document_title: Erie Canal

question_text: where did they start digging the erie canal

question_tokens: where did they start digging the erie canal

text: Erie Canal

text: Background[edit]

text: From the first days of the expansion of the British colonies from the coast of North America into the heartland of the continent, a recurring problem was that of transportation between the coastal ports and the interior. This was not unique to the Americas, and the problem still exists in those parts of the world where muscle power provides a primary means of transportation within a region. An equally ancient solution was implemented in many cultures—things in the water weighed far less and took less effort to move since friction became negligible. Close to the seacoast, rivers often provided adequate waterways, but the Appalachian Mountains, 400 miles (640 km) inland, running over 1,500 miles (2,400 km) long as a barrier range with just five places where mule trains or wagon roads could be routed,[11] presented a great challenge. Passengers and freight had to travel overland, a journey made more difficult by the rough condition of the roads. In 1800, it typically took 2-1/2 weeks to travel overland from New York to Cleveland, Ohio (460 miles (740 km)); 4 weeks to Detroit (612 miles (985 km)).[12]

text: The principal exportable product of the Ohio Valley was grain, which was a high-volume, low-priced commodity, bolstered by supplies from the coast. Frequently it was not worth the cost of transporting it to far-away population centers. This was a factor leading to farmers in the west turning their grains into whiskey for easier transport and higher sales, and later the Whiskey Rebellion. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, it became clear to coastal residents that the city or state that succeeded in developing a cheap, reliable route to the West would enjoy economic success, and the port at the seaward end of such a route would see business increase greatly.[13] In time, projects were devised in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and relatively deep into the coastal states.

text: Proposals and logistics[edit]

text: Proposals[edit]

text: The successes of the Canal du Midi in France (1681), Bridgewater Canal in Britain (1769), and Eiderkanal in Denmark (1784) spurred on what was called in Britain "canal mania". The idea of a canal to tie the East Coast to the new western settlements was discussed as early as 1724: New York provincial official Cadwallader Colden made a passing reference (in a report on fur trading) to improving the natural waterways of western New York.

text: Gouverneur Morris and Elkanah Watson were early proponents of a canal along the Mohawk River. Their efforts led to the creation of the "Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies" in 1792, which took the first steps to improve navigation on the Mohawk and construct a canal between the Mohawk and Lake Ontario,[14] but it was soon discovered that private financing was insufficient. Christopher Colles (who was familiar with the Bridgewater Canal) surveyed the Mohawk Valley, and made a presentation to the New York state legislature in 1784, proposing a shorter canal from Lake Ontario. The proposal drew attention and some action but was never implemented.

text: Jesse Hawley had envisioned encouraging the growing of large quantities of grain on the western New York plains (then largely unsettled) for sale on the Eastern seaboard. However, he went bankrupt trying to ship grain to the coast. While in Canandaigua debtors' prison, Hawley began pressing for the construction of a canal along the 90-mile (140 km)-long Mohawk River valley with support from Joseph Ellicott (agent for the Holland Land Company in Batavia). Ellicott realized that a canal would add value to the land he was selling in the western part of the state. He later became the first canal commissioner.

text: Engineering requirements[edit]

text: The Mohawk River (a tributary of the Hudson) rises near Lake Ontario and runs in a glacial meltwater channel just north of the Catskill range of the Appalachian Mountains, separating them from the geologically distinct Adirondacks to the north. The Mohawk and Hudson valleys form the only cut across the Appalachians north of Alabama, allowing an almost complete water route from New York City in the south to Lake Ontario and Lake Erie in the west. Along its course and from these lakes, other Great Lakes, and to a lesser degree, related rivers, a large part of the continent's interior (and many settlements) would be made well connected to the Eastern seaboard.

text: The problem was that the land rises about 600 feet (180 m) from the Hudson to Lake Erie. Locks at the time could handle up to 12 feet (3.7 m) of lift, so even with the heftiest cuttings and viaducts, fifty locks would be required along the 360-mile (580 km) canal. Such a canal would be expensive to build even with modern technology; in 1800, the expense was barely imaginable. President Thomas Jefferson called it "a little short of madness" and rejected it; however, Hawley interested New York Governor DeWitt Clinton in the project. There was much opposition, and the project was ridiculed as "Clinton's folly" and "Clinton's ditch." In 1817, though, Clinton received approval from the legislature for $7 million for construction.[3]

text: The original canal was 363 miles (584 km) long, from Albany on the Hudson to Buffalo on Lake Erie. The channel was cut 40 feet (12 m) wide and 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, with removed soil piled on the downhill side to form a walkway known as a towpath.[3]

text: Its construction, through limestone and mountains, proved a daunting task. In 1823 construction reached the Niagara Escarpment, necessitating the building of five locks along a 3-mile (4.8 km) corridor to carry the canal over the escarpment. To move earth, animals pulled a "slip scraper" (similar to a bulldozer). The sides of the canal were lined with stone set in clay, and the bottom was also lined with clay. The stonework required hundreds of German masons, who later built many of New York's buildings. All labor on the canal depended upon human (and animal) power or the force of water. Engineering techniques developed during its construction included the building of aqueducts to redirect water; one aqueduct was 950 feet (290 m) long to span 800 feet (240 m) of river. As the canal progressed, the crews and engineers working on the project developed expertise and became a skilled labor force.

text: Operation[edit]

text: Canal boats up to 3.5 feet (1.1 m) in draft were pulled by horses and mules on the towpath. The canal had one towpath, generally on the north side. When canal boats met, the boat with the right of way remained on the towpath side of the canal. The other boat steered toward the berm (or heelpath) side of the canal. The driver (or "hoggee", pronounced HO-gee) of the privileged boat kept his towpath team by the canalside edge of the towpath, while the hoggee of the other boat moved to the outside of the towpath and stopped his team. His towline would be unhitched from the horses, go slack, fall into the water and sink to the bottom, while his boat decelerated on with its remaining momentum. The privileged boat's team would step over the other boat's towline, with their horses pulling the boat over the sunken towline without stopping. Once clear, the other boat's team would continue on its way.

text: Pulled by teams of horses, canal boats still moved slowly, but methodically, shrinking time and distance. Efficiently, the nonstop smooth method of transportation cut the travel time between Albany and Buffalo nearly in half, moving by day and by night. Venturing west, men and women boarded packets to visit relatives, or solely for a relaxing excursion. Emigrants took passage on freight boats, camping on deck, or on top of crates. Packet boats, serving passengers exclusively, reached speeds of up to five miles an hour, and ran at much more frequent intervals than the cramped, bumpy stages.[15]:54

text: Packet boats, measuring up to seventy-eight feet in length and fourteen and a half feet across, made ingenious use of space, in order to accommodate up to forty passengers at night and up to three times as many in the daytime.[15]:59 The best examples, furnished with carpeted floors, stuffed chairs, and mahogany tables stocked with current newspapers and books, served as sitting rooms during the days. At mealtimes, crews transformed the cabin into dining rooms. Drawing a curtain across the width of the room divided the cabin into ladies' and gentlemen's sleeping quarters in the evening hours. Pull-down tiered beds folded from the walls, and additional cots could be hung from hooks in the ceiling. Some captains hired musicians and held dances.[15]:59 The canal had brought civilization into the wilderness.

text: Construction[edit]

text: The men who planned and oversaw construction were novices as surveyors and as engineers. There were no civil engineers in the United States.[16] James Geddes and Benjamin Wright, who laid out the route, were judges whose experience in surveying was in settling boundary disputes. Geddes had only used a surveying instrument for a few hours before his work on the Canal.[16] Canvass White was a 27-year-old amateur engineer who persuaded Clinton to let him go to Britain at his own expense to study the canal system there. Nathan Roberts was a mathematics teacher and land speculator. Yet these men "carried the Erie Canal up the Niagara escarpment at Lockport, maneuvered it onto a towering embankment to cross over Irondequoit Creek, spanned the Genesee River on an awesome aqueduct, and carved a route for it out of the solid rock between Little Falls and Schenectady—and all of those venturesome designs worked precisely as planned". (Bernstein, p. 381)

text: Construction began July 4, 1817, at Rome, New York. The first 15 miles (24 km), from Rome to Utica, opened in 1819. At that rate, the canal would not be finished for 30 years. The main delays were caused by felling trees to clear a path through virgin forest and moving excavated soil, which took longer than expected, but the builders devised ways to solve these problems. To fell a tree, they threw rope over the top branches and winched it down. They pulled out the stumps with an innovative stump puller. A pair of huge wheels were mounted loose on an axle. A large wheel, barely smaller than the others, was fixed to the center of the axle. A chain was wrapped around the axle and hooked to the stump. A rope was wrapped around the center wheel and hooked to a team of oxen. The mechanical advantage (torque) obtained ripped the stumps out of the soil. Soil to be moved was shoveled into large wheelbarrows that were dumped into mule-pulled carts. Using a scraper and a plow, a three-man team with oxen, horses, and mules could build a mile in a year.[17]

text: The remaining problem was finding labor; increased immigration helped fill the need. Many of the laborers working on the canal were Irish, who had recently come to the United States as a group of about 5,000 from Ireland, most of whom were Roman Catholic, a religion that raised much suspicion in early America due to its hierarchic structure, and many laborers on the canal suffered violent assault as the result of misjudgment and xenophobia.[15]:52

text: Construction continued at an increased rate as new workers arrived. When the canal reached Montezuma Marsh (at the outlet of Cayuga Lake west of Syracuse), it was rumored over 1,000 workers died of "swamp fever" (malaria), and construction was temporarily stopped.[18] However, recent research has revealed the death toll was likely much lower, as no contemporary reports mention significant worker mortality, and mass graves from the period have never been found in the area.[19] Work continued on the downhill side towards the Hudson, and when the marsh froze in winter, the crews worked to complete the section across the swamps.

text: The middle section from Utica to Salina (Syracuse) was completed in 1820, and traffic on that section started up immediately. Expansion to the east and west proceeded, and the whole eastern section, 250 miles (400 km) from Brockport to Albany, opened on September 10, 1823 to great fanfare.[citation needed]

text: The Champlain Canal, a separate but interconnected 64-mile (103 km) north-south route from Watervliet on the Hudson to Lake Champlain, opened on the same date.

text: In 1824, before the canal was completed, a detailed Pocket Guide for the Tourist and Traveler, Along the Line of the Canals, and the Interior Commerce of the State of New York, was published for the benefit of travelers and land speculators.

text: After Montezuma Marsh, the next difficulties were crossing Irondequoit Creek and the Genesee River near Rochester. The first ultimately required building the 1,320-foot (400 m) long "Great Embankment," which carried the canal at a height of 76 feet (23 m) above the level of the creek, which was carried through a 245-foot (75 m) culvert underneath.[20] The river was crossed on a stone aqueduct 802 feet (244 m) long and 17 feet (5.2 m) wide, with 11 arches.[21]

text: After the Genesee, the next obstacle was crossing the Niagara Escarpment, an 80-foot (24 m) wall of hard dolomitic limestone, to rise to the level of Lake Erie. The route followed the channel of a creek that had cut a ravine steeply down the escarpment, with two sets of five locks in a series, soon giving rise to the community of Lockport. The 12-foot (3.7 m) lift-locks had a total lift of 60 feet (18 m), exiting into a deeply cut channel. The final leg had to be cut 30 feet (9.1 m) through another limestone layer, the Onondaga ridge. Much of that section was blasted with black powder, and the inexperience of the crews often led to accidents, and sometimes rocks falling on nearby homes.[citation needed]

text: Two villages competed to be the terminus: Black Rock, on the Niagara River, and Buffalo, at the eastern tip of Lake Erie. Buffalo expended great energy to widen and deepen Buffalo Creek to make it navigable and to create a harbor at its mouth. Buffalo won over Black Rock, and grew into a large city, eventually encompassing its former competitor.

