document_title: Constitution of South Africa

question_text: who wrote the south african bill of rights

text: Constitution of South Africa

text: History[edit]

text: Negotiations[edit]

text: An integral part of the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa was the creation of a new, non-discriminatory constitution (Tswana, Sotho, Northern Sotho: molaotheo; Afrikaans: grondwet; Zulu, Southern Ndebele: umthethosisekelo; Xhosa: umgaqo-siseko; Swazi: umtsetfosisekelo; Venda: ndayotewa; Tsonga: vumbiwa) for the country. One of the major disputed issues was the process by which such a constitution would be adopted. The African National Congress (ANC) insisted that it should be drawn up by a democratically elected constituent assembly, while the governing National Party (NP) feared that the rights of minorities would not be protected in such a process, and proposed instead that the constitution be negotiated by consensus between the parties and then put to a referendum.[3][4]

text: Formal negotiations began in December 1991 at the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). The parties agreed on a process whereby a negotiated transitional constitution would provide for an elected constitutional assembly to draw up a permanent constitution.[3] The CODESA negotiations broke down, however, after the second plenary session in May 1992. One of the major points of dispute was the size of the supermajority that would be required for the assembly to adopt the constitution: The NP wanted a 75 per cent requirement,[4] which would effectively have given it a veto.[3]

text: In April 1993, the parties returned to negotiations, in what was known as the Multi-Party Negotiating Process (MPNP). A committee of the MPNP proposed the development of a collection of "constitutional principles" with which the final constitution would have to comply, so that basic freedoms would be ensured and minority rights protected, without overly limiting the role of the elected constitutional assembly.[4] The parties to the MPNP adopted this idea and proceeded to draft the Interim Constitution of 1993, which was formally enacted by Parliament and came into force on 27 April 1994.

text: Interim Constitution[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The Interim Constitution provided for a Parliament made up of two houses: a 400-member National Assembly, directly elected by party-list proportional representation, and a ninety-member senate, in which each of the nine provinces was represented by ten senators, elected by the provincial legislature. The Constitutional Assembly consisted of both houses sitting together, and was responsible for drawing up a final constitution within two years. The adoption of a new constitutional text required a two-thirds supermajority in the Constitutional Assembly, as well as the support of two-thirds of senators on matters relating to provincial government. If a two-thirds majority could not be obtained, a constitutional text could be adopted by a simple majority and then put to a national referendum in which sixty per cent support would be required for it to pass.

text: The Interim Constitution contained 34 constitutional principles with which the new constitution was required to comply. These included multi-party democracy with regular elections and universal adult suffrage, supremacy of the constitution over all other law, a quasi-federal system in place of centralised government, non-racism and non-sexism, the protection of "all universally accepted fundamental rights, freedoms and civil liberties," equality before the law, the separation of powers with an impartial judiciary, provincial and local levels of government with democratic representation, and protection of the diversity of languages and cultures. The Bill of Rights, now in Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa, was largely written by Kader Asmal and Albie Sachs. The new constitutional text was to be tested against these principles by the newly established Constitutional Court. If the text complied with the principles, it would become the new constitution; if it did not, it would be referred back to the Constitutional Assembly.

text: Final text[edit]

text: The Constitutional Assembly engaged in a massive public participation programme to solicit views and suggestions from the public. As the deadline for the adoption of a constitutional text approached, however, many issues were hashed out in private meetings between the parties' representatives.[3] On 8 May 1996, a new text was adopted with the support of 86 per cent of the members of the assembly,[4] but in the First Certification judgment, delivered on 6 September 1996, the Constitutional Court refused to certify this text. The Constitutional Court identified a number of provisions that did not comply with the constitutional principles. Areas of non-compliance included failures to protect the right of employees to engage in collective bargaining; to provide for the constitutional review of ordinary statutes; to entrench fundamental rights, freedoms and civil liberties and to sufficiently safeguard the independence of the Public Protector and Auditor-General as well as other areas of non-compliance in relation to local government responsibilities and powers.[5]

text: The Constitutional Assembly reconvened and, on 11 October, adopted an amended constitutional text containing many changes relative to the previous text. Some dealt with the court's reasons for non-certification, while others tightened up the text. The amended text was returned to the Constitutional Court to be certified, which the court duly did in its Second Certification judgment, delivered on 4 December.[6] The Constitution was signed by President Mandela on 10 December and officially published in the Government Gazette on 18 December. It did not come into force immediately; it was brought into operation on 4 February 1997, by a presidential proclamation, except for some financial provisions which were delayed until 1 January 1998.

text: Since its adoption, the Constitution has been amended seventeen times; these amendments are described in a separate section below.

text: Contents[edit]

text: The constitution consists of a preamble, fourteen chapters containing 244 sections,[7] and eight schedules. Each chapter deals with a particular topic; the schedules contain ancillary information referred to in the main text.

text: Chapter 1: Founding Provisions[edit]

text: Chapter 1 enshrines in the constitution key national principles, defines the country's flag and national anthem, and specifies the official languages and principles of government language policy. It defines South Africa as "one, sovereign, democratic state" based on principles of human rights, constitutional supremacy, the rule of law and universal adult suffrage. The chapter contains a supremacy clause which establishes that all other law and actions are subject to the constitution.

text: Chapter 2: Bill of Rights[edit]

text: Chapter 2 is a bill of rights which enumerates the civil, political, economic, social and cultural human rights of the people of South Africa. Most of these rights apply to anyone in the country, with the exception of the right to vote, the right to work and the right to enter the country, which apply only to citizens. They also apply to juristic persons to the extent that they are applicable, taking into account the nature of the right. The rights enumerated are:

text:
Section 9: everyone is equal before the law and has right to equal protection and the benefit of the law. Prohibited grounds of discrimination include race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth.
Section 10: the right to human dignity.
Section 11: the right to life, which has been held to prohibit capital punishment,[8] but does not prohibit abortion.[9]
Section 12: the right to freedom and security of the person, including protection against arbitrary detention and detention without trial, the right to be protected against violence, freedom from torture, freedom from cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment, the right to bodily integrity, and reproductive rights.
Section 13: freedom from slavery, servitude or forced labour.
Section 14: the right to privacy, including protection against search and seizure, and the privacy of correspondence.
Section 15: freedom of thought and freedom of religion.
Section 16: freedom of speech and expression, including freedom of the press and academic freedom. Explicitly excluded are propaganda for war, incitement to violence and hate speech.
Section 17: freedom of assembly and the right to protest.
Section 18: freedom of association.
Section 19: the right to vote and universal adult suffrage; the right to stand for public office; the right to free, fair and regular elections; and the right to form, join and campaign for a political party.
Section 20: no citizen may be deprived of citizenship.
Section 21: freedom of movement, including the right to leave South Africa, the right of citizens to a passport and the right to enter South Africa.
Section 22: the right to choose a trade, occupation or profession, although these may be regulated by law.
Section 23: labour rights, including the right to unionise and the right to strike.
Section 24: the right to a healthy environment and the right to have the environment protected.
Section 25: the right to property, limited in that property may only be expropriated under a law of general application (not arbitrarily), for a public purpose and with the payment of compensation.
Section 26: the right to housing, including the right to due process with regard to court-ordered eviction and demolition.
Section 27: the rights to food, water, health care and social assistance, which the state must progressively realise within the limits of its resources.
Section 28: children's rights, including the right to a name and nationality, the right to family or parental care, the right to a basic standard of living, the right to be protected from maltreatment and abuse, the protection from inappropriate child labour, the right not to be detained except as a last resort, the paramountcy of the best interests of the child and the right to an independent lawyer in court cases involving the child, and the prohibition of the military use of children.
Section 29: the right to education, including a universal right to basic education.
Section 30: the right to use the language of one's choice and to participate in the cultural life of one's choice.
Section 31: the right of cultural, religious or linguistic communities to enjoy their culture, practise their religion and use their language.
Section 32: the right of access to information, including all information held by the government.
Section 33: the right to justice in administrative action by the government.
Section 34: the right of access to the courts.
Section 35: the rights of arrested, detained and accused people, including the right to silence, protection against self-incrimination, the right to counsel and legal aid, the right to a fair trial, the presumption of innocence and the prohibition of double jeopardy and ex post facto crimes.

tag: ul

text: Section 36 allows the rights listed to be limited only by laws of general application, and only to the extent that the restriction is reasonable and justifiable in "an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom."[10]

text: Section 37 allows certain rights to be limited during a state of emergency but places strict procedural limits on the declaration of states of emergency and provides for the rights of people detained as a result.

text: Chapter 3: Co-operative Government[edit]

text: Chapter 3 deals with the relationships between organs of government in the three "spheres" – national, provincial and local. It lays down a set of principles requiring them to co-operate in good faith and to act in the best interests of the people. It also requires them to attempt to settle disputes amicably before resorting to the courts.

text: Chapter 4: Parliament[edit]

text: Chapter 4 defines the structure of Parliament, the legislative branch of the national government. Parliament consists of two houses, the National Assembly (the lower house), which is directly elected by the people, and the National Council of Provinces (the upper house), which is elected by the provincial legislatures.

text: The Chapter defines the principles governing the election and dissolution of the houses, qualifications for membership of Parliament, quorum requirements, procedures for the election of presiding officers, and the powers and privileges and immunities of Parliament and its members. It lays down the process for enacting bills into law; different procedures are provided for constitutional amendments, ordinary bills not affecting provincial matters, ordinary bills affecting provincial matters, and money bills.

text: Chapter 5: The President and National Executive[edit]

text: Chapter 5 defines the structure of the national executive and the powers of the President. It provides for the election and removal of the President by the National Assembly, and limits a President to two five-year terms. It vests in him or her the powers of the head of state and head of government; it provides for the appointment of a Cabinet by the President; and it provides for the accountability to Parliament of the President and Cabinet.

text: Chapter 6: Provinces[edit]

text: Chapter 6 establishes the nine provinces of South Africa and defines the powers and structure of the provincial governments. The boundaries of the provinces are defined by reference to Schedule 1A to the Constitution, which refers in turn to the boundaries of the metropolitan and district municipalities.

text: In some respects, the chapter is a template which a province may modify to a limited extent by adopting its own provincial constitution. (The only province so far to have done this is the Western Cape.) The chapter provides for a unicameral legislature, a Premier elected by the legislature as head of the provincial executive, and an Executive Council appointed by the Premier as a provincial cabinet.

text: The provincial government is given exclusive powers over certain matters, listed in Schedule 5, and powers concurrent with the national government over other matters, listed in Schedule 4. The chapter regulates the conflict between national and provincial legislation on the same topic, setting out the circumstances under which one or the other will prevail.

text: Chapter 7: Local Government[edit]

text: Chapter 7 sets out a framework for local government. It requires municipalities to be established for the whole territory of South Africa, and provides for three categories of municipalities, whereby some areas are governed by a single "Category A" municipal authority and others are governed by a two-level system with a larger "Category C" municipality containing multiple "Category B" municipalities. The municipalities are granted the power to administer certain matters listed in Schedules 4 and 5, and the executive and legislative authority is vested in the municipal council. The chapter requires municipal elections to be held every five years.

