document_title: List of UK top 10 singles in 2017

question_text: who released the uk's biggest selling single of 2017

question_tokens: who released the uk 's biggest selling single of 2017

text: List of UK top 10 singles in 2017

text: Background[edit]

text: Multiple entries[edit]

text: Ninety-eight singles charted in the top 10 in 2017, with eighty-two singles reaching their peak this year (including the re-entry "All I Want for Christmas" which charted in previous years but reached a peak on its latest chart run).

text: Twenty-four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2017. Ed Sheeran had the most top ten singles in 2017 with eleven. His comeback single "Shape of You" was made available for download on 6 January and has spent fourteen non-consecutive weeks at number-one while "Castle on the Hill", which came out on the same day, peaked at number two. Promotional single "How Would You Feel (Paean)" also reached a high of second in the chart on 2 March.

text: After Sheeran's third studio album, "÷" was released, all sixteen tracks were in the top 20 on the week ending 16 March, and he held nine of the top 10, with "Something Just Like This" by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay the only single to break this monopoly.[5] In addition to the singles already in the chart, "Galway Girl (2), "Perfect" (4), "New Man" (5) "Happier" (6), "Dive" (8), and "Supermarket Flowers" (9, rising to 8) and "What Do I Know?" all reaching the top ten. In response, the Official Charts Company announced plans in June to limit the number of songs by the same artist in the chart at the same time, to reflect popularity of singles rather than album tracks.[6] "Perfect" returned to the chart later in the year after its official single release and became the Christmas number-one, with Sheeran'/ collaboration with Eminem, "River", behind it in the chart. "River" would eventually reach the top spot itself in early 2018.

text: Dua Lipa had four top 10 entries in 2017 with "Be the One", "Bridge over Troubled Water", "New Rules" and "No Lie". Justin Bieber, Little Mix, Rita Ora and Stormzy also had four top 10 entries so far this year.

text: Drake is one of eight artists who had three hit songs in 2017. "Passionfruit" entered the chart at number 4 on 30 March and rose to number three the following week. Two of his other album tracks from More Life peaked in the top 10 - KMT featuring the rapper Giggs reached number 9 and "Blem" landed one place lower.

text: Anne-Marie, Clean Bandit, James Arthur, Louis Tomlinson, Quavo, Sean Paul and Taylor Swift all had three top 10 entries in 2017.

text: DJ Khaled is one of a number of artists with two top-ten entries, including number-one singles "I'm the One" and "Wild Thoughts". Charlie Puth, Eminem, Katy Perry, Selena Gomez and Zara Larsson were among the other artists with multiple top 10 entries in 2017.

text: All-female top 3[edit]

text: "New Rules" by Dua Lipa became the first solo female UK number one since Adele reached number 1 in 2015 with "Hello". The top 3 singles on the chart on 7th September 2017 (week ending), was the first female top 3 since October 2014. The songs included "Look What You Made Me Do" by Taylor Swift at 1, "New Rules" by Dua Lipa at 2 and "What About Us" by Pink at 3.

text: Changes to chart rules[edit]

text: The Official Charts Company announced plans in June to limit the number of songs by the same artist in the chart at the same time, to reflect popularity of singles rather than album tracks.[6]  Chart rules were altered from 7 July to help new artists break through by limiting the number of tracks by the same artist allowed in the chart at the same time to 3. The streaming to sales ratio remained largely unchanged but for songs which have spent a high number of weeks in the chart the ratio was altered to 300:1.[6] This was largely in response to Ed Sheeran's album tracks dominating the chart, with all sixteen tracks from his third studio album ÷, reaching the top twenty in the same week.

text: Chart debuts[edit]

text: Forty-nine artists achieved their first top 10 single in 2017, either as a lead or featured artist. Of these, six went on to record another hit single that year: Alessia Cara, DJ Khaled, Julia Michaels, Khalid, Marshmello and RAYE. Dua Lipa had three other entries in her breakthrough year.

text: The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo single.

text:
Artist

Number of top 10s

First entry

Chart position

showOther entries

Starley

1

"Call on Me"

6

—

RAYE

2

"You Don't Know Me"

3

"Bridge over Troubled Water" (1)

Dua Lipa

4

"No Lie"

10

"Be the One" (9), "Bridge over Troubled Water" (1), "New Rules" (1)

Skip Marley

1

"Chained to the Rhythm"

5

—

Frank Ocean

1

"Slide"

10

—

Migos

Martin Jensen

1

"Solo Dance"

7

—

Giggs

1

"KMT"

9

—

Alessia Cara

2

"Stay"

8

"1-800-273-8255" (9)

Julia Michaels

2

"Issues"

10

"I Miss You" (4) [OO]

DJ Khaled

2

"I'm the One"

1

"Wild Thoughts" (1)

Luis Fonsi

1

"Despacito"

1

—

J Hus

1

"Did You See"

9

—

Captain SKA

1

"Liar Liar GE2017"

4

—

William Singe

1

"Mama"

4

—

Artists for Grenfell

1

"Bridge over Troubled Water"

1

—

5 After Midnight

Deno

Donae'o

Gregory Porter

Jorja Smith

Mr Eazi

Omar

Ray BLK

Tokio Myers

Tom Grennan

Bryson Tiller

1

"Wild Thoughts"

1

—

Maggie Lindemann

1

"Pretty Girl"

8

—

Digital Farm Animals

1

"Back to You"

8

—

BloodPop

1

"Friends"

2

—

CNCO

1

"Reggaetón Lento"

5

—

J Balvin

1

"Mi Gente"

5

—

Willy William

James Hype

1

"More than Friends"

8

—

Kelli-Leigh

Young Thug

1

"Havana"

1

—

Post Malone

1

"Rockstar"

1

—

21 Savage

Logic

1

"1-800-273-8255"

9

—

Khalid

2

"Silence" (3)

Yungen

1

"Bestie"

10

—

Yxng Bane

Stefflon Don

1

"Hurtin' Me"

7

—

Marshmello

2

"Silence"

3

"Wolves" (9)

Mabel

1

"Finders Keepers"

8

—

Kojo Funds

Big Shaq

1

"Man's Not Hot" [NN]

3

—

Rak-Su

1

"Dimelo"

2

—

NF

1

"Let You Down" [PP]

10

—

text: Harry Styles made his solo debut in 2017, with his first single outside One Direction, "Sign of the Times", topping the chart in April. Likewise with Liam Payne, he made his solo debut in 2017, with his first single outside One Direction, "Strip That Down" entered the top 10 at number 3. Quavo is a member of the hip-hop group Migos, who debuted on the Calvis Harris single in  "Slide" in March 2017, two months before he featured on DJ Khaled's number-one hit "I'm the One". He would also appear with Liam Payne on his solo top three single "Strip That Down".

