document_title: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)

question_text: who plays frollo in the hunchback of notre dame

text: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)

text: Plot

text: In 1482 Paris, Clopin, a gypsy puppeteer, narrates the origin of the titular hunchback. A group of gypsies sneak illegally into Paris, but are ambushed by Judge Claude Frollo, the Minister of Justice of Paris, and his soldiers. A gypsy woman in the group attempts to flee with her deformed baby, but Frollo chases and kills her outside Notre Dame. He tries to kill the baby as well, but the cathedral's archdeacon intervenes and accuses Frollo of murdering an innocent woman. To atone for his sin, Frollo reluctantly agrees to raise the deformed child in Notre Dame as his son, naming him Quasimodo.

text: Twenty years later, Quasimodo develops into a kind yet isolated young man who has lived inside the cathedral his entire life. A trio of living stone gargoyles—Victor, Hugo, and Laverne—serve as Quasimodo's only company, and encourage him to attend the annually-held Festival of Fools. Despite Frollo's warnings that he would be shunned for his deformity, Quasimodo attends the festival and is celebrated for his awkward appearance, only to be humiliated by the crowd after Frollo's men start a riot. Frollo refuses to help Quasimodo, but Esmeralda, a kind gypsy, intervenes by freeing the hunchback, and uses a magic trick to evade arrest. Frollo confronts Quasimodo and sends him back inside the cathedral.

text: Esmeralda follows Quasimodo inside, only to be followed herself by Captain Phoebus of Frollo's guard. Phoebus refuses to arrest her for alleged witchcraft inside Notre Dame and instead has her confined to the cathedral. Esmeralda finds and befriends Quasimodo, who helps her escape Notre Dame out of gratitude for defending him. She entrusts Quasimodo a pendant containing a map to the gypsies' hideout, the Court of Miracles. Frollo soon develops lustful feelings for Esmeralda and, upon realizing them, begs the Virgin Mary to save him from her "spell" to avoid eternal damnation. When Frollo discovers that she escaped, he instigates a citywide manhunt for her which involves setting fire to countless houses in his way. Phoebus is appalled by Frollo's evil and defies him, and Frollo sentences him to death. While fleeing, Phoebus is struck by an arrow and falls into the River Seine, but Esmeralda rescues him and takes him to Notre Dame for refuge. The gargoyles encourage Quasimodo to confess his feelings for Esmeralda, but he is heartbroken to discover she and Phoebus have fallen in love.

text: Frollo returns to Notre Dame later that night and discovers that Quasimodo helped Esmeralda escape. He bluffs to Quasimodo, saying that he knows about the Court of Miracles and that he intends to attack at dawn. Using the map Esmeralda gave him, Quasimodo and Phoebus find the court to warn the gypsies, only for Frollo to follow them and capture all the gypsies present. Frollo prepares to burn Esmeralda at the stake after she rejects his advances, but Quasimodo rescues her and brings her to the cathedral. Phoebus releases the gypsies and rallies the citizens of Paris against Frollo and his men, who try to break into the cathedral. Quasimodo and the gargoyles pour molten lead onto the streets to ensure no one enters, but Frollo successfully manages to get inside. He pursues Quasimodo and Esmeralda to the balcony where he and Quasimodo both fall over the edge. Frollo falls to his death in the molten lead, while Quasimodo is caught by Phoebus on a lower floor. Afterward, Quasimodo comes to accept that Phoebus and Esmeralda are in love, and he gives them his blessing. The two encourage him to leave the cathedral into the outside world, where the citizens hail him as a hero and accept him into society.

text: Voice cast

text:
Tom Hulce as Quasimodo – Notre Dame Cathedral's 20-year-old hunchbacked bell ringer who dreams of seeing life outside the bell tower. Despite the fact that Quasimodo is being constantly informed by his guardian Judge Claude Frollo that he is an ugly monster, Clopin's opening song asks listeners to judge for themselves "who is the monster, and who is the man" of the two. James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Quasimodo.
Demi Moore as Esmeralda (singing voice by Heidi Mollenhauer) – A beautiful, streetwise Gypsy dancing girl who befriends Quasimodo and shows him that his soul is truly beautiful, even if his exterior is not. Highly independent and strong-minded, she abhors Frollo's cruel treatment of Paris's gypsies and other outcasts, and seeks justice for them throughout the film. She falls in love with (and later marries) Captain Phoebus. Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Esmeralda.
Tony Jay as Judge Claude Frollo – A ruthless, self-righteous and religiously pious judge who is Quasimodo's reluctant guardian. He has an intense hatred of the gypsy population and seeks to annihilate their entire race. In comparison to Victor Hugo's original novel, he also displays a sadistic and lustful obsession with Esmeralda. Frollo generally believes all he does is in God's will, despite frequent disagreements with the cathedral's Archdeacon.[3] Kathy Zielinski served as the supervising animator for Frollo.
Kevin Kline as Captain Phoebus – A soldier who is Frollo's Captain of the Guard. He does not approve of Frollo's methods and saves people whenever they are in danger, including his love interest Esmeralda, whom he later marries. Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Phoebus and Achilles (his horse is voiced by Bob Bergen, who also voices baby Quasimodo).
Paul Kandel as Clopin Trouillefou – A puppeteer, storyteller, and mischievous leader of all the gypsies and thieves of Paris. Michael Surrey served as the supervising animator for Clopin.
Charles Kimbrough, Jason Alexander, and Mary Wickes as Victor, Hugo, and Laverne – Three comical gargoyle statues who are Quasimodo's best friends and guardians. This would be Wickes' final acting performance; she died a year before its release, at age 85. Jane Withers provided the remaining dialogue for Laverne in the film's sequel and related merchandise. David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Victor and Hugo, while Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Laverne.
David Ogden Stiers as the Archdeacon – A priest at Notre Dame and a kind man who helps many characters throughout the film, including Quasimodo and Esmeralda. Dave Burgess served as the supervising animator for the Archdeacon.
Frank Welker as Djali – Esmeralda's pet goat, and Hugo's love interest. Ron Husband served as the supervising animator for Djali.

text: Production

text: Development

text: The idea to adapt The Hunchback of Notre Dame came from development executive David Stainton in 1993, who was inspired to turn Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame into an animated feature film after reading the Classics Illustrated comic book adaptation.[4] Stainton then proposed the idea to then-studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg. Following Beauty and the Beast, Gary Trousdale had taken the opportunity to take a break from directing, instead spending several months developing storyboards for The Lion King.[5] Following this, Trousdale and Kirk Wise subsequently attempted developing an animated feature based on the Greek myth of Orpheus titled A Song of the Sea, adapting it to make the central character a humpback whale and setting it in the open ocean.[6][7] The concept obstinately refused to pull together, but while they were working on the project they were summoned to meet with Katzenberg. "During that time," explained Trousdale, "while we working on it, we got a call from Jeffrey. He said, 'Guys, drop everything – you're working on Hunchback now.'"[8] According to Wise, they believed that it had "a great deal of potential...great memorable characters, a really terrific setting, the potential for fantastic visuals, and a lot of emotion."[9]

text: Production on The Hunchback of Notre Dame went underway in the summer of 1993.[10] In October 1993, directors Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, art director David Goetz, Roy Conli, Ed Ghertner, Will Finn, Alan Menken, and Stephen Schwartz took a trip to Paris, France for ten days; three days were devoted to exploring Notre Dame including a private tour of rarely glimpsed sites as actual passageways, stairwells, towers, and a hidden room within which Hugo set his actions. Also included were visits to the Palace of Justice and an original location of the Court of Miracles.[11]

text: Writing

text:
"We knew it would be a challenge to stay true to the material while still giving it the requisite amount of fantasy and fun most people would expect from a Disney animated feature. We were not going to end it the way the book ended, with everybody dead."

