document_title: Running of the Bulls

question_text: where in pamplona is the running of the bulls

text: Running of the Bulls

text: Pamplona bull run[edit]

text: The Pamplona[2] encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE, the public Spanish national television channel, for over 30 years.[6] It is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival, which is held every year from 6–14 July.[2] The first bull running is on 7 July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 am. Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old, run in the same direction as the bulls, not incite the bulls, and not be under the influence of alcohol.[7][8]

text: Fence[edit]

text: In Pamplona a set of wooden fences are erected to direct the bulls along the route and to block off side streets. A double wooden fence is used in those areas where there is enough space, while in other parts the buildings of the street act as barriers. The gaps in the barricades are wide enough for a human to slip through, but narrow enough to block a bull. The fence is composed of approximately three thousand separate pieces of wood. Some parts of the fence remain in place for the duration of the fiesta, while others are placed and removed each morning.[9] Spectators can only stand behind the second fence, whereas the space between the two fences is reserved for security and medical personnel and also to participants who need cover during the event.[8]

text: Preliminaries[edit]

text: The encierro begins with runners singing a benediction. It is sung three times, each time being sung both in Spanish and Basque. The benediction is a prayer given at a statue of Saint Fermin, patron of the festival and the city, to ask the saint's protection and can be translated into English as "We ask Saint Fermin, as our Patron, to guide us through the encierro and give us his blessing". The singers finish by shouting "Viva San Fermín!, Gora San Fermin!" ("Long live Saint Fermin", in Spanish and Basque).[7] Most runners dress in the traditional clothing of the festival which consists of a white shirt and trousers with a red waistband ("faja") and neckerchief ("pañuelo"). Also some of them hold the day's newspaper rolled to draw the bulls' attention from them if necessary.[7]

text: The running[edit]

text: A first rocket is set off at 8 a.m. to alert the runners that the corral gate is open. A second rocket signals that all six bulls have been released. The third and fourth rockets are signals that all of the herd has entered the bullring and its corral respectively, marking the end of the event.[7] The average duration between the first rocket and the end of the encierro is two minutes, 30 seconds.[7]

text: The encierro is usually composed of the six bulls to be fought in the afternoon, six steers that run in herd with the bulls, and three more steers that follow the herd to encourage any reluctant bulls to continue along the route. The function of the steers, who run the route daily, is to guide the bulls to the bullring.[7] The average speed of the herd is 24 km/h (15 mph).[7]

text: The length of the run is 875 meters (957 yards). It goes through four streets of the old part of the city (Santo Domingo, Ayuntamiento, Mercaderes and Estafeta) via the Town Hall Square and the short section "Telefónica" (named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón (tunnel).[2] The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square, but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down. One or more would slip going into the turn at Estafeta ("la curva"), resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing, and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers. This has resulted in a quicker run. Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro, which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster.[citation needed]

text: Injuries, fatalities and medical attention[edit]

text: Every year, between 50 and 100 people are injured during the run.[7] Not all of the injuries require taking the patients to the hospital: in 2013, 50 people were taken by ambulance to Pamplona's hospital, with this number nearly doubling that of 2012.[10]

text: Goring is much less common but potentially life threatening. In 2013, for example, six participants were gored along the festival, in 2012, only four runners were injured by the horns of the bulls with exactly the same number of gored people in 2011, nine in 2010 and 10 in 2009; with one of the latter killed.[10][11] As most of the runners are male, only 5 women have been gored since 1974. Before that date, running was prohibited for women.[12]

text: Another major risk is runners falling and piling up (a "montón") at the entrance of the bullring, which acts as a funnel as it is much narrower than the previous street. In such cases injuries come both from asphyxia and contusions to those in the pile and from goring if the bulls crush into the pile. This kind of blocking of the entrance has occurred at least ten times in the history of the run, the last occurring in 2013 and the first dating back to 1878. A runner died of suffocation in one such pile up in 1977.[13]

text: Overall, since record-keeping began in 1910, 15 people have been killed in the bull running of Pamplona, most of them due to being gored.[7] To minimize the impact of injuries every day 200 people collaborate in the medical attention. They are deployed in 16 sanitary posts (every 50 metres on average), each one with at least a physician and a nurse among their personnel. Most of these 200 people are volunteers, mainly from the Red Cross. In addition to the medical posts, there are around 20 ambulances. This organization makes it possible to have a gored person stabilized and taken to a hospital in less than 10 minutes.[14]

text:
15 Deaths since 1910 in the bull run of Pamplona[7]

Year
Name
Age
Origin
Location
Cause of death

1924
Esteban Domeño
22
Navarre, Spain
Telefónica
Goring[15]

1927
Santiago Zufía
34
Navarre, Spain
Bullring
Goring[15]

1935
Gonzalo Bustinduy
29
San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Bullring
Goring[15]

1947
Casimiro Heredia
37
Navarre, Spain
Estafeta
Goring[15]

1947
Julián Zabalza
23
Navarre, Spain
Bullring
Goring[15]

1961
Vicente Urrizola
32
Navarre, Spain
Santo Domingo
Goring[15]

1969
Hilario Pardo
45
Navarre, Spain
Santo Domingo
Goring[15]

1974
Juan Ignacio Eraso
18
Navarre, Spain
Telefónica
Goring[15]

1975
Gregorio Gorriz
41
Navarre, Spain
Bullring
Goring[15]

1977
José Joaquín Esparza
17
Navarre, Spain
Bullring
Suffocated in a pile-up.[7]

1980
José Antonio Sánchez
26
Navarre, Spain
Town Hall Square
Goring[15]

1980
Vicente Risco
29
Badajoz, Spain
Bullring
hit[15]

1995
Matthew Peter Tassio
22
Glen Ellyn, Illinois, USA
Town Hall Square
Goring[16]

2003
Fermín Etxeberria
62
Navarre, Spain
Mercaderes
Hit by a horn[17]

2009
Daniel Jimeno Romero
27
Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Telefónica
Goring[18][19]

text: Dress code[edit]