text: Camila Cabello also made her first UK top 10 debut with Havana. This also became her first top 10 since her departure from US girl group Fifth Harmony. Swae Lee had his first chart single under his own name, featuring on French Montana's "Unforgettable". He previously charted as part of the duo Rae Sremmurd with "Black Beatles" in 2016.

text: Artists for Grenfell recorded a cover of "Bridge over Troubled Water" in aid of the Grenfell Tower fire and featured many artists who had achieved top 10 singles previously in their own right or with a band. Carl Barat of The Libertines, Jon McClure from Reverend and the Makers, Matt Goss from Bros., Kelly Jones of Stereophonics, The Who's Pete Townshend and former Westlife member Shane Filan all had their first credited top 10 hit independent of their bands with this song.

text: Songs from films[edit]

text: Original song "I Don't Wanna Live Forever" (from Fifty Shades Darker) was the only film soundtrack song that entered the top 10 this year.

text: Charity singles[edit]

text: The charity single "Bridge over Troubled Water" was dedicated to the victims and survivors of the Grenfell Tower fire. The single peaked at number 1 on 29 June 2017, just two days after release, becoming the second fastest selling single of 2017 behind "Shape of You".

text: Best-selling singles[edit]

text: Ed Sheeran had the best-selling and streamed single of the year with "Shape of You". The song spent twenty-two weeks in the top 10 (including fourteen weeks at number one), sold over 787,000 copies as well as scoring 248 million streams (3.2 million combined sales) and was certified 5x platinum by the BPI. "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi, Daddy Yankee & Justin Bieber came in second place with more than 2.3 million combined sales. Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill", "Unforgettable" from French Montana featuring Swae Lee and "Galway Girl" by Ed Sheeran made up the top five. Songs by Ed Sheeran ("Perfect"), Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson, Rag'n'Bone Man, The Chainsmokers & Coldplay and Jax Jones featuring RAYE were also in the top ten best-selling singles of the year.

text: Top-ten singles[edit]

text:
Symbol

Meaning

‡

Single peaked in 2016 but still in chart in 2017.

♦

Single released in 2017 but peaked in 2018.

(#)

Year-end top ten single position and rank

Entered

The date that the song first appeared in the chart.

Peak

Highest position that the song reached in the UK Singles Chart.

text:
Entered (week ending)

Weeksintop10

Single

Artist

Peak

Peakreached (week ending)

Weeksatpeak

Singles in 2016

29 September 2016

16

"Say You Won't Let Go"‡

James Arthur

1

6 October 2016

3

6 October 2016

15

"Starboy"‡

The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk

2

13 October 2016

1

20 October 2016

9

"24K Magic"‡ [A]

Bruno Mars

5

17 November 2016

1

27 October 2016

11

"Shout Out to My Ex"‡ [B]

Little Mix

1

27 October 2016

3

3 November 2016

9

"Sexual"‡ [D]

Neiked featuring Dyo

5

15 December 2016

1

15

"Rockabye"‡

Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne-Marie

1

17 November 2016

9

15 December 2016

8

"All I Want for Christmas Is You" [KK]

Mariah Carey

2

21 December 2017

1

13

"Human"‡ (#8)

Rag'n'Bone Man

2

29 December 2016

3

22 December 2016

4

"Just Hold On"‡ [E]

Steve Aoki & Louis Tomlinson

2

22 December 2016

1

29 December 2016

10

"Touch"‡

Little Mix

4

29 December 2016

6

6

"I Would Like" [V]

Zara Larsson

2

5 January 2017

1

Singles in 2017

5 January 2017

5

"Last Christmas" ♦ [C]

Wham!

2

4 January 2018

1

19 January 2017

22

"Shape of You" (#1)

Ed Sheeran

1

19 January 2017

14

14

"Castle on the Hill" (#3)

2

19 January 2017

5

4

"September Song"

JP Cooper

7

19 January 2017

1

6

"Call on Me"

Starley

6

2 February 2017

2

8

"You Don't Know Me" (#10)

Jax Jones featuring RAYE

3

2 February 2017

3

26 January 2017

7

"Paris"

The Chainsmokers

5

9 February 2017

1

9 February 2017

1

"No Lie"

Sean Paul featuring Dua Lipa

10

9 February 2017

1

16 February 2017

2

"Big for Your Boots" [F]

Stormzy

6

9 March 2017

1

3

"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"

Zayn & Taylor Swift

5

23 February 2017

1

2

"Be the One"

Dua Lipa

9

23 February 2017

1

23 February 2017

3

"Chained to the Rhythm"

Katy Perry featuring Skip Marley

5

2 March 2017

2

2 March 2017

1

"How Would You Feel (Paean)"

Ed Sheeran

2

2 March 2017

1

5

"It Ain't Me" [G]

Kygo & Selena Gomez

7

9 March 2017

3

9 March 2017

9

"Something Just like This" (#9)

The Chainsmokers & Coldplay

2

9 March 2017

1

1

"Slide"

Calvin Harris featuring Frank Ocean & Migos

10

9 March 2017

1

16 March 2017

11

"Galway Girl" (#5)

Ed Sheeran

2

16 March 2017

5

17

"Perfect" (#6) [FF][LL]

1

14 December 2017

6

2

"New Man"

5

16 March 2017

1

2

"Happier"

6

16 March 2017

1

2

"Dive"

8

16 March 2017

1

2

"Supermarket Flowers"

8

23 March 2017

1

2

"What Do I Know?"

9

23 March 2017

1

30 March 2017

7

"Passionfruit"

Drake

3

6 April 2017

1

12

"Symphony" (#7)

Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson

1

4 May 2017

1

8

"Solo Dance"

Martin Jensen

7

20 April 2017

1

1

"KMT"

Drake featuring Giggs

9

30 March 2017

1

2

"Ciao Adios"

Anne-Marie

9

6 April 2017

1

6 April 2017

1

"Blem"

Drake

10

6 April 2017

1

13 April 2017

3

"Stay"

Zedd & Alessia Cara

8

20 April 2017

1

2

"Issues" [H]

Julia Michaels

10

13 April 2017

2

20 April 2017

7

"Sign of the Times"

Harry Styles

1

20 April 2017

1

27 April 2017

2

"Humble"

Kendrick Lamar

6

27 April 2017

1

4 May 2017

5

"Swalla"

Jason Derulo featuring Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla Sign

6

4 May 2017

2

8

"There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back"

Shawn Mendes

4

25 May 2017

2

11 May 2017

9

"I'm the One"

DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper & Lil Wayne

1

11 May 2017

1

18

"Despacito" (#2)

Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber

1

18 May 2017

11

18 May 2017

15

"Unforgettable" (#4)

French Montana featuring Swae Lee

2

17 August 2017

1

25 May 2017

1

"Did You See"

J Hus

9

25 May 2017

1

1 June 2017

9

"Strip That Down"

Liam Payne featuring Quavo

3

1 June 2017

2

3

"Attention" [I]

Charlie Puth

9

1 June 2017

1

8 June 2017

1

"Liar Liar GE2017"

