document_title: List of Twenty20 International records

question_text: who has scored most runs in t20 international matches

text: List of Twenty20 International records

text: Listing notation[edit]

text: Team notatioam scored 100 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained (or are able) to be bowled.

text: (100) indicates that a team scored 100 runs and was all out, either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets.

text: Batting notation

text:
(100*) indicates a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.
(75) indicates that a batsman scored 75 runs and was out after that.

text: Bowling notation

text:
(5/40) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs.
(19.5 overs) indicates that a team bowled 19 complete overs (each of six legal deliveries), and one incomplete over of just five deliveries.

text: Currently playing

text: Record holders who are currently playing T20Is (i.e. their record details listed could change) are shown by .

text: Team records[edit]

text: Overall results[edit]

text:
Team
Mat
Won
Lost
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win %

 Afghanistan
61
34
22
0
0
0
63.93

 Australia
95
48
44
0
2
1
52.12

 Bangladesh
69
21
46
0
0
2
31.34

 Bermuda
3
0
3
0
0
0
0.00

 Canada
19
4
14
0
1
0
23.68

 England
96
46
45
1
0
4
50.54

 Hong Kong
24
10
14
0
0
0
41.66

 India
91
55
33
1
0
2
62.35

 Ireland
61
26
29
0
0
6
47.27

 Kenya
29
10
19
0
0
0
34.48

   Nepal
11
3
8
0
0
0
27.27

 Netherlands
45
24
19
0
0
2
55.81

 New Zealand
100
50
43
2
3
2
53.57

 Oman
17
5
11
0
0
1
31.25

 Pakistan
120
72
45
1
2
0
61.25

 Papua New Guinea
9
3
6
0
0
0
33.33

 Scotland
44
18
23
0
0
3
43.90

 South Africa
100
59
40
0
0
1
59.59

 Sri Lanka
101
51
48
1
0
1
51.50

 United Arab Emirates
26
9
17
0
0
0
34.61

 West Indies
91
45
40
2
1
3
52.84

World XI
3
1
2
0
0
0
33.33

 Zimbabwe
54
13
40
1
0
0
25.00

The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win.
Last updated: 22 December 2017[2]

text: Highest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

263/3 (20.0 overs)
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

260/5 (20.0 overs)
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

260/6 (20.0 overs)
 Sri Lanka
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

248/6 (20.0 overs)
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

245/6 (20.0 overs)
 West Indies
 India
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[3]

text: Highest successful chases[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

236/6 (19.2 overs)
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

230/8 (19.4 overs)
 England
 South Africa
Mumbai
18 March 2016
Scorecard

211/4 (19.2 overs)
 India
 Sri Lanka
Mohali
12 December 2009
Scorecard

208/2 (17.4 overs)
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

205/5 (20.0 overs)
 Australia
 South Africa
Johannesburg
6 March 2016
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017[4]

text: Lowest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

39 (10.3 overs)
 Netherlands
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
24 March 2014
Scorecard

53 (14.3 overs)
   Nepal
 Ireland
Belfast
13 July 2015
Scorecard

56 (18.4 overs)
 Kenya
 Afghanistan
Sharjah
30 September 2013
Scorecard

57 (19.3 overs)
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
31 March 2014
Scorecard

67 (17.2 overs)
 Kenya
 Ireland
Belfast
4 August 2008
Scorecard

Qualification: Only completed innings in matches that did not have overs reduced are included.
Updated: 12 March 2017 [5]

If the qualification is removed, there are 14 innings that have scores lower than the 39 scored by the Netherlands. Six of those innings were 0/0 (0 overs), of which four came in matches abandoned with a toss and two were in no results.[6]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a loss is 29/1 by Zimbabwe. Batting second, Zimbabwe were chasing a total of 174 which was set by Sri Lanka. After 5 overs were completed in Zimbabwe's innings, rain interrupted play with Zimbabwe at 29/1. With no further play possible, the par score was calculated and Zimbabwe were adjudged to be short by 14 runs.[7]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a win is 36/1 by New Zealand against Zimbabwe. Batting second, New Zealand were chasing a total of 85 when after 8.1 overs were completed, rain prevented any further play from occurring. The par score was calculated and New Zealand were adjudged to be ahead by 7 runs.[8]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored after batting 20 overs is 70 by Bermuda against Canada. Canada went on to win the match by 8 wickets.[9]

text: Highest margin of victory (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

172 runs
 Sri Lanka (260/6) beat  Kenya (88)
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

130 runs
 South Africa (211/5) beat  Scotland (81)
London (Oval)
7 June 2009
Scorecard

119 runs
 New Zealand (243/5) beat  West Indies (124)
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

116 runs
 England (196/5) beat  Afghanistan (80)
Colombo (RPS)
21 September 2012
Scorecard

109 runs
 Zimbabwe (184/5) beat  Canada (75)
King City
13 October 2008
Scorecard

Updated: 3 January 2018 [10]

text: Highest margin of victory (by balls remaining)[edit]

text:
Balls Rem
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

90 balls
 Sri Lanka (40/1) beat  Netherlands (39)
Chittagong
24 March 2014
Scorecard

76 balls
 Ireland (72/0) beat  Kenya (71)
Dubai (DSC)
14 March 2012
Scorecard

74 balls
 New Zealand (74/1) beat  Kenya (73)
Durban
12 September 2007
Scorecard

73 balls
 Afghanistan (75/0) beat  Ireland (71)
Dubai
20 January 2017
Scorecard

72 balls
 Ireland (54/2) beat    Nepal (53)
Belfast
13 July 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017 [11]

text: Highest margin of victory (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

10 wickets
 South Africa (132/0) beat  Pakistan (129/8)
Johannesburg
2 February 2007
Scorecard

10 wickets
 Australia (102/0) beat  Sri Lanka (101)
Cape Town
20 September 2007
Scorecard

10 wickets
 Kenya (110/0) beat  Scotland (109/9)
Nairobi (Gym)
1 February 2010
Scorecard

10 wickets
 New Zealand (79/0) beat  Bangladesh (78)
Hamilton
3 February 2010
Scorecard

10 wickets
 Kenya (126/0) beat  Scotland (123)
Nairobi (Gym)
4 February 2010
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017[12]

text: Smallest margin of victory (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1 run
 West Indies (245/6) beat  India (244/4)
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

1 run
 Australia (150/7) beat  New Zealand (149/5)
Sydney
15 February 2009
Scorecard

1 run
 South Africa (128/7) beat  New Zealand (127/5)
London (MCC)
9 June 2009
Scorecard

1 run [a]
 England (202/6) beat  South Africa (127/3)
Johannesburg
13 November 2009
Scorecard

1 run
 New Zealand (133/7) beat  Pakistan (132/7)
Bridgetown
8 May 2010
Scorecard

1 run
 South Africa (120/7) beat  West Indies (119/7)
North Sound
20 May 2010
Scorecard

Updated: 27 August 2016 [13]

^[a] Rain interrupted play in South Africa's innings with South Africa having scored 127/3 after 13 overs. The par score at this point was 128. Rain prevented the match from resuming and England won by 1 run.

text: Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1 wicket
 England (158/9) beat  Australia (157/4)
Adelaide
12 January 2011
Scorecard

1 wicket
 Netherlands (131/9) beat  Kenya (128)
The Hague
26 July 2012
Scorecard

1 wicket
 Pakistan (174/9) beat  Sri Lanka (172/7)
Colombo (RPS)
1 August 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 3 April 2016 [14]

text: Tied matches[edit]

text:
Teams
Tie Break
Venue
Date
Scorecard

 West Indies (126/8) tied  New Zealand (126/7)
New Zealand won bowl-out
Auckland
16 February 2006
Scorecard

 India (141/9) tied  Pakistan (141/7)
India won bowl-out
Durban
14 September 2007
Scorecard

 Canada (135/7) tied  Zimbabwe (135/9)
Zimbabwe won bowl-out
King City
11 October 2008
Scorecard

 West Indies (155/8) tied  New Zealand (155/7)
West Indies won Super Over
Auckland
26 December 2008
Scorecard

 Australia (214/4) tied  New Zealand (214/6)
New Zealand won Super Over
Christchurch
28 February 2010
Scorecard

 Australia (151/4) tied  Pakistan (151/8)
Pakistan won Super Over
Dubai (DSC)
7 September 2012
Scorecard

 Sri Lanka (174/6) tied  New Zealand (174/7)
Sri Lanka won Super Over
Pallekele
27 September 2012
Scorecard

 West Indies (139) tied  New Zealand (139/7)
West Indies won Super Over
Pallekele
1 October 2012
Scorecard

 England (154/8) tied  Pakistan (154/7)
England won Super Over
Sharjah
30 November 2015
Scorecard

