document_title: List of people who have walked across the United States

question_text: how long would it take to walk from san francisco to new york

text: Mark Baumer[edit]

text: Mark Baumer walked across the USA in 81 days. He was killed in 2017 while attempting a second walk barefoot.[1]

text: Philip Cihiwsky[edit]

text: Phil Cihiwsky, 59, from Loveland, Colorado walked from San Diego, California to York Harbor, Maine starting his walk on March 4 and completing it on October 4, 2013. He walked 3300 miles, crossing 15 states in 7 months while raising awareness about food insecurity issues among older adults for Meals On Wheels and encouraging the people he met along the way to support home delivered meal programs in their own communities.[2][3]

text: Helga and Clara Estby[edit]

text: Helga Estby, a 36-year-old from Spokane, Washington, and her 18-year-old daughter Clara walked from Spokane to New York City in 1896, setting off on May 5, 1896, passing through 14 states along the way, and arriving at the latter on Christmas Eve. She did so in response to a $10,000 challenge from a sponsor given to any woman who would walk across the United States. She brought with her a compass, red-pepper spray, a revolver, and a curling iron. She wanted the money in order to save her family's 160-acre (65 ha) farm. She did not receive it.[4][5][6]

text: Louis Michael Figueroa[edit]

text: In 1982, Louis Michael Figueroa, age 16, became the fastest and youngest person (according to some sources)[7] to run across the United States, covering the route from New Brunswick, NJ to San Francisco in 60 days to fulfill a promise to a friend who was dying of bone cancer.[8]

text: In 1996–1997 he walked from Bangor, ME to San Diego, CA for local AIDS networks in memory of his brother Jimmy, who died of the disease. The walk was plagued by delays due to Figueroa's battle with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia.[8]

text: In 2005, he began a walk around the United States for victims of child abuse. Figueroa walked for six months and covered 6,437 miles (10,359 km) of the 12,070 miles (19,420 km).[9]

text: On June 4, 2010 Figueroa left from where he previously stopped, 6.43 miles (10.35 km) west of Somerset, PA and arrived in Tucson on January 15, 2011.[7][8][10][needs update]

text: Aaron Huey[edit]

text: Aaron Huey, age 26, left Encinitas, California on January 22, 2002 and arrived in New York City 3,349 miles and 154 days later on June 25. His only travel companion was his dog Cosmo. He did not carry a cell phone and had no support team.[11] Huey covered the why and how in his 2010 Annenberg Foundation lecture,[12] and Huey also wrote journals of his travels along the way.[13]

text: Pete Kostelnick[edit]

text: In October 2016, Pete Kostelnick, age 29, set the world record for fastest run across America; he ran the 3,067 miles from San Francisco’s City Hall to New York’s City Hall in 42 days, 6 hours, 30 minutes.[14]

text: Polly Letofsky[edit]

text: Polly Letofsky, 37, walked around the world, including the United States. She started in Vail, Colorado in 1999, and headed west through Arizona, California, then walked around the world entering US shores again in NY. NJ, PA, Upstate NY, Ontario, CA, MI, WI, MN, IA, MO, KS, CO. Her walk around the world was the culmination of a childhood dream, but moreover was an advocacy campaign for breast cancer around the world. In each country the funds raised stayed in that country. She returned home on July 30, 2004.

text: Barbara Moore[edit]

text: Barbara Moore (1903–1977),[15] a Russian-born health enthusiast, walked 3,387 miles from San Francisco to New York City in 85 days in 1960, departing on April 13 and arriving on July 6.[16][17]

text: Richard H. Noble[edit]

text: From March 12, 2011 through June 9, 2012, Richard Noble, a gay rights activist, walked with a rainbow flag from San Francisco to Jacksonville Beach, Florida.[18][19][20]

text: James Harry Pierce[edit]

text: James Harry Pierce, a 46-year-old writer, costumer, and street performer,[21] began his walk across the United States on May 30, 2011 just south of Seattle, Washington, passed through Crestview, Florida on December 24, 2011,[22] and continued on to Key West, Florida, where he settled on February 7, 2012 and now performs nightly on Duval Street dressed as Darth Vader playing the banjo.[23]

text: Peace Pilgrim[edit]

text: Peace Pilgrim, née Mildred Lisette Norman (July 18, 1908 – July 7, 1981), was an American pacifist, vegetarian, and peace activist. Starting on January 1, 1953, she walked across the United States for 28 years until her death in 1981.[24] She had no organizational backing, carried no money, and would not even ask for food or shelter. When she began her pilgrimage she had taken a vow to "remain a wanderer until mankind has learned the way of peace, walking until given shelter and fasting until given food." At the time of her death, she was crossing the United States for the seventh time.

text: Granny D[edit]

text: Granny D (née Doris Haddock, January 24, 1910 – March 9, 2010) achieved international fame in February 2000 when, at age 90, she completed her walk across the U.S. to support campaign finance reform. A resident of Dublin, New Hampshire, Granny D started the walk January 1, 1999, shortly before her 89th birthday in Pasadena, California amid the Rose bowl festivities. She completed it on Leap Day of the following year, more than 400 days later, having traversed over 3200 miles across nine states (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Maryland). She chronicled her expedition and reasons for undertaking it in a autobiography entitled "You're Never Too Old to Raise a Little Hell" published in 2003. The following year, at age 94, she as ran as Democratic candidate against Judd Gregg in the New Hampshire senate race, but was soundly defeated. She died shortly after turning 100, on March 9, 2010.[25]

text: Chad Sigmon[edit]

text: Chad Sigmon was 38 years old when he ran across America starting April 1, 2013 from Jacksonville, FL and ending August 1 in San Diego, California. He ran to help end mental health stigma. He averaged around 22 miles a day for a total of 2,650 miles.[26][27]

text: Katie Visco[edit]

text: From March 29 through December 29, 2009, Pave Your Lane's founder, Katie Visco, ran across America, from Boston to San Diego to publicize this campaign. At age 24, Visco became the second youngest and 13th woman overall to run from coast to coast.[28][29]

text: Bob Wieland[edit]

text: Bob Wieland is a Vietnam War veteran who lost his legs to a mortar mine in 1969. He "ran" across America on his hands, taking three years, eight months, and six days to travel from coast to coast and raise money for Vietnam war veterans.[30]

text: Zachary Bonner[edit]

text: Zachary Bonner is a homeless youth advocate. He started a non profit when he was 6 years old called the Little Red Wagon Foundation. At age 8 after seeing a documentary on a woman named Peace Pilgrim he decided to walk from his home in Tampa, Florida to the state Capitol Tallahassee. The following year at age 9 he continued his walk to Atlanta, Georgia and that summer at age 11 he walked from Atlanta to Washington DC.[31] He vowed to become the youngest to walk Coast to Coast and at age 12 completed that mission by walking from Jacksonville Beach to the Santa Monica Pier. During his walks he used media attention to raise awareness to homeless youth and highlighted many programs working to help these kids.[32] The journey took Zach 7 months to complete.

text: Joe "Tiger" Patrick II[edit]

text: Joe "Tiger" Patrick II is a Peace Dale, Rhode Island Army veteran. After volunteering at Ground Zero for 3 weeks he decided he wanted to do something to bring awareness to the men and women who died as a result of the events during the 9/11 attacks, and those who have died while serving in the military for the United States of America.[33][34] He committed to walking for the cause. He completed a memorial walk in 2011 and on his second walk in 2013 he walked approximately 3,000 miles across the United States beginning in April 2013 in the City of Coronado, California and ending in Washington D.C. in October 2013.[35][36] During this walk he carried a memorial panel that he created on canvas, which displayed the faces of over 6600 color images of U.S. service members, and weighed over 50 pounds. He also carried an American flag and a bat used by Boston Red Sox second baseman Dustin Pedroia.

text: Walter O. McGill III[edit]

text: Walter McGill, also known as Pastor "Chick" McGill,[37] the "Freedom Walker"[38] and the "Cross Country Flagman,"[39] a 69-year-old pastor of the Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church and Vietnam War era veteran, began to walk across the United States on April 23, 2014 at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina.[40][41] He completed his journey on April 29, 2015 at the Santa Monica Pier in Santa Monica, California after traveling a route of over 3,200 miles,[42][43] and carrying the United States flag by hand the entire way, the first such documented case.[38][44] On July 12, 2015 he was honored at Dodger Stadium for the completion of the walk prior to a baseball game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Milwaukee Brewers.[45][46]

text: McGill's websites promoting the walk, walkingcoast2coast and walkthewalknow.com, indicate an extensive list of causes for which he made the journey, including: civil liberties, human rights, national integrity, the restoration of individual and corporate self-respect, support for traditional family values, liberty of conscience for all citizens, the defense of constitutional principles, the review and appreciation of American heritage, care for the poor and homeless, the promotion of natural health practices, employment of the Golden Rule in daily living, and a spiritual awakening for the healing of the country.[47] Along the way he saluted passing motorists and pedestrians,[38][48] received certificates of appreciation at the Inland Empire and San Gabriel Valley, and left non-sectarian 40-day prayer guides for city and county officials.[44][49] He was provided with a police escort part of the way along his walk in Tennessee and Georgia,[49] and was awarded a "Day of Recognition" in his home state of Tennessee by Governor Bill Haslam.[50]

text: During the portion of the journey through Prescott, Arizona he dedicated ten miles of his walk to Kayla Mueller, who was captured by ISIS and killed earlier in 2015.[51]

text: In his closing statements, McGill said, "To be the first veteran to carry Old Glory from sea to shining sea has been a great aspiration of mine, and I'm praying this flag will be enshrined at the Smithsonian Institute [sic]."[52]

text: Arthur Hitchcock[edit]