Captain SKA

4

8 June 2017

1

11

"Mama"

Jonas Blue featuring William Singe

4

13 July 2017

1

15 June 2017

3

"One Last Time"

Ariana Grande

2

15 June 2017

2

2

"Slow Hands"

Niall Horan

7

15 June 2017

1

22 June 2017

5

"2U" [U]

David Guetta featuring Justin Bieber

5

22 June 2017

1

29 June 2017

2

"Bridge over Troubled Water" [Q]

Artists for Grenfell

1

29 June 2017

1

9

"Wild Thoughts"

DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna & Bryson Tiller

1

27 July 2017

1

8

"Power"

Little Mix featuring Stormzy

6

3 August 2017

2

6 July 2017

7

"Your Song" [Y]

Rita Ora

7

13 July 2017

3

13 July 2017

9

"Feels"

Calvin Harris featuring Pharrell Williams, Katy Perry & Big Sean

1

17 August 2017

1

4

"Pretty Girl"

Maggie Lindemann

8

3 August 2017

1

20 July 2017

5

"Came Here for Love" [W]

Sigala & Ella Eyre

6

20 July 2017

1

3 August 2017

7

"Sun Comes Up"

Rudimental featuring James Arthur

6

17 August 2017

3

10 August 2017

11

"New Rules"

Dua Lipa

1

24 August 2017

2

17 August 2017

1

"Súbeme la Radio"

Enrique Iglesias featuring Sean Paul & Matt Terry

10

17 August 2017

1

24 August 2017

8

"What About Us"

P!nk

3

7 September 2017

3

2

"Back to You"

Louis Tomlinson featuring Bebe Rexha & Digital Farm Animals

8

24 August 2017

1

31 August 2017

5

"Friends"

Justin Bieber & BloodPop

2

31 August 2017

1

11

"Reggaetón Lento" [GG]

CNCO & Little Mix

5

31 August 2017

3

7

"Mi Gente" [CC]

J Balvin & Willy William

5

14 September 2017

1

5

"More than Friends" [AA]

James Hype featuring Kelli-Leigh

8

7 September 2017

3

7 September 2017

5

"Look What You Made Me Do"

Taylor Swift

1

7 September 2017

2

14 September 2017

2

"...Ready for It?"

7

14 September 2017

1

1

"Sorry Not Sorry"

Demi Lovato

9

14 September 2017

1

21 September 2017

12

"Too Good at Goodbyes"

Sam Smith

1

21 September 2017

3

11

"Dusk Till Dawn"

Zayn featuring Sia

5

21 September 2017

2

15

"Havana"

Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug

1

9 November 2017

5

28 September 2017

10

"Rockstar"

Post Malone featuring 21 Savage

1

12 October 2017

4

8

"Lonely Together"

Avicii featuring Rita Ora

4

26 October 2017

3

12 October 2017

2

"1-800-273-8255"

Logic featuring Alessia Cara & Khalid

9

12 October 2017

1

1

"Bestie"

Yungen featuring Yxng Bane

10

12 October 2017

1

19 October 2017

2

"Hurtin' Me"

Stefflon Don featuring French Montana

7

26 October 2017

1

26 October 2017

9

"Silence"

Marshmello featuring Khalid

3

2 November 2017

3

5

"Finders Keepers"

Mabel featuring Kojo Funds

8

2 November 2017

2

9 November 2017

1

"How Long"

Charlie Puth

9

9 November 2017

1

16 November 2017

11

"Anywhere"

Rita Ora

2

23 November 2017

3

23 November 2017

1

"Walk on Water"

Eminem featuring Beyoncé

7

23 November 2017

1

9

"Man's Not Hot"♦

Big Shaq

3

11 January 2018

1

30 November 2017

2

"Blinded by Your Grace, Pt. 2"

Stormzy featuring MNEK

7

30 November 2017

1

3

"Wolves"

Selena Gomez & Marshmello

9

30 November 2017

3

7 December 2017

7

"I Miss You"♦

Clean Bandit featuring Julia Michaels

4

25 January 2018

1

3

"17"♦

MK

7

11 January 2018

1

14 December 2017

3

"Dimelo"

Rak-Su featuring Wyclef Jean & Naughty Boy

2

14 December 2017

1

4

"Fairytale of New York"♦ [JJ]

The Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl

5

4 January 2018

1

28 December 2017

9

"River"♦

Eminem featuring Ed Sheeran

1

25 January 2018

1

4

"Let You Down"♦

NF

6

18 January 2018

1

text: Entries by artist[edit]

text: The following table shows artists who achieved two or more top 10 entries in 2017, including songs that reached their peak in 2016. The figures include both main artists and featured artists, while appearances on ensemble charity records are also counted for each artist. The total number of weeks an artist spent in the top ten in 2017 is also shown.

text:
Entries

Artist

Country of origin

Weeks

Songs

11

Ed Sheeran [MM]

 United Kingdom

30

"Castle on the Hill", "Dive", "Galway Girl", "Happier", "How Would You Feel (Paean)", "New Man", "Perfect", "River", "Shape of You", "Supermarket Flowers", "What Do I Know?"

4

Dua Lipa [L][P]

15

"Be the One", "Bridge over Troubled Water", "New Rules", "No Lie"

Justin Bieber [M]

 Canada

22

"2U", "Despacito", "Friends", "I'm the One"

Little Mix [J]

 United Kingdom

29

"Power", "Reggaetón Lento", "Shout Out to My Ex", "Touch"

Rita Ora [P][Z]

20

"Anywhere", "Bridge over Troubled Water", "Lonely Together", "Your Song"

Stormzy [P][R]

10

"Big for Your Boots", "Blinded by Your Grace, Pt. 2", "Bridge over Troubled Water", "Power"

3

Anne-Marie [J][K][P]

10

"Bridge over Troubled Water", "Ciao Adios", "Rockabye"

Clean Bandit [J]

22

"I Miss You", "Rockabye", "Symphony"

Drake

 Canada

9

"Blem", "KMT", "Passionfruit"

James Arthur [J][P]

 United Kingdom

9

"Bridge over Troubled Water", "Say You Won't Let Go", "Sun Comes Up"

Louis Tomlinson [J][P]

6

"Back to You", "Bridge over Troubled Water", "Just Hold On"

Quavo [N]

 United States

19

"I'm the One", "Slide", "Strip That Down"

Sean Paul [J][K][X]

 Jamaica

8

"No Lie", "Rockabye", "Súbeme la Radio"

Taylor Swift

 United States

8

"I Don't Wanna Live Forever", "Look What You Made Me Do", "...Ready for It?"