text: Though there is no formal dress code, the very common and traditional attire is white pants, white shirt with a red scarf around the waist and a red handkerchief around the neck. Another common dress practice, seen as a risk by some but as a daring depiction of courage by others is dressing in a conspicuous manner. Many runners that want to be perceived as daring wear colors other than white, a common alternate color choice is blue. Blue is thought by some to draw the bulls' attention.[citation needed] Others include large logos on their shirt to capture the attention of the bulls. In the age of social media explosion, this is also thought to be a way to highlight someone in a photo.[20]

text: Media[edit]

text: The encierro of Pamplona has been depicted many times in literature, television or advertising, but became known worldwide partly because of the descriptions of Ernest Hemingway in books The Sun Also Rises and Death in the Afternoon. The cinema pioneer Louis Lumière filmed the run in 1899.[21]

text: The event is the basis for a chapter in James Michener's 1971 novel The Drifters.

text: The run is depicted in the 1991 Billy Crystal film City Slickers, where the character "Mitch" (Crystal) is gored (non-fatally) from behind by a bull during a vacation with the other main characters.

text: The run appears in the 2011 Bollywood movie Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, directed by Zoya Akhtar, as the final dare in the bucket list of the three bachelors who have to overcome their ultimate fear; death. At first, the trio run part of the route. They stop at the square, but then recover their nerve, and continue to the end. The completion of the run depicts their freedom as they learn that surviving a mortal danger can bring joy.

text: Running with Bulls, a 2012 documentary of the festival filmed by Construct Creatives and presented by Jason Farrel, depicts the pros and cons of the controversial tradition.[22]

text: Since 2014, the Esquire Channel has broadcast the running of the bulls as a show in the US,[23] with both live commentary and then a recorded 'round up' later in the day by NBCSN commentators the Men in Blazers, including interviews with noted participants such as Madrid-born runner David Ubeda,[24] former US Special Forces soldier turned filmmaker Dennis Clancey,[25] the historic New York-born runner Joe Distler[26] and former British bullfighter and author Alexander Fiske-Harrison.[27]

text: In 2014, the eBook guide, Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona, caused headlines around the world when one of the contributors was gored by a bull soon after its publication.[28] (See Further Reading section below.)

text: Other examples[edit]

text: Although the most famous running of the bulls is that of San Fermín,[2] they are held in towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, and in some cities in southern France during the summer. Examples are the bull run of San Sebastián de los Reyes, near Madrid, at the end of August which is the most popular of Spain after Pamplona, the bull run of Cuéllar, considered as the oldest of Spain since there are documents of its existence dating back to 1215, the Highland Capeias of the Raia in Sabugal, Portugal, with horses leading the herd crossing old border passes out of Spain and using the medieval 'Forcåo', or the bull run of Navalcarnero held at night.

text: Other encierros have also caused fatalities.[29]

text: Bous al carrer[edit]

text: Bous al carrer, correbou or correbous (meaning in Catalan, bulls in the street) is a typical festivity in many villages in the Valencian region, Terres de l'Ebre, Catalonia and Fornalutx, Mallorca. Another similar tradition is soltes de vaques, where cows are used instead of bulls. Even though they can take place all along the year, they are most usual during local festivals (normally in August). Compared to encierros, animals are not directed to any bullring.

text: These festivities are normally organized by the youngsters of the village, as a way for showing their courage and ability with the bull. Some sources consider this tradition a masculine initiation rite to adulthood.[30]

text: Occitan area of France[edit]

text: Numerous bull running event happen in France in the region around Sommières, according to the Camargues tradition, where no bull gets hurt. For instance in Calvisson, the annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days. There are four events, the Abrivado where over ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a group of twelve 'gardians' mounted on white Camargues horses, an Encierro where one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen, the Bandido where one bull is run accompanied through the streets, and the Bandido de nuit which is the same thing but after dark. Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses, stop them, and physically turn them away from the horses. [31]

text: Stamford Bull Run[edit]

text: The English town of Stamford, Lincolnshire was host to the Stamford Bull Run for almost 700 years until it was abandoned in 1837.[32] According to local tradition, the custom dated from the time of King John when William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath. Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town, causing a great uproar. The earl, mounting his horse, rode after the animal, and enjoyed the sport so much, that he gave the meadow in which the fight began, to the butchers of Stamford, on condition that they should provide a bull, to be run in the town every 13 November, for ever after. As of 2013 the bull run had been revived as a ceremonial, festival-style community event.

text: Mock bull runs[edit]

text: A variation is the nightly "fire bull" where balls of flammable material are placed on the horns. Currently the bull is often replaced by a runner carrying a frame on which fireworks are placed and dodgers, usually children, run to avoid the sparks.

text: In 2008, Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard and Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Bourdais performed a version of a 'bull running' event in Pamplona, Spain, with the Formula One cars chasing 500 runners through the actual Pamplona route.[33]

text: The Big Easy Rollergirls roller derby team has performed a version of annual bull run in New Orleans, Louisiana since 2007. The team, dressed as bulls, skates after runners through the French Quarter. In 2012, there were 14,000 runners and over 400 "bulls" from all over the country, with huge before- and after-parties.[34][35][36]

text: In Ballyjamesduff, Ireland, an annual "Pig Run" is held with small pigs. It looks just like mini-encierro but with pigs instead of bulls.

text: In Dewey Beach, Delaware, the Starboard bar[37] sponsors an annual Running of the Bull  [sic], in which hundreds of red and white-clad beachgoers are chased down the shore by a single "bull" (two people in a costume).