Even though tie-breakers were used to determine a winner in these matches, for statistical purposes, these matches are considered as ties.
Updated: 3 April 2016 [15]

text: Most consecutive wins by a team[edit]

text:
Wins
Team
First win
Last win

11
 Afghanistan
 West Indies at Nagpur, 27 March 2016 (Scorecard)
 Ireland at Greater Noida, 12 March 2017 (Scorecard)

8
 England
 Pakistan at Bridgetown, 6 May 2010 (Scorecard)
 Australia at Adelaide, 12 January 2011 (Scorecard)

8
 Ireland
 Kenya at Mombasa, 22 February 2012 (Scorecard)
 Afghanistan at Dubai (DSC), 24 March 2012 (Scorecard)

7
 South Africa
 Australia at Johannesburg, 27 March 2009 (Scorecard)
 India at Nottingham, 16 June 2009 (Scorecard)

7
 Pakistan
 New Zealand at London (Oval), 13 June 2009 (Scorecard)
 New Zealand at Dubai (DSC), 13 November 2009 (Scorecard)

7
 India
 Pakistan at Ahmedabad, 28 December 2012 (Scorecard)
 South Africa at Dhaka, 4 April 2014 (Scorecard)

7
 India
 Sri Lanka at Ranchi, 12 February 2016 (Scorecard)
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 6 March 2016 (Scorecard)

No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table. A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through, usually due to rain.
Updated: 2 June 2017[16]

text: Most consecutive defeats[edit]

text:
Defeats
Team
First defeat
Last defeat

16
 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka at Providence, 3 May 2010 (Scorecard)
 West Indies at North Sound, 3 March 2013 (Scorecard)

12
 Netherlands
 South Africa at Cape Town, 15 September 2007 (Scorecard)
 Australia at Bridgetown, 5 May 2010 (Scorecard)

9
 United Arab Emirates
 Sri Lanka at Dhaka, 25 February 2016 (Scorecard)
 Ireland at Dubai, 18 January 2017 (Scorecard)

8
 Zimbabwe
 Pakistan at Kolkata, 16 March 2016 (Scorecard)
 Sri Lanka at Colombo, 4 April 2017 (Scorecard)

No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table. A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through, usually due to rain.
* indicates that the sequence is ongoing
Updated: 12 April 2017[17]

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text:
Sixes
Batting Team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

21
 West Indies
 India
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

19
 Netherlands
 Ireland
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

18
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

17
 South Africa
 England
Centurion
15 November 2009
Scorecard

 Afghanistan
 Scotland
Edinburgh
12 July 2015
Scorecard

 New Zealand
 West Indies
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

Updated: 3 January 2018[18]

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Fours
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

30
 Sri Lanka
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

29
 Sri Lanka
 India
Nagpur
9 December 2009
Scorecard

26
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

25
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

24
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

Updated: 6 September 2016[19]

text: Most sixes in a match[edit]

text:
Sixes
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

32
 West Indies (21) v  India (11)
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

31
 India (21) v  Sri Lanka (10)
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

30
 Ireland (11) v  Netherlands (19)
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

28
 Afghanistan (16) v  Ireland (12)
Greater Noida
12 March 2017
Scorecard

26
 Afghanistan (17) v  Scotland (9)
Edinburgh
12 July 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[20]

text: Highest aggregate runs in a single match[edit]

text:
Runs
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

489
 West Indies (245/6) v  India (244/4)
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

467
 South Africa (231/7) v  West Indies (236/6) [19.2]
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

459
 South Africa (229/4) v  England (230/8)
Mumbai
18 March 2016
Scorecard

457
 Australia (248/6) v  England (209/6)
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

441
 Australia (263/3) v  Sri Lanka (178/9)
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

Updated: 7 September 2016[21]

text: Most fours in a match[edit]

text:
Fours
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

47
 India (18) v  Sri Lanka (29)
Nagpur
9 December 2009
Scorecard

44
 South Africa (18) v  West Indies (26)
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

43
 South Africa (24) v  West Indies (19)
London
13 June 2009
Scorecard

43
 Bangladesh (22) v  Pakistan (21)
Kandy
25 September 2012
Scorecard

43
 England (24) v  Australia (19)
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

43
 Australia (24) v  India (19)
Rajkot
10 October 2013
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[22]

text: Individual records (batting)[edit]

text: Most career runs[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

2,140
70
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

1,943
50
Virat Kohli ‡
 India
2010–present

1,889
79
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

1,821
86
Shoaib Malik ‡
 Pakistan
2006–present

1,810
60
Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand
2009–present

Updated: 01 November 2017[23]

text: Most runs in a calendar year[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Batsman
Team
Year

645
13
Virat Kohli
 India
2016

520
15
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2016

497
18
Rohit Sharma
 India
2016

472
13
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2012

471
12
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2009

471
13
Virat Kohli
 India
2012

Updated: 18 February 2017[24]

text: Most 50+ Scores[edit]

text:
50+ (100+50)
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

18 (0+18)
46
Virat Kohli
 India
2010–present

15 (2+13)
48
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2006–present

15 (2+13)
70
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

14 (1+13)
79
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

14 (2+12)
63
Rohit Sharma
 India
2007–present

Updated: 24 December 2017[25]

text: Highest career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

165.48
507
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
2012–present

154.96
302
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
2016–present

157.57
475
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
2012–present

150.83
301
Lokesh Rahul
 India
2016–present

150.75
932
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

Qualification: 250 balls.
Updated: 22 December 2017[26]

text: Highest career average[edit]

text:
Average
Innings
Runs
Batsman
T20I career span

52.86
51
1,956
 Virat Kohli ‡
2010–present

37.93
36
1,176
 Kevin Pietersen
2005–2013

37.73
33
1,132
 Aaron Finch ‡
2011–present

36.95
67
1,700
 JP Duminy ‡
2007–present

36.43
74
1,348
 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ‡
2006–present

Qualification: 1,000 runs
Last updated: 22 December 2017[27]

text: Most career ducks[edit]

text:
Ducks
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

10
79
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

9
45
Luke Wright
 England
2007–2014

8
52
Kevin O'Brien‡
 Ireland
2008–present

8
77
Umar Akmal‡
 Pakistan
2009–present

8
90
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

Last updated: 12 March 2017[28]

text: Most career sixes[edit]

text: Updated:10 July 2017[30]

text:
Sixes
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

103[29]
1064
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2006–present

91
1571
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

83
1006
Shane Watson
 Australia
2006–2016

76
1374
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2009–present

74
1208
David Warner
 Australia
2009–present

74
1208
Yuvraj Singh
 India
2007–present

text: Most career fours[edit]

text:
Fours
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

223
1567
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

208
1428
Virat Kohli‡
 India
2010–present

200
1300
Mohammad Shahzad ‡
 Afghanistan
2010–present

199
1571
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

178
1403
Mohammad Hafeez ‡
 Pakistan
2006–present

Updated:12 March 2017[31]

text: Highest individual score[edit]

text:
Runs
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

156
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

145*
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

125*
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
 India
Kingston
9 July 2017
Scorecard

124*
Shane Watson
 Australia
 India
Sydney
31 January 2016
Scorecard

123
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Pallekele
21 September 2012
Scorecard

Updated: 9 July 2017[32]

text: Highest individual score (by batting position)[edit]

text:
Runs
Position
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

145*
Position 1
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

156
Position 2
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

123
Position 3
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Pallekele
21 September 2012
Scorecard

110*
Position 4
K. L. Rahul
 India
 West Indies
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

101*
Position 5
David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

85*
Position 6
Cameron White
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Bridgetown
9 May 2010
Scorecard

89
Position 7
Mohammad Nabi
 Afghanistan
 Ireland
Greater Noida
12 March 2017
Scorecard

52*
Position 8
Ragheb Aga
 Kenya
 Scotland
ICCA Dubai
19 November 2013
Scorecard

46
Position 9
Anwar Ali
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
Colombo (RPS)
1 August 2015
Scorecard

40
Position 10
Sompal Kami
   Nepal
 Hong Kong
Colombo (PSS)
24 November 2014
Scorecard

18
Position 11
Paul van Meekeren
 Netherlands
 Hong Kong
Dubai
18 January 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 29 October 2017[33]

text: Fastest 50[edit]

text:
Balls
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

12
Yuvraj Singh
 India
 England
Durban
19 September 2007
Scorecard

14
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Auckland
10 January 2016
Scorecard

17
Paul Stirling
 Ireland
 Afghanistan
Dubai (DSC)
24 March 2012
Scorecard

17
Stephan Myburgh
 Netherlands
 Ireland
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

17
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 South Africa
Cape Town
9 January 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 29 August 2016[34]

text: Fastest 100[edit]

text: Updated: 22 December 2017[35]

text:
Balls
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

35
David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

35
Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

45
Richard Levi
 South Africa
 New Zealand
Hamilton
19 February 2012
Scorecard

46
K. L. Rahul
 India
 West Indies
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

46
Francois du Plessis
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text:
Sixes
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