2

Alessia Cara [BB]

 Canada

5

"1-800-273-8255", "Stay"

Calvin Harris

 United Kingdom

10

"Feels", "Slide"

The Chainsmokers

 United States

16

"Paris", "Something Just like This"

Charlie Puth

4

"Attention", "How Long"

DJ Khaled

17

"I'm the One", "Wild Thoughts"

Ella Eyre [P]

 United Kingdom

7

"Bridge over Troubled Water", "Came Here for Love"

Eminem

 United States

4

"River", "Walk on Water"

French Montana [DD]

 Morocco

17

"Hurtin' Me", "Unforgettable"

Julia Michaels [HH]

 United States

5

"I Miss You", "Issues"

Katy Perry [T]

12

"Chained to the Rhythm", "Feels"

Khalid [EE]

9

"1-800-273-8255", "Silence"

Liam Payne [P]

 United Kingdom

11

"Bridge over Troubled Water", "Strip That Down"

Marshmello

 United States

8

"Silence", "Wolves"

Matt Terry [P][X]

 United Kingdom

3

"Bridge over Troubled Water", "Súbeme la Radio"

RAYE [P][S]

10

"Bridge over Troubled Water", "You Don't Know Me"

Selena Gomez

 United States

7

"It Ain't Me", "Wolves"

Zara Larsson [O][V]

 Sweden

17

"I Would Like", "Symphony"

Zayn

 United Kingdom

14

"Dusk Till Dawn", "I Don't Wanna Live Forever"

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a  "24K Magic" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 5 January 2017 (week ending).
b  "Shout Out to My Ex" re-entered the top 10 at number 6 on 5 January 2017 (week ending).
c  "Last Christmas" re-entered the top 10 at number 7 on 5 January 2017 (week ending) following the death of George Michael, having originally peaked at number 2 upon release in 1984. It re-entered the top 10 again on 14 December 2017 at number 6.
d  "Sexual" re-entered the top 10 at number 6 on 12 January 2017 (week ending).
e  "Just Hold On" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 12 January 2017 (week ending).
f  "Big For Your Boots" re-entered the top 10 at number 6 on 9 March 2017 (week ending).
g  "It Ain't Me" re-entered the top 10 at number 7 on 6 April 2017 (week ending).
h  "Issues" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 27 April 2017 (week ending).
i  "Attention" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 22 June 2017 (week ending).
j  Figure includes song that peaked in 2016.
k  Figure includes appearance on Clean Bandit's "Rockabye".
l  Figure includes appearance on Sean Paul's "No Lie".
m  Figure includes appearances on Luis Fonsi's "Despacito", DJ Khaled's "I'm the One" and David Guetta's "2U".
n  Figure includes appearances on DJ Khaled's "I'm the One", Calvin Harris' "Slide" (with Migos) and Liam Payne's "Strip That Down".
o  Figure includes appearance on Clean Bandit's "Symphony".
p  Figure includes an appearance on the "Bridge over Troubled Water" charity single by Artists for Grenfell.
q  Released as a charity single by Artists for Grenfell to support survivors of the Grenfell Tower fire.
r  Figure includes appearance on Little Mix's "Power".
s  Figure includes appearance on Jax Jones' "You Don't Know Me".
t  Figure includes appearance on Calvin Harris' "Feels".
u  "2U" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 27 June 2017 (week ending).
v  Figure includes song that first charted in 2016 but peaked in 2017.
w  "Came Here for Love" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 3 August 2017 (week ending).
x  Figure includes appearance on Enrique Iglasias' "Súbeme la Radio".
y  "Your Song" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 24 August 2017 (week ending).
z  Figure includes appearance on Avicii's "Lonely Together".
aa  "More Than Friends" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 5 October 2017 (week ending).
bb  Figure includes appearance on Logic's "1-800-273-8255".
cc  "Mi Gente" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 19 October 2017 (week ending) upon the release of the remix featuring Beyoncé.
dd  Figure includes appearance on Stefflon Don's "Hurtin' Me".
ee  Figure includes appearance on Logic's "1-800-273-8255", and Marshmello's "Silence".
ff  "Perfect" re-entered the top 10 at number 7 on 2 November 2017 (week ending).
gg  "Reggaetón Lento" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 16 November 2017 (week ending).
hh  Figure includes appearance on Clean Bandit's "I Miss You".
ii  "Last Christmas" re-entered the top 10 at number 6 on 14 December 2017 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 2 upon release in 1984.
jj  "Fairytale of New York" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 14 December 2017 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 2 upon release in 1987.
kk  "All I Want For Christmas" re-entered the top 10 at number 5 on 14 December 2017 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 2 upon release in 1994.
ll  "Perfect" reached a new peak at number 1 on 14 December 2017 upon the release of the remix featuring Beyoncé.
mm  Figure includes appearance on Eminem's "River".
nn  "Man's Not Hot" reached its peak of number three on 11 January 2018 (week ending).
oo  "I Miss You" reached its peak of number four on 25 January 2018 (week ending).
pp  "Let You Down" reached its peak of number six on 18 January 2018 (week ending).


document_title: Hudson River

question_text: where does the water from the hudson river come from

root

text: Hudson River

text: Course[edit]

text: Sources[edit]

text: The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet (1,317 m).[4] The river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. The river is named Feldspar Brook until its confluence with Calamity Brook, and then is named Calamity Brook until the river reaches Indian Pass Brook, flowing south from the outlet of Henderson Lake. From that point on, the stream is cartographically known as the Hudson River.[5][6][7]

tag: p

text: Although numerous sources show the river originating directly at Henderson Lake, per the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the river cartographically begins at the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook near the outlet of Henderson Lake in Newcomb, in the Adirondack Park.[3]

text: The longest source of the Hudson River as shown on the most detailed USGS maps is the "Opalescent River" on the west slopes of Little Marcy Mountain, originating two miles north of Lake Tear of the Clouds, and a mile longer than "Feldspar Brook", which flows out of that lake in the Adirondack Mountains. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source.

text: Upper Hudson River[edit]

text: South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson. The Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties. In the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the river forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake. Shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls. At this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties.[7] At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet.[4] Just south in Fort Edward, the river reaches its confluence with the Champlain Canal,[7] which historically provided boat traffic between New York City and Montreal and the rest of Eastern Canada via the Hudson, Lake Champlain and the Saint Lawrence Seaway.[8] Further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties. The river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts. Shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford.[4][7] Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, marking an impoundment of the river.[7] At an elevation of 2 feet (0.61 m), the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River.[4]

text: Lower Hudson River[edit]

text: South of the Federal Dam, the Hudson River begins to widen considerably. The river enters the Hudson Valley, flowing along the west bank of Albany and the east bank of Rensselaer. Interstate 90 crosses the Hudson into Albany at this point in the river. The Hudson then leaves the Capital District, forming the boundary between Greene and Columbia Counties. It then meets its confluence with Schodack Creek, widening considerably at this point. After flowing by Hudson, the river then forms the boundary between Ulster and Columbia Counties and Ulster and Dutchess Counties, passing Germantown and Kingston. The Delaware and Hudson Canal meets the river at this point. The river then flows by Hyde Park, former residence of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and alongside the city of Poughkeepsie, flowing under the Walkway over the Hudson and the Mid-Hudson Bridge. Afterwards, the Hudson passes Wappingers Falls and takes in Wappinger Creek. The river then forms the boundary between Orange and Dutchess Counties. It flows between Newburgh and Beacon and under the Newburgh Beacon Bridge, taking in the Fishkill Creek. Shortly thereafter, the river enters the Hudson Highlands between Putnam and Orange Counties, flowing between mountains such as Storm King Mountain, Breakneck Ridge, and Bear Mountain. The river narrows considerably here before flowing under the Bear Mountain Bridge, which connects Westchester and Rockland Counties.[7]