text: In Rangiora, New Zealand, an annual "Running of the Sheep" is held, in which 1000–2000 sheep are released down the main street of the small farming town.

text: The Running of the Bulls UK is a pub crawl event that takes place on London's Hampstead Heath and uses fast runners in place of bulls.

text: In 2014, Pamplona inaugurated a series of running events in June, the San Fermin Marathon, of a full marathon (42.195 km), half marathon (21.097 km), or 10 km road race that concludes with the final 900m of each race using the encierro route, runners crossing the finish line inside the bullring.[38]

text: Opposition[edit]

text: Many opponents argue that bulls are mentally injured by the harassment and voicing of both participants and spectators, and some of animals may also die because of the stress, especially if they are roped or bring flares in their horns (bou embolat version).[39] Despite all this, the festivities seem to have wide popular support in their villages[40]

text: Many animal rights activists oppose the event. PETA activists created the "running of the nudes", a demonstration done two days before the beginning of San Fermín in Pamplona. By marching naked, they protested the festival and the following bullfight, arguing the bulls are tortured for entertainment.[41]

text: The city of San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, cancelled its Sanmiguelada running of the bulls after 2006, citing public disorder associated with the event.[42] After the event was cancelled in San Miguel, the city of Salvatierra, also in the state of Guanajuato, picked up the event. It is now called La Marquesada and the three-day event is held during the last weekend of the month of September or first weekend of October.

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Alexander Fiske-Harrison, ed. (2016). Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona (3 ed.). Mephisto Press.
Bill Hillmann (2015). Mozos: A Decade Running with the Bulls of Spain. Chicago, Illinois: Curbside Splendor Publishing. ISBN 978-1-9404-3053-9.


document_title: Microsoft Office 2000

question_text: ms office 2000 was developed by which company

root

text: Microsoft Office 2000

text:
Microsoft Office 2000

Microsoft Office 2000 running on Windows 95

Developer(s)
Microsoft

Initial release
June 7, 1999; 18 years ago (1999-06-07)[1]

Last release

Service Pack 3 (SP3)[2] / October 21, 2002; 15 years ago (2002-10-21)[3]

Development status
Mainstream support ended on June 30, 2004.[4]
Extended support ended on July 14, 2009.[4]

Operating system
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows XP, Windows Vista[5]

Platform
IA-32

Type
Office suite

License
Proprietary commercial software

tag: table

text: Microsoft Office 2000 is a release of Microsoft Office, an office suite developed and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows family of operating systems. Office 2000 was released to manufacturing on March 29, 1999,[1] and was made available to retail on June 7, 1999.[6] It is the successor to Office 97 and the predecessor to Office XP.

tag: p

text: New features in Office 2000 include HTML document creation and publishing; Internet collaboration features such as integration with NetMeeting; roaming user profile support; COM add-in support; an updated version of the Office Assistant; improved compliance with the year 2000; and interface improvements including personalized menus and toolbars that omit infrequently used commands from view. Office 2000 introduces PhotoDraw, a raster and vector imaging program; and Web Components. It is also the first version of Office to use Windows Installer for the installation process.[7]

text: Microsoft globally released five main editions of Office 2000: Standard, Small Business, Professional, Premium, and Developer.[8] An additional Personal edition exclusive to Japan was also released.[9] All retail editions sold in Australia, Brazil, China, France, and New Zealand, as well as academic copies sold in Canada and the United States, required the user to activate the product via the Internet.[10] Microsoft extended this requirement to retail editions sold in Canada and the United States with the availability of Office 2000 Service Release 1.[11] However, product activation is no longer required as of April 15, 2003.[12]

text: Office 2000 supports Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0 SP3, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista.[5] It is the last version of Office to support Windows 95 as its successor, Office XP, is not compatible.[13]

text: Microsoft released three service packs for Office 2000 throughout its lifecycle. The first update was called Service Release 1 (SR-1), while subsequent updates were referred to as service packs.[2] Mainstream support for Office 2000 ended on June 30, 2004, and extended support ended on July 14, 2009.[14]

text: Editions[edit]

text: Five main editions of Office 2000 were available,[15] with an additional Personal edition with Word, Excel, and Outlook exclusive to Japan.[9] A similar Basic edition for Office 2003 would later be released to all markets.[16]

text:
Office programs
Standard
Small Business
Professional
Premium
Developer

Word 2000
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Excel 2000
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Outlook 2000
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

PowerPoint 2000
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Publisher 2000
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Small Business Tools
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Access 2000
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

FrontPage 2000
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

PhotoDraw 2000
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

Developer Tools and SDK[17]
No
No
No
No
Yes

Visio 2000
No
No
No
No
No

Project 2000
No
No
No
No
No

MapPoint 2000
No
No
No
No
No

Vizact 2000
No
No
No
No
No

text: System requirements[edit]

text:
[hide]Office 2000 system requirements[5]

Minimum
Recommended

Microsoft Windows

Operating system
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME
Windows NT 4.0 SP3, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista

CPU
Intel Pentium 75 MHz
Intel Pentium 166 MHz or higher required for PhotoDraw

Memory
16 MB (Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME)
32 MB (Windows NT 4.0 SP3, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista)
An additional 4 MB is required per each Office app running simultaneously (8 MB for Access, FrontPage, or Outlook; 16 MB for PhotoDraw)

Hard drive
189 MB (Standard)
360 MB (Small Business)
391 MB (Professional)
526 MB (Premium)
871 MB (Developer)

Media
A CD-ROM drive or compatible DVD-ROM drive is required to install Office 2000 from optical media