text: Chapter 8: Courts and Administration of Justice[edit]

text: Chapter 8 establishes the structure of the judicial system. It defines the hierarchy consisting of Magistrates' Courts, the High Court, the Supreme Court of Appeal, and the Constitutional Court. It provides for the appointment of judges by the President on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission and establishes a single National Prosecuting Authority responsible for all criminal prosecutions.

text: Chapter 9: State Institutions Supporting Constitutional Democracy[edit]

text: Chapter 9 creates a number of other commissions and offices to protect and support democracy and human rights. These are the Public Protector (an ombudsman), the South African Human Rights Commission, the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities, the Commission for Gender Equality, the Auditor-General, the Independent Electoral Commission and the Independent Communications Authority.

text: Chapter 10: Public Administration[edit]

text: Chapter 10 lists values and principles for the administration of the civil service and establishes the Public Service Commission to oversee it.

text: Chapter 11: Security Services[edit]

text: Chapter 11 establishes structures for civilian control of the Defence Force, the Police Service and the intelligence services. It makes the President the Commander-in-Chief of the defence force but places conditions on when and how it may be employed and requires regular reports to Parliament. The police service is placed under the control of the national government but gives provincial governments some power to administer and oversee policing.

text: Chapter 12: Traditional Leaders[edit]

text: Chapter 12 recognises the status and authority of traditional leaders and customary law, subject to the Constitution. It allows for the creation of provincial houses of traditional leaders and a national council of traditional leaders.

text: Chapter 13: Finance[edit]

text: Chapter 13 deals with public finance. It establishes a National Revenue Fund, from which money may be appropriated only by an act of Parliament, and Provincial Revenue Funds, from which money may only be appropriated by an act of the provincial legislature. It provides for an equitable distribution of national revenue to the provinces and municipalities, and grants provincial and local governments the powers to raise certain rates and taxes. It requires effective and transparent budgeting at all levels of government and gives the National Treasury the power to oversee budgetary processes. It places some restrictions on government procurement and government borrowing. The chapter establishes the Financial and Fiscal Commission, to advise government on financial matters, and the Reserve Bank, to oversee the currency.

text: Chapter 14: General Provisions[edit]

text: The final chapter deals with transitional and incidental provisions. In particular, the first part deals with international law, providing that existing agreements binding South Africa will continue to bind it, and that new agreements (except those of a technical nature) will only be binding once approved by Parliament. It also provides that customary international law applies in South African unless it conflicts with national law, and that the courts must, where possible, interpret national law to be consistent with international law.

text: The remainder of the chapter contains a miscellaneous collection of provisions,

text:
allowing Parliament to enact Charters of Rights which expand on the Bill of Rights;
allowing recognition of the right of self-determination of communities within South Africa;
requiring public funding for political parties represented in national and provincial legislatures;
requiring that obligations imposed by the constitution be carried out without delay;
providing that some executive powers may be delegated by one organ of state to another;
defining certain terms used in the text of the constitution; and,
as the Constitution is published in all eleven official languages, providing that the English text is authoritative in the event of a conflict.

text: Chapter 14 also repeals the Interim Constitution and refers to Schedule 6 to govern the process of transition to the new constitution. Finally, it gives the Constitution its formal title, "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996," and defines the schedule for its commencement, under which the President set the date of commencement for most sections, although certain sections dealing with financial matters commenced only on 1 January 1998.

text: Schedules[edit]

text:
Schedule 1, referred to in Chapter 1, describes the national flag.
Schedule 1A, referred to in Chapter 6, defines the geographical areas of the provinces, by reference to maps published by the Municipal Demarcation Board defining the metropolitan and district municipalities.
Schedule 2 contains the texts of the oaths or solemn affirmations to be sworn by political office-holders and judges.
Schedule 3 describes the procedure for the election of the President by the National Assembly and the election of presiding officers by legislative bodies, as well as the formula whereby seats in the National Council of Provinces are to be allocated to political parties.
Schedule 4 lists the "functional areas" over which Parliament and the provincial legislatures have concurrent competence to legislate.
Schedule 5 lists the functional areas over which the provincial legislatures have exclusive competence to legislate.
Schedule 6 details the transitional arrangements by which institutions existing under the previous constitution were converted into the institutions established by the new constitution. It provides for the continuation of existing laws and the assignment of their administration to the provincial governments where appropriate. It also provides for certain sections of the old constitution to continue in force despite its repeal, and subject to amendments listed in the schedule. It also includes temporary amendments to the Constitution's own text which allowed the Government of National Unity to continue until the 1999 election.
Schedule 7 lists the laws repealed by the new constitution, these being the interim constitution and the ten amendments made to it.

text: Amendments[edit]

text: Section 74 of the Constitution provides that a bill to amend the Constitution can only be passed if at least two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly (that is, at least 267 of the 400 members) vote in favour of it. If the amendment affects provincial powers or boundaries, or if it amends the Bill of Rights, at least six of the nine provinces in the National Council of Provinces must also vote for it. To amend section 1 of the Constitution, which establishes the existence of South Africa as a sovereign, democratic state, and lays out the country's founding values, would require the support of three-quarters of the members of the National Assembly. There have been seventeen amendments since 1996.

text:
Amendment
Date of assent
Date of commencement
Brief description

First
28 August 1997
4 February 1997 (retroactive)
Provided that an Acting President need not swear the oath of office again if they had previously served as Acting President. Allowed the President of the Constitutional Court to designate another judge to administer the oath of office to the President or Acting President. Extended the cut-off date for deeds which could be considered for amnesty by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission from 6 December 1993 to 11 May 1994.

Second
28 September 1998
7 October 1998
Extended the term of office of municipal councils from four to five years, and modified the schedule for the transformation of local government. Allowed the nomination of alternate members of the Judicial Service Commission to replace unavailable members. Allowed Parliament to assign additional powers to the Public Service Commission. Renamed the Human Rights Commission the South African Human Rights Commission.

Third
20 October 1998
30 October 1998
Allowed the demarcation of municipalities partly in one province and partly in another.
Effectively repealed by the 12th Amendment.

Fourth
17 March 1999
19 March 1999
Clarified that elections to the National Assembly and the provincial legislatures may be called either before or after the term of office of the previous Assembly or legislature has expired. Modified the formula for the allocation to parties of seats in the National Council of Provinces. Allowed the chairperson and deputy chairperson of the Financial and Fiscal Commission to be part-time members. Passed as two separate acts because of the special procedures for provincial matters which applied to some of the changes.

Fifth

Sixth
20 November 2001
21 November 2001
Renamed Chief Justice to President of the Supreme Court of Appeal, and renamed President of the Constitutional Court to Chief Justice. Allowed an Act of Parliament to extend the term of office of a Constitutional Court judge. Permitted the President to appoint two Deputy Ministers from outside the National Assembly. Extended the powers of municipal councils to raise loans.

Seventh
7 December 2001
26 April 2002 / 1 December 2003
Various amendments relating to the passage of financial legislation and the financial relationship between the provincial and national governments.

Eighth
19 June 2002
20 June 2002
Allowed members of municipal councils to cross the floor, that is, to move from one political party to another without losing their seats.
Effectively repealed by the 14th and 15th Amendments.

Ninth
19 June 2002
20 June 2002
Provided for the re-allocation of seats in the National Council of Provinces after floor-crossing in provincial legislatures.
The Loss or Retention of Membership of National and Provincial Legislatures Act, 2002, which would have allowed floor-crossing in the National Assembly and provincial legislatures, was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court.
Effectively repealed by the 14th and 15th Amendments.

Tenth
19 March 2003
20 March 2003
Allowed floor-crossing in the National Assembly and provincial legislatures.
Effectively repealed by the 14th and 15th Amendments.

Eleventh
9 April 2003
11 July 2003
Renamed the Northern Province to Limpopo Province. Modified the procedure for national government intervention in dysfunctional provincial governments. Expanded the powers of provincial governments to intervene in dysfunctional municipalities.

Twelfth
22 December 2005
1 March 2006
Redefined the boundaries of the provinces in terms of the district and metropolitan municipalities, and repealed the provisions inserted by the 3rd amendment which allowed for cross-boundary municipalities.
The community of Matatiele, which had been transferred from KwaZulu-Natal to the Eastern Cape, challenged the amendment before the Constitutional Court, which ruled that the KwaZulu-Natal Legislature had not allowed for the necessary public participation before approving the amendment. The court's order was suspended for eighteen months and Parliament re-enacted the changes in the 13th Amendment.

Thirteenth
13 December 2007
14 December 2007
Re-enacted the transfer of Matatiele from KwaZulu-Natal to the Eastern Cape.

Fourteenth
6 January 2009
17 April 2009
Repealed the floor-crossing provisions added by the 8th, 9th and 10th Amendments, making it impossible for a legislator to cross the floor without losing his or her seat. Passed as two separate acts because of the special procedures for provincial matters which applied to some of the changes.

Fifteenth

Sixteenth
25 March 2009
3 April 2009
Transferred the Merafong City Local Municipality from North West province to Gauteng, reversing a change made by the 12th Amendment.

Seventeenth
1 February 2013
23 August 2013
Declared the Chief Justice to be head of the judiciary. Allowed the appointment of an acting Deputy Chief Justice. Extended the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court over non-constitutional matters. Removed the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Appeal over appeals from the Labour and Competition Appeal Courts. Restructured the High Courts as divisions of a single High Court of South Africa.

text: Previous constitutions[edit]

text: The South Africa Act 1909, an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, unified four British colonies – Cape Colony, Transvaal Colony, Orange River Colony and Natal Colony – into the Union of South Africa, a self-governing Dominion.

text: The Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961 transformed the Union into a Republic, replacing the Queen with a State President, but otherwise leaving the system of government unchanged.

text: The Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983 created the Tricameral Parliament, with separate houses representing white, coloured and Indian people but without representation for black people. The figurehead State President and executive Prime Minister were replaced by an executive State President.

text: The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 or Interim Constitution was introduced at the end of apartheid to govern the period of transition. It introduced universal adult suffrage, constitutional supremacy and a bill of rights.


document_title: Politics of New Brunswick

question_text: what party is in power in new brunswick

question_tokens: what party is in power in new brunswick

root

text: Politics of New Brunswick

text: History[edit]

text:
Elections to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (1886-1930) - seats won by party

Government
Liberal
Con
Liberal
Con

Party
1886
1890
1892
1895
1899
1903
1908
1912
1917
1920
1925
1930

Liberal
33
26
25
34
40
33
13
2
27
24
11
17

Conservative
8
15
12
9
4
10
31
44
21
13
37
31

United Farmers

9

Farmer-Labour

2

Independent

4
3
2
3
2
2

Total
41
41
41
46
46
46
46
48
48
48
48
48

text: From 1867 to 1878, party labels were not in use for general elections. While party identification began to be employed in the 1882 general election, parties did not become formally organized until the 1917 election, and were not legally recognized until 1935.