text: Afterward, leaving the Hudson Highlands, the river enters Haverstraw Bay, the widest point of the river at 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide.[4] Shortly thereafter, the river forms the Tappan Zee and flows under the Tappan Zee Bridge, which carries the New York State Thruway between Tarrytown and Nyack in Westchester and Rockland Counties respectively. South of the Tappan Zee Bridge, the west bank of the Hudson becomes Bergen and Hudson Counties of New Jersey, and further south the east bank of the river becomes Yonkers and then the Riverdale neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. The Palisades, large, rocky cliffs along the west bank of the river, begin along the west bank of the river opposite the Bronx. South of the confluence of the Hudson and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, the east bank of the river becomes Manhattan.[7] The river is sometimes still called the North River at this point. The George Washington Bridge crosses the river between Fort Lee and the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan.[9] The Lincoln Tunnel and the Holland Tunnel also cross under the river between Manhattan and New Jersey. South of the Battery, the river proper ends, meeting the East River to form Upper New York Bay, also known as New York Harbor. Its outflow continues through The Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island, under the Verrazano Bridge, and into Lower New York Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.[7]

text: Watershed[edit]

text: The lower Hudson is actually a tidal estuary, with tidal influence extending as far as the Federal Dam in Troy. Strong tides make parts of New York Harbor difficult and dangerous to navigate. During the winter, ice floes may drift south or north, depending upon the tides. The Mahican name of the river represents its partially estuarine nature: muh-he-kun-ne-tuk means "the river that flows both ways."[10] The Hudson is often mistaken for one of the largest rivers in the United States, but it is an estuary throughout most of its length below Troy and thus only a small fraction of fresh water, about 15,000 cubic feet (425 m³) per second, is present. The mean fresh water discharge at the river's mouth in New York is approximately 21,400 cubic feet (606 m³) per second. The Hudson and its tributaries, notably the Mohawk River, drain a large area. Parts of the Hudson River form coves, such as Weehawken Cove in the towns of Hoboken and Weehawken in New Jersey.

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Hudson is sometimes called, in geological terms, a drowned river. The rising sea levels after the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation, the most recent ice age, have resulted in a marine incursion that drowned the coastal plain and brought salt water well above the mouth of the river. The deeply eroded old riverbed beyond the current shoreline, Hudson Canyon, is a rich fishing area. The former riverbed is clearly delineated beneath the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, extending to the edge of the continental shelf.[11]

text: The Narrows were most likely formed about 6,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. Previously, Staten Island and Long Island were connected, preventing the Hudson River from terminating via The Narrows. At that time, the Hudson River emptied into the Atlantic Ocean through a more westerly course through parts of present-day northern New Jersey, along the eastern side of the Watchung Mountains to Bound Brook, New Jersey and then on into the Atlantic Ocean via Raritan Bay. A buildup of water in the Upper New York Bay eventually allowed the Hudson River to break through previous land mass that was connecting Staten Island and Brooklyn to form The Narrows as it exists today. This allowed the Hudson River to find a shorter route to the Atlantic Ocean via its present course between New Jersey and New York City.[12]

text: Names[edit]

text: The river was called Ca-ho-ha-ta-te-a ("the river")[13] by the Iroquois, and it was known as Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk ("river that flows two ways") by the Mohican tribe who formerly inhabited both banks of the lower portion of the river. The Delaware Tribe of Indians (Bartlesville, Oklahoma) considers the closely related Mohicans to be a part of the Lenape people,[14] and so the Lenape also claim the Hudson as part of their ancestral territory, naming the river Muhheakantuck ("river that flows two ways").[15]

text: The first known European name for the river was the Rio San Antonio as named by the Portuguese explorer in Spain's employ, Estêvão Gomes, who explored the Mid-Atlantic coast in 1525.[16] Another early name for the Hudson used by the Dutch was Rio de Montaigne.[17] Later, they generally termed it the Noortrivier, or "North River", the Delaware River being known as the Zuidrivier, or "South River". Other occasional names for the Hudson included: Manhattes rieviere "Manhattan River", Groote Rivier "Great River", and de grootte Mouritse reviere, or "the Great Mouritse River" (Mouritse is a Dutch surname).[18] The translated name North River was used in the New York metropolitan area up until the early 1900s, with limited use continuing into the present-day.[19] The term persists in radio communication among commercial shipping traffic, especially below the Tappan Zee.[20] The term also continues to be used in names of facilities in the river's southern portion, such as the North River piers, North River Tunnels, and the North River Wastewater Treatment Plant. It is believed that the first use of the name Hudson River in a map was in a 1740, in a map created by the cartographer John Carwitham.[21]

text: In 1939, the magazine Life described the river as "America's Rhine", comparing it to the 40-mile (64 km) stretch of the Rhine in Central and Western Europe.[22]

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-Columbian era[edit]

text: The area around Hudson River was inhabited by indigenous peoples ages before Europeans arrived. The Lenape, Wappinger, and Mahican branches of the Algonquins lived along the river,[23] mostly in peace with the other groups.[23][24] The Algonquins in the region mainly lived in small clans and villages throughout the area. One major settlement was called Navish, which was located at Croton Point, overlooking the Hudson River. Other settlements were located in various locations throughout the Hudson Highlands. Many villagers lived in various types of houses, which the Algonquins called wigwams, though large families often lived in longhouses that could be a hundred feet long.[24] At the associated villages, they grew corn, beans, and squash. They also gathered other types of plant foods, such as hickory nuts and many other wild fruits and tubers. In addition to agriculture, the Algonquins also fished in the Hudson River, focusing on various species of freshwater fish, as well as various variations of striped bass, American eels, sturgeon, herring, and shad. Oyster beds were also common on the river floor, which provided an extra source of nutrition. Land hunting consisted of turkey, deer, bear, and other animals.[24]

text: The lower Hudson River was inhabited by the Lenape,[24] while further north, the Wappingers lived from Manhattan Island up to Poughkeepsie. They traded with both the Lenape to the south and the Mahicans to the north.[23] The Mahicans lived in the northern part of the valley from present-day Kingston to Lake Champlain,[24] with their capital located near present-day Albany.[23]

text: Exploration and colonization[edit]