text: Arthur Hitchcock is a documentary/editorial photographer who, at age 19, walked from Long Beach, California to Augusta, Maine between May 11 and November 2, 2011. He walked approximately 4,100 miles (6,598 km), crossing through 17 states in 175 days. Hitchcock walked to raise funds for breast cancer research and aid to assist families dealing with the cost of hospital bills and treatments. He walked to honor his deceased parents, Janet and Mike Hitchcock. His mother died from ductal carcinoma a few months before the trip. The majority of his route included major highways (it's illegal to walk on most major highways). He was led by a support vehicle.[53]

text: John Ball[edit]

text: Retired U.S. Air Force Colonel John Ball, aka “The Walking Aggie,” walked coast-to-coast across America from March 1, 2015[54] to August 17, 2015.[55] Beginning at Scripps Park in La Jolla, California and ending at Daytona Beach, Florida, Ball, age 58, walked 2,686 miles, crossing 8 states in 170 days. His unassisted, uninterrupted walk raised over $27,000 to help establish an Endowed Aggie Ring Scholarship at his alma mater, Texas A&M University.[56]

text: Anthony Roddy[edit]

text: Anthony "Silverback" Roddy is a retired USDA Forest Service worker who, at age 56, walked from Wells Beach, Maine, to Imperial Beach, California, between April 19 and December 15, 2015. A US Army veteran of the war in Iraq, he crossed 13 states in 244 days, walking approximately 3,073 miles. His Walkabout-America 2015 was the culmination of a life-long dream, but moreover was an advocacy campaign to help grant wishes to children with life-threatening medical conditions. He raised more than $5,000 for the Make-a-Wish Foundation.[57]

text: Jeffrey Grabosky[edit]

text: From January 20 to May 20, 2011, Jeff Grabosky ran solo and unsupported for over 3,700 miles from Oceanside, California to Smith Point, New York. He took prayer intentions from people all around the world and prayed a decade of the rosary for each of the approximate 3,500 intentions he received. His book, Running With God Across America was published in 2012.[58]

text: Bjorn Suneson[edit]

text: In 2016, Bjorn Suneson, a Stockholm native, finished his fifth run across the United States.[59][60][61]

text: Mike Maczuzak[edit]

text: Mike Maczuzak, president of SmartShape Design, walked solo and unsupported from Coney Island to Santa Monica Pier, covering more than 3,600 miles in 125 days, and traveling through 15 states, March to July 2016.[62]

text: Steve Wescott[edit]

text: Steve Wescott walked from Space Needle in Seattle to Times Square with a goat as his companion. His walk, dubbed Needle2Square, raised awareness and funds for Uzima Outreach, a ministry reaching out to drug addicts, and the neglected and orphaned children of the addicted in Nairobi, Kenya.[63][64]

text: Jason P. Lester[edit]

text: Run Across America — Ran 3,550 miles in 72 days averaging 50 miles a day across the United States(4th Fastest athlete to run from San Francisco to New York (July 2013) The run raised money for the Waves for Water organization’s Hurricane Relief Initiative[65][66]

text: Ted G. Stone[edit]

text: Ted G. Stone was a Southern Baptist evangelist and recovering amphetamine addict who walked across the United States three times and was on his fourth trip when he died. He made the walks to raise awareness for his ministry to addicts and would drive up to 150 miles off of his walking route to speak to groups. His first trip, in 1996, was 3,650-mile from the Capitol steps in Washington, D.C., south to Jacksonville, FL and west to Los Angeles. His second trip, in 1998, was a 3,550-mile walk from San Francisco, CA to Virginia Beach, VA. His third trip was in 2000 and he walked 1,700-mile from Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas in Mexico to the Ambassador Bridge in Detroit, MI leading into Canada. He died on his fourth trip in 2006 in Nashville, TN. He was walking from Chicago, IL to Pensacola, FL which would have covered 1,100 miles.[67][68]


document_title: Response to the State of the Union address

question_text: what is the democratic response to the sotu

root

text: The response to the State of the Union address is a rebuttal speech, often brief, delivered by a representative (or representatives) of the opposition party following a presidential State of the Union address. When the president is a Democrat, the rebuttal is given by a Republican, and vice versa.

tag: p

text: The practice began in 1966 when Republican U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois) and U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan) appeared on TV to offer a response to the address by Democratic President Lyndon Johnson.[1] The opposition party's response has varied in format, ranging from a prerecorded 45-minute TV program in 1970[2] to a call-in show in 1972 where a panel of congressmen answered unrehearsed questions from callers.[1] Since the late 1980s, it usually has been a televised speech given soon after the State of the Union address.[1]

text: Three people have given both a response and a State of the Union address: Democrat Bill Clinton and Republicans Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush.

text: List of responses[edit]

text:
Date
President
Response given by[1]

January 12, 1966
Lyndon Johnson
U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois)
U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan)1

January 10, 1967
U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois)
U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan)

January 17, 1968
U.S. Senators Howard Baker (Tennessee), Peter Dominick (Colorado), Robert Griffin (Michigan), Thomas Kuchel (California), George Murphy (California), Chuck Percy (Illinois), Hugh Scott (Pennsylvania), and John Tower (Texas)
U.S. Representatives George Bush (Texas), Gerald Ford (Michigan), Mel Laird (Wisconsin), Bob Mathias (California), Dick Poff (Virginia), Al Quie (Minnesota), Charlotte Reid (Illinois), and Bill Steiger (Wisconsin)

January 22, 1970
Richard Nixon
U.S. Senators Scoop Jackson (Washington), Mike Mansfield (Montana), Ed Muskie (Maine), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin)
U.S. Representatives Donald Fraser (Minnesota), John McCormack (Massachusetts), and Patsy Mink (Hawaii)2

January 22, 1971
U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana)

January 20, 1972
U.S. Senators Lloyd Bentsen (Texas), Frank Church (Idaho), Tom Eagleton (Missouri), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin)
U.S. Representatives Carl Albert (Oklahoma), Hale Boggs (Louisiana), John Brademas (Indiana), Martha Griffiths (Michigan), John Melcher (Montana), Ralph Metcalfe (Illinois), and Leonor Sullivan (Missouri)

January 20, 1974
U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana)

January 15, 1975
Gerald Ford
U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey (Minnesota)
U.S. Representative Carl Albert (Oklahoma)

January 19, 1976
U.S. Senator Ed Muskie (Maine)

January 19, 1978
Jimmy Carter
U.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)

January 23, 1979
U.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)

January 23, 1980
U.S. Senator Ted Stevens (Alaska)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)

January 26, 1982
Ronald Reagan
U.S. Senators Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Alan Cranston (California), Gary Hart (Colorado), Bennett Johnston (Louisiana), Ted Kennedy (Massachusetts), Don Riegle (Michigan), Paul Sarbanes (Maryland), and Jim Sasser (Tennessee)
U.S. Representatives Al Gore (Tennessee), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)2

January 25, 1983
U.S. Senators Joe Biden (Delaware), Bill Bradley (New Jersey), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), and Paul Tsongas (Massachusetts)
U.S. Representatives Les AuCoin (Oregon), Tom Daschle (South Dakota), Bill Hefner (North Carolina), Barbara Kennelly (Connecticut), George Miller (California), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts), Paul Simon (Illinois), and Tim Wirth (Colorado)2

January 25, 1984
U.S. Senators Max Baucus (Montana), Joe Biden (Delaware), David Boren (Oklahoma), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Dee Huddleston (Kentucky), Carl Levin (Michigan), and Claiborne Pell (Rhode Island)
U.S. Representatives Barbara Boxer (California), Dante Fascell (Florida), Bill Gray (Pennsylvania), Tom Harkin (Iowa), and Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts)

February 6, 1985
Governor Bill Clinton (Arkansas), Governor Bob Graham (Florida)
U.S. Representative Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts)3

February 4, 1986
U.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine)
Governor Chuck Robb (Virginia)
U.S. Representatives Tom Daschle (South Dakota) and Bill Gray (Pennsylvania)
Lieutenant Governor Harriett Woods (Missouri)

January 27, 1987
U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)

January 25, 1988
U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)

January 31, 1990
George H. W. Bush
U.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington)

January 29, 1991
U.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine)

January 28, 1992
U.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington)

January 25, 1994
Bill Clinton
U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas)

January 24, 1995
Governor Christine Todd Whitman (New Jersey)

January 23, 1996
U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas)

February 4, 1997
U.S. Representative J. C. Watts (Oklahoma)

January 27, 1998
U.S. Senator Trent Lott (Mississippi)

January 19, 1999
U.S. Representatives Jennifer Dunn (Washington) and Steve Largent (Oklahoma)

January 27, 2000
U.S. Senators Susan Collins (Maine) and Bill Frist (Tennessee)

January 29, 2002
George W. Bush
U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri)

January 28, 2003
Governor Gary Locke (Washington)

January 23, 2004
U.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota)
U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California)

February 2, 2005
U.S. Senator Harry Reid (Nevada)
U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California)

January 31, 2006
Governor Tim Kaine (Virginia)

January 23, 2007
U.S. Senator Jim Webb (Virginia)

January 28, 2008
Governor Kathleen Sebelius (Kansas)

January 27, 2010
Barack Obama
Governor Bob McDonnell (Virginia)

January 25, 2011
English: U.S. Representative Paul Ryan (Wisconsin)

Spanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida)

January 24, 2012
Governor Mitch Daniels (Indiana)

February 12, 2013
U.S. Senator Marco Rubio (Florida) – English and Spanish

January 28, 2014
English: U.S. Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers (Washington)

Spanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida)

January 20, 2015
English: U.S. Senator Joni Ernst (Iowa)

Spanish: U.S. Representative Carlos Curbelo (Florida)

January 12, 2016
Governor Nikki Haley (South Carolina)

