document_title: 65th National Film Awards

question_text: which film is the winner of best feature film award of 65th national film award 2018

text: 65th National Film Awards

text: Selection process[edit]

text: The Directorate of Film Festivals invited online entries and the acceptable last date for entries was until 2 March 2018. Feature and Non-Feature Films certified by Central Board of Film Certification between 1 January 2017, and 31 December 2017, were eligible for the film award categories. Books, critical studies, reviews or articles on cinema published in Indian newspapers, magazines, and journals between 1 January 2017, and 31 December 2017, were eligible for the best writing on cinema section. Entries of dubbed, revised or copied versions of a film or translation, abridgements, edited or annotated works and reprints were ineligible for the awards.[3]

text: For the Feature and Non-Feature Films sections, films in any Indian language, shot on 16 mm, 35 mm, a wider film gauge or a digital format, and released in cinemas, on video or digital formats for home viewing were eligible. Films were required to be certified as a feature film, a featurette or a Documentary/Newsreel/Non-Fiction by the Central Board of Film Certification.[3]

text: Dadasaheb Phalke Award[edit]

text: Introduced in 1969, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest award given to recognise the contributions of film personalities towards the development of Indian cinema and for distinguished contributions to the medium, its growth and promotion."[4]

text: A committee consisting five eminent personalities from Indian film industry was appointed to evaluate the lifetime achievement award, Dadasaheb Phalke Award.

text:
Name of Award

Awardee(s)

Awarded As

Awards

Dadasaheb Phalke Award

Vinod Khanna (Posthumous)

Actor

Swarna Kamal, ₹1 million (US$15,000) and a shawl

text: Feature Film[edit]

text: Golden Lotus Awards[edit]

text: Golden Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Swarna Kamal

text: All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

text:
Name of Award

Name of Film

Language

Awardee(s)

Cash Prize

Best Feature Film

Village Rockstars

Assamese

Producer: Rima DasDirector: Rima Das

₹ 250,000/- Each

Best Debut Film of a Director

Sinjar

Jasari

Producer: Shibu G. Suseelan Director: Sandeep Pampally

₹ 125,000/- Each

Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment

Baahubali 2: The Conclusion

Telugu

Producer: Arka Media WorksDirector: S. S. Rajamouli

₹ 200,000/- Each

Best Children's Film

Mhorkya

Marathi

Producer: Kalyan Rajmogli Padal Director: Amar Bharat Deokar

₹ 150,000/- Each

Best Direction

Bhayanakam

Malayalam

Jayaraj

₹ 250,000/-

text: Silver Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Rajat Kamal

text: All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

text:
Name of Award

Name of Film

Language

Awardee(s)

Cash Prize

Best Feature Film on National Integration

Dhappa

Marathi

Producer: Sumatilal Popatlal ShahDirector: Nipun Dharmadhikari

₹ 150,000/- Each

Best Film on Other Social Issues

Aalorukkam

Malayalam

Producer: Jolly LonappanDirector: V. C. Abhilash

₹ 150,000/- Each

Best Film on Environment/Conservation/Preservation

Irada

Hindi

Producer: Irada EntertainmentDirector: Aparnaa Singh

₹ 150,000/- Each

Best Actor

Nagarkirtan

Bengali

Riddhi Sen

₹ 50,000/-

Best Actress

Mom

Hindi

Sridevi

₹ 50,000/-

Best Supporting Actor

Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum

Malayalam

Fahadh Faasil

₹ 50,000/-

Best Supporting Actress

Irada

Hindi

Divya Dutta

₹ 50,000/-

Best Child Artist

Village Rockstars

Assamese

Bhanita Das

₹ 50,000/-

Best Male Playback Singer

Viswasapoorvam Mansoor(For the song "Poy Maranja Kalam")

Malayalam

K. J. Yesudas

₹ 50,000/-

Best Female Playback Singer

Kaatru Veliyidai(For the song "Vaan Varuvaan")

Tamil

Shashaa Tirupati

₹ 50,000/-

Best Cinematography

Bhayanakam

Malayalam

Nikhil S Praveen

₹ 50,000/-

Best Screenplay • Screenplay Writer (Original)

Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum

Malayalam

Sajeev Pazhoor

₹ 50,000/-

Best Screenplay • Screenplay Writer (Adapted)

Bhayanakam

Malayalam

Jayaraj

₹ 50,000/-

Best Screenplay • Dialogues

Hello Arsi

Odia

Sambit Mohanty

₹ 50,000/-

Best Audiography • Location Sound
Recordist

Village Rockstars

Assamese

Mallika Das

₹ 50,000/-

Best Audiography • Sound Designer

Walking With The Wind

Ladakhi

Sanal George

₹ 50,000/-

Best Audiography • Re-recordist of the Final Mixed Track

Walking With The Wind

Ladakhi

Justin Jose

₹ 50,000/-

Best Editing

Village Rockstars

Assamese

Rima Das

₹ 50,000/-

Best Production Design

Take Off

Malayalam

Santhosh Raman

₹ 50,000/-

Best Costume Design

Nagarkirtan

Bengali

Gobinda Mandal

₹ 50,000/-

Best Make-up Artist

Nagarkirtan

Bengali

Ram Rajjak

₹ 50,000/-

Best Music Direction • Songs

Kaatru Veliyidai

Tamil

A. R. Rahman

₹ 50,000/-

Best Music Direction • Background Score

Mom

Hindi

A. R. Rahman

₹ 50,000/-

Best Lyrics

March 22(For the song "Mutthu Ratna")

Kannada

J. M. Prahlad

₹ 50,000/-

Best Special Effects

Baahubali 2: The Conclusion

Telugu

R. C. Kamal Kannan

₹ 50,000/-

Best Choreography

Toilet Ek Prem Katha(For the song "Gori Tu Latth Maar")

Hindi

Ganesh Acharya

₹ 50,000/-

Best Stunt Choreographer

Baahubali 2: The Conclusion

Telugu

 • King Solomon • Lee Whittaker • Kecha Khamphakdee

₹ 50,000/-

Special Jury Award

Nagarkirtan

Bengali

Producer: Sani Ghose RayDirector: Kaushik Ganguly

₹ 2,00,000/-

Special Mention

Newton

Hindi

Pankaj Tripathi (Actor)

Certificate only

Take Off

Malayalam

Parvathy (Actress)

Hello Arsi

Odia

Prakruti Mishra (Actress)

Mhorkya

Marathi

Yasharaj Karhade (Child artist)

text: Regional Awards[edit]

text: National Film Awards are also given to the best films in the regional languages of India. Awards for the regional languages are categorised as per their mention in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India. Awardees included producers and directors of the film. No films in languages other than those specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution were eligible.

text:
Name of Award

Name of Film

Awardee(s)

Cash Prize

Best Feature Film in Assamese

Ishu

Producer: Children's Film SocietyDirector: Utpal Borpujari

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Bengali

Mayurakshi

Producer: Firdausul Hasan, Prabal HalderDirector: Atanu Ghosh

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Gujarati

Dhh

Producer: Amruta ParandeDirector:  Manish Saini

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Hindi

Newton

Producer: Drishyam FilmsDirector: Amit V Masurkar

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Kannada

Hebbet Ramakka

Producer: S. A. PuttarajuDirector: N. R. Nanjunde Gowda

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Malayalam

Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum

Producer: Urvasi TheatresDirector: Dileesh Pothan

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Marathi

Kachcha Limboo

Producer: Mandar DevasthaliDirector: Prasad Oak

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Odia

Hello Arsi

Producer: Ajaya Routray Director: Sambit Mohanty

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Tamil

To Let

Producer: Prema ChezhianDirector: Chezhiyan

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Telugu

The Ghazi Attack

Producer: Prasad V. PotluriDirector: Sankalp Reddy

₹ 1,00,000/- each

text:
Name of Award

Name of Film

Awardee(s)

Cash Prize

Best Feature Film in Jasari

Sinjar

Producer: Shibu G. SuseelanDirector: Sandeep Pampally

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Ladakhi

Walking With The Wind

Producer: Mahesh MohanDirector: Praveen Morchhale

₹ 1,00,000/- each

Best Feature Film in Tulu

Paddayi

Producer: Nithyananda PaiDirector: Abhaya Simha

₹ 1,00,000/- each

text: Non-Feature Films[edit]

text: Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.