Kirk Wise[12]

tag: div

text: Writer Tab Murphy was brought on board to write the screenplay, and it was decided early on that Quasimodo would be the center of the story, as he was in preceding live-action film adaptations. In the early drafts, Quasimodo served as a Cyrano between Phoebus and Esmeralda, but it was discarded to focus more on Quasimodo.[13] Meanwhile, a love story between Quasimodo and Esmeralda was also conceived, according to Murphy, but "we decided to make Phoebus more heroic and central to the story. Out of that decision grew the idea of some sort of a triangle between Quasimodo, Esmeralda and Phoebus."[14] Some of the novel's key characters were jettisoned entirely. The gargoyles of Notre Dame were added to the story by Trousdale and Wise. Their portrayal as comedic friends and confidantes of Quasimodo was inspired by a portion of the novel, which reads "The other statues, the ones of monsters and demons, felt no hatred for Quasimodo…The saints were his friends and blessed him the monsters were his friends, and protected him. Thus he would pour out his heart at length to them."[15][16]

text: One of the first changes made to accommodate Disney's request was to turn the villainous Claude Frollo into a judge rather than an archdeacon, thus avoiding religious sensibilities in the finished film.[17] "As we were exploring the characters, especially Frollo, we certainly found a lot of historical parallels to the type of mania he had: the Confederate South, Nazi Germany, take your pick," explained Wise. "Those things influenced our thinking."[14] Producer Don Hahn evaluated that one inspiration for Frollo was found in Ralph Fiennes's performance as Amon Goeth in Schindler's List, who murders Jews yet desires his Jewish maid.[12] For the opening sequence, Disney story veteran Burny Mattinson constructed an effective sequence that covered much exposition, although studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg felt something was missing. Following Stephen Schwartz's suggestion to musicalize the sequence, French animators Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi storyboarded the sequence to Menken and Schwartz's music resulting in "The Bells of Notre Dame".[18] Lyricist Stephen Schwartz also worked closely with the writing team even suggesting that the audience should be left wondering what the outcome of what Phoebus would do before he extinguishes the torch in water in retaliation against Frollo.[19] Another was, unsurprisingly, the film's conclusion. While Frollo's death was retained – and, indeed, made even more horrific – Quasimodo and Esmerelda were both spared their fates and given a happy ending. This revised ending was based in part on Victor Hugo's own libretto to a Hunchback opera, in which he had permitted Captain Phoebus to save Esmerelda from her execution.

text: Casting

text: In late 1993, pop singer Cyndi Lauper was the first actor attached to the film during its initial stages. Thinking she was cast as Esmeralda, Lauper was startled to learn she was to voice a gargoyle named Quinn, and was hired one week after one reading with the directors.[20] The development team would later come up with the names of Chaney, Laughton and Quinn – named after the actors who portrayed Quasimodo in preceding Hunchback film adaptations. However, Disney's legal department objected to the proposed names of the gargoyles, fearing that the estates of Lon Chaney, Charles Laughton, or Anthony Quinn (who was still alive at the time) would file a lawsuit over using their names so the names were dropped.[21] Trousdale and Wise then suggested naming the characters Lon, Charles, and Anthony – which would have resulted in the same legal concern – before naming the first two gargoyles after Victor Hugo, and the third gargoyle after Andrews Sisters singer Laverne Andrews.[21] Now cast as Laverne, Lauper was deemed too youthful for a friend to provide Quasimodo wise counsel while at the same time Sam McMurray – best known for his work on The Tracey Ullman Show – was hired for Hugo. Meanwhile, Charles Kimbrough was cast as Victor, who was initially unimpressed at an animated adaptation of Hunchback, but later became rather impressed at the level of research that went into the film and how the story ideas transitioned from the novel to the screen.[22] After several recording sessions and test screenings, Lauper and McMurray were called by the directors who regrettably released them from their roles.[23] Jason Alexander, having voiced Abis Mal in The Return of Jafar, was cast as Hugo fulfilling a lifelong desire to be in a Disney film. Laverne was then revisioned into a wiser, mature character with Mary Wickes cast in the role.[23] Following Wickes' death in October 1995,[24] Jane Withers was hired to voice her six remaining lines.[12][25]

text: Mandy Patinkin was approached for the title role, but his style of portraying Quasimodo collided with the producers' demands, and Patinkin stated "'I [was] just there at the audition [and I] said, 'I can't do this.'"[26] Tom Hulce was cast as Quasimodo following his first audition for the role, and according to the actor, he noticed during the audition that the Disney executives, producers, and directors "were staring at the floor. It looked like everyone was at a memorial service" until he noticed the floor was lined with storyboard sketches. According to Wise, the filmmakers "like to audition the voices with our eyes closed, so we see the character's face."[27] Quasimodo was originally portrayed as more monstrous, older and with more of a speech impediment during the early rehearsals, but Hulce commented that "we experimented, endlessly. At one point I was ready to call in and say 'Things just aren't happening.'".[28] Ultimately, the directors desired to portray Quasimodo with a younger voice different from the previous portrayals since "[Victor] Hugo described Quasimodo as 20".[8] Additionally, Hulce was permitted to do his own singing after performing a demo recording of "Out There".[29] Desiring a huskier voice different from the leading Disney heroines,[30] Demi Moore was cast as Esmeralda, and met with Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz on singing. After several singing demos, the actress said "You'd better get someone else,'" according to Schwartz. New York City cabaret singer Heidi Mollenhauer was selected to provide the singing voice.[31] For the role of Phoebus, co-director Kirk Wise explained that "As we're designing the characters, we form a short list of names...to help us find the personality of the character." Subsequently, the filmmakers modeled his portrayal on the personalities of Errol Flynn and John Wayne, and "One of the names on the top of the list all the time was Kevin Kline."[8] British actor Tony Jay, who declared his role as Frollo as his "bid for immortality",[32] was cast after the directors worked with him in Beauty and the Beast. After watching his portrayal as Uncle Ernie in the musical The Who's Tommy, Broadway actor Paul Kandel was selected to voice Clopin.[30]

text: Animation

text: Alongside Pocahontas (1995), storyboard work on The Hunchback of the Notre Dame was among the first to be produced for an animated film on the new Disney Feature Animation building adjacent to the main Disney lot in Burbank, which was dedicated in 1995.[9][33] However, as the Feature Animation building was occupied with The Lion King and Pocahontas at the time, more animators were hired from Canada and United Kingdom to join the production team for Hunchback,[34] and as the development phase furthered along, most of the entire animation team was moved out into a large warehouse facility on Airway in Glendale, California. As the Disney story artists, layout crew, and animators moved in their new quarters, they decided to name the building "Sanctuary."[35]

text: Since Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), other animators hired by Disney Feature Animation were from Germany, France, Ireland, and additional ones from Canada were involved in providing animation duties at the recently opened satellite studio, Walt Disney Animation Paris,[18] of which about 20 percent of the film was done.[36] Meanwhile, while Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida was prepping their first in-house production then titled The Legend of Mulan, at least seven animators penned about four minutes of screentime, mostly involving Frollo and Quasimodo. Layout, cleanup, and special-effects artists provided additional support.[37]

text: To achieve large-scale crowd scenes, particularly for the Feast of Fools sequence and the film's climax, computer animation was used to create six types of characters – males and females either average in weight, fat, or thin – which were programmed and assigned 72 specific movements ranging from jumping and clapping.[38] Digital technology also provided a visual sweep that freed Quasimodo to scamper around the cathedral and soar around the plaza to rescue Esmeralda.[14]

text: Music

text: Having worked on Pocahontas for a year, Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz were offered multiple film projects to work on when they more or less chose to work on Hunchback being attracted to underlying themes of social outcast and Quasimodo's struggle to break free of the psychological dominance of Frollo, according to Schwartz.[39]

text: The film has many musical motifs that carry throughout the film, weaving their way in and out of various pieces of music, and having varying timbres depending on the action in the story at that point. The film's soundtrack includes a musical score written by Alan Menken and songs written by Menken and Stephen Schwartz. Songs include "The Bells of Notre Dame" for Clopin, Frollo and the Archdeacon, "Out There" for Quasimodo and Frollo, "Topsy Turvy" for Clopin, "God Help the Outcasts" for Esmeralda, "Heaven's Light" for Quasimodo, "Hellfire" for the Archdeacon and Frollo, "A Guy Like You" for the gargoyles and "The Court of Miracles" for Clopin and the gypsies.