14 (63)
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

13 (51)
Richard Levi
 South Africa
 New Zealand
Hamilton
19 February 2012
Scorecard

11 (48)
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 England
Mumbai
16 March 2016
Scorecard

10 (41)
Corey Anderson
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Mount Maunganui
8 January 2017
Scorecard

10 (43)
Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

10 (53)
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 West Indies
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

10 (57)
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

Updated: 3 January 2018

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Fours
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

14 (55)
Herschelle Gibbs
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

14 (52)
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 India
Rajkot
10 October 2013
Scorecard

14 (65)
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

13 (53)
Ricky Ponting
 Australia
 India
Mumbai
20 October 2007
Scorecard

13 (30)
Aaron Redmond
 New Zealand
 Ireland
Nottingham
11 June 2009
Scorecard

Number in parentheses represents the number of balls the batsman faced during the innings.
Updated: 6 September 2016[36]

text: Most runs off an over[edit]

text:
Runs
Sequence
Batsman
Batting team
Bowler
Venue
Date
Scorecard

36
6–6–6–6–6–6
Yuvraj Singh
 India
 Stuart Broad
Durban
19 September 2007
Scorecard

32
6–6–w–6–6–6–1
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
 Stuart Binny
Lauderhill, Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

32
6–6–2–nb–(nb+4)–4–6–2
Jos Buttler
 England
 Wayne Parnell
Edgbaston
12 September 2012
Scorecard

32
4–wk–(nb+6)–(nb+1)–6–6–6–1[a]
Jonny Bairstow
Luke Wright
 England
 Izatullah Dawlatzai
Colombo (RPS)
21 September 2012
Scorecard

31
6–6–6–6–6–1
David Miller
 South Africa
 Mohammad Saifuddin
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

Key:

nb – No ball

(nb+X) – A no ball was bowled and X runs were scored off the bat
Ynb – A no ball was bowled with one run scored directly from the no ball and Y-1 runs being scored from byes or leg byes (however, all Y runs will be scored as no balls on the scorecard)[37]

w – Wide
wk – Wicket

Updated: 29 October 2017[38]
^[a] The over started with Buttler facing and Wright off strike. Buttler faced the first ball and was dismissed on the second ball of the over. Bairstow came in and faced the next two deliveries and Wright faced the last four deliveries.[39]

text: Individual records (bowling)[edit]

text: Most wickets in a career[edit]

text:
Wickets
Innings
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

97
96
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

90
68
Lasith Malinga ‡
 Sri Lanka
2006–present

85
60
Umar Gul
 Pakistan
2007–2016

85
63
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2009–2015

73
60
Shakib Al Hasan ‡
 Bangladesh
2006–present

Updated: 01 November 2017[40]

text: Most wickets in a calendar year[edit]

text:
Wickets
Matches
Bowler
Team
Year

28
21
Jasprit Bumrah
 India
2016

27
14
Dirk Nannes
 Australia
2010

25
16
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2012

23
11
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
2017

23
15
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2016

Updated: 24 December 2017[41]

text: Most four-wickets-in-an-innings(and over) in a career[edit]

text:
4+ (4+5)
Matches
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

6 (4+2)
60
Umar Gul ‡
 Pakistan
2007–present

5 (3+2)
39
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

4 (4+0)
64
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2009–2015

Updated: 3 April 2016[42]

text: Best career economy rate[edit]

text:
Economy rate
Overs bowled
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

5.59
120.0
Samuel Badree
 West Indies
2012–present

5.70
131.1
Daniel Vettori
 New Zealand
2007–2014

6.04
138.4
Sunil Narine
 West Indies
2012–present

6.17
87.0
Boyd Rankin
 England /  Ireland
2009–present

6.20
102.0
Harbhajan Singh
 India
2006–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 18 February 2017[43]

text: Best career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate
Wickets
Overs Bowled
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

12.8
54
115.5
Imran Tahir
 South Africa
2013–present

13.0
44
95.5
Ahsan Malik
 Netherlands
2012–present

13.4
66
147.3
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

14.1
85
200.3
Umar Gul
 Pakistan
2007–present

15.0
52
130.4
George Dockrell
 Ireland
2010–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 18 February 2017.[44]

text: Best career averages[edit]

text:
Average
Wickets
Runs conceded
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

13.70
54
740
Imran Tahir
 South Africa
2013–present

13.82
40
553
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

14.42
66
952
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

15.97
42
671
Samuel Badree
 West Indies
2012–present

16.59
44
730
Ahsan Malik
 Netherlands
2012–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 12 March 2017.[45]

text: Best figures in a match[edit]

text:
Figures
Bowler
Bowling team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

6/8 (4.0 overs)
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Zimbabwe
Hambantota
18 September 2012
Scorecard

6/16 (4.0 overs)
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Australia
Pallekele
8 August 2011
Scorecard

6/25 (4.0 overs)
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
 England
Bangalore
1 February 2017
Scorecard

5/3 (3.3 overs)
Rangana Herath
 Sri Lanka
 New Zealand
Chittagong
31 March 2014
Scorecard

5/3 (2.0 overs)
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
 Ireland
Greater Noida
10 March 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 10 March 2017[46]

text: Most runs conceded in an innings[edit]

text:
Runs
Bowling figures
Bowler
Bowling team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

69
4–0–69–0
Barry McCarthy
 Ireland
 Afghanistan
Greater Noida
12 March 2017

Scorecard

68
4–0–68–1
Kyle Abbott
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–1
James Anderson
 England
 Australia
Sydney
9 January 2007
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–0
Sanath Jayasuriya
 Sri Lanka
 Pakistan
Johannesburg
17 September 2007
Scorecard

63
4–0–63–2
Rubel Hossain
 Bangladesh
 West Indies
Dhaka
10 December 2012
Scorecard

Bowling figures given above are in the form of "Overs-Maidens-Runs-Wickets".
Updated: 12 March 2017[47]

text: Hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Key

Hat-trick taken in a World Cup match

(b)
Bowled

(c)
Caught

(c b)
Caught and bowled

(lbw)
Leg before wicket

(st)
Stumped

Wicket-keeper

text:
No.
Bowler
For
Against
Wickets
Venue
Date
Ref.

1
Brett Lee
 Australia
 Bangladesh

Shakib Al Hasan (c Gilchrist)
Mashrafe Mortaza (b)
Alok Kapali (lbw)

Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
16 September 2007
[48]

2
Jacob Oram
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka

Angelo Mathews (c and b)
Malinga Bandara (c McCullum)
Nuwan Kulasekara (c Broom)

Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
2 September 2009
[49]

3
Tim Southee
 New Zealand
 Pakistan

Younis Khan (c Brownlie)
Mohammad Hafeez (c McGlashan)
Umar Akmal (lbw)

Eden Park, Auckland
26 December 2010
[50]

4
Thisara Perera
 Sri Lanka
 India

Hardik Pandya (c Senanayake)
Suresh Raina (c Chameera)
Yuvraj Singh (c Gunathilaka)

JSCA International Stadium Complex, Ranchi
12 February 2016
[51]

5
Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
 Bangladesh

Mushfiqur Rahim (b)
Mashrafe Mortaza (b)
Mehedi Hasan (lbw)

R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
6 April 2017
[52]

6
Faheem Ashraf
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka

Isuru Udana (c Hasan Ali)
Mahela Udawatte (c Babar Azam)
Dasun Shanaka (lbw)

Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi
27 October 2017
[53]

Source: ESPNcricinfo. Last Updated: 27 October 2017

text: Individual records (fielding)[edit]

text: Most catches in T20I career[edit]

text:
Catches
Innings
Fielder
Team
T20I career span

42
73
Ross Taylor ‡
 New Zealand
2006–present

40
47
AB de Villiers ‡
 South Africa
2006–present

38
62
Umar Akmal ‡
 Pakistan
2009–present

35
61
Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand
2009–present

35
66
Dwayne Bravo ‡
 West Indies
2006–present

The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper
Updated: 18 February 2017[54]

text: Individual records (Wicket-Keeper)[edit]

text: Most dismissals in career[edit]

text:
Dismissals
Catches
Stumpings
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

74
47
27
82
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
 India
2006–present

