document_title: Sam Winchester

question_text: when does sam start to drink demon's blood

question_tokens: when does sam start to drink demon 's blood

text: Sam Winchester

text: Background[edit]

text: Sam was born on May 2, 1983 to John and Mary Winchester in Lawrence, Kansas. He is one of two focal characters of the series. He is the couple's second child, four years younger than his older brother Dean.[1] He is named after his maternal grandfather, Samuel Campbell.[2]

text: When Sam was only six months old, his mother Mary was killed by the demon Azazel, whom his mother walked in on while he was feeding Sam demon blood. Sam is saved from the ensuing fire by his father, who then gives him to a four-year-old Dean to carry outside.[1] Since that moment, Dean has felt responsible for Sam and became Sam's protector, partially due to pressure from their father to keep his brother safe.

text: Sam and Dean spent their childhood moving from town to town every few weeks while their father hunted supernatural beings and their mother's unknown killer. Until the age of 8, Sam believed that his mother had died in a car accident and his father was a traveling salesman, until Dean revealed to him the existence of the paranormal.[3] Sam apparently started hunting alongside his brother and father around the age of twelve,[4] however, he began wanting a normal life without monsters; years later, a teacher encouraged him to carve out a life away from the "family business" after reading Sam's story about a werewolf hunt.[5] At nineteen, after a heated argument with John, Sam leaves for Stanford University, thus leaving his family and their hunting crusade behind him.[1]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: At the start of the series, 22-year-old Sam is seen as a senior at Stanford, applying for law school. Sam also has a girlfriend, Jessica, with whom he lives and secretly plans to marry. One night, Dean comes to Sam's apartment seeking his help after their father John goes missing. Sam eventually accompanies his brother. After defeating a woman in white and discovering a trail to lead them to their father, Sam returns to Stanford where he witnesses Jessica's death at the hands of a demon – exactly the same way his mother was killed. This incites him to go with Dean to find their father and to kill the demon in order to avenge the deaths of his mother and his lover.[1] In the consequent episodes, the brothers deal with dangerous mythical creatures and urban legends such as the wendigo,[6] Bloody Mary,[7] and shapeshifters.[8] During this time, Sam begins experiencing episodes of precognitive dreams[7] and once displays telekinesis.[9]

text: As the search for John continues, Sam argues with Dean constantly – mostly about the way Dean obeys his father's orders without question, while Sam questions them and resents his father's treatment of them as "loyal little soldiers". The brothers eventually split up, with Dean going to investigate a mystery his father has assigned him while Sam decides to search for their father elsewhere. The two are eventually reunited after Dean apologizes.[10]

text: Later in the season, John is captured by demons, and the brothers manage to rescue him. However, they soon learn that the demon who killed their mother is in possession of their father's body. Though John begs Sam to kill him, Sam instead shoots John in the leg using the Colt, and the demon escapes. As Sam drives his father and a badly wounded Dean to a hospital, a truck driven by a demon-possessed man crashes into them, totaling Dean's Impala and gravely injuring the Winchesters.[11]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: At the beginning of the second season, the Winchesters are at the Nashville hospital, with Sam and John escaping with minor injuries, while Dean is on the brink of death. In a deal with Azazel, John sacrifices his soul and the Colt in exchange for Dean's life.[12] While the boys mourn their father's death, Sam expresses much guilt about never having a chance to reconcile with John, leading him to believe that his father died knowing his own son hated him.[13]

text: As the boys start to take a more active role in hunting, Sam begins to search for psychic children like him to find out Azazel's plan.[14] Eventually Sam learns from Dean that, before their father's death, John told Dean that Azazel is planning to turn Sam evil, and that Dean must either save him or kill him.[15] Although angered at his father and brother upon learning this revelation, Sam decides to save as many people as possible so that he can change his destiny.[16] In the season finale, Sam is transported to an abandoned town along with Azazel's other chosen children. There he learns Azazel's plans: he and the other children must kill one another until there is one survivor – who will lead a demon army (as the Antichrist). Sam also discovers that Jessica was killed because her death would lead Sam back into hunting and Mary interrupted Azazel during the process of feeding Sam demon blood, and thus was killed. It is also revealed that Mary somehow knew Azazel. Although Sam tries to protect the other children, various fights ensue, and the children are killed off one by one. Eventually, only Jake Talley and Sam are left, at which point Sam is stabbed by Jake.[17] Sam dies in Dean's arms.

text: In the aftermath, a desperate and depressed Dean sells his soul to the Crossroads Demon for Sam's resurrection. With the help of fellow hunters Bobby Singer and Ellen Harvelle, Sam and Dean track down Jake, but are unable to stop him from opening a gateway to Hell on Azazel's orders. However, Sam subdues Jake and kills him in cold blood. Eventually Bobby and Ellen manage to close the gateway while Sam and Dean battle Azazel. With the help of John's spirit, Dean finally kills Azazel and John shares an emotional moment with his sons before finally moving on. Afterwards, Sam learns that he was dead and Dean sold his soul to bring him back. He then promises Dean that he will save him no matter what it takes.[18]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Sam continues to do whatever he can to save Dean from going to Hell; he begins to become more ruthless and is willing to kill anything demonic even if his prey is part human (i.e., demonically-possessed humans),[19][20] human witches,[21] and even Gordon Walker who became a vampire.[22] Sam later reveals that he's trying to become more like Dean so that, if he fails to save Dean's soul, he's ready to face a world full of demons on his own.[21]

text: Season three also sees the introduction of the demon Ruby,[23] who tries to gain Sam's trust by helping the brothers in fixing The Colt,[19] saving them numerous times, and telling Sam she can save Dean from Hell,[23] even though in reality she can't.[21] Ruby also reveals that because Sam refuses to lead the demon army, another demon named Lilith has filled the power vacuum and is leading the army while carrying intentions to kill Sam;[24] she is also revealed to hold Dean's contract for his soul.[25]

text: In the season finale, Sam and Dean, armed with Ruby's demon-killing knife, confront Lilith in a last-ditch effort to save Dean's soul. Sam is incapacitated by Lilith and forced to watch as his brother is killed by a hellhound. Lilith then tries to kill Sam; however, her powers have no effect on him and she flees, leaving a crying Sam with Dean's mutilated corpse.[26]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Four months after the season three finale, Dean has returned from Hell. He and Bobby meet up with Sam at a motel, where an overwhelmed Sam joyously reunites with Dean. While trying to figure out how Dean returned from Hell, Dean and Bobby confront the being who revived him, Castiel, an angel who was ordered by the Archangel Michael to resurrect Dean.[27] They discover that this came to be because the angels need Dean and Sam's help to stop Lilith, who is breaking the 66 Seals, and once they are all broken, Lucifer the first fallen angel will be freed from Hell, bringing the Apocalypse upon the Earth.[28]

text: It is revealed that in the months without Dean, Sam – depressed, drinking heavily, and carrying a death wish – tries to bargain with various Crossroads Demons in order to exchange his soul for Dean's. None of them accept the offer. Realizing he can't save Dean, Sam plans to kill Lilith in revenge. He makes contact with Ruby – now in a different host – who teaches him how to use his powers to exorcise demons. In time, he and Ruby become lovers and he appears to be moving on from Dean's death – to an extent, at least.[29] When Dean finds out about Sam's powers and all the secrets Sam has been keeping from him, Sam responds by saying that he does this because Dean looks and treats him like a freak.[30] Sam then promises Dean that he won't use his powers anymore but breaks the promise when it becomes apparent that his powers may be needed to prevent the Apocalypse.[31]

text: Sam's powers become an important part of the fourth season as they are shown to fluctuate – at times so weak that he can barely exorcise a demon,[32] whereas at other times they are strong enough to kill a demon.[33] It is revealed that drinking demon blood makes Sam's powers grow stronger[33] while at the same time making him "cold" and "arrogant". Sam eventually becomes addicted to demon blood, a fact that Dean soon discovers. With Bobby's help they lock Sam in a protected panic room[32] so that he can detox, but the withdrawal symptoms are painful and he begins experiencing hallucinations. Just as the process becomes easier for Sam, Castiel appears and frees Sam. He meets up with Ruby and learns that he will need to drink more demon blood than he has ever done in order to have the strength to kill Lilith. Dean finds and confronts them and tries to kill Ruby, but Sam intervenes. He and Dean argue about how to stop the Apocalypse, whereupon Dean tells Sam he's changing into a monster, leading to a vicious fight between the brothers. Sam is the victor and as he leaves, Dean tells him not to return – just as their father John, years ago, told Sam not to return when he left for college.[34]

text: As Sam begins to feel the guilt over abandoning his brother, he and Ruby capture a demon that knows Lilith's location. Using his powers to torture the demon, she gives the location, but as Sam is about to drink her blood, the demon gives control to her human host, inciting immense guilt in Sam. A message from Dean, altered by the angel Zachariah, manipulates Sam, pushing him to continue his original mission to kill Lilith; he then drains the woman of her blood anyway. Ruby and Sam go to St. Mary's Convent in Ilchester, Maryland, where they find Lilith. As Sam attempts to kill Lilith, Ruby holds the doors shut to keep Dean, who has just arrived, from interfering. Sam hesitates when he hears his brother yelling for him, but when Lilith mocks him for his inability to do the job – even after becoming a monster to do so – he finishes her off, fulfilling his true destiny as the "special child." Lilith's death breaks the final seal and begins forming a portal for Lucifer. At this point, Ruby reveals that she was leading Sam along the entire time so he would break the seal. Dean finally enters the room and kills Ruby with her own knife, while Sam holds her in place. Sam apologizes to his brother as a white light shows a portal beginning to open.[35]

text: Season 5[edit]

text: As the portal for Lucifer opens, Sam and Dean are teleported onto an airplane by an unknown force (God). Sam loses his demon powers, claiming that the force that transported him and Dean onto the plane cleaned him up. He feels tremendous guilt for starting Armageddon and is told by Dean that he doesn't think he can trust Sam anymore due to Sam choosing a demon over his own brother.[36] Over time, Sam realizes that he is too dangerous to be involved in hunting, and he and Dean go their separate ways.[37] During this time, Sam tries to start living a normal life, but is approached by Lucifer in his dreams in the form of Jessica, who tells him that Sam is his true vessel in conjunction with Dean being the true vessel for Michael.[36][38] Sam decides to start hunting again with Dean as he is tired of demons controlling his life and seeks redemption for starting the Judgment Day; although Dean refuses at first, after he is sent to a nightmarish future in which he sees how awful things got with him and Sam not being together, he decides to join up with Sam once more.[39]

text: On their search to find a way to defeat Lucifer, the boys attempt to use the Colt and look for God, but it is revealed that the Colt cannot kill Lucifer and God does not care about the Apocalypse.[40][41] These actions make Dean decide to become Michael's vessel even if the end result is the deaths of millions of people,[36] however, Sam's faith in Dean pulls him back into finding another solution.[42] Upon the death of the Archangel Gabriel, the brothers discover that by using the rings from the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, they can reopen and trap Lucifer back into Hell.[43] As Dean and Sam already have War and Famine's rings, they search for Pestilence and Death's location, leading Sam to meet his old college friend Brady: the guy who introduced Sam to Jessica and the demon ordered by Azazel to kill Jessica. Although tempted to kill Brady immediately, Sam realizes that Brady is needed to find Pestilence's location and with the help of the demon Crowley they discover the horseman's location – after which Dean allows Sam to kill Brady.[44]