text: The entire canal was officially completed on October 26, 1825. The event was marked by a statewide "Grand Celebration," culminating in successive cannon shots along the length of the canal and the Hudson, a 90-minute cannonade from Buffalo to New York City. A flotilla of boats, led by Governor Dewitt Clinton aboard the Seneca Chief, sailed from Buffalo to New York City in ten days. Clinton then ceremonially poured Lake Erie water into New York Harbor to mark the "Wedding of the Waters". On its return trip, the Seneca Chief brought a keg of Atlantic Ocean water back to Buffalo to be poured into Lake Erie by Buffalo's Judge Samuel Wilkeson, who would later become mayor.

text: The Erie Canal was thus completed in eight years at a cost of $7,143,000.[22] (Equivalent to $140 billion today.[23]) It was acclaimed as an engineering marvel that united the country and helped New York City become a financial capital.[3]

text: Route[edit]

text: The canal began on the west side of the Hudson River at Albany, and ran north to Watervliet, where the Champlain Canal branched off. At Cohoes, it climbed the escarpment on the west side of the Hudson River and then turned west along the south shore of the Mohawk River, crossing to the north side at Crescent and again to the south at Rexford. The canal continued west near the south shore of the Mohawk River all the way to Rome, where the Mohawk turns north.[3]

text: At Rome, the canal continued west parallel to Wood Creek, which flows westward into Oneida Lake, and turned southwest and west cross-country to avoid the lake. From Canastota west, it ran roughly along the north (lower) edge of the Onondaga Escarpment, passing through Syracuse, Onondaga Lake, and Rochester. Before reaching Rochester, the canal uses a series of natural ridges to cross the deep valley of Irondequoit Creek. At Lockport the canal turned southwest to rise to the top of the Niagara Escarpment, using the ravine of Eighteen Mile Creek.[3]

text: The canal continued south-southwest to Pendleton, where it turned west and southwest, mainly using the channel of Tonawanda Creek. From the Tonawanda south toward Buffalo, it ran just east of the Niagara River, where it reached its "Western Terminus" at Little Buffalo Creek (later it became the Commercial Slip), which discharged into the Buffalo River just above its confluence with Lake Erie.[3] With Buffalo's re-excavation of the Commercial Slip, completed in 2008, the Canal's original terminus is now re-watered and again accessible by boats. With several miles of the Canal inland of this location still lying under 20th-century fill and urban construction, the effective western navigable terminus of the Erie Canal is found at Tonawanda.

text: The Erie made use of the favorable conditions of New York's unique topography, which provided that area with the only break in the Appalachians south of the Saint Lawrence River. The Hudson is tidal to Troy, and Albany is west of the Appalachians. It allowed for east–west navigation from the coast to the Great Lakes within US territory.[24] The canal system thus gave New York a competitive advantage, helped New York City develop as an international trade center, and allowed Buffalo to grow from just 200 settlers in 1820 to more than 18,000 people by 1840. The port of New York became essentially the Atlantic home port for all of the Midwest—because of this vital connection and others to follow, such as the railroads, New York would become known as the "Empire State" or "the great Empire State".[3]

text: Enlargements and improvements[edit]

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text: Problems developed but were quickly solved. Leaks developed along the entire length of the canal, but these were sealed using cement that hardened underwater (hydraulic cement). Erosion on the clay bottom proved to be a problem and the speed was limited to 4 mph (6 km/h).

text: The original design planned for an annual tonnage of 1.5 million tons (1.36 million metric tons), but this was exceeded immediately. An ambitious program to improve the canal began in 1834. During this massive series of construction projects, known as the First Enlargement, the canal was widened from 40 feet (12 m) to 70 feet (21 m) and deepened from 4 feet (1.2 m) to 7 feet (2.1 m). Locks were widened and/or rebuilt in new locations, and many new navigable aqueducts were constructed. The canal was straightened and slightly re-routed in some stretches, resulting in the abandonment of short segments of the original 1825 canal. The First Enlargement was completed in 1862, with further minor enlargements in later decades.

text: Today, the reconfiguration of the canal created during the First Enlargement is commonly referred to as the "Improved Erie Canal" or the "Old Erie Canal", to distinguish it from the canal's modern-day course. Existing remains of the 1825 canal abandoned during the Enlargement are sometimes referred to today as "Clinton's Ditch" (which was also the popular nickname for the entire Erie Canal project during its original 1817–1825 construction).

text: Additional feeder canals soon extended the Erie Canal into a system. These included the Cayuga-Seneca Canal south to the Finger Lakes, the Oswego Canal from Three Rivers north to Lake Ontario at Oswego, and the Champlain Canal from Troy north to Lake Champlain. From 1833 to 1877, the short Crooked Lake Canal connected Keuka Lake and Seneca Lake. The Chemung Canal connected the south end of Seneca Lake to Elmira in 1833, and was an important route for Pennsylvania coal and timber into the canal system. The Chenango Canal in 1836 connected the Erie Canal at Utica to Binghamton and caused a business boom in the Chenango River valley. The Chenango and Chemung canals linked the Erie with the Susquehanna River system. The Black River Canal connected the Black River to the Erie Canal at Rome and remained in operation until the 1920s. The Genesee Valley Canal was run along the Genesee River to connect with the Allegheny River at Olean, but the Allegheny section, which would have connected to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, was never built. The Genesee Valley Canal was later abandoned and became the route of the Genesee Valley Canal Railroad.

text: In 1903 the New York State legislature authorized construction of the New York State Barge Canal as the "Improvement of the Erie, the Oswego, the Champlain, and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals".[25]:14 In 1905, construction of the Barge Canal began, which was completed in 1918, at a cost of $96.7 million.[25]:557 Freight traffic reached a total of 5.2 million short tons (4.7 million metric tons) by 1951, before declining in the face of combined rail and truck competition.

text: Competition[edit]

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text: As the canal brought travelers to New York City, it took business away from other ports such as Philadelphia and Baltimore. Those cities and their states started projects to compete with the Erie Canal. In Pennsylvania, the Main Line of Public Works was a combined canal and railroad running west from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh on the Ohio River, opened in 1834. In Maryland, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ran west to Wheeling, West Virginia, also on the Ohio River, and was completed in 1853.

text: Other competition was more direct. The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad opened in 1837, providing a bypass to the slowest part of the canal between Albany and Schenectady. Other railroads were soon chartered and built to continue the line west to Buffalo, and in 1842 a continuous line (which later became the New York Central Railroad and its Auburn Road in 1853) was open the whole way to Buffalo. As the railroad served the same general route as the canal, but provided for faster travel, passengers soon switched to it. However, as late as 1852, the canal carried thirteen times more freight tonnage than all the railroads in New York State combined; it continued to compete well with the railroads through 1902, when tolls were abolished.

text: The New York, West Shore and Buffalo Railway was completed in 1884, as a route running closely parallel to both the canal and the New York Central Railroad. However, it went bankrupt and was acquired the next year by the New York Central.

text: Impact[edit]

text: The Erie Canal greatly lowered the cost of shipping between the Midwest and the Northeast, bringing much lower food costs to Eastern cities and allowing the East to economically ship machinery and manufactured goods to the Midwest. The canal also made an immense contribution to the wealth and importance of New York City, Buffalo, and New York State. Its impact went much further, increasing trade throughout the nation by opening eastern and overseas markets to Midwestern farm products and by enabling migration to the West.[26][27]

text: The Erie Canal was an immediate success. Tolls collected on freight had already exceeded the state's construction debt in its first year of official operation.[15]:52 By 1828, import duties collected at the New York Customs House supported federal government operations and provided funds for all the expenses in Washington except the interest on the national debt.[28] Additionally, New York state's initial loan for the original canal had been paid by 1837.[15]:52 Although it had been envisioned as primarily a commercial channel for freight boats, passengers also traveled on the canal's packet boats. In 1825 more than forty thousand passengers took advantage of the convenience and beauty of canal travel.[15]:52 The canal's steady flow of tourists, businessmen and settlers lent it to uses never imagined by its initial sponsors. Evangelical preachers made their circuits of the upstate region and the canal served as the last leg of the underground railroad ferrying runaway slaves to Buffalo near the Canada–US border.[15]:53 Aspiring merchants found that tourists proved to double as reliable customers. Vendors moved from boat to boat peddling items such as books, watches and fruit while less scrupulous "confidence men" sold remedies for foot corns or passed off counterfeit bills.[15]:53 Tourists were carried along the "northern tour", which ultimately led to the popular honeymoon destination Niagara Falls, just north of Buffalo.

text: Consisting of a massive stone aqueduct which carried boats over incredible cascades, Little Falls was one of the most popular stops for American and foreign tourists—as depicted in Scene 4 of William Dunlap's play A Trip to Niagara, where he depicts the general preference of tourists to travel by canal so that they could see a combination of artificial and natural sites.[15]:55 Canal travel was, for many, an opportunity to take in the sublime and commune with nature. The play also reflects the less enthusiastic view of some seeing movement on the canal as tedious.

text: New ethnic Irish communities formed in some towns along its route after completion, as Irish immigrants were a large portion of the construction labor force. Earth extracted from the canal was transported to the New York city area and used as landfill in New York and New Jersey.[citation needed] A plaque honoring the canal's construction is located in Battery Park in southern Manhattan.

text: Because so many immigrants traveled on the canal, many genealogists have sought copies of canal passenger lists. Apart from the years 1827–1829, canal boat operators were not required to record or report passenger names to the government, which, in this case, was the state of New York. Those passenger lists that were recorded survive today in the New York State Archives, and other sources of traveler information are sometimes available.

text: The Canal also helped bind the still-new nation closer to Britain and Europe. British repeal of the Corn Law resulted in a huge increase in exports of Midwestern wheat to Britain. Trade between the United States and Canada also increased as a result of the Corn Law and a reciprocity (free-trade) agreement signed in 1854; much of this trade flowed along the Erie.

text: Its success also prompted imitation: a rash of canal-building followed. Also, the many technical hurdles that had to be overcome made heroes of those whose innovations made the canal possible. This led to an increased public esteem for practical education. Chicago, among other Great Lakes cities, recognized the commercial importance of the canal to its economy, and two West Loop streets are named "Canal" and "Clinton" (for canal proponent DeWitt Clinton).

text: Concern that erosion caused by logging in the Adirondacks could silt up the canal contributed to the creation of another New York National Historic Landmark, the Adirondack Park, in 1885.