January 30, 2018
Donald Trump
English: U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III (Massachusetts)

Spanish: State Delegate Elizabeth Guzmán (Virginia)

tag: table

text:
1First organized, televised response to a presidential State of the Union message
2Denotes prerecorded program
3Randomly selected Democratic voters participated in this televised discussion

text: Non–State of the Union responses[edit]

text: In addition to responses to official State of the Union addresses, there have been five official responses to non–State of the Union speeches which were delivered soon after presidential inaugurations.

text:
Date
President
Address type
Response given by

February 9, 1989
George H. W. Bush
First address to joint session of Congress
U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen (Texas)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)[1]

February 17, 1993
Bill Clinton
First address to joint session of Congress
U.S. Representative Bob Michel (Illinois)[1]

February 27, 2001
George W. Bush
First address to joint session of Congress
U.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota)
U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri)[3]

February 24, 2009
Barack Obama
First address to joint session of Congress
Governor Bobby Jindal (Louisiana)[4]

February 28, 2017
Donald Trump
First address to joint session of Congress
English: Former Governor Steve Beshear (Kentucky)

Spanish: Activist Astrid Silva (Nevada)[5]


document_title: Structure of the Earth

question_text: in what part of the earths internal structure can rocks melt

text: Structure of the Earth

text: Mass[edit]

text: The force exerted by Earth's gravity can be used to calculate its mass. Astronomers can also calculate Earth's mass by observing the motion of orbiting satellites. Earth’s average density can be determined through gravimetric experiments, which have historically involved pendulums.

text: The mass of Earth is about 7024600000000000000♠6×1024 kg.[1]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways: by mechanical properties such as rheology, or chemically. Mechanically, it can be divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesospheric mantle, outer core, and the inner core. Chemically, Earth can be divided into the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core. The geologic component layers of Earth[3][not in citation given] are at the following depths below the surface:

text:
Depth

Layer

Kilometres

Miles

0–60

0–37

Lithosphere (locally varies between 5 and 200 km)

0–35

0–22

… Crust (locally varies between 5 and 70 km)

35–60

22–37

… Uppermost part of mantle

35–2,890

22–1,790

Mantle

210-270

130-168

… Upper mesosphere (upper mantle)

660–2,890

410–1,790

… Lower mesosphere (lower mantle)

2,890–5,150

1,790–3,160

Outer core

5,150–6,360

3,160–3,954

Inner core

text: The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes.  The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it, while the speed of travel (seismic velocity) is different in other layers.  The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell's law, like light bending as it passes through a prism.  Likewise, reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror.

text: Crust[edit]

text: The crust ranges from 5–70 kilometres (3.1–43.5 mi) in depth and is the outermost layer. The thin parts are the oceanic crust, which underlie the ocean basins (5–10 km) and are composed of dense  (mafic) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks, like basalt. The thicker crust is continental crust, which is less dense and composed of (felsic) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks, like granite. The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories –  sial and sima (Suess,1831–1914). It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity (a second order discontinuity). The uppermost mantle together with the crust constitutes the lithosphere. The crust-mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events. First, there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity, which is most commonly known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho. The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar (above) to rocks that contain no feldspars (below). Second, in oceanic crust, there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites, which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences.

text: Many rocks now making up Earth's crust formed less than 100 million (1×108) years ago; however, the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion (4.4×109) years old, indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years.[4]

text: Mantle[edit]

text: Earth's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km, making it the thickest layer of Earth. The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle. The upper and lower mantle are separated by the transition zone. The lowest part of the mantle next to the core-mantle boundary is known as the D″ (pronounced dee-double-prime[5]) layer. The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ≈140 GPa (1.4 Matm). The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium relative to the overlying crust. Although solid,  the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile that it can flow on very long timescales. Convection of the mantle is expressed at the surface through the motions of tectonic plates. As there is intense and increasing pressure as one travels deeper into the mantle, the lower part of the mantle flows less easily than does the upper mantle (chemical changes within the mantle may also be important). The viscosity of the mantle ranges between 1021 and 1024 Pa·s, depending on depth.[6] In comparison, the viscosity of water is approximately 10−3 Pa·s and that of pitch is 107 Pa·s. The source of heat that drives plate tectonics is the primordial heat left over from the planet’s formation as well as the radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium in Earth’s crust and mantle.[7]

text: Core[edit]

text:
The average density of Earth is
7000551499999999999♠5.515 g/cm3.[8] Because the average density of surface material is only around 7000300000000000000♠3.0 g/cm3, we must conclude that denser materials exist within Earth's core.
This result has been known since the Schiehallion experiment, performed in the 1770s.
Charles Hutton in his 1778 report concluded that the mean density of the Earth must be about

9
5

{\displaystyle {\tfrac {9}{5}}}

 that of surface rock, concluding that the interior of the Earth must be metallic. Hutton estimated  this metallic portion to occupy some 65% of the diameter of the Earth.[9]
Hutton's estimate on the mean density of the Earth was still about 20% too low, at 7000450000000000000♠4.5 g/cm3
Henry Cavendish in his torsion balance experiment of 1798 found a value of 7000545000000000000♠5.45 g/cm3, within 1% of the modern value.[10]
Seismic measurements show that the core is divided into two parts, a "solid" inner core with a radius of ≈1,220 km[11] and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ≈3,400 km. The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg/m3 in the outer core and 12,600–13,000 kg/m3 in the inner core.[12]

text: The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel. Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it must be solid.  Experimental evidence has at times been critical of crystal models of the core.[13]  Other experimental studies show a discrepancy under high pressure: diamond anvil (static) studies at core pressures yield melting temperatures that are approximately 2000 K below those from shock laser (dynamic) studies.[14][15]  The laser studies create plasma,[16] and the results are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions will depend on whether the inner core is a solid or is a plasma with the density of a solid.  This is an area of active research.

text: In early stages of Earth's formation about 4.6 billion years ago, melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center in a process called planetary differentiation (see also the iron catastrophe), while less-dense materials would have migrated to the crust. The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron (80%), along with nickel and one or more light elements, whereas other dense elements, such as lead and uranium, either are too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust (see felsic materials). Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron crystal.[17][18]

text: Under laboratory conditions a sample of iron–nickel alloy was subjected to the corelike pressures by gripping it in a vise between 2 diamond tips (diamond anvil cell), and then heating to approximately 4000 K. The sample was observed with x-rays, and strongly supported the theory that Earth's inner core was made of giant crystals running north to south.[19][20]

text: The liquid outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of iron mixed with nickel and trace amounts of lighter elements.

text: Recent speculation suggests that the innermost part of the core is enriched in gold, platinum and other siderophile elements.[21]

text: The matter that comprises Earth is connected in fundamental ways to matter of certain chondrite meteorites, and to matter of outer portion of the Sun.[22][23] There is good reason to believe that Earth is, in the main, like a chondrite meteorite. Beginning as early as 1940, scientists, including Francis Birch, built geophysics upon the premise that Earth is like ordinary chondrites, the most common type of meteorite observed impacting Earth, while totally ignoring another, albeit less abundant type, called enstatite chondrites. The principal difference between the two meteorite types is that enstatite chondrites formed under circumstances of extremely limited available oxygen, leading to certain normally oxyphile elements existing either partially or wholly in the alloy portion that corresponds to the core of Earth.

text: Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field. The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field (see Curie temperature) but probably acts to stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core. The average magnetic field strength in Earth's outer core is estimated to be 25 Gauss (2.5 mT), 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface.[24][25]

text: Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet;[26] however, more recent studies in 2011[which?] found this hypothesis to be inconclusive. Options remain for the core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system.[citation needed] In August 2005 a team of geophysicists announced in the journal Science that, according to their estimates, Earth's inner core rotates approximately 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year faster relative to the rotation of the surface.[27][28]

text: The current scientific explanation for Earth's temperature gradient is a combination of heat left over from the planet's initial formation, decay of radioactive elements, and freezing of the inner core.


document_title: Mayor of San Francisco

question_text: who is the mayor of san francisco california

text: Mayor of San Francisco

text: Elections[edit]

text: The mayor of San Francisco is elected every four years; elections take place one year before United States presidential elections on election day in November. Candidates must live and be registered to vote in San Francisco at the time of the election. The mayor is usually sworn in on the January 8 following the election. The next election for the mayor will be in 2019.