text: After Castiel captures Pestilence's ring and Death hands his ring to Dean,[4] both Bobby and Dean reluctantly decide to go with Sam's plan – that is, for Sam to agree to being Lucifer's vessel, then jump into the cage trapping them both in Hell.[44] Upon arriving in Detroit, Sam begs Dean to go live a normal life with his old flame Lisa Braeden and says his goodbyes to Bobby and Castiel. He then proceeds to confront Lucifer, who reveals that he knows about their plan. Seeing no other options left, Sam says yes anyway. A bright light shines and Dean looks upon an unconscious Sam as he opens the portal to Lucifer's prison. Although "Sam" says that he has Lucifer under control, it is shown that Lucifer was just taunting Dean. Lucifer closes the portal and takes the rings before disappearing. At an unknown location, Sam continues to fight Lucifer internally for control over his body. While talking through a mirror, Lucifer tries to persuade Sam to embrace their union by slaughtering demons that were watching Sam throughout his entire life.[45]

text: During Lucifer's confrontation at Stull Cemetery with Michael (using Adam as his vessel), he beats Dean, slamming him against the door of the Impala. As Lucifer is about to deliver a fatal blow, he catches a glimpse of a toy soldier stuck in the car's ash tray triggering Sam's memory of jamming the soldier in there as a boy. The sudden arousal of Sam's childhood memories and those of the bond of brotherhood he shares with Dean allows him to overpower Lucifer and regain control of his body. Sam takes out the rings, reopens the portal, and prepares to throw himself in. Having been temporarily banished by Castiel, Michael returns and attempts to stop him, but Sam jumps in, pulling Michael also with him – trapping both Lucifer and Michael in Lucifer's cage. The ground closes up with a stunned, devastated Dean watching. Later, it is shown that Dean fulfills his promise to Sam and has gone back to find Lisa. As he sits down with her and Ben for dinner, a street light outside goes out, and underneath it inexplicably is Sam secretly watching the three with a blank look on his face.[45]

text: Season 6[edit]

text: Almost a year has passed since Sam went to Hell, and he reappears to Dean after saving him from Djinn poisoning. Upon their reunion, Sam reveals that he has been back this whole time searching for whatever force brought him back and hunting with his mother's side of the family, the Campbells, led by their grandfather Samuel who was also resurrected.[46] While hunting with Sam again, Dean quickly notices how different he acts. These include using a baby as bait, allowing a child to go through a torturous treatment to gain information, and allowing Dean to become a vampire.[47][48][49] After facing the goddess Veritas, Dean and Castiel question Sam's behavior. Castiel then reveals that Sam's soul is not with him and is still trapped in Lucifer's Cage.[50][51] It is revealed that Crowley brought back Samuel so that they could help him find Purgatory, the afterlife of monsters, and that Samuel has been working for him. Crowley then states that if Sam and Dean help him he will return Sam's soul, but if they do not help him he will send Sam back to Hell.[51][52] Although Sam still retains his memories, likes, dislikes, and is capable of making rational decisions, he is completely without emotion and appears almost inhuman.[50][52]

text: Upon Dean's request, Death retrieves Sam's soul from the Cage and returns it to him at the end of the sixth season's mid-season finale "Appointment in Samarra". He gives Sam's mind a "protective wall" to prevent any negative effects it might have on him otherwise, but Death also warns him not to scratch at the wall he has built, or his memories from Hell will destroy him.[53] However, Castiel, in an attempt to distract Dean and Bobby while he attempts to enter Purgatory, brings down the wall, ultimately causing Sam to remember his time in Hell. In the season finale, Sam spends much of the episode attempting to recoup his shattered soul, including the memories of his soulless self and tortured self. Once complete, he reawakens, though still struggling with the visions of the Cage that his soul endured.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: After Castiel's actions result in the release of the Leviathans – God's first creations – Sam is left struggling with the restoration of his memories of his time in Hell, even if he remains dedicated to helping Dean and others stop the Leviathans. During this time, he has a reunion with his old Kitsune friend, Amy Pond, who has become a mortician feeding on the dead to sustain her, although Dean nevertheless kills her when he discovers that she has been killing to help her sick son. As Sam experiences hallucinations of Lucifer taunting him with the idea that he is still in Hell, he initially tries to control them by focusing on wounds he sustains in the real world, but matters become worse when he is forced to rely on information from the hallucination to save Dean. As his mental state becomes worse, Sam foregoes sleep to stop his visions, but is sent to an asylum when he is hit by a car while running away from Lucifer. While trying to find a healer who may be able to repair Sam, Dean encounters an amnesiac Castiel, who, when restored to his full powers, sacrifices himself by taking Sam's mental damage. Sam is shown to possess great guilt about this and rejects hope that Bobby's ghost may be helping them out after an attempt to communicate with him fails. Sam is initially happy when it is shown that Bobby's ghost is there helping them, but changes his mind after Bobby shows more and more signs of becoming a vengeful spirit. During the final battle at Sucrocorp, Sam rescues Kevin Tran – a Prophet who can read the Word of God – and is horrified to hear of Dick Roman's plan to kill all the skinny people in the world through poison in their coffee creamers. He and Kevin head to the lab where they find Dick Roman being killed by Dean and Castiel. After Dick explodes, Dean and Castiel disappear and Crowley appears and takes Kevin, leaving Sam completely on his own, not knowing Dean and Castiel are now trapped in Purgatory.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: The year Sam spends while Dean and Castiel are trapped in Purgatory is revealed through various flashbacks in the first half of the season. Now left on his own, Sam believes that Dean had been killed when Dick exploded, and gives up hunting. After several months, he accidentally runs over a stray dog and, panicked, takes it to an animal hospital. The veterinarian who saves the dog's life – Amelia Richardson – convinces Sam to take responsibility for the stray by adopting it.[54] Despite a rocky start, Sam and Amelia fall in love and even buy a house together in Kermit, Texas.[55] They later find out that her husband Don, who she had believed was killed in action,[56] was actually still alive.[55] Sam wants to stay with Amelia, but ultimately decides to leave and give her the opportunity to reconnect with Don.[57]

text: In the season premiere "We Need to Talk About Kevin", Sam runs into Dean and learns that Dean had just escaped from Purgatory; upon learning about what Sam had been doing the past year, Dean is upset that Sam had not even tried to save him or continued hunting. They find out that Kevin had managed to escape from Crowley six months ago and left Sam a string of desperate voice messages, begging for help. Sam feels guilty and joins Dean in tracking down Kevin, who reveals that he has discovered a passage in the Word of God that would banish all demons from Earth forever.[54] The spell requires three trials be performed by one person. Although Dean tries to do it himself in order to protect Sam from any possible consequence of the trials, Sam ends up completing the first trial (killing a hellhound and bathing in its blood) in "Trial and Error" to protect Dean; he persuades his brother to let him finish the rest by reasoning that Dean would be all-too-willing to sacrifice himself for the trials whereas Sam would fight so that both of them could live. However, taking on the trials quickly begins "damaging" Sam, which worries Dean.[58][59]

text: After meeting Benny – the vampire who helped Dean escape from Purgatory in exchange for Dean resurrecting him[54] – at the end of "Blood Brother", Sam immediately distrusts him, and asks Martin (a friend of their father's who had previously appeared in Season 5's "Sam, Interrupted") to monitor Benny. Martin contacts Sam in "Citizen Fang" to tell him that he believes Benny killed somebody, bringing the Winchesters to Carencro, Louisiana to help investigate. However, upon receiving an emergency text from Amelia and being unable to get a hold of her, Sam tears back to Kermit. He finds Amelia happily reunited with Don, and realizes that the text had been a trick by Dean to divert him from Benny. Enraged, Sam initially refuses to continue hunting with Dean in the following episode. Castiel – who has been mysteriously rescued from Purgatory – enlists his help in saving the angel Samandriel from being tortured by Crowley, forcing the brothers to reluctantly work together again. When forced by both Dean and Amelia to choose, Sam decides to rejoin his brother and fully commit himself to sealing Hell over returning to his normal life with Amelia.[60] Around this time, Sam and Dean encounter their time-traveling paternal grandfather Henry Winchester and discover that through him, they are the legacies to an extinct secret society of compilers of supernatural information and artifacts known as the Men of Letters. Although they manage to subdue the demonic Abaddon, who has pursued Henry into the present, their grandfather is killed, leaving Sam and Dean the last link to the Men of Letters.[61] They then inherit the bunker of the Men of Letters as their first real home.[62]

text: Sam completes the second trial – saving an innocent soul (in this case, Bobby) from Hell and sending it to Heaven – in "Taxi Driver" with the help of Benny, who sacrifices himself in the process of guiding Sam and Bobby out of Hell and thus finally causes Sam to admit to Dean that he had been wrong about Benny.[63] Unfortunately, Sam's illness from the trials worsens to the point that Dean temporarily restricts him from hunting out of worry for his condition.[64] Nevertheless, Sam remains determined to finish the trials and seal Hell because, viewing all the times he has failed Dean in the past (such as not looking for him when he was in Purgatory) as his worst sins, he has become obsessed with not letting Dean down anymore.[65] He and Dean attempt to use Abaddon for the third trial, that of restoring a demon's humanity, but she escapes while they are distracted by a call from Crowley, who has begun murdering everyone they've ever saved to force them to call off the trials.[66] After Crowley kills Sam's love interest Sarah Blake from Season 1's "Provenance",[66] Sam is devastated and briefly contemplates giving in to Crowley's demands, but he and Dean ultimately feign surrender to lure Crowley to them and take him prisoner in the season finale "Sacrifice" so that they can use him for the third trial instead. Sam is on the verge of fully restoring Crowley's humanity when Dean finds out that completing the trials will kill Sam. Although Sam, having fallen into deep guilt and despair due to constant reminders from Dean of how he'd failed him, wants to finish the trials anyway, Dean convinces him to let it go. The effects of the trials remain, however, leaving Sam in dire condition in the final moments of the finale.[65]

text: Season 9[edit]

text: Sam is close to death in the premiere, "I Think I'm Gonna Like It Here"; it is revealed that the trials have severely burned his internal organs as well as cut off oxygen-flow to his brain, and that he has virtually no chance of survival. Having slipped into a coma, Sam has a dream in which he realizes that he is dying and struggles between whether or not he should even try to fight, eventually electing to let himself die with the guarantee that this time he cannot be revived and cause anymore damage. However, the angel Gadreel is called in by Dean to save Sam through any means necessary. Disguised as Dean, Gadreel convinces Sam to let him save him and Sam agrees, unwittingly providing permission to Gadreel so that the angel can possess him due to Gadreel's ambiguously-worded question. Gadreel spends the next eight episodes healing Sam from within without Sam realizing it. In fact, Sam is completely unaware of Gadreel's presence, as the angel spends most of this time laying dormant in Sam's subconscious and he and Dean go to some lengths to prevent him finding out about it because Sam could prematurely expel Gadreel if he found out.

text: Sam is alerted to Gadreel's possession of him by Crowley in the later episode "Road Trip", at which point he revokes his permission and forcibly expels Gadreel from his body by ordering the angel out. To his horror, he also finds out that Gadreel has killed Kevin using his body to prove his loyalty to Metatron. Sam is appalled and angry at how far Dean will go to keep him alive, feeling betrayed that Dean not only helped Gadreel possess him and hid the truth from him but also for persuaded him not to finish the trials and thus kept the gates of Hell open and allowed demons to continue wreaking havoc, all to keep Sam alive. Sam lets a guilt-ridden Dean leave at the end of the episode. In the following episode "First Born", Sam works with Castiel to extract a lingering piece of Gadreel's grace (angelic energy) so that they can track him. Feeling guilty over the deaths he could have stopped, especially Kevin's, Sam urges Castiel to extract all of the grace still inside him, even though it may kill Sam because the grace is keeping him from reverting to his deathly state prior his possession. However, Castiel refuses to risk Sam's life. As a result, the amount of grace they gather is insufficient to track Gadreel.