text: Many notable authors wrote about the canal, including Herman Melville, Frances Trollope, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Mark Twain, Samuel Hopkins Adams and the Marquis de Lafayette, and many tales and songs were written about life on the canal. The popular song "Low Bridge" by Thomas S. Allen was written in 1905 to memorialize the canal's early heyday, when barges were pulled by mules rather than engines.

text: Sunday closing debate[edit]

text: The New York State Legislature debated closing the locks of the Erie Canal on Sundays, when they convened in 1858. However, George Jeremiah and Dwight Bacheller, two of the bill's opponents, argued that the state had no right to stop canal traffic on the grounds that the Erie Canal and its tributaries had ceased to be wards of the state. The canal at its inception had been imagined as an extension of nature, an artificial river where there had been none. The canal succeeded by sharing more in common with lakes and seas than it had with public roads. Jeremiah and Bacheller argued, successfully, that just as it was unthinkable to halt oceangoing navigation on Sunday, it was so with the canal.[15]:172

text: 20th century[edit]

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text: In 1918, the Canal was replaced by the larger New York State Barge Canal. This new canal replaced much of the original route, leaving many abandoned sections (most notably between Syracuse and Rome). New digging and flood control technologies allowed engineers to canalize rivers that the original canal had sought to avoid, such as the Mohawk, Seneca, and Clyde rivers, and Oneida Lake. In sections that did not consist of canalized rivers (particularly between Rochester and Buffalo), the original Erie Canal channel was enlarged to 120 feet (37 m) wide and 12 feet (3.7 m) deep. The expansion allowed barges up to 2,000 short tons (1,800 t) to use the Canal. This expensive project was politically unpopular in parts of the state not served by the canal, and failed to save it from becoming obsolete for commercial shipping.

text: The new alignment began on the Hudson River at the border between Cohoes and Waterford, where it ran northwest with five locks (the so-called "Waterford Flight"), running into the Mohawk River east of Crescent. The Waterford Flight is claimed to be one of the steepest series of locks in the world.[29][3]:19[30]:267

text: While the old Canal ran next to the Mohawk all the way to Rome, the new canal ran through the river, which was straightened or widened where necessary.[3]:13 At Ilion, the new canal left the river for good, but continued to run on a new alignment parallel to both the river and the old canal to Rome. From Rome, the new route continued almost due west, merging with Fish Creek just east of its entry into Oneida Lake.

text: From Oneida Lake, the new canal ran west along the Oneida River, with cutoffs to shorten the route. At Three Rivers the Oneida River turns northwest, and was deepened for the Oswego Canal to Lake Ontario. The new Erie Canal turned south there along the Seneca River, which turns west near Syracuse and continues west to a point in the Montezuma Marsh (43°00′11″N 76°43′52″W / 43.00296°N 76.73115°W / 43.00296; -76.73115). There the Cayuga and Seneca Canal continued south with the Seneca River, and the new Erie Canal again ran parallel to the old canal along the bottom of the Niagara Escarpment, in some places running along the Clyde River, and in some places replacing the old canal. At Pittsford, southeast of Rochester, the canal turned west to run around the south side of Rochester, rather than through downtown. The canal crosses the Genesee River at the Genesee Valley Park (43°07′17″N 77°38′33″W / 43.1215°N 77.6425°W / 43.1215; -77.6425), then rejoins the old path near North Gates.

text: From there it was again roughly an upgrade to the original canal, running west to Lockport. This reach of 64.2 miles from Henrietta to Lockport is called "the 60‑mile level" since there are no locks and the water level rises only two feet over the entire segment. Diversions from and to adjacent natural streams along the way are used to maintain the canal's level. It runs southwest to Tonawanda, where the new alignment discharges into the Niagara River, which is navigable upstream to the New York Barge Canal's Black Rock Lock and thence to the Canal's original "Western Terminus" at Buffalo's Inner Harbor.

text: The growth of railroads and highways across the state, and the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, caused commercial traffic on the canal to decline dramatically during the second half of the 20th century.

text: New York State Canal System[edit]

text: In 1992, the New York State Barge Canal was renamed the New York State Canal System (including the Erie, Cayuga-Seneca, Oswego, and Champlain canals) and placed under the newly created New York State Canal Corporation, a subsidiary of the New York State Thruway Authority. The canal system is operated using money generated by Thruway tolls.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: Since the 1990s, the canal system has been used primarily by recreational traffic, although a small but growing amount of cargo traffic still uses it.

text: Today, the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor covers 524 miles (843 km) of navigable water from Lake Champlain to the Capital Region and west to Buffalo. The area has a population of 2.7 million: about 75% of Central and Western New York's population lives within 25 miles (40 km) of the Erie Canal.

text: The Erie Canal is open to small craft and some larger vessels from May through November each year. During winter, water is drained from parts of the canal for maintenance. The Champlain Canal, Lake Champlain, and the Chambly Canal, and Richelieu River in Canada form the Lakes to Locks Passage, making a tourist attraction of the former waterway linking eastern Canada to the Erie Canal. In 2006 recreational boating fees were eliminated to attract more visitors.

text: Travel on the canal's middle section (particularly in the Mohawk Valley) was severely hampered by flooding in late June and early July 2006. Flood damage to the canal and its facilities was estimated as at least $15 million.

text: There were some 42 commercial shipments on the canal in 2008, compared to 15 such shipments in 2007 and more than 33,000 shipments in 1855, the canal's peak year. The new growth in commercial traffic is due to the rising cost of diesel fuel. Canal barges can carry a short ton of cargo 514 miles (827 km) on one gallon of diesel fuel, while a gallon allows a train to haul the same amount of cargo 202 miles (325 km) and a truck 59 miles (95 km). Canal barges can carry loads up to 3,000 short tons (2,700 long tons), and are used to transport objects that would be too large for road or rail shipment.[10] Today, the system is served by several commercial towing companies.[31] In 2012, the New York State Canal System (which consists of the Erie Canal and a few smaller canals) was used to ship 42,000 tons of cargo.[32]

text:
Erie Canal Aqueduct crossing the Genesee River in Rochester, New York. Broad Street now runs atop it. A proposed rewatering project of the Erie Canal Aqueduct to connect to a round lock on the Genesee River is under review. This revitalization project will also facilitate boating.

On the Erie Canal Aqueduct looking north below Broad Street, downtown Rochester The Aqueduct is divided by the concrete support for the Broad Street Bridge above, in the former bed runs the former Rochester Subway

A commercial tour boat locks through Baldwinsville's Lock 24.

text: Aside from transportation, the canal's waters are still utilized for other purposes such as irrigation for farmland, hydroelectricity, research, industry, and even drinking by numerous businesses, farms, factories and communities alongside its banks. Users of the canal system have an estimated total economic impact of $6.2 billion annually.[32]

text: Old Erie Canal[edit]

text: Sections of the old Erie Canal not used after 1918 are owned by New York State, or have been ceded to or purchased by counties or municipalities. Many stretches of the old canal have been filled in to create roads such as Erie Boulevard in Syracuse and Schenectady, and Broad Street and the Rochester Subway in Rochester. A 36‑mile (58 km) stretch of the old canal from the town of DeWitt, New York, east of Syracuse, to just outside Rome, New York, is preserved as the Old Erie Canal State Historic Park. In 1960 the Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site, a section of the canal in Montgomery County, was one of the first sites recognized as a National Historic Landmark.[33]

text: Some municipalities have preserved sections as town or county canal parks, or have plans to do so. Camillus Erie Canal Park preserves a 7-mile (11 km) stretch and has restored Nine Mile Creek Aqueduct, built in 1841 as part of the First Enlargement of the canal.[34] In some communities, the old canal has refilled with overgrowth and debris. Proposals have been made to rehydrate the old canal through downtown Rochester or Syracuse as a tourist attraction. In Syracuse, the location of the old canal is represented by a reflecting pool in downtown's Clinton Square and the downtown hosts a canal barge and weigh lock structure, now dry.[citation needed] Buffalo's Commercial Slip is the restored and re-watered segment of the canal which formed its "Western Terminus".

text: The Erie Canal is a destination for tourists from all over the world, and has inspired guidebooks dedicated to exploration of the waterway.[30][35] An Erie Canal Cruise company, based in Herkimer, operates from mid-May until mid-October with daily cruises. The cruise goes through the history of the canal and also takes passengers through Lock 18.[citation needed]

text: In 2004, the administration of New York Governor George Pataki was criticized when officials of New York State Canal Corporation attempted to sell private development rights to large stretches of the Old Erie Canal to a single developer for $30,000, far less than the land was worth on the open market. After an investigation by the Syracuse Post-Standard newspaper, the Pataki administration nullified the deal.[citation needed]

text: Records of the planning, design, construction, and administration of the Erie Canal are vast and can be found in the New York State Archives. Except for two years (1827–1829), the State of New York did not require canal boat operators to maintain or submit passenger lists.[36]

text: Parks and museums[edit]

text: Parks and museums related to the old Erie Canal include (listed from East to West):

text:
Day Peckinpaugh ship; restoration and conversion to a floating museum was planned for completion in 2012 by the New York State Museum
Watervliet Side Cut Locks, located at Watervliet and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971[37]
Enlarged Erie Canal Historic District (Discontiguous), a national historic district located at Cohoes, New York listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004[37]
Enlarged Double Lock No. 23, Old Erie Canal, Rotterdam
Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site at Fort Hunter

text:
Old Erie Canal State Historic Park, 36-mile linear park from Rome to DeWitt

Erie Canal Village, near Rome
Canastota Canal Town Museum, Canastota
Chittenango Landing Canal Boat Museum, near Chittenango

Erie Canal Museum in downtown Syracuse
Camillus Erie Canal Park in Camillus
Jordan Canal Park in Jordan, town of Elbridge
Enlarged Double Lock No. 33 Old Erie Canal, St. Johnsville
Erie Canal Lock 52 Complex, a national historic district located at Port Byron and Mentz in Cayuga County; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998[37]
Seneca River Crossing Canals Historic District, a national historic district located at Montezuma and Tyre in Cayuga County; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005[37]
Centerport Aqueduct Park near Weedsport; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000[37]
Lock Berlin Park near Clyde
Macedon Aqueduct Park near Palmyra
Old Erie Canal Lock 60 Park in Macedon
Perinton Park in Perinton near Fairport
Genesee Valley Park in the city of Rochester
Spencerport Depot & Canal Museum, Spencerport
Niagara Escarpment "Flight of Five" locks at Lockport
Erie Canal Discovery Center, 24 Church Street, Lockport (Locks 34 and 35)
Canalside Buffalo at the Canal's "Western Terminus"

text: Erie Canalway Trail[edit]

text: Locks[edit]

text: The following list of locks is provided for the current canal, from east to west. There are a total of 36 (35 numbered) locks on the Erie Canal.