60
28
32
53
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–present

52
25
27
57
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

51
32
19
58
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–2016

46
22
24
55
Mushfiqur Rahim
 Bangladesh
2006–present

Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper. All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper.
Updated: 09 November 2017[55]

text: Most catches in career[edit]

text:
Catches
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

47
77
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
 India
2006–present

32
58
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–present

28
53
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2014

27
29
Quinton de Kock
 South Africa
2012–present

26
34
Wesley Barresi
 Netherlands
2012–present

Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper. All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper.
Updated: 03 February 2017[56]

text: Most stumpings in career[edit]

text:
Stumpings
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

32
54
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2014

27
57
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

27
75
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

23
55
Mushfiqur Rahim
 Bangladesh
2006–present

20
56
Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
2006–2014

Updated: 10 March 2017[57]

text: Individual records (others)[edit]

text: Most matches played in career[edit]

text:
Matches
Player
Team
T20I Career Span

98
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

92
Shoaib Malik
 Pakistan
2006–present

85
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
 India
2006–present

82
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–2016

81
Mohammad Hafeez
 Pakistan
2006–present

Updated: 22 December 2017[58]

text: Most matches as a captain[edit]

text:
Matches
Player
Team
T20I Career Span

72
MS Dhoni
 India
2007–2016

56
William Porterfield
 Ireland
2008–present

47
Darren Sammy
 West Indies
2011–2016

43
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2009–2016

37
Peter Borren
 Netherlands
2010–present

Updated: 12 March 2017[59]

text: Most matches as an umpire[edit]

text:
Matches
Umpire
Country
T20I Career Span

42
Aleem Dar
 Pakistan
2009–present

37
Ian Gould
 England
2006–present

35
Rod Tucker
 Australia
2009–present

34
Simon Taufel
 Australia
2006–2012

32
Nigel Llong
 England
2005–present

Updated: 11 September 2017[60]

text: Most matches as a match referee[edit]

text:
Matches
Referee
Country
T20I Career Span

85
Ranjan Madugalle
 Sri Lanka
2006–present

71
Chris Broad
 England
2005–present

77
Jeff Crowe
 New Zealand
2005–present

61
Javagal Srinath
 India
2006–present

53
David Jukes
 England
2010–present

Updated: 10 March 2017[61]

text: Most Player-of-the Match Awards[edit]

text:
No. of Awards
Player
Team
Matches
T20I Career Span

11
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
98
2006–2016

10
Virat Kohli
 India
50
2010–Present

9
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
58
2010–Present

9
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
52
2006–Present

9
Shane Watson
 Australia
58
2006–2016

Last updated: 8 January 2017[62]

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Highest overall partnership runs by a pair[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Players
Batting team
Highest
Average
100/50
T20I career span

1154
37
David Warner & Shane Watson
 Australia
133
31.18
3/6
2009–2016

1043
38
William Porterfield & Paul Stirling
 Ireland
109*
29.80
1/6
2009–Present

1012
19
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
171*
56.22
3/7
2012–Present

831
22
Martin Guptill & Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
127*
41.55
2/4
2009–2015

822
22
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
166
41.10
2/3
2007–2014

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 10 March 2017[63]

text: Highest partnerships (any wicket)[edit]

text:
Runs
Partnership
Players
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

171*
1st wicket
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
Hamilton
17 January 2016
Scorecard

170
1st wicket
Graeme Smith & Loots Bosman
 South Africa
 England
Centurion
15 November 2009
Scorecard

166
2nd wicket
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
 West Indies
Bridgetown
7 May 2010
Scorecard

165
1st wicket
Rohit Sharma & K. L. Rahul
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

161
4th wicket
David Warner & Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 South Africa
Johannesburg
6 March 2016
Scorecard

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 3 April 2016[64]

text: Highest partnerships (by wicket)[edit]

text:
Partnership
Runs
Batsmen
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1st wicket
171*
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
Hamilton
17 January 2016
Scorecard

2nd wicket
166
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
 West Indies
Bridgetown
7 May 2010
Scorecard

3rd wicket
152
Alex Hales & Eoin Morgan
 England
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
27 March 2014
Scorecard

4th wicket
161
David Warner & Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 South Africa
Johannesburg
6 March 2016
Scorecard

5th wicket
119*
Shoaib Malik & Misbah-ul-Haq
 Pakistan
 Australia
Johannesburg
18 September 2007
Scorecard

6th wicket
101*
Cameron White & Michael Hussey
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Bridgetown
9 May 2010
Scorecard

7th wicket
91
Paul Collingwood & Michael Yardy
 England
 West Indies
London
28 June 2007
Scorecard

8th wicket
80
Preston Mommsen & Safyaan Sharif
 Scotland
 Netherlands
Edinburgh
11 July 2015
Scorecard

9th wicket
66
Dwayne Bravo & Jerome Taylor
 West Indies
 Pakistan
Dubai (DSC)
23 September 2016
Scorecard

10th wicket
31*
Wahab Riaz & Shoaib Akhtar
 Pakistan
 New Zealand
Auckland
26 December 2010
Scorecard

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 24 September 2016[65]


document_title: Dead Poets Society

question_text: dead poets society what play is neil in

question_tokens: dead poets society what play is neil in

root

text: Dead Poets Society

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the autumn of 1959, shy Todd Anderson begins his senior year of high school at Welton Academy, an all-male, elite prep school. He is assigned one of Welton's most promising students, Neil Perry, as his roommate and is quickly accepted by Neil's friends: Knox Overstreet, Richard Cameron, Steven Meeks, Gerard Pitts, and Charlie Dalton.

tag: p

text: On the first day of classes, they are surprised by the unorthodox teaching methods of the new English teacher John Keating, a Welton alumnus who encourages his students to "make your lives extraordinary", a sentiment he summarizes with the Latin expression carpe diem. Subsequent lessons include having them take turns standing on his desk to teach the boys how they must look at life in a different way, telling them to rip out the introduction of their poetry books which explains a mathematical formula used for rating poetry, and inviting them to make up their own style of walking in a courtyard to encourage them to be individuals. His methods attract the attention of strict headmaster Gale Nolan.

text: Upon learning that Keating was a member of the unsanctioned Dead Poets Society while he was at Welton, Neil restarts the club and he and his friends sneak off campus to a cave where they read poetry and verse, including their own compositions. As the school year progresses, Keating's lessons and their involvement with the club encourage them to live their lives on their own terms. Knox pursues Chris Noel, a girl who is dating a football player from a public school and whose family is friends with his. Neil discovers his love of acting and gets the role as Puck in a local production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, despite the fact that his domineering father wants him in the Ivy League (and ultimately medical school). Keating helps Todd come out of his shell and realize his potential when he takes him through an exercise in self-expression, resulting in his composing a poem spontaneously in front of the class.

text: However, Charlie takes things too far when he publishes an article in the school newspaper in the club's name demanding that girls be admitted to Welton. Nolan uses corporal punishment to coerce Charlie into revealing who else is in the Dead Poets Society, but he resists. Nolan also speaks with Keating, warning him that he should discourage his students from questioning authority.

text: Neil's father discovers Neil's involvement in the play and forces him to quit on the eve of the opening performance. Devastated, Neil goes to Keating, who advises him to stand his ground and prove to his father that his love of acting is something he takes seriously. Neil's father unexpectedly shows up at the performance. He takes Neil home and says he has been withdrawn from Welton, only to be enrolled in a military academy to prepare him for Harvard. Unable to find the courage to stand up to his father, a distraught Neil commits suicide.

text: Nolan investigates Neil's death at the request of the Perry family. Richard blames Neil's death on Keating to escape punishment for his own participation in the Dead Poets Society, and names the other members. Confronted by Charlie, Richard urges the rest of them to let Keating take the fall. Charlie punches Richard and is expelled. Each of the boys is called to Nolan's office to sign a letter attesting to the truth of Richard's allegations, even though they know they are false. When Todd's turn comes, he is reluctant to sign, but does so after seeing that the others have complied.

text: Keating is fired and Nolan takes over teaching the class. Keating interrupts the class to collect personal articles; before he leaves, Todd shouts that all of them were forced to sign the letter that resulted in his dismissal and that Neil's death was not his fault. Todd stands on his desk and salutes Keating with the words "O Captain! My Captain!". Knox, Gerard, Steven, and over half of the class do the same, ignoring Nolan's orders to sit down. Keating is deeply touched by their gesture. He thanks the boys and departs.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robin Williams as John Keating
Robert Sean Leonard as Neil Perry
Ethan Hawke as Todd Anderson
Josh Charles as Knox Overstreet
Gale Hansen as Charlie Dalton
Norman Lloyd as Headmaster Gale Nolan
Kurtwood Smith as Mr. Perry
Dylan Kussman as Richard Cameron
James Waterston as Gerard Pitts
Allelon Ruggiero as Steven Meeks
Alexandra Powers as Chris Noel
Leon Pownall as McAllister
George Martin as Dr. Hager