text: John Cabot is credited for the Old World's discovery of continental North America, with his journey in 1497 along the continent's coast. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed north along the Atlantic seaboard and into New York Harbor,[16] however he left the harbor shortly thereafter, without navigating into the Hudson River.[25] In 1598, Dutch men employed by the Greenland Company wintered in New York Bay.[16] Eleven years later, the Dutch East India Company financed English navigator Henry Hudson in his search for the Northwest Passage. During the search, Hudson decided to sail his ship up the river that would later be named after him. His travel up the ever-widening river led him to Haverstraw Bay, leading him to believe he had successfully reached the Northwest Passage. He landed on the western shore the bay and claimed the territory for the Netherlands. He then proceeded upstream as far as present-day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there.[26]

text: The Dutch subsequently began to colonize the region, establishing the colony of New Netherland, including three major fur-trading outposts: New Amsterdam, Wiltwyck, and Fort Orange.[27][28] New Amsterdam was founded at the mouth of the Hudson River, and would later become known as New York City. Wiltwyck was founded roughly halfway up the Hudson River, and would later become Kingston. Fort Orange was founded on the river north of Wiltwyck, and later became known as Albany.[27] The Dutch West India Company operated a monopoly on the region for roughly twenty years before other businessmen were allowed to set up their own ventures in the colony.[27] In 1647, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant took over management of the colony, and surrendered it in 1664 to the British, who had invaded the largely-defenseless New Amsterdam.[27][29] New Amsterdam and the colony of New Netherland were renamed New York, after the Duke of York.[29]

text: Under British colonial rule, the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub. Manors were developed on the east side of the river, and the west side contained many smaller and independent farms.[30] In 1754, the Albany Plan of Union was created at Albany City Hall on the Hudson.[31][32] The plan allowed the colonies to treaty with the Iroquois and provided a framework for the Continental Congress.[33][34]

text: Revolution[edit]

text: During the American Revolutionary War, the British realized that the river's proximity to Lake George and Lake Champlain would allow their navy to control the water route from Montreal to New York City.[35] British general John Burgoyne planned the Saratoga campaign, to control the river and therefore cut off the patriot hub of New England (to the river's east) from the South and Mid-Atlantic regions to the river's west. The action would allow the British to focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the southerly states.[36] As a result, numerous battles were fought along the river and in nearby waterways. These include the Battle of Long Island, in August 1776[37] and the Battle of Harlem Heights the following month.[38] Later that year, the British and Continental Armies were involved in skirmishes and battles in rivertowns of the Hudson in Westchester County, culminating in the Battle of White Plains.[39]

text: Also in late 1776, New England militias fortified the river's choke point known as the Hudson Highlands, which included building Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on either side of the Hudson and a metal chain between the two. In 1777, Washington expected the British would attempt to control the Hudson River, however they instead conquered Philadelphia, and left a smaller force in New York City, with permission to strike the Hudson Valley at any time. The British attacked on October 5, 1777 in the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery by sailing up the Hudson River, looting the village of Peeksill and capturing the two forts.[40] In 1778, the Continentals constructed the Great West Point Chain in order to prevent another British fleet from sailing up the Hudson.[41]

text: Hudson River School[edit]

text: Hudson River School paintings reflect the themes of discovery, exploration, and settlement in America in the 19th century.[42] The detailed and idealized paintings also typically depict a pastoral setting. The works often juxtapose peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness, which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and sublimity.[43] The school characterizes the artistic body, its New York location, its landscape subject matter, and often its subject, the Hudson River.[44] In general, Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was an ineffable manifestation of God,[45] though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction.[46] Their reverence for America's natural beauty was shared with contemporary American writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[47] The artist Thomas Cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the Hudson River School,[48] while painters Frederic Edwin Church and Albert Bierstadt were the most successful painters of the school.[44]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: At the beginning of the 19th century, transportation from the US east coast into the mainland was difficult. Ships were the fastest vehicles at the time, as trains and automobiles were still being developed. In order to facilitate shipping throughout the country's interior, numerous canals were constructed between internal bodies of water in the 1800s.[49][50] One of the most significant canals of this era was the Erie Canal, built to link the Midwest to the Port of New York, a significant seaport during that time.[50] The completion of the canal enhanced the development of the American West, allowing settlers to travel west, send goods to markets in frontier cities, and export goods via the Hudson River and New York City. The completion of the canal made New York City one of the most vital ports in the nation, surpassing the Port of Philadelphia and ports in Massachusetts.[50][51][52] After the completion of the Erie Canal, smaller canals were built to connect it with the new system. The Champlain Canal was built to connect the Hudson River near Troy to the southern end of Lake Champlain. This canal allowed boaters to travel from the St. Lawrence Seaway, and then British cities such as Montreal to the Hudson River and New York City.[52] Another major canal was the Oswego Canal, which connected the Erie Canal to Oswego and Lake Ontario, and could be used to bypass Niagara Falls.[52] The Cayuga-Seneca Canal connected the Erie Canal to Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake.[52] Farther south, the Delaware and Hudson Canal was built between the Delaware River at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, and the Hudson River at Kingston, New York. This canal enabled the transportation of coal, and later other goods as well, between the Delaware and Hudson River watersheds.[53] The combination of these canals made the Hudson River one of the most vital waterways for trade in the nation.[52]

text: During the Industrial Revolution, the Hudson River became a major location for production, especially around Albany and Troy. The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast. Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson, in towns including Poughkeepise, Newburgh, Kingston, and Hudson. The North Tarrytown Assembly (later owned by General Motors), on the river in Sleepy Hollow, was a large and notable example. The River links to the Erie Canal and Great Lakes, allowing manufacturing in the Midwest, including automobiles in Detroit, to use the river for transport.[54](pp71–2) With industrialization came new technologies for transport, including steamboats for faster transport. In 1807, the North River Steamboat (later known as Clermont), became the first commercially successful steamboat. It carried passengers between New York City and Albany along the Hudson River.[55]

text: The Hudson River valley also proved to be a good area for railroads. The Hudson River Railroad was established in 1849 on the east side of the river as a way to bring passengers from New York City to Albany. The line was built as an alternative to the New York and Harlem Railroad for travel to Albany, and as a way to ease the concerns of cities along the river. The railroad was also used for commuting to New York City.[56] Further north, the Livingston Avenue Bridge was opened in 1866 as a way to connect the Hudson River Railroad with the New York Central Railroad, which goes west to Buffalo.[57][58] Smaller railroads existed north of this point.[59] On the west side of the Hudson River, the West Shore Railroad opened to run passenger service from Weehawken, New Jersey to Albany, and then Buffalo.[60] In 1889, the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge opened for rail service between Poughkeepsie and the west side of the river.[61]

text: 20th and 21st centuries[edit]