Graphics hardware
640x480 (VGA)
800×600 (SVGA) with 256 colors

Sound hardware
An audio output device is required for multimedia effects

Network
Certain advanced collaboration functionality in Outlook requires Exchange Server
Internet access is required for online functionality

Input device(s)
Mouse and keyboard


document_title: Ivy League

question_text: what are the four original ivy league schools

question_tokens: what are the four original ivy league schools

text: Ivy League

text: Members

text: Ivy League universities have some of the largest university financial endowments in the world, which allows the universities to provide many resources for their academic programs and research endeavors. As of 2014, Harvard University has an endowment of $36.4 billion.[9] Additionally, each university receives millions of dollars in research grants and other subsidies from federal and state governments.

text:
Institution

Location

Athletic nickname

Enrollment

2017 Endowment

Academic staff

Colors

Brown University

Providence, Rhode Island

Bears

7003864900000000000♠8,649

$3.5 billion[10]

7002736000000000000♠736[11]

Columbia University

New York City, New York

Lions

7004229200000000000♠22,920

$10.0 billion[12]

7003376300000000000♠3,763[13]

Cornell University

Ithaca, New York

Big Red

7004206330000000000♠20,633

$6.8 billion[14]

7003290800000000000♠2,908

Dartmouth College

Hanover, New Hampshire

Big Green

7003614100000000000♠6,141

$4.96 billion[15]

571

Harvard University

Cambridge, Massachusetts

Crimson

7004212250000000000♠21,225

$37.1 billion[16]

7003467100000000000♠4,671[17]

University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Quakers

7004206430000000000♠20,643

$12.2 billion[18]

7003446400000000000♠4,464[18]

Princeton University

Princeton, New Jersey

Tigers

7003759200000000000♠7,592

$23.8 billion[19]

7003117200000000000♠1,172

Yale University

New Haven, Connecticut

Bulldogs

7004116660000000000♠11,666

$27.8 billion[20]

7003414000000000000♠4,140

text: History

text: Year founded

text:
Institution

Founded

Founding affiliation

Harvard University[21]

1636 as New College

Calvinist (Congregationalist Puritans)

Yale University

1701 as Collegiate School

Calvinist (Congregationalist)

University of Pennsylvania

1740 as Unnamed Charity School[22]

Nonsectarian,[23] founded by Church of England/Methodists members[24][25]

Princeton University

1746 as College of New Jersey

Nonsectarian,[26] founded by Calvinist Presbyterians[26]

Columbia University

1754 as King's College

Church of England

Brown University

1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

Baptist, founding charter promises "no religious tests" and "full liberty of conscience"[27]

Dartmouth College

1769

Calvinist (Congregationalist)

Cornell University

1865

Nonsectarian

text: Origin of the name

text: Students have long revered the ivied walls of older colleges. "Planting the ivy" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893, an alumnus told The Harvard Crimson, "In 1850, class day was placed upon the University Calendar.... the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time."[29] At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as "Ivy Day" in 1874.[30] Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale,[31] Simmons,[32] Bryn Mawr[33] and many others. Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879.[34]

text: The first usage of Ivy in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895–1965).

text: A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil.

text: The first known instance of the term Ivy League being used appeared in The Christian Science Monitor on February 7, 1935.[3][36][37] Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the colonial era, together with the United States Military Academy (West Point), the United States Naval Academy, and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league.

text: A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numeral for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story.[38][39][40] However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Columbia met on November 23, 1876 at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread.[41]

text: Pre–Ivy League

text: Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools were founded before the American Revolution; Cornell was founded just after the American Civil War. These seven were the primary colleges in the Northern and Middle Colonies, and their early faculties and founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions. There were also some British graduates from the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford, the University of St. Andrews, the University of Edinburgh, and elsewhere on their boards. Similarly, the founder of The College of William & Mary, in 1693, was a British graduate of the University of Edinburgh. Cornell provided Stanford University with its first president.

text: The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable. This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century when Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities for each of these states. In 1801, a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the University of South Carolina were Princeton alumni. They appointed Jonathan Maxcy, a Brown graduate, as the university's first president. Thomas Cooper, an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member, became the second president of the South Carolina college. The founders of the University of California came from Yale, hence the school colors of University of California are Yale Blue and California Gold.[42]

text: Some of the Ivy League schools have identifiable Protestant roots, while others were founded as non-sectarian schools. Church of England King's College broke up during the Revolution and was reformed as public nonsectarian Columbia College. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries, but a denominational tone and such relics as compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century. Penn and Brown were officially founded as nonsectarian schools. Brown's charter promised no religious tests and "full liberty of conscience", but placed control in the hands of a board of twenty-two Baptists, five Quakers, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians. Cornell has been strongly nonsectarian from its founding.

text: "Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class, even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This dates back to at least 1935.[43] Novels[44] and memoirs[45] attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools.

text: After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of their students. They had always had distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with doctorates had taught for them; but they now decided that they could not both be world-class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals of any other big-time football programs, although more quietly.[46]

text: History of the athletic league

text: 19th and early 20th centuries

text: The first formal athletic league involving eventual Ivy League schools (or any US colleges, for that matter) was created in 1870 with the formation of the Rowing Association of American Colleges. The RAAC hosted a de facto national championship in rowing during the period 1870–1894. In 1895, Cornell, Columbia, and Penn founded the Intercollegiate Rowing Association, which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US. To this day, the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete.

text: A basketball league was later created in 1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale and Princeton formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League; they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth.

text: In 1906, the organization that eventually became the National Collegiate Athletic Association was formed, primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football. But of the 39 original member colleges in the NCAA, only two of them (Dartmouth and Penn) later became Ivies.

text: In February 1903, intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia, published in the Yale News. The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie. Two years later, Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams, leading to the formation of the student-run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, now the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association (EIWA), the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US.[48]

text: In 1930, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton and Yale formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League; they were later joined by Harvard, Brown, Army and Navy.