tag: p

text: The financial condition of the county municipalities of the province was deemed excellent in 1915. The ordinary revenue for the province in 1915 amounted to $1,634,079 and the ordinary expenditure to $1,626,634. Findings were that ten counties out of fifteen (not including the city and county of Saint John) had an assessable valuation of real and personal property of over thirty million dollars, with insignificant liabilities. The city of Saint John was in 1915 the commercial capital of the province, with a population of about 58,000, out of more than 350,000, in other words more than 16% of the total. Its valuation for assessment purposes in 1915 was $36,187,000 and its liabilities were less than $5,000,000. The city of Fredericton, the capital of the province, with a population in 1915 of 8,000, had a valuation of real and personal property for assessment of $5,000,000 with an outstanding indebtedness of $486,000.[1]

text:
Elections to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (1935-1982) - seats won by party

Government
Liberal
PC
Liberal
PC

Party
1935
1939
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1963
1967
1970
1974
1978
1982

Liberal
43
29
36
47
16
15
31
32
32
26
25
28
18

Conservative
5
19
12
5

Progressive Conservative

36
37
21
20
26
32
33
30
39

New Democrat

1

Total
48
48
48
52
52
52
52
52
58
58
58
58
58

text: Between 1935 and 1974, some ridings were multi member seats – i.e., more than one Member of the Legislative Assembly was elected from certain ridings. Since 1974, each riding (electoral district) has elected only one member to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick.

text: 1987 to present[edit]

text: Since 2000, the province has had four leaders, Bernard Lord, who was elected twice, Shawn Graham, David Alward and Brian Gallant. Lord was defeated based in part on the perceived mismanagement of the NB Power thermal generating stations.

text: On September 19, 2006, the Liberals won a majority with 29 out of 55 seats, making 38-year-old Shawn Graham the new Premier of New Brunswick on a platform called the Charter for Change, which pledged to focus on "the three Es": energy, education and the economy.[9]

text: In the 2010 general election, the Progressive Conservatives won 42 out of 55 seats, making David Alward the 32nd Premier of New Brunswick.[10] The controversy this time was over the planned sale of NB Power to Hydro-Quebec.

text: On 24 September 2014 Brian Gallant was elected with 27 seats out of 49.[11] An important election issue was hydraulic fracturing, which was supported by the government, while the Liberal opposition promised to implement a moratorium on the practice.[12][13]

text:
Elections to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (1987-2014) - seats won by party

Government
Liberal
PC
Liberal
PC
Liberal

Party
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2006
2010
2014

Liberal
58
46
48
10
26
29
13
27

Progressive Conservative

3
6
44
28
26
42
21

New Democratic

1
1
1
1

Confederation of Regions

8

Green Party

1

Total
58
58
55
55
55
55
55
49


document_title: You Can Get It If You Really Want

question_text: you can get it if you really want in a movie

text: You Can Get It If You Really Want

text: "You Can Get It If You Really Want" is a famous late rocksteady song written and performed by the Jamaican reggae singer songwriter Jimmy Cliff. It was famously used in the 1972 film The Harder They Come. A version was recorded by Jamaican singer Desmond Dekker, becoming a hit in its own right as a single released in a number of markets, reaching number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. It was classified as number 27 on the 1970 Year-end Chart in the UK.

text: Covers[edit]

text: The UK's Jamaican origin reggae band The Cimarons released it as a single in 1974.

text: The song has been covered by a great number of artists including by Italian pop singer Sabrina (Sabrina Salerno) in her 1991 album Over the Pop and by Stiff Little Fingers on their 1999 album Hope Street where the song is retitled "You Can Get It (If Yu Really Want It)".

text: French singer Johnny Hallyday sang it in French under the title T'as le bonjour de l'amour released on his album Hollywood in 1979.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In 1990, the song was used in the cd "Sebastian from The Little Mermaid" as most of the songs were performed by Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian the crab. Wright also performed this version in Sebastian's Caribbean Jambore.

text: The Jimmy Cliff version was used in the soundtrack of the 1997 film Speed 2: Cruise Control.

text: Cliff version was used as a musical number in the inaugural episode of the British television musical comedy drama serial Blackpool whereas the Desmond Dekker version was also used in the soundtrack of the 2010 British film Made in Dagenham.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Jimmy Cliff included his own version of the song on his 2004 compilation album Reggae Night. The Dekker version on the other hand was included in the triple-disc compilation album released Now That's What I Call Reggae in June 2012.

text:
This song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

v
t
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text: 1970 songsJimmy Cliff songsDesmond Dekker songsSong stubs

text: All stub articles


document_title: List of Manchester City F.C. records and statistics

question_text: when is the last time man city lost

question_tokens: when is the last time man city lost

text: Honours[edit]

text:
Best performances in competitions entered

Competition
Best result
Championship
Runners-up

Premier League/First Division
1 !Winners
4
5

First Division/Second Division
1 !Winners
7
4

Second Division
3 !Third
0
0

FA Cup
1 !Winners
5
5

Football League Cup
1 !Winners
4
1

Full Members Cup
2 !Runners-up
0
1

Football League Trophy
5 !First Round
0
0

Community Shield/Charity Shield
1 !Winners
4
6

UEFA Champions League/European Cup
3 !Semi-Finals
0
0

UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup
4 !Quarter-Finals
0
0

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
1 !Winners
1
0

text:
FA Premier League/First Division (highest tier)[1]

Champions (4): 1937, 1968, 2012, 2014,
Runners-up (5): 1904, 1921, 1977, 2013, 2015

First Division/Second Division (second tier)

Champions (7, record holders): 1899, 1903, 1910, 1928, 1947, 1966, 2002
Runners-up (4): 1896, 1951, 1989, 2000
Promoted 3rd Place (1): 1985

Second Division (third tier)

Play-off winners (1): 1999

FA Cup

Winners (5): 1904, 1934, 1956, 1969, 2011
Runners-up (5): 1926, 1933, 1955, 1981, 2013

Football League Cup

Winners (4): 1970, 1976, 2014, 2016
Runners-up (1): 1974

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

Winners (1): 1970
Semi-Finals (1): 1971

UEFA Champions League/European Cup

(Best) Semi-Finals (1): 2016

UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup

(Best) Quarter-Finals (2): 1979, 2009

FA Community Shield/FA Charity Shield

Winners (4): 1937, 1968, 1972, 2012
Runners-up (6): 1934, 1956, 1969, 1973, 2011, 2014

Football League Full Members Cup

Runners-up (1): 1986

text: Player of the Year awards[edit]

text: Each season since the end of the 1966–67 season, the members of the Manchester City Official Supporters Club have voted by ballot to choose the player on the team they feel is the most worthy of recognition for his performances during that season. The table in the linked main article above lists all of the recipients of this award since its inception.

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Youngest Player: Glyn Pardoe, 15 years, 314 days (against Birmingham City, First Division, 11 April 1962)[2]
Oldest Player: Billy Meredith, 49 years, 245 days (against Newcastle United, FA Cup semi-final, 29 March 1924)[2]

text: All-time appearances[edit]

text:
Name
Years
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Other[a]
Total

 Oakes, AlanAlan Oakes
1959–1976
564 !561 (3)
41 !41 (0)
46 !46 (1)
17 !17 (0)
11 !11 (0)
676 !676   (4)

 Corrigan, JoeJoe Corrigan
1967–1983
476 !476 (0)
37 !37 (0)
52 !52 (0)
27 !27 (0)
13 !12 (1)
604 !604   (1)

 Doyle, MikeMike Doyle
1967–1978
448 !441 (7)
44 !44 (0)
23 !23 (0)
20 !20 (0)
37 !37 (0)
565 !565   (7)

 Trautmann, BertBert Trautmann
1949–1964
508 !508 (0)
33 !33 (0)
04 !4 (0)
00 !00 (0)
00 !0 (0)
545 !545   (0)

 Bell, ColinColin Bell
1966–1979
394 !393 (1)
33 !33 (1)
40 !40 (0)
24 !23 (1)
09 !9 (0)
498 !498   (3)

 Brook, EricEric Brook
1928–1939
450 !450 (0)
41 !41 (0)
00 !0 (0)
00 !0 (0)
02 !2 (0)
493 !493   (0)[b]

 Booth, TommyTommy Booth
1968–1981
382 !380 (2)
27 !27 (0)
46 !44 (2)
26 !26 (0)
11 !11 (0)
487 !487   (4)

 Summerbee, MikeMike Summerbee
1965–1975
357 !355 (2)
34 !34 (0)
36 !36 (0)
16 !16 (0)
09 !8 (1)
449 !449   (3)

 Power, PaulPaul Power
1975–1986
358 !358 (7)
28 !28 (0)
38 !37 (1)
08 !7 (1)
08 !7 (1)
437 !437   (10)

 Donachie, WillieWillie Donachie
1970–1980
351 !347 (4)
21 !21 (0)
40 !40 (0)
14 !13 (1)
12 !12 (0)
433 !433   (5)

text:
Jump up ^ Includes appearances in the Charity Shield, Test Matches and the now-defunct Anglo-Italian Cup, Anglo-Scottish Cup, Full Members' Cup and Texaco Cup. Wartime matches excluded.
Jump up ^ Brook also played three games in the 1939–40 season, which were expunged from the records following the outbreak of the Second World War.

tag: ol

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in all competitions: 182 – Sergio Agüero
Most goals scored in First Division: 158 – Eric Brook / Tommy Johnson
Most goals scored in Premier League: 132 – Sergio Agüero
Most goals scored in FA Cup: 22 – Fred Tilson
Most goals scored in Football League Cup: 18 – Colin Bell
Most goals scored in all European competition: 32 – Sergio Agüero
Most goals scored in UEFA Champions League: 28 – Sergio Agüero
Most goals scored in one season in all competitions: 38 – Tommy Johnson, 1928–29
Most goals scored in one First Division season: 38 – Tommy Johnson, 1928–29
Most goals scored in one Premier League season: 26 – Sergio Agüero, 2014–15
Most goals scored in one UEFA Champions League season: 8 – Sergio Agüero, 2016–17
Most goals scored in one Premier League match: 5 – Sergio Agüero, 2015–16
Most goals scored in one UEFA Champions League match: 3 – Álvaro Negredo 2013–14 / Sergio Agüero 2014–15, 2016–17 (twice)
Most goals scored in a match in any competition: 6 – Denis Law v Luton Town, 28 January 1961

text: All-time top goalscorers[edit]

text:
As of 6 December 2017[3][4]

Name
Years
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Other[a]
Total

1
 Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
2011–
132 !132
14 !14
4 !4
32 !32
00 !0
177 !182

2
 Brook, EricEric Brook
1927–1940
158 !158
19 !19
0 !0
0 !0
0 !0
177 !177[b]

3
 Johnson, TommyTommy Johnson
1920–1930
158 !158
8 !8
0 !0
0 !0
0 !0
166 !166

4
 Bell, ColinColin Bell
1966–1979
117 !117
09 !9
18 !18
08 !8
01 !1
153 !153

5
 Hayes, JoeJoe Hayes
1953–1965
142 !142
09 !9
01 !1
00 !0
00 !0
152 !152

=
 Meredith, BillyBilly Meredith
1894–1906
1921–1924
146 !146
05 !5
00 !0
00 !0
01 !1
152 !152