text: All locks on the New York State Canal System are single-chamber; the dimensions are 328 feet (100 m) long and 45 feet (13.7 m) wide with a minimum 12-foot (3.7 m) depth of water over the miter sills at the upstream gates upon lift. They can accommodate a vessel up to 300 feet (91 m) long and 43.5 feet (13.3 m) wide.[38][39][40] Overall sidewall height will vary by lock, ranging between 28 feet (8.5 m) and 61 feet (18.6 m) depending on the lift and navigable stages. Lock E17 at Little Falls has the tallest sidewall height at 80 feet (24.4 m).[41]

text: Distance is based on position markers from an interactive canal map provided online by the New York State Canal Corporation and may not exactly match specifications on signs posted along the canal. Mean surface elevations are comprised from a combination of older canal profiles and history books as well as specifications on signs posted along the canal.[38][42][43] The margin of error should normally be within 6 inches (15.2 cm).

text: The Waterford Flight series of locks (comprising Locks E2 through E6) is one of the steepest in the world, lifting boats 169 feet (52 m) in less than 2 miles (3.2 km).[3]:19[29][30]:267

text: All surface elevations are approximate.

text:
Lock #
Location
Elevation
(upstream/west)

Elevation
(downstream/east)

Lift or Drop
Distance to Next Lock
(upstream/west)

Troy Lock *
Troy
15.3 ft (4.7 m)
1.3 ft (0.40 m)
14.0 ft (4.3 m)
E2, 2.66 mi (4.28 km)

E2
Waterford
48.9 ft (14.9 m)
15.3 ft (4.7 m)
33.6 ft (10.2 m)
E3, 0.46 mi (0.74 km)

E3
Waterford
83.5 ft (25.5 m)
48.9 ft (14.9 m)
34.6 ft (10.5 m)
E4, 0.51 mi (0.82 km)

E4
Waterford
118.1 ft (36.0 m)
83.5 ft (25.5 m)
34.6 ft (10.5 m)
E5, 0.27 mi (0.43 km)

E5
Waterford
151.4 ft (46.1 m)
118.1 ft (36.0 m)
33.3 ft (10.1 m)
E6, 0.28 mi (0.45 km)

E6
Crescent
184.4 ft (56.2 m)
151.4 ft (46.1 m)
33.0 ft (10.1 m)
E7, 10.92 mi (17.57 km)

E7
Vischer Ferry
211.4 ft (64.4 m)
184.4 ft (56.2 m)
27.0 ft (8.2 m)
E8, 10.97 mi (17.65 km)

E8
Scotia
225.4 ft (68.7 m)
211.4 ft (64.4 m)
14.0 ft (4.3 m)
E9, 5.03 mi (8.10 km)

E9
Rotterdam
240.4 ft (73.3 m)
225.4 ft (68.7 m)
15.0 ft (4.6 m)
E10, 5.95 mi (9.58 km)

E10
Cranesville
255.4 ft (77.8 m)
240.4 ft (73.3 m)
15.0 ft (4.6 m)
E11, 4.27 mi (6.87 km)

E11
Amsterdam
267.4 ft (81.5 m)
255.4 ft (77.8 m)
12.0 ft (3.7 m)
E12, 4.23 mi (6.81 km)

E12
Tribes Hill
278.4 ft (84.9 m)
267.4 ft (81.5 m)
11.0 ft (3.4 m)
E13, 9.60 mi (15.45 km)

E13
Yosts
286.4 ft (87.3 m)
278.4 ft (84.9 m)
8.0 ft (2.4 m)
E14, 7.83 mi (12.60 km)

E14
Canajoharie
294.4 ft (89.7 m)
286.4 ft (87.3 m)
8.0 ft (2.4 m)
E15, 3.35 mi (5.39 km)

E15
Fort Plain
302.4 ft (92.2 m)
294.4 ft (89.7 m)
8.0 ft (2.4 m)
E16, 6.72 mi (10.81 km)

E16
St. Johnsville
322.9 ft (98.4 m)
302.4 ft (92.2 m)
20.5 ft (6.2 m)
E17, 7.97 mi (12.83 km)

E17
Little Falls
363.4 ft (110.8 m)
322.9 ft (98.4 m)
40.5 ft (12.3 m)
E18, 4.20 mi (6.76 km)

E18
Jacksonburg
383.4 ft (116.9 m)
363.4 ft (110.8 m)
20.0 ft (6.1 m)
E19, 11.85 mi (19.07 km)

E19
Frankfort
404.4 ft (123.3 m)
383.4 ft (116.9 m)
21.0 ft (6.4 m)
E20, 10.28 mi (16.54 km)

E20
Whitesboro
420.4 ft (128.1 m)
404.4 ft (123.3 m)
16.0 ft (4.9 m)
E21, 18.10 mi (29.13 km)

E21
New London
395.4 ft (120.5 m)
420.4 ft (128.1 m)
−25.0 ft (−7.6 m)
E22, 1.32 mi (2.12 km)

E22
New London
370.1 ft (112.8 m)
395.4 ft (120.5 m)
−25.3 ft (−7.7 m)
E23, 28.91 mi (46.53 km)

E23
Brewerton
363.0 ft (110.6 m)
370.1 ft (112.8 m)
−7.1 ft (−2.2 m)
E24, 18.77 mi (30.21 km)

E24
Baldwinsville
374.0 ft (114.0 m)
363.0 ft (110.6 m)
11.0 ft (3.4 m)
E25, 30.69 mi (49.39 km)

E25
Mays Point
380.0 ft (115.8 m)
374.0 ft (114.0 m)
6.0 ft (1.8 m)
E26, 5.83 mi (9.38 km)

E26
Clyde
386.0 ft (117.7 m)
380.0 ft (115.8 m)
6.0 ft (1.8 m)
E27, 12.05 mi (19.39 km)

E27
Lyons
398.5 ft (121.5 m)
386.0 ft (117.7 m)
12.5 ft (3.8 m)
E28A, 1.28 mi (2.06 km)

E28A
Lyons
418.0 ft (127.4 m)
398.5 ft (121.5 m)
19.5 ft (5.9 m)
E28B, 3.98 mi (6.41 km)

E28B
Newark
430.0 ft (131.1 m)
418.0 ft (127.4 m)
12.0 ft (3.7 m)
E29, 9.79 mi (15.76 km)

E29
Palmyra
446.0 ft (135.9 m)
430.0 ft (131.1 m)
16.0 ft (4.9 m)
E30, 2.98 mi (4.80 km)

E30
Macedon
462.4 ft (140.9 m)
446.0 ft (135.9 m)
16.4 ft (5.0 m)
E32, 16.12 mi (25.94 km)

E32
Pittsford
487.5 ft (148.6 m)
462.4 ft (140.9 m)
25.1 ft (7.7 m)
E33, 1.26 mi (2.03 km)

E33
Rochester
512.9 ft (156.3 m)
487.5 ft (148.6 m)
25.4 ft (7.7 m)
E34/35, 64.28 mi (103.45 km)

E34
Lockport
539.5 ft (164.4 m)
514.9 ft (156.9 m)
24.6 ft (7.5 m)
E35, adjacent to Lock E34.

E35
Lockport
564.0 ft (171.9 m)
539.5 ft (164.4 m)
24.5 ft (7.5 m)
Black Rock Lock in Niagara River, 26.39 mi (42.47 km)

Black Rock Lock *
Buffalo
570.6 ft (173.9 m)
565.6 ft (172.4 m)
5.0 ft (1.5 m)
Commercial Slip at Buffalo River, 3.89 mi (6.26 km)

text: * Denotes Federal managed locks.

text: There is roughly a 2-foot (0.6 m) natural rise between locks E33 and E34 as well as a 1.5-foot (0.5 m) natural rise between Lock E35 and the Niagara River.[40]

text:
Note: There is no Lock E1 or Lock E31 on the Erie Canal. The place of "Lock E1" on the passage from the lower Hudson River to Lake Erie is taken by the Troy Federal Lock, located just north of Troy, New York, and is not part of the Erie Canal System proper. It is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.[38] The Erie Canal officially begins at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers at Waterford, New York.
Note: The Black Rock Lock is in the New York State Barge Canal, and allows passage beside the Niagara River to the Erie Canal's "Western Terminus" at the Commercial Slip. Upstream and downstream water levels, as well as Black Rock Lock's lift, vary with the naturally fluctuating levels of Lake Erie and the Niagara River. Although a portion of the Erie Canal through Buffalo has been filled in, travel by water is still possible, from the "Commercial Slip", through Buffalo's Inner Harbor and the Black Rock Lock, to Tonawanda, New York, Lockport, and eastward to Albany. The lock is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

text: Oneida Lake lies between locks E22 and E23, and has a mean surface elevation of 370 feet (112.8 m). Lake Erie has a mean surface elevation of 571 feet (174.1 m).


document_title: Georgia on My Mind

question_text: who wrote the lyrics to georgia on my mind

root

text: Georgia on My Mind

text: Original version[edit]

text: The song was written in 1930 by Hoagy Carmichael (music) and Stuart Gorrell (lyrics). Although it is frequently asserted that the lyrics were written not about the state of Georgia but rather for Carmichael's sister, Georgia Carmichael,[3] Carmichael contradicted this view in his second autobiography, Sometimes I Wonder. He wrote that the song was composed when bandleader Frankie Trumbauer suggested that he write about the state of Georgia. According to Carmichael, Trumbauer also suggested the opening lyrics should be "Georgia, Georgia ...", with the remaining lyrics coming from Gorrell. Carmichael made no mention of his sister.[4]

tag: p

text: The song was recorded on September 15, 1930, in New York by Hoagy Carmichael and His Orchestra with Bix Beiderbecke on muted cornet, Carmichael on vocals, Eddie Lang on guitar and Charles Winters on bass. The recording was part of Beiderbecke's last recording session.

text: Recordings[edit]

text: Frankie Trumbauer had the first hit recording in 1931 when it reached the top ten on the charts. He had suggested that Carmichael compose the song.

text: The song was a standard at performances by Ronnie Hawkins and The Hawks in the late 1950s and early 1960s, where it was sung by pianist Richard Manuel. When The Hawks split off on their own as The Band, they kept the song as part of their repertoire. They recorded a studio version of the song for Jimmy Carter's presidential bid in 1976. It was released as a single that year as well as on their 1977 album Islands.[5]

text: Ray Charles[edit]

text: Ray Charles' 1960 recording on The Genius Hits the Road was a major hit, reaching the number one spot for one week in November 1960 on the US Billboard Hot 100.  Though "Georgia On My Mind" was a hit single before Charles' recording, the song has now become strongly identified with Charles in the public consciousness.  On March 7, 1979, in a symbol of reconciliation in the aftermath of years of activism and national legislation resulting from the Civil Rights Movement, Charles performed the song before the Georgia General Assembly. After this performance, the Assembly adopted it as the state song on April 24.

text: In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine named Ray Charles' version of "Georgia on My Mind" the 44th greatest song of all time.[6]

text: Willie Nelson[edit]

text: Willie Nelson recorded "Georgia" on Stardust, his 1978 album of standards. It was released as single, peaked at No. 1 for a single week, and ranked for sixteen weeks on a country chart.[7]

text: A year later, Nelson won a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance for his version of the song.

text:
Chart (1978)

Peakposition

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[8]

1

US Billboard Hot 100[9]

84

Canadian RPM Country Tracks

1

Canadian RPM Top Singles

86

Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks

16

tag: table

text: Influence[edit]

text: Since 1979, the song has served as the trademark of The Spirit of Atlanta Drum and Bugle Corps.