text: Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". The earliest reference to the "Ivy colleges" came in 1933, when Stanley Woodward of the New York Herald Tribune used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army.[3]  In 1935, the Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration between the schools:

text: The athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League" are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields.

text: Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. Romeyn Berry, Cornell's manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows:

text: I can say with certainty that in the last five years—and markedly in the last three months—there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency.

text: Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic "Ivy League". That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment.[50]

text: Within a year of this statement and having held month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the Columbia Daily Spectator, The Cornell Daily Sun, The Dartmouth, The Harvard Crimson, The Daily Pennsylvanian, The Daily Princetonian and the Yale Daily News would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.[51] Part of the editorial read as follows:

text: The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association. The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics.[52]

text:
The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Rowing teams from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, on August 3, 1852. Harvard's team, "The Oneida", won the race and was presented with trophy black walnut oars from then presidential nominee General Franklin Pierce.
The proposal did not succeed—on January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."[53]

text: Post–World War II

text: In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:

text: The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships. Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students.[54]

text: In 1954, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports, effective with the 1955–56 basketball season. This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League. As part of the transition, Brown, the only Ivy that hadn't joined the EIBL, did so for the 1954–55 season. A year later, the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL. The Ivy League claims the EIBL's history as its own. Through the EIBL, it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I.[55][56]

text: As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie Animal House includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women, a drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "The 'Seven Sisters' was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men’s colleges."[57]

text: In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members, with Army, Navy, and Northwestern as the most likely candidates; if it had done so, the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) for football.[58] In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College, Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard.

text: When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992, all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner.

text: Academics

text: Admissions

text:
Admission statistics (Class of 2022)

Applicants
Admission rates

Brown

35,438

7.2%[59]

Columbia

40,203

5.5%[60]

Cornell

51,328

10.3%[61]

Dartmouth

22,033

8.7%[62]

Harvard

42,749

4.59%[63]

Penn

44,482

8.39%[64]

Princeton

35,370

5.5%[65]

Yale

35,306

6.31%[66]

text: The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with acceptance rates since 2000 ranging from 6 to 16 percent at each of the universities. Admitted students come from around the world, although students from New England and the Northeastern United States make up a significant proportion of students.[67][68][69]

text: Prestige

text: Members of the League have been highly ranked by various university rankings.  In addition to the broad rankings listed in the accompanying chart, several Ivy League schools are highly ranked in the current 2018 US News & World Report assessment of Best Undergraduate Teaching:  1. Princeton; 2. Dartmouth; 3. Brown; 10. Yale.

text:
National academic rankings

University(in alphabetical order)
ARWU(2017)[70]
Forbes(2017)[71]
USNWR(2018)[72]
Washington Monthly(2017)[73]

Brown

101-150

9

14

41

Columbia

8

14

5

16

Cornell

14

15

14

32

Dartmouth

201-300

12

11

27

Harvard

1

1

2

2

Penn

17

7

8

7

Princeton

6

4

1

11

Yale

11

3

3

10

text: Further, Ivy League members have produced many Nobel laureates, winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. According to the Nobel Foundation's website, as of 2016 the number of prize-winners affiliated with each Ivy League university at the time of their awards is: Brown, 2; Columbia, 17; Cornell, 8; Dartmouth, 0; Harvard, 36; Penn, 4; Princeton, 14; and Yale, 8.[74] In addition, each university self-reports their number of affiliated Nobel laureates, but they use varying definitions for which Nobel winners they claim (for example, alumni, active faculty, former faculty, visiting faculty, adjunct faculty, etc.)

text: Collaboration

text: Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student-led Ivy Council that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group Presidents, composed of each university president. During meetings, the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives for the universities.

text: Culture

text: Fashion and lifestyle

text: Different fashion trends and styles have emerged from Ivy League campuses over time, and fashion trends such as Ivy League and Preppy are styles often associated with the Ivy League and its culture.

text: Ivy League style is a style of men's dress, popular during the late 1950s, believed to have originated on Ivy League campuses. The clothing stores J. Press and Brooks Brothers represent perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner. The Ivy League style is said to be the predecessor to the preppy style of dress.

text: Preppy fashion started around 1912 to the late 1940s and 1950s as the Ivy League style of dress.[75] J. Press represents the quintessential preppy clothing brand, stemming from the collegiate traditions that shaped the preppy subculture. In the mid-twentieth century J. Press and Brooks Brothers, both being pioneers in preppy fashion, had stores on Ivy League school campuses, including Harvard, Princeton, and Yale.

text: Some typical preppy styles also reflect traditional upper class New England leisure activities, such as equestrian, sailing or yachting, hunting, fencing, rowing, lacrosse, tennis, golf, and rugby. Longtime New England outdoor outfitters, such as L.L. Bean,[76] became part of conventional preppy style. This can be seen in sport stripes and colours, equestrian clothing, plaid shirts, field jackets and nautical-themed accessories. Vacationing in Palm Beach, Florida, long popular with the East Coast upper class, led to the emergence of bright colour combinations in leisure wear seen in some brands such as Lilly Pulitzer.[76] By the 1980s, other brands such as Lacoste, Izod[77] and Dooney & Bourke became associated with preppy style.