text: Three songs written for the film were discarded for the storyboarding process. Trousdale and Wise were not certain what musical number could be placed for the third act, though Menken and Schwartz conceived two love songs, "In a Place of Miracles" and "As Long as There's a Moon", between Esmeralda and Phoebus in the film. However, Trousdale and Wise felt the song took too much focus off of Quasimodo,[40] and ultimately decided to have Clopin sing about sentencing Phoebus and Quasimodo to death for finding their gypsy hideout.[41] Menken and Schwartz had also written "Someday" originally for the film, but the directors suggested that a religious song be sung in the cathedral, and the song was instead featured in the end credits.[42] R&B group All-4-One recorded the song for the end credits of the North American English release,[43] and by the British R&B girl group Eternal in the British English version. Luis Miguel recorded the version for the Latin American Spanish version, which became a major hit.

text: Themes

text: The Hunchback of Notre Dame has many themes, including infanticide, lust, damnation, and sin.[44] One of the most important to the narrative is belief in a loving, forgiving God. It also implies, according to Mark Pinsky, a "condemnation of abortion, euthanasia, and racism, and [a] moral resistance to genocide".[45]

text: The Hunchback of Notre Dame was the first—and only—Disney animated feature to have a major focus on traditional religious faith; pre-Reformation Catholicism. In fact, the words "God", "Lord", and "Hell" are uttered more times in this film than in any other. The Gospel According to Disney explains that "it is the church...that interposes, or attempts to interpose itself between the villain and his evil intentions." The creative team and the studio executives did butt heads on various issues, especially those relating to the religious content in the story, "for their failure to defend the poor and the powerless" and concerns that the story was "too controversial".[45] Deconstructing Disney notes that the studio "approached the name of God with an almost Hebraic zeal (that it should never be stated) yet here it is invoked in a manner both pious and puritan." Many of the songs were adapted from genuine Latin prayers and chants, such as "Hellfire," which uses the Tridentine form of the Confiteor as a counterpoint melody. The association of the Church with a form of evil leadership by a man who is "[a religious leader] in almost all respects except the title" "implies a church that is ineffective if not full of vice", the same criticism Hugo gave in his novel. The Gospel According to Disney includes a quote that says "religion... appears as an impotent, irrelevant caricature [and] Disney refuses to admit a serious role for religion". At one point, the archdeacon says to Esmeralda, "You can't right all the wrongs of this world by yourself... perhaps there is someone in here who can," referring to God. This questions the power religious people actually have in making the world a moral and happy place.[45]

text: Frollo is a complex figure who is torn between "good and evil; chastity and lust." While the church represents "the spirit of a Christian God," this is juxtaposed by the cruel actions and snap judgements of Frollo, who claims to be doing God's work. The Gospel According to Disney explains that "while Frollo's stated goal is to purge the world of vice and sin, according to the opening song, he 'saw corruption everywhere except within.'" Because "killing the woman on the steps has put Frollo's soul in mortal danger," he has to take the child and look after him as penance. Even then, he absolves himself of agency in the murder by claiming "God works in mysterious ways," and ponders whether "the child may be of use to him one day." During the song "God Help the Outcasts," Esmeralda brings up the point that Jesus – the person in whose name religious people such as Frollo persecute and subjugate "children of God" – was in fact an outcast too.[45]

text: According to the film's production notes, Quasimodo is "symbolically viewed as being an angel in a devil's body." He is "trapped between heaven above [and] the gritty streets of urban Paris viewed as Hell." The version of the alphabet Quasimodo recites in a daily ritual reflects Frollo's view of the world – full of abominations and blasphemy. He is also constantly reminded he is deformed, ugly, a monster, and an outcast who would be hated if he ever left the confines of the church.[45]

text: The film also criticizes materialism. When Esmeralda sings "God Help The Outcasts," she "walks in the opposite direction of more prosperous worshipers who are praying for material and earthly rewards." One literary device included in the song is the use of contrast and irony; the rich citizens pray for wealth, fame and "for glory to shine on their names" while the destitute Esmeralda prays for the poor and downtrodden.[45]

text: Release

text: In 1994, the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1995 release,[46][47] though the film was reportedly delayed following the departure of Jeffrey Katzenberg from the Walt Disney Company.[48] By January 1995, it was later pushed back to a summer 1996 release.[49][50] The film premiered on June 19, 1996 at the New Orleans Superdome, where it was played on six enormous screens. The premiere was preceded by a parade through the French Quarter, beginning at Jackson Square and utilizing floats and cast members from Walt Disney World.[51] The film was widely released two days later.

text: Marketing

text: As part of the promotion of the film, Walt Disney Records shipped two million products, including sing-along home videos, soundtrack CD's, and the "My First Read Along" novelized version of the film, aimed at a toddler demographic. Upon release, The Hunchback of Notre Dame was accompanied by a marketing campaign at more than $40 million with commercial tie-ins with Burger King, Payless Shoes, Nestlé and Mattel.[52] By 1997, Disney earned approximately $500 million in profit with the spin-off products based from the film.[53][54]

text: Home media

text: The Hunchback of Notre Dame was first released on VHS, standard CLV Laserdisc, and special edition CAV Laserdisc on March 4, 1997 under the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection label. Sales and rentals of the VHS release would eventually accumulate to $200 million by summer 1998.[55][56] It was originally planned for a DVD release in December 2000 as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection, but instead, it was re-issued on March 19, 2002 as a Special Edition along with its direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II.

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Hunchback of Notre Dame on Blu-ray alongside its sequel in a Special Edition "2-Movie Collection" on March 12, 2013.[57]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: The Hunchback of Notre Dame grossed $21.3 million in its opening weekend, placing it in second place at the box office behind Eraser. In a new box office strategy, Disney also included ticket sales which were sold from Disney stores nationwide, which added about $1 million to the box-office numbers.[58] However, in comparison to Pocahontas, which had grossed $29 million the year previous, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook defended the results claiming it was comparable to Beauty and the Beast (1991), which opened in half as many theaters, and grossed about $9 million.[58] The film would ultimately grossed just over $100,138,851 domestically. In foreign markets, by December 1996, the film became the fifteenth film that year to gross over $100 million surpassing the domestic box office gross, and went on to accumulate $225.2 million, surpassing Pocahontas' $204.5 million international gross.[59] Worldwide, The Hunchback of Notre Dame grossed over $325,338,851, making it the fifth highest-grossing film of 1996.[2]

text: Critical reception

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 73% positive rating based on 51 reviews with its consensus stating, "Disney's take on the Victor Hugo classic is dramatically uneven, but its strong visuals, dark themes, and message of tolerance make for a more-sophisticated-than-average children's film."[60] Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert rewarded the film 4 stars, calling it "the best Disney animated feature since Beauty and the Beast – a whirling, uplifting, thrilling story with a heart touching message that emerges from the comedy and song".[61] In his written review for the Chicago Tribune, Gene Siskel awarded the film 3½ (out of a possible 4) stars describing the film as "a surprisingly emotional, simplified version of the Victor Hugo novel" with "effective songs and, yes, tasteful bits of humor".[62] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an A in his review and labeled it: "the best of Disney's 'serious' animated features in the multiplex era, (...) an emotionally rounded fairy tale that balances darkness and sentimentality, pathos and triumph, with uncanny grace".[63]

text: Jason Alexander would note that while "Disney would have us believe this movie’s like the Ringling Bros., for children of all ages", in reality the final cut of the film would have murder, torching, emotional and physical humiliation, among other things. This dual push of the film - half toward the lighter side and half toward the darker side, led to a work that nobly yet unsuccessfully attempted to appeal to both toddlers and families, and sophisticated filmgoers and lovers of Victor Hugo's book.[64]

