebowski Fest: An Achiever's Story", "Flying Carpets and Bowling Pin Dreams: The Dream Sequences of the Dude", "Interactive Map", "Jeff Bridges Photo Book", and a "Photo Gallery". There are both a standard release and a Limited Edition which features "Bowling Ball Packaging" and is individually numbered.[71]

text: A high-definition version of The Big Lebowski was released by Universal on HD DVD format on June 26, 2007. The film was released in Blu-ray format in Italy by Cecchi Gori.

text: On August 16, 2011, Universal Pictures released The Big Lebowski on Blu-ray. The limited-edition package includes a Jeff Bridges photo book, a ten-years-on retrospective, and an in-depth look at the annual Lebowski Fest.[72] The film is also available in the Blu-ray Coen Brothers box set released in the UK, however this version is region free and will work in any Blu-ray player.

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: The Coen brothers have stated publicly that they will never make a sequel to The Big Lebowski.[73] Nevertheless, John Turturro expressed keen interest in reprising his role as Jesus Quintana,[74] and announced in 2014 that he had requested permission to use the character.[75] In August 2016, it was reported that Turturro is reprising his role as Jesus Quintana in Going Places, a spin-off of The Big Lebowski, based on the 1974 French film Going Places, with Turturro starring, writing, and directing; it is currently filming. The Coen brothers, although having granted Turturro the right to use the character, will not be involved, and no other character from The Big Lebowski will be featured.[76]