7
 Lee, FrancisFrancis Lee
1967–1974
112 !112
07 !7
14 !14
10 !10
05 !5
148 !148

8
 Browell, TommyTommy Browell
1913–1926
122 !122
17 !17
00 !0
00 !0
00 !0
487 !139

9
 Gillespie, BillieBillie Gillespie
1897–1905
126 !126
06 !6
00 !0
00 !0
00 !0
132 !132

=
 Tilson, FredFred Tilson
1928–1938
110 !110
22 !22
00 !0
00 !0
00 !0
132 !132

text:
Jump up ^ Includes goals in the Charity Shield, Test Matches and the now-defunct Anglo-Italian Cup, Anglo-Scottish Cup, Full Members' Cup and Texaco Cup. Wartime matches excluded.
Jump up ^ Brook also scored one goal in the 1939–40 season, for which the fixtures were expunged from the records following the outbreak of the Second World War.

text: Transfers[edit]

text: Many transfers have undisclosed fees, and thus transfer fees are not accurate. Where players have signed/left on undisclosed fees, a reference is given for the estimated transfer fee from a reputable source.

text: Highest transfer fees paid[edit]

text:
Name
From
Fee
Date

1
 Kevin De Bruyne
 VfL Wolfsburg
£55M[5]
2015

2
 Benjamin Mendy
 Monaco
£49M
2017

3
 Kyle Walker
 Tottenham Hotspur
£48M[6]
2017

4
 John Stones
 Everton
£47.5M
2016

5
 Raheem Sterling
 Liverpool
£44M[7]
2015

6
 Bernardo Silva
 Monaco
£43M
2017

7
 Sergio Agüero
 Atlético Madrid
£38M
2011

8
 Leroy Sané
 Schalke 04
£37M
2016

9
 Ederson
 Benfica
£34.2M
2017

10
 Robinho
 Real Madrid
£32.5M[8]
2008

text: Highest transfer fees received[edit]

text:
Name
To
Fee
Date

1
 Kelechi Iheanacho
 Leicester City
£25M[9]
2017

2
 Álvaro Negredo
 Valencia
£24M[10]
2015

3
 Shaun Wright-Phillips
 Chelsea
£21M[11]
2005

4
 Mario Balotelli
 Milan
£19M[12]
2013

5
 Robinho
 Milan
£18M[13]
2010

6
 Javi García
 Zenit Saint Petersburg
£13M
2014

7
 Enes Ünal
 Villarreal
£12M[14]
2017

8
 Carlos Tevez
 Juventus
£12M[15]
2013

9
 Jack Rodwell
 Sunderland
£10M[16]
2014

10
 Jérôme Boateng
 Bayern Munich
£10M[17]
2011

text: Progression of record transfer fee paid[edit]

text:
Fee
Selling club
Transferred player
Transfer date
Notes

£30
Bolton Wanderers
 Gunn, JohnJohn Gunn
000000001896-10-01-0000October 1896
Earliest recorded transfer fee[18]

£250
Newton Heath
 Cassidy, JoeJoe Cassidy
000000001900-04-01-0000April 1900
[18]

£450
Glossop North End
 Thornley, IrvineIrvine Thornley
000000001904-04-01-0000April 1904
[18][19]

£1,200
Norwich City
 Ross, DavidDavid Ross
000000001907-02-01-0000February 1907
[18]

£1,780
Everton
 Browell, TommyTommy Browell
000000001913-10-01-0000October 1913
[18]

£2,500
Derby County
 Barnes, HoraceHorace Barnes
000000001914-05-01-0000May 1914
[18]

£3,400
Bolton Wanderers
 Roberts, FrankFrank Roberts
000000001922-10-01-0000October 1922
[18]

£4,700
Partick Thistle
 McMullan, JimmyJimmy McMullan
000000001926-02-01-0000February 1926
[18]

£10,000
Blackpool
 Doherty, PeterPeter Doherty
000000001936-02-01-0000February 1936
[18]

£25,000
Swansea Town
 Paul, RoyRoy Paul
000000001950-07-01-0000July 1950
[18]

£55,000
Huddersfield Town
 Law, DenisDenis Law
000000001960-03-01-0000March 1960
British record[18]

£60,000
Bolton Wanderers
 Lee, FrancisFrancis Lee
000000001967-10-01-0000October 1967
[18]

£200,000
Queens Park Rangers
 Marsh, RodneyRodney Marsh
000000001972-03-01-0000March 1972
[18]

£275,000
Sunderland
 Tueart, DennisDennis Tueart
000000001974-03-01-0000March 1974
[18]

£275,000
Luton Town
 Futcher, PaulPaul Futcher
000000001978-06-01-0000June 1978
[18]

£765,000
Preston North End
 Robinson, MichaelMichael Robinson
000000001979-09-01-0000September 1979

£1,450,277
Wolverhampton Wanderers
 Daley, SteveSteve Daley
000000001979-09-05-00005 September 1979
British record

£2.5M
Wimbledon
 Curle, KeithKeith Curle
000000001991-08-14-000014 August 1991

£3M
Portsmouth
 Bradbury, LeeLee Bradbury
000000001997-07-30-000030 July 1997

£3.65M
West Ham United
 Wanchope, PauloPaulo Wanchope
000000002000-08-09-00009 August 2000

£5M
Preston North End
 Macken, JonJon Macken
000000002002-02-05-00005 February 2002

£13M
Paris Saint Germain
 Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
000000002002-06-07-00007 June 2002

£19M
CSKA Moscow
 Jô
000000002008-07-02-00002 July 2008
[20]

£32.5M
Real Madrid
 Robinho
000000002008-09-01-00001 September 2008
British record[21]

£38M
Atlético Madrid
 Sergio Agüero
000000002011-07-28-000028 July 2011
[22]

£44M
Liverpool
 Raheem Sterling
000000002015-07-14-000014 July 2015
Record for an English player[23]

£54M
VfL Wolfsburg
 Kevin De Bruyne
000000002015-08-30-000030 August 2015

text: Records[edit]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Record League victory: 11–3 v Lincoln City, Division 2, 23 March 1895[24]
Record Cup victory: 12–0 v Liverpool Stanley, FA Cup Qual. Round, 4 October 1890[a]
Record League defeat: 4–7 v Small Heath, Division 2, 17 March 1894[a][24]

text:
Record League victory: 11–3 v Lincoln City, Division 2, 23 March 1895[24]
Record Cup victory: 11–4 v Crystal Palace, FA Cup 4th Round, 20 February 1926
Record League defeat: 1–9 v Everton, Division 1, 3 September 1906[24]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in a row (all competitions): 20, 26 August – 3 December 2017 (includes match against Wolverhampton Wanderers, won on penalties)[25]
Most wins in a row (league): 16, 26 August – 16 December 2017
Most home wins in a row (all competitions): 16, 13 November 1920 – 27 August 1921
Most away wins in a row (all competitions): 11, 21 May – 26 November 2017
Most home wins in a row (league): 20, 5 March 2011 – 21 March 2012
Most away wins in a row (league): 10, 21 May – 13 December 2017

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws in a row: 6, 5 April – 6 September 1913
Most home draws in a row: 6, 18 October – 20 December 1924
Most away draws in a row: 7, 9 September – 24 November 1990
Most league draws in a row: 7, 5 October  - 28 October 2009

text: Losses[edit]

text:
Most defeats in a row: 8, 23 August – 14 October 1995
Most home defeats in a row: 5, 5 December 1987 – 23 January 1988
Most away defeats in a row: 14, 5 November 1892 – 13 January 1894
Longest unbeaten run: 28, 27 April 2017 – 3 December 2017
Longest unbeaten run in the league: 26, 8 April 2017 – 16 December 2017
Longest unbeaten run at home: 41, 25 December 1919 – 19 November 1921
Longest unbeaten run away: 15, 26 December 1998 – 26 September 1999
Longest winless run: 17, 26 December 1979 – 7 April 1980
Longest winless run at home: 9, 26 December 1979 – 7 April 1980
Longest winless run away: 34, 11 February 1986 – 17 October 1987

text: Seasonal[edit]

text:
Most goals in all competitions in a season: 156 – 2013–14[26]
Most League goals in a season: 108 – 1926–27, 2001–2002[2]
Most points in a season (2 points per win): 62 – 1946–47, Second Division[2]
Most points in a season (3 points per win): 99 – 2001–2002, First Division[2]
Most League wins in a season: 31 – 2001–02
Most home League wins in a season: 19 – 1920–21, 2001–02
Most away League wins in a season: 12 – 2001–02

text: Internationals[edit]

text: Most international caps (total while at club): 51 – David Silva - Spain[2]

text: Attendances[edit]

text: Highest home attendance: 84,569 v Stoke City, Maine Road, FA Cup, 3 March 1934[b]

text: Other[edit]

text: Most Clean Sheets in a season (total): 29[27] – Joe Hart, 2010–11 season - in Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Europa League

text:
^ Jump up to: a b The above assume that Manchester City FC is a continuation of Ardwick FC as the 12–0 defeat of Liverpool Stanley and the 2–10 defeat to Small Heath both came under the Ardwick guise. If one was to assume that Manchester City FC are a separate entity then the following would be the accurate representation
Jump up ^ Record for any English club outside of games at Wembley Stadium

text: Internationals[edit]

text: The following players represented their countries while playing for Manchester City (the figure in brackets is the number of caps gained while a Manchester City player. Many of these players also gained caps while at other clubs.) Figures for active players (in bold) last updated 25 April 2014

text:
Algeria

Djamel Belmadi (1)[28]

Argentina

Sergio Agüero (35)
Carlos Tevez (16)
Pablo Zabaleta (42)
Martín Demichelis (6)
Nicolás Otamendi (0)

Australia

Danny Tiatto (14)[29]

Belgium

Dedryck Boyata (1)[30]
Jason Denayer * (1)[31]
Vincent Kompany (46)[32]
Émile Mpenza (2)[33]
Kevin De Bruyne

Bermuda

Shaun Goater

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Edin Džeko (39)

Brazil

Elano (18)[34][35]
Jô (2)[35]
Robinho (25)[35][36]
Fernando
Fernandinho (13)[37]
Gabriel Jesus
Danilo
Ederson

Bulgaria

Valeri Bojinov (7)
Martin Petrov (19)

Cameroon

Marc-Vivien Foé (5)[38]
Lucien Mettomo (14)[39]

Chile

Claudio Bravo

China

Sun Jihai

Costa Rica

Paulo Wanchope (23)[40]

Croatia

Vedran Ćorluka (13)

Denmark

Niclas Jensen (18)[41]

Ecuador

Felipe Caicedo (10)