text: Golden Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Swarna Kamal

text:
Name of Award

Name of Film

Language

Awardee(s)

Cash Prize

Best Director in Non-Feature Film

Pavasacha Nibandha

Marathi

Nagraj Manjule

₹ 150,000/-

text: Silver Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Rajat Kamal

text: All the Awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.

text:
Name of Award

Name of Film

Language

Awardee(s)

Cash Prize

Best First Non-Feature Film

Water Baby

Producer: Varun ShahDirector: Pia Shah

₹ 75,000/- Each

Best Biographical Film / Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film

Naachi se Baanchi

Producer: Films Division of IndiaDirector: Biju Toppo

₹ 50,000/- Each (Cash Component to be shared)

Sword of Liberty

Producer: R. C. SureshDirector: Shiny Jacob Benjamin

Best Arts / Cultural Film

Girija

Producer: Madhu Chandra, Sudha DattaDirector: Debapriya Adhikary, Samanwaya Sarkar

₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Environment Film including Best Agricultural Film

The Pangti Story

Producer: Rajiv MehrotraDirector: Sesino Yhoshu

₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Promotional Film

Poetry on Fabric : Chanderinama

Producer: Sanjay Gupta for Pro Art IndiaDirector: Rajendra Junglay

₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Film on Social Issues

I am Bonnie

Producer: Films Division of IndiaDirector: Satarupa Santra

₹ 50,000/- Each (Cash Component to be shared)

Veil Done

Producer: Juhi BhattDirector: Rajiv Mehrotra

Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film

The Little Girl We Were and the Women We Are

Producer: Rahi FoundationDirector: Vaishali Sood

₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film

Name, Place, Animal, Thing

Producer and Director: Nithin R.

₹ 50,000/- Each (Cash Component to be shared)

Slave Genesis

Producer and Director: Aneez K. M.

Best Exploration / Adventure Film (including sports)

Ladakh Chale Richawala

Producer: Films Division of IndiaDirector: Indrani Chakrabarti

₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Investigative Film

1984, When the Sun Didn't Rise

Producer and Director: Teenaa Kaur

₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Animation Film

Tokri - The Basket

Producer:  Nilima EriyatDirector: Suresh EriyatAnimator: Studio Eeksaurus

₹ 50,000/- Each (Cash Component to be shared)

The Fish Curry

 • Hindi • English

Producer: Munish TewariDirector and Animator: Abhishek Verma

Best Short Fiction Film

Mayat

Marathi

Producer and Director: Suyash Shinde

₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Film on Family Welfare

Happy Birthday

Producer: FTIIDirector: Medhpranav Babasaheb Powar

₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Cinematography

Eye Test

Cameraman: Appu Prabhakar

₹ 50,000/- Each (Cash Component to be shared)

Dawn

Cameraman: Arnold Fernandes

Best Audiography

Pavasacha Nibandha

Marathi

Avinash Sonawane

₹ 50,000/-

Best Audiography • Location Sound Recordist

The Unreserved

Samarth Mahajan

₹ 50,000/-

Best Editing

Mrityubhoj The Death Feast

Marathi

 • Sanjiv Monga • Tenzin Kunchok

₹ 50,000/- (Cash Component to be shared)

Best Music Direction

Sword of Liberty

Ramesh Narayanan

₹ 50,000/-

Best Narration / Voice Over

The Lion of Laddak

Francois Castellino

₹ 50,000/-

Special Jury Award

A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings

Producer: Films Division of IndiaDirector: Prateek Vats

₹ 50,000/- Each (Cash Component to be shared)

Monday

Producer: FTIIDirector: Arun K

Special Mention

Rebirth

Jayaraj (Director)

Certificate only

Cake Story

Rukshana Tabassum (Director)

Afternoon

Swapnil Vasant Kapure (Director)

text: Best Writing on Cinema[edit]

text: The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.

text: Golden Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Swarna Kamal

text: All the awardees are awarded with the Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal) accompanied with a cash prize.

text:
Name of Award

Name of Book

Language

Awardee(s)

Cash Prize

Best Book on Cinema

Matamgi Manipur: The first Manipuri Feature Film

Author: Bobby WahengbamPublisher: Angomningthou Preservation and Documentation

₹ 75,000/- Each

Best Film Critic

NA

English

Giridhar Jha

₹ 75,000/-

Special Mention (Film Critic)

NA

Hindi

Sunil Mishra

Certificate Only


document_title: Love in the Time of Cholera

question_text: when is love in the time of cholera set

question_tokens: when is love in the time of cholera set

root

text: Love in the Time of Cholera

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The main characters of the novel are Florentino Ariza and Fermina Daza. Florentino and Fermina fall in love in their youth. A secret relationship blossoms between the two with the help of Fermina's Aunt Escolástica. They exchange several love letters. However, once Fermina's father, Lorenzo Daza, finds out about the two, he forces his daughter to stop seeing Florentino immediately. When she refuses, he and his daughter move in with his deceased wife's family in another city. Regardless of the distance, Fermina and Florentino continue to communicate via telegraph. However, upon her return, Fermina realizes that her relationship with Florentino was nothing but a dream since they are practically strangers; she breaks off her engagement to Florentino and returns all his letters.

tag: p

text: A young and accomplished national hero, Dr. Juvenal Urbino, meets Fermina and begins to court her. Despite her initial dislike of Urbino, Fermina gives in to her father's persuasion and the security and wealth Urbino offers, and they wed. Urbino is a medical doctor devoted to science, modernity, and "order and progress". He is committed to the eradication of cholera and to the promotion of public works. He is a rational man whose life is organized precisely and who greatly values his importance and reputation in society. He is a herald of progress and modernization.[1]

text: Even after Fermina's engagement and marriage, Florentino swore to stay faithful and wait for her. However, his promiscuity gets the better of him. Even with all the women he is with, he makes sure that Fermina will never find out. Meanwhile, Fermina and Urbino grow old together, going through happy years and unhappy ones and experiencing all the reality of marriage. At an elderly age, Urbino attempts to get his pet parrot out of his mango tree, only to fall off the ladder he was standing on and die. After the funeral, Florentino proclaims his love for Fermina once again and tells her he has stayed faithful to her all these years. Hesitant at first because she is only recently widowed, and finds his advances untoward, Fermina eventually gives him a second chance. They attempt a life together, having lived two lives separately for over five decades.

text: Urbino proves in the end not to have been an entirely faithful husband, confessing one affair to Fermina many years into their marriage. Though the novel seems to suggest that Urbino's love for Fermina was never as spiritually chaste as Florentino's was, it also complicates Florentino's devotion by cataloging his many trysts as well as a few potentially genuine loves. By the end of the book, Fermina comes to recognize Florentino's wisdom and maturity, and their love is allowed to blossom during their old age.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Lorenzo Daza – Fermina Daza's father, a mule driver; he despised Florentino and forced him to stop meeting Fermina. He is revealed to have been involved in some illicit businesses to build his fortune.
Jeremiah de Saint-Amour – The man whose suicide is introduced as the opening to the novel; a photographer and chess-player.
Aunt Escolástica – The woman who attempts to aid Fermina in her early romance with Florentino by delivering their letters for them. She is ultimately sent away by Lorenzo Daza for this.
Tránsito Ariza – Florentino's mother.
Hildebranda Sánchez – Fermina's cousin.
Miss Barbara Lynch – The woman with whom Urbino confesses having had an affair, the only one during his long marriage.
Leona Cassiani – She starts out as the "personal assistant" to Uncle Leo XII at the R.C.C., the company which Florentino eventually controls.  At one point, it is revealed that the two share a deep respect, possibly even love, for each other, but will never actually be together.  She has a maternal love for him as a result of his "charity" in rescuing her from the streets and giving her a job.
Diego Samaritano – The captain of the riverboat on which Fermina and Florentino ride at the end of the novel.
América Vicuña – The fourteen-year-old girl who towards the end of the novel is sent to live with Florentino; he is her guardian while she is in school. They have a sexual relationship, and after being rejected by Florentino and failing her exams, she kills herself.  Her suicide illustrates the selfish nature of Florentino's love for Fermina.