text: Today, these styles continue to be popular on Ivy League campuses, throughout the U.S., and abroad, and are oftentimes labeled as "Classic American style" or "Traditional American style".[78][79]

text: Social elitism

text: The Ivy League is often associated with the upper class White Anglo-Saxon Protestant community of the Northeast, Old Money, or more generally, the American upper middle and upper classes.[80][81][82][83] Although most Ivy League students come from upper middle- and upper-class families, the student body has become increasingly more economically and ethnically diverse. The universities provide significant financial aid to help increase the enrollment of lower income and middle class students.[84]  Several reports suggest, however, that the proportion of students from less-affluent families remains low.[85][86]

text: Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery"[87] are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the early and mid-twentieth century. A Louis Auchincloss character dreads "the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges".[44] A business writer, warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his):

text: We Ivy Leaguers [read: mostly white and Anglo] know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization.[88]

text: The phrase Ivy League historically has been perceived as connected not only with academic excellence, but also with social elitism. In 1936, sportswriter John Kieran noted that student editors at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Cornell, Columbia, Dartmouth, and Penn were advocating the formation of an athletic association. In urging them to consider "Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt" as candidates for membership, he exhorted:

text: It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose.[89]

text: Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the 1988 presidential election, when George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis (graduate of Harvard Law School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique."[90] New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd asked "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained, however, that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it.... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and said Harvard in his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class.[91] Columnist Russell Baker opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets."[92] Still, the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education— George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business School), Barack Obama (Columbia undergrad, Harvard Law School), and Donald Trump (Penn undergrad).

text: U.S. presidents in the Ivy League

text: Of the 45 men who have served as President of the United States, 16 have graduated from an Ivy League university. Of them, eight have degrees from Harvard, five from Yale, three from Columbia, two from Princeton and one from Penn. Twelve presidents have earned Ivy undergraduate degrees.  Three of these were transfer students:  Donald Trump transferred from Fordham University, Barack Obama transferred from Occidental College and John F. Kennedy transferred from another Ivy, Princeton, where he had been class of 1939. John Adams was the first president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755.

text:
President

School(s)

Graduation year

John Adams

Harvard University

1755

James Madison

Princeton University

1771

John Quincy Adams

Harvard University

1787

William Henry Harrison

University of Pennsylvania

(withdrew)

Rutherford B. Hayes

Harvard Law School

1845

Theodore Roosevelt

Harvard UniversityColumbia Law School

1880(withdrew) (Awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1882)[93]

William Howard Taft

Yale University

1878

Woodrow Wilson

Princeton University

1879

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harvard UniversityColumbia Law School

1903(withdrew) (Awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1907)[94]

John F. Kennedy

Princeton UniversityHarvard University

(withdrew)1940

Gerald Ford

Yale Law School

1941

George H. W. Bush

Yale University

1948

Bill Clinton

Yale Law School

1973

George W. Bush

Yale UniversityHarvard Business School

19681975

Barack Obama

Columbia UniversityHarvard Law School

19831991

Donald Trump

University of Pennsylvania

1968

text: Student demographics

text:
Racial and/or ethnic background (2011)[95]

Asian
Black
Hispanic(of any race)
Non-Hispanic White
Other/international
Unknown

Brown

14%
6%
10%
45%
14%
11%

Columbia

15%
8%
13%
41%
17%
6%

Cornell

17%
6%
10%
46%
13%
10%

Dartmouth

14%
8%
9%
48%
13%
8%

Harvard

12%
7%
9%
45%
22%
6%

Penn

19%
7%
8%
46%
13%
7%

Princeton

18%
7%
8%
49%
15%
3%

Yale

15%
6%
8%
58%
5%
8%

United States[96]

5%
13%
17%
63%
4%
NA

text: Geographic distribution

text: Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast, largely from the New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast.[97] Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end up living.[98][99][100][101]

text: Socioeconomics and social class

text: Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily from upper middle and upper class families. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from lower, working, and middle class American families.[84][102]

text: In 2013, 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over $200,000 annual income).[102] In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3–4% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992.[103] In 2014, 69% of incoming freshmen students at Yale College came from families with annual incomes of over $120,000, putting most Yale College students in the upper middle and/or upper class. (The median household income in the U.S. in 2013 was $52,700.)[104]

text: In the 2011–2012 academic year, students qualifying for Pell Grants (federally funded scholarships on the basis of need) comprised 20% at Harvard, 18% at Cornell, 17% at Penn, 16% at Columbia, 15% at Dartmouth and Brown, 14% at Yale, and 12% at Princeton. Nationally, 35% of American university students qualify for a Pell Grant.[105]

text: Competition and athletics

text: Ivy champions are recognized in sixteen men's and sixteen women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other; for example, the six league members who participate in ice hockey do so as members of ECAC Hockey, but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year. The Ivy League was the last Division I basketball conference to institute a conference postseason tournament; the first tournaments for men and women were held at the end of the 2016–17 season. The tournaments only award the Ivy League automatic bids for the NCAA Division I Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments; the official conference championships continue to be awarded based solely on regular-season results.[106] Before the 2016–17 season, the automatic bids were based solely on regular-season record, with a one-game playoff (or series of one-game playoffs if more than two teams were tied) held to determine the automatic bid.[107] The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular-season results; the other is the Southeastern Conference.[108][109] Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament.

text: On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based (financial aid).[110] In addition, the Ivies have a rigid policy against redshirting, even for medical reasons; an athlete loses a year of eligibility for every year enrolled at an Ivy institution.[111] Ivy League teams' non-league games are often against the members of the Patriot League, which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies (although unlike the Ivies, the Patriot League allows redshirting).

text: In the time before recruiting for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 26 recognized national championships in college football (last in 1935), and Yale won 18 (last in 1927).[112] Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as Alabama, which has won 15, Notre Dame, which claims 11 but is credited by many sources with 13, and USC, which has won 11. Yale, whose coach Walter Camp was the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by Michigan on November 10, 2001. Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar-athletes enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 18, followed closely by Harvard and Penn, each with 17 titles. In addition, the Ivy League has produced Super Bowl winners Kevin Boothe (Cornell), two-time Pro Bowler Zak DeOssie (Brown), Sean Morey (Brown), All-Pro selection Matt Birk (Harvard), Calvin Hill (Yale), Derrick Harmon (Cornell) and 1999 "Mr. Irrelevant" Jim Finn (Penn).