text: Richard Corliss of Time praised the film, giving a positive review and stating that "the result is a grand cartoon cathedral, teeming with gargoyles and treachery, hopeless love and tortured lust" and also said "Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz have written the largest, most imposing score yet for an animated film".[65] Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph gave it a positive review, saying "it is thrillingly dramatic, and for long stretches you forget you are watching a cartoon at all... A dazzling treat".[66] Variety also gave the film a positive review, stating that "there is much to admire in Hunchback, not least the risk of doing such a downer of a story at all" and also saying: "the new film should further secure Disney's dominance in animation, and connoisseurs of the genre, old and young, will have plenty to savor".[67]

text: Also addressing the film's darker themes, The Daily Mail called The Hunchback of Notre Dame "Disney's darkest picture, with a pervading atmosphere of racial tension, religious bigotry and mob hysteria" and "the best version yet of Hugo's novel, a cartoon masterpiece, and one of the great movie musicals".[68] Janet Maslin wrote in her The New York Times review, "In a film that bears conspicuous, eager resemblances to other recent Disney hits, the filmmakers' Herculean work is overshadowed by a Sisyphean problem. There's just no way to delight children with a feel-good version of this story."[69]

text: Upon opening in France in March 1997, reception from French critics towards Hunchback was reported to be "glowing, largely positive".[70] French critics and audiences found resonance in the film which recounted a real-life incident from August 1995 when French police raided a Parisian church and seized over 200 illegal immigrants seeking refuge from deportation under France's strict expulsion laws. "It is difficult not to think of the undocumented immigrants of St. Bernard when Frollo tries to sweep out the rabble," wrote one reviewer.[71]

text: Audience response

text: Some criticism was provided by fans of Victor Hugo's novel, who were disappointed with the changes Disney made to the material. Arnaud Later, a leading scholar on Hugo, accused Disney of simplifying, editing and censoring the novel in numerous aspects, including the personalities of the characters. In his review, he later wrote that the animators "don't have enough confidence in their own emotional feeling" and that the film "falls back on clichés."[72] Descendants of Victor Hugo bashed Disney in an open letter to the Libération newspaper for their ancestor getting no mention on the advertisement posters, and describing the film as a "vulgar commercialization by unscrupulous salesmen".[73][74][75]

text: Criticism additionally generated among viewers over whether the film is too scary or violent for young children, and whether the storyline, which involves issues of sexual obsession and religion, might be too adult.[76] However, some newspaper publications reported child audiences being unaffected by the mature content and praising the film.[76][77] Further accusations were made of the film having homosexual undertones, noticeably with the song "Out There", being the name of a gay pressure group and as a call to come out of the closet.[78][79]

text: In June 1996, the Southern Baptist Convention voted overwhelmingly to urge its sixteen million members to boycott Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise to protest behavior it believes "disparages Christian values."[80] The cause of the protests – unrelated to the film – stemmed from the company's domestic partnership policy and gay and lesbian theme days at Walt Disney World.[81] Disney officials would not comment on the motivation for the religious content displayed in the film beyond comments on the subject included in the film's press kit with Disney vice president John Dreyer commenting, "The film speaks for itself."[82] Nevertheless, there was praise from religious organizations for its portrayal of religion in the film. Louis P. Sheldon, a Presbyterian pastor and chairman of the Anaheim-based Traditional Values Coalition, affirmed two months before its premiere that "I am thrilled at what I hear about Hunchback, that Disney is seeking to honour Christianity and its role in Western civilization. I only pray that it will accomplish much good in the minds and hearts of its viewers."[83] Following protests in the United States, thousands of British parents banned their kids from seeing The Hunchback Of Notre Dame.[84] In reaction to the controversy, Walt Disney Feature Animation president Peter Schneider said, "The only controversy I've heard about the movie is certain people's opinion that, 'Well, it's OK for me, but it might disturb somebody else." Schneider also stated in his defense that the film was test-screened "all over the country, and I've heard nobody, parents or children, complain about any of the issues. I think, for example, the issue of disabilities is treated with great respect." and "Quasimodo is really the underdog who becomes the hero; I don't think there's anything better for anybody's psychological feelings than to become the hero of a movie. The only thing we've been asked to be careful about is the word hunchback, which we have to use in the title."[85]

text: Accolades

text:
Awards

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

Academy Awards
March 24, 1997
Best Music, Original Musical or Comedy Score
Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz
Nominated

Annie Awards
1997
Best Animated Feature
Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Feature Animation
Nominated

Best Individual Achievement: Animation
Kathy Zielinski
Nominated

Best Individual Achievement: Animation
James Baxter
Nominated

Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise
Nominated

Music in an Animated Feature Production
Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz
Nominated

Producing in an Animated Feature Production
Don Hahn
Nominated

Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
David Goetz
Nominated

Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Brenda Chapman & Will Finn
Nominated

Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Tony Jay
Nominated

Demi Moore
Nominated

Tom Hulce
Nominated

Writing in an Animated Feature Production
Tab Murphy (story), Irene Mecchi, Bob Tzudiker, Noni White, and Jonathan Roberts
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
January 19, 1997
Best Original Score – Motion Picture
Alan Menken
Nominated

ASCAP Award
1997
Top Box Office Films
Stephen Schwartz
Won

Saturn Awards
July 23, 1997
Best Fantasy Film

Nominated

BMI Film Music Award
1997

Alan Menken
Won

Artios Awards
1997
Best Casting for Animated Voiceover
Ruth Lambert
Won

Golden Screen Award
1997

Won

Golden Reel Awards
1997
Motion Picture Feature Films: Sound Editing

Won

Animated Motion Picture Feature Films: Music Editing

Won

Golden Raspberry Awards
March 23, 1997
Worst Written Film Grossing Over $100 Million
Tab Murphy (story), Irene Mecchi, Bob Tzudiker, Noni White, and Jonathan Roberts
Nominated

Satellite Awards
January 15, 1997
Best Motion Picture - Animated or Mixed Media
Don Hahn
Won

Young Artist Awards
1997
Best Family Feature – Animation or Special Effects

Nominated

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[86]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Animation Film[87]

text: Adaptations

text: Stage musical

text: The film was adapted into a darker, more Gothic musical production, re-written and directed by James Lapine and produced by Walt Disney Theatrical, in Berlin, Germany. The musical Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame) was very successful and played from 1999 to 2002, before closing. A cast recording was also recorded in German. An English-language revival of the musical premiered in San Diego on October 28, 2014.[88]

text: Sequels and spin-offs

text: In June 1998, production on a sequel titled The Hunchback of Notre Dame Deux: The Secret of the Bells was announced, and slated for release in fall 1999.[89] However, the sequel was delayed from its planned fall release in order to accommodate the recording of "I'm Gonna Love You" by Jennifer Love Hewitt.[90] The sequel reunited its original voice cast, with Hewitt, Haley Joel Osment and Michael McKean voicing new characters.[90] In 2002, the direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II, was released on VHS and DVD. The plot focuses once again on Quasimodo as he continues to ring the bells now with the help of Zephyr, Esmeralda and Phoebus's son. He also meets and falls in love with a new girl named Madellaine who has come to Paris with her evil circus master, Sarousch. Disney thought that it was appropriate to make the sequel more fun and child-friendly due to the dark and grim themes of the original film.

text: Quasimodo, Esmeralda, Victor, Hugo, Laverne and Frollo all made guest appearances on the Disney Channel TV series House of Mouse. Frollo could also be seen amongst a crowd of Disney Villains in Mickey's House of Villains.

text: Video games

text: In 1996, to tie in with the original theatrical release, The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games was released by Disney Interactive[91] for the PC and the Nintendo Game Boy, which is a collection of mini games based around the Festival of Fools that includes a variation of Balloon Fight.