tag: ul

text: Setting[edit]

text:
The story occurs mainly in an unnamed port city somewhere near the Caribbean Sea and the Magdalena River. Given that Rafael Núñez is mentioned as the "author of the national anthem", the country is likely Colombia. While the city remains unnamed throughout the novel, descriptions and names of places suggest it is based on Cartagena with the addition of the Magdalena River, which meets the sea at the nearby city of Barranquilla. The fictional city is divided into such sections as "The District of the Viceroys" and "The Arcade of the Scribes." The novel takes place approximately during the half century between 1880 and 1930.[2] The city's "steamy and sleepy streets, rat-infested sewers, old slave quarter, decaying colonial architecture, and multifarious inhabitants" are mentioned variously in the text and mingle amid the lives of the characters.[3]
Locations within the story include:

text:
The house Fermina shares with her husband, Dr. Juvenal Urbino.
The "transient hotel" where Florentino Ariza stays for a brief time.
Ariza's office at the river company.
The Arcade of the Scribes.
The Magdalena River.

text: Major themes[edit]

text: This section  possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Narrative as seduction[edit]

text: Some critics choose to consider Love in the Time of Cholera as a sentimental story about the enduring power of true love. Others criticize this opinion as being too simple. García Márquez himself said in an interview, "you have to be careful not to fall into my trap."[4]

text: This is manifested by Ariza's excessively romantic attitude toward life, and his gullibility in trying to retrieve the sunken treasure of a shipwreck. It is also made evident by the fact that society in the story believes that Fermina and Juvenal Urbino are perfectly happy in their marriage, while the reality of the situation is not so ideal. Critic Keith Booker compares Ariza's position to that of Humbert Humbert in Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, saying that just as Humbert is able to charm the reader into sympathizing with his situation, even though he is a "pervert, a rapist, and a murderer," Ariza is able to garner the reader's sympathy, even though the reader is reminded repeatedly of his more sinister exploits.[4]

text: Narrative as deconstruction[edit]

text: The novel examines romantic love in myriad forms, both "ideal" and "depraved", and continually forces the reader to question such ready-made characterizations by introducing elements antithetical to these facile judgments.

text: Love as an emotional and physical disease[edit]

text: García Márquez's main notion is that lovesickness is literally an illness, a disease comparable to cholera. Florentino suffers from this just as he might suffer from any malady. At one point, he conflates his physical pain with his amorous pain when he vomits after eating flowers in order to imbibe Fermina's scent. In the final chapter, the Captain's declaration of metaphorical plague is another manifestation of this.

text:
The term cholera as it is used in Spanish, cólera, can also denote passion or human rage and ire in its feminine form.  (The English adjective choleric has the same meaning.) Considering this meaning, the title is a pun: cholera as the disease, and cholera as passion, which raises the central question of the book: is love helped or hindered by extreme passion? The two men can be contrasted as the extremes of passion: one having too much, one too little; the central question of which is more conducive to love and happiness becomes the specific, personal choice that Fermina faces through her life. Florentino's passionate pursuit of nearly countless women stands in contrast to Urbino's clinical discussion of male anatomy on their wedding night. Urbino's eradication of cholera in the town takes on the additional symbolic meaning of ridding Fermina's life of rage, but also passion.
It is this second meaning to the title that manifests itself in Florentino's hatred for Urbino's marriage to Fermina, as well as in the social strife and warfare that serves as a backdrop to the entire story.

text: Aging and death[edit]

text: Jeremiah Saint-Amour's death inspires Urbino to meditate on his own death, and especially on the infirmities that precede it. It is necessary for Fermina and Florentino to transcend not only the difficulties of love, but also the societal opinion that love is a young person's prerogative (not to mention the physical difficulties of love when one is older).

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: Stone Village Pictures bought the movie rights from the author for US$3 million, and Mike Newell was chosen to direct it, with Ronald Harwood writing the script. Filming started in Cartagena, Colombia, during September 2006.[5]

text: The $50 million film, the first major foreign production filmed in the scenic walled city in twenty years,[5] was released on November 16, 2007, by New Line Cinema. On his own initiative, García Márquez persuaded singer Shakira, who is from the nearby city of Barranquilla, to provide two songs for the film.

text: References in popular culture[edit]

text: In the movie Serendipity, Sara asks Jonathan to write his name and phone number on a $5 bill, while she writes her name and number on the inside cover of a copy of Love in the Time of Cholera. If they are meant to be together, he will find the book and she will find the $5 bill, and they will find their way back to each other.

text: The book is referenced in the TV series How I Met Your Mother. It was Ted Mosby and Tracy McConnell's (aka the Mother's) favorite book.

text: In the film High Fidelity the character Rob Gordon mentions the novel: "Hey, I'm not the smartest guy in the world, but I'm certainly not the dumbest. I mean, I've read books like The Unbearable Lightness of Being and Love in the Time of Cholera, and I think I've understood them. They're about girls, right? Just kidding. But I have to say my all-time favorite book is Johnny Cash's autobiography Cash by Johnny Cash."

text: Also, in the film Playing It Cool, Topher Grace plays the character Scott. Scott is a writer and is deeply moved by the book so much that he often leaves copies of the book in public places for others to find and read. He leaves a note in the book for the assumed reader explaining how this book changed his life. Chris Evans the main character/narrator finally picks up the book to read. After reading the book, the narrator applies it to his own life. He says that there are people in our lives that are so important, they dwarf everything else.

text: Publication details[edit]

text:
1985, Colombia, Spanish edition, Oveja Negra, 1985, hardback ISBN 958-06-0000-7 and paperback ISBN 958-06-0001-5 (first edition)
1985, Argentina, Spanish edition, Editorial Sudamericana, 1985, hardback ISBN 950-07-0321-1(E) (first Argentine edition)
1985, Mexico DF, Spanish edition, Editorial Diana, 1985, paperback ISBN 968-13-1547-2 (first Mexican edition: 100,000 copies)
1988, US, Alfred A. Knopf ISBN 0-394-56161-9, Pub date 1 January 1988, hardback (first English-language edition)
1989, US, Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-011990-6, Pub date 7 September 1989, paperback
2003, US, Vintage International ISBN 1-4000-3468-X, paperback

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Morana, Mabel (winter, 1990). "Modernity and Marginality in Love in the Time of Cholera". Studies in Twentieth Century Literature 14:27–43

Jump up ^ Simpson, Mona (September 1, 1988) "Love Letters". London Review of Books 10:22–24

Jump up ^ Taylor, Anna-Marie (1995). Reference Guide to World Literature, 2nd ed. St. James Press.

^ Jump up to: a b Booker, M. Keith (summer, 1993) "The Dangers of Gullible Reading: Narrative as Seduction in García Márquez's  Love in the Time of Cholera". Studies in Twentieth Century Literature 17:181-95

^ Jump up to: a b A.R. Lakshmanan, Indira. "Love in the Time of Cholera: On location, out on a limb". December 11, 2006. Accessed May 26, 2007.

tag: ol


document_title: The Strangers: Prey at Night

question_text: where did strangers prey at night take place

text: The Strangers: Prey at Night

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a secluded trailer park in Salem, Arkansas, the three masked killers, The Walker family — Dollface, Pin Up Girl, and the Man in the Mask — arrive. Dollface kills a female occupant and then lies down in bed next to the woman's sleeping husband.

text: Mike and his wife Cindy take a family trip with their children, Luke and Kinsey, to their aunt's and uncle's trailer park to spend time together before Kinsey leaves for boarding school. After arriving, they meet an unmasked Dollface. She asks if Tamara is home but is turned away by Cindy. Kinsey and Luke stumble upon a trailer with the door open. Inside, they find their aunt and uncle, the couple from the beginning of the film, brutally murdered.

text: Back at the family trailer, Dollface visits a second time and is yet again turned away. Troubled by the encounter, Mike and Cindy find the kids, who are in hysterics. Mike follows Luke to find the bodies. Cindy and Kinsey return to the trailer to find their cell phones destroyed and a masked Dollface inside. Cindy helps Kinsey escape before being stabbed to death by Dollface.

text: Mike and Luke find the bodies and listen to the voicemail that Cindy left for their uncle earlier, realizing that the killers had heard the message and were waiting for them to arrive. They find Kinsey missing and Cindy dead. They drive their minivan around, shouting for Kinsey, but one of the killers causes Mike to have a car accident. Finding himself pinned to his seat, Mike tells Luke to find his sister. After Luke leaves, the Man in the Mask kills Mike with an ice pick.