text: Under the California constitution, all city elections in the state are conducted on a non-partisan basis. As a result, candidates' party affiliations are not listed on the ballot, and multiple candidates from a single party can run in the election since a primary election is not held.[3]

text: Mayoral elections were originally run under a two-round system. If no candidate received a simple majority of votes in the general election, the two candidates who received the most votes competed in a second runoff election held several weeks later.[4] In 2002, the election system for city officials was overhauled as a result of a citywide referendum. The new system, known as instant-runoff voting, allows voters to select and rank three candidates based on their preferences. If no one wins more than half of the first-choice votes, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and second-choice votes (and third-choice votes, if necessary) are counted until a candidate captures the majority. This eliminates the need to hold a separate runoff election and saves money. This was first implemented in the 2004 Board of Supervisors election after two years of preparation.[5] In 2007, the new system was implemented in the mayoral election for the first time.[6]

text: As of January 2017, the mayor is paid an annual salary of $297,386.84

text: Duties and powers[edit]

text: The mayor has the responsibility to enforce all city laws, administer and coordinate city departments and intergovernmental activities, set forth policies and agendas to the Board of Supervisors, and prepare and submit the city budget at the end of each fiscal year. The mayor has the powers to either approve or veto bills passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, participate in meetings of the Board of Supervisors and its committees, appoint a replacement to fill vacancies in all city elected offices until elections, appoint a member of the Board as acting mayor in his/her absence, and to direct personnels in the case of emergency.[1]

text: Succession[edit]

text: If the mayor dies in office, resigns, or is unable to carry out his/her duties and he/she did not designate an acting mayor, the president of the Board of Supervisors becomes acting mayor until the full Board select a person to fill the vacancy and finish the previous mayoral term.[7] (In the case that both the president of the Board of Supervisors and the mayor are incapacitated, the order of succession is followed.[1]) This has happened six times: James Otis died in office and was succeeded by George Hewston,[a] Eugene Schmitz was removed and succeeded by Charles Boxton,[b] Charles Boxton resigned and was succeeded by Edward Robeson Taylor,[b] James Rolph resigned and was succeeded by Angelo Rossi,[c] George Moscone was assassinated and was succeeded by Dianne Feinstein,[d] and Gavin Newsom resigned and was succeeded by Ed Lee.[e]

text: List[edit]

text: To date, 42 individuals have served as mayor. There have been 43 mayoralties due to Charles James Brenham's serving two non-consecutive terms: he is counted chronologically as both the second and fourth mayor. The longest term was that of James Rolph, who served over 18 years until his resignation to become the California governor. The length of his tenure as mayor was largely due to his popularity. During his term, San Francisco saw the expansion of its transit system, the construction of the Civic Center and the hosting of the World's Fair.[8][9] The shortest term was that of Charles Boxton, who served only eight days before resigning from office. Two mayors have died in office: Otis died from illness and Moscone was assassinated. Dianne Feinstein is the only woman, Willie Brown is the only African American, and Ed Lee is the only Asian American to have served as mayor.

text: Eleven mayors are native San Franciscans: Levi Richard Ellert, James D. Phelan, Eugene Schmitz, James Rolph, Elmer Robinson, John F. Shelley, Joseph Alioto, George Moscone, Dianne Feinstein, Frank Jordan and Gavin Newsom. Four mayors are foreign-born: Frank McCoppin and P. H. McCarthy (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, present-day Republic of Ireland), Adolph Sutro (Prussia, present-day Germany) and George Christopher (Greece).

text: This list does not include all acting mayors, of which there have been many, as an acting mayor is typically appointed by the mayor whenever he or she will be out of the city.

text:
#
Mayor
Term start
Term end

Party

1
Geary, John W.John W. Geary
000000001850-05-01-0000May 1, 1850
000000001851-05-04-0000May 4, 1851

Independent

2
Brenham, Charles JamesCharles James Brenham
000000001851-05-05-0000May 5, 1851
000000001851-12-31-0000December 31, 1851

Whig

3
Harris, Stephen RandallStephen Randall Harris
000000001852-01-01-0000January 1, 1852
000000001852-11-09-0000November 9, 1852

Democratic

4
Brenham, Charles JamesCharles James Brenham
000000001852-11-10-0000November 10, 1852
000000001853-10-02-0000October 2, 1853

Whig

5
Garrison, Cornelius KingslandCornelius Kingsland Garrison
000000001853-10-03-0000October 3, 1853
000000001854-10-01-0000October 1, 1854

Whig

6
Webb, Stephen PalfreyStephen Palfrey Webb
000000001854-10-02-0000October 2, 1854
000000001855-06-30-0000June 30, 1855

Know Nothing

7
Van Ness, JamesJames Van Ness
000000001855-07-01-0000July 1, 1855
000000001856-07-07-0000July 7, 1856

Democratic

8
Whelan, George J.George J. Whelan
000000001856-07-08-0000July 8, 1856
000000001856-11-14-0000November 14, 1856

American

9
Burr, Ephraim WillardEphraim Willard Burr
000000001856-11-15-0000November 15, 1856
000000001859-10-02-0000October 2, 1859

American

10
Teschemacher, Henry F.Henry F. Teschemacher
000000001859-10-03-0000October 3, 1859
000000001863-06-30-0000June 30, 1863

Populist

11
Coon, Henry PerrinHenry Perrin Coon
000000001863-07-01-0000July 1, 1863
000000001867-12-01-0000December 1, 1867

Populist

12
McCoppin, FrankFrank McCoppin
000000001867-12-02-0000December 2, 1867
000000001869-12-05-0000December 5, 1869

Democratic

13
Selby, Thomas HenryThomas Henry Selby
000000001869-12-06-0000December 6, 1869
000000001871-12-03-0000December 3, 1871

Republican

14
Alvord, WilliamWilliam Alvord
000000001871-12-04-0000December 4, 1871
000000001873-11-30-0000November 30, 1873

Republican

15
Otis, JamesJames Otis[a]
000000001873-12-01-0000December 1, 1873
000000001875-10-30-0000October 30, 1875

Populist

16
Hewston, GeorgeGeorge Hewston[a]
000000001875-11-04-0000November 4, 1875
000000001875-12-05-0000December 5, 1875

Democratic

17
Bryant, Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson Bryant
000000001875-12-06-0000December 6, 1875
000000001879-11-30-0000November 30, 1879

Populist

18
Kalloch, Isaac SmithIsaac Smith Kalloch
000000001879-12-01-0000December 1, 1879
000000001881-12-04-0000December 4, 1881

Workingmen's

19
Blake, Maurice CareyMaurice Carey Blake
000000001881-12-05-0000December 5, 1881
000000001883-01-07-0000January 7, 1883

Republican

20
Bartlett, WashingtonWashington Bartlett
000000001883-01-08-0000January 8, 1883
000000001887-01-02-0000January 2, 1887

Democratic

21
Pond, Edward B.Edward B. Pond
000000001887-01-03-0000January 3, 1887
000000001891-01-04-0000January 4, 1891

Democratic

22
Sanderson, George HenryGeorge Henry Sanderson
000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891
000000001893-01-03-0000January 3, 1893

Republican

23
Ellert, Levi RichardLevi Richard Ellert
000000001893-01-03-0000January 3, 1893
000000001895-01-06-0000January 6, 1895

Republican

24
Sutro, AdolphAdolph Sutro
000000001895-01-07-0000January 7, 1895
000000001897-01-03-0000January 3, 1897

Populist

25
Phelan, James D.James D. Phelan
000000001897-01-04-0000January 4, 1897
000000001902-01-07-0000January 7, 1902

Democratic

26
Schmitz, EugeneEugene Schmitz[b]
000000001902-01-08-0000January 8, 1902
000000001907-07-08-0000July 8, 1907

Union Labor[10]

27
Boxton, CharlesCharles Boxton[b]
000000001907-07-09-0000July 9, 1907
000000001907-07-16-0000July 16, 1907

Union Labor

28
Taylor, Edward RobesonEdward Robeson Taylor[b]
000000001907-07-16-0000July 16, 1907
000000001910-01-07-0000January 7, 1910

Democratic

29
McCarthy, P. H.P. H. McCarthy
000000001910-01-08-0000January 8, 1910
000000001912-01-07-0000January 7, 1912

Union Labor

30
Rolph, JamesJames Rolph[c]
000000001912-01-08-0000January 8, 1912
000000001931-01-06-0000January 6, 1931

Republican

31
Rossi, Angelo JosephAngelo Joseph Rossi[c]
000000001931-01-07-0000January 7, 1931
000000001944-01-07-0000January 7, 1944

Republican

32
Lapham, RogerRoger Lapham
000000001944-01-08-0000January 8, 1944
000000001948-01-07-0000January 7, 1948

Republican

33
Robinson, ElmerElmer Robinson
000000001948-01-08-0000January 8, 1948
000000001956-01-07-0000January 7, 1956

Republican

34
Christopher, GeorgeGeorge Christopher
000000001956-01-08-0000January 8, 1956
000000001964-01-07-0000January 7, 1964

Republican

35
Shelley, John F.John F. Shelley
000000001964-01-08-0000January 8, 1964
000000001968-01-07-0000January 7, 1968

Democratic

36
Alioto, JosephJoseph Alioto
000000001968-01-08-0000January 8, 1968
000000001976-01-07-0000January 7, 1976

Democratic

37
Moscone, GeorgeGeorge Moscone[d]
000000001976-01-08-0000January 8, 1976
000000001978-11-27-0000November 27, 1978

Democratic

38
Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein[d]
000000001978-12-04-0000December 4, 1978
000000001988-01-07-0000January 7, 1988

Democratic

39
Agnos, ArtArt Agnos
000000001988-01-08-0000January 8, 1988
000000001992-01-07-0000January 7, 1992

Democratic

40
Jordan, FrankFrank Jordan
000000001992-01-08-0000January 8, 1992
000000001996-01-07-0000January 7, 1996

Democratic

41
Brown, WillieWillie Brown
000000001996-01-08-0000January 8, 1996
000000002004-01-07-0000January 7, 2004

Democratic

42
Newsom, GavinGavin Newsom[e]
000000002004-01-08-0000January 8, 2004
000000002011-01-10-0000January 10, 2011

Democratic

43
Lee, EdEd Lee[e]
000000002011-01-11-0000January 11, 2011
incumbent

Democratic

text: Other offices held[edit]

text: The following is a list of congressional, gubernatorial and other offices held by mayors, before or after their term(s).

text:
Mayor
Mayoral term
Other offices held
References

Geary, John W.John W. Geary
1850–1851
Territorial Governor of Kansas (1856–1857)
Governor of Pennsylvania (1867–1873)
[11][12]

Webb, Stephen PalfreyStephen Palfrey Webb
1854–1855
Mayor of Salem, Massachusetts (1842–1844, 1860–1862)
[13]

Van Ness, JamesJames Van Ness
1855–1856
California State Senator (1871)
[14]

Blake, Maurice CareyMaurice Carey Blake
1881–1883
California State Assemblyman (1857–1858)
[15]

Bartlett, WashingtonWashington Bartlett
1883–1887
California State Senator (1873–1877)
Governor of California (1887)
[16][17][18]