text: A world based on the movie, "La Cité des Cloches" (The City of Bells), made its debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance. It was the first new Disney world confirmed for the game. All of the main characters except Clopin and the Archdeacon (although Quasimodo mentions him in the English version) appear, and Jason Alexander and Charles Kimbrough were the only actors to reprise their roles from the movie.

text: Other media

text: Disney has converted its adaptation of The Hunchback of Notre Dame into other media. For example, Disney Comic Hits #11, published by Marvel Comics, features two stories based upon the film. From 1997 to 2002 Disney-MGM Studios hosted a live-action stage show based on the film and Disneyland built a new theater-in-the-round and re-themed Big Thunder Ranch as Esmeralda's Cottage, Festival of Foods outdoor restaurant and Festival of Fools extravaganza, which is now multipurpose space accommodating private events and corporate picnics. Disney closed the Festival in 2016 to make room for the upcoming Star Wars Land expansion.


document_title: American Grit

question_text: who won the first season of american grit

root

text: American Grit

text: Premise[edit]

text: Competitors are divided into four teams of four, each led by a military veteran who is designated as the team's Cadre[9] and compete in a series of Team Challenges. All members of the winning team are safe from elimination and advance to the next round, while a member of each losing team is chosen to participate in an Elimination Challenge. The elimination continues until one contestant quits, fails the challenge, or becomes physically unable to continue, at which point he or she is eliminated from the competition. Eliminated competitors ring a ship's bell on the site before departing, after the tradition of Navy SEAL trainees "ringing out" if they choose to withdraw from the program. In the finale, the remaining competitors take part in an elimination challenge that concludes with a winner being named and receiving a $250,000 cash prize.

tag: p

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Filmed at the foothills of Mount Rainier in Eatonville, Washington, the first season focuses on "pushing teams to the brink" and features sixteen contestants with a variety of fitness backgrounds. Competitors who lose during Team Challenges, called "Evolutions", are selected by their own Cadre to participate in the Elimination Challenge. As long as a team has at least two members, a contestant cannot be sent to two consecutive Elimination Challenges. The Elimination Challenge begins with an obstacle course, called "The Circus", followed by an endurance test. The obstacle course remains constant, but the endurance test differs in each episode. The endurance test begins once all three participants have completed the obstacle course, with the first- and second-place finishers receiving an advantage over the third-place finisher, and concludes with the elimination of one competitor. As a team-based competition, all surviving members of the last remaining team are eligible to win. The season was won by Clare Painter and Mark Bouquin of Team Noah.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Taking place in Hampton Island, Georgia in a location referred to as "Camp Grit", the second season focuses on "helping competitors find their grit" and features contestants with various issues "who either have lost their grit or never had it". Seventeen competitors appear at the start of the competition, one of whom is eliminated before the teams are formed. The Cadre of the winning team chooses the members of the losing teams who will be sent to the Elimination Challenge and consecutive appearances are allowed. Only an endurance test is featured in the Elimination Challenge and no advantages are provided to its participants. Depending on the Elimination Challenge, it concludes with one or two contestants being eliminated. The competition eventually becomes contestant-based, with all remaining competitors ultimately competing against each other and only one winner being named. Winning the second season was Gigi Gustin of Team Grady.

text: Cadre[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Rorke Denver, a US Navy SEAL Commander who led assault teams worldwide. He also starred in Act of Valor.[10]
Noah Galloway, a US Army member of the 502nd Infantry and 101st Airborne Division, awarded the Purple Heart when he lost his left arm and left leg in a roadside bomb attack[10]
Tawanda "Tee" Hanible, a US Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant[10]
Nicholas "Nick" Irving, a US Army sniper with the 3rd Ranger Battalion with thirty-three confirmed kills, nicknamed "The Reaper"[10]

tag: ul

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
John Burk, a US Army Infantry Drill Sergeant who served in Iraq and Afghanistan and also trained younger soldiers for battle, now an entrepreneur[11]
Riki Long, a US Marine who was in charge of the legal administration at the largest Marine Corps personnel center, now a fitness nutrition specialist and weightlifter[12]
Chloe Mondesir, a US Marine Ammunition Technician, now working with a non-profit organization to raise money for Veteran Affairs programs[13]
Grady Powell, a US Army Green Beret with the 10th Special Forces Group with tours in Iraq and Africa, now runs a firearms training facility.[14] He also won NBC's reality television program Stars Earn Stripes alongside former WWE Divas Champion Eve Torres.

text: Contestants[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The contestants of Season 1 range in age from 22 to 54.[15]

text:
Team Nick
     Team Noah

     Team Rorke
     Team Tee

tag: table

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Nickname
Occupation
Placement

Clare Painter
47
Omak, WA
The Fisherman
Horse trainer and fisherman
Winners

Mark Bouquin
26
Colden, NY
The Lumberjack
Timbersports athlete

Tony Simmons
41
Chicago, IL
Touchdown Tony
Sports performance coach and former NFL player
3rd place

Jim Vaglica
54
Billerica, MA
The Boston Cop
Police officer
4th place

Tabatha "Goldie" Chandler
39
Chattanooga, TN
The Roller Girl
Registered nurse
5th place

David Neville
31
Fort Wayne, IN
The Olympian
College track and field head coach and former Olympic medalist
6th place

Ashley "Haze" Hazlett
31
Cincinnati, OH
The Marine's Daughter
Event coordinator
7th place

Mario Robinson
25
Queens, NY
The Triathlete
Personal Trainer
8th place

Cameron "Cam" Zagami
22
Salem, NH
The Wrestler
Professional wrestler
9th place

Kimberly Joy "KJoy" Lipson
38
Houston, TX
The Yogi
Yoga instructor
10th place

Ivette Saucedo
35
Los Angeles, CA
The Equestrian
Model
11th place

Lisa Traugott
42
Austin, TX
The Bikini Bodybuilder
Trainer and author
12th place

Maria Kang
35
Elk Grove, CA
The No Excuses Mom
Nonprofit founder and author
13th place

Marc Lobliner
35
Elgin, IL
The Machine
CEO of nutrition company
14th place

Brooke Van Paris
25
Indianapolis, IN
The Obstacle Course Junkie
Sales rep
15th place

Chris Krueger
32
Los Angeles, CA
The Hollywood Trainer
Strength and performance coach
16th place

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season contains 17 contestants,[16] ranging in age from 20 to 48.[17][18]

text:
Team Chloe
     Team Grady

     Team Burk
     Team Riki

     Eliminated before teams chosen

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Placement

Gigi Gustin
20
Glassboro, NJ
Sales associate
Winner

Michael Wilson Morgan
38
Brooklyn, NY
Costume designer
Runner-up

Hannah Koen
23
Newburyport, MA
Housewife
3rd place

Herman Brar
26
Billings, MT
Nurse
4th place

Chris Edom
48
Merrick, NY
Kindergarten teacher
5th place

Alison Kempkey
36
Seattle, WA
Fashion consultant
6th place

George Foreman IV1
28
Houston, TX
Publicist
7th place

Carla Mireles
26
Chino, CA
Account executive
8th place

Richard Mallard
32
Berryville, TX
Vlogger
9th place

Janessa Morgan
36
Los Angeles, CA
Telecommunications manager
10th place

Scarlett Angelina
24
New Brunswick, NJ
Public relations coordinator
11th place

Melanie Mahanna
29
Brooklyn, NY
Tutor
12th place

Shermon Braithwaite
22
Brooklyn, NY
Hotel clerk
13th place

Will Westwater
23
West Hollywood, CA
Swimming instructor
14th place

Gill Morton
36
Vernal, UT
Yoga instructor
15th place

Nathalie Martin
45
Youngsville, LA
Cleaning business owner
16th place

Heather Pincelli
36
Lakeland, FL
Private investigator
17th place

text: ^Note 1 George was originally on Team Grady, but later became a member of Team Burk.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
WINNER
The player or players were the winner(s) of American Grit.