text: Kinsey is attacked twice and stabbed by Dollface before being rescued by Luke. Luke hides her under a porch and goes to the general store to use the phone but is attacked by Pin Up Girl. He overpowers her and stabs her to death. The Man in the Mask stabs Luke in the back and leaves him to die. Kinsey finds Luke and pulls him out of the pool before setting off to find help. A sheriff finds Kinsey but is promptly killed by Dollface. Kinsey uses the sheriff's shotgun to shoot Dollface; she unmasks her, and as Dollface bleeds to death, she asks why they are attacking them. Dollface replies, "Why not?" Kinsey then kills Dollface by shooting her in the head with the shotgun. The Man in the Mask arrives in his truck as Kinsey starts the sheriff's SUV. She uses her lighter to ignite a gasoline leak and both vehicles explode.

text: The Man in the Mask survives and pursues her in his truck, now engulfed in flames. He exits the truck to attack her but falls to the ground. Kinsey flags down a mother and son in a pickup truck, but they attempt to flee when they see the Man in the Mask. Kinsey manages to climb into the bed of the truck, along with the Man in the Mask. Kinsey knocks him off of the truck by hitting him in the head with a baseball bat. The Man in the Mask is last seen lying in the road, seemingly dead.

text: Some time later, Luke is recovering in a hospital bed as Kinsey awakens from a nightmare. As she gets up to fill a cup of water, she hears a familiar knocking on the door.

text: Alternate ending[edit]

text: This scene is on the DVD as a deleted scene in the Special Features section. As Kinsey gets up to fill her cup of water, she hears a knock on the door. When she opens it, she is greeted by an empty hallway. She hears the scrape of an ax coming toward her, hinting that the Man in the Mask is still alive. The lights in the hospital room go out and she screams.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bailee Madison as Kinsey
Christina Hendricks as Cindy
Martin Henderson as Mike
Lewis Pullman as Luke
Emma Bellomy as Dollface[8]
Damian Maffei as Man in the Mask
Lea Enslin as Pin-Up Girl
Leah Roberts as Young Mother

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Rogue Pictures' producers announced that a sequel to The Strangers was in development in August 2008, tentatively titled The Strangers: Part II.[9][10] In a 2009 listing published by Bloody Disgusting, it was reported that the script would be written by Bryan Bertino and the film directed by Laurent Briet.[11][12] In 2010, the horror website Shock Till You Drop reported that Relativity Media put The Strangers: Part II on hold because they decided the film might not be in their interest, despite the fact that Universal Pictures was willing to distribute it.[12] However, Rogue Pictures confirmed in January 2011 that the sequel was again in production, and was then scheduled to begin filming as early as April 2011; in a press release, Rogue revealed the plot would concern "a family of four who have been evicted from their home due to the economy, and are paid a visit by the same three strangers from the first film."[12][13]

text: According to Liv Tyler, star of the original film, Part II was slated for release in 2014, but that did not occur.[14][12] In 2015, The Wrap reported that the sequel was in production, and that Relativity Media and GK Films had scheduled the film for a December 2, 2016, release date, though it was later removed from the schedule.[15][16]

text: Roberts said that while he was in Los Angeles, the producers of 47 Meters Down met him for dinner and asked if he could read a script called Prey At Night. He liked the script and wondered if he wanted to get involved in a sequel despite having released the first film years before but finally accepted and decided to add his personal touch.[17]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In February 2017, it was announced that Johannes Roberts would be the sequel's new director, and that filming would commence during the summer of the same year.[18] In May 2017, Christina Hendricks,[19] Bailee Madison, and Lewis Pullman were reported as the film's stars,[20] and production began in Los Angeles on May 30.[21] In June 2017, it was announced Martin Henderson had also joined the cast.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began in June 2017 in Covington, Kentucky,[22] and concluded on July 10, 2017.

text: Release[edit]

text: On October 12, 2017, Collider reported the film would be released on March 9, 2018, by Aviron Pictures.[23] A teaser trailer for the film was released on November 16, 2017.[24] The official trailer debuted on January 5, 2018.[25]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Strangers: Prey at Night was released alongside The Hurricane Heist, Gringo and A Wrinkle in Time, and was projected to gross around $7 million from 2,464 theaters in its opening weekend.[26] It made $4 million on its first day, including $610,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $10.4 million, finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and A Wrinkle in Time.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 37% based on 97 reviews, and an average rating of 4.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Strangers: Prey at Night may appeal to fans of the original who've been jonesing for a sequel, but its thin story and ironic embrace of genre tropes add up to a bloody step back."[27] On Metacritic, which assigns normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[28] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale, down from the "B–" given to the first film.[2]

text: Bloody Disgusting gave the film a positive review, saying, "The Strangers: Prey At Night really takes The Strangers to the next level, and serves as a perfect introduction to The Strangers for new horror fans. You can go back and watch The Strangers and be just as happy for their previous relentless onslaughts”.[3] IGN also praised the film, writing that "Skillfully made, spooky, stylish, and featuring some quite good character work, The Strangers: Prey at Night stands much taller than the 2008 original. The central killers are plenty scary, and some of the images on display would make John Carpenter proud."[4] Writing for /Film, Candice Frederick gave the film a 7/10, writing that "Though its characters may fumble and its winks to the first film may not be as slick as I’d like them to be, Prey at Night does maintain the original commitment of presenting horror to the most mundane. It doesn’t just disrupt an innocent setting of a quiet suburb...It is that relentless seclusion, heightened by a haunting soundtrack of otherwise harmless songs."[5]

text: Brian Douglas from The Hollywood Reporter praised the tone of the film, writing, "While the original Strangers was devoid of any sense of the 80s, instead opting for a kind of timeless modern quality, Roberts’ sequel boasts its stylistic debts, with everything from camera shots, and music choices culled from the 80s, forming an impressionistic collage of a time period that feels made for the big-screen."[6] Staci Wilson writing for Dread Central also praised the film, writing “Aside from the quick setup introducing the targets, The Strangers: Prey at Night really is a nonstop thrill ride. I know it’s a cliché, but sometimes you’ve just got to call it as you see it. I was breathless from start to finish. Kudos to Roberts on his best movie yet! He was wise to amp up the atmosphere with a kick-ass original score and flawless cinematography."[7]

text: Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a mixed review and compared sequences of the film to Lucio Fulci's Zombi and the slasher film The Mutilator, adding: "If you recognize those films, you might find yourself mildly diverted by this tawdry, occasionally effective shock-delivery device. Watching it with a demonstrative crowd in a Times Square theater proved to this former grindhouse devotee that sometimes you can go home again, at least momentarily. That said, the movie’s ludicrously drawn-out finale sapped the good will out of some of my fellow audience members."[29] Kimber Myers of the Los Angeles Times also gave the film a mixed review and wrote that “...although the film is as slim and poorly balanced as a cheap knife, The Strangers: Prey at Night is a stylish 1980s throwback that packs plenty of terror into its short running time. This isn't a horror movie that will take up residence in your nightmares for weeks, but the sequel to the solid 2008 original The Strangers is nonetheless just as effective in the short term as its well-made counterparts”.[30] Owen Gleiberman, writing for Variety, described the film as "Friday the 13th with four victims and three Jasons... [it's] shameless in its bluntly misanthropic family-of-lambs-to-the-slaughter violence, its blithe depravity that’s more fetishized than felt. It doesn’t take much, though — as it didn’t in the ’80s — to create a one-weekend horror hit."[31]

text: The Guardian's Benjamin Lee gave the film more of a negative review, rating the film 2/5 stars despite praising Hendricks' performance, noting: "...it’s just difficult to really invest in what happens to any of them. Before long, characters are all making stock horror movie decisions, and there’s no amount of effective craftsmanship that can sell stupidity. Audience members will be too busy sighing at the screen to be scared."[32]


document_title: Lawmaking procedure in India

question_text: when does a bill become a law in india

question_tokens: when does a bill become a law in india

text: Lawmaking procedure in India

text: Constituent power of Parliament[edit]