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The script was written by Tom Schulman, based on his experiences at the Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville, Tennessee, particularly with his inspirational teacher Samuel Pickering.[6][7] A scene in the original script showing Keating dying in a hospital was removed by film director Peter Weir.[8] Filming took place at St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware, and at locations in New Castle, Delaware, and in nearby Wilmington, Delaware.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The worldwide box office was reported as $235,860,116, which includes domestic grosses of $95,860,116.[3] The film's global receipts were the fifth-highest for 1989, and the highest for dramas.[10]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Dead Poets Society holds an 86% approval rating and average rating of 7.3/10 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 56 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Affecting performances from the young cast and a genuinely inspirational turn from Robin Williams grant Peter Weir's prep school drama top honors."[11] The film also holds a score of 79 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[12]

text: The Washington Post reviewer called it "solid, smart entertainment", and praised Robin Williams for giving a "nicely restrained acting performance".[13] Vincent Canby of The New York Times also praised Williams' "exceptionally fine performance", while noting that "Dead Poets Society ... is far less about Keating than about a handful of impressionable boys".[4] Pauline Kael was unconvinced by the film, and its "middlebrow highmindedness", but praised Williams. "Robin Williams' performance is more graceful than anything he's done before [–] he's totally, concentratedly there – [he] reads his lines stunningly, and when he mimics various actors reciting Shakespeare there's no undue clowning in it; he's a gifted teacher demonstrating his skills."[14]

text: Roger Ebert's review was largely negative, only giving the film two out of four stars. He criticized Williams for spoiling an otherwise creditable dramatic performance by occasionally veering into his onstage comedian's persona, and lamented that for a movie set in the 1950s there was no mention of the Beat Generation writers. Additionally, Ebert described the film as an often poorly constructed "collection of pious platitudes ... The movie pays lip service to qualities and values that, on the evidence of the screenplay itself, it is cheerfully willing to abandon."[15] On their Oscar Nomination edition of Siskel & Ebert, both Gene Siskel (who also gave the film a mixed review) and Ebert disagreed with Williams' Oscar nomination, with Ebert saying that he would have swapped Williams with either Matt Dillon for Drugstore Cowboy or John Cusack for Say Anything. On their If We Picked the Winners special in March 1990, moreover, Ebert chose the film's Best Picture nomination as the worst nomination of the year, believing it took a slot that could have gone to Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing.

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Dead Poets Society won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay (Tom Schulman). Peter Weir received a nomination for Best Director and the film itself was nominated for Best Picture of 1989. Robin Williams received his second Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination and it has since been widely recognized as one of the actor/comedian's best roles. The movie also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film.

text:
Academy Awards (USA) 1990[16]

Won: Best Original Screenplay (Tom Schulman)
Nominated: Best Actor in a Leading Role (Robin Williams)
Nominated: Director (Peter Weir)
Nominated: Best Picture (Steven Haft, Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas, Producers)

BAFTA Awards (UK) 1989[17]

Won: Best Film
Won: Best Original Film Score (Maurice Jarre)
Nominated: Best Actor in a Leading Role (Robin Williams)
Nominated: Best Achievement in Direction (Peter Weir)
Nominated: Best Editing (William Anderson)
Nominated: Best Original Screenplay (Tom Schulman)

César Awards (France)[18]

Won: Best Foreign Film

David di Donatello Awards (Italy)[19]

Won: Best Foreign Film

Directors Guild of America (USA)[20]

Nominated: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Peter Weir)

Golden Globe Awards (USA)[21]

Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama (Robin Williams)
Nominated: Best Director – Motion Picture (Peter Weir)
Nominated: Best Motion Picture – Drama
Nominated: Best Screenplay – Motion Picture (Tom Schulman)

Writers Guild of America (USA)[22]

Nominated: Best Screenplay – Original (Tom Schulman)

text: The film was voted #52 on the AFI's 100 Years…100 Cheers list, a list of the top 100 most inspiring films of all time.[23]

text: Quotes[edit]

text: The film's line "Carpe diem. Seize the day, boys. Make your lives extraordinary." was voted as the 95th greatest movie quote by the American Film Institute.[24]

text: After Robin Williams' death in August 2014, fans of his work used social media to pay tribute to him with photo and video reenactments of the film's final "O Captain! My Captain!" scene.[25][26]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: N. H. Kleinbaum's novel, Dead Poets Society (1989), is based on the movie.[27]

text: Stage play[edit]

text: A theatrical adaptation written by Tom Schulman and directed by John Doyle opened Off-Broadway on October 27, 2016, and running through December 11, 2016.[28] Jason Sudeikis stars as John Keating[29] with Thomas Mann as Neil Perry, David Garrison as Gale Nolan, Zane Pais as Todd Anderson, Francesca Carpanini as Chris, Stephen Barker Turner as Mr. Perry, William Hochman as Knox Overstreet, Cody Kostro as Charlie Dalton, Yaron Lotan as Richard Cameron and Bubba Weiler as Steven Meeks.[30][31]

text: The production received a mixed review from The New York Times, with critic Ben Brantley calling the play "blunt and bland" and criticizing Sudeikis's performance, citing his lack of enthusiasm when delivering powerful lines.[32]

text: Parodies[edit]

text: The ending of the film was parodied in the Saturday Night Live sketch, "Farewell, Mr. Bunting", in which a student, upon climbing onto his desk, is decapitated by a ceiling fan.[33]


document_title: Who Framed Roger Rabbit

question_text: voice of weasels in who framed roger rabbit

question_tokens: voice of weasels in who framed roger rabbit

text: Who Framed Roger Rabbit

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1947 Los Angeles, "toons" act in theatrical cartoon shorts as with live-action films; they regularly interact with real people and animals and reside in Toontown. Private detective Eddie Valiant and his brother, Teddy, once worked closely with the toons on several famous cases, but after Teddy was killed by a toon, Eddie lapsed into alcoholism and vowed never to work for toons again.

text: R.K. Maroon, head of Maroon Cartoon Studios, is concerned about the recent poor performances of one of his biggest stars, Roger Rabbit. Maroon hires Valiant to investigate rumors about Roger's voluptuous toon wife Jessica being romantically involved with businessman and gadget inventor, Marvin Acme, owner of both Acme Corporation and Toontown. After watching Jessica perform at the underground Ink and Paint Club, Valiant secretly photographs her and Acme playing patty-cake in her dressing room, which he shows to Roger. Maroon suggests to Roger that he should leave Jessica, but a drunken Roger refuses and flees.

text: The next morning, Acme is discovered dead at his factory by the Los Angeles Police Department with a safe dropped on his head, and evidence points to Roger being responsible. While investigating, Valiant meets Judge Doom, Toontown's superior court judge, who has created a substance capable of killing a toon: a toxic "dip" made of turpentine, acetone, and benzene. Valiant runs into Roger's toon co-star, Baby Herman, who believes Roger is innocent and that Acme's missing will, which will give the toons ownership of Toontown, may be the key to his murder. Valiant finds Roger, who begs him to help exonerate him, hiding in his office. Valiant reluctantly hides Roger in a local bar, where his ex-girlfriend, Dolores, works. Jessica approaches Valiant and says that Maroon forced her to pose for the photographs so he could blackmail Acme.

text: Doom and his toon weasel henchmen discover Roger, but he and Valiant escape with Benny, an anthropomorphic taxicab. They flee to a theater, where Valiant tells Roger that a toon killed Teddy when they were investigating a bank robbery by dropping a piano on his head. As they leave with Dolores, Valiant sees a newsreel detailing the sale of Maroon Cartoons to Cloverleaf, a mysterious corporation that bought the city's trolley network shortly before Acme's murder. Valiant goes to the studio to confront Maroon, leaving Roger to guard outside, but Jessica knocks Roger out and puts him in the trunk. Maroon tells Valiant that he blackmailed Acme into selling his company so he could sell the studio, but is killed before he can explain the consequences of the missing will. Valiant spots Jessica fleeing the scene, and assuming she is the culprit, follows her into Toontown. Jessica reveals that Doom killed Acme and Maroon and gave her his will for safekeeping, but she discovered that the will was blank. She and Valiant are captured by Doom and the weasels.

text: At the Acme factory, Doom reveals his plot to destroy Toontown with a machine loaded with dip to build a freeway, the only way past Toontown since Cloverleaf (which Doom owns) has bought out Los Angeles' Pacific Electric Railway. Roger unsuccessfully attempts to save Jessica, and the couple is tied onto a hook in front of the machine's hose. Valiant performs a comedic vaudeville act, causing the weasels to die of laughter; Valiant kicks their leader into the machine's dip vat, killing him. Valiant fights Doom, who is flattened by a steamroller, but survives, revealing him as a toon. Doom reveals that he killed Teddy. Valiant uses a toon mallet with a spring-loaded boxing glove and fires it at a switch that causes the machine to empty its dip onto Doom, dissolving him.

text: The empty machine crashes through the wall into Toontown, where it is destroyed by a train. Toons run in to regard Doom's remains, and Roger discovers that he inadvertently wrote his love letter for Jessica on Acme's will, which was written in disappearing/reappearing ink. Roger shocks Valiant with a joy buzzer, and Valiant gives him a kiss, having regained his sense of humor. Valiant happily enters Toontown with Dolores, and Roger with Jessica, followed by the other toons.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bob Hoskins as Eddie Valiant
Christopher Lloyd as Judge Doom
Charles Fleischer as Roger Rabbit
Stubby Kaye as Marvin Acme
Joanna Cassidy as Dolores
Alan Tilvern as R.K. Maroon
Lou Hirsch as Baby Herman
Kathleen Turner as Jessica Rabbit (uncredited)