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The original lyrics, including the commonly excised introductory verse, are in the Georgia Code under license.[1][2]


document_title: List of national animals

question_text: jaguar is the national animal of which country

text: List of national animals

text: This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (June 2017)

text: This is a list of national animals.

text: National animals

text:
Country

Name of animal

Scientific name

Pictures

Ref.

 Algeria
Fennec fox
Vulpes zerda

[1]

 Angola
Red-crested turaco (national bird)
Tauraco erythrolophus

[2]

 Anguilla
Zenaida dove
Zenaida aurita

[3]

 Antigua and Barbuda
Fallow deer (national animal)
Dama dama

[4]

Frigate (national bird)
Fregata magnificens

[4]

Hawksbill turtle (national sea creature)
Eretmochelys imbricata

[4]

 Argentina
Rufous hornero
Furnarius rufus

[5]

 Australia
Red kangaroo (national animal)
Macropus rufus

[6]

Emu (national bird)
Dromaius novaehollandiae

[7]

 Austria
Black eagle
 Ictinaetus malaiensis

[8]

 Azerbaijan

Karabakh horse

Equus ferus caballus

[9]

 Bangladesh
Royal Bengal tiger (national animal)
Panthera tigris tigris

[10]

Magpie robin (national bird)
Copsychus saularis

[10]

Ilish (national fish)
Tenualosa ilisha

[10]

 Belarus
European bison
Bison bonasus

[11]

 Belgium

Lion (heraldic Leo Belgicus)

Panthera leo

[12]

 Belize
Baird's tapir (national animal)
Tapirus bairdii

[11][13]

Keel-billed toucan (national bird)
Ramphastos sulfuratus

[14]

 Bhutan
Druk
Mythical

[15]

Takin
Budorcas taxicolor

[16]

 Brazil
Rufous-bellied thrush
Turdus rufiventris

[17]

 Cambodia
Kouprey
Bos sauveli

[18]

 Canada
North American beaver (sovereignty animal symbol)
Castor canadensis

[19][20]

Canadian horse (national horse)
Equus ferus caballus

[20]

 China
Giant panda (national animal)
Ailuropoda melanoleuca

[21]

Chinese dragon (national animal)
Mythical

[22]

Red-crowned crane (national bird)
Grus japonensis

[23]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Okapi
Okapia johnstoni

[11]

 Colombia

Andean condor
Vultur gryphus

[24]

 Costa Rica
Yigüirro (national bird)
Turdus grayi

[25]

White-tailed deer (national animal)
Odocoileus virginianus

[26]

West Indian manatee (national aquatic animal)
Trichechus manatus

[27]

 Croatia
Pine marten
Martes martes

[28][29]

 Cuba
Cuban trogon
Priotelus temnurus

[30][31]

 Cyprus
Cypriot mouflon
Ovis orientalis

[32]

 Czech Republic
Double-tailed lion
Mythical

[33]

 Denmark
Mute swan (national bird)
Cygnus olor

[34]

Small tortoiseshell (national butterfly)
Aglais urticae

[34]

 Egypt
Steppe eagle
Aquila nipalensis

[35]

 Estonia
Barn swallow (national bird)
Hirundo rustica

[36]

 Eritrea
Arabian camel
Camelus dromedarius

[37]

 Ethiopia
Lion
Panthera leo

[38]

 Faroe Islands
Eurasian oystercatcher (national bird)
Haematopus ostralgus

[39]

 Finland
Brown bear (national animal)
Ursus arctos

[40]

Whooper swan (national bird)
Cygnus cygnus

[41]

Holly blue (national butterfly)
Celastrina argiolus

[42]

European perch (national fish)
Perca fluviatilis

[43]

Seven-spot ladybird (national insect)
Coccinella septempunctata

[43]

 France

Gallic rooster

Gallus gallus domesticus

[44]

 Germany

Unspecified Eagle

Members of Accipitridae

[45]

 Greece

Phoenix
Mythical

[46][47]

Dolphins
Delphinus

[48]

 Guatemala
Quetzal
Pharomachrus mocinno

[49]

 Haiti

Hispaniolan Trogan

Priotelus roseigaster

[50]

 Honduras
White-tailed deer
Odocoileus virginianus

[51]

 Hungary
Turul
Mythical (most probably Falco cherrug) [52]

 Iceland

Gyrfalcon
Falco rusticolus

[53]

 India
Bengal tiger (National predator)
Panthera tigris tigris

[54]

Indian peafowl (National bird)
Pavo cristatus

[55]

King cobra (National reptile)
Ophiophagus hannah

[56]

Ganges river dolphin (National aquatic animal)
Platanista gangetica gangetica

[57]

Indian elephant (National heritage animal)
Elephas maximus indicus

[58]

 Indonesia
Komodo dragon (national animal)

Varanus komodoensis

[59]

Garuda (historic national animal)
Mythical

[60]

 Iran

Persian lion

Panthera leo persica

[46]

 Iraq

Chukar partridge

Alectoris chukar

[61]

Goat  ( KRG)

Capra aegagrus

[62]

 Israel

Hoopoe (national bird)
Upupa epops

[46]

 Jamaica
Red-billed streamertail
Trochilus polytmus

[63]

 Japan
Green pheasant (national bird)
Phasianus versicolor

[64]

Carp (national fish)
Cyprinus carpio

[65]

 Latvia
White wagtail (national bird)
Motacilla alba

[66][67]

Two-spotted ladybird (national insect)
Adalia bipunctata

[67]

 Lithuania
White stork
Ciconia ciconia

[68]

 Macedonia
Lion (in Macedonian heraldry)
Panthera leo

[69]

 Madagascar
Zebu (in Malagasy heraldry)
Bos primigenius indicus

[70]

Ring-tailed lemur (national animal)
Lemur catta

[71]

 Malaysia
Malayan tiger (national animal)
Panthera tigris jacksoni

[72]

 Malta

Pharaoh Hound (national animal)

Canis lupus familiaris

[1]

 Moldova
Aurochs (national animal)
Bos primigenius

[73]

 Mauritius
Dodo
Raphus cucullatus

[11][74][75]

 Mexico
Golden eagle (national animal)
Aquila chrysaetos

[76]

Xoloitzcuintli (national dog)
Canis lupus familiaris

[76]

Jaguar (national mammal)
Panthera onca

[76]

Grasshopper (national arthropod )
Sphenarium purpurascens

[76]

Vaquita (national marine mammal)
Phocoena sinus

[76]

   Nepal
Cow (national animal)
Bos taurus indicus

[77]

Danphe (national bird)
Lophophorus impejanus

[78]

 Netherlands
Lion (heraldic symbol)
Panthera leo

[79]

Black-tailed godwit (national bird)
Limosa limosa

[80]

 New Zealand
Kiwi
Apteryx sp.

[81]

 North Korea
Chollima
Mythical

[82][83][84]

 Norway
Lion (royal national animal)
Panthera leo

[85]

White-throated dipper (national bird)
Cinclus cinclus

[86]

Fjord horse (national horse)
Equus ferus caballus

[87]

 Oman
Arabian oryx (national animal)
Oryx leucoryx

[88]

 Pakistan
Markhor (National animal)
Capra falconeri

[89]

Indus river dolphin (National aquatic mammal)
Platanista indicus minor minor

[89]

Chukar (National bird)
Alectoris chukar

[89]

Indus crocodile (National reptile)
Crocodylus palustris

[89]

Shaheen falcon (Heritage bird)
Falco peregrinus peregrinator

[90]

Snow leopard (National predator)
Panthera uncia

[89]

 Panama
Harpy eagle
Harpia harpyja

[11]

 Papua New Guinea
Dugong (national marine mammal)
Dugong dugon

[91]

 Peru
Vicuña (national animal)
Vicugna vicugna

[92]

 Philippines

Carabao (national animal)
Bubalus bubalis

[93]

Philippine eagle (national bird)
Pithecophaga jefferyi

[94]

 Poland
White-tailed eagle (national bird)
Haliaeetus albicilla

[95][96]

White stork (national bird)
Ciconia ciconia

[97]

European bison (national animal)
Bison bonasus

[98][99]

 Qatar
Arabian oryx
Oryx leucoryx

[100]

 Romania
Lynx
Lynx lynx

[101]

 Russia
Eurasian brown bear
Ursus arctos arctos

[102]

 Rwanda
Leopard
Panthera pardus

[103]

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent amazon
Amazona guildingii

[104]

 Serbia
Wolf
Canis lupus lupus

[105]

White eagle
Mythical

[106]

Lynx
Lynx lynx

[107]

 Somalia
Leopard (national animal)
Panthera pardus

[108]

 South Africa
Springbok (national animal)
Antidorcas marsupialis

[109]

Blue crane (national bird)[109]
Anthropoides paradiseus

Galjoen (national fish)[109]
Dichistius capensis

 South Korea
Siberian tiger
Panthera tigris altaica

[110]

Korean magpie (national bird)
Pica (pica) sericea

[110]

 Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan junglefowl (national bird)
Gallus lafayettii

[111]

 Tanzania
Giraffe
Giraffa camelopardalis

[112][113][114]

 Thailand

Elephant
Elephas maximus

[115]

 United Arab Emirates

Arabian oryx (national animal)
Oryx leucoryx

[116]

Peregrine falcon (national bird)
Falco peregrinus

[116]

 United Kingdom

Lion (United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales)
Panthera leo

[117][118]

Bulldog (Britain as "British Bulldog")
Canis lupus familiaris

[119]

Red kite (Wales)
Milvus milvus

[120]

Unicorn (Scotland)
Mythical

[46][121][122][123][124]

Y Ddraig Goch (Welsh Dragon Wales)
Mythical

[120][125]

 United States
Bald eagle (national bird)
Haliaeetus leucocephalus

[126][127]

American bison (national mammal)
Bison bison

[128][129]

 Zimbabwe
Sable antelope (national animal)
Hippotragus niger

[130]

African fish eagle (national bird)
Haliaeetus vocifer

[130]


document_title: Iman Shumpert

question_text: who did the cavs trade for jr smith and iman shumpert

text: Iman Shumpert

text: Early life[edit]

text: In eighth grade, Shumpert and fellow NBA player Evan Turner were teammates on the same basketball team at Gwendolyn Brooks Middle School in Oak Park, Illinois.[2] He went on to attend Oak Park and River Forest High School where he was a first team all-state player and was one of the nation's top 30 seniors. He helped Oak Park and River Forest to three conference titles and was named conference MVP as a junior and senior. He was rated No. 15 among the nation's senior players by Scout.com and No. 26 by Rivals.com. He was also selected to play in the 2008 McDonald's All-American Game, and was named a third-team Parade All-American.[3]

text: College career[edit]

text: As a freshman for Georgia Tech in 2008–09, Shumpert was the team's fourth-leading scorer for the season, averaging 10.5 points per game and hitting 34.5 percent of his three-point attempts. During the 2009–10 season, Shumpert underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair a damaged meniscus in his right knee on December 3, and missed six games. He went on to finish the season as the team's third-leading scorer with 10.0 points per game.[3]

text: In the 2010–11 season, Shumpert led his team in scoring (17.3 ppg), rebounding and assists, becoming only the seventh player in ACC history to do so. He ranked fourth in the ACC in scoring, 15th in rebounds, 10th in field goal and free throw percentage, and first in steals (seventh in the nation). He was named to the All-ACC second team and was a member of the conference's all-defensive team.[3] He also holds the Georgia Tech record for steals per game.