text: The process of addition, variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the Parliament under its constituent powers, is called amendment of the constitution.[1] The procedure is laid out in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two-thirds members are present and voted. In addition to this, certain amendments which pertain to the federal and judicial aspects of the constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. There is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill. Basic structure of the Indian constitution cannot be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing judicial review by the Supreme Court. After the 24th amendment, parliament in its constituent capacity can not delegate its function of amending the constitution to another legislature or to itself in its ordinary legislative capacity.[2]

text: Proclamation of emergency per Article 352 (6) shall be ratified by the Parliament similar to its constituent power. When President's rule is invoked in a state using Article 356 (c) and its proclamation contains such incidental and consequential provisions suspending in whole or in part the operation of any provisions of the constitution relating to any body or authority in the State for giving effect to the objects of the proclamation, the proclamation needs to be approved by the Parliament under its constituent power (i.e. not by simple majority) after the 24th amendment[1][2]

text: Legislative Powers[edit]

text: The legislative power of the states and the Centre are defined in the constitution and these powers are divided into three lists. The subjects that are not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects. Subject to the provisions in the constitution elsewhere, the power to legislate on residuary subjects, rests with parliament or state legislative assembly as the case may be per Article 245. Deemed amendments to the constitution which could be passed under legislative powers of Parliament, are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 (1) by 24th amendment.[1]

text: Union List[edit]

text: Union list consists of 100 items (previously 97 items) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate.

text: State list[edit]

text: State list consists of 61 items (previously 66 items) where state legislative assembly can make laws applicable in that state. But in certain circumstances, the parliament can also legislate temporarily on subjects mentioned in the state list, when the Rajya Sabha has passed a resolution with 2/3rd majority that it is expedient to legislate in the national interest per Articles 249 to 252 of the constitution.

text: Concurrent List[edit]

text: Concurrent list consists of 52 (earlier 47) where both parliament and a state legislative assembly can make laws in their domains subject to Articles 254 of the constitution

text: Nature of peoples mandate[edit]

text: The powers of a ruling party/coalliance of the union is depending on the extent of the mandate it receives from the elections at central and state levels. These are

text:
commanding simple majority in the Lok Sabha only capable to run the government by passing money bills only. President can not issue ordinances on advise of the union cabinet alone as there is possibility of Rajya Sabha not according its approval.[3]
commanding simple majority in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha (together or separately) capable to run the government by its legislative powers only.
commanding two - thirds majority in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha separately capable to run the government by its constituent and legislative powers. Ruling government has full powers to impeach the President and Judges of Supreme Court / High Courts when charges of violating the constitution are established by judicial enquiry.
commanding two - thirds majority in either house of parliament capable to run the government by its legislative powers only. Per Article 61(3) or 124(4 & 5) or 217(1.b), the President and Judges of Supreme Court / High Courts can be forced by either of the house to establish violation of the constitution by a judicial enquiry so that when found guilty, president or a judge relinquishes their posts on moral grounds or other house may concur the opponent's impeachment proceedings on moral grounds.[4]

text: At state level, simple majority in the legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha) is enough to exercise all its constitutional powers except for deciding to have or abolish Legislative Council per Articles 169.

text: Difference between a Bill and an Act[edit]

text: Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament of India in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament. As soon as the bill has been framed, it has to be published in the news papers and the general public is asked to comment in a democratic manner. The bill may then be amended to incorporate the public opinion in a constructive manner and then may be introduced in the Parliament by ministers or private members. The former are called government bills and the latter, private members' bills. Bills may also be classified as public bills and private bills. A public bill is one referring to a matter applying to the public in general, whereas a private bill relates to a particular person or corporation or institution. The Orphanages and Charitable Homes Bill or the Muslim Waqfs Bills are examples of private bills.

text: How a Bill becomes an Act in Parliament[edit]

text: A Bill is the draft of a legislative proposal. It has to pass through various stages before it becomes an Act of Parliament.[5][6] There are three stages through which a bill has to pass in one House of Parliament. The procedure is similar for the Legislative Assemblies of States.

text: First Reading[edit]

text: The legislative process begins with the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament, i.e. the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. A Bill can be introduced either by a Minister or by a private member. In the former case it is known as a Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Member's Bill. It is necessary for a member-in-charge of the Bill to ask for the leave of the House to introduce the Bill. If leave is granted by the House, the Bill is introduced. This stage is known as the First Reading of the Bill. If the motion for leave to introduce a Bill is opposed, the Speaker may, in his discretion, allow a brief explanatory statement to be made by the member who opposes the motion and the member-in-charge who moved the motion. Where a motion for leave to introduce a Bill is opposed on the ground that the Bill initiates legislation outside the legislative competence of the House, the Speaker may permit a full discussion thereon. Thereafter, the question is put to the vote of the House. However, the motion for leave to introduce a Finance Bill or an Appropriation Bill is forthwith put to the vote of the House.[7] Money/Appropriation Bills and financial bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha per Articles 109, 110 and 117. Speaker of Lok Sabha decides whether a bill is Money Bill or not. Chairman of Rajya Sabha decides whether a bill is finance bill or not when the bill is introduced in the Rajya Sabha.[8]

text: Publication in the official Gazette[edit]

text: After a Bill has been introduced, it is published in The Gazette of India. Even before introduction, a Bill might, with the permission of the Speaker, be published in the Gazette. In such cases, leave to introduce the Bill in the House is not asked for and the Bill is straight away introduced.[7]

text: Reference of Bill to a Standing Committee[edit]

text: After a Bill has been introduced, the Presiding Officer of the concerned House (Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or anyone acting on their behalf) can refer the Bill to the concerned Standing Committee for examination and to prepare a report thereon. If a Bill is referred to a Standing Committee, the Committee shall consider the general principles and clauses of the Bill referred to them and make a report thereon. The Committee can also seek expert opinion or the public opinion of those interested in the measure. After the Bill has thus been considered, the Committee submits its report to the House. The report of the Committee, being of persuasive value, shall be treated as considered advice.[7]

text: Second Reading[edit]

text: The Second Reading consists of consideration of the Bill which occurs in two stages.

text: The first stage consists of general discussion on the Bill as a whole when the principle underlying the Bill is discussed. At this stage it is open to the House to refer the Bill to a Select Committee of the House or a Joint Committee of the two Houses or to circulate it for the purpose of eliciting opinion thereon or to straight away take it into consideration.[7]

text: If a Bill is referred to a Select/Joint Committee, the Committee considers the Bill clause-by-clause just as the House does. Amendments can be moved to the various clauses by members of the Committee. The Committee can also take evidence of associations, public bodies or experts who are interested in the measure. After the Bill has thus been considered, the Committee submits its report to the House which considers the Bill again as reported by the Committee. If a Bill is circulated for the purpose of eliciting public opinion thereon, such opinions are obtained through the Governments of the States and Union Territories. Opinions so received are laid on the Table of the House and the next motion in regard to the Bill must be for its reference to a Select/Joint Committee. It is not ordinarily permissible at this stage to move the motion for consideration of the Bill.[7]

text: The second stage of the Second Reading consists of clause-by-clause consideration of the Bill as introduced or as reported by Select/Joint Committee. Discussion takes place on each clause of the Bill and amendments to clauses can be moved at this stage. Amendments to a clause have been moved but not withdrawn are put to the vote of the House before the relevant clause is disposed of by the House. The amendments become part of the Bill if they are accepted by a majority of members present and voting. After the clauses, the Schedules if any, clause 1, the Enacting Formula and the Long Title of the Bill have been adopted by the House, the Second Reading is deemed to be over.[7]

text: Third Reading[edit]

text: Thereafter, the member-in-charge can move that the Bill be passed. This stage is known as the Third Reading of the Bill. At this stage the debate is confined to arguments either in support or rejection of the Bill without referring to the details thereof further than that are absolutely necessary. Only formal, verbal or consequential amendments are allowed to be moved at this stage. In passing an ordinary Bill, a simple majority of members present and voting is necessary. But in the case of a Bill to amend the Constitution, a majority of the total membership of the House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting is required in each House of Parliament.[7] If the number of votes in favour and against the bill are tied, then the Presiding officer of the concerned House can cast his/her vote, referred to as a Casting Vote Right.[7]

text: Passing a bill[edit]

text: If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum which is minimum one-tenth of the total members of a House, it shall be the duty of the Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such, either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.[9] The bills taken up under legislative power of parliament are treated as passed provided majority of members present at that time approved the bill either by voting or voice vote. It is also right of a member to demand voting instead of voice vote.[10] In case of passing a constitutional amendment bill, two-third of the total members present and voted in favour of the bill with more than 50% of the total members of a house, is required per Article 368.