Amy Irving as Jessica Rabbit's singing voice

text: Additional voices[edit]

text: Mel Blanc voiced Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, and Sylvester (Roger Rabbit was one of the final productions in which Blanc voiced his Looney Tunes characters before his death the following year). Joe Alaskey voiced Yosemite Sam and Foghorn Leghorn (in place of the elderly Blanc), Wayne Allwine voiced Mickey Mouse, Tony Anselmo voiced Donald Duck (with an archival recording of Clarence Nash, the original voice of Donald, used at the beginning of the scene[7]), Tony Pope voiced Goofy (also partially voiced by Bill Farmer[8]) and the Big Bad Wolf, Mae Questel reprised her role of Betty Boop, Russi Taylor voiced Minnie Mouse and some birds, Pat Buttram, Jim Cummings, and Jim Gallant voiced Valiant's animated bullets, Les Perkins voiced Mr. Toad, Mary Radford voiced Hyacinth Hippo from Fantasia, Nancy Cartwright voiced the dipped shoe, Cherry Davis voiced Woody Woodpecker, Peter Westy voiced Pinocchio, and Frank Welker voiced Dumbo. Animation director Richard Williams voiced Droopy. April Winchell provides the voice of Mrs. Herman and the "baby noises". David Lander voices Smart Ass, the leader of the weasels, Fred Newman voices Stupid, and June Foray voices Wheezy and Lena Hyena, a toon who resembles Jessica Rabbit and provides a comical role which shows her falling for Eddie and pursuing him.

text: Characters[edit]

text: The main characters of the film are Roger Rabbit, a cartoon rabbit, his cartoon-human wife Jessica Rabbit, and human detective Eddie Valiant and Judge Doom.

text: Other characters in the film include:

text: Baby Herman is Roger's major co-star in the animated shorts in which they appear. He is Roger's best friend. Baby Herman's "mother", Mrs. Herman (voiced by April Winchell), makes an appearance at the beginning of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and its spin-off short films, but she is only shown from the waist down.

text: Baby Herman and Roger Rabbit comprised an Abbott and Costello-like comedy team for the fictitious Maroon Cartoons studio in the 1940s. A typical Roger/Baby Herman cartoon consists of Roger being given responsibility for Baby Herman's well-being; Herman immediately begins crawling through a number of dangerous situations from which Roger must rescue him. In the process, Roger suffers extravagant injuries and humiliations reminiscent of those in classic Tex Avery cartoons, while Baby Herman remains unscathed. For both book adaptations, Baby Herman was murdered, leaving behind a doppelganger for Eddie Valiant to help solve the crime.

text: In the film, Baby Herman's role was downplayed. In one scene, he tells Eddie that Roger did not murder Marvin Acme and tips off that Acme had a will that promised to leave Toontown to the Toons, which is the reason why Acme was killed. Baby Herman later appears at the end of the film, expressing his annoyance that Acme did not leave his will where it could easily be found.

text: Despite his name and appearance, "Baby" Herman is actually a middle-aged, cigar-smoking Toon who looks like an infant. While filming "in character", he speaks baby talk in a typical baby boy's voice provided by Winchell; off-camera, he has a loud, gravelly voice provided by Lou Hirsch. Animation director Richard Williams loved the character of "adult" Baby Herman so much that he personally animated all of the scenes of the character in the film. When he loses his cigar and finds himself unable to reach it, he starts crying like a baby (albeit with his voice still sounding like a middle-aged man).

text: Benny the Cab is a taxicab that services the Los Angeles area in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. He is voiced in all appearances by Charles Fleischer. His license plate reads Looney. In the original story, Who Censored Roger Rabbit?, Benny was a thug and had a minor role as a trader in second-hand items. The character was expanded for the movie, as an anthropomorphized colorful yellow Volkswagen Beetle-style taxi cab that takes Roger where he needs to go.

text: The Toon Patrol is a group of five anthropomorphic animated tailless weasels who serve as henchmen to Judge Doom in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. They serve as the secondary antagonists of the film. In the film, the Toon Patrol comprises the "police officers" of Toontown, but they behave less like law enforcers and more like gangsters and crooks. Judge Doom hires them to capture Roger Rabbit for the murder of Marvin Acme. The Toon Patrol drives around in a black Dodge Humpback paddy wagon labeled with the Los Angeles city seal like with cruisers of the Los Angeles Police Department.

text: The weasels enjoy laughing at the misery of others, including each other. Like all the other Toons in the movie, they are invincible to physical body harm except for the dip. However, prolonged laughter is also shown to be lethal to them. Eddie Valiant jokes around in front of them during the climax of the movie, causing all but Smartass to "die" from laughing at him, after which their Toon souls rise to heaven in angel forms. According to Judge Doom, they once had hyena cousins that died in the same manner.

text: While being designed, the weasels and their fondness of weapons were modeled after the weasels in the 1949 Disney cartoon The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad. The weasels make an appearance in the Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin attraction located at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland.

text: Dolores (Joanna Cassidy) is Eddie Valiant's girlfriend who works as a waitress in a bar. She is involved in helping Eddie solve the case against Judge Doom.

text: R.K. Maroon (Alan Tilvern) is the owner of Maroon Cartoons. He paid Eddie $100 to photograph Jessica and Marvin Acme, which eventually led to Acme's murder. Maroon later admitted that he was trying to blackmail Acme into selling Toontown to Cloverleaf Industries so that he could sell his studio as well, since Cloverleaf wanted to buy both properties at once. Before he could reveal who was behind the plot, he was shot and killed by Judge Doom.

text: Marvin Acme (Stubby Kaye) is the owner of Acme Products and Toontown. He is known around Hollywood as "the gag king" for the prank items he makes his living selling. Among his top sellers are Disappearing/Reappearing Ink and a hand buzzer. In a blackmail scheme by R.K. Maroon, he has an "affair" with Toon Jessica Rabbit which Eddie Valiant (who briefly meets Acme) photographs. Acme is murdered later that night by Judge Doom, who drops a safe on his head and frames Jessica's husband, Roger.

text: Lt. Santino (Richard LeParmentier) is a lieutenant with the LAPD, and friend of Eddie. He accompanies Eddie to the Acme factory, where Marvin Acme has been murdered and everyone suspects Roger. Here they are introduced to Judge Doom who explains the ingredients of the Dip. When Doom demonstrates the Dip on a defenceless Toon shoe, Santino turns away in distress, unable to watch the Toon die. Santino is present with several officers when Eddie discovers that it was Doom who killed Acme along with Maroon and Teddy.

text: Theodore "Teddy" J. Valiant is the deceased brother of Eddie. Teddy was killed by a piano dropped onto him by a Toon later revealed to be Judge Doom while investigating a robbery in Toontown. Due to his brother's death, Eddie, with whom Teddy had cracked many a case and helped Toons who were in trouble, vowed never to work for a Toon again and wouldn't for many years. To honor his brother, Eddie left Teddy's desk the way it was the day he died and refuses to allow anyone to sit at it. Eddie avenged his brother's death when he destroyed Doom with his own Dip.

text: Angelo (Richard Ridings) is a client of Dolores's bar. Eddie is not particularly fond of Angelo, as he makes fun of Eddie for his detective work. Eddie regards Angelo as the kind of guy who would sell someone out at the first opportunity, but Angelo helps Roger avoid Judge Doom's search after Roger makes him laugh. When asked by Doom if he has seen a rabbit, Angelo mocks him by gesturing to a patch of empty space and saying, "Say hello to the Judge, Harvey." - a reference to the 1944 play of that name by Mary Coyle Chase.

text: Bongo (voiced by Morgan Deare, Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin voiced by Jeff Bergman) is a cartoon gorilla bouncer of The Ink and Paint Club. The password that Eddie uses to get in was "Walt sent me" and Bongo lets him in. He also tosses Eddie out of the club when he catches Eddie spying on Jessica Rabbit and Marvin P. Acme in Jessica's dressing room.

text: Lena Hyena is a Toon Hag that resembles Jessica Rabbit. When Eddie was looking for Jessica Rabbit, he saw what appeared to be her in an apartment building. When Eddie entered the room, he encountered Lena Hyena who developed a crush on Eddie and chased him around parts of Toon Town. Eddie was able to get rid of her by tricking her into running into the wall of a building.

text: The Toon Bullets are a group of six bullets with personalities similar to those of characters in Western movies. They were a present from Yosemite Sam, thanking Eddie for "springing him from the hoosegow."