England

Billy Austin (1)[42]
Sam Barkas (5)[42]
Peter Barnes (14)[42]
Gareth Barry (24)[43]
Joey Barton (1) [44]
Colin Bell (48)[42]
Frank Booth (1)[42]
Jackie Bray (6)[42]
Wayne Bridge (4)[45]
Ivor Broadis (8)[42]
Eric Brook (18)[42]
Herbert Burgess (4)[42]
Mick Channon (1)[42]
Joe Corrigan (9)[42]
Sam Cowan (3)[42]
Keith Curle (2)[46]
Mike Doyle (5)[42]
Trevor Francis (10)[42]
Joe Hart (50)[47]
David James (13)[46]
Adam Johnson (12)[48]
Tommy Johnson (2)[42]
Francis Lee (27)[42]
Joleon Lescott (19)[49]
Rodney Marsh (8)[42]
Jimmy Meadows (1)[42]
James Milner (41)[50]
James Mitchell (1)[42]
Kevin Reeves (2)[42]
Don Revie (6)[42]
Micah Richards (13)[51]
Frank Roberts (4)[42]
Joe Royle (4)[42]
Trevor Sinclair (1)[46]
Bert Sproston (1)[42]

Mike Summerbee (8)[42]
Frank Swift (19)[42]
Irvine Thornley (1)[42]
Fred Tilson (4)[42]
Dennis Tueart (6)[42]
David Watson (30)[42]
David White (1)[46]
Max Woosnam (1)[42]
Shaun Wright-Phillips (20)[52]
John Stones
Fabian Delph
Raheem Sterling
Kyle Walker

Faroe Islands

Gunnar Nielsen (6)

Finland

Tuomas Haapala* (2)

France

Gaël Clichy (9)
Samir Nasri (17)
Bacary Sagna (17)
Eliaquim Mangala (2)
Benjamin Mendy

Georgia

Mikhail Kavelashvili (2)[53][54]
Georgi Kinkladze (19)
Murtaz Shelia (5)[55][56][57]

Germany

Jérôme Boateng (8)[58]
Leroy Sané
İlkay Gündogan

Greece

Georgios Samaras (16)

Iceland

Árni Gautur Arason (4)

Ireland

Peter Doherty (6)[42]
Jimmy Elwood (1)[42]
Mickey Hamill (1)[42]
Paddy Kelly (1)[42]
Keiller McCullough (3)[42]
Jimmy Mulligan (1)[42]
Billy Walsh (5)[42]

Israel

Tal Ben Haim (10)[59]
Eyal Berkovic (6)[59]

Italy

Mario Balotelli (15)[60]

Ivory Coast

Wilfried Bony (6)
Abdul Razak (5)
Kolo Touré (31)
Yaya Touré (45)

Kenya

Farhan Bux

Liberia

George Weah

Mexico

Nery Castillo (2)

Montenegro

Stefan Savić (8)
Stevan Jovetić (9)

Netherlands

Paul Bosvelt (5)[61]
Nigel de Jong (34)[62]

New Zealand

Chris Killen (13)[63]

Nigeria

Kelechi Iheanacho (3)[64]

Northern Ireland

Johnny Crossan (10)[42]
Gary Fleming (2)[65]
Kevin Horlock (27)[66][67]
Michael Hughes (4)[66]
Steve Lomas (18)[66]
Billy McAdams (5)[42]
Ryan McGivern*
Sammy McIlroy (10)[65]
Martin O'Neill(1)[42]
Jeff Whitley (7)[67]
Jim Whitley (3)[66]
Tommy Wright (4)[66]

Norway

Alf-Inge Håland
Kåre Ingebrigtsen

Paraguay

Roque Santa Cruz (27)

Portugal

Bernardo Silva

Republic of Ireland

Jimmy Conway (1)[42]
Greg Cunningham (2)
Richard Dunne (30)
Paddy Fagan (2)[42]
Shay Given (22)
Stephen Ireland (6)
Mark Kennedy
Alan Kernaghan
Jon Macken (1)
Mick McCarthy
Terry Phelan
Niall Quinn
Billy Walsh (9)[42]

Scotland

Matt Busby (1)[42]
Paul Dickov (3)[68]
Willie Donachie (35)[42]
Asa Hartford (36)[42]
Bobby Johnstone (4)[42]
Denis Law (11)[42]
George Livingstone (1)[42]
Jimmy McLuckie (1)[42]
Jimmy McMullan (8)[42]
Jackie Plenderleith (1)[42]
George Stewart (2)[42]

Serbia

Aleksandar Kolarov (37)
Matija Nastasić (14)

Slovakia

Vladimír Weiss (24)

Spain

David Silva (51)
Jesús Navas (13)
Álvaro Negredo (7)
Nolito

Sweden

John Guidetti (2)
Andreas Isaksson (16)

Switzerland

Gelson Fernandes (14)

Thailand

Teerasil Dangda*
Kiatprawut Saiwaeo*
Suree Sukha*

Togo

Emmanuel Adebayor (3)

Ukraine

Oleksandr Zinchenko *

United States

DaMarcus Beasley
Claudio Reyna

Wales

Craig Bellamy (8)
Tommy Chapman (2)[42]
Roy Clarke (22)[42]
Gordon Davies[69]
Joe Davies
Wyn Davies (3)[42]
Andy Dibble (1)[69]
Ched Evans (8)
Edwin Hughes (3)[42]
Di Jones (2)[42]
Lot Jones (18)[42]
Billy Lewis (2)[42]
Billy Meredith (22)[42]
Hugh Morris (1)[42]
Roy Paul (24)[42]
David Phillips (10)[69]
Cliff Sear (1)[42]
Kit Symons (9)[70]
Ben Thatcher (4)[71]
George Wynn (8)[42]

Zimbabwe

Benjani (4)

text: *Players with no first team appearances.


document_title: AP Poll

question_text: when does the college basketball ap poll come out

text: AP Poll

text: College football[edit]

text: The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season, unless ranked teams have not finished their games.

text: History[edit]

text: The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934.[3] In 1935, AP sports editor Alan J. Gould declared a three way tie for national champion in football between Minnesota, Princeton, and Southern Methodist. Minnesota fans protested, and a number of Gould's colleagues led by Charles "Cy" Sherman suggested he create a poll of sports editors instead of only using his own list, and the next year the poll was born.[4] It has run continuously from 1936.[5]

text: Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA had not held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to acknowledge the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.

text: While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. From 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to the current 25 teams in 1989.

text: The AP began conducting a preseason poll starting in 1950.[6][7]

text: At the end of the 1947 season the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll.[8] Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the lone exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP's decision to wait to crown its champion paid handsomely, as top-ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth-ranked Alabama defeated third-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP's final poll (Michigan State was named national champion in the final UPI Coaches Poll, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll).

text: Beginning in the 1968 season, the post bowl game poll became permanent and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches' poll until the 1974 season.

text: = Clemson 1 vs. Alabama 2=== As of the completion of the 2015 season the number one ranked team has faced the number two ranked team 50 times since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936.[9] The number one team has a record of 28–20–2 against the number two team.[9]

text:
No. 1 vs. No. 2 games

Light blue indicates bowl game

Season
No. 1
Result
No. 2
Site
Event

1943
Notre Dame
35–12
Michigan
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI
1943 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1943
Notre Dame
14–13
Iowa Pre-Flight
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN

1944
Army
23–7
Navy
Baltimore Stadium • Baltimore, MD
1944 Army–Navy Game

1945
Army
48–0
Notre Dame
Yankee Stadium • New York, NY
1945 Army–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1945
Army
32-13
Navy
Philadelphia Municipal Stadium • Philadelphia, PA
1945 Army–Navy Game

1946
Army
0–0
Notre Dame
Yankee Stadium • New York, NY
1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game

1962
USC
42–37
Wisconsin
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
1963 Rose Bowl

1963
Oklahoma
7–28
Texas
Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX
1963 Red River Shootout game

1963
Texas
28–6
Navy
Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX
1964 Cotton Bowl Classic

1966
Notre Dame
10–10
Michigan State
Spartan Stadium • East Lansing, MI
1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game

1968
Purdue
37–22
Notre Dame
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN
1968 Shillelagh Trophy game

1968
Ohio State
27–16
USC
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
1969 Rose Bowl

1969
Texas
15–14
Arkansas
Razorback Stadium • Fayetteville, AR
1969 Texas vs. Arkansas football game

1971
Nebraska
35–31
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, OK
1971 Nebraska vs. Oklahoma football game

1971
Nebraska
38–6
Alabama
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1972 Orange Bowl

1978
Penn State
7–14
Alabama
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1979 Sugar Bowl

1981
USC
28–24
Oklahoma
Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles

1982
Georgia
23–27
Penn State
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1983 Sugar Bowl

1985
Iowa
12–10
Michigan
Kinnick Stadium • Iowa City, IA

1986
Oklahoma
16–28
Miami
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL

1986
Miami
10–14
Penn State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1987 Fiesta Bowl

1987
Nebraska
7–17
Oklahoma
Memorial Stadium • Lincoln, NE
1987 Nebraska–Oklahoma football rivalry game

1987
Oklahoma
14–20
Miami
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1988 Orange Bowl

1988
Notre Dame
27–10
USC
Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles
1988 Jeweled Shillelagh game

1989
Notre Dame
24–19
Michigan
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI
1989 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1991
Florida State
16–17
Miami
Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL
1991 Miami vs. Florida State football game

1992
Miami
13–34
Alabama
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1993 Sugar Bowl

1993
Florida State
24–31
Notre Dame
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN
1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game

1993
Florida State
18–16
Nebraska
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1994 Orange Bowl

1995
Nebraska
62–24
Florida
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1996 Fiesta Bowl

1996
Florida
21–24
Florida State
Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL
1996 Florida–Florida State football rivalry game

1998
Tennessee
23–16
Florida State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1999 Fiesta Bowl

1999
Florida State
46–29
Virginia Tech
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2000 Sugar Bowl

2002
Miami
24–31 2OT
Ohio State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
2003 Fiesta Bowl

2004
USC
55–19
Oklahoma
Pro Player Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2005 Orange Bowl

2005
USC
38–41
Texas
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
2006 Rose Bowl

2006
Ohio State
24–7
Texas
Darrell K Royal – Texas Memorial Stadium • Austin, TX

2006
Ohio State
42–39
Michigan
Ohio Stadium • Columbus, OH
2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game

2006
Ohio State
14–41
Florida
University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ
2007 BCS National Championship Game

2007
Ohio State
24–38
LSU
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2008 BCS National Championship Game

2008
Alabama
20–31
Florida
Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA
2008 SEC Championship Game

2008
Florida
24–14
Oklahoma
Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2009 BCS National Championship Game

2009
Florida
13–32
Alabama
Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA
2009 SEC Championship Game

2009
Alabama
37–21
Texas
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
2010 BCS National Championship Game

2010
Auburn
22–19
Oregon
University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ
2011 BCS National Championship Game

2011
LSU
9–6 OT
Alabama
Bryant–Denny Stadium • Tuscaloosa, AL
2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game

2011
LSU
0–21
Alabama
Mercedes-Benz Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2012 BCS National Championship Game