text: Bill in the other House[edit]

text: After the Bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the other House for concurrence with a message to that effect, and there also it goes through the stages described above, except the introduction stage.[7] If a Bill passed by one House is amended by the other House, it is sent back to the originating House for approval. If the originating House does not agree with the amendments, it shall be that the two houses have disagreed. The other House may keep a money bill for 14 days and an ordinary Bill for three months without passing (or rejecting) it. If it fails to return the Bill within the fixed time, the Bill is deemed to be passed by both the houses and is sent for the approval of the President.

text: At state level, it is not mandatory that a bill shall be passed by the legislative council (if existing) per Articles 196 to 199. There is no provision of conducting joint session of both Houses to pass a bill.

text: Joint session of both Houses[edit]

text: In case of a deadlock between the two houses or in a case where more than six months lapse in the other house, the President may summon, though is not bound to, a joint session of the two houses which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the deadlock is resolved by simple majority. Until now, only three bills: the Dowry Prohibition Act (1961), the Banking Service Commission Repeal Bill (1978) and the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (2002) have been passed at joint sessions.[11]

text: President's approval[edit]

text: When a bill has been passed, it is sent to the President for his approval per Article 111. The President can assent or withhold his assent to a bill or he can return a bill, other than a money bill which is recommended by president himself to the houses. However Article 255 says that prior recommendation of president or governor of a state wherever stipulated is not compulsory for an Act of parliament or of the legislature of a State but the final consent of president or governor of a state is mandatory. President may be of view that a particular bill passed under the legislative powers of parliament is violating the constitution, he can send back the bill with his recommendation to pass the bill under the constituent powers of parliament following the Article 368 procedure. President shall not withhold constitutional amendment bill duly passed by parliament per Article 368. If the President gives his assent, the bill is published in The Gazette of India[12] and becomes an Act from the date of his assent. If he withholds his assent, the bill is dropped, which is known as absolute veto. The President can exercise absolute veto on aid and advice of council of ministers per Article 111 and Article 74.[13] The president may also effectively withhold his assent as per his own discretion, which is known as pocket veto. The pocket veto has only been exercised once by President Zail Singh in 1986, over the postal act where the government wanted to open postal letters without warrant by amending the Indian Post Office Act, 1898. If the president returns it for reconsideration, the Parliament must do so, but if it is passed again and returned to him, he must give his assent to it. If parliament is not happy with the president for not assenting a bill passed by it under its legislative powers, the bill can be modified as a constitutional amendment bill and passed under its constituent powers for compelling the president to give assent. In case a constitutional amendment act is violating the basic structure of the constitution, constitutional bench of Supreme Court would quash the act. When parliament is of the view that the actions of the president are violating the constitution, impeachment proceedings against president could be taken up to remove him under Article 61 where at least two - thirds of total membership of each house of parliament should vote in favour of the impeachment when charges against the president are found valid in an investigation.

text: In case of a bill passed by the legislative assembly of a state, the consent of that state's Governor has to be obtained.[14] Some times the governor may refer the bill to the president anticipating clash between other central laws or constitution and decision of the president is final per Articles 200 and 201.

text: All decisions of the union cabinet are to be assented by the president for issuing gazette order (GO). In case the cabinet decisions are not in the purview of the established law, president shall not give assent to the cabinet decisions. He may indicate union cabinet to pass the necessary legislation by the parliament to clear the cabinet decision. A minister is not supposed to take any decision without being considered by the council of ministers per Article 78(c).

text: The purpose of framing the Indian constitution is to serve with honesty, efficiency and impartiality for the betterment of its citizens by the people who are heading or representing the independent institutions created by the constitution such as judiciary, legislature, executive, etc. When one or more institutions are failing in their duty, the remaining shall normally take the lead in correcting the situation by using checks and balances as per the provisions available in the constitution.

text: Coming into force[edit]

text: Generally most Acts will come into force, or become legally enforceable in a manner as prescribed in the Act itself. Either it would come into effect from the date of assent by the President (mostly in case of Ordinances which is later approved by the Parliament), or a specific date is mentioned in the Act itself (mostly in case of Finance Bills) or on a date as per the wish of the Central or the State Government as the case may be. In case the commencement of the Act is as made as per the wish of the government, a separate Gazette notification is made, which is mostly accompanied by the Rules or subordinate legislation in another gazette notification.

text: Money Bills[edit]

text: Bills which exclusively contain provisions for imposition and abolition of taxes, for appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund, etc., are certified as Money Bills by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. Money Bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha on the recommendation of the President per Articles 109, 110 and 117. For every fiscal year, the annual budget or annual financial statement with demand for grants on the recommendation of the President per Articles 112 to 116 shall be passed by the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot make amendments to a Money Bill passed by the Lok Sabha and sent to it. It can, however, recommend amendments in a Money Bill, but must return all Money Bills to Lok Sabha within fourteen days from the date of their receipt. The Lok Sabha can choose to accept or reject any or all of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha with regard to a Money Bill. If Lok Sabha accepts any of the recommendations of Rajya Sabha, the Money Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses with amendments recommended by Rajya Sabha and accepted by Lok Sabha. If Lok Sabha does not accept any of the recommendations of Rajya Sabha, the Money Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by Lok Sabha without any of the amendments recommended by Rajya Sabha. If a Money Bill passed by Lok Sabha and transmitted to Rajya Sabha for its recommendations is not returned to Lok Sabha within the said period of fourteen days, it is deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the expiration of the said period in the form in which it was passed by Lok Sabha.[7] When a money bill introduced in the Lok Sabha by the government fails to get its approval, the ruling party is treated as not commanding the majority support in the Lok Sabha or shall be dismissed by the president to pave way for new government / fresh elections or opposition would move no confidence motion.

text: At state level also money bills shall be introduced in the legislative assembly only per Articles 198, 199 and 207 on the recommendation of the governor. When a money bill introduced in the legislative assembly by the state government fails to get its approval, the ruling party is treated as not commanding the majority support in the legislative assembly or shall be dismissed by the governor to pave way for new government / fresh elections or opposition would move no confidence motion.

text: Ordinances[edit]

text: When both houses of parliament are not in session, extant provisions of law are felt inadequate, under compelling circumstances and the president is satisfied for the need of immediate action, he/she may promulgate such required ordinances under Article 123 of the constitution.[15] An ordinance has same force and effect as an 'act of parliament'. Every ordinance shall cease to operate if not passed by the parliament before the expiration of six weeks from its reassembly. President shall not issue any ordinance which needs amendment to the constitution or violating the constitution. When state assembly is not in session, governor of a state can issue ordinances per Article 213 subject to the approval of the president in case required so.

text: Jammu & Kashmir state[edit]

text: The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded higher degree of federalism under Article 370 read with Appendix I {The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954} of the Indian constitution.[16] Matters related to Defence, Foreign relations and Communication of Jammu and Kashmir are under jurisdiction of union government. The laws enacted by the parliament (including amendments to the Indian constitution) applicable to rest of India are not valid in J&K state unless ratified by its state assembly.[17][18] Government of India can declare emergency in Jammu and Kashmir and impose Governor's rule in certain conditions. The state has its own constitution other than applicable Indian constitution.[19] Part XII of the J&K state constitution makes provision to amend its constitution with two thirds majority by the state assembly. Part VI (The states) and Part XIV (Services under the union and the states) of the Indian constitution is not applicable to J&K state per Article 152 and Article 308.


document_title: List of Love/Hate episodes

question_text: how many episodes in love hate season 1

question_tokens: how many episodes in love hate season 1

text: List of Love/Hate episodes

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (2010)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
1
"Episode 1"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
3 October 2010 (2010-10-03)

Darren Treacy (Robert Sheehan) returns to Dublin from Spain, having spent time there while trying to avoid the Gardai in Ireland for gun possession. Darren's brother Robbie (Chris Newman) is released from Wheatfield prison (called "Sarsfield" in the episode). While waiting to be collected by Tommy, Robbie is shot outside a newsagents in a drive by shooting. Darren rings Tommy to see what his delay is, which he covers up since he is sleeping with Darren and Robbie's sister Mary at the time. He is too late to meet with Robbie and on his arrival Robbie is dead. Nidge (Tom Vaughan-Lawlor) is Robbie's closest friend who has just purchased a gun and is currently learning how to use the weapon via a "YouTube" video. Darren is soon re-arrested but gang boss John Boy Power (Aidan Gillen) pays for a solicitor to bail Darren out of his gun charges, which are thrown out of court on a technicality. Darren's ex-girlfriend, Rosie (Ruth Negga), is now pregnant with Stumpy's baby.