text: Beginning with the 1982 football season, the Ivy League has competed in Division I-AA (renamed FCS in 2006).[113] The Ivy League teams are eligible for the FCS tournament held to determine the national champion, and the league champion is eligible for an automatic bid (and any other team may qualify for an at-large selection) from the NCAA.  However, the Ivy League has not played any postseason games at all since 1956 due to the league's concerns about the extended December schedule's effects on academics.  For this reason, any Ivy League team invited to the FCS playoffs turns down the bid.  The Ivy League plays a strict 10-game schedule, compared to other FCS members' schedules of 11 (or, in some seasons, 12) regular season games, plus post-season, which was most recently expanded in 2013 to five rounds with 24 teams, with a bye week for the top eight teams.  Football is the only sport in which the Ivy League declines to compete for a national title.

text: In addition to varsity football, Penn, Princeton and Cornell also field teams in the eight-team Collegiate Sprint Football League, in which all players must weigh 172 pounds or less. Penn and Princeton are the last remaining founding members of the league from its 1934 debut, and Cornell is the next-oldest, joining in 1937. Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so.

text: Teams

text:
Teams in Ivy League competition[114]

Sport
Men's
Women's

Baseball
8
-

Basketball
8
8

Cross-country
8
8

Fencing
6
7

Field hockey
-
8

Football
8
-

Golf
8
7

Ice hockey
6
6

Lacrosse
7
8

Rowing
7
7

Soccer
8
8

Softball
-
8

Squash
8
8

Swimming and diving
7
8

Tennis
8
8

Track and field (indoor)
8
8

Track and field (outdoor)
8
8

Volleyball
-
8

Wrestling
6
-

text: The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest college rugby teams in the United States. Although these teams are not "varsity" sports, they compete annually in the Ivy Rugby Conference.

text: Historical results

text:
Total championships won (1956–2017)

Institution

Ivy League  Championships

NCAA Team  Championships

Princeton University Tigers

476

12

Harvard University Crimson

415

4

Cornell University Big Red

231

5

University of Pennsylvania Quakers

210

3

Yale University Bulldogs

202

3

Dartmouth College Big Green

140

3

Brown University Bears

123

7

Columbia University Lions

105

11

text: The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition (1956–57 academic year) through 2016-17. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton, including a conference-record 15 championships in 2010–11. Only once has one of the other six schools earned more than eight titles in a single academic year (Cornell with nine in 2005–06). In the 38 academic years beginning 1979–80, Princeton has averaged 10 championships per year, one-third of the conference total of 33 sponsored sports.[115]

text: In the 12 academic years beginning 2005–06 Princeton has won championships in 31 different sports, all except wrestling and men's tennis.[116]

text: Rivalries

text: Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League. For instance, Princeton and Penn are longstanding men's basketball rivals;[117] "Puck Frinceton" T-shirts are worn by Quaker fans at games.[118] In only 11 instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and in only seven seasons since Yale's 1962 title, has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball,[119] with Princeton champion or co-champion 26 times and Penn 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 19 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion). Harvard won its first title of either variety in 2011, losing a dramatic play-off game to Princeton for the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win outright championships in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout, defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now-defunct tournament.

text: Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including Cornell and Harvard in hockey, Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982, Penn-16; Harvard-12). During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships.[120] In men's lacrosse, Cornell and Princeton are perennial rivals, and they are the only two Ivy League teams to have won the NCAA tournament. In 2009, the Big Red and Tigers met for their 70th game in the NCAA tournament.[121] No team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title outright since 1972, although Yale, Columbia, and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time.  Similarly, no program other than Princeton and Harvard has won the women's swimming championship since Brown's 1999 title.  Princeton or Cornell has won every indoor and outdoor track and field championship, both men's and women's, every year since 2002–03, with one exception (Columbia women won indoor championship in 2012).  Harvard and Yale are football and crew rivals although the competition has become unbalanced; Harvard has won all but one of the last 15 football games and all but one of the last 13 crew races.

text: Intra-conference football rivalries

text:
Teams

Name

Trophy

First met

Games played

Series record

Columbia-Cornell

Empire State Bowl

Empire Cup

1889

103 games

36–64–3

Cornell-Penn

None

Trustee's Cup

1893

122 games

46–71–5

Dartmouth-Princeton

None

Sawhorse Dollar

1897

95 games

48–43–4

Harvard-Yale

The Game

None

1875

132 games

59–65–8

Princeton-Yale

None

None

1873

138 games

52–76–10

text: The Yale-Princeton series is the nation's second longest, exceeded only by "The Rivalry" between Lehigh and Lafayette, which began later in 1884 but included two or three games in each of 17 early seasons.[122]  For the first three decades of the Yale-Princeton rivalry, the two played their season-ending game at a neutral site, usually New York City, and with one exception (1890: Harvard), the winner of the game also won at least a share of the national championship that year, covering the period 1869 through 1903.[123][124]  This phenomenon of a finale contest at a neutral site for the national title created a social occasion for the society elite of the metropolitan area akin to a Super Bowl in the era prior to the establishment of the NFL in 1920.[125][126] These football games were also financially profitable for the two universities, so much that they began to play baseball games in New York City as well, drawing record crowds for that sport also, largely from the same social demographic.[127] In a period when the only professional sports were fledgling baseball leagues, these high-profile early contests between Princeton and Yale played a role in popularizing spectator sports, demonstrating their financial potential and raising public awareness of Ivy universities at a time when few people attended college.