2012
Notre Dame
14–42
Alabama
Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2013 BCS National Championship Game

2013
Florida State
34–31
Auburn
Rose Bowl · Pasadena, CA
2014 BCS National Championship Game

2015
Clemson
40–45
Alabama
University of Phoenix Stadium · Glendale, AZ
2016 College Football Playoff National Championship

2016
Alabama
31–35
Clemson
Raymond James Stadium · Tampa, FL
2017 College Football Playoff National Championship

text: AP Poll inclusion in the BCS[edit]

text: In 1997, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was developed to try to unify the poll results by picking two teams for a "real" national championship game. For the first several years the AP Poll factored in the determination of the BCS rankings, along with other factors including the Coaches Poll and computer-based polls. Because of a series of controversies surrounding the BCS, the AP demanded in December, 2004, that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings,[10] and so the 2004–2005 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used for this purpose.

text: In the 2003 season the BCS system broke down when the final BCS standings ranked the University of Southern California (USC) at No. 3 while the two human polls in the system had ranked USC at No. 1. As a result, USC did not play in the BCS' designated national championship game. After defeating another highly ranked team, Michigan, in its final game, the AP Poll kept USC at No. 1 while the Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to select the winner of the BCS game, Louisiana State University (LSU), as the No. 1 team. The resulting split national title was the very problem that the BCS was created to solve, and has been widely considered an embarrassment.[11]

text: In 2004, a new controversy erupted at the end of the season when Auburn and Utah, who both finished the regular season 12–0, were left out of the BCS title game in favor of Oklahoma who also was 12–0 and had won decisively over Colorado in the Big 12 Championship game. USC went on to a win easily over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl while Auburn and Utah both won their bowl games, leaving three undefeated teams at the end of the season. Also, in that same year, Texas made up late ground on California (Cal) in the BCS standings and as a result grabbed a high-payout, at-large spot in the Rose Bowl. Previous to that poll, Cal had been ranked ahead of Texas in both human polls and the BCS poll. Going into their final game, the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings, it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings.[12] Both teams won their game that week, but the Texas coach, Mack Brown, had made a public effort to lobby for his team to be moved higher in the ranking. When the human polls were released, Texas remained behind Cal, but it had closed the gap enough so that the BCS poll (which determines placement) placed Texas above Cal, angering both Cal and its conference, the Pac-10.[13] The final poll positions had been unchanged with Cal at No. 4 AP, No. 4 coaches, and No. 6 computers polls and Texas at No. 6 AP, No. 5 coaches, and No. 4 computer polls.[13] The AP Poll voters were caught in the middle because their vote changes were automatically made public, while the votes of the Coaches poll were kept confidential. Although there had been a more substantial shift in the votes of the Coaches Poll, the only clear targets for the ire of fanatical fans were the voters in the AP Poll. While officials from both Cal and the Pac-10 called for the coaches' votes to be made public, the overtures were turned down and did little to solve the problem of AP voters. Cal went on to lose to Texas Tech in the Holiday Bowl. Texas defeated Michigan in the Rose Bowl.

text: Many members of the press who voted in the AP Poll were upset by the controversy and, at the behest of its members, the AP asked that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings. The 2004 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used in the BCS rankings, it was replaced in the BCS equation by the newly created Harris Interactive College Football Poll.[14]

text: Final AP football polls[edit]

text: Other media football polls[edit]

text: The AP Poll is not the only college football poll. The other major poll is the Coaches Poll, which has been sponsored by several organizations: the United Press (1950–1957), the United Press International (1958–1990), USA Today (1991–present), CNN (1991–1996), and ESPN (1997–2005). Having two major polls has led to numerous "split" national titles, where the two polls disagreed on the No. 1 team. This has occurred on eleven different occasions (1954, 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2003).

text: College basketball[edit]

text: In Division I men's and women's college basketball, the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate, as it has no bearing on postseason play. Generally, all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the men's and women's NCAA basketball tournament, also known as March Madness. The poll is usually released every Monday and voters' ballots are made public.[15]

text: Men's basketball[edit]

text: The AP began compiling a ranking of the top 20 college men's basketball teams during the 1948–1949 season. It has issued this poll continuously since the 1950–1951 season. North Carolina has been ranked #1 the most times (9) and UCLA has been ranked #1 the second most times (8).

text: Women's basketball[edit]

text: The women's basketball poll began during the 1976–1977 season, and was initially compiled by Mel Greenberg and published by The Philadelphia Inquirer. At first, it was a poll of coaches conducted via telephone, where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced. The initial list of coaches did not include Pat Summitt, who asked to join the group, not to improve her rankings, but because of the lack of media coverage, Summitt believed it would be a good way to stay on top of who the top teams were outside of her own schedule.[16] The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994, when the AP took over administration of the poll from Greenberg, and switched to a panel of writers.[17] In 1994, Tennessee started out as No. 1 in the polls with Connecticut at No. 4. After losses by the No. 2 and No. 3 teams, Tennessee and Connecticut were ranked No. 1 and No. 2, headed into a showdown, scheduled as a special event on Martin Luther King day, the only women's basketball game scheduled on that day. Because of the unusual circumstances, the decision was made to hold off the AP voting for one day, to ensure it would be after the game. Connecticut won the game, and moved into first place in the AP poll, published on Tuesday for the only time. (Connecticut went on to complete an undefeated season.)[18] Over the history of the poll, over 255 coaches have had a team represented in polls.[19]

text: NFL football[edit]

text: Beginning in 2012, the AP began issuing a weekly pro football ranking, the AP Pro32 rankings.[20]


document_title: Super Bowl XXXVII

question_text: who was tampa bay buccaneers quarterback when they won the superbowl

text: Super Bowl XXXVII

text: Background[edit]

text: Super Bowl XXXVII was originally awarded to San Francisco on October 15, 1997 by the NFL owners at a league meeting in Washington, D.C.[7] The 49ers had recently announced plans for a new stadium, and were awarded the Super Bowl contingent on its completion. However, the stadium plans had stalled by the fall of 1998 and the NFL reopened the bidding for the game. San Diego, which had lost out on Super Bowl XXXVI,[8] announced its interest. The city was awarded the game during the May 26, 1999 meeting at Atlanta. Miami was the only other city in consideration.[9] It was the last Super Bowl played in California until Super Bowl 50 at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara. It was the also the final Super Bowl at Qualcomm Stadium before the Chargers relocated to Los Angeles in 2017.

text: Later in 2003, California would host the Stanley Cup Finals with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim hosting games 3, 4, and 6, making it only the second time that the same state hosted both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals in the same year,[10] following California itself ten years earlier, when the Los Angeles Kings went to the Finals four months after Pasadena hosted Super Bowl XXVII.  It was then succeeded by itself again in 2016 when Super Bowl 50 took place in San Francisco and the San Jose Sharks made the Stanley Cup Finals.

text: Jon Gruden helps rebuild the Raiders[edit]

text: After moving back to Oakland, California in 1995, the Raiders suffered sub-par seasons, including a 4–12 record in 1997. Under Gruden's leadership, the Raiders improved to 8–8 in both 1998 and 1999. The team was further boosted in 1999 with the signing of veteran quarterback Rich Gannon. With Gannon as quarterback, the team jumped to the fifth-best offense in the league.

text: The Raiders won the AFC West in 2000 with a 12–4 record and the best rushing offense in the league. However, they lost the AFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl XXXV champion Baltimore Ravens, 16–3. After signing veteran Pro Bowl wide receiver Jerry Rice and defensive tackle Trace Armstrong, the team repeated as AFC West champions in 2001, but were eliminated in the AFC Divisional Game by the eventual Super Bowl XXXVI champion New England Patriots in what became known as the "Tuck Rule Game", in which a potential game-ending fumble recovery by the Raiders was overturned by instant replay.

text: Gruden is "traded" to the Buccaneers[edit]

text: Raiders owner Al Davis was known to have the lowest salaries for coaches in the league, and Gruden was no exception. Instead of paying a high salary for Gruden, Davis opted to trade the rights for Gruden to the Buccaneers in exchange for four draft picks, in a deal similar to what Patriots owner Robert Kraft made with the New York Jets to get head coach Bill Belichick in 2000. The Buccaneers ended up giving two first-round picks, two second-round picks and $8 million to the Raiders to get Gruden. Tampa Bay was desperate to have someone rebuild their offense so it would complement their powerful defense in an attempt to win the Super Bowl.

text: For most of their history, the Buccaneers were regarded as losers, making the playoffs only three times in their first 20 seasons. But that changed when the team hired Tony Dungy as head coach in 1996. Dungy, along with his defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin, rebuilt the defense around a core group of players, such as defensive lineman Warren Sapp, linebacker Derrick Brooks, and defensive backs Ronde Barber and John Lynch. By 1997, Tampa Bay ranked 3rd in the league in total yards allowed, 2nd in 1998, and 3rd in 2000.

text: With one of the best defenses in the league, Dungy helped guide the Buccaneers to four playoff appearances in his six years as the team's head coach. But the team always had one of the worst offenses in the league, and this was a major factor in their playoff losses. Thus, Dungy was fired and replaced by Gruden.

text: Still, even Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year as Tampa Bay's head coach. In 2002, the Buccaneers ranked 25th in the league in total yards gained (5,222). Quarterback Brad Johnson made the Pro Bowl, completing 281 out of 451 passes for 3,049 yards, 22 touchdowns, and only 6 interceptions. Running back Michael Pittman led the team in rushing with 718 yards and one touchdown, and caught 59 passes for 477 yards. Pro Bowl fullback Mike Alstott had 548 rushing yards and 5 touchdowns, and also had 35 receptions for 242 yards and 2 touchdowns. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson led the team with 76 receptions for 1,088 yards and 5 touchdowns, while wide receiver Keenan McCardell had 61 receptions for 670 yards and 6 touchdowns.

text: However, the Buccaneers' defense was still the strength of the team, leading the NFL in total defense (252.8 yards per game), pass defense (155.6 yards per game), points allowed (12.3 points per game), passing touchdowns allowed (10), interceptions (31), and opponent passer rating (48.4). Brooks, Lynch, Sapp, and defensive end Simeon Rice all had Pro Bowl years. Brooks led the team with 87 tackles and excelled at pass coverage, recording 5 interceptions, 218 return yards, and 2 touchdowns, plus 1 fumble return and 1 on a lateral from Sapp after a Sapp interception for a total of 4 touchdowns (an NFL record for a linebacker). The defense as a whole had nine total touchdowns during the regular season and playoffs. Rice led the team with 15.5 sacks. Sapp recorded 7.5 sacks and 2 interceptions. Cornerback Brian Kelly was also a big asset, leading the team with 8 interceptions.

text: The Raiders win without Gruden[edit]

text: Despite the loss of Gruden in 2002, the Raiders under their new coach Bill Callahan still managed to earn a share of the AFC's best record at 11–5. The offense led the league in total passing yards (4,689) and ranked second in total yards gained (6,451).