text: On March 28, 2011, Shumpert declared for the NBA draft, foregoing his final year of college eligibility.[4]

text: Professional career[edit]

text: New York Knicks (2011–2015)[edit]

text: Shumpert was drafted with the 17th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft by the New York Knicks. In February 2012, then teammate Jared Jeffries said that "he's about as good an on-ball defender as there is in the league right now".[5] Shumpert was selected to compete in the 2012 NBA All-Star Weekend Slam Dunk Contest but was unable to participate due to a knee injury.[6]

text: On April 28, 2012, during a first round playoff game against the Miami Heat, Shumpert suffered a knee injury while dribbling in midcourt and was immediately helped off the court. An MRI later revealed that Shumpert tore the ACL and meniscus in his left knee and would miss the rest of the season.[7]

text: Shumpert finished 5th in the 2012 NBA Rookie of the Year voting. He received 33 total votes and one first-place vote from a ballot that was filled out by 120 writers and broadcasters from across the country. He was also the only rookie to receive votes for the Defensive Player of the Year award.

text: On January 13, 2013, Shumpert was medically cleared to participate in team practice. He made his season debut on January 17 in a game against the Detroit Pistons at The O2 Arena in London. He went on to record 8 points, 3 rebounds, one assist, one steal and one block.[8]

text: In July 2013, Shumpert played one summer league game for the Knicks, recording 2 points, 6 rebounds and 4 assists in a 72-77 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans.[9]

text: On December 12, 2014, Shumpert dislocated his left shoulder in the second quarter of the Knicks' 101-95 win over the Boston Celtics[10] and was subsequently ruled out for three weeks.[11]

text: Cleveland Cavaliers (2015–present)[edit]

text: On January 5, 2015, Shumpert was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers from the Knicks in a three-team trade that also involved the Oklahoma City Thunder. Cleveland received Shumpert and J. R. Smith from the Knicks and a first round pick in the 2015 NBA draft from the Thunder, while Cleveland sent Dion Waiters to Oklahoma City and Lou Amundson, Alex Kirk, and a second round pick in the 2019 NBA draft to the Knicks, and the Thunder sent Lance Thomas to the Knicks.[12] On January 23, he made his debut for the Cavaliers, recording 8 points, 2 rebounds and 2 assists in the 129-90 win over the Charlotte Hornets.[13] The Cavaliers made it to the 2015 NBA Finals, but they lost to the Golden State Warriors in six games.[14]

text: On July 9, 2015, Shumpert re-signed with the Cavaliers to a four-year, $40 million contract.[15][16] On September 29, 2015, he was ruled out for three months after suffering a ruptured Extensor Carpi Ulnaris sheath in his right wrist.[17] He made his season debut on December 11 against the Orlando Magic, scoring 14 points off the bench in a 111–76 win.[18] On March 5, 2016, he recorded 12 points and a career-high 16 rebounds off the bench in a 120–103 win over the Boston Celtics.[19] On April 11, he was ruled out for the Cavaliers' final two games of the regular season after getting his left knee drained.[20][21] Shumpert returned in time for the playoffs and helped the Cavaliers make it the NBA Finals for the second straight season. The Cavaliers would again face the Golden State Warriors. Despite the Cavaliers going down 3–1 in the series following a Game 4 loss, they went on to win the series in seven games to become the first team in NBA history to win the championship after being down 3–1.[22][23]

text: Cavaliers' coach Tyronn Lue started using Shumpert at backup point guard early on in the 2016–17 season.[24] On March 14, 2017, he scored a season-high 18 points in a 128–96 win over the Detroit Pistons.[25] Shumpert helped the Cavaliers go 12–1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the NBA Finals for a third straight season. There the Cavaliers matched-up with the Golden State Warriors, but lost the series in five games.[26][27]

text: On December 1, 2017, Shumpert was ruled out for six to eight weeks following surgery on his left knee.[28]

text: NBA career statistics[edit]

text:
Legend

  GP
Games played
  GS
Games started
 MPG
Minutes per game

 FG%
Field goal percentage
 3P%
3-point field goal percentage
 FT%
Free throw percentage

 RPG
Rebounds per game
 APG
Assists per game
 SPG
Steals per game

 BPG
Blocks per game
 PPG
Points per game
 Bold
Career high

text:
†
Denotes seasons in which Shumpert won an NBA championship

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

2011–12
New York
59
35
28.9
.401
.306
.798
3.2
2.8
1.7
.1
9.5

2012–13
New York
45
45
22.1
.396
.402
.766
3.0
1.7
1.0
.2
6.8

2013–14
New York
74
58
26.5
.378
.333
.746
4.2
1.7
1.2
.2
6.7

2014–15
New York
24
24
26.0
.409
.348
.676
3.4
3.3
1.3
.1
9.3

2014–15
Cleveland
38
1
24.2
.410
.338
.667
3.8
1.5
1.3
.3
7.2

2015–16†
Cleveland
54
5
24.4
.374
.295
.784
3.8
1.7
1.0
.4
5.8

2016–17
Cleveland
76
31
25.5
.411
.360
.789
2.9
1.4
.8
.4
7.5

Career
370
199
25.6
.396
.340
.764
3.4
1.9
1.2
.2
7.4

text: Playoffs[edit]

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

2012
New York
1
1
19.0
.000
.000
.000
1.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0

2013
New York
12
12
28.1
.410
.429
.857
6.0
1.3
1.1
.3
9.3

2015
Cleveland
20
16
34.8
.360
.355
.750
4.9
1.2
1.3
.8
9.1

2016†
Cleveland
21
0
17.3
.462
.382
.636
2.2
.8
.5
.1
3.3

2017
Cleveland
17
0
16.2
.417
.385
.824
2.8
.9
.6
.2
4.4

Career
71
29
23.8
.389
.378
.768
3.7
1.0
.8
.4
6.2

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Shumpert's father, Odis, is an insurance broker while his mother, L'Tanya, is an adjunct professor of art and design at Columbia College in Chicago, Illinois.[3] During the 2012–13 NBA season, Shumpert's high-top fade haircut attracted publicity.[29] He shaved the fade in October 2013.[30]

text: Outside of basketball, Shumpert has dabbled in rap music. In 2012, he released the song "Knicks Anthem"[31] and the mixtape Th3 #Post90s. In 2013, he released the song "Dear Kendrick" in response to Kendrick Lamar's verse in the song "Control" by Big Sean ft. Kendrick Lamar & Jay Electronica. The music video for his single "Chiraq" garnered media attention over the eccentric visuals.[32]

text: On December 16, 2015, Shumpert's wife, Teyana Taylor, gave birth to their daughter, Iman Tayla Shumpert, Jr. After Taylor went into an early labor at the couple's home, Shumpert delivered the baby with his bare hands.[33] In August 2016, he was arrested in Atlanta for driving under the influence of marijuana and marijuana possession.[34]


document_title: Morocco at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when is morocco playing in the world cup

text: Morocco at the FIFA World Cup

text: World Cup record[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup record

Year

Round

Position

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930

Did not enter

 1934

 1938

 1950

 1954

 1958

 1962

Did not qualify

 1966

Withdrew

 1970

Group stage

14th

3

0

1

2

2

6

 1974

Did not qualify

 1978

 1982

 1986

Round of 16

11th

4

1

2

1

3

2

 1990

Did not qualify

 1994

Group stage

23rd

3

0

0

3

2

5

 1998

Group stage

18th

3

1

1

1

5

5

  2002

Did not qualify

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Group Stage

27th

3

0

1

2

2

4

 2022
To be determined

 2026
To be determined

Total

Round of 16

5/22

16

2

5

9

14

22

text: By match[edit]

text:
World Cup

Round

Opponent

Score

Result

Scorers

1970
Group stage
 West Germany
1–2
L
Jarir

 Peru
0–3
L
&—

 Bulgaria
1–1
D
Ghazouani

1986
Group stage
 Poland
0–0
D
&—

 England
0–0
D
&—

 Portugal
3–1
W
Khairi (2), Krimau

Round of 16
 West Germany
0–1
L
&—

1994
Group stage
 Belgium
0–1
L
&—

 Saudi Arabia
1–2
L
Chaouch

 Netherlands
1–2
L
Nader

1998
Group stage
 Norway
2–2
D
Hadji, Hadda

 Brazil
0–3
L
&—

 Scotland
3–0
W
Bassir (2), Hadda

2018
Group stage
 Iran
0–1
L
&—

 Portugal
0–1
L
&—

 Spain
2-2
D
Boutaïb, En-Nesyri

text: Squads[edit]

text:
showvteMorocco squad  –  1970 FIFA World Cup
1 Ben Kassou
2 Lamrani
3 Benkhrif
4 Khassouni (c)
5 Slimani
6 Mahroufi
7 Ghandi
8 Bamous
9 Faras
10 El Filali
11 Ghazouani
12 Hazzaz
13 Fadili
14 Jarir
15 Dahane
16 Choukri
17 Alaoui
18 El Khiati
19 Ouaraghli
Coach: Vidinić

text:
showvteMorocco squad  –  1986 FIFA World Cup
1 Zaki (c)
2 Khalifa
3 Lamriss
4 El Biyaz
5 Bouyahyaoui
6 Dolmy
7 Mustafa El Haddaoui
8 Bouderbala
9 A. Merry
10 Timoumi
11 M. Merry
12 Hmied
13 Rhiati
14 Ouadani
15 Mouncif El Haddaoui
16 Amanallah
17 Khairi
18 Sahil
19 Jilal
20 Bidane
21 Souleimani
22 Mouddani
Coach: Faria

text:
showvteMorocco squad  –  1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Azmi (c)
2 Abdellah
3 El Hadrioui
4 El Khalej
5 Triki
6 Naybet
7 Hadji
8 Azzouzi
9 Chaouch
10 El Haddaoui
11 Daoudi
12 Dghay
13 Bahja
14 Masbahi
15 Hababi
16 Nader
17 Laghrissi
18 Neqrouz
19 Bouyboud
20 Kachloul
21 Samadi
22 Alaoui
Coach: Blinda

text:
showvteMorocco squad  –  1998 FIFA World Cup
1 El Brazi
2 Saber
3 El Hadrioui
4 Rossi
5 Triki
6 Naybet (c)
7 Hadji
8 Chiba
9 Hadda
10 Ouakili
11 El Khattabi
12 Benzekri
13 Neqrouz
14 Bassir
15 Abrami
16 Azzouzi
17 Amzine
18 Chippo
19 Sellami
20 El Khalej
21 Rokki
22 Chadili
Coach: Michel

text:
showvteMorocco squad  –  2018 FIFA World Cup
1 Bounou
2 Achraf
3 Mendyl
4 Da Costa
5 Benatia (c)
6 Saïss
7 Ziyech
8 El Ahmadi
9 El Kaabi
10 Belhanda
11 Fajr
12 Munir
13 Boutaïb
14 Boussoufa
15 Aït Bennasser
16 N. Amrabat
17 Dirar
18 Harit
19 En-Nesyri
20 Bouhaddouz
21 S. Amrabat
22 Tagnaouti
23 Carcela
Coach: Renard

text: Record Players[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Mustapha Hadji
6
1994 and 1998