text: Sam runs into Dean on the same case in "Sharp Teeth". Although Dean tries to divert Sam from the case so that they won't have to work together again, Sam reveals that he is willing to work with Dean again so long as it is on a strictly professional basis, telling him that they cannot work on a brotherly basis anymore because Dean has lost his trust. At the end of "The Purge", Sam responds to Dean's attempts to justify his decisions by saying that Dean's choices are not as selfless as Dean paints them and that he would not have done what Dean did given the same situation, which stuns Dean into silence.

text: The two eventually begin to come back together as Sam learns more about Abaddon's history and plans after he learns that she has been taking souls while leaving the victims 'alive', much like he was after his escape from Hell. They eventually manage to determine the location of a portal to Heaven that allows Castiel to trap Metatron while Dean kills Abaddon with the First Blade – acquired from Cain himself and the only weapon capable of killing a Knight of Hell – but Castiel is left dying of the grace he stole to regain his powers while Dean is transformed into a demon due to the First Blade's influence.

text: Season 10[edit]

text: After spending six weeks tracking the transformed Dean – along with a brief confrontation with a man named Cole whose father was killed by Dean on a prior hunt – Sam manages to capture Dean while he is distracted, taking him back to the bunker to treat him with the demon cure. Despite demon-Dean's attempts to undermine his and Sam's relationship through his demonically-warped perspective, Sam is eventually able to cure Dean and restore him to humanity, although he continues to be concerned about Dean's emotional state after his time as a demon and the possibility that the Mark of Cain could transform him again.

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: Sam's supernatural abilities are the result of him being fed Azazel's demon blood while he was an infant. Sam exhibits signs of precognition throughout the first season, manifesting as dreams of others' deaths and later as visions.[7][9] Sam has also shown signs of sensing spirits, once displayed telekinesis, and immunity to certain demonic powers.[9][12][26][67] Sam states that his abilities are connected to Azazel and anything related to his actions, such as the other special children.[68] This argument was further proven after Azazel's death, as Sam stopped having visions of both the demon and the other psychics,[23] however, according to Ruby his powers were simply dormant.[26] After training with Ruby, Sam develops new abilities, such as exorcising demons with his mind, and his telekinesis becomes more potent.[27] By drinking demon blood Sam's power become stronger, to the point where he can outright kill demons and even torture them while in their human hosts; by drinking at least three gallons of demon blood, he can kill demons just by concentrating and willing it to happen.[35][45] After being affected by the Horseman Famine, Sam uses his powers to defeat him by attacking the demon spirits that Famine had recently consumed, although Dean and Bobby were subsequently forced to lock Sam in the panic room to detox.

text: In addition, with the training given to him by his father, Sam is a skilled fighter, proficient with firearms, shotguns and melee weapons. Like his brother Dean, he possesses many abilities that are frowned upon by law, including but not limited to: lock picking, computer hacking, disguised conning, and carjacking. Throughout the series, Sam has been shown to be highly intelligent with reading and recalling Latin incantations, which can be used to summon, exorcise, and vanquish demons;[24] typically, when the two brothers are working together, Dean is the superior physical fighter while Sam's expertise lies in carrying out research and recalling information to determine the nature of the threat that they are currently facing. Through Ruby, he knows how to make hex bags to cloak himself from demons and angels.[36] Sam also displays the ability to read one's "poker face" and has a great sense of direction and time, at one point being able to find a vampire's nest while blindfolded by keeping track of the time and the turns of the car.[69]


document_title: History of Jacksonville, Florida

question_text: what was the original name of jacksonville florida

root

text: History of Jacksonville, Florida

text: Early days[edit]

text: Ancient history[edit]

text: Archaeological evidence indicates 6,000 years of human habitation in the area. Pottery has been found dating to 2500 BC, nearly the oldest in the United States and second to artifacts of the Savannah River area. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical record period, the area was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua indigenous Native Americans. At the time of contact with Europeans, most Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered on Fort George Island near the mouth of the St. Johns River.[1] They had a complex society, well-adapted to the environmental conditions of the area.

tag: p

text: Colonial and territorial history[edit]

text: In 1513, Spanish explorers landed in Florida and claimed their discovery for Spain (see Spanish Florida). The first Europeans to visit the area were Spanish missionaries and explorers from this period. In February 1562, French naval officer Jean Ribault and a 150 settlers arrived seeking land for a safe haven for the French Huguenots, Protestants suffering religious persecution in France. Ribault explored the mouth of the St. Johns River before moving north and establishing the colony of Charlesfort on what is now Parris Island, South Carolina. Ribault returned to France for supplies, but tensions from French Wars of Religion had broken out during his absence. His return to Florida was delayed as a result. Without leadership or provisions, the colonists abandoned Charlesfort. In 1564 Ribault's former lieutenant, René Goulaine de Laudonnière, launched a new expedition to found a colony on the St. Johns River. On June 22, 1564, the settlers established Fort Caroline atop the St. Johns Bluff.

text: Laudonnière made an alliance with the local tribe of Timucua Indians, the Saturiwa. He also forged friendly relations with their competitors, the Utina tribe, who lived upriver to the south (around what is now Palatka and the Lake George area). Ribault intended to resupply Fort Caroline in early 1565, but was again delayed. As a result, the colony faced famine, three mutinies, and eventually warfare with the Utina. Ribault finally reached the fort with a relief expedition in the summer, and assumed command of the settlement. In the meantime, the Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés had established the colony of St. Augustine 35 miles to the south, with the express mission to displace the French.

text: When he arrived, Ribault launched a naval expedition of 200 sailors and 400 soldiers to dislodge the Spanish, but a storm at sea incapacitated them for several days and caused numerous deaths. On September 20, 1565, Menéndez marched his men overland to Fort Caroline, defended by 200 or 250 people, and killed everyone except for 50 women and children and 26 men who escaped. The Spanish picked up the survivors of Ribault's fleet, and summarily executed all but 20.

text: The Spanish took over Fort Caroline, renaming it as San Matteo. In 1568 the French and Spanish confronted each other again here, when Dominique de Gourgues burned it to the ground. The Spanish rebuilt the fort, but abandoned it in 1569. The Spanish next built Fort San Nicolas further upriver to protect the rear flank of St. Augustine. "San Nicolas" served as their name for the Jacksonville area, a placename which survives in the neighborhood of St. Nicholas. The fort was located on the east side of the St. Johns, where Bishop Kenny High School now stands. The fort was abandoned in the late 17th century.

text: France and Spain were defeated by the British in the French and Indian War. During the war the British had defeated the Spanish in Cuba and occupied the island, whereas Florida had hardly seen any fighting. As part of the negotiations between the two nations in the aftermath of the war, Spain would cede Florida to Great Britain in exchange for the return of Cuba. The British agreed and Florida was ceded to the United Kingdom in 1763. The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named the "Cow Ford", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.[2][3][4] The British divided Florida into the two colonies of British East Florida and British West Florida.[5]

text: The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to the two new colonies reports of Florida's natural wealth were published in England. A large number of British colonists who were "energetic and of good character" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. This would be the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County. The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial-by-jury, habeas corpus and county-based government.[6][7]

text: The British gave control of the territory back to Spain in 1783. Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities, the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present English-speaking settlers who had lived in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.[8] The Spanish also accepted slaves from the newly created United States if they converted to Catholicism.

text: Between 1812 and 1814 during the War of 1812 between the US and Britain, the US Navy assisted American settlers in Florida in "The Patriot War", a covert attempt to seize control of Florida from the Spanish. They began with invasions of Fernandina and Amelia Island.[9] Spain sold the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821 and, by 1822, Jacksonville's current name had come into use, to honor General Andrew Jackson. It first appears on a petition sent on June 15, 1822 to U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, asking that Jacksonville be named a port of entry. The city is named for Andrew Jackson, military governor of the Florida Territory and eventual President of the United States. U.S. settlers led by Isaiah D. Hart wrote a charter for a town government, which was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832. Remembered as the city's most important founding father, Hart is memorialized with the Isaiah D. Hart Bridge over the St. Johns.

text: Civil War[edit]

text: During the American Civil War, Jacksonville was a key supply point for hogs and cattle leaving Florida and aiding the Confederate cause. Throughout most of the war, the US Navy maintained a blockade around Florida's ports, including Jacksonville. In October 1862 Union forces captured a Confederate battery in the Battle of St. Johns Bluff and occupied Jacksonville. Throughout the war Jacksonville would change hands several times, though never with a battle. On February 20, 1864, Union soldiers from Jacksonville marched inland and confronted the Confederate Army at the Battle of Olustee.[10][11]

text: The battle was a devastating loss for the Union and a decisive victory for the Confederacy.[12] Soldiers on both sides were veterans of the great battles in the eastern and western theaters of war, but many of them remarked in letters and diaries that they had never experienced such terrible fighting.[11] The Confederate dead were buried at Oaklawn Cemetery in nearby Lake City.[13] The Union losses caused Northern authorities to question the necessity of further Union involvement in the militarily insignificant region of northern Florida. On the morning of 22 February, as the Union forces were still retreating to Jacksonville, the 54th Massachusetts was ordered to counter-march back to Ten-Mile Station. The locomotive of a train carrying wounded Union soldiers had broken down and the wounded were in danger of capture. When the 54th Massachusetts arrived, the men attached ropes to the engine and cars and manually pulled the train approximately three miles to Camp Finnegan, where horses were secured to help pull the train. After that, the train was pulled by both men and horses to Jacksonville for a total distance of ten miles. It took forty-two hours to pull the train that distance.[14][15]

text: The US Transport Maple Leaf was sunk at Jacksonville, April 1, 1864.[16] The U.S. Transport General Hunter was sunk in the St. John's River, April 16, 1864, close to where the Maple Leaf was sunk.[17]

text: By the end of the war in 1865, a Union commander commented that Jacksonville had become "pathetically dilapidated, a mere skeleton of its former self, a victim of war."

text: Post Civil War[edit]

text: Winter resort era[edit]

text: Following the Civil War, during Reconstruction and afterward, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous of the Gilded Age. Visitors arrived by steamboat and (beginning in the 1880s) by railroad, and wintered at dozens of hotels and boarding houses. The 1888 Subtropical Exposition was held in Jacksonville and attended by President Grover Cleveland, but the Florida-style world's fair did not lead to a lasting boost for tourism in Jacksonville. The area declined in importance as a resort destination after Henry Flagler extended the Florida East Coast Railroad to the south, reaching Palm Beach in 1894 and the Miami area in 1896. This drew tourism to the southern Atlantic Coast.

text: Yellow fever epidemics[edit]

text: Jacksonville's prominence as a winter resort was dealt another blow by major yellow fever epidemics in 1886 and 1888. During the second one, nearly ten percent of the more than 4,000 victims died, including the city's mayor.[18] In the absence of scientific knowledge concerning the cause of yellow fever, nearly half of the city's panicked residents fled despite the imposition of quarantines. Inbound and outbound mail was fumigated in an effort to reduce contagion. Jacksonville's reputation as a healthful tourist destination suffered.