text: Starting in the 20th century, the technological requirements needed to build large crossings across the river were met. This was especially important by New York City, as the river is fairly wide at that point. In 1927, the Holland Tunnel opened between New Jersey and Lower Manhattan. The tunnel was the longest underwater tunnel in the world at the time, and used an advanced system to ventilate the tunnels and prevent the build-up of carbon monoxide.[62][63] The original upper level of the George Washington Bridge and the Lincoln Tunnel followed in the 1930s.[64] In 1955, the original Tappan Zee Bridge was built over one of the widest parts of the river, from Tarrytown to Nyack.[65][66][67]

text: The late 20th century saw a decline in industrial production in the Hudson Valley. In 1993, IBM closed two of its plants in East Fishkill and Kingston due to IBM losing $16 billion over the previous three years. The plant in East Fishkill had 16,300 workers at its peak in 1984, and had opened in 1941 originally as part of the war effort.[68] In 1996, the North Tarrytown GM Plant closed.[69] In response to the plant closures, towns throughout the region sought to make the region attractive for technology companies. IBM maintained a Poughkeepsie mainframe unit, and newer housing and office developments were built near there as well. Commuting from Poughkeepsie to New York City also increased.[68] Developers also looked to build on the property of the old GM plant.[69]

text: Around the time of the last factories' closing, environmental efforts to clean up the river progressed. For example, GE participated in cleanup efforts to remove PCBs from the site of its old factory in Hudson Falls. The cleanup is part of an EPA Superfund site, and consists of dredging a 40 mile stretch of the river the Troy Dam to Fort Edward in order to remove the probable carcinogen from the ecosystem.[70] Other conservation efforts also occurred, such as when Christopher Swain became the first person to swim all 315 miles of the Hudson River in support of cleaning it up.[71]

text: In conjunction with conservation efforts, the Hudson River region has seen an economic revitalization, especially in favor of green development. In 2009, the High Line was opened in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. This linear park has views of the river throughout its length.[72] Also in 2009, the original Poughkeepsie railroad bridge, since abandoned, was converted into the Walkway Over the Hudson, a pedestrian park over the river.[61] Emblematic of the increase in green development in the region, waterfront parks in cities like Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and Beacon were built, and several festivals are held annually.[73]

text: Landmarks[edit]

text: Numerous landmarks have been constructed along the Hudson. Following the river from its source to mouth, there is the Hudson River Islands State Park in Greene and Columbia counties, and in Dutchess County, there is Bard College, Staatsburgh, the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, Franklin D. Roosevelt's home and presidential library, and the main campus of the Culinary Institute of America, Marist College, the Walkway over the Hudson, Bannerman's Castle, and Hudson Highlands State Park. South of that in Orange County is the United States Military Academy. In Westchester lies Indian Point Energy Center, Croton Point Park, and Sing Sing Correctional Facility. In New Jersey is Stevens Institute of Technology. In Manhattan is Fort Tryon Park with The Cloisters, the World Trade Center, and Liberty State Park. Ellis Island is located just south of the river's mouth in New York Harbor. The Statue of Liberty, located on Liberty Island, is located a bit further south of there.[74]

text: A 30-mile (48 km) stretch on the east bank of the Hudson has been designated the Hudson River Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.[75] The Palisades Interstate Park Commission protects the Palisades on the west bank of the river. The Hudson River was designated as an American Heritage River in 1997.[76] The Hudson River estuary system is part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System as the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve.[77]

text: Transportation and crossings[edit]

text: The Hudson River is navigable for a great distance above mile 0 (at 40°42.1'N., 74°01.5'W.) off Battery Park.[78] The original Erie Canal, opened in 1825 to connect the Hudson with Lake Erie, emptied into the Hudson at the Albany Basin, just 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the Federal Dam in Troy (at mile 134). The canal enabled shipping between cities on the Great Lakes and Europe via the Atlantic Ocean.[11] The New York State Canal System, the successor to the Erie Canal, runs into the Hudson River north of Troy.[79] It also uses the Federal Dam as a lock.[80]

text: Along the east side of the river runs the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line, from Manhattan to Poughkeepsie.[81] The tracks continue north of Poughkeepsie as Amtrak trains run further north to Albany.[81] On the west side of the river, CSX Transportation operates a freight rail line between North Bergen Yard in North Bergen, New Jersey and Selkirk Yard in Selkirk, New York.[82][83][84]

text: The Hudson is crossed at numerous points by bridges, tunnels, and ferries. The width of the Lower Hudson River required major feats of engineering to cross, the results today visible in the George Washington Bridge and the Tappan Zee Bridge (soon to be replaced by the New Tappan Zee Bridge) as well as the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels and the PATH and Pennsylvania Railroad tubes. The George Washington Bridge, which carries multiple highways, connects Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, and is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[9] The Tappan Zee Bridge is the longest bridge in New York, although the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge has a larger main span. The Troy Union Bridge between Waterford and Troy was the first bridge over the Hudson; built in 1804 and destroyed in 1909;[85] its replacement, the Troy–Waterford Bridge, was built in 1909.[86] The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad was chartered in 1832 and opened in 1835, including the Green Island Bridge, the second bridge over the Hudson south of the Federal Dam.[78]

text: Pollution[edit]

text: The most discussed pollution of the Hudson River is General Electric's contamination of the river with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1947 and 1977.[87] This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who ate fish from the river or drank the water.[88][89] In response to this contamination, activists protested in various ways. Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem. The activism led to the site being designated as one of the superfund sites.[90] Other kinds of pollution, including mercury contamination and sewage dumping, have caused problems as well.[91][92]

text: Other environmental groups targeting the river include Scenic Hudson, Hudson River Foundation, Riverkeeper, Hudson River Environmental Society, Hudson River Watertrail Association, and Groundwork Hudson Valley.


document_title: The House with a Clock in Its Walls (film)

question_text: who is the little boy in the house with a clock in its walls

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1955, ten-year-old Lewis Barnavelt (Owen Vaccaro) goes to New Zebedee, Michigan to live with his uncle Jonathan (Jack Black) after Lewis' parents are killed in a car crash. Upon arriving at Jonathan's home, Lewis meets Jonathan's neighbor and best friend, Florence Zimmerman (Cate Blanchett), with whom he trades playful insults. All Lewis has left of his parents is a Magic 8-Ball that they gave him before the crash. During the night, Lewis hears a ticking sound in the walls, with Jonathan trying to locate it. On his first day of his new school, he meets Tarby Corrigan (Sunny Suljic), who is being friendly with him just so he can get voted class president. At night, whilst Lewis is dreaming he is visited by his mother (Lorenza Izzo) who tells him that Jonathan is hiding something from him and that the ticking sound he hears is real. Mrs. Barnavelt also tells Lewis that he must find a book and then a key.