2

Rachid Azzouzi
5
1994 and 1998

Abdelkrim El Hadrioui
5
1994 and 1998

Tahar El Khalej
5
1994 and 1998

Noureddine Naybet
5
1994 and 1998

6

Aziz Bouderbala
4
1986

Noureddine Bouyahyaoui
4
1986

Abdelmajid Dolmy
4
1986

Labid Khalifa
4
1986

Abderrazak Khairi
4
1986

Krimau
4
1986

Abdelmajid Lamriss
4
1986

Mohammed Timoumi
4
1986

Badou Zaki
4
1986

Mustafa El Haddaoui
4
1986 and 1994

Smahi Triki
4
1994 and 1998

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1

Abderrazak Khairi
2
1986

Salaheddine Bassir
2
1998

Abdeljalil Hadda
2
1998

4

Maouhoub Ghazouani
1
1970

Houmane Jarir
1
1970

Krimau
1
1986

Mohammed Chaouch
1
1994

Hassan Nader
1
1994

Mustapha Hadji
1
1998

Khalid Boutaïb
1
2018

Youssef En-Nesyri
1
2018


document_title: The Lego Ninjago Movie

question_text: who plays lloyd in the lego ninjago movie

text: The Lego Ninjago Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A young boy ventures into an old relic shop, where he meets the mysterious owner, Mr. Liu, who begins to tell the boy the legend of Ninjago, a city within the Lego Universe that is frequently terrorized by the evil Lord Garmadon, who is the father of Lloyd Garmadon and ex-husband of Misako (a.k.a. Koko). Ninjago despises Lloyd for being Lord Garmadon's son, which puts Lloyd under emotional stress. They do not know that Lloyd is part of the secret ninja force, consisting of Nya, Zane, Jay, Cole, Kai and their master named Wu, who always stop Garmadon from taking over the city by fighting with mechs. On Lloyd's birthday, Garmadon attacks the city once again only to be defeated. He escapes and fires nine generals of his Shark Army for failing to help him. He then begins to plan a big attack to conquer Ninjago, and his GIT's show him plans to build a gigantic mech that is immune to weapons.

text: Meanwhile, Lloyd and his friends see the return of Master Wu, back from a long trip he took. Master Wu tells them they aren't real ninjas if they use only mechs to fight, and discusses with Lloyd that his element is green, confusing Lloyd. Master Wu tells Lloyd he must not be angry at Garmadon; he must use his mind to fight. Wu mentions an Ultimate Weapon, giving Lloyd the hope of defeating Garmadon once and for all, despite being forbidden to use the weapon.

text: The next day Garmadon attacks the city with his giant mech and defeats Lloyd. As Garmadon declares his rule over Ninjago, Lloyd returns with the Ultimate Weapon. He fires it, revealing it to be a laser that attracts a real-life cat named Meowthra. Meowthra starts destroying the city while trying to get the laser. Garmadon points the laser to make the cat destroy the other mechs, before Lloyd breaks it. As Garmadon celebrates his victory, Lloyd reveals that he is the Green Ninja, and tells Garmadon that he wishes he weren't his father, leaving Garmadon confused.

text: Lloyd meets up with his friends and Master Wu, who are all upset with him for using the weapon. Wu tells them they must use an Ultimate, Ultimate Weapon to stop Meowthra from destroying the city, which they would reach by crossing the Forest of Dangers, the Canyon of Death, and the Temple of Fragile Foundations. Garmadon overhears Wu talking about the weapon and follows close behind. He meets up with Wu and fights him, only to end up in a cage, defeated. However, Wu loses his balance and falls off a bridge into a river, telling Lloyd he must use inner peace before getting swept away.

text: The ninjas decide to continue on, with Garmadon leading them much to Lloyd's disappointment. They are caught by the Shark Army, who want revenge for being fired by Garmadon and shot out of his volcano lair. The ninjas try to fight, but are easily defeated. They retreat leaving Lloyd and Garmadon behind to be caught by the Shark Army. The Shark Army begin to drop Lloyd and Garmadon into a replica volcano, but the rest of the ninjas save the day using stealth fighting. They all work together with Garmadon to escape the angry Shark Army by building a makeshift helicopter, and Lloyd and Garmadon bond together in the process.

text: They eventually crash down onto the Temple of Fragile Foundations. Garmadon reveals that it is his home, as well as Koko formerly being a ninja warrior herself. He tells Lloyd that he wishes he had stayed with him and his mom after deciding to conquer Ninjago, but he couldn't change so he had to stay behind. The ninjas find the Ultimate Ultimate Weapon, consisting of a set of trinkets, only to have it stolen by Garmadon who still wants to take over the city. He offers for Lloyd to be his general, but Lloyd rejects his offer. Out of fury, Garmadon locks all of them in the temple as it begins to collapse. Lloyd realizes that inner peace means for them to unleash their power within, and they successfully do this, using their elemental powers and escaping from the collapsing temple. As they fall of a cliff, Wu saves them with his ship, the Destiny's Bounty and they head towards Ninjago.

text: Garmadon arrives and tries to control Meowthra with the weapons but Meowthra eats Garmadon instead. Lloyd and the crew arrive and begin fighting Garmadon's army. As Lloyd approaches Meowthra, he reveals to everyone that he is the green ninja, and realizes that green means life, which brings everything together. He comforts Meowthra and tells Garmadon he forgives him and that he's sorry. Garmadon cries tears of fire, which causes Meowthra to spit him out. After reconciling, Garmadon moves in with Lloyd and Koko, Meowthra becomes the mascot of Ninjago, and Lloyd is hailed as a hero.

text: As the story concludes, Mr. Liu tells the boy that he will start to train him as a ninja.

text: A mid-credits scene also shows a gag reel of a cup stunt performed by Chan as Liu at the film's opening.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dave Franco as Lloyd Garmadon,[8] the Green Ninja, leader of the Secret Ninja Force, Lord Garmadon and Misako's son, and Master Wu's nephew.
Michael Peña as Kai,[8] the hotheaded, red Ninja of Fire and Nya's brother.
Kumail Nanjiani as Jay,[8] the quiet and cautious, blue Ninja of Lightning.
Abbi Jacobson as Nya,[8] the strong, silver Ninja of Water, Kai's sister, and Jay's crush.
Zach Woods as Zane,[8] the robotic, white Ninja of Ice.
Fred Armisen as Cole,[8] the laid-back, music-loving black Ninja of Earth.
Jackie Chan as Master Wu,[8] the wisecracking leader of the group, Lord Garmadon's brother and Lloyd's uncle.

Chan also plays Mr. Liu, an elderly shopkeeper who appears in the live-action part of the film to explain the story of Ninjago to a young boy, played by Kaan Guldur.

Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon,[9] the Dark Ninja, an evil warlord, the father of Lloyd, the ex-husband of Misako and the brother of Master Wu.
Olivia Munn as Misako "Koko",[9] Lord Garmadon's ex-wife and Lloyd's mother. She was formerly known as the legendary "Lady Iron Dragon".
Randall Park as Chen the Cheerleader
Retta as Maggie the Cheerleader
Constance Wu as the Mayor of Ninjago
Charlyne Yi as Terri, an IT Nerd.
Vanara Taing as Asimov, an IT Nerd.
Chris Hardwick as Radio DJ
Robin Roberts as herself, a Lego caricature of the newscaster. In the UK version, she is replaced by Kate Garraway.[10]
Michael Strahan as himself, a Lego caricature of the known media personality and former New York Giants member. In the UK version, he is replaced by Ben Shephard.
David Burrows as Fuchsia Ninja
Alex Kauffman as Ninja Computer
Ali Wong as General Olivia, the fish-themed general of Garmadon's Shark Army.
Todd Hansen as General Omar, the shark-themed general of Garmadon's Shark Army.
Doug Nicholas as General Jollty, the general of Garmadon's Shark Army.
Bobby Lee as Pilates Studios Owner
Laura Kightlinger as Mrs. Laudita
Pearl and Ruby as Meowthra, a live-action cat that terrorizes Ninjago.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: On September 17, 2013, Warner Bros. announced that it was developing an animated Ninjago film based on the Lego toy line Lego Ninjago. The Hageman brothers, who wrote Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu show and co-wrote the story of The Lego Movie, would write the adaptation.[11] Charlie Bean was announced as director, and The Lego Movie team of Dan Lin, Roy Lee, and Phil Lord and Chris Miller as producers.[11] On June 27, 2016, the film's voice cast was announced, including Dave Franco, Michael Peña, Kumail Nanjiani, Zach Woods, Fred Armisen, Jackie Chan, and Abbi Jacobson.[8] Additional voice cast included Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon and Olivia Munn as Koko.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In order to give the film a more believable father-son atmosphere, Dave Franco and Justin Theroux recorded most of their lines where their characters interact with each other together in a single recording studio. During the process, Franco openly admitted he found himself uncontrollably crying while recording some of his lines. Franco stated "I found myself getting caught up in the moment and basically crying harder than I have in any live-action movie I’ve ever been in".[12][13]

text: Jackie Chan choreographed all of Master Wu's fight scenes in live action before they were recreated in animation for the film. Chan found the experience new to him as well as interesting. “Everything the stunt team does, the ninjas do also”. Chan commented.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Mark Mothersbaugh, who composed the score for The Lego Movie, returned to score The Lego Ninjago Movie.[1]

text:
The Lego Ninjago Movie: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Mark Mothersbaugh, various artists

Released
September 15, 2017

Recorded
2017
Trackdown Studios (Sydney)

Genre
Film soundtrack, film score

Length
60:09

Label
WaterTower Music

Producer
Mark Mothersbaugh, Shawn Patterson, Bartholomew

Mark Mothersbaugh chronology

Brad's Status
(2017)Brad's Status2017
The Lego Ninjago Movie
(2017)
Thor: Ragnarok
(2017)Thor: Ragnarok2017

Singles from The Lego Ninjago Movie: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Heroes"
Released: September 15, 2017

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
{{{extra_column}}}
Length

1.
"Heroes" (Performed by Blaze n Vill)
Blaze n Vill
Blaze n Vill
3:26

2.
"Operation New Me"
Jingle Punks
Jingle Punks
2:37

3.
"Bad Blood" (maybe ft. Kendrick Lamar)
Taylor Swift, Kendrick Lamar (only ft. him), Max Martin, and Shellback
Taylor Swift ft. Kendrick Lamar
3:19

Total length:
1:09:00

text: Release[edit]

text: The Lego Ninjago Movie was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on September 22, 2017, in 2D and 3D.[15] It was originally scheduled for a September 23, 2016 release.[16] A short film, The Master, that promoted the feature film was shown in front of screenings of Storks, which took the original September 23 release date.[17] On February 8, 2017, the first trailer was released. The trailer was shown in front of screenings of The Lego Batman Movie. On July 22, 2017, a second trailer for the film was shown as part of San Diego Comic-Con and released on YouTube later in the day.[18] Both trailers feature the song "Bad Blood" by Taylor Swift, with the second trailer also featuring "It Must Have Been Love" by Roxette, "Ain't Gonna Die Tonight" by Macklemore and "I Wanna Go Out" by American Authors.