2
2
"Episode 2"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
10 October 2010 (2010-10-10)

Mary Treacy gets advice from a psychic who tells her that Robbie is trying to get free from his past, which he insists is often the case with deaths involving violence. Darren isn't impressed by his sister's belief in what the psychic is telling her and is quick to confront the psychic, telling him that if he doesn't tell her that Robbie has moved on that he will be around again. John Boy is up in court and has organised the collection of drugs from Dublin Port by the rest of the gang. Tommy and Darren check out the warehouse where they are to sort out the drugs. Darren is quick to realize that the Gardaí are watching the warehouse. He calls John Boy to inform him that changes have to be made. Nidge has gone to collect the shipment. He is told to continue driving until a new place is found. Tommy finds a place from an old friend (JP) whose father has a car dealership; he asks him for the use of the garage for a half an hour. There the gang sort out all of the drugs into other bags to be distributed to other drug dealers around the city. Darren and Rosie plan to meet up in secret to discuss their relationship, while the rest of the gang are at John Boy's party at his apartment. John Boy tries to convince JP to use his father's dealership again. Nidge proposes to Trish. Darren stalks Jimmy Byrne whom he believes killed his brother Robbie.

3
3
"Episode 3"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
17 October 2010 (2010-10-17)

Nidge and the lads return from Nidge's stag weekend in Prague, Jimmy Byrne has returned from London. Nidge, Darren and Tommy attack Jimmy Byrne on his way home from the pub and drag him into the back of a Van to interrogate him about the murder of Darren's Brother. Jimmy insists he did not kill Robbie, Darren believes him and lets him go, both Nidge and Tommy are not happy. John Boy orders Hughie to kill Jimmy. Hughie gets a favor returned by Martin to help him with the murder. Hughie and Martin kill Jimmy in front of his wife and child. After a heavy night of drugs Hughie discovers that Eric, Nidge, Tommy and Darren have been taken in for questioning, while John Boy is arrested on his return from Amsterdam. Hughie begins to get paranoid as the newspaper suggest that he is a loose cannon and someone who John Boy will want dead. Hughie returns to Martin's caravan and kills him in a frenzied attack in which he thinks Martin talked to somebody. Hughie admits to John Boy - who is his half brother - that he killed Robbie over €300 he was owed. Stumpy's jealousy of Darren and Rosie reaches boiling point when he beats her and puts her in hospital. The Gardaí go to arrest Stumpy only to find he has left Rosie on her own. Stumpy asks John Boy for help, John Boy gives him a place to hide out. Darren calls John Boy after hearing of Jimmy's death, pointing out that it was Hughie who originally blamed him for Robbie's death and implying that Hughie is therefore the likely assassin. Clear divides have been made with John Boy, Hughie, Elmo and Stumpy on one side and Darren, Nidge and Tommy on the other.

4
4
"Episode 4"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
24 October 2010 (2010-10-24)

Rosie loses her baby and explains her pain to Darren. She doesn't want Darren to kill Stumpy but she wants him to feel pain. As Stumpy leaves his house Darren attacks him. Nidge goes to tell John Boy that he can go to the wedding but then John Boy backs out since Mary is Trish's bridesmaid. Hughie and Elmo attack Tommy and Darren. Elmo is shot during the shoot out. Hughie returns to John Boy and suggests revenge at the wedding. John Boy on the other hand decides to go to the wedding. Hughie makes a scene at the wedding, showing up Nidge's and Tommy's indiscretions in front of Trish and Mary. John Boy wants to leave the country with Hughie until everything dies down. Hughie decides to hunt down Tommy, with Elmo and his cousin Potsy. However, Hughie accidentally shoots himself while showing his gun off to Potsy. As he lies dying, Elmo decides to leave him rather than calling the emergency services. Darren leaves to join Rosie in London. Nidge and Tommy carry Hughie's coffin with John Boy. Darren meets with John Boy to shake hands and to put an end to the problems. After leaving with John Boy, Darren is fired upon by Stumpy in a drive-by shooting and is left for dead.

text: Series 2 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
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Original air date

5
1
"Episode 1"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
6 November 2011 (2011-11-06)

A year has passed since Darren's quest to uncover the identity of his brother's killer ended in him being shot by Stumpy. Now, almost fully recovered but tortured by PTSD, he is working as a gofer for newcomer Fran, a mid-level cannabis dealer, loan shark and hooky cigarette smuggler. John Boy is also spiralling. He is haunted by a mysterious ghostly figure he keeps seeing on his apartment CCTV system. Profits are down in the ailing Irish economy, the police are closing in, the forensic accountants of C.A.B. are seizing his assets and business is generally being made impossible. John Boy plans to get his money out of the country and to retire to Spain, but his increasing cocaine use is making him more and more unpredictable. Meanwhile, all is not happy families with Nidge and Trish.

6
2
"Episode 2"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
13 November 2011 (2011-11-13)

Disaster strikes the gang when their drug mixing operation in a local hotel is busted by the Gardaí after Tommy and Aido are struck down by a bad batch of Cocaine. John Boy blames Stumpy, who he believes sold them out. Darren, desperate to get out of the game, plans an ATM robbery with Luke's help, and with the money recovered, makes a down payment to John Boy against the debt he owes. John Boy, however, wants Stumpy taken care of and he wants Darren to be the one to deal with it. Torn between killing his sworn enemy and concealing his sin from Rosie, Darren decides to take the opportunity to leave his old life behind. Meanwhile, Mary shows Luke some unexpected affection, but the troubled youngster misreads the signals, leading to the start of an unhealthy obsession.

7
3
"Episode 3"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
20 November 2011 (2011-11-20)

In an attempt to double cross Fran, John Boy tips off the Gardaí warning them of an impending drugs shipment due in at the local docks. Not only does this secure his enemy is out of pocket, it also throws suspicion away from his real shipment, which enters the country undetected. Debbie continues to pursue Aido to supply her with Heroin. Fran retaliates against John Boy, who is left furious, and orders Nidge to pipe bomb his house, with Linda still inside. Torn between his feelings for Linda and betraying John Boy, Nidge decides to go ahead with the plan. Although Linda survives the attack, she is left badly scarred and is told that she will have to lose both of her breast implants. A furious Fran swears revenge on John Boy, forcing Nidge and the gang to go into hiding until the situation can be resolved.

8
4
"Episode 4"
Anthony Byrne
Stuart Carolan
27 November 2011 (2011-11-27)

The gang are in festive spirits as Trish gives birth on Christmas Day. Rosie comes home to Dublin, and promises to give her relationship with Darren another try. Meanwhile, Mary is freaked to see a masked figure lurking in her garden in the dead of night, unaware that the creepy stalker is none other than Luke. With the gang war between John Boy and Fran still raging, John Boy orders Tommy — who is already torn between his friendship with Debbie and John Boy's increasing hold over Siobhan — to kill Fran. Although Tommy makes watertight plans to attack Fran in a council estate bookies, the hit goes badly wrong and he manages to escape scot-free. However, his day goes from bad to worse when he arrives home to find Linda slumped over in the bath, with both of her wrists cut.