text: Lewis begins exploring the house and stumbles upon several creepy-looking puppets, along with Jonathan smashing a wall with an ax. Lewis, frightened, runs away and sees the windows, piano, and a "pet chair" (named Chairy), among other things, coming to life. At this point, Jonathan reveals to Lewis that he is a practicing warlock and that Florence is a witch. The house's previous owner was a sinister warlock named Isaac Izard (Kyle MacLachlan) and his equally wicked wife Selena (Renee Elise Goldsberry). Before Isaac and Selena both died the previous year, they left a clock in the house and Jonathan has been trying to find and discover its purpose. At Lewis's request, Jonathan agrees to teach him how to be a warlock. Lewis learns that to be a legitimate warlock, he must defeat an evil spirit using his own magic. Additionally, Jonathan lets Lewis know that he has only one house rule: never open a specific cabinet in his study.

text: Jonathan looks through an old book with clippings of Isaac when he was a famous illusionist, as well of pictures of him during World War II. Jonathan reveals to Florence that he has not told Lewis everything about Isaac and plans to keep him in the dark. Jonathan does explain to Lewis that he was not close to his family, as they disagreed with his practice of magic, forcing Jonathan to leave home. Lewis continues to practice his magic, even at school, which is noticed by a curious girl named Rose Rita Pottinger (Vanessa Anne Williams). Jonathan soon finds an old picture of Isaac and Selena, leading him to discover a secret entrance into a room holding the blueprints for the clock. In the meantime, Tarby wins class president and abandons Lewis, following a failed attempt by Lewis to read the hidden book on the instruction of Tarby. Jonathan and Florence look over the blueprints and they are both stumped on how to decipher it. She notices an omega symbol with a skull, which Isaac mentioned before he died. They also realize the symbol, in early Christianity, was an indicator of Judgement Day.

text: Lewis is once again visited by his mother in a dream. He laments that Tarby doesn't see him as a friend, so Mrs. Barnavelt suggests that he use a spell from the forbidden book of necromancy to make Tarby return to his side. On Halloween night, Lewis attempts to impress Tarby by performing a necromancy spell in a cemetery, but he unknowingly summons the ghost of Isaac. Jonathan and Florence realize that Isaac is back and all of their magic stopped working in Jonathan's house, so they hammer horseshoes on the front porch for protection. In Florence's home, Lewis notices a poster advertising Isaac and Jonathan as a magician duo. Florence shows Lewis a series of flashbacks that showed Isaac and Jonathan performing as magicians together until Isaac left to serve in World War II. Isaac eventually returned home, but was suffering from PTSD and mentioned visiting The Black Forest, which is known for harboring dark magic, and Florence thinks Isaac made a deal with a demon in exchange for more power. Florence then explains how Isaac performed a dark magic ritual to make a key for the clock which killed him, which is believed to made of Selena's bone. Florence also tells him she has lost faith in her power following the deaths of her family. Lewis tries to warn Tarby about Isaac, but he ignores Lewis and threatens to assault him. Lewis goes back home to find the blueprints so he can help out, but he is attacked by flying books. He escapes as Jonathan and Florence arrive to help. They go to a cafe in order for Lewis to read the blueprints, and discover that the clock is a doomsday device that will reverse time all the way to the beginning.

text: The three return home to find the horseshoes have been pulled off the walls, indicating Isaac had returned to the house. They enter to find it ransacked. Jonathan and Florence decide to destroy the key, but it won't dissolve in the acid they dip it in. Lewis then confesses to resurrecting Isaac just to impress Tarby and also because he thought that if the spell worked, he could see his parents again. Feeling betrayed, Jonathan decides he wants to send Lewis away for his disobedience. Lewis runs away crying and Florence tells Jonathan that he is being a coward for trying to avoid responsibility for the boy. Lewis notices Isaac in the house of Jonathan's neighbor Mrs. Hanchett (Colleen Camp). Lewis brings her to the house, but before Lewis can find Jonathan, Isaac emerges. He then reveals that Mrs. Hanchett is really Selena in disguise and that she killed the real Mrs. Hanchett, took her place, and that the key was made from her bones. Selena also reveals that she was taking the form of Mrs. Barnavelt to persuade Lewis into summoning Isaac. Isaac captures Lewis, followed by Jonathan and Florence, where he explains to them after the war, he met a demon named Azazel in The Black Forest who granted him with more power, and reveals that the clock will turn time back so that humanity never existed and uses living puppets and killer pumpkins to send the three away. Jonathan apologizes to Lewis for how he talked to him and they all plan to go back and stop Isaac and Selena. Lewis uses the Magic 8-Ball to learn the location of the clock under the boiler room. They return to the house, defeat the guardian pumpkins and puppets, and begin searching for the clock.

text: Florence is taken by Jonathan's mutated snake named Snakespeare, leaving Lewis and Jonathan to face the Izzards on their own. Isaac and Selena await as the lunar eclipse is setting, which will activate the clock's power. Lewis and Jonathan try to fight back, but Jonathan is transformed into a baby that still has his adult head. The eclipse begins, and people around town start to de-age to children. Lewis consults the Magic 8-Ball to know what to do and it says "Say goodbye." Lewis realizes he has to let go of his pain from losing his parents to harness his true power. He drops the ball into the clock's gears to slow it down, and using his own magic, Lewis blasts Isaac and Selena, causing them to fall, de-age, and ultimately be erased from existence. Everything goes back to normal as Florence reveals that she has fixed Snakespeare and Lewis asks her to be part of his new family.

text: Lewis returns to school with more confidence, and gets revenge on Tarby and his friends by magically bouncing a ball on their faces, and befriends Rose Rita Pottinger. Jonathan then picks him up from school where they go home with Florence as the three of them are now like a regular family, as reflected in the stained glass window.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.
Cate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.
Owen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.
Kyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock
Renée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.
Sunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.
Vanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.
Colleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.
Lorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.
Eli Roth as Comrade Ivan

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on October 10, 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia.[6] One of the challenges for the visual effects team was building massive 10-foot and 14.5-foot gears for the Clock Room sequence. Another challenge was designing the Jack-o’-lantern characters, which included input from Steven Spielberg on the final designs.[7]

text: Noah Schnapp auditioned for Lewis' role, but ended up staying to Owen Vaccaro.

text: Release[edit]

text: The House with a Clock in Its Walls was released by Universal Pictures on September 21, 2018.[8] Select IMAX screenings featured a 3D version of Michael Jackson's Thriller, which only ran for the first week of release.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  October 28, 2018[update], The House with a Clock in Its Walls has grossed $66.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $44.8 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $111.4 million, against a production budget of $42 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, The House with a Clock in Its Walls was released alongside Assassination Nation, Life Itself and Fahrenheit 11/9, and was projected to gross $15–20 million from 3,592 theaters in its opening weekend.[9] The film made $7.8 million on its first day, including $840,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $26.9 million, finishing first at the box office and marking the best opening of Roth's career, surpassing Hostel in 2006 ($19.6 million).[10] In its second weekend the film made $12.5 million, finishing third behind newcomers Night School and Smallfoot.[11]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 67% based on 166 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An entertaining PG detour for gore maestro Eli Roth, The House with a Clock in Its Walls is a family-friendly blend of humor and horror with an infectious sense of fun."[12]

text: On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[13] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars.[10]