Phelan, James D.James D. Phelan
1897–1902
U.S. Senator from California (1915–1921)
[19]

Rolph, JamesJames Rolph
1912–1931
Governor of California* (1931–1934)
[16]

Shelley, John F.John F. Shelley
1964–1968
California State Senator (1938–1946)
U.S. Representative from California (1949–1964)
[20]

Moscone, GeorgeGeorge Moscone
1976–1978
California State Senator (1966–1975)
[21]

Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein
1978–1988
U.S. Senator from California (1992–present)
[22]

Agnos, ArtArt Agnos
1988–1992
California State Assemblyman (1976–1988)
[23][24]

Brown, WillieWillie Brown
1996–2004
California State Assemblyman (1964–1995)
[25]

Newsom, GavinGavin Newsom
2004–2011
Lieutenant Governor of California* (2011–present)
[26]

text: Living former mayors[edit]

text: As of February 2014, five former mayors are alive, the oldest being Dianne Feinstein (1978–1988; born 1933). The most recent mayor to die is George Christopher (1956–1964; born 1907), on September 14, 2000.

text:
Mayor
Mayoral term
Date of birth

Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein
1978–1988
000000001933-06-22-0000June 22, 1933 (age 84)

Agnos, ArtArt Agnos
1988–1992
000000001938-09-01-0000September 1, 1938 (age 79)

Jordan, FrankFrank Jordan
1992–1996
000000001935-02-20-0000February 20, 1935 (age 82)

Brown, WillieWillie Brown
1996–2004
000000001934-03-20-0000March 20, 1934 (age 83)

Newsom, GavinGavin Newsom
2004–2011
000000001967-10-10-0000October 10, 1967 (age 49)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a In 1875, James Otis died of diphtheria during his tenure as mayor. Supervisor George Hewston became acting mayor until Andrew Bryant was elected to the office.[27][28]
b In July 1907, Eugene Schmitz was convicted of extortion and sentenced to 5 years in prison. The Board of Supervisors replaced Schmitz with Supervisor Charles Boxton who had also taken bribes. Boxton served for eight days before he resigned. The Board then replaced Boxton with Edward Taylor.[29][30]
c James Rolph resigned to become the Governor of California in 1931. The Board replaced Rolph with Angelo Rossi.[31]
d On November 27, 1978, George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk were assassinated by former Supervisor Dan White. Supervisor and Board President Dianne Feinstein was named acting mayor.[21] She served the remainder of Moscone's term and was subsequently elected to two full four-year terms on her own.[32]
e Gavin Newsom resigned to become the Lieutenant Governor of California on January 10, 2011. Supervisor and Board President David Chiu briefly served as acting mayor until city administrator Ed Lee was unanimously appointed on the following day by the Board to finish out Newsom's term.[33]

tag: ul


document_title: Van Halen

question_text: what was van halen's original band name

question_tokens: what was van halen 's original band name

text: Van Halen

text: History

text: Formation and early history (1972–77)

text: The Van Halen brothers were born in the Netherlands, Edward Van Halen in Nijmegen and Alex Van Halen in Amsterdam, sons to musician Jan Van Halen. The family moved to Pasadena, California, in 1962. Young Edward first began studying classical piano, and became quite proficient (although he never fully mastered the art of reading sheet music). Eventually the brothers started playing music together in the 1960s—Eddie on drums and Alex on guitar. While Eddie was delivering newspapers to pay for his new drum set, Alex would sneak over and play them. Eventually Eddie found out about it, and out of frustration he told Alex, "OK, you play drums and I'll go play your guitar."[17]

text: The Van Halen brothers formed their very first band called The Broken Combs in the early 1970s. As they progressed and gained popularity, they started to play many backyard parties and changed the name of their band to The Trojan Rubber Co. In 1972, the Van Halen brothers formed a band called Genesis featuring Eddie as lead vocalist/guitarist, Alex on drums, and Mark Stone on bass. They initially rented a sound system from David Lee Roth but decided to save money by letting him join as lead vocalist even though his previous audition(s) had been unsuccessful.[18] By 1974, the band decided to replace Stone, so Michael Anthony, bassist and lead vocalist from local band Snake was auditioned. Following an all-night jam session, he was hired for bass and backing vocals.[18]

text: The band later changed its name to Mammoth when they discovered the name Genesis was already being used. In 1974, Mammoth officially changed its name to Van Halen. According to Roth,[19] this was his brainchild. He felt it was a name that had power, like Santana. They played backyard parties and on a flatbed truck at Hamilton Park. Van Halen played clubs in Pasadena and Hollywood to growing audiences, increasing their popularity through self-promotion: before each gig they would pass out flyers at local high schools. This sort of self-promotion soon built them a major following.[18] Later that year, the band got its first break when it was hired to play at Gazzarri's, a formerly famous but down-at-the-heels night club on the Sunset Strip which closed in 1996.

text: Earlier, they had auditioned for the owner, Bill Gazzarri, but he claimed they were "too loud" and would not hire them. However, their new managers, Mark Algorri and Mario Miranda, who had coincidentally taken over Gazzarri's hiring, did the deal. Shortly afterwards, they recorded their first demo tape at the now-defunct Cherokee Studios in Northridge where Steely Dan recently had completed an album. Van Halen became a staple of the Los Angeles music scene during the mid-1970s, playing at well-known clubs like the Whisky a Go Go.[20]

text: According to a January 4, 1977, L.A. Times article by Robert Hilburn,[21] entitled "HOMEGROWN PUNK," Rodney Bingenheimer saw Van Halen at the Gazzarri club in the summer of 1976, so he took Gene Simmons of Kiss to see Van Halen. Simmons then produced a Van Halen demo tape with recording beginning at the Village Recorder studios in Los Angeles and finished with overdubs at the Electric Lady Studios in New York.[17] Simmons wanted to change the band's name to "Daddy Longlegs," but the band stuck with Van Halen. Simmons then opted out of further involvement after he took the demo to Kiss management and was told that "they had no chance of making it" and that they wouldn't take them.[22]

text: In mid-1977, Mo Ostin and Ted Templeman of Warner Bros. Records saw Van Halen perform at the Starwood in Hollywood. Although the audience was small, the two were so impressed with Van Halen that within a week they offered the band a recording contract.[23] The group recorded their debut album at Sunset Sound Recorders studio in mid-September to early October 1977, recording guitar parts for one week and then recording vocals for two additional weeks. All of the tracks were laid down with little over-dubbing or double-tracking. Minor mistakes were purposely left on the record and a simple musical set-up was used to give the record a live feel. During this time, they continued to play various venues in Southern California, including some notable concerts at the Pasadena Convention Center produced by their promoter and impresario, Steve Tortomasi, himself a fixture in the local rock and roll scene.

text: David Lee Roth era (1978–85)

text: Upon its release, Van Halen reached No. 19 on the Billboard pop music charts, one of rock's most commercially successful debuts.[24] It was highly regarded as both a heavy metal and hard rock album.[25] The album included songs now regarded as Van Halen classics, like "Runnin' with the Devil" and the guitar solo "Eruption", which showcased Eddie's use of a technique known as "finger-tapping". The band toured for nearly a year, opening for Black Sabbath and establishing a reputation for their performances. The band's chemistry owed much to Eddie Van Halen's technical guitar wizardry and David Lee Roth's flamboyant antics and stage persona, strong points which later made them rivals. The band returned to the studio in late 1978 to record Van Halen II, a 1979 album similar in style to their debut. This record yielded the band's first hit single, "Dance the Night Away."

text: Over the next few years, the band alternated album releases and touring (see Van Halen concert tours). Their Women and Children First album was released in 1980 and further cemented Van Halen's status. But in 1981, during the recording of the Fair Warning album, tensions rose. Eddie's desire for more serious and complex songs was at odds with Roth's poppy style. Nonetheless, Roth (and producer Templeman) acquiesced to Eddie's wishes.

text: Diver Down performed better. The band then earned a spot in the Guinness Book of World Records for the highest-paid single appearance of a band: $1.5 million for a 90-minute set at the 1983 US Festival.[citation needed] Despite this return to form, Roth and Eddie's differences continued, and this caused friction with other band members. Billy Sheehan, after his band Talas completed a tour with Van Halen, claims he was approached by Eddie Van Halen to replace Michael Anthony. The reasons for this were never clear to Sheehan because nothing came of it.[26] During this time, Eddie and Alex Van Halen contributed the score and instrumental songs to the movie The Wild Life, starring Eric Stoltz. The score was heavy on the keyboards, similar to the sound used on the previous two albums and much more like the sound coming in their next album.

text:
Jump

Sample of "Jump", the lead single from the band's sixth album, 1984. Centered around a synthesizer hook instead of the band's trademark guitar sound, and featuring anthemic lyrics, the song became the band's most commercially successful single.[27]

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: 1984 (released on January 9, 1984) was their commercial pinnacle. Recorded at Eddie Van Halen's newly built 5150 Studios, the album featured keyboards, which had only been used sporadically on previous albums. The lead single, "Jump," featured a synthesizer hook and anthemic lyrics, and became the band's first and only No. 1 pop hit, garnering them a Grammy nomination.[28] Other singles included "Panama" (No. 13 U.S.), "I'll Wait" (also No. 13 U.S.), and "Hot for Teacher." Three of the songs had popular music videos on MTV. 1984 was praised by critics[29][30][31] and fans alike,[32][33] peaking at No. 2 on the Billboard charts behind Michael Jackson's Thriller.