text: Spanish–American War[edit]

text: During the Spanish–American War, gunrunners helping the Cuban rebels used Jacksonville as the center for smuggling illegal arms and supplies to the island. Duval County sheriff and future state governor, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward, was one of the many gunrunners operating out of the city. Author Stephen Crane travelled to Jacksonville to cover the war.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Great Fire of 1901[edit]

text: On May 3, 1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by the Great Fire—the largest-ever urban fire in the Southeastern United States, which started when hot ash from a shantyhouse's chimney landed on the drying moss at Cleaveland's Fiber Factory. At half past noon most of the Cleaveland workers were at lunch, but by the time they returned the entire city block was engulfed in flames. The fire destroyed the business district and rendered 10,000 residents homeless in the course of eight hours. Florida Governor William S. Jennings declared a state of martial law in Jacksonville and dispatched several state militia units to help. Reconstruction started immediately, and the city was returned to civil authority on May 17. Despite the widespread damage, only seven deaths were reported.

text: Young architect Henry John Klutho had just returned to New York from a year in Europe when he read about the Jacksonville fire and, seeing a rare opportunity, he headed south. Klutho and other architects, enamored by the "Prairie Style" of architecture then being popularized by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago and other Midwestern cities, designed exuberant local buildings with a Florida flair. While many of Klutho's buildings were demolished by the 1980s, a number of his creations remain, including the St. James Building from 1911 (a former department store that is now Jacksonville's City Hall) and the Morocco Temple from 1910. The Klutho Apartments, in Springfield, were recently restored and converted into office space by local charity Fresh Ministries. Despite the losses of the last several decades, Jacksonville still has one of the largest collections of Prairie Style buildings (particularly residences) outside the Midwest.

text: Motion picture industry[edit]

text: In the early 20th century, before Hollywood, the motion picture industry was based in Fort Lee, New Jersey. In need of a winter headquarters, moviemakers were attracted to Jacksonville due to its warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheaper labor, earning the city the title of "The Winter Film Capital of the World." New York-based Kalem Studios was the first to open a permanent studio in Jacksonville in 1908. Over the course of the next decade, more than 30 silent film companies established studios in town, including Metro Pictures (later MGM), Edison Studios, Majestic Films, King Bee Film Company, Vim Comedy Company, Norman Studios, Gaumont Studios and the Lubin Manufacturing Company. Comedic actor and Georgia native Oliver "Babe" Hardy began his motion picture career here in 1914. He starred in over 36 short silent films his first year acting. With the closing of Lubin in early 1915, Oliver moved to New York then New Jersey to find film jobs. Acquiring a job with the Vim Company in early 1915, he returned to Jacksonville in the spring of 1917 before relocating to Los Angeles in October 1917. The first motion picture made in Technicolor and the first feature-length color movie produced in the United States, The Gulf Between, was also filmed on location in Jacksonville in 1917.

text: Jacksonville was especially important to the African American film industry. One notable individual in this regard is the European American producer Richard Norman, who created a string of films starring black actors in the vein of Oscar Micheaux and the Lincoln Motion Picture Company. In contrast to the degrading parts offered in certain white films such as The Birth of a Nation, Norman and his contemporaries sought to create positive stories featuring African Americans in what he termed "splendidly assuming different roles."

text: Jacksonville's mostly conservative residents, however, objected to the hallmarks of the early movie industry, such as car chases in the streets, simulated bank robberies and fire alarms in public places, and even the occasional riot. In 1917, conservative Democrat John W. Martin was elected mayor on the platform of taming the city's movie industry. By that time, southern California was emerging as the major movie production center, thanks in large part to the move of film pioneers like William Selig and D.W. Griffith to the area. These factors quickly sealed the demise of Jacksonville as a major film destination.

text: "Gateway to Florida"[edit]

text: The 1920s brought significant real estate development and speculation to the city during the great Florida land boom (and bust). Hordes of train passengers passed through Jacksonville on their way south to the new tourist destinations of South Florida, as most of the passenger trains arriving from the population centers of the North were routed through Jacksonville.

text: The Riverside Theater, which opened in 1927,[19] was the first theater in Florida to show talking pictures.[20][21]

text: Completion of the Dixie Highway (portions of which became U.S. 1) in the 1920s began to draw significant automobile traffic as well. An important entry point to the state since the 1870s, Jacksonville now justifiably billed itself as the "Gateway to Florida."

text: US Navy[edit]

text: A significant part of Jacksonville's growth in the 20th century came from the presence of navy bases in the region. October 15, 1940, Naval Air Station Jacksonville ("NAS Jax") on the westside became the first navy installation in the city. This base was a major training center during World War II, with over 20,000 pilots and aircrewmen being trained there. After the war, the Navy's elite Blue Angels were established at NAS Jax. Today NAS Jax is the third largest navy installation in the country and employs over 23,000 civilian and active-duty personnel.

text: In June 1941, land in the westernmost side of Duval County was earmarked for a second naval air facility. This became NAS Cecil Field, which during the Cold War was designated a Master Jet Base, the only one in the South. RF-8 Crusaders out of Cecil Field detected missiles in Cuba, precipitating the Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1993, the Navy decided to close NAS Cecil Field, and this was completed in 1999. The land once occupied by this installation is now known as the "Cecil Commerce Center" and contains one of the campuses of Florida Community College which now offers civil aeronautics classes.

text: December 1942 saw the addition of a third naval installation to Jacksonville: Naval Station Mayport at the mouth of the St. Johns River. This port developed through World War II and today is the home port for many types of navy ships, most notably the aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy from 1995 to 26 July 2007, when Big John was towed away, eventually to be mothballed in Philadelphia (see more at http://www.jacksonville.com/usskennedy). NS Mayport current employs about 14,000 personnel.

text: Jacksonville is also not far from Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay in St. Marys, Georgia, which is home to part of the US Navy's nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) fleet.

text: The naval base became a key training ground in the 1950s and 1960s and as such, the population of the city rose dramatically. More than half of the residents in Jacksonville had some tie to the naval base, whether it be a relative stationed there, or due to employment opportunities, by 1970, necessitating the opening of an international airport in the area.

text: Hotel Roosevelt fire[edit]

text: On December 29, 1963, a fire[22] gutted the first couple of stories of the Hotel Roosevelt on Adams Street, killing 22 people, setting a record for the highest one-day death toll in Jacksonville history. The hotel was later abandoned, with most businesses inside moving to the nearby Hotel George Washington.

text: Floating nuclear power plants[edit]

text: Offshore Power Systems (OPS) was a 1970 joint venture between Westinghouse Electric Company, who constructed nuclear generating plants, and Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock, who had recently merged with Tenneco, to create floating nuclear power plants at the Port of Jacksonville.[23][24] Construction of the new facility was projected to cost $200 million and create 10,000 new jobs when completed in 1976.[25] Contracts were signed by Public Service Electric and Gas Company with PSE&G paying for the startup costs for the manufacturing facility.[23] Westinghouse named Zeke Zechella to be president of OPS in 1972.[26]

text: OPS obtained 850+ acres (3.4 km2) on Blount Island from the Jacksonville Port Authority (JPA) for $2,000/acre,[24] then installed infrastructure using over 1,000 workers. A total of $125 million was invested in the property and facility,[24] however; no plants were ever built.[23]

text: Ax Handle Saturday[edit]

text: Because of its high visibility and patronage, the Hemming Park and surrounding stores were the site of numerous civil rights demonstrations in the 1960s. Black Sit-ins began on August 13, 1960 when students asked to be served at the segregated lunch counter at Woolworths, Morrison's Cafeteria and other eateries. They were denied service and kicked, spit at and addressed with racial slurs. This came to a head on "Ax Handle Saturday", August 27, 1960. A group of 200 middle aged and older white men (allegedly some were also members of the Ku Klux Klan) gathered in Hemming Park armed with baseball bats and ax handles. They attacked the protesters conducting sit-ins. The violence spread, and the white mob started attacking all African-Americans in sight. Rumors were rampant on both sides that the unrest was spreading around the county (in reality, the violence stayed in relatively the same location, and did not spill over into the mostly-white, upper-class Cedar Hills neighborhood, for example). A black street gang called the "Boomerangs" attempted to protect the demonstrators.[27] Police, who had not intervened when the protesters were attacked, now became involved, arresting members of the Boomerangs and other black residents who attempted to stop the beatings.[28][29][30]

text: Nat Glover, who worked in Jacksonville law enforcement for 37 years, including eight years as Sheriff of Jacksonville, recalled stumbling into the riot. Glover said he ran to the police, expecting them to arrest the thugs, but was told to leave town or risk being killed.[31]

text: Several whites had joined the black protesters on that day. Richard Charles Parker, a 25-year-old student attending Florida State University was among them. White protesters were the object of particular dislike by racists, so when the fracas began, Parker was hustled out of the area for his own protection. The police had been watching him and arrested him as an instigator, charging him with vagrancy, disorderly conduct and inciting a riot. After Parker stated that he was proud to be a member of the NAACP, Judge John Santora sentenced him to 90 days in jail.[32] Jacksonville remained as two cities, one white and one black well into the 1970s and beyond. Throughout this time there remained a "Colored Town" section that was almost exclusively Black with its own businesses, professional offices, restaurants, theaters and was a near photo-negative reflection of the nearly all-white downtown area. Ghettos and shacks could be seen below the highways into the 1970s and beyond.[33]

text: Hurricanes[edit]

text: Jacksonville is one of the few cities on the Eastern coast that have been largely spared from the wrath of hurricanes. Despite the damage and destruction that Hurricane Dora caused in Jacksonville, the very next day, September 11, 1964, over 20,000 fans attended a live concert at the Gator Bowl Stadium by the British rock-and-roll band, "The Beatles."[citation needed] The winds were blowing so hard that Ringo Starr's drumset had to be nailed down to the stage.[citation needed]

text: Dora was the only storm in recorded history to affect Jacksonville with hurricane-force winds, though the city has been affected by weaker storms as well as hurricanes that lost intensity before reaching the area. In September 1999, after Hurricane Floyd struck the Bahamas, over one million Floridians were evacuated from coastal areas, many of them from Jacksonville. Mayor John Delaney announced the mandatory evacuation of the Jacksonville Beaches and other low lying neighborhoods early on September 14; in total, nearly 80,000 Jacksonville residents left their homes. Ultimately the storm turned northward 125 miles off the coast, causing only minor damage in Jacksonville and the southeastern US before making ground in North Carolina. In September 2017, Jacksonville experienced record flooding from Hurricane Irma.

text: Consolidation[edit]

text: Through the 1960s Jacksonville, like most other large cities in the US, suffered from the effects of urban sprawl. To compensate for the loss of population and tax revenue and end waste and corruption, voters elected to consolidate the government of Jacksonville with the government of Duval County. The move was carried out on October 1, 1968, and Hans Tanzler, elected mayor of Jacksonville the year before, became the first mayor of the consolidated government. Jacksonville became the largest city in Florida and the 13th largest in the United States, and has a greater land area than any other American city outside Alaska. All areas of Duval County are considered part of Jacksonville besides the four independent municipalities of Jacksonville Beach, Atlantic Beach, Neptune Beach, and Baldwin, although residents of these towns vote in city elections and are eligible for services provided by Jacksonville.