text: Gannon had a Pro Bowl season, completing 418 out of 618 passes for 4,689 yards, 26 touchdowns, and with 10 interceptions. His 418 completions and his 10 games with over 300 passing yards were both NFL records. He also ran 50 times for 156 yards and 3 touchdowns. Rice, who was already the NFL's all-time leader in nearly every receiving record after 17 seasons, had a Pro Bowl season for the 13th time in his career with 92 receptions for 1,211 yards and 7 touchdowns. Gannon's other weapons in passing game were 15-year veteran receiver Tim Brown (81 receptions for 930 yards and 2 touchdowns) and young receiver Jerry Porter (51 receptions for 688 yards and 9 touchdowns). Multi-talented running back Charlie Garner was the team's leading rusher with 962 yards and 7 touchdowns, while also leading all NFL running backs in receiving with 91 receptions for 941 yards and another 4 touchdowns. Running back Tyrone Wheatley was also a big contributor with 419 rushing yards and 71 receiving yards, while fullback Zack Crockett provided both of them with solid blocking and scored 8 touchdowns. Up front, their offensive line was led by 2 Pro Bowlers, guard Lincoln Kennedy and center Barret Robbins.

text: The Raiders' weakness was primarily on their defense, which ranked 25th in the league in passing yards allowed (3,787) and 12th in total yards (5,240). But veteran Pro Bowl safety Rod Woodson recorded 8 interceptions (which led the league) for 225 yards and 2 touchdowns. Up front, their line was anchored by defensive tackle Rod Coleman, who led the team with 11 sacks. Behind him, the team had a solid veteran linebacker, Bill Romanowski, who was playing in his 5th Super Bowl (after winning 2 championships with the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV, and 2 while playing for the Denver Broncos in Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII). Defensive back Tory James was also a big contributor with 4 interceptions.

text: Playoffs[edit]

text: The second-seeded Buccaneers defeated the fourth-seeded San Francisco 49ers, 31–6, and the top-seeded Philadelphia Eagles on the road, 27–10, in the playoffs, to make the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history.[11]  Meanwhile, the top-seeded Raiders were victorious against the fourth-seeded New York Jets, 30–10,[12] and the second-seeded Tennessee Titans, 41–24.[13] The Raiders won against the Titans through Gannon's pass-oriented offense.[13]

text: Super Bowl pregame news[edit]

text: The Raiders entered the game favored to win in their first Super Bowl in 19 years. They were also the first franchise to appear in the Super Bowl in four decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 2000s; the 1990s was the only decade that they did not appear in the Super Bowl). However, much of the media hype surrounded the Gruden trade prior to the season. This forced league commissioner Paul Tagliabue to issue a statement that he might ban all future trades for coaches involving draft choices because it might compromise the draft.[14]

text: A distraction for the Raiders was that starting center Barret Robbins went missing for most of the week leading up to the Super Bowl, and ended up in a San Diego hospital the night before the game after suffering a manic episode.[15] Backup Adam Treu (a former Pro Bowl-er) replaced Robbins.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The game was broadcast in the United States by ABC with Al Michaels handling the play-by-play duties and color commentator John Madden, who became the first person to announce Super Bowls on different networks in consecutive years, having called Super Bowl XXXVI on Fox and then moving to ABC after Pat Summerall retired.

text: The NFC improved to 6–0 on Super Bowls broadcast on ABC. Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann served as sideline reporters. Chris Berman from Disney-owned corporate sibling ESPN hosted all the events. Berman was joined by fellow ESPN analyst Steve Young, Baltimore Ravens head coach Brian Billick, and New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan.

text: The Super Bowl was the first of three major professional sports championship series ABC broadcast in 2003, as they would also broadcast the Stanley Cup Finals and the NBA Finals. Both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals were hosted by Berman (who co-hosted the Stanley Cup Finals with John Saunders) and took place in the state of California.[10] The state of California had representation in both finals series.[10] Gary Thorne, Bill Clement, and John Davidson mentioned all of these when they called the Stanley Cup Finals.[10]

text: Memorable television commercials that aired during the game included the "Terry Tate: Office Linebacker" Reebok ad and the Budweiser Zebra Referee. ADBOWL ranked FedEx's "Castaway" as the best commercial of the year.

text: NBC provided counter-programming against the halftime show, airing a live segment of "Weekend Update" from the comedy–variety show Saturday Night Live featuring Jimmy Fallon and Tina Fey.

text: Entertainment[edit]

text: Pregame ceremonies[edit]

text: Before the game, a show called "Santana and Friends" performed on the field. Carlos Santana was joined by Beyoncé and Michelle Branch and sang truncated versions of "Oye Como Va", "The Game of Love", and "Foo Foo." ABC also aired a pre-game parking lot performance featuring Bonnie Raitt, Goo Goo Dolls and Michael Bublé prior to the Santana and Friends segment.[16]

text: In a nod to what the New England Patriots did the previous year in Super Bowl XXXVI, both teams were introduced as a team, rather than individually by offensive and defensive starters, after highlights of their seasons were simulcast on the video boards in the stadium and on television. This has become a regular tradition starting with this Super Bowl.

text: Celine Dion then sang "God Bless America" which is sung for the only time in the Super Bowl, and later the Dixie Chicks sang the national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". F/A-18 Super Hornets of the United States Navy performed a flyover.[17]

text: To honor the 30th anniversary of the 17–0 undefeated, perfect season of the 1972 Miami Dolphins, the following members of that team appeared during the coin toss ceremony: Don Shula, Bob Griese, Larry Csonka, Larry Little, Jim Langer, Nick Buoniconti, Paul Warfield.

text: Halftime show[edit]

text: Shania Twain, No Doubt, and Sting were featured during the halftime show, which was sponsored by AT&T Wireless. Twain sang her hits "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" and "Up!".

text: No Doubt then sang their hit "Just a Girl" with lead singer Gwen Stefani ad-libbing lines like "I'm just a girl at the Super Bowl!" The show concluded with Sting performing "Message in a Bottle", with Stefani joining in midway through.[18]

text: Post-game ceremonies[edit]

text: Bon Jovi appeared as part of the post-game ceremonies, performing "It's My Life" prior to the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation and "Everyday" afterwards (most of the latter performance was not shown on ABC because the network cut to commercials).

text: Game summary[edit]

text: First Quarter[edit]

text: The Raiders had a great chance to score a touchdown early in the game after cornerback Charles Woodson intercepted Buccaneers quarterback Brad Johnson's pass on the third play of the game and returned it 12 yards to the Tampa Bay 36-yard line. However, six plays later, Tampa Bay defensive end Simeon Rice sacked Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon on third down, forcing Oakland to settle for kicker Sebastian Janikowski's 40-yard field goal to give them a 3–0 lead.[19]

text: Buccaneers kick returner Aaron Stecker returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to the 29-yard line, then appeared to fumble the ball. Although the officials initially ruled that the ball was recovered by Oakland's Eric Johnson, the play was reviewed by instant replay and the fumble was overturned, and thus Tampa Bay retained possession. It showed that both of Stecker's knees were down and the ball didn't come loose until it hit the ground. Gruden and Stecker appeared upset at having to use a challenge so early in a game, when they both believed Stecker was clearly down.

text: On the first play of the drive, Brad Johnson completed an 11-yard pass to wide receiver Joe Jurevicius. Johnson's next 2 passes were incomplete, but he then completed a 23-yard pass to Jurevicius on third down to advance the ball to the Oakland 37-yard line. Running back Michael Pittman then rushed for a 23-yard gain to the 13-yard line. However, on the next 3 plays, the Raiders defense limited the Buccaneers to a pair of incompletions and a 1-yard run. Argentine kicker Martín Gramática then made a 31-yard field goal to tie the game, 3–3.

text: Second Quarter[edit]

text: Later in the half, a 17-yard punt return by Raiders defensive back Darrien Gordon gave Oakland the ball at their own 49-yard line. Gannon then threw an 8-yard pass to running back Charlie Garner to reach the Tampa Bay 43-yard line. However, on third down, Buccaneers safety Dexter Jackson intercepted Gannon's pass at the 40-yard line and returned it 9-yards to near midfield. Then nine plays after the turnover, Gramatica kicked his second field goal from 43 yards to give Tampa Bay a 6–3 lead.

text: Jackson intercepted another pass on the Raiders' next drive and returned it 25 yards to Oakland's 45-yard line, making Jackson the first player ever to record two interceptions in the first half of the Super Bowl. However, the Buccaneers were unable to take advantage of the turnover and were forced to punt. Tampa Bay got a big assist from their punter Tom Tupa, who managed to pin Oakland all the way back at their own 11-yard line. The Raiders could not move the ball either, losing 1 yard on 3 plays with their ensuing drive. Tampa Bay punt returner Karl Williams then returned Shane Lechler's punt 25 yards, giving the Buccaneers great field position at Oakland's 27-yard line. Aided with Pittman's gains of 6 and 19 yards, the Buccaneers scored their first touchdown on a 2-yard run from fullback Mike Alstott, increasing their lead to 13–3. Then with 3:45 left in the half, Tampa Bay drove 77 yards, assisted by a pair of catches by Alstott for 28 total yards. Johnson finished the drive with a 5-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keenan McCardell to give the Buccaneers a 20–3 halftime lead.

text: Third Quarter[edit]

text: Tampa Bay continued to dominate the game for most of the third quarter. The Buccaneers forced the Raiders to punt on the opening drive of the second half. Next, Tampa Bay marched 89 yards on a 14-play drive that took 7:52 off the clock, and ended with Johnson's 8-yard touchdown pass to McCardell to increase their lead to 27–3. Then on the second play of Oakland's ensuing drive, Buccaneers defensive back Dwight Smith intercepted Gannon's pass and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown, making the score 34–3.[20]

text: After giving up 34 consecutive points, Oakland finally managed to drive 82 yards down the field and score on a 39-yard touchdown pass from Gannon to wide receiver Jerry Porter. Although he was initially ruled as being out of bounds when he caught the ball, it was determined that Porter had both feet in the end zone.[21]  The two-point conversion failed, so the Raiders were still down 34–9.