text: The album, however, was also a breaking point for the band. In the midst of the 1984 Tour, the artistic and personal tensions among the musicians reached a fever pitch. Reasons for the breakup vary based on the band member interviewed, but were rooted in control of the band's sound and image. Roth was upset about Eddie playing music outside of Van Halen without checking with the band, and his alleged drug abuse that allegedly prevented the band from viable practices. Roth was also launching a successful solo career with two hit songs off his Crazy from the Heat EP, a remake of The Beach Boys classic "California Girls" (#3 U.S.) and the old standard "Just a Gigolo" (#12 U.S.). Roth was also offered a $20-million film deal for a script entitled Crazy from the Heat. Roth hoped Van Halen would contribute the soundtrack; however, the film deal fell through when MGM Pictures was sold in 1986.

text: Sammy Hagar era (1986–96)

text: Eddie invited Patty Smyth of Scandal to replace Roth but she declined. Eddie was then introduced by an auto mechanic to Sammy Hagar, formerly of a 1970s band Montrose, and at that time a solo artist coming off a very successful year. His hit single "I Can't Drive 55" came from his 1984 album VOA, produced by Ted Templeman who had also produced Hagar's first album Montrose, as well as all of Van Halen's albums up to that point. Hagar agreed to join and also serve as a rhythm guitarist on stage to add to the Van Halen sound.

text: In the May 2015 season premiere episode of the TV show Live from Daryl's House, musical guest Hagar stated that he had heard a rumor from "several people" and asked host Daryl Hall of Hall & Oates to confirm if he had been "asked by Eddie to sing in Van Halen." Hall affirmed that he had been asked after a Hall & Oates concert in 1985, but declined.

text: The 1986 Van Halen album 5150 was a huge hit, becoming the band's first No. 1 album on the Billboard charts, driven by the keyboard-dominated singles "Why Can't This Be Love" (#3 U.S.), "Dreams," and "Love Walks In" (Top 30 U.S.). To further introduce the new era for the band, a new Van Halen logo was put on the cover. The new logo retained elements of the original, but now the lines extending from either side of 'VH' wrapped around and formed a ring.

text: Following the release of the 5150 album, a tour was launched to support it across North America. Named the "1986 Tour," the title was a homage[citation needed] to the previous "1984 Tour" in support of the 1984 album. Footage was released on VHS and DVD as "Live Without a Net." In the tour Hagar wanted to minimize the use of pre-Hagar Van Halen songs in the set,[citation needed] other than the band's best known classics. This was a trend that continued, with the expanding repertoire of Hagar-era songs slowly whittling away at the number of Roth-era songs on the set list.

text: All four studio albums produced during this period reached No. 1 on the Billboard pop music charts and 17 singles breached the top 12 of the mainstream rock tracks chart. During that era, a single taken from 1988's OU812, "When It's Love," reached the Top Five, peaking at No. 5. In addition, Van Halen was nominated for two Grammy Awards, winning the 1992 Best Hard Rock Performance with Vocal award for the album For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge. Van Halen continued to enjoy success throughout the mid-1990s. In 1995, Van Halen released the album Balance and supported Bon Jovi on their European Summer stadium tour. They also made a live album called Live: Right Here, Right Now.

text: During the recording of songs for the film Twister, escalating tension between Hagar and the Van Halen brothers boiled over[citation needed] and Hagar departed on Father's Day, 1996. The band had recorded "Humans Being," a song for which Eddie claimed he had to write all the lyrics since Hagar's were "too cheesy."[citation needed] This upset Hagar,[citation needed] and when they were to record a second song for the soundtrack, Hagar was in Hawaii for the birth of his child. It was not an easy birth as the baby was breech, so needed to be delivered via C-section.[34] He was not keen on doing soundtrack work[citation needed] since it would make the music hard to obtain for fans, "abusing" them, so the second track the band were to record became an Eddie/Alex instrumental, "Respect the Wind."

text: The band was also working on a compilation album. This led to conflicts with Hagar and the group's new manager, Ray Danniels, (Ed Leffler's replacement and Alex Van Halen's former brother-in-law), even though it was Leffler who had renewed their contract with Warner Bros. Records and had added in the Best Of album option years before. Hagar was reluctant to work on a compilation album before a new album came out and the band fell out, leaving the management siding with Eddie and Alex. Hagar also had concerns over comparisons on an album which featured both his work and Roth's.[citation needed]

text: Hagar claimed that he was fired; Van Halen claimed that he had quit.

text: A temporary reunion with Roth (1996)

text: David Lee Roth called Eddie to discuss what tracks would be included on a planned Van Halen compilation (work on which had actually begun before Hagar's departure). They got along well, and Eddie invited him up to his house/studio. Shortly afterwards, Roth re-entered the studio with the band and producer Glen Ballard. Two songs from those sessions were added to the band's Greatest Hits album and released as singles to promote it.

text: In September, Van Halen was asked to present an award at the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards. They agreed, and on September 4, 1996, the four original members of Van Halen made their first public appearance together in over eleven years. This helped to bring the compilation to No. 1 on the U.S. album charts. However, unknown to Roth, Eddie and Alex were still auditioning other singers, including Mitch Malloy.[35][36]

text: The band's appearance on the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards fueled reunion speculation. But several weeks after the awards show, it was discovered that Roth was out of Van Halen again. Roth released a statement in which he apologized to the media and the fans, stating that he was an unwitting participant in a publicity stunt by Van Halen and manager Ray Danniels. The next day, Eddie and Alex released their own statement, claiming they had been completely honest with Roth and had never suggested he was guaranteed to be the next lead singer.[37]

text: Eddie Van Halen would later explain (in regard to the MTV Video Music Awards appearance) that he had initially been embarrassed by Roth's antics while on camera behind Beck, who was giving an acceptance speech for the award that Van Halen had presented to him. Immediately following this, the band had been taken to a backstage press conference where press queries about a reunion tour were met with Eddie Van Halen saying that he needed a hip replacement and would have to record an entire new studio album before any tour. In private Roth told Eddie to avoid talking about negative things like his hip and the two almost came to blows, thereby shattering any chance of a full-scale reunion.[38]

text: Gary Cherone era (1996–99)

text: Van Halen's next lead singer was Gary Cherone, frontman of the then-defunct Boston-based band Extreme, a group which had enjoyed some popular success in the early 1990s.[39] The result was the album Van Halen III. Many songs were longer and more experimental than Van Halen's earlier work. It was a notable contrast from their previous material, with more focus on ballads than traditional rock songs ("How Many Say I," with Eddie on vocals). Sales were poor by the band's standards, only reaching Gold certification, despite the album peaking at No. 4 on the U.S. charts. However, Van Halen III did produce the hit "Without You," and another album track, "Fire in the Hole," appeared on the Lethal Weapon 4 soundtrack. The album was followed by a tour. The III Tour saw Van Halen playing in new countries, including first ever visits to Australia and New Zealand.

text: Shortly afterwards, Van Halen returned to the studio and in early 1999, they started work on a new album. Working titles of songs included "Left for Dead," "River Wide," "Say Uncle," "You Wear it Well," "More Than Yesterday," "I Don't Miss You ... Much," "Love Divine," and "From Here, Where Do We Go?".[citation needed] The project was left unfinished when Cherone left the band amicably in November 1999.[citation needed] Citing musical differences, it is likely III's poor sales and critical reception had a big impact. None of the material from these sessions has ever been released, and in fact the band released no new material at all until three new songs were included on the 2004 Best of Both Worlds compilation. Lyrics that Cherone had written for the Van Halen III follow up would be used in his next project with Tribe of Judah.

text: Touring with Cherone had proven disappointing in terms of attendance. Eddie would later admit that "the powers that be" (Warner Bros.) had forced his hand in parting with Cherone. Unlike with the previous two singers, there was reportedly no bad blood behind the breakup, and Cherone remained in contact and on good terms with Van Halen. As when Hagar left, speculation resumed on a Roth reunion.

text: Hiatus from public (1999–2003)

text: Eddie recovered from his hip surgery in November 1999, but from 2000 to early 2004 no official statements were made by Van Halen and no music was released. However, information about members past and present trickled in. The Van Halen brothers continued writing at 5150 studios, Cherone recorded an album and toured with new band Tribe of Judah. One of the songs that Cherone had written for the scrapped second album with Van Halen entitled "Left For Dead" would see its lyrics set to a completely new musical arrangement with Tribe of Judah.

text: As reported by Slawterhouse, in 2000 at 5150, the band worked with Roth writing new music before falling out again. Eddie kept quiet, but made a rare appearance at the Los Angeles Police Department charity golf tournament during May 2001. Any band progress would have been interrupted on October 15, 2001, when Eddie and his wife of 21 years, actress Valerie Bertinelli, separated (though the couple would not file for divorce until December 8, 2005). In November 2001, Anthony claimed Roth had been working with the band again for a few months, but lawyers had shut it down. Anthony later denied this. The band was also dropped from Warner Bros. Records, which had first signed them in 1978. More positively, Eddie underwent treatment for cancer and announced his recovery on Van Halen's website in May 2002.

text: Eddie's only live performances during this period were joining Mountain to play "Never in My Life" in August 2002 and participating in a private audience jam at NAMM in January 2003. This jam took place at the Peavey booth (Peavey produced Eddie's signature "Wolfgang" model guitar). When word quickly spread through the NAMM show that Eddie was to play at the Peavey booth, he attracted a large number of people. But Eddie showed up late and drunk, and when he finally appeared, he was incoherent. As a result, Peavey chose not to offer an extension on their contract with Eddie, and thus stopped producing any EVH-signature products. Fender, which had purchased Charvel-Jackson, began a licensing deal with the EVH brand, including producing new amps and signature guitars, such as a copy of Eddie's famous "Frankenstein" Strat-style guitar.