text: The Lego Ninjago Movie was originally planned for an IMAX release, as evident in trailers (attached to Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales and Transformers: The Last Knight), and Facebook, but was cancelled and only received non-IMAX presentations and them eventually, Kingsman: The Golden Circle took over the IMAX screenings.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Over twenty Lego sets inspired by scenes from the film were released for the film including a set of Collectible Minifigures. A video game by TT Fusion based on the film, The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game, was released on September 22, 2017, for Windows PC, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[19][20] The game is similar to previous Lego games, with some new features such as multiplayer and new techniques.[19]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Lego Ninjago Movie was released on Digital HD on December 12, 2017, and DVD and Blu-ray on December 19, 2017, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment.[21][22][23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Lego Ninjago Movie has grossed $59.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $63.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $123 million.

text: In North America, the film was released alongside Kingsman: The Golden Circle and Friend Request. Various tracking services had the film projected to gross anywhere from $27–44 million from 4,047 theaters in its opening weekend.[24][25] However, after making $5.8 million on its first day, weekend projections were lowered to $21 million. It ended up debuting to $21.2 million, finishing third at the box office and ranking as the lowest opening of the Lego franchise by over 50%.[5]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 119 reviews and an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Despite ample charm and a few solid gags, The Lego Ninjago Movie suggests this franchise's formula isn't clicking like it used to."[26] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100 based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[27] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[5]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of Accolades

Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

16th Visual Effects Society Awards[28]
Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature
Gregory Jowle, Fiona Childton, Miles Green, Kim Taylor
Nominated

Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature
Arthur Terzis, Wei Hei, Jean-Marc Ariu, Gibson Radsavanh for "Garma Mecha Man"
Nominated

Matthew Everitt, Christian So, Loic Miermont, Fiona Darwin for "Garmadon"
Nominated

Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature
Kim Taylor, Angela Ensele, Felicity Coonan, Jean Pascal leBlanc for "Ninjago City"
Nominated


document_title: Death Race 2

question_text: real name of katrina in death race 2

question_tokens: real name of katrina in death race 2

text: Death Race 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Getaway driver Carl "Luke" Lucas (Luke Goss) is arrested after a robbery for his crime boss Markus Kane (Sean Bean) goes wrong. As his accomplices are robbing the bank, two officers casually enter the building. Luke tells them to abort, but they refuse; Luke intervenes, but it results in the death of one of the three accomplices. Luke shoots and kills one of the officers and dumps off his accomplices in order to fulfill Markus's wishes. In doing so, Luke is eventually captured by the police following a high-speed chase and sentenced to prison. Six months later, Luke is transferred to Terminal Island.

text: Terminal Island is a prison under the control of The Weyland Corporation, which hosts Death Match, a televised pay-per-view competition where two dangerous convicts are chosen and then forced to fight to the death or submission. The prisoners are given access to weapons or defense items to use during the fight by stepping on a marked plate in the arena. Luke meets the men who eventually become his pit crew in the Death Race: Lists (Frederick Koehler), who annoys him by over-analyzing everything, Goldberg (Danny Trejo), and Rocco (Joe Vaz). The host of Death Match is September Jones (Lauren Cohan), a former Miss Universe who lost her crown due to allegations of having a sexual relationship with all of its judges. She now works for The Weyland Corporation to create profit from the pay per view subscribers of Death Match.

text: Luke is approached in the showers by September, who proposes that he fights. When he refuses, she makes sexual advances towards him, which he pretends to go for before refusing. In retaliation, September chooses Lists to fight in a Death Match with the convict Big Bill. Luke confronts her while Lists is running for his life during the event, pleading to let him fight in place of Lists. She refuses to help and he jumps over a barbed fence to fight for Lists. He is joined by Katrina Banks (Tanit Phoenix), a woman convict who is serving as a ring girl with other female convicts. She hits the convict with a round number sign made of metal. A riot breaks out during the fight between Luke and the convict because of racial tension, sparked because Luke is white and the other convict is black. The convicts break down the fence to get in, and some of the rapists attack and attempt to rape female convicts. Katrina defends herself and helps other women, who are then evacuated. When the riot control guards come, Luke surrenders. Markus, worried that Luke will trade info on his crimes for immunity, discovers his location at Terminal Island while watching Death Match. Afterward, Luke is well-received when he sees Katrina and inquires about her well-being after the fight.

text: Markus puts a bounty of $1 million on Luke's head and convinces some of the prisoners to kill him. Meanwhile, September comes up with a plan to boost their profits by converting the Death Match into a "Death Race", where the contestants will have to race over days to win each match. The person who manages to win five races will be released from prison, originally credited as Weyland's idea. Luke joins the race, during which other prisoners try to kill him to earn Markus's bounty. On the second race, Luke's car crashes after being hit with a missile fired by Big Bill (who is later killed by his navigator after he killed his pit crew), Luke's pit crew arrives (including Katrina) and tries to save him but it's too late and everybody is led to believe that Luke is dead. In reality, he survives with extensive scarring to his face. He joins the race as the new character "Frankenstein" with a mask to hide his identity from others. As the third race begins, Luke's new Triad friends manage to kill Markus in revenge, Lists kills Luke's pit crew member Rocco who tampered with Luke's car and Luke kills September by running her over with his car, before he races with the other competitors.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Racers[edit]

text:
Luke Goss as Carl "Luke" Lucas / Frankenstein. His height is 6'1" (185 cm), 182lbs (82 kg). His car is driven by Frankenstein in Death Race.
Deobia Oparei as Big Bill, one of Carl Lucas' and Calin's rivals. He killed 19 fighters in the death match, the most of any fighter. His height is 6'2" (188 cm), 250lbs (113 kg). His truck is driven by Machine Gun Joe in Death Race.
Henie Bosman as Xander Grady, one of 14k's rivals, is the Aryan Brotherhood's leader. He killed 11 fighters in the death match, third to Big Bill and 14K. His height is 6'4" (193 cm), 220lbs (100 kg). His car is driven by Slovo Pachenko in Death Race.
Robin Shou as 14K, a tenth-generation Triad member, who was sent to business school and holds a degree from MIT. He killed 14 fighters in the death match, second to Big Bill. His height is 5'11" (180 cm), 159lbs (72 kg). He was arrested in Los Angela last year. He is the only racer other than Frankenstein to appear in all three films.
Warrick Grier as Calin, one of Big Bill's rivals. His car is driven by Carson in Death Race.
Sean Higgs as Hill Billy. His car is driven by Siad in Death Race.
Trayan Milenov-Troy as Scarface. His car is driven by Hector Grimm in Death Race.
Michael Solomon as Sheik. His car is driven by Travis Colt in Death Race.
Chase Armitage as Apache. His car is driven by Riggins in Death Race.

text: Other cast[edit]

text:
Tanit Phoenix as Katrina Banks, Luke's navigator and love interest.
Lauren Cohan as September Jones, Death Race's hostess/executive producer, formerly of Death Match. She is a former Miss Universe who lost her crown due to allegations of having a sexual relationship with all of its judges.
Fred Koehler as Lists, one of Luke's pit crew and a compulsive data collector. His height is 5'9", and weight is 172 lbs.(78 kg). He is the only other person to appear in all three films. He has been sentenced for murdering his mother.
Ving Rhames as R.H. Weyland, head of Weyland International.
Danny Trejo as Goldberg, a loyal member of Luke's pit crew.
Sean Bean as Markus Kane, Luke's former crime boss. In one scene, Markus is seen watching the original Death Race 2000 on television.
Patrick Lyster as Medford Parks, Terminal Island Penitentiary's warden.
Joe Vaz as Rocco, a former member of Luke's pit crew.

text: Cars[edit]

text: The cars in the film are real vehicles that have been heavily modified with armor plating, machine guns and defensive weapons.

text:
Frankenstein's Monster - A five-speed manual 2006 Ford Mustang GT armed with dual M134 Miniguns for offense, and a smoke screen, napalm, and oil slick for defense,[1] as well as a 6-inch-thick (150 mm) detachable steel plate on the rear bumper called "The Tombstone." It was later driven by Niles York, and lastly, Jensen Ames.
1980 Porsche 911 Carrera 2.7 RS - A five-speed manual vehicle with a stock 2.7L six-cylinder engine, driven by the Chinese convict 14K, enforced with dual World War II German MG-42 belt-fed general purpose machine guns, four hood-mounted missiles, and four missiles on the roof.
2004 Dodge Ram 3500 - Big Bill's five-speed automatic truck with a 5.7L V8 Hemi engine, armed with a cowcatcher, four hood-mounted Browning M1919s, two side-mounted Vulcan cannons, and Russian RPG-7s. It was later driven by Machine Gun Joe.
1966 Buick Riviera Gran Sport (serial # 494877H903903)- Xander Grady's turbo three-speed automatic with a 430C.I. V8 engine. The Riviera is enforced with German MG-34s, Uzis, and PPSh-41 submachine guns. It was later driven by Pachenko.
1989 BMW E32 735i - Hill Billy's four-speed automatic with a six-cylinder engine. The BMW is enforced with an M134 and bullet-resistant steel. It was later driven by Siad.
1979 Pontiac Trans AM - Calin's three-speed automatic with a 350HO V8 engine with a M134 aiming backwards for defense, and a .50 caliber turret on top of his car which is operated by his navigator. It was later driven by Carson.
1972 Buick Boattail Riviera - Apache's three-speed automatic with a 430C.I. V8 "Nail Head" engine. The Boattail is enforced with German MG-34s, two Uzis, and two PPSh-41 submachine guns. It was later driven by Riggins.
1989 Jaguar XJR-S - The Sheik's four-speed automatic with a V12 engine. The Jaguar is enforced with bullet-resistant steel and 50-caliber M2 machine guns. It was later driven by Travis Colt.
2006 Chrysler 300C - Scarface's five-speed automatic with a 345C.I. V8 engine. The Chrysler is enforced with three FN MAG-58s, a missile and oil slick. It was later driven by Hector Grimm.

text: Production[edit]

text: On November 13, 2009, casting began for the prequel.[2] On December 7, 2009, it was announced that Roel Reiné would direct the film.[3] On January 5, 2010, Luke Goss was announced for the leading role as Carl "Luke" Lucas, who becomes "Frankenstein".

text: Principal photography began on February 13, 2010 in Cape Town, South Africa.[4] The film was shot in various locations in and around the central city of Cape Town, including the Castle of Good Hope, Robben Island (where Nelson Mandela and several other notable figures were imprisoned during the Apartheid years) and an abandoned cement factory near the townships outside Cape Town.[5]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released direct-to-DVD on December 27, 2010 in the United Kingdom and on January 18, 2011 in the United States.[4] A trailer was released on October 3, 2010.[6]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A straight to DVD and Blu-ray sequel called Death Race 3: Inferno was released in January 2013.