9
5
"Episode 5"
Anthony Byrne
Stuart Carolan
4 December 2011 (2011-12-04)

As tensions come to a head, the gang threatens to implode. Luke's obsession with Mary is becoming more dangerous, while Siobhan has a panic attack at the airport, unaware that her actions could place Tommy in grave danger. A paranoid John Boy finally tips over the edge when he finds Debbie taking heroin and interrogates her, forcing her to admit it that Aido is her supplier. Giving him one last job to square his debt, John Boy orders Darren to kill Aido, but Darren is conflicted as to whether he can kill again and discusses his concerns with Nidge. With Luke as his accomplice, a masked Darren prepares to carry out his orders, but in an unexpected turn of events, turns his gun on John Boy and executes him, revealing a double-cross that he and Nidge had secretly been planning.

10
6
"Episode 6"
Anthony Byrne
Stuart Carolan
11 December 2011 (2011-12-11)

Nidge swiftly fills the power vacuum and ensures the gang that it's business as usual. Emotions run high at John Boy's funeral when solicitor Mark promises the remainder of his fortune to Kayleigh, although Nidge has other ideas. Rosie, who is unable to shift the thought that Darren was responsible for Stumpy's death, decides to end their relationship, unable to come to terms with the person her former lover has become. Darren is devastated, and tries to win her back, but has a much bigger problem to deal with. Mary has finally realised the extent of Luke's psychosis when she finds him lurking in her bedroom at night, and unable to sustain her paranoia any longer, orders Darren to take care of him. With Nidge's help, Darren lures Luke to an isolated forest with the aim of executing him.

text: Series 3 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
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season
Title
Directed by
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Original air date

11
1
"Episode 1"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
11 November 2012 (2012-11-11)

After successfully removing John Boy, Nidge is determined not to make the same mistakes as his predecessor, but is blinded to the cracks appearing in his gang. When Aido is mistakenly shot by the CIRA, headed by renowned thug Christopher "Git" Loughman, Nidge plays the diplomat and tries to smooth things over. Darren, however, isn't prepared to let the matter lie and decides to throw a pipe bomb at Git's car. Although Nidge denies all knowledge of the attack, as a way of calming the situation, he persuades Git to join him and the gang for St. Patrick's day celebrations. The evening goes off without a hitch until Tommy catches a drunken Git trying to rape Siobhan, and all hell breaks loose. When Darren is forced to intervene, he decides that the best course of action is silence Git forever.

12
2
"Episode 2"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
18 November 2012 (2012-11-18)

Fran assists Nidge with burying Git's body deep underground, but when Git's son Dano becomes suspicious of his father's disappearance, he confronts Nidge, determined to find out the truth. Knowing that Dano will continue to search for answers, Darren and Nidge concoct a plan to make Elmo the scapegoat, but their actions ultimately result in Darren being forced to carry out a hit on Elmo's cousin Gary and his wife. In the romance stakes, Tommy continues his illicit affair with Debbie, Darren finds himself an admirer in Dano's cousin Lizzie, while Nidge finds his attraction to Dano's wife Georgina becoming increasingly uncontrollable. Meanwhile, as Siobhan struggles to come to terms with what happened, Tommy tries to persuade her to keep quiet and to not attend a sexual health clinic.

13
3
"Episode 3"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
25 November 2012 (2012-11-25)

Nidge struggles to remain on good terms with Dano, as his web of lies and excuses threatens to unravel. Siobhan confides in her friend Donna - but it is only a matter of time before the secret gets out.

14
4
"Episode 4"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
2 December 2012 (2012-12-02)

Pressure builds on Nidge as the leaders of Dano's organisation send an inquisitor down from the north to thwart him, and matters only get worse as his lies start to catch up with him.

15
5
"Episode 5"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
9 December 2012 (2012-12-09)

Donna is convinced by a friend to rat to the police about the rape of Siobhan again completely defying Siobhann's wish to keep it secret and the police eventually connect the dots and arrest and imprison all people in the gang (including Siobhan) except Darren and Fran for questioning but they all refuse to talk. Meanwhile Dano is told info about this and pieces it together realising that Nidge and the lads were responsible for Git's death and plots to have him clipped against the wishes of the inquisitor.

16
6
"Episode 6"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
16 December 2012 (2012-12-16)

Boxed into a corner Nidge contemplates a new life in Spain but realises it's only a matter of time before Dano catches up with him. Nidge decides to return to his house to collect money, passports, etc. While there he meets Darren and gives him some of the money he owes him to help finance his move to London. As he leaves, Nidges car is ambushed by Dano and his accomplices and Nidge is loaded into the boot of Dano's car. Darren comes to the rescue and rescues Nidge. Nidge decides he will have to confront the situation,and goes to Dundalk to meet with Tony and arrange a deal, which involves betraying one of his own. In the closing moments, Darren is shot and killed by Lizzie, whose brother he killed whilst saving Nidge.
This episode was watched by 970,600 people on its first air date.

text: Series 4 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
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season
Title
Directed by
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Original air date

17
1
"Episode 1"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
6 October 2013 (2013-10-06)

Nidge has his hooks into a client who has fallen behind on his tab at the brothel, and sees an opportunity to extort him into helping to import a large consignment of drugs. A tiger kidnapping goes wrong.

18
2
"Episode 2"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
13 October 2013 (2013-10-13)

Nidge extorts his tame dentist into cooperating with him. Unaware that Detective Inspector Moynihan is setting up a complex undercover operation to track Nidge and ultimately bring him down.

19
3
"Episode 3"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
20 October 2013 (2013-10-20)

Tommy is released from Prison as he suffers injuries from his head wound. The dentist decides to get involved with Nidge's business while Fran plots a gruesome revenge on Tommy after ratting on him to the Gardai.

20
4
"Episode 4"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
27 October 2013 (2013-10-27)

Nidge has both Moynihan's surveillance operation and the IRA closing in on him. Fran meanwhile wants revenge for the loss of his teeth.

21
5
"Episode 5"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
3 November 2013 (2013-11-03)

A paranoid Nidge must clear his mind before the drug import that Moynihan has his eyes and ears on, meanwhile Siobhan is offered help by Detective Moynihan for Tommy's sake.

22
6
"Episode 6"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
10 November 2013 (2013-11-10)

The last shipment of drugs are about to arrive into Dublin Port with Nidge unaware that Moynihan and his crew are following his steps.

text: Series 5 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
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Original air date

23
1
"Episode 1"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
5 October 2014 (2014-10-05)

After almost losing everything to DI Moynihan's sting operation, Nidge travels to Spain to negotiate with wholesale supplier Terence May for a new drugs shipment. Meanwhile in Dublin his enemies are closing in: Siobhan is acting as informant to Moynihan; Patrick has returned to Dublin determined to kill Nidge; and tensions between Nidge and maverick Fran are reaching boiling point. Recently released from Jail, Lizzie is murdered by Glen on Nidge's order.[6]

24
2
"Episode 2"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
12 October 2014 (2014-10-12)

With Pauley's help, Nidge is back in business and arrangements are made for the first shipment under the new deal. Meanwhile Moynihan wrestles with a labyrinthine Garda bureaucracy.[7]

25
3
"Episode 3"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
19 October 2014 (2014-10-19)

Fran is banged up in prison but he and Nidge both still conspire to have each other killed, while Siobhan finds her dangerous drug fuelled double life is spiralling out of control.[8]

26
4
"Episode 4"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
26 October 2014 (2014-10-26)

Siobhan is increasingly caught between her quest for revenge and her growing love for Pauley - while Nidge may have found a way to get to Fran in prison.[9]

27
5
"Episode 5"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
2 November 2014 (2014-11-02)

In the aftermath of Pauley's death, Siobhan must face her most terrifying opponent yet as Terence May flies in from Spain to lay his nephew to rest - and to find the truth.[10]

28
6
"Episode 6"
David Caffrey
Stuart Carolan
9 November 2014 (2014-11-09)

Nidge is summoned back to Spain, where Terence demands a terrible price for his continued support, while Siobhan and Moynihan reach an unholy deal of their own. Terence orders the brutal murder of Janet to set an example to possible rats in Nidge's gang. After being rearrested, Fran is gang-raped in prison by Noeley Hughes and his accomplices. Siobhan plants Git Loughman's finger bone in Nidge's bathroom and calls it in to Moynihan. She finally reveals to Nidge that she was the rat in his gang, enraging him. In a twist ending, Patrick attacks Nidge and Siobhan is fatally caught in the crossfire.[11]
As wife Trish and son Warren look on in horror, Nidge is finally shot and killed by Patrick.[12]