text: Claude Yates began the "quiet revolution" with the Yates Manifesto and J. J. Daniel was chairman of the Local Government Study Commission. Lex Hester was Executive Director of the commission and the key architect of Jacksonville's consolidated government, transition coordinator and chief administrative officer following consolidation.[34]


document_title: Bill of rights

question_text: which countries do not have a bill of rights

text: Bill of rights

text: List of bills of rights[edit]

text: General[edit]

text:
Magna Carta (1215; England) rights for barons
Great Charter of Ireland (1216; Ireland) rights for barons
Golden Bull of 1222 (1222; Hungary) rights for nobles
Statute of Kalisz (1264; Kingdom of Poland) Jewish residents' rights
Charter of Kortenberg (1312; Belgium) rights for all citizens "rich and poor"
Dušan's Code (1349; Serbia)
Twelve Articles (1525; Germany)
Pacta conventa (1573; Poland)
Henrician Articles (1573; Poland)
Petition of Right (1628; England)
Bill of Rights 1689 (England) and Claim of Right Act 1689 (Scotland) This applied to all British Colonies of the time, and was later entrenched in the laws of those colonies that became nations - for instance in Australia with the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 and reconfirmed by the Statute of Westminster 1931
Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 1776)
Preamble to the United States Declaration of Independence (July 1776)
Chapter 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution (July 1776)[1]
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789; France)
Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution (completed in 1789, ratified in 1791)
Declaration of the Rights of the People (1811; Venezuela)
Article I of the Constitution of Connecticut (1818)
Constitution of Greece (1822; Epidaurus)
Hatt-ı Hümayun (1856; Ottoman Empire)
Article I of the Constitution of Texas (1875)
Basic rights and liberties in Finland (1919)[citation needed]
Articles 13-28 of the Constitution of Italy (1947)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948, United Nations)
Fundamental rights and duties of citizens in People's Republic of China (1949)
European Convention on Human Rights (1950)
Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens (1950)
Implied Bill of Rights (a theory in Canadian constitutional law)
Canadian Bill of Rights (1960)
International Bill of Human Rights (1976)
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)
Article III of the Constitution of the Philippines (1987)
Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil (1988)
New Zealand Bill of Rights Act (1990)
Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic (1991)
Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (1991)
Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa (entitled "Bill of Rights") (1996)
Human Rights Act 1998 (United Kingdom)
Human Rights Act 2004 (Australian Capital Territory)
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2005)
Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities (2006; Australian state of Victoria)
Chapter Four of the Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013)

tag: ul

text: Specifically targeted documents[edit]

text:
Consumer Bill of Rights
Homeless Bill of Rights
Taxpayer Bill of Rights
Academic Bill of Rights,
Veterans' Bill of Rights
G.I. Bill of Rights, better known as the G.I. Bill
Homosexual Bill of Rights, drafted by North American Conference of Homophile Organizations
Library Bill of Rights, published by the American Library Association
Environmental Bill of Rights or Agenda 21
Gamer's Bill of Rights, for video gamers
Creator's Bill of Rights, comic writers and artists
Donor's Bill of Rights, for philanthropic donors
Law Enforcement Officers' Bill of Rights
California Voter Bill of Rights, adaptation of the Voting Rights Act
Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque
New Jersey Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act
Credit Cardholders' Bill of Rights, contained within the Credit CARD Act of 2009
Passengers' Bill of Rights
Clone Bill of Rights, promoted by Randy Wicker's Clone Rights United Front for human cloning

text: Exceptions in Western democracies[edit]

text: Australia is the only common law country with neither a constitutional nor federal legislative bill of rights to protect its citizens, although there is ongoing debate in many of Australia's states.[2][3] In 1973, Federal Attorney-General Lionel Murphy introduced a human rights Bill into parliament, although it was never passed.[4] In 1984, Senator Stephen Bunce drafted a Bill of Rights, but it was never introduced into parliament, and in 1985, Senator Lionel Bowen introduced a bill of rights, which was passed by the House of Representatives, but failed to pass the Senate.[5] Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bill of rights for Australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians (populist politics) to unelected (constitutional) judges and bureaucrats.[6][7] Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) are the only states and territories to have a human rights Act.[8] [9] However, the principle of legality present in the Australian judicial system, seeks to ensure that legislation is interpreted so as not to interfere with basic human rights, unless legislation expressly intends to interfere. [10]


document_title: List of NBA champions

question_text: who won the nba finals last 5 years

question_tokens: who won the nba finals last 5 years

text: List of NBA champions

text: Champions

text: Numbers in parentheses in the table are NBA Finals appearances as of the date of that NBA Finals, and are used as follows:

text: Winning team and losing team columns indicate the conference (or division, prior to 1971), number of appearances in an NBA Finals, and each respective teams' NBA Finals record to date.

text:
Year
Winning team
Coach
Games
Losing team
Coach
Ref

1947
Philadelphia Warriors (1, 1–0)
Gottlieb, EddieEddie Gottlieb
4–1
Chicago Stags (1, 0–1)
Olsen, HaroldHarold Olsen
[14]

1948
Baltimore Bullets (1, 1–0)
Jeannette, BuddyBuddy Jeannette
4–2
Philadelphia Warriors (2, 1–1)
Eddie Gottlieb
[15]

1949
Minneapolis Lakers (W) (1, 1–0)
Kundla, JohnJohn Kundla
4–2
Washington Capitols (E) (1, 0–1)
Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach
[16]

1950
Minneapolis Lakers (C) (2, 2–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Syracuse Nationals (E) (1, 0–1)
Cervi, AlAl Cervi
[17]

1951
Rochester Royals (W) (1, 1–0)
Harrison, LesLes Harrison
4–3
New York Knicks (E) (1, 0–1)
Lapchick, JoeJoe Lapchick
[18]

1952
Minneapolis Lakers (W) (3, 3–0)
John Kundla
4–3
New York Knicks (E) (2, 0–2)
Joe Lapchick
[19]

1953
Minneapolis Lakers (W) (4, 4–0)
John Kundla
4–1
New York Knicks (E) (3, 0–3)
Joe Lapchick
[20]

1954
Minneapolis Lakers (W) (5, 5–0)
John Kundla
4–3
Syracuse Nationals (E) (2, 0–2)
Al Cervi
[21]

1955
Syracuse Nationals (E) (3, 1–2)
Al Cervi
4–3
Fort Wayne Pistons (W) (1, 0–1)
Eckman, CharlesCharles Eckman
[22]

1956
Philadelphia Warriors (E) (3, 2–1)
Senesky, GeorgeGeorge Senesky
4–1
Fort Wayne Pistons (W) (2, 0–2)
Charles Eckman
[23]

1957
Boston Celtics (E) (1, 1–0)
Red Auerbach
4–3
St. Louis Hawks (W) (1, 0–1)
Hannum, AlexAlex Hannum
[24]

1958
St. Louis Hawks (W) (2, 1–1)
Alex Hannum
4–2
Boston Celtics (E) (2, 1–1)
Red Auerbach
[25]

1959
Boston Celtics (E) (3, 2–1)
Red Auerbach
4–0
Minneapolis Lakers (W) (6, 5–1)
John Kundla
[26]

1960
Boston Celtics (E) (4, 3–1)
Red Auerbach
4–3
St. Louis Hawks (W) (3, 1–2)
Macauley, EdEd Macauley
[27]

1961
Boston Celtics (E) (5, 4–1)
Red Auerbach
4–1
St. Louis Hawks (W) (4, 1–3)
Seymour, PaulPaul Seymour
[28]

1962
Boston Celtics (E) (6, 5–1)
Red Auerbach
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (W) (7, 5–2)
Schaus, FredFred Schaus
[29]

1963
Boston Celtics (E) (7, 6–1)
Red Auerbach
4–2
Los Angeles Lakers (W) (8, 5–3)
Fred Schaus
[30]

1964
Boston Celtics (E) (8, 7–1)
Red Auerbach
4–1
San Francisco Warriors (W) (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
[31]

1965
Boston Celtics (E) (9, 8–1)
Red Auerbach
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (W) (9, 5–4)
Fred Schaus
[32]

1966
Boston Celtics (E) (10, 9–1)
Red Auerbach
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (W) (10, 5–5)
Fred Schaus
[33]

1967
Philadelphia 76ers (E) (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
4–2
San Francisco Warriors (W) (5, 2–3)
Sharman, BillBill Sharman
[34]

1968
Boston Celtics (E) (11, 10–1)
Russell, BillBill Russell
4–2
Los Angeles Lakers (W) (11, 5–6)
van Breda Kolff, ButchButch van Breda Kolff
[35]

1969
Boston Celtics (E) (12, 11–1)
Bill Russell
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (W) (12, 5–7)
Butch van Breda Kolff
[36]

1970
New York Knicks (E) (4, 1–3)
Holzman, RedRed Holzman
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (W) (13, 5–8)
Mullaney, JoeJoe Mullaney
[37]

1971
Milwaukee Bucks (WC) (1, 1–0)
Costello, LarryLarry Costello
4–0
Baltimore Bullets (EC) (1, 0–1)
Shue, GeneGene Shue
[38]

1972
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (14, 6–8)
Bill Sharman
4–1
New York Knicks (EC) (5, 1–4)
Red Holzman
[39]

1973
New York Knicks (EC) (6, 2–4)
Red Holzman
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (15, 6–9)
Bill Sharman
[40]

1974
Boston Celtics (EC) (13, 12–1)
Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn
4–3
Milwaukee Bucks (WC) (2, 1–1)
Larry Costello
[41]

1975
Golden State Warriors (WC) (6, 3–3)
Attles, AlAl Attles
4–0
Washington Bullets (EC) (2, 0–2)
Jones, K. C.K. C. Jones
[42]

1976
Boston Celtics (EC) (14, 13–1)
Tom Heinsohn
4–2
Phoenix Suns (WC) (1, 0–1)
MacLeod, JohnJohn MacLeod
[43]

1977
Portland Trail Blazers (WC) (1, 1–0)
Ramsay, JackJack Ramsay
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (EC) (5, 2–3)
Gene Shue
[44]

1978
Washington Bullets (EC) (3, 1–2)
Motta, DickDick Motta
4–3
Seattle SuperSonics (WC) (1, 0–1)
Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens
[45]

1979
Seattle SuperSonics (WC) (2, 1–1)
Lenny Wilkens
4–1
Washington Bullets (EC) (4, 1–3)
Dick Motta
[46]

1980
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (16, 7–9)
Westhead, PaulPaul Westhead
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (EC) (6, 2–4)
Cunningham, BillyBilly Cunningham
[47]

1981
Boston Celtics (EC) (15, 14–1)
Fitch, BillBill Fitch
4–2
Houston Rockets (WC) (1, 0–1)
Harris, DelDel Harris
[48]

1982
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (17, 8–9)
Riley, PatPat Riley
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (EC) (7, 2–5)
Billy Cunningham
[49]

1983
Philadelphia 76ers (EC) (8, 3–5)
Billy Cunningham
4–0
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (18, 8–10)
Pat Riley
[50]

1984
Boston Celtics (EC) (16, 15–1)
K. C. Jones
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (19, 8–11)
Pat Riley
[51]

1985
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (20, 9–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (EC) (17, 15–2)
K. C. Jones
[52]

1986
Boston Celtics (EC) (18, 16–2)
K. C. Jones
4–2
Houston Rockets (WC) (2, 0–2)
Bill Fitch
[53]

1987
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (21, 10–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (EC) (19, 16–3)
K. C. Jones
[54]

1988
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (22, 11–11)
Pat Riley
4–3
Detroit Pistons (EC) (3, 0–3)
Daly, ChuckChuck Daly
[55]

1989
Detroit Pistons (EC) (4, 1–3)
Chuck Daly
4–0
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (23, 11–12)
Pat Riley
[56]