text: Extra-conference football rivalries

text:
Teams

Name

Trophy

First met

Games played

Series record

Brown-Rhode Island

None

Governor's Cup

1909

98 games

70–26–2

Columbia-Fordham

None

Liberty Cup

1890

22 games

12–10–0

Cornell-Colgate

None

None

1896

95 games

48–44–3

Dartmouth-New Hampshire

Granite Bowl

Granite Bowl Trophy

1901

37 games

17–18–2

Harvard-Holy Cross

None

None

1904

67 games

41–24–2

Penn-Lafayette

None

None

1882

90 games

63–23–4

Penn-Lehigh

None

None

1885

56 games

43-13

Princeton-Rutgers

None

None

1869

71 games

53–17–1

Yale-Army

None

None

1893

45 games

22–16–8

text: Championships

text: NCAA team championships

text: This list, which is current through July 1, 2015,[128] includes NCAA championships and women's AIAW championships  (one each for Yale and Dartmouth).  Excluded from this list are all other national championships earned outside the scope of NCAA competition, including football titles and retroactive Helms Foundation titles.

text:
School

Total

Men

Women

Co-ed

Nickname

Yale University

29[a]

26

3

0

Bulldogs

Princeton University

24[a]

19

4

1

Tigers

Columbia University

14

11

0

3

Lions

Harvard University

10[a]

7

2

1

Crimson

Brown University

7

0

7

0

Bears

Cornell University

5

5

0

0

Big Red

Dartmouth College

5[a]

1

1

3

Big Green

University of Pennsylvania

4

3

1

0

Quakers

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939, but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records. Of these pre-NCAA titles, Yale, Princeton, Harvard and Dartmouth won 20, 11, 6 and 1, respectively.

tag: ol

text: Athletic facilities

text:
Football stadium

Basketball arena

Baseball field

Hockey rink

Soccer stadium

School[129]

Name
Capacity
Year

Name
Capacity
Year

Name
Capacity
Year

Name
Capacity
Year

Name
Capacity
Year

Brown

Brown Stadium
7004200000000000000♠20,000
1925

Pizzitola Sports Center
7003280000000000000♠2,800
1989

Murray Stadium
7003100000000000000♠1,000
1959

Meehan Auditorium
7003310000000000000♠3,100
1961

Stevenson Field
7003350000000000000♠3,500
1979

Columbia

Wien Stadium
7004170000000000000♠17,000
1984

Levien Gymnasium
7003340800000000000♠3,408
1974

Hal Robertson Field at Phillip Satow Stadium
N/A
N/A

Non-hockey school

Commisso Soccer Stadium
7003350000000000000♠3,500
1985

Cornell

Schoellkopf Field
7004255970000000000♠25,597
1915

Newman Arena
7003447200000000000♠4,472
1990

Hoy Field
7002500000000000000♠500
1922

Lynah Rink
7003426700000000000♠4,267
1957

Charles F. Berman Field
7003100000000000000♠1,000
2000

Dartmouth

Memorial Field
7004156000000000000♠15,600
1923

Leede Arena
7003210000000000000♠2,100
1986

Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park
7003200000000000000♠2,000
2008

Thompson Arena
7003450000000000000♠4,500
1975

Burnham Field
7003160000000000000♠1,600
2007

Harvard

Harvard Stadium
7004308980000000000♠30,898
1903

Lavietes Pavilion
7003219500000000000♠2,195
1926

Joseph J. O'Donnell Field
7003160000000000000♠1,600
1898

Bright Hockey Center
7003285000000000000♠2,850
1956

Soldiers Field Soccer Stadium
7003250000000000000♠2,500
2010

Penn

Franklin Field
7004525930000000000♠52,593
1895

The Palestra
7003872200000000000♠8,722
1927

Meiklejohn Stadium
7002850000000000000♠850
2000

Class of 1923 Arena
7003250000000000000♠2,500
1972

Rhodes Field
7003170000000000000♠1,700
2002[130]

Princeton

Princeton University Stadium
7004278000000000000♠27,800
1998

Jadwin Gymnasium
7003685400000000000♠6,854
1969

Bill Clarke Field
7002850000000000000♠850
1961

Hobey Baker Memorial Rink
7003209400000000000♠2,094
1923

Roberts Stadium
7003300000000000000♠3,000
2008

Yale

Yale Bowl
7004614460000000000♠61,446
1914

Payne Whitney Gymnasium
7003310000000000000♠3,100
1932

Yale Field
7003620000000000000♠6,200
1927

Ingalls Rink
7003348600000000000♠3,486
1958

Reese Stadium
7003300000000000000♠3,000
1981

text: Other Ivies

text: The term Ivy is often used to connote a positive comparison to or association with the Ivy League, often along academic lines. The term has been used to describe the Little Ivies, a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States.[131] Other uses include the Southern Ivies, Hidden Ivies, and the Public Ivies. The 2007 edition of Newsweek's How to Get Into College Now, the editors designated 25 schools as "New Ivies".[132]

text: Ivy Plus

text: The term Ivy Plus is sometimes used to refer to the Ancient Eight plus several other schools for purposes of alumni associations,[133][134] university affiliations,[134][135][136][137] or endowment comparisons.[138][139][140][141] In his book Untangling the Ivy League, Zawel writes, "The inclusion of non–Ivy League schools under this term is commonplace for some schools and extremely rare for others. Among these other schools, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University are almost always included. The University of Chicago and Duke University are often included as well."[134] In their 2015 book Acing Admissions, Mehta and Dixit write, "The [Ivy Plus schools] include, but are not limited to: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stanford University and Northwestern University.  Besides selectivity, these Ivy Plus colleges are thought to share similar values around academic and professional excellence, intellectual curiosity, leadership and civil engagement."[142]