text: When Eddie Valiant decides to enter Toontown in pursuit of Judge Doom, he discards his pistol in favor of an oversized Toon revolver and loads the bullets into it. He fires at Doom, but the bullets become confused as to where he went and turn in the wrong direction. "Dum-dums," Eddie says sourly. (This is a wordplay insofar as dum-dums are a type of bullet, specifically ones which are hollow-nosed or soft-nosed.)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Walt Disney Productions purchased the film rights to Gary K. Wolf's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit? shortly after its publication in 1981. Ron W. Miller, then president of Disney, saw it as a perfect opportunity to produce a blockbuster.[9] Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were hired to write the script, penning two drafts. Robert Zemeckis offered his services as director in 1982,[10] but Disney declined as his two previous films (I Wanna Hold Your Hand and Used Cars) had been box-office bombs.[11] Between 1981 and 1983 Disney developed test footage with Darrell Van Citters as animation director, Paul Reubens voicing Roger Rabbit, Peter Renaday as Eddie Valiant, and Russi Taylor as Jessica Rabbit.[12] The project was revamped in 1985 by Michael Eisner, the then-new CEO of Disney. Amblin Entertainment, which consisted of Steven Spielberg, Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy, were approached to produce Who Framed Roger Rabbit alongside Disney. The original budget was projected at $50 million, which Disney felt was too expensive.[13]

text: Roger Rabbit was finally green-lit when the budget decreased to $30 million, which at the time still made it the most expensive animated film ever green-lit.[13] Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg argued that the hybrid of live action and animation would "save" Disney's animation department. Spielberg's contract included an extensive amount of creative control and a large percentage of the box-office profits. Disney kept all merchandising rights.[13] Spielberg convinced Warner Bros., Fleischer Studios, King Features Syndicate, Felix the Cat Productions, Turner Entertainment, and Universal Pictures/Walter Lantz Productions to "lend" their characters to appear in the film with (in some cases) stipulations on how those characters were portrayed; for example, Disney's Donald Duck and Warner's Daffy Duck appear as equally talented dueling pianists, and Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny also share a scene. Apart from this agreement, Warner Bros. and the various other companies were not involved in the production of Roger Rabbit. Additionally, the producers were unable to acquire the rights to use Popeye, Tom and Jerry, Little Lulu, Casper the Friendly Ghost, or the Terrytoons for appearances from their respective owners (King Features, Turner, Western Publishing, Harvey Comics, and Viacom).[10][11]

text: Terry Gilliam was offered the chance to direct, but he found the project too technically challenging. ("Pure laziness on my part," he later admitted, "I completely regret that decision.")[14] Robert Zemeckis was hired to direct in 1985, based on the success of Romancing the Stone and Back to the Future. Disney executives were continuing to suggest Darrell Van Citters to direct the animated sequences, but Spielberg and Zemeckis decided against it.[13] Richard Williams was eventually hired to direct the animation. Zemeckis wanted the film to imbue "Disney's high quality of animation, Warner Bros.' characterization, and Tex Avery humor".[15]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Harrison Ford was Spielberg's original choice to play Eddie Valiant, but Ford's price was too high.[16] Bill Murray was also considered for the part, but due to his idiosyncratic method of receiving offers for roles, Murray missed out on it.[17] Eddie Murphy reportedly turned down the role of Eddie, which he later came to regret.[18] Several other actors were also considered for the role of Eddie Valiant, including Chevy Chase, Robert Redford, Jack Nicholson, Sylvester Stallone, Wallace Shawn, Ed Harris, Charles Grodin, and Don Lane.[19] To facilitate Hoskins' performance, Charles Fleischer dressed in a Roger bunny suit and "stood in" behind camera for most scenes.[20] Animation director Williams explained Roger Rabbit was a combination of "Tex Avery's cashew nut-shaped head, the swatch of red hair...like Droopy's, Goofy's overalls, Porky Pig's bow tie, Mickey Mouse's gloves, and Bugs Bunny-like cheeks and ears."[10]

text: Kathleen Turner provided the uncredited voice of Jessica Rabbit, Roger Rabbit's Toon wife.[21]

text: Christopher Lloyd was cast because he previously worked with Zemeckis and Amblin Entertainment on Back to the Future. Lloyd compared his part as Doom to his previous role as the Klingon commander Kruge in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, both being overly evil characters which he considered being "fun to play".[22] Lloyd avoided blinking his eyes while on camera to perfectly portray the character.[11] Tim Curry originally auditioned for the role of Judge Doom, but after his audition, the producers found him too terrifying for the role.[23] Christopher Lee was also considered for the role, but turned it down.[19] Several other actors were also considered for the role of Judge Doom, including John Cleese, Roddy McDowall, Eddie Deezen, and Sting.[19]

text: Fleischer also voiced Benny the Cab and two members of Doom's weasel gang, Psycho and Greasy. Lou Hirsch, who supplied the voice for Baby Herman, was the original choice for Benny the Cab, but was replaced by Fleischer.[20]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Price and Seaman were brought aboard to continue writing the script once Spielberg and Zemeckis were hired. For inspiration, the two writers studied the work of Walt Disney and Warner Bros. Cartoons from the Golden Age of American animation, especially Tex Avery and Bob Clampett cartoons. The Cloverleaf streetcar subplot was inspired by Chinatown.[10] Price and Seaman said that "the Red Car plot, suburb expansion, urban and political corruption really did happen," Price stated. "In Los Angeles, during the 1940s, car and tire companies teamed up against the Pacific Electric Railway system and bought them out of business. Where the freeway runs in Los Angeles is where the Red Car used to be."[11] In Wolf's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?, the toons were comic-strip characters rather than movie stars.[10]

text: During the writing process, Price and Seaman were unsure of whom to include as the villain in the plot. They wrote scripts that had either Jessica Rabbit or Baby Herman as the villain, but they made their final decision with newly created character Judge Doom. Doom was supposed to have an animated vulture sit on his shoulder, but this was deleted due to the technical challenges this posed.[11] Doom would also have a suitcase of 12 small animated kangaroos that act as a jury, by having their joeys pop out of their pouches, each with letters, when put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons.[24] Doom's five-man weasel gang (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy, and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey), who appeared in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). Originally, seven weasels were to mimic the dwarf's complement, but eventually, two of them, Slimey and Slezey, were written out of the script.[11] Further references included The "Ink and Paint Club" resembling the Harlem Cotton Club, while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of "the dip" to eliminate all the toons as Hitler's Final Solution.[10] Doom was originally the hunter who killed Bambi's mother. [24] Benny the Cab was first conceived to be a Volkswagen Beetle before being changed to a taxicab. Ideas originally conceived for the story also included a sequence set at Marvin Acme's funeral, whose attendees included Eddie, Foghorn Leghorn, Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Tom and Jerry, Heckle and Jeckle, Chip n' Dale, Mighty Mouse, Superman, Popeye, Olive Oyl, Bluto, Clarabelle Cow, and the Seven Dwarfs in cameo appearances. However, the scene was cut for pacing reasons and never made it past the storyboard stage.[24] Before finally agreeing on Who Framed Roger Rabbit as the film's title, working titles included Murder in Toontown, Toons, Dead Toons Don't Pay Bills, The Toontown Trial, Trouble in Toontown, and Eddie Goes to Toontown.[25]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Animation director Richard Williams admitted he was "openly disdainful of the Disney bureaucracy"[26] and refused to work in Los Angeles. To accommodate him and his animators, production was moved to Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England. Disney and Spielberg also told Williams that in return for doing Roger Rabbit, they would help distribute his uncompleted film The Thief and the Cobbler.[26] Supervising animators included Dale Baer, James Baxter, David Bowers, Andreas Deja, Chris Jenkins, Phil Nibbelink, Nik Ranieri, and Simon Wells. The animation production, headed by associate producer Don Hahn, was split between Richard Williams' London studio and a specialized unit in Los Angeles, set up by Walt Disney Feature Animation and supervised by Dale Baer.[27] The production budget continued to escalate, while the shooting schedule lapsed longer than expected. When the budget reached $40 million, Disney president Michael Eisner seriously considered shutting down production, but Jeffrey Katzenberg talked him out of it.[26] Despite the budget escalating to over $50 million, Disney moved forward on production because they were enthusiastic to work with Spielberg.[13]

text: VistaVision cameras installed with motion-control technology were used for the photography of the live-action scenes which would be composited with animation. Rubber mannequins of Roger Rabbit, Baby Herman, and the weasels would portray the animated characters during rehearsals to teach the actors where to look when acting with "open air and imaginative cartoon characters".[20] Many of the live-action props held by cartoon characters were shot on set with either robotic arms holding the props or the props were manipulated by strings, similar to a marionette.[11] The actor who played the voice of Roger, Charles Fleischer, insisted on wearing a Roger Rabbit costume while on the set, to get into character.[20] Filming began on December 2, 1986, and lasted for seven months at Elstree Studios, with an additional month in Los Angeles and at Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) for blue screen effects of Toontown. The entrance of Desilu Studios served as the fictional Maroon Cartoon Studio lot.[28]

text: Animation and post-production[edit]

text: Post-production lasted for 14 months.[11] Because the film was made before computer animation and digital compositing were widely used, all the animation was done using cels and optical compositing.[20] First, the animators and lay-out artists were given black-and-white printouts of the live-action scenes (known as "photo stats"), and they placed their animation paper on top of them. The artists then drew the animated characters in relationship to the live-action footage. Due to Zemeckis' dynamic camera moves, the animators had to confront the challenge of ensuring the characters were not "slipping and slipping all over the place."[20][11] After rough animation was complete, it was run through the normal process of traditional animation until the cels were shot on the rostrum camera with no background. The animated footage was then sent to ILM for compositing, where technicians animated three lighting layers (shadows, highlights, and tone mattes) separately, to make the cartoon characters look three-dimensional and give the illusion of the characters being affected by the lighting on set.[20] Finally, the lighting effects were optically composited on to the cartoon characters, who were, in turn, composited into the live-action footage. One of the most difficult effects in the film was Jessica's dress in the nightclub scene, because it had flashing sequins, an effect accomplished by filtering light through a plastic bag scratched with steel wool.[10]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)