1990
Detroit Pistons (EC) (5, 2–3)
Chuck Daly
4–1
Portland Trail Blazers (WC) (2, 1–1)
Adelman, RickRick Adelman
[57]

1991
Chicago Bulls (EC) (1, 1–0)
Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (24, 11–13)
Dunleavy, MikeMike Dunleavy
[58]

1992
Chicago Bulls (EC) (2, 2–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Portland Trail Blazers (WC) (3, 1–2)
Rick Adelman
[59]

1993
Chicago Bulls (EC) (3, 3–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Phoenix Suns (WC) (2, 0–2)
Westphal, PaulPaul Westphal
[60]

1994
Houston Rockets (WC) (3, 1–2)
Tomjanovich, RudyRudy Tomjanovich
4–3
New York Knicks (EC) (7, 2–5)
Pat Riley
[61]

1995
Houston Rockets (WC) (4, 2–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–0
Orlando Magic (EC) (1, 0–1)
Hill, BrianBrian Hill
[62]

1996
Chicago Bulls (EC) (4, 4–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Seattle SuperSonics (WC) (3, 1–2)
Karl, GeorgeGeorge Karl
[63]

1997
Chicago Bulls (EC) (5, 5–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Utah Jazz (WC) (1, 0–1)
Sloan, JerryJerry Sloan
[64]

1998
Chicago Bulls (EC) (6, 6–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Utah Jazz (WC) (2, 0–2)
Jerry Sloan
[65]

1999
San Antonio Spurs (WC) (1, 1–0)
Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich
4–1
New York Knicks (EC) (8, 2–6)
Van Gundy, JeffJeff Van Gundy
[66]

2000
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (25, 12–13)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Indiana Pacers (EC) (1, 0–1)
Bird, LarryLarry Bird
[67]

2001
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (26, 13–13)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Philadelphia 76ers (EC) (9, 3–6)
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
[68]

2002
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (27, 14–13)
Phil Jackson
4–0
New Jersey Nets (EC) (1, 0–1)
Scott, ByronByron Scott
[69]

2003
San Antonio Spurs (WC) (2, 2–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–2
New Jersey Nets (EC) (2, 0–2)
Byron Scott
[70]

2004
Detroit Pistons (EC) (6, 3–3)
Larry Brown
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (28, 14–14)
Phil Jackson
[71]

2005
San Antonio Spurs (WC) (3, 3–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–3
Detroit Pistons (EC) (7, 3–4)
Larry Brown
[72]

2006
Miami Heat (EC) (1, 1–0)
Pat Riley
4–2
Dallas Mavericks (WC) (1, 0–1)
Johnson, AveryAvery Johnson
[73]

2007
San Antonio Spurs (WC) (4, 4–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (EC) (1, 0–1)
Brown, MikeMike Brown
[74]

2008
Boston Celtics (EC) (20, 17–3)
Rivers, DocDoc Rivers
4–2
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (29, 14–15)
Phil Jackson
[75]

2009
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (30, 15–15)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Orlando Magic (EC) (2, 0–2)
Van Gundy, StanStan Van Gundy
[76]

2010
Los Angeles Lakers (WC) (31, 16–15)
Phil Jackson
4–3
Boston Celtics (EC) (21, 17–4)
Doc Rivers
[77]

2011
Dallas Mavericks (WC) (2, 1–1)
Carlisle, RickRick Carlisle
4–2
Miami Heat (EC) (2, 1–1)
Spoelstra, ErikErik Spoelstra
[78]

2012
Miami Heat (EC) (3, 2–1)
Erik Spoelstra
4–1
Oklahoma City Thunder (WC) (4, 1–3)
Brooks, ScottScott Brooks
[79]

2013
Miami Heat (EC) (4, 3–1)
Erik Spoelstra
4–3
San Antonio Spurs (WC) (5, 4–1)
Gregg Popovich
[80]

2014
San Antonio Spurs (WC) (6, 5–1)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
Miami Heat (EC) (5, 3–2)
Erik Spoelstra
[81]

2015
Golden State Warriors (WC) (7, 4–3)
Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr
4–2
Cleveland Cavaliers (EC) (2, 0–2)
Blatt, DavidDavid Blatt
[82]

2016
Cleveland Cavaliers (EC) (3, 1–2)
Lue, TyronnTyronn Lue
4–3
Golden State Warriors (WC) (8, 4–4)
Steve Kerr
[83]

2017
Golden State Warriors (WC) (9, 5–4)
Steve Kerr
4–1
Cleveland Cavaliers (EC) (4, 1–3)
Tyronn Lue
[84]

2018
Golden State Warriors (WC) (10, 6–4)
Steve Kerr
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (EC) (5, 1–4)
Tyronn Lue
[85]

tag: table

text: Results by teams

text:
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost

Boston Celtics
17
4
21
1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008
1958, 1985, 1987, 2010

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers
16
15
31
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010
1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008

Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors
6
4
10
1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017, 2018
1948, 1964, 1967, 2016

Chicago Bulls
6
0
6
1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
—

San Antonio Spurs
5
1
6
1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014
2013

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
3
6
9
1955, 1967, 1983
1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001

Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons
3
4
7
1989, 1990, 2004
1955, 1956, 1988, 2005

Miami Heat
3
2
5
2006, 2012, 2013
2011, 2014

New York Knicks
2
6
8
1970, 1973
1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999

Houston Rockets
2
2
4
1994, 1995
1981, 1986

Cleveland Cavaliers
1
4
5
2016
2007, 2015, 2017, 2018

St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks
1
3
4
1958
1957, 1960, 1961

Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards
1
3
4
1978
1971, 1975, 1979

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
1
3
4
1979
1978, 1996, 2012

Portland Trail Blazers
1
2
3
1977
1990, 1992

Milwaukee Bucks
1
1
2
1971
1974

Dallas Mavericks
1
1
2
2011
2006

Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[a]
1
0
1
1948
—

Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings
1
0
1
1951
—

Phoenix Suns
0
2
2
—
1976, 1993

New Orleans/Utah Jazz
0
2
2
—
1997, 1998

New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets
0
2
2
—
2002, 2003

Orlando Magic
0
2
2
—
1995, 2009

Chicago Stags (folded in 1950)
0
1
1
—
1947

Washington Capitols (folded in 1951)
0
1
1
—
1949

Indiana Pacers
0
1
1
—
2000

Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers
—
—
—

Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats
—
—
—

Denver Nuggets
—
—
—

Minnesota Timberwolves
—
—
—

New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans
—
—
—

Toronto Raptors
—
—
—

Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies
—
—
—

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.

tag: ol


document_title: Ball and socket joint

question_text: what type of joint is the hip bone

question_tokens: what type of joint is the hip bone

text: Ball and socket joint

text: This is the current revision of this page, as edited by InternetArchiveBot (talk | contribs) at 05:08, 14 July 2017 (Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.4)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.

text:
Ball and socket joint

1: Ball and socket joint; 2: Condyloid joint (Ellipsoid); 3: Saddle joint; 4 Hinge joint; 5: Pivot joint;

Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.

Identifiers

Dorlands
/Elsevier
a_64/12161549

TA
A03.0.00.050

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

text: The ball and socket joint (or spheroidal joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. It enables the bone to move in many places (nearly all directions).

text: An enarthrosis is a special kind of spheroidal joint in which the socket covers the sphere beyond its equator.[1]

text: Examples[edit]

text: Examples of this form of articulation are found in the hip, where the rounded head of the femur (ball) rests in the cup-like acetabulum (socket) of the pelvis, and in the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, where the rounded head of the humerus (ball) rests in the cup-like glenoid fossa (socket) of the shoulder blade.[2] It should be noted that the shoulder includes a sternoclavicular articulation joint.

text:
Hip

Shoulder

Details of hip joint.

Femur
Femoral Neck
Femoral Head
Acetabulum
Acetabular Labrum
Pelvis


document_title: List of postal codes in Mexico

question_text: what is the zip code for san luis potosi mexico

text: List of postal codes in Mexico

text: By district or state[edit]

text:
00-16 Distrito Federal

20 Aguascalientes

21-22 Baja California

23 Baja California Sur

24 Campeche

29-30 Chiapas

31-33 Chihuahua

25-27 Coahuila

28 Colima

34-35 Durango

36-38 Guanajuato

39-41 Guerrero

42-43 Hidalgo

44-49 Jalisco

50-57 México

58-61 Michoacán

62 Morelos

63 Nayarit

64-67 Nuevo León

68-71 Oaxaca

72-75 Puebla

76 Querétaro

77 Quintana Roo

78-79 San Luis Potosí

80-82 Sinaloa

83-85 Sonora

86 Tabasco

87-89 Tamaulipas

90 Tlaxcala

91-96 Veracruz

97 Yucatán

98-99 Zacatecas

text: 0xxxx-1xxxx: Mexico City (Ciudad de México)[edit]

text:
01020 Álvaro Obregón, Col. San José Insurgentes
01110 Álvaro Obregón, Col. Las Palmas
01210 Álvaro Obregón, Col. Centro de Ciudad Santa Fe
01790 Álvaro Obregón, Col. Lomas de San Ángel Inn
02300 Azcapotzalco, Fracc. Industrial de Vallejo
02460 Azcapotzalco, Col. La Preciosa
02630 Azcapotzalco, Col. Coltongo
02770 Azcapotzalco, Col. Santa Cruz Acayucan
02800 Azcapotzalco, Col. Nueva Santa María
02870 Azcapotzalco, Col. San Salvador Xochimanca
03020 Benito Juárez, Col. Narvarte
03400 Benito Juárez, Col. Alamos
03100 Benito Juárez, Col. Del Valle
03810 Benito Juárez, Col. Nápoles
03700 Benito Juárez, Col. Nonoalco
03510 Benito Juárez, Col. Moderna
03900 Benito Juárez, Col. San José Insurgentes
03940 Benito Juárez, Col. Crédito Constructor
04100 Coyoacán, Col. del Carmen
04620 Coyoacán, Col. San Pablo Tepetlapa
04650 Coyoacán, Col. Pueblo de Santa Úrsula Coapa
04910 Coyoacán, Col. Santa Úrsula Coapa
05100 Cuajimalpa, Col. Lomas de Vista Hermosa
05120 Cuajimalpa, Col. Bosques de las Lomas
06400 Cuauhtémoc, Col. Centro
06600 Cuauhtémoc, Col. Juárez
06700 Cuauhtémoc, Col. Roma
06720 Cuauhtémoc, Col. Doctores
06800 Cuauhtémoc, Col. Obrera
06900 Cuauhtémoc, Col. Nonoalco Tlatelolco
07770 Gustavo A. Madero, Col. Maximimo Àvila Camacho
07780 Gustavo A. Madero, Col. Héroe de Nacozari
07800 Gustavo A. Madero, Col. Industrial
07820 Gustavo A. Madero, Col. Tres Estrellas
07920 Gustavo A. Madero, Col. San Juan de Aragón
08100 Iztacalco, Col. Pantitlán
08200 Iztacalco, Col. Viaducto Piedad
08300 Iztacalco, Col. Santa Anita
08400 Iztacalco, Col. Granjas México
08500 Iztacalco, Col. Agrícola Oriental
09040 Delegación Iztapalapa, Col. Central de Abastos
09060 Delegación Iztapalapa, Col. Sector Popular
09070 Delegación Iztapalapa, Col. Granjas San Antonio
09230 Delegación Iztapalapa, Col. Ejército de Oriente
09510 Delegación Iztapalapa, Col. Santa Martha Acatitla
09620 Delegación Iztapalapa, Col. Lomas de Zaragoza
09640 Delegación Iztapalapa, Col. Xalpa
09810 Delegación Iztapalapa, Col. Granjas Esmeralda
09850 Delegación Iztapalapa, Col. San Juan Xalpa
10370 Magdalena Contreras, Col. Las Palmas
10300 Magdalena Contreras, Col. San Bernabé Ocotepec
11000 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Lomas de Chapultepec
11230 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Argentina Poniente
11400 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Pensil
11500 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Irrigación
11510 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Los Morales Polanco
11520 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Granada
11560 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Palmitas Polanco
11580 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Polanco
11590 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Anzures
11650 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Reforma Social
11700 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Bosques de las Lomas
11800 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Escandón
11820 Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Amóérica
11850 Miguel Hidalgo, San Miguel Chapultepec
13270 Tlahuac, Col. del Mar
14020 Tlalpan, Col. Tlalpan
14090 Tlalpan, Col. La Joya
15400 Venustiano Carranza, Col. Romero Rubio
15810 Venustiano Carranza, Col. Merced Centro
15820 Venustiano Carranza, Col. Lorenzo Boturini
15850 Venustiano Carranza, Col. Magdalena Mixhuca
15900 Venustiano Carranza, Col. Jardín Balbuena
16050 Xochimilco, Col. San Bernardino