 WIN
The player was on the winning team in an Evolution and automatically advanced to the next stage of the competition.

 EXEMPT
The player was on a losing team, but was exempt from the Circus due to having been chosen for it in the previous episode.

 SAFE
The player was on a losing team in an Evolution, but was not chosen for the Circus.

 CIRCUS
The player was on a losing team in an Evolution, competed in the Circus, and advanced.

 OUT
The player competed in the Circus and was eliminated.

text:
Contestants
Episodes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Clare
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
WINNER

Mark
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
WINNER

Tony
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
WIN
WIN
OUT

Jim
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
CIRCUS
OUT

Goldie
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
OUT

David
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
CIRCUS
OUT

Haze
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Mario
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
OUT

Cam
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

KJoy
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
OUT

Ivette
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
OUT

Lisa
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

Maria
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Marc
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Brooke
SAFE
OUT

Chris
OUT

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
WINNER
The player was the winner of American Grit.

 RUNNER-UP
The player finished in second place and was the runner-up of American Grit.

 WIN
The player was on the winning team in a Team Challenge and automatically advanced to the next stage of the competition.

 SAFE
The player was on a losing team in a Team Challenge, but was not chosen for the Elimination Challenge.

 LOW
The player was on a losing team in a Team Challenge, competed in the Elimination Challenge, and advanced.

 OUT
The player competed in the Elimination Challenge and was eliminated.

 CHOSEN
The player was saved by being chosen to be on a team by one of the Cadre.

 OUT
The player was eliminated before teams were chosen, being the sole contestant to not be chosen for a team.

text:
Contestants
Episodes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Gigi
CHOSEN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WINNER

Michael
CHOSEN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

Hannah
CHOSEN
WIN
LOW
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
LOW
SAFE
OUT

Herman
CHOSEN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
LOW
LOW
WIN
LOW
WIN
OUT

Chris
CHOSEN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
LOW
SAFE
OUT

Alison
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
LOW
WIN
OUT

George
CHOSEN
LOW
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Carla
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
LOW
LOW
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Richard
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Janessa
CHOSEN
SAFE
LOW
SAFE
WIN
OUT

Scarlett
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Melanie
CHOSEN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Shermon
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Will
CHOSEN
WIN
SAFE
OUT

Gill
CHOSEN
LOW
OUT

Nathalie
CHOSEN
OUT

Heather
OUT

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

1
1
"Ruck Up"
April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
2.35[19]

Sixteen competitors are split into teams of four. Led by the Cadre, four retired military members, the teams face the Evolution, which challenges their team skills. Team Noah wins the Evolution, an obstacle course where a log must be carried through holes in walls, carried over three miles, and placed in a locked hole. The other three teams pick Chris (Tee), Goldie (Rorke), and Jim (Nick). The three must hold a rope weighted with a sandbag. Chris drops the bag first, and rings out.

ELIMINATED: Chris Krueger

2
2
"Ice Cubed"
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
2.17[20]

After Chris' departure, the members of Team Tee find themselves one person down. The Evolution involves collecting a raft after climbing over a wall. They must row across a cold lake. Once on the other side, the teams must get a paddle back across the lake, either by opening a locked box, or by bringing the 100-pound lockbox. Team Noah wins again, followed by Team Tee. Tee sends Brooke to the Circus competition, Nick send KJoy, and Rorke sends Haze. Haze sets the record for the fastest time in the Circus. The endurance test is to do ten burpees, then submerge themselves in ice water. After many cycles of doing this, Brooke passes out and is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Brooke Van Paris

3
3
"Moving Camp"
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
2.10[21]

The teams are challenged to move a full camp and set it up exactly the way they found it. Tee's group, being two members down, finds an advantage because they only have to set up two tents, while the other teams set up four. After packing the equipment into big suitcases, the teams must swim across the lake, build a wheelbarrow, and take all the wheelbarrow parts to the new campsite. Team Noah wins, followed by Team Tee, in the closest finish so far in the season. Tee sends Tony to the Circus, Rorke sends Marc, and Nick sends Cam. The endurance test is to stand on a wooden post, then switch to a higher and narrower post fifteen minutes later. Marc falls off while transitioning to the third and final post, and is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Marc Lobliner

4
4
"Charlie Foxtrot"
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
1.77[22]

The teams must find and remember eight pictures to put on a board. Team Noah wins once again, extending the winning streak to four. In the Circus, Ivette must go because Tony went the previous week. Nick sends Maria, and Rorke sends Haze (who was the only person to previously face the Circus). Ivette arrives first after rolling over and passing Haze. The endurance portion is to hold onto a band of a pole, then switching to a lower band after 20 minutes. Maria is eliminated after slipping while adjusting back to the higher post.

ELIMINATED: Maria Kang

5
5
"Double Time"
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
1.78[23]

The teams must show survival skills by setting up a tent, purifying water, and making fire tall enough to ignite two flares. Cena then reveals there are two paths: a longer one with easier steps, and a shorter one with harder, longer steps. Team Nick breaks Team Noah's winning streak, by finishing first. In the Circus, Tony is forced to enter, Rorke chooses Mario, and Noah chooses Lisa. The endurance portion is to run laps between logs in under twenty seconds. The time shortens to 15 seconds after the fifteenth lap, and 10 seconds after the twentieth lap. After lap 25, Lisa is unable to touch the log in under ten seconds. She rings out and leaves.

ELIMINATED: Lisa Traugott

6
6
"Squat Till You Drop"
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
1.88[24]

The Evolution involves the teams using supplies to build bridges across various obstacles strewn across a 60-foot long field without their feet touching the ground. If a member's feet touch the ground, they must restart that portion of the obstacle. Team Noah wins the event and regains their confidence. They win a weightlifting workout with Cena as a reward. For the Circus, Team Tee is forced to send Ivette, Team Rorke sends Goldie, and Team Nick sends Jim. The endurance portion involves squatting to fit inside of a three-foot by five-foot frame while balancing a small cylinder on a plank. The first person to drop the cylinder or leave the frame is eliminated. Eventually, Ivette's cylinder falls, and she rings out and leaves.

ELIMINATED: Ivette Saucedo

7
7
"Dawn Patrol"
May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26)
1.73[25]

All the teams receive land navigation compasses, and most teams struggle to learn to use them, but Mark from Team Noah has land nav experience and teaches the rest of the team how to use the device. Early the next morning, the teams are all blindfolded and taken to an unknown location in the woods. From there, they must use the compass and gear they are supplied to locate a checkpoint, solve a navigation problem at the checkpoint to get a map, then carry their gear to the finish. In a close finish, Team Noah wins again and is rewarded with massages. Rorke gives his team gifts of custom ammo shells to help inspire them. At the Circus, Tony is forced to go, while Rorke sends Mario and Nick sends KJoy. The endurance challenge involves carrying sandbags uphill and over a set of steps, and they must move at a constant pace. If a contestant stops or slows down too much, they will be eliminated. After over an hour of this endurance, KJoy cannot go any further and she quits, ringing out and going home.

ELIMINATED: Kimberly Joy "KJoy" Lipson

8
8
"Barricade the Bunker"
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)
1.96[26]

At base camp, the teams are told the winners of the next Evolution will win visits from their loved ones. The Evolution involves one team member building a barricade with various materials in thirty minutes around a bunker with flags inside it. After thirty minutes, another team member must attempt to breach an opponent's bunker with a pair of pliers and retrieve their flag. Tony, on his own, barely beats out Mario and wins immunity and a visit from his family. Cam and Haze have a date and Nick is concerned that Haze is playing with Cam's emotions. Tony surprises Haze by sacrificing his reward so that she can visit her father instead. For the Circus, Nick chooses Cam, Rorke chooses Goldie, and Noah chooses Mark. Cena reveals that for this Circus, the military Cadre cannot assist. The endurance challenge involves stilts held together at the top with chains and three sets of increasingly smaller footholds on them. The contestants must climb the stilts and switch to the higher and narrower footholds at Cena's signal. After 45 minutes of this endurance, Cam slips and falls, and he is forced to ring out and go home.