Soundtrack album by Alan Silvestri and the London Symphony Orchestra

Released
June 22, 1988

Recorded
April 3, 1988

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
45:57

Label
Buena Vista

tag: table

text: Regular Zemeckis collaborator Alan Silvestri composed the film score, performed by the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) under the direction of Silvestri. Zemeckis joked that "the British [musicians] could not keep up with Silvestri's jazz tempo". The performances of the music themes written for Jessica Rabbit were entirely improvised by the LSO. The work of American composer Carl Stalling heavily influenced Silvestri's work on Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[20][11] The film's soundtrack was originally released by Buena Vista Records on June 22, 1988, and reissued by Walt Disney Records on CD on April 16, 2002.[29]

text: On January 23, 2018 Intrada Records released a 3-CD set with complete score, alternates, remastered version of original 1988 album plus music from 3 Roger Rabbit short films, composed & conducted by Bruce Broughton and James Horner[30].

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Maroon Logo"
Alan Silvestri
Alan Silvestri
0:19

2.
"Maroon Cartoon"
Silvestri
Silvestri
3:25

3.
"Valiant & Valiant"
Silvestri
Silvestri
4:22

4.
"The Weasels"
Silvestri
Silvestri
2:08

5.
"Hungarian Rhapsody (Dueling Pianos)"
arranged by Silvestri
Tony Anselmo, Mel Blanc
1:53

6.
"Judge Doom"
Silvestri
Silvestri
3:47

7.
"Why Don't You Do Right?"
Joseph "Kansas Joe" McCoy
Amy Irving
3:07

8.
"No Justice for Toons"
Silvestri
Silvestri
2:45

9.
"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down (Roger's Song)"
Dave Franklin, Cliff Friend
Charles Fleischer
0:47

10.
"Jessica's Theme"
Silvestri
Silvestri
2:03

11.
"Toontown"
Silvestri
Silvestri
1:57

12.
"Eddie's Theme"
Silvestri
Silvestri
5:22

13.
"The Gag Factory"
Silvestri
Silvestri
3:48

14.
"The Will"
Silvestri
Silvestri
1:10

15.
"Smile, Darn Ya, Smile!"
Jack Meskill, Charles O'Flynn, Max Rich
Toon Chorus
1:17

16.
"End Title (Who Framed Roger Rabbit)"
Silvestri
Silvestri
4:56

text: Release[edit]

text: Michael Eisner, then CEO, and Roy E. Disney, Vice Chairman of the Walt Disney Company, felt Who Framed Roger Rabbit was too risqué with sexual references.[31] Eisner and Zemeckis disagreed over various elements of the film, but since Zemeckis had final cut privilege, he refused to make alterations.[20] Roy E. Disney, head of Feature Animation along with studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg, felt it was appropriate to release the film under their Touchstone Pictures banner instead of the traditional Walt Disney Pictures banner.[31]

text: Who Framed Roger Rabbit opened in the United States on June 22, 1988, grossing $11,226,239 in 1,045 theaters during its opening weekend, ranking first place in the domestic box office.[32] The film went on to gross $156,452,370 in North America and $173,351,588 internationally, coming to a worldwide total of $329,803,958. At the time of release, Roger Rabbit was the 20th-highest-grossing film of all time.[33] The film was also the second-highest-grossing film of 1988, behind only Rain Man.[34]

text: Zemeckis has revealed a three-dimensional reissue could be possible.[35]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Who Framed Roger Rabbit was first released on VHS on October 12, 1989.[36] A Laserdisc edition was also released. A DVD version was first available on September 28, 1999.

text: On March 25, 2003, Buena Vista Home Entertainment released it as a part of the "Vista Series" line in a two-disc collection with many extra features including a documentary, Behind the Ears: The True Story of Roger Rabbit; a deleted scene in which a pig's head is "tooned" onto Eddie's own; the three Roger Rabbit shorts, "Tummy Trouble", "Roller Coaster Rabbit", and "Trail Mix-Up"; as well as a booklet and interactive games. The only short on the 2003 VHS release was "Tummy Trouble".

text: On March 12, 2013, Who Framed Roger Rabbit was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc and DVD combo pack special edition for the film's 25th anniversary.[37][38] The film was also digitally restored by Disney for its 25th Anniversary. Frame-by-frame digital restoration was done by Prasad Studios removing dirt, tears, scratches, and other defects.[39][40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 97% based on 62 reviews and an average score of 8.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Who Framed Roger Rabbit is an innovative and entertaining film that features a groundbreaking mix of live action and animation, with a touching and original story to boot."[41] Aggregator Metacritic calculated a score of 83 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[42]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars out of four, predicting it would carry "the type of word of mouth that money can't buy. This movie is not only great entertainment, but [also] a breakthrough in craftsmanship."[43] Ebert and his colleague Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune spent a considerable amount of time in the Siskel & Ebert episode in which they reviewed the film analyzing the film's painstaking filmmaking. Siskel also praised the film, and ranked it number two on his top-ten films list for 1988, while Ebert ranked it as number eight on a similar list.[44] Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented, "although this isn't the first time that cartoon characters have shared the screen with live actors, it's the first time they've done it on their own terms and make it look real".[45] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post considered Roger Rabbit to be "a definitive collaboration of pure talent. Zemeckis had Walt Disney Pictures' enthusiastic backing, producer Steven Spielberg's pull, Warner Bros.'s blessing, Canadian animator Richard Williams' ink and paint, Mel Blanc's voice, Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman's witty, frenetic screenplay, George Lucas' Industrial Light and Magic, and Bob Hoskins' comical performance as the burliest, shaggiest private eye."[46] Gene Shalit on the Today Show also praised the film, calling it "one of the most extraordinary movies ever made".[47] Filmsite.org called it "a technically-marvelous film" and a "landmark" that resulted from "unprecedented cooperation" between Warner Bros. and Disney.[48]

text: Conversely, Richard Corliss, writing for Time, gave a mixed review. "The opening cartoon works just fine but too fine. The opening scene upstages the movie that emerges from it," he said. Corliss was mainly annoyed by the homages to the Golden Age of American animation.[49] Animation legend Chuck Jones made a rather scathing attack on the film in his book Chuck Jones Conversations. Among his complaints, Jones accused Robert Zemeckis of robbing Richard Williams of any creative input and ruining the piano duel that both Williams and he storyboarded.[50]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Who Framed Roger Rabbit won three competitive Academy Awards and a Special Achievement Award. It became the first live-action/animation hybrid film to win multiple Academy Awards since Mary Poppins in 1964. It won Academy Awards for Best Sound Effects Editing (Charles L. Campbell and Louis Edemann), Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing. Other nominations included Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Elliot Scott; Set Decoration: Peter Howitt), Best Cinematography and Best Sound (Robert Knudson, John Boyd, Don Digirolamo and Tony Dawe).[51] Richard Williams received a Special Achievement Academy Award "for animation direction and creation of the cartoon characters".[52] Roger Rabbit won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Direction for Zemeckis and Special Visual Effects. Hoskins, Lloyd, and Cassidy were nominated for their performances, while Alan Silvestri and the screenwriters received nominations.[53] The film was nominated for four categories at the 42nd British Academy Film Awards and won for Best Visual Effects.[54] Roger Rabbit was nominated the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy), while Hoskins was also nominated for his performance.[55] The film also won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation[56] and the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The success of Who Framed Roger Rabbit rekindled an interest in the Golden Age of American animation, and sparked the modern animation scene.[57] In 1991, Walt Disney Imagineering began to develop Mickey's Toontown for Disneyland, based on the Toontown that appeared in the film. The attraction also features a ride called Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin.[31] Three theatrical animated shorts were also