text: In the summer of 2002, Roth and Hagar teamed up in the Song for Song, the Heavyweight Champs of Rock and Roll tour (also known as the 'Sans-Halen' or 'Sam & Dave' Tour). The joint tour headlining both former lead singers attracted media and audience fascination because it seemed more improbable than even a Van Halen tour with Roth or Hagar could be. The tour drew large crowds and featured no opening acts, Roth and Hagar alternating opening as the first act during the tour. In an interview, Roth contrasted his personality with Hagar's, saying, "He's the kind of guy you go out with to split a bottle with a friend. I'm the kind of guy you go out with if you want to split your friend with a bottle." Michael Anthony guested with Hagar's band, The Waboritas, numerous times and sometimes even sang lead vocals. During performances, Hagar would tease Anthony by asking, "Do the brothers know you're here?" Anthony never played with Roth. Cherone appeared on occasion. Hagar released a live album (Hallelujah), featuring vocals by Mike and Gary, and a documentary DVD, Long Road to Cabo, about touring with Roth. Next, Hagar joined with Joe Satriani and Journey guitarist Neal Schon to form a side project, Planet Us, along with Michael Anthony and Deen Castronovo (also of Journey) on drums. The band recorded just two songs and played live a few times before dissolving when Hagar and Anthony rejoined Van Halen. While the two lead singers promoted the tour and publicly claimed mutual respect, rumors of bitter acrimony and mutual loathing between the two singers swirled. The allegations were later supported in back stage video, which showed Roth and Hagar camps maintaining strict separation.

text: On July 4, 2004, Roth performed with one of the world's most popular orchestras, the Boston Pops, at United States' annual Pops Goes the Fourth celebration in Boston. Hagar remained active, releasing five albums and creating his own merchandising brand Cabo Wabo, which lends its name to his line of tequila, as well as his franchise of cantinas. He reunited with Montrose in 2003 and 2005 for a few performances and maintained contact with Michael Anthony, often playing with him. With Van Halen inactive, Anthony set up a website and worked on merchandising projects such as his signature Yamaha bass and range of hot sauces.[40] He became involved with the annual music industry NAMM Show.

text: Reunion with Hagar (2003–05)

text: During January 2003, the VHND (Van Halen News Desk) website reported that Sammy Hagar was working with the Van Halens. No official confirmation came for an extended period of time. In late March 2004, Van Halen and Hagar announced that Hagar would reunite with the band for a new compilation release and a Summer concert tour of the USA.

text: In July 2004, Van Halen released a new 2-CD compilation featuring three new songs with Hagar: "It's About Time," "Up for Breakfast," and "Learning to See." These new songs were credited to Hagar/Van Halen/Van Halen, which was unusual since normally the entire lineup, which also included Michael Anthony, would be credited. However, the performance was credited to the entire band. Anthony would later reveal in interviews that Eddie Van Halen had in fact not wanted him to be a part of the reunion and for this reason Anthony had not been allowed to perform in the sessions (explaining his lack of a songwriting credit), with Eddie playing the bass parts himself instead. However, Anthony did provide backing vocals for the three tracks. No songs with Gary Cherone from Van Halen III were included. It was certified platinum in the USA in August 2004.

text: The Summer 2004 tour grossed almost US$55 million, and Pollstar listed Van Halen in the top 10 grossing tours of 2004. Professional reviews of the tour, however, proved to be mixed. On some shows, Eddie's son Wolfgang came onstage and played guitar with his father during "316," a song dedicated to his son, taking its name from his birthday. During the later stages of the tour, stories of Eddie being drunk began to surface along with fan-shot video footage of poor playing. At the band's final show of the tour, in Tucson, Eddie smashed one of his guitars at the end of the show.

text: After the tour, things broke down. At first Hagar stated he had yet to decide what he would be doing with Van Halen, although he was still an official member of the band. Soon after, however, both Hagar and Anthony admitted that Eddie had problems with alcohol during the tour that affected everyone involved. Hagar stated that he was "done with Van Halen" and wished that everyone would have "taken it more seriously." Despite this, Eddie later described himself as "satisfied" with the tour.

text: After the tour ended, Hagar returned to his solo band The Waboritas, and Anthony appeared with him on tour occasionally. The band quickly faded from view after Hagar left again. In December 2005 Anthony revealed in an interview with Mark & Brian that he had not talked with the Van Halens and was unsure of their plans.

text: Second reunion with Roth (2006–08)

text: Rumors of a David Lee Roth reunion re-emerged and on January 3, 2006, Roth explained during an interview that he had spoken to Alex Van Halen the previous week and a reunion was "inevitable."[41] However, he also said that Eddie Van Halen was "off in his own little world" recently. When asked if any problems occurred with Sammy Hagar during the 2004 tour Eddie Van Halen answered, "Sammy is Sammy, and for the most part that's just fine." Roth persisted with suggestions of a reunion,[42] saying, "People want the reunion," and "No one will pay respect to what any of us do [musically] until we get the reunion out of the way." In May 2006, he told Billboard.com, "There's contact between the two camps."

text: On June 3, Michael Anthony began a successful tour with Hagar billed as "The Other Half" (a reference to them being half of Van Halen with the other half being Eddie/Alex), with Anthony singing lead vocals sometimes. Meanwhile, on June 19 the Van Halen brothers jumped onstage with Kenny Chesney at The Home Depot Center performing "Jump" and "You Really Got Me." This unusual performance was their first onstage since the 2004 tour. This was followed by another Eddie Van Halen performance on July 19, 2006, at the House of Petals in Los Angeles, playing new material. He followed this with an announcement on July 27, 2006, that some of his new music would be released on the soundtrack for the pornographic film Sacred Sin.

text: In March 2006, Anthony spoke to Japanese rock magazine Burrn!,[43] claiming the brothers did not want him on the 2004 reunion tour, although Hagar did (and would not play without Anthony), but he had to agree to reduced royalties and end absolutely all association with the band after the tour in terms of rights to using the name to promote himself.[44] It was in this same interview he admitted he was not involved in the new songs on Best of Both Worlds and only recorded three tracks for III.

text: On September 8, 2006, Howard Stern's Eddie Van Halen live interview broke the band's long silence. Eddie said he was willing to reunite with Roth and revealed a solo album in the works. Anthony's departure was confirmed with Eddie's son, Wolfgang, taking his role. Wolfgang had played bass guitar alongside his father on some 2004 concerts. When queried about The Other Half tour, Eddie said Anthony could "do what he wants" now. This shocked and offended many fans.[45] In November, Eddie's spokesperson, Janie Liszewski, claimed the Van Halen family was writing/rehearsing for a summer 2007 tour, which Billboard magazine's website shortly confirmed. However, the Van Halen website remained in the state it had been in since the Hagar reunion.[46]

text: On December 11, 2006, Eddie Van Halen stated to Guitar World magazine that David Lee Roth had been directly invited to rejoin the band.[47] However, on December 28, Roth announced that he had not talked to Eddie in two years, and a reunion with Van Halen could result in a "Jerry Springer-style fight."[48]

text: In January 2007, Van Halen was announced as one of that year's inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The Van Halen brothers, Anthony, Hagar, and Roth were inducted, though only Hagar and Anthony appeared at the induction ceremony on behalf of the group.[49] Billboard announced on January 24, 2007 that Van Halen would reunite with Roth for a U.S. tour.[50] This was confirmed shortly after on the official Van Halen website.[51]

text: The Van Halen News Desk announced on February 15, 2007, that a Van Halen "Best Of (1978–1984)," a single-disc compilation of Van Halen's David Lee Roth era, would be released by April 3. Shortly after, information arrived in a flood. Various sources claimed the tour was shut down as was the new "Best Of" CD.[52][53] On March 8, 2007 Eddie announced on Van Halen's website that he was in rehab. Along with the announcement, a change was made to the website. The logo at the top of the page changed to the original Van Halen logo from their 1978 debut album.

text: As the band's Hall of Fame induction drew near, media focus shifted to that. Velvet Revolver would induct the band and speak on their behalf. On March 12, 2007, the band was inducted at a ceremony held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Anthony and Hagar were the only inductees in attendance. Velvet Revolver played "Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love", and Anthony and Hagar performed "Why Can't This Be Love" with Paul Shaffer. At a post-induction press conference, Hagar said he would love to work with Van Halen again but that the Van Halens should tour with Roth first.

text: On April 21, 2007, Eddie Van Halen served as an Honorary Race Official for the NASCAR race at Phoenix International Raceway. On May 24, he posted a note to the Van Halen website confirming that he had completed rehab successfully.[54]

text: After nearly 10 months of speculation and rumors, Van Halen (and Roth separately via his own website[55]) said that the band would be going on a tour of North America. Roth claimed in the press release that, "the idea is that this will continue on and on and on" and also that a world tour and a new album were both in the works.

text: Press reaction to the reunion was largely warm, but the re-designed website sparked controversy when Michael Anthony was removed from images of old album artwork.[56] The album covers were restored to their original condition a day later without a word. The Fall 2007 tour was originally 25 dates, but was extended into 2008 with a second leg.

text: Van Halen started their new tour on September 27, 2007, in Charlotte, North Carolina. Playing to sellout crowds, the tour generated positive reviews.[57] Amid rumors of Eddie being back in rehab, multiple dates of the tour were postponed. The official reason was the need for medical procedures to be run on Eddie.[58]

text: On March 5, 2008, World Entertainment Weekly to CBS News reported that the reason the tour had been interrupted was Eddie Van Halen's needing to reenter rehab. The report also indicated that it had been a "furious backstage bust-up in Florida with his 17-year-old son and bandmate Wolfgang" which had motivated Eddie to seek help once again.[59]

text: In response to rumors about Eddie being back in rehab Valerie Bertinelli said that "he is not in rehab." She did not, however, say if he had recently been in rehab, stating only that he was not currently,[60] a statement echoed by Wolfgang during the 2008 Kids Choice Awards. Eventually, the tour started back up on April 17 at the Reno Events Center in Nevada.