ELIMINATED: Cameron "Cam" Zagami

9
9
"Tired Out"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
2.11[27]

The Evolution involves obstacles over a five mile course: a tire shuffle, freeing a tire from a puzzle, crawling through a mud pit, and solving another tire puzzle, while each time grabbing a tire and carrying it back to a post at the start/finish line, and teams with multiple members must travel together. Tony wins his second Evolution in a row, guaranteeing him a spot in the finals. The Cadre each bring in a guest military member to give inspirational stories to their teams. Jim is forced to go to the Circus, while Noah sends Mark and Rorke sends Mario, which means by default that Clare and Haze are automatically in the finals, while Mark and Goldie are also automatically in due to being exempt from the Circus this week. The endurance trial involves a ladder that contestants must constantly climb down, under, up, and over within one minute. At the top of the ladder is a button which must be pressed, and the contestants must wait for all other contestants to press the button before the next cycle begins. In a rain-soaked Circus, Mario finishes the course first, but after over 71 rotations, he forgets to hit the button and is eliminated, ringing out and going home. Cena then reveals that the remaining contestants have only 30 minutes to gear up and get ready for the next challenge.

ELIMINATED: Mario Robinson

10
10
"Over the Falls"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
2.11[27]

The contestants must cross a suspended traverse line hand-over-hand that spans over a 125-foot high waterfall, and for teams with multiple members, the average time of the team will be what counts, with the winning team earning an advantage in the final Circus. Team Noah wins this challenge. Cena explains that the final Circus has been expanded, and he spends some time thanking the remaining contestants before bringing in their family members for a visit. Cena explains that all seven remaining contestants must run the tougher Circus twice, with a fifteen-minute endurance in between the two runs. The endurance involves a rope suspended from a pole with two knots tied into it. After the first run, contestants must hold on via the top knot, and after the second run, they must hold on via the bottom knot. Contestants will be eliminated one after another until one team remains and the remaining members of that team will be the winners. Team Noah's advantage is a one-minute head start in the first run, which they use to gain the advantage in the first endurance. All teams make it through to the second run, and Tony from Team Tee finishes it first, Jim from Team Nick finishes second, Team Noah is third, and Team Rorke finishes fourth. Haze drops out in seventh place, David finishes in sixth, Goldie drops out in fifth and eliminates Team Rorke. Jim drops out next in fourth and eliminates Team Nick. After over 90 minutes of endurance, Tony drops out in third place eliminating Team Tee, and giving the win and the $250,000 prize to both Clare and Mark from Team Noah.

ELIMINATED: Ashley "Haze" Hazlett, David Neville, Tabatha "Goldie" Chandler, Jim Vaglica, Tony Simmons
WINNERS: Clare Painter and Mark Bouquin

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

11
1
"Find Your Grit"
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)
1.11[28]

At the new location known as Camp Grit, John Cena and the new Cadre meet the 17 new competitors. Cena tells them that there are only 16 beds in the cabin, and that one contestant will go home before the team challenges start. The contestants race around a lake to claim one of the beds. The next day, the contestants are hung upside down over a lake, and the first person to give up will be eliminated. After over 30 minutes of the players being repeatedly dunked in the lake, no one gives up, and Cena ends the contest with no one eliminated. On day three, the contestants must spin a beach ball over their heads until the Cadre pick them for a team and only 16 players will be on the teams. Eventually, Heather is not chosen for a team and she is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Heather Pincelli

12
2
"Cena Does the Dishes"
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)
1.67[29]

The four teams must complete a relay race where they must pass through a gate and get a flag then plant the flags at the finish line. In addition, when a gate is reached, one of the team members must complete a task of either putting on a shock collar, drinking a liquefied alligator tail, or stripping naked. Team Burk wins the race, but Cena tells them they will not be immune unless the fourth member who did not complete a task has their head shaved. Melanie agrees to have her head shaved and thus Team Burk wins immunity and Burk gets to choose one member of the other three teams for the Elimination Challenge. He chooses Nathalie, George, and Gill. The Elimination Challenge has the contestants hold a bar while standing inside a frame suspended over the lake. Every 15 minutes, the frame will be tilted forward. The first person to drop will be eliminated. Nathalie drops out first, ending her day.

ELIMINATED: Nathalie Martin

13
3
"Liar Liar"
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
1.00[30]

The Team Challenge has the four teams blindfolded and in a canoe race where they must navigate a series of gates while being led by one member designated as team captain who is able to see. Team Grady wins the race and Grady chooses the other three team captains, Gill, Janessa, and Hannah, for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, the contestants have a set of four wheels slightly separate from one another which they must constantly keep spinning. The first contestant to have a wheel stop spinning is eliminated. After over an hour of endurance, one of Gill's wheels stops turning and she is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Gill Morton

14
4
"Secrets Are Revealed"
July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)
1.04[31]

Cena advises the contestants that this week will have a double elimination. The Team Challenge has the members tethered together at the waist by a rope and they must complete a muddy race through a swamp. Team Grady wins the challenge, but Hannah from Team Burke is injured. She receives medical attention and is okay the next day. Grady selects Carla, Shermon, and Will for the Elimination Challenge. This challenge has the contestants balance on a platform while holding a ball over their heads suspended over the lake. When the ball is let go, it will swing into a bell to signal the elimination of that contestant. After an hour, Will loses control of the ball and is eliminated. After three hours, Shermon loses control of the ball and is also eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Will Westwater and Shermon Braithwaite

15
5
"Camp Love"
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
1.10[32]

The Team Challenge has the members releasing triangle-shaped puzzle pieces that must be placed on stakes to spell out the words love, money, or power. If the winning team spells love, they win a visit from their families, while spelling money wins the team $1,000 each, and spelling power gives the team the ability to move members around. Team Chloe wins by spelling out love, and they earn a visit from their families. Chloe chooses Carla, Herman, and Melanie for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, there is an hourglass filled with sand which will slowly drain out. The competitors must repeatedly cross a balance beam and refill the sand using either a small bag or a larger bucket with holes in it. They also have one bucket of sand near the hourglass for a single use. The contestant whose hourglass drains out first is eliminated. Eventually, Melanie's hourglass empties and she is sent home.

ELIMINATED: Melanie Mahanna

16
6
"Selfish vs. Selfless"
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
0.95[33]

Cena tells the Cadre that they will not be beside their team for the challenge. The challenge tasks each individual to pick whether they would choose to do something for the team (worth more points) or something personally for themselves (worth less points). Team Burk wins and also gets the reward to steal someone from another team, while Carla secures a safety which grants her next week free of elimination. Chris, having won the reward for his team, takes George from Grady's team. Burk sends Janessa, Scarlett, and Herman to the Elimination Challenge, which is a double elimination this week. The challenge is to hold on to an outcrop on a 45° slope with water running down it. Scarlett slides into the water and has to ring out, while an hour later, Janessa does too. Cena then reveals if all of one Cadre's team has rung out, the Cadre too must ring out.

ELIMINATED: Scarlett Angelina and Janessa Morgan

17
7
"Role Reversal"
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
1.14[34]

This week's challenge looks nearly identical to the last Elimination Challenge in that there is a 45° slope with water running down it and a handle at the top, but this time, the Cadre are the ones who will participate. Grady wins the challenge and his team selects Richard, Alison, and Chris for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, three floating balls are under ropes, and the contestants must balance on the balls while using the ropes to prevent floating away. The first one to drop will be eliminated. Richard falls quickly and is sent home.