text: 20xxx: Aguascalientes[edit]

text:
20000 Aguascalientes, Col. Centro
20110 Aguascalientes, Col. Trojes de Alonzo
20230 Aguascalientes, Frac. Sta Elena
20230 Aguascalientes, Fraccionamiento La Fuente
20206 Aguascalientes, Frac. José López Portillo

text: 21xxx-22xxx: Baja California[edit]

text:
21000 Mexicali, Centro Cívico
21270 Mexicali, Col. Santa Teresa
21389 Mexicali, Col. Hidalgo
21395 Mexicali, Col. Elias Calles
21400 Tecate, Zona Centro
21624 Ejido Cuernavaca
21850 San Felipe
21970 Los Algodones
22000 Tijuana, Zona Centro
22127 Tijuana, Inf. Lomas verdes.
22223 Tijuana (Privada las vistas)
22427 Tijuana, Otay Universidad
22440 Tijuana, Col. 20 de Noviembre
22200 Playas de Tijuana
22444 Tijuana, Cd. Industrial
22650 Tijuana, La Floresta
22800 Ensenada, Zona Centro

text: 23xxx: Baja California Sur[edit]

text:
23400 San José del Cabo, Col. Magisterial
23410 Cabo San Lucas, Col. INFONAVIT Las Brisas
23020 La Paz, Col. Vicente Guerrero

text: 24xxx: Campeche[edit]

text:
24040 Campeche, Col. Barrio San Román
24500 Campeche, Col. Centro
24097 Campeche, Col. Las Flores

text: 25xxx-27xxx: Coahuila[edit]

text:
25000 Saltillo, Col. Centro
25017 Saltillo, Parque Industrial de Amistad
25700 Monclova, Col. Zona Centro
26000 Piedras Negras, Col. González
26700 Sabinas, Col. Centro
27000 Torreón, Col. Centro

text: 28xxx: Colima[edit]

text: 28000 Colima, Col. Centro

text: 29xxx-30xxx: Chiapas[edit]

text:
29000 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Col. Centro
29020 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Col. Jardines de Tuxtla
29200 San Cristóbal de las Casas, Col. Centro
29229 San Cristóbal de las Casas, Col. 31 de Marzo
30700 Tapachula, Col. Centro

text: 31xxx-33xxx: Chihuahua[edit]

text:
31000 Chihuahua, Col. Centro
31050 Chihuahua, Col. Roma

31109 Chihuahua, Col. Las Carolinas
31500 Cuauhtémoc, Col. Ciudad Cuauhtémoc Centro
32350 Ciudad Juárez, Fracc. Nogales
32401 Ciudad Juárez, Fracc. Napoli
32420 Ciudad Juárez, Col. INFONAVIT San Lorenzo C.C. Calesa
33180 Meoqui
33800 Parral
33700 Ciudad Camargo, Chih.

text: 34xxx-35xxx: Durango[edit]

text:
35018 Gomez Palacio, Durango, Las Granjas
35060 Gomez Palacio, Durango, Col. H. Mayagoitia
35060 Gomez Palacio, Durango, Col. Ampliacion Sacramento
35060 Gomez Palacio, Durango, Col. Sacramento
35025 Gomez Palacio, Durango, Col. Chapala Ote
35150 Lerdo, Durango, Zona. Centro

text: 36xxx-38xxx: Guanajuato[edit]

text:
36180 Irapuato, Col. Flores Magón
36200 Romita
37130 León,Col. Haciendas El Rosario
37220 León, Guanajuato,Col. Villa insurgentes
37300 León, Guanajuato,Col. Lindavista
37700 San Miguel de Allende, Col. Centro
38000 Celaya, Col. Centro
38010 Celaya, Col. Las Aves and Col. Villas de la Hacienda
38020 Celaya, Col. Imperial, Col. Santos Degollados and Col. La Calesa
38030 Celaya, Col. Emiliano Zapata and Col. Guanaguato,
38050 Celaya, Col. Lopez Portillo, Col. Exelaris, Col.Los Veinte, Col. Arcada, Col.Alameda and Col. Villa de Reyes
38600 Acámbaro, Col. Centro

text: 39xxx: Guerrero[edit]

text:
39000 Chilpancingo, Col. Centro
39300 Acapulco, Col. Centro
39670 Acapulco, Fracc. Magallanes
39907 Acapulco, Col. Lázaro Cardenas

text: 42xxx-43xxx: Hidalgo[edit]

text:
42083 Pachuca, Fracc. Quinta Bonita
42080 Pachuca, Col. Centro Minero
43600 Tulancingo, Col. Centro
43200 Zacualtipán, Zacualtipán de Ángeles,Hgo.

text: 44xxx-48xxx: Jalisco[edit]

text:
44190 Guadalajara, Col. Moderna
44200 Guadalajara, S.H. Santa Teresita
44350 Guadalajara, Col. Lomas de Independencia
44500 Guadalajara, Col. Verde Valle
44600 Guadalajara, Col. Ladrón de Guevara
44630 Guadalajara, Col. Providencia
44800 Guadalajara, Col. San Antonio
44890 Tlaquepaque, Col. Rancho Blanco
44940 Guadalajara, Zona Industrial
45019 Zapopan, Col. San Juan de Ocotan
45050 Zapopan, Ciudad del Sol
45060 Zapopan, Miramar
45070 Tlaquepaque, Col. Las Fuentes
45238 Zapopan, Cd. Bugambilias
45380 Amatitán
45400 Tonalá
45430 La Laja
45600 Tlaquepaque, Col. Santa María Tequepexpan
45618 Tlaquepaque, Col. Juan de la Barrera
45920 Ajijic
46680 Ameca, Col. Niños Héroes
47180 Arandas
47460 Tepatitlán de Morelos
47930 Ayotlan
48310 Puerto Vallarta, Col. Versalles
48321 Puerto Vallarta, Edificio Cielito Lindo
48330 Puerto Vallarta, Col Lázaro Cardenas
48348 Puerto Vallarta, Col. Santa María
48400 Tequila

text: jose serrano

text: 50xxx-57xxx: México State (Estado de México)[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015)

text: 58xxx-61xxx: Michoacán[edit]

text:
58000 Morelia, Col. Chapultepec Sur
59600 Zamora, Col. Centro
60000 Uruapan, Col. Centro
60130 Uruapan, Col. Eduardo Ruiz
61180 Ciudad Hidalgo, Fracc. Monte Bello

text: 62xxx: Morelos[edit]

text:
62190 Cuernavaca, Col. Carolina
62210 Cuernavaca, Pbo. Chamilpa
62230 Cuernavaca, Col. San Cristóbal
62270 Cuernavaca, Col. Miraval
62420 Cuernavaca, Fracc. Jacarandas
62430 Cuernavaca, Fracc. Cuauhnáhuac
62500 Jiutepec, CIVAC
62744 Cuautla, Col. Emiliano Zapata
62220 Cuernavaca, Pbo. Ocotepec
62460 Cuernavaca, Col. Vicente Estrada Cajigal
62770 Tlaltizapan, Col. Centro
62790 Jojutla, Col. Centro
62780 Zacatepec, Col. Centro

text: 63xxx: Nayarit[edit]

text: 63000 Tepic,

text: 64xxx-67xxx: Nuevo León[edit]

text:
64000 Monterrey, Col. Centro
64320 Monterrey, Col. Mitras Norte
64640 Monterrey, Col. San Jerónimo
66050 Escobedo, Col. Ricardo Flores Magon
66120 Santa Catarina, Col. San Humberto
66220 San Pedro Garza García, Fracc. Santa Bárbara
66358 Santa Catarina, Fracc. Industrial de Martel
66450 San Nicolás de los Garza, Col. El Roble
66480 San Nicolás de los Garza, Col. Residencial Anáhuac
66480 San Nicolás de los Garza, Col. Residencial Nogalar
67150 Guadalupe, Col. El Sabrino
67170 Guadalupe, Col. Contry la Silla
67485 Cadereyta Jimenez Fracc. Framboyanes
67700 Ciudad Linares, Col. Centro 2

text: 68xxx-71xxx: Oaxaca[edit]

text:
68020 Oaxaca, Col. Ricardo Flores Magón
68300 Tuxtepec, Col. San Antonio Encinal
70430 Crucero de Mitla
70989 Bahias de Huatulco
71510 Ocotlan de Morelos

text: 72xxx-75xxx: Puebla[edit]

text:
72130 Puebla, Col. La Libertad
72150 Puebla, Fracc. Jardines de Zavaleta
72160 Puebla, Col. La Paz
72450 Puebla, Col. San Jose Mayorazgo
72460 Puebla, Col. Rincón Arboledas
75700 Tehuacán, Col. Centro

text: 76xxx: Querétaro[edit]

text:
76000 Downtown Santiago de Querétaro
76020 Santiago de Querétaro, Col. Pathe
76100 Santiago de Querétaro, Col. Jurica
76120-76130 Santiago de Querétaro, Fracc. Industrial Benito Juárez
76260 El Marqués
76802 San Juan del Río
76950 Alto
76957 Buenavista
76993 El Chamizal
76981 El Milagro
76950 Huimilpan Cabecera
76956 Ceja de Bravo
76974 La Galera
76980 Lagunillas
76958 Las Tepuzas
76970 Los Cues
76971 Sn. Antonio de la Galera
76997 San Ignacio
76995 San Pedro
76983 Apapataro
76977 El Bambilete
76952 El Granjeno
76951 El Vegil
76957 Huitrón
76952 La Cueva
76973 La Noria
76950 Las Taponas
76984 Los Carranza
76953 Piedras Lisas
76992 San Francisco
76990 San Pedrito
76976 Santa Teresa

text: 77xxx: Quintana Roo[edit]

text:
77000 Chetumal, Col. Centro
77500 Cancún,  Zona Hotelera
77505 Cancún
77508 Cancún, Col. Centro
77600 Coxumel, Col. Centro
77710 Playa del Carmen, Col. Centro

text: 78xxx-79xxx: San Luis Potosí[edit]

text:
78070 San Luis Potosí, Col. Hogares Ferrocarrileros
78250 San Luis Potosí, Co. Tequisquiapan
79000 Ciudad Valles, Col. Centro