text: The tour ended on June 2, 2008, at the Van Andel Arena in Grand Rapids, Michigan. During the show Roth stated multiple times that this would not be their final show and that they would "see everyone next time." At this show the arena sign was altered to read "VAN HALEN ARENA." According to the Van Halen News Desk, the reunion tour with Roth was the highest grossing in the band's history, raking in almost 93 million dollars.

text: On July 3, 2008, Van Halen headlined the Quebec City Summer Festival in front of a crowd of 85,000.

text: A Different Kind of Truth (2009–present)

text: In an interview with Guitar World, posted on November 12, 2008, about the making of his upcoming new EVH Wolfgang guitar from Fender, Eddie Van Halen said, in regard to new Van Halen music, "I'll be making music 'til the day I die. I've done all kinds of stuff, and more is coming. I can't tell you exactly when right now. Wolfgang is in the 12th grade and he needs to graduate first. Then I'm getting married in June. We'll pick it up after that."[61] Eddie underwent surgery on his left hand in 2009, following some treatment for arthritis as he felt pain in his fingers during the 2007 tour.[62] In an interview with Glide Magazine appearing in the May 2010 issue, Dweezil Zappa commented that Eddie had played him "new stuff from his record." It was not clear from the interview if the music was intended for a new Van Halen record.[63]

text: In August 2010, Warner/Chappell Music extended its administration agreements with Van Halen (specifically Eddie and Alex Van Halen). Under the agreement, Warner/Chappell will continue to administer their catalog of works. This press release also stated that the group was in the studio recording an album with Roth, that was due for release in 2011.[64]

text: Van Halen entered the Henson Studio C with producer John Shanks on January 17, 2011. Shanks posted on his Twitter account that he was in the studio with the band and posted a picture of one of Eddie Van Halen's signature amps.[65] The new album would be the first full-length Van Halen album since 1998's Van Halen III and the first new music from the band since the three new songs from the 2004's Best of Both Worlds compilation. It would also be the first Van Halen album to feature Eddie's son, Wolfgang Van Halen, on the bass in place of Michael Anthony. This would also be the first full-length album to feature Roth on vocals in over 27 years, and the first new material with him in 15 years, since the two new songs with him on the Best Of – Volume I.[66] It would also be the first recorded music from Roth since 2003's Diamond Dave.

text: On June 16, 2011, Creed, Alter Bridge and Tremonti guitarist Mark Tremonti claimed that he had been invited to 5150 studios and that Eddie, Alex and Wolfgang Van Halen performed the album live, in its entirety, for Tremonti and Creed touring guitarist, Eric Friedman.[67] Producer/engineer Ross Hogarth claimed on July 31, 2011, that "[t]he whole Van Halen record has been recorded."[68] On September 5, 2011, it was reported that the mixing on the new album had been completed in mid-August, and production had progressed to the mastering stage.[69]

text: Their official website was updated on December 26, 2011, announcing that tickets for their 2012 tour would be available starting January 10, 2012. On January 5, 2012, Van Halen played an intimate club gig at New York City's Cafe Wha? which received widespread praise from media and fans.[70] On January 10, the band's first single, titled "Tattoo," made its premiere on radio stations. The following week, the single debuted at No. 67 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart.[71] The band's new studio album from Interscope Records, entitled A Different Kind of Truth, was released on February 7, 2012. It was Van Halen's first studio release since 1998 and first with Roth on lead vocals since 1984.

text: On February 8, 2012, Van Halen performed a "friends and family" dress rehearsal at the L.A. Forum in Inglewood, California. The show featured many classics as well as several new songs from their latest release, A Different Kind of Truth, which was released officially the day before in the United States.[72] Despite Van Halen's long lay-off between studio albums, A Different Kind of Truth sold 188,000 copies during its first six days of release, debuting at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart.[73] There was an overwhelmingly positive critical and fan response to A Different Kind of Truth, which helped to fuel the album's long run in the upper reaches of the U.S. Billboard 200 Album Chart; additionally, it earned the band its highest-ever charting album in the United Kingdom (debuting at No. 6).[74][75]

text: Despite an average ticket price of approximately $150, Van Halen's "A Different Kind of Truth Tour" proved to be a commercial success as well, with nearly all U.S. arena shows "either sold-out, or close to it." [76] Critically, the band received mostly positive reviews, particularly when performing throughout the U.S. Northeast and West Coast. R&B legends Kool and the Gang were hand-picked by frontman Roth to open the first two legs of Van Halen's tour.[77]

text: On May 17, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that Van Halen was postponing all tour dates after their show of June 26 in New Orleans, Louisiana.[78] Shortly thereafter, the Van Halen News Desk revealed that the band's members were in good health, had not been arguing with each other, and that the reason for the postponed tour dates was to take a break after 18 months of non-stop recording and touring as well as to allow the group the opportunity to enhance its concert presentation before resuming the tour in the late summer of 2012.[79] However, the postponed dates were officially listed as cancelled shortly thereafter.[80]

text: On August 30, 2012, Eddie Van Halen was diagnosed with diverticulitis and underwent surgery postponing the shows in Japan initially scheduled for November 2012.[81] On April 20, 2013, the Roth-fronted Van Halen played its first show outside North America since 1984, and their first in Australia since 1998, at the Stone Festival in Sydney.[82] This was followed by one show each in Tokyo and Nagoya, and two in Osaka, from June 18 to 26.

text: In February 2015, Van Halen fansite VHND.com announced that Van Halen would be releasing their first ever live album with original vocalist David Lee Roth, Tokyo Dome Live in Concert on March 31, 2015. It was also reported that the band would be releasing newly remastered versions of their 1978 debut and 1984 on CD, digital, and vinyl.[83] In an interview the same month, when asked about the status of Van Halen, Eddie Van Halen responded by saying "I'd love to make a studio record. Depends on everybody's timing. I don't know what Dave Lee Roth is up to now. I don't know if he's living in New York or Japan or wherever he is."[84]

text: On March 24, 2015, Van Halen announced a 39 date tour with Roth to take place from July to October 2015 across North America.[85][86] In April 2015, Eddie Van Halen told Rolling Stone that the band will "probably hunker down and do a studio record" after their tour.[87]

text: Contract riders

text: Van Halen had a notable effect on the modern rock music tour with their use of the concert technical contract rider. They were one of the first bands[citation needed] to use contract riders to specify a "wish list," a practice now used throughout the music industry. They pioneered extensive requirements including power availability and stage construction details. The band's demands were not limited to technical issues; their now-infamous rider specified that a bowl of M&M's, with all of the brown M&M's removed, was to be placed in their dressing room.[88] According to David Lee Roth, this was listed in the technical portion of the contract not because the band wanted to make capricious demands of the venue, but rather as a test of whether or not the contract had actually been thoroughly read and honored, as it contained other requirements involving legitimate safety concerns.[89] If the bowl was present, then the band members could safely assume the other, legitimate, items in the technical rider were being fulfilled to their satisfaction. Conversely, if the bowl was missing, or brown M&M's were present, then the band members would be within their rights to have the venue inspect the work, ask it be redone, etc.[90] Their concern for safety was real: during their earlier tours, not only had equipment been damaged, but several members of their road crew were nearly electrocuted, both due to inadequate safety measures and preparation on the part of the local venue.

text: Band members

text:
Current members

Eddie Van Halen – lead guitar, keyboards, lead vocals (1972–1974); lead guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1974–present)
Alex Van Halen – drums, percussion (1972–present)
David Lee Roth – lead vocals, occasional acoustic guitars (1974–1985, 1996, 2007–present)
Wolfgang Van Halen – bass, backing vocals (2006–present)

Former members

Mark Stone – bass, backing vocals (1972–1974)
Michael Anthony – bass, backing vocals (1974–2006)
Sammy Hagar – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, occasional co-lead guitars (1985–1996, 2003–2005)
Gary Cherone – lead vocals (1996–1999)

text: Timeline

text: Lineups

text:
1972–1974
("Genesis" / "Mammoth")
1974–1985
(David Lee Roth era)
1985–1996
(Sammy Hagar era)
1996
(recording new tracks for Best Of)

Eddie Van Halen – lead vocals, guitar
Alex Van Halen – drums
Mark Stone – bass guitar, backing vocals

Eddie Van Halen – Guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
Alex Van Halen – Drums
Michael Anthony – Bass guitar, backing vocals
David Lee Roth – lead vocals, acoustic guitar

Eddie Van Halen – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
Alex Van Halen – drums
Michael Anthony – bass guitar, backing vocals
Sammy Hagar – lead vocals, live guitar

Eddie Van Halen – guitar, backing vocals
Alex Van Halen – drums
Michael Anthony – bass guitar, backing vocals
David Lee Roth – lead vocals

1996–1999
(Gary Cherone era)
2003–2005
(reunion with Sammy Hagar)
2007–present
(reunion with David Lee Roth)

Eddie Van Halen – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
Alex Van Halen – drums
Michael Anthony – bass guitar, backing vocals
Gary Cherone – lead vocals

Eddie Van Halen – guitar, studio bass guitar, backing vocals
Alex Van Halen – drums
Michael Anthony – live bass guitar, backing vocals
Sammy Hagar – lead vocals, rhythm guitar

Eddie Van Halen – guitar, backing vocals
Alex Van Halen – drums
David Lee Roth – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Wolfgang Van Halen – bass guitar, backing vocals

text: Discography

text:
Van Halen (1978)
Van Halen II (1979)
Women and Children First (1980)
Fair Warning (1981)
Diver Down (1982)
1984 (1984)
5150 (1986)
OU812 (1988)
For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge (1991)
Balance (1995)
Van Halen III (1998)
A Different Kind of Truth (2012)