ELIMINATED: Richard Mallard

18
8
"Shady Grady"
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
1.15[35]

For this week's Team Challenge there is a rotating set of four basketball hoops on one end of a court, a pile of colored balls on another, and large bungee cords in the middle. The contestants must run with the bungee attached to them to grab a ball then shoot it into an opponent's colored basket. The first three teams that have five balls in their baskets will go to elimination, which this week is another double elimination. Alison secures the win for Team Chloe. By default, Carla is sent to elimination while Allison selects George and Herman. In this challenge, the competitors are harnessed to an underwater pulley system which supports a box that holds 50% of each competitor's weight. They must hold on to a rope while in the water to support the box. The first two competitors to let go will both be eliminated. Carla drops out first, eliminating Team Riki altogether. After over 50 minutes, George loses his grip and is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Carla Mireles and George Foreman IV

19
9
"Cena Says"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.01[36]

With Riki's team being eliminated, Riki becomes the first-ever Cadre to ring out. Cena visits the contestants and shares with them a story with details about his life. For the Team Challenge, Cena quizzes the contestants about details of his story, and they must slide down a ramp into a mud pit to grab a tile with the correct answer, then return it to the start. The first team with four correct answers is safe from another double elimination. Team Grady wins the challenge. All members of the other teams must compete in the Elimination Challenge. This challenge has the contestants balance a weighted ball on a shelf while also balancing themselves on an unstable platform. After ten minutes, they must transition to another platform that is more unstable. The first two contestants to drop their balls will be eliminated. After about 36 minutes, Alison drops her ball, thus also eliminating Team Chloe. A few minutes later, Chris drops his ball and is also eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Alison Kempkey and Chris Edom

20
10
"Who's Got Grit?"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.01[36]

Cena tells the remaining contestants that they are now competing as individuals and their Cadre can no longer assist them. In the first challenge, the contestants have a puzzle where every piece is the face of a former contestant, and they must put them in the order that they were eliminated. Michael solves the puzzle first, and he gets to choose two other people to compete with him in the finals. He chooses Hannah and Gigi to move on, thus eliminating Herman.

ELIMINATED: Herman Brar

For the final challenge, the contestants are suspended over the lake while holding on to a crossbar. They will be quizzed on facts that occurred during the course of the season, and must answer them by releasing either their left or right hand. Getting a wrong answer results in a penalty of holding the bar with one hand for three minutes. The last competitor to hold on will be the winner. After over an hour, Hannah loses her grip and is eliminated in third place. After over two hours, Cena runs out of trivia questions and forces the two contestants to hold on with one hand for the remainder. Michael loses his grip and is eliminated, making Gigi the winner of season two of American Grit and the $250,000 prize.

ELIMINATED: Hannah Koen
RUNNER-UP: Michael Wilson Morgan
WINNER: Gigi Gustin

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Ruck Up"
April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
0.8/3
2.35[19]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"Ice Cubed"
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
0.7/2
2.17[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Moving Camp"
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
0.7/2
2.10[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"Charlie Foxtrot"
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
0.6/2
1.77[22]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
"Double Time"
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
0.6/2
1.78[23]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Squat Till You Drop"
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
0.6/2
1.88[24]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Dawn Patrol"
May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26)
0.5/2
1.73[25]
0.2
0.53
0.7
2.26[37]

8
"Barricade the Bunker"
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)
0.6/2
1.96[26]
0.3
0.55
0.9
2.51[38]

9
"Tired Out"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
0.7/3
2.11[27]
0.2
0.47
0.9
2.58[39]

10
"Over the Falls"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
0.7/3
2.11[27]
0.2
0.47
0.9
2.58[39]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Find Your Grit"
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)
0.4/2
1.11[28]
0.2
0.47
0.6
1.58[40]

2
"Cena Does the Dishes"
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)
0.5/2
1.67[29]
0.2
0.47
0.7
2.14[41]

3
"Liar Liar"
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
0.4/2
1.00[30]
0.1
0.44
0.5
1.43[42]

4
"Secrets Are Revealed"
July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)
0.4/2
1.04[31]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
"Camp Love"
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
0.4/2
1.10[32]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Selfish vs. Selfless"
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
0.4/2
0.95[33]
0.1
0.44
0.5
1.39[43]

7
"Role Reversal"
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
0.4/2
1.14[34]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Shady Grady"
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
0.4/2
1.15[35]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Cena Says"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
0.4/2
1.01[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"Who's Got Grit?"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
0.4/2
1.01[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A


document_title: Redshirts (Italy)

question_text: who led the red shirts to victory in sicily

text: Redshirts (Italy)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Redshirts (Italian Camicie rosse) or Red coats (Italian Giubbe Rosse) is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy, but sometimes extended to other campaigns of his. The name derived from the color of their shirts or loose fitting blouses (complete uniforms were beyond the finances of the Italian patriots).

text: Background[edit]

text: The red shirts were started by Giuseppe Garibaldi. During his years of exile, Garibaldi was involved in a military action in Uruguay, where, in 1843, he originally used red shirts from a stock destined for slaughterhouse workers in Buenos Aires. Later, he spent time in private retirement in New York City. Both places have been claimed as the birthplace of the Garibaldian red shirt.[1]

text: The formation of his force of volunteers in Uruguay, his mastery of the techniques of guerilla warfare, his opposition to the Emperor of Brazil and Argentine territorial ambitions (perceived by liberals as also imperialist), and his victories in the battles of Cerro and Sant'Antonio in 1846 that assured the independence of Uruguay, made Garibaldi and his followers heroes in Italy and Europe. Garibaldi was later hailed as the "Hero of Two Worlds" on the basis of these exploits.

text: In Uruguay, calling on the Italians of Montevideo, Garibaldi formed the Italian Legion in 1843. In later years, it was claimed that in Uruguay the legion first sported the red shirts associated with Garibaldi's "Thousand", which were said to have been obtained from a factory in Montevideo which had intended to export them to the slaughter houses of Argentina. Red shirts sported by Argentinian butchers in the 1840s are not otherwise documented, however, and the famous camicie rosse did not appear during Garibaldi's efforts in Rome in 1849–50.

text: Later, after the failure of the campaign for Rome, Garibaldi spent a few years, circa 1850–53, with the Italian patriot and inventor, Antonio Meucci, in a modest gothic frame house (now designated a New York City Landmark), on Staten Island, New York City, before sailing for Italy in 1853. There is a Garibaldi-Meucci museum on Staten Island.

text: In New York, during the pre-Civil War era, rival companies of volunteer firemen were the great working-class heroes of the city. Their courage, their civic spirit, and the lively comradeship they demonstrated inspired fanatic followers throughout New York, the original "fire buffs".

text: Volunteer fire companies varied in the completeness and details of their uniforms, but they all wore the red flannel shirt. When Garibaldi returned to Italy after his New York stay, the red shirts made their first appearance among his followers.

text: Garibaldi remained a local hero among European immigrants back in New York. The "Garibaldi Guard" (39th New York State Volunteers) fought in the American Civil War, 1861–65. As part of their uniform, they wore red woolen "Garibaldi Shirts" –  at least, all enlisted men did. The New York Tribune sized them up:

text: The officers of the Guard are men who have held important commands in the Hungarian, Italian, and German revolutionary armies. Many of them were in the Sardinian and French armies in the Crimea and in Algeria.

text: A woman's fashion, the Garibaldi shirt, was begun in 1860 by the Empress Eugénie of France, and the blousy style remained popular for some years, eventually turning into the Victorian shirt waist and modern woman's blouse.[2]

text: Giuseppe Garibaldi's son, Ricciotti Garibaldi, later led redshirt volunteer troops that fought with the Greek Army in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the First Balkan War of 1912–13.

text: The Redshirts gave inspiration to Mussolini, to form the Fascist blackshirts units and, from there, to Hitler's brownshirted Sturmabteilung (SA) units, as well as, the quasi-fascist Irish Blueshirts, under Eoin O'Duffy. However, they had nothing to do with any proto-Fascist ideology; Garibaldi's men were patriots, of different political leanings, banded together in the name of national freedom and unity.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Garibaldian volunteers

One of Garibaldi's lancers carrying a dispatch

Red uniform of the Italian politician, Antonio Fratti, killed in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897