text: 80xxx-82xxx: Sinaloa[edit]

text:
80200 Culiacán, Col Miguel Alemán
81000 Guasave, Col. Centro
81200 Los Mochis, Col. Centro
82000 Mazatlán, Col. Centro
80000 Culiacán, Col. Centro

text: 83xxx-85xxx: Sonora[edit]

text:
83180 Hermosillo, Col. San Benito
83550 Puerto Penasco, Sonora (Rocky Point MX)
83489 San Luis Rio Colorado, Col. Federal
84000 Nogales, Col. Centro
85000 Ciudad Obregón, Zona Centro
85400 Guaymas, Col. Centro
85800 Navojoa, Col. Centro
83600 Caborca, Col. Caborca Centro
83640 Caborca, Col. Industrial

text: 86xxx: Tabasco[edit]

text:
86000 Villahermosa, Zona Centro
86100 Villahermosa, Col. Atasta

text: 87xxx-89xxx: Tamaulipas[edit]

text:
87000 Ciudad Victoria, Zona Centro
87300 Matamoros, Zona Centro
87360 Matamoros, Colonia Modelo
87380 Matamoros, Fraccionamiento Los Sauces
88000 Nuevo Laredo, Zona Centro
88699 Reynosa, Col. Prol.  Longoria
88910 Rio Bravo, Zona Centro
88920 Río Bravo, Fracc: Riveras del Bravo
88990 Río Bravo, Col. Condesa
89000 Tampico, Zona Centro
89100 Tampico, Lomas de Rosales
89110 Tampico, Petrolera
89130 Tampico, Primavera
89400 Ciudad Madero, Zona Centro
89440 Ciudad Madero, Col. Jardín 20 de Noviembre
89800 Ciudad Mante, Zona Centro

text: 90xxx: Tlaxcala[edit]

text: 90000 Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala

text: 91xxx-94xxx: Veracruz[edit]

text:
91000 Xalapa, zona Centro
91030 Xalapa, Col. Jose Cardel
91010 Xalapa, Col. Unidad del Bosque
91014 Xalapa, Col. Une PRI
91020 Xalapa, Fracc. Veracruz (Col. Obrero Campesina)
91040 Xalapa, Fracc. Pomona
91060 Xalapa, Fracc. Ensueno
91190 Xalapa, Fracc. Indeco Ánimas
91158 Xalapa, Col. Rubén Pabello Acosta
91180 Xalapa, Col. Encinal
91130 Xalapa, Col. Aguacatal
91150 Xalapa, Col. FESAPAUV
91070 Xalapa, Col. Francisco I. Madero
91230 Tlalnelhuayocan, Col. Guadalupe Victoria
91240 Xico, Col. Centro
91500 Coatepec, Col. Centro
91270 Perote, Col. Centro
91700 Veracruz, Zona Centro
91712 Veracruz, Col. Miguel Hidalgo
91750 Veracruz, Col. Pascual Ortiz Rubio
91757 Veracruz, Col. Primero de Mayo
91710 Veracruz, Col. Unidad Veracruzana
91770 Veracruz, U.H. Adolfo Ruíz Cortines
91778 Veracruz, Col. Adolfo López Mateos
91755 Veracruz, Col. Cristóbal Colón
91779 Veracruz, U.H. El Coyol (U.H. 23 de Noviembre)
91720 Veracruz, Col. 21 de Abril
91740 Veracruz, Col. Chapultepec
91714 Veracruz, Inf. Chivería
91850 Veracruz, Inf. Buenavista
91920 Veracruz, Col. Panteones
91810 Veracruz, Playa Linda
91830 Veracruz, Fracc. del Norte (Infonavit Río Medio)
91840 Veracruz, Col. Empleados Municipales
91870 Veracruz, Fracc. Los Pinos
91897 Veracruz, Col. Formando Hogar
91855 Veracruz, Col. Iván Gómez Gómez (Infonavit Tarimoya)
91780 Veracruz, Fracc. Vistamar
91788 Veracruz, U.H. SETSE (Infonavit Médano del Perro)
91910 Veracruz, Col. Zaragoza
91918 Veracruz, Fracc. Moderno
91919 Veracruz, Fracc. Reforma
91940 Veracruz, Fracc. Floresta
93320 Poza Rica, Col. 27 de Septiembre
93230 Poza Rica, Col. Cazones
93400 Papantla, Col. Centro
94295 Boca del Río, Col. Tamsa
94294 Boca del Río, Fracc. Jardines del Virginia
94298 Boca del Río, Col. Luis Echeverria
94296 Boca del Río, Fracc. Hípico
94294 Boca del Río, Fracc. Costa Verde
94293 Boca del Río, U.H. El Morro
94295 Boca del Río, Col. Rigo
94299 Boca del Río, Fracc. Costa de Oro
94296 Boca del Río, Col. Revolución
94300 Orizaba, Col. Centro
94100 Huatusco, Col. Centro
94730 Río Blanco, Col. Centro
94500 Córdoba, Col. Bella Vista

text: 97xxx: Yucatán[edit]

text: 97000 Mérida, Col. Centro

text:
97218 Mérida, fracc. del arco
97217 Mérida, fracc. Residencial Pensiones

text: 98xxx: Zacatecas[edit]

text: 98000 Zacatecas, Col. Centro


document_title: 2,000-yard club

question_text: who holds the nfl record for most rushing yards in a season

text: 2,000-yard club

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key

Symbol
Meaning

No.
Number of the player, ranked by the time he surpassed 2,000 rushing yards

Games
Games in the season

Att.
Total rushing attempts

Yds.
Total rushing yards

TD
Total rushing touchdowns

Y/A
Rushing yards per attempt

Y/G
Rushing yards per game

Fumb.
Total fumbles

MVP
AP Most Valuable Player

OPOY
AP Offensive Player of the Year

HOF
Pro Football Hall of Fame member

*
Active NFL player

N/E
Not yet eligible for the Pro Football Hall of Fame[A]

text: 2,000-yard rushers[edit]

text:
List of players with 2,000 or more rushing yards in a season

No.
Season
Player
Team
Games
Att.
Yds.
TDs
Y/A
Y/G
Fumb.
MVP
OPOY
HOF
Retired
Ref

1
1973
O. J. Simpson
Buffalo Bills
14
332
2,003
12
6.0
143.1
7
Yes
Yes
1985
Yes
[8]

2
1984
Eric Dickerson
Los Angeles Rams
16
379
2,105
14
5.6
131.6
14
No
No
1999
Yes
[9]

3
1997
Barry Sanders
Detroit Lions
16
335
2,053
11
6.1
128.3
3
Yes
Yes
2004
Yes
[10]

4
1998
Terrell Davis
Denver Broncos
16
392
2,008
21
5.1
125.5
2
Yes
Yes
2017
Yes
[11]

5
2003
Jamal Lewis
Baltimore Ravens
16
387
2,066
14
5.3
129.1
8
No
Yes
No
Yes
[12]

6
2009
Chris Johnson*
Tennessee Titans
16
358
2,006
14
5.6
125.4
3
No
Yes
N/E
No
[13]

7
2012
Adrian Peterson*
Minnesota Vikings
16
348
2,097
12
6.0
131.1
4
Yes
Yes
N/E
No
[14]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b To be eligible for induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the candidate must have been retired for at least five years.[7]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b "Minnesota Vikings' Adrian Peterson joins the 2,000-yard club". NFL.com. December 30, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "NFL Single-Season Rushing Yards Leaders". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Adrian Peterson just misses record". ESPN.com. December 31, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bender, Bill (December 23, 2012). "Adrian Peterson has one more week to enter elite 2,000 yard club". Sporting News. AOL.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "NFL Single-Season Rushing Leaders". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mission Statement". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Famers: Selection Process FAQ". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "O.J. Simpson AFL & NFL Football Statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Eric Dickerson NFL Football Statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Barry Sanders NFL Football Statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Terrell Davis NFL Football Statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jamal Lewis NFL Football Statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chris Johnson NFL Football Statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Adrian Peterson NFL Football Statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.

text: General references[edit]

text:
"AP MVP winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
"AP Offensive Player of the Year winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013.


document_title: Bigg Boss Marathi

question_text: who has won big boss marathi season 1

question_tokens: who has won big boss marathi season 1

text: Bigg Boss Marathi

text: Overview

text: Bigg Boss Marathi is a reality show based on the Hindi show Bigg Boss which too was based on the original Dutch Big Brother format developed by John de Mol Jr. A number of contestants (known as "housemates") live in a purpose-built house and are isolated from the rest of the world. Each week, housemates nominate two of their fellow housemates for eviction, and the housemates who receives the most nominations would face a public vote. Eventually, one housemate would leave after being "evicted" from the House. In the final week, there will be five housemates remaining, and the public will vote for who they wanted to win. Unlike other versions of Big Brother, the Marathi version uses celebrities as housemates, not members of the general public.

text: May 1st was celebrated as Maharashtra Day in Big boss house. Every contestants dressed in traditional outfits and performed any art form.

text: The house

text: The house is well-furnished and decorated. It has all kinds of modern amenities, but just two bedrooms, living area, kitchen, store room, smoking room, and four toilet bath rooms. There is a garden, pool, activity area and gym in the House. There is also a Confession Room, where the housemates may be called in by Bigg Boss for any kind of conversation, and for the nomination process. The House has no TV connection, no telephones, and no Internet connection.the set has been built on the place of big boss hindi version.

text: Rules

text: They are not supposed to tamper with any of the electronic equipment or any other thing in the House. They cannot leave the House premises at any time except when permitted to. They cannot discuss the nomination process with anyone. They cannot sleep in the day time. Also they need to wear mic all the time and speak in only Marathi language.

text: Sometimes, the housemates may be nominated for other reasons, such as nomination by a person who has achieved special privileges (via tasks or other things), for breaking rules or something else. If something is very serious, a contestant may be evicted directly

text: All the rules have never been told to the audience, the most prominent ones are clearly seen. The inmates are not permitted to talk in any other language than the language Marathi.

text: Broadcast

text: Bigg Boss Marathi is aired on Colors Marathi. Everyday's episodes contain the main happenings of the previous day. Every weekend episode mainly focuses on an interview of the evicted contestant by the host.

text: Eviction

text: Contestants are nominated every week by their housemates. Viewers cast their vote in favour of the contestants they would like to save from eviction. The contestant with the least number of votes is evicted from the house.

text: Series details

text:
Season

Main host

Launch date

Final date

Days

Housemates

Prize Money

Winner

Runner-up

1

Mahesh Manjrekar

15 April 2018

22 July 2018

98

18

50 Lakhs

Megha Dhade

Pushkar Jog

text: Housemate pattern

text:
Clique

Season 1

Film Actor/Actress

Bhushan Kadu

Jui Gadkari

Megha Dhade

Pushkar Jog

Rajesh Shringarpure

Resham Tipnis

Rutuja Dharmadhikari

Sai Lokur

Smita Gondkar

Sushant Shelar

Usha Nadkarni

Vineet Bhonde

Sharmishtha Raut(Wild Card)

Nandkishor Chaughule(Wild Card)

Comedian

Aarti Solanki

Singer

Aastad Kale

Tyagraj Khadilkar(Wild Card)

Journalist

Anil Thatte

text: Special appearances

text: Season 1

text:
Sachin Pilgaonkar
Sharad Upadhye
Hrishikesh Joshi
Priyadarshan Jadhav
Swapnil Joshi
Harshada Khanvilkar