text: Fourth Quarter[edit]

text: The Raiders' touchdown seemed to fire up their defense, who forced the Buccaneers to a fourth down on their ensuing possession. Oakland linebacker Tim Johnson then blocked Tupa's punt, and linebacker Eric Johnson returned the ball 13 yards for a touchdown. Another two-point conversion for Oakland failed, but Tampa Bay's lead was cut to 34–15.[20]

text: Tampa Bay responded by moving the ball to the Oakland 9-yard line on their ensuing drive, featuring a 24-yard run by Pittman, but they came up empty after Tupa fumbled the snap on a field goal attempt. A few plays later, Gannon threw a 48-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jerry Rice with 6:06 left in the game, cutting the Raiders deficit to 34–21.  The two-point conversion failed when Jerry Porter caught the ball but landed out of bounds. Though there was contact with a defender, the officials deemed the contact incidental rather than a force-out, and therefore that part of the play was non-reviewable.[22]

text: In an attempt to prevent a Raiders comeback, the Buccaneers managed to run the clock down to 2:44 on their ensuing drive before being forced to punt. Then on third and 18 from the Oakland 29-yard line, Tampa Bay linebacker Derrick Brooks intercepted a pass from Gannon and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown, giving the Buccaneers a 41–21 lead with only 1:18 left, and leading Buccaneers radio announcer Gene Deckerhoff to make his famous call of "The dagger's in, we're gonna win the Super Bowl!".[20] A few plays later, with the Raiders now playing for pride, Dwight Smith intercepted a tipped pass and returned it 50 yards for a touchdown with only two seconds remaining. Gramatica kicked the extra point, and the Buccaneers were up 48–21.[22] Raiders defensive tackle Chris Cooper returned Gramatica's kickoff 6 yards before being tackled by Jack Golden, ending the game.[20] The Buccaneers won their first-ever Super Bowl with a 48-21 victory.  Gannon said after the game that his performance was "nightmarish".[19]

text: Box score[edit]

text:
1
2
34Total

Raiders (AFC)
3
0
61221

Buccaneers (NFC)
3
17
141448

text: at Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego, California

text: Date: January 26, 2003Game time: 3:26 p.m. PSTGame weather: 81 °F (27 °C), sunny[23]Super Bowl XXXVII Box Score

text:
hideScoring summary

Quarter

Time

Drive

Team

Scoring information

Score

Plays

Yards

TOP

OAK

TB

1

10:40

7

14

2:55

OAK

40-yard field goal by Sebastian Janikowski

3

0

1

7:51

9

58

2:49

TB

31-yard field goal by Martín Gramática

3

3

2

11:16

9

26

3:53

TB

43-yard field goal by Martín  Gramática

3

6

2

6:24

4

27

2:02

TB

Mike Alstott 2-yard touchdown run, Martín  Gramática kick good

3

13

2

0:30

10

77

3:15

TB

Keenan McCardell 5-yard touchdown reception from Brad Johnson, Martín Gramática kick good

3

20

3

5:30

14

89

7:52

TB

Keenan McCardell 8-yard touchdown reception from Brad Johnson, Martín Gramática kick good

3

27

3

4:47

—

—

—

TB

Interception returned 44 yards for touchdown by Dwight Smith, Martín Gramática kick good

3

34

3

2:14

8

82

2:33

OAK

Jerry Porter 39-yard touchdown reception from Rich Gannon, 2-point pass no good

9

34

4

14:16

—

—

—

OAK

Eric Johnson 13-yard punt block return for a touchdown, 2-point pass no good

15

34

4

6:06

8

78

2:56

OAK

Jerry Rice 48-yard touchdown reception from Rich Gannon, 2-point pass no good

21

34

4

1:18

—

—

—

TB

Interception returned 44 yards for touchdown by Derrick Brooks, Martín Gramática kick good

21

41

4

0:02

—

—

—

TB

Interception returned 50 yards for touchdown by Dwight Smith, Martín Gramática kick good

21

48

"TOP" = time of possession.  For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.

21

48

text: Statistical overview[edit]

text: Tampa Bay dominated Oakland, outgaining them in total yards (365 to 269), rushing yards (150 to 19), first downs (24 to 11), offensive plays (76 to 60), and forced turnovers (5 to 1). As many sports fans and writers predicted, Gruden's prior knowledge of the Raiders was a major factor. The most damaging piece of evidence is NFL Films footage of Tampa Bay defensive back John Lynch telling his teammates during the game that almost all of the plays ran by Oakland's offense were plays that Gruden (who that week even played the part of "Rich Gannon" by playing QB with the scout-team offense) specifically told them to look out for.[24] Better still for the Buccaneers was that Oakland hadn't changed their audible-calling signals that Gruden himself had installed, thus tipping off plays repeatedly.

text: Johnson finished the game with 18 out of 34 completions for 215 yards and 2 touchdowns, with 1 interception, along with 10 rushing yards. Pittman was the top rusher of the game with 129 yards. Alstott was the game's second leading rusher with 15 yards and a touchdown, and had 5 receptions for 43 yards. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson was the Buccaneers' leading receiver with 6 catches for 69 yards. Smith recorded 2 interceptions, 94 return yards, and 2 touchdowns. He also added another 23 yards on a kickoff return.

text: Gannon finished the game 24 out of 44 for 272 yards and 2 touchdowns, but was intercepted a Super Bowl record 5 times. Garner was their leading rusher, but with only 10 yards, and caught 7 passes for 51 yards. Rice was the Raiders' leading receiver of the game with 5 catches for 77 yards and a touchdown. He became the first player to score touchdowns with two teams in Super Bowls (Ricky Proehl and Muhsin Muhammad have since joined him). Wide receiver Marcus Knight returned 8 kickoffs for 143 yards.

text: Jerry Rice and Bill Romanowski joined Gene Upshaw as the only players to appear in Super Bowls in three decades. Rice played in Super Bowls XXIII, XXIV, and XXIX. Romanowski played in Super Bowls XXIII, XXIV, XXXII, and XXXIII; the Raiders' loss prevented Romanowski from joining Charles Haley as the only NFL players at that time to earn 5 Super Bowl rings (Haley was also with the 49ers for Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV, and later earned rings when the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX). The Raiders became the first team to appear in Super Bowls under four head coaches. John Rauch coached them in Super Bowl II, John Madden (who himself called Super Bowl XXXVII on ABC), coached them in Super Bowl XI and Tom Flores coached them in Super Bowl XV and XVIII.

text: The teams combined for the most second half points in a Super Bowl with 46 (28 for Tampa Bay and 18 for Oakland) and the third most total points in a game with 69, tying Dallas and Buffalo who combined for 69 points in Super Bowl XXVII.

text: Final statistics[edit]

text: Sources:  NFL.com Super Bowl XXXVII, Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder TB, Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder Oak, Super Bowl XXXVII Play by Play

text: Statistical comparison[edit]

text:
Oakland Raiders

Tampa Bay Buccaneers

First downs
11
24

First downs rushing
1
6

First downs passing
9
15

First downs penalty
1
3

Third down efficiency
7/16
6/15

Fourth down efficiency
0/0
0/1

Net yards rushing
19
150

Rushing attempts
11
42

Yards per rush
1.7
3.6

Passing – Completions-attempts
24/44
18/34

Times sacked-total yards
5–22
0-0

Interceptions thrown
5
1

Net yards passing
250
215

Total net yards
269
365

Punt returns-total yards
3–29
1–25

Kickoff returns-total yards
9–149
4–90

Interceptions-total return yards
1–12
5–172

Punts-average yardage
5–39.0
5–31.0

Fumbles-lost
1–0
1–0

Penalties-yards
7–51
5–41

Time of possession
22:46
37:14

Turnovers
5
1

text: Individual leaders[edit]

text:
Raiders Passing

C/ATT1

Yds

TD

INT

Rating

Rich Gannon
24/44
272
2
5
48.9

Raiders Rushing

Car2

Yds

TD

LG3

Yds/Car

Charlie Garner
7
10
0
4
1.43

Zack Crockett
2
6
0
4
3.00

Rich Gannon
2
3
0
2
1.00

Raiders Receiving

Rec4

Yds

TD

LG3

Target5

Charlie Garner
7
51
0
9
11

Jerry Rice
5
77
1
48t
8

Doug Jolley
5
59
0
25
7

Jerry Porter
4
62
1
39t
9

Tim Brown
1
9
0
9
2

Jon Ritchie
1
7
0
7
1

Tyrone Wheatley
1
7
0
7
1

Marcus Knight
0
0
0
0
3

text:
Buccaneers Passing

C/ATT1

Yds

TD

INT

Rating

Brad Johnson
18/34
215
2
1
79.9

Buccaneers Rushing

Car2

Yds

TD

LG3

Yds/Car

Michael Pittman
29
124
0
24
4.28

Mike Alstott
10
15
1
5
1.50

Brad Johnson
1
10
0
10
10.00

Aaron Stecker
1
1
0
1
1.00

Tom Tupa
1
0
0
0
0.00

Buccaneers Receiving

Rec4

Yds

TD

LG3

Target5

Keyshawn Johnson
6
69
0
18
11

Mike Alstott
5
43
0
16
8

Joe Jurevicius
4
78
0
33
4

Keenan McCardell
2
13
2
8t
3

Ken Dilger
1
12
0
12
3

Rickey Dudley
0
0
0
0
1

text:
1Completions/attempts
2Carries
3Long gain
4Receptions
5Times targeted

text: Starting lineups[edit]

text:
Oakland
Position
Position
Tampa Bay

Offense

Tim Brown‡
WR
Keyshawn Johnson

Barry Sims
LT
Roman Oben

Frank Middleton
LG
Kerry Jenkins

Adam Treu
C
Jeff Christy

Mo Collins
RG
Cosey Coleman

Lincoln Kennedy
RT
Kenyatta Walker

Doug Jolley
TE
Ken Dilger

Jerry Rice‡
WR
Keenan McCardell

Rich Gannon
QB
Brad Johnson

Jerry Porter
WR
FB
Mike Alstott

Charlie Garner
RB
Michael Pittman

Defense

DeLawrence Grant
DE
LE
Greg Spires

Sam Adams
DT
Warren Sapp‡

John Parrella
DT
NT
Chuck Darby

Regan Upshaw
DE
RE
Simeon Rice

Bill Romanowski
LLB
SLB
Dwight Smith

Napoleon Harris
MLB
Shelton Quarles

Eric Barton
RLB
WLB
Derrick Brooks‡

Charles Woodson
LCB
Brian Kelly

Tory James
RCB
Ronde Barber

Anthony Dorsett
SS
John Lynch

Rod Woodson‡
FS
Dexter Jackson

text: Post-game riots[edit]

text: In Oakland, after the Raiders' loss, riots broke out on the streets of East Oakland. Twelve cars were set on fire and four hundred police officers had to be sent to the streets.[26]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The Tampa Tribune published a book by several staff writers called Pewter Power, about the Buccaneers' winning season.

text: Both teams entered a period of decline after the Super Bowl. Neither made the playoffs the next season as Tampa Bay finished 7–9 and Oakland finished 4–12. Furthermore, Tampa Bay finished 5–11 in 2004, becoming the first Super Bowl winning team to follow up with consecutive losing seasons. To date, the Buccaneers have yet to win another postseason game, while the Raiders went 14 seasons without having a winning season and / or qualifying the playoffs, and have also not won a playoff game since.

text: Officials[edit]

text:
Referee: Bill Carollo #63 second Super Bowl (XXXI as side judge)
Umpire: Ed Coukart #71 second Super Bowl (originally alternate for XXXII, but entered game when Jim Quirk was injured)
Head Linesman: Dale Williams #8 third Super Bowl (XX, XXVI)
Line Judge: Mark Steinkerchner #84 first Super Bowl
Side Judge: Rick Patterson #15 first Super Bowl
Field Judge: Tom Sifferman #118 first Super Bowl
Back Judge: Don Carey #126 first Super Bowl
Replay Official: Rex Stuart
Video Operator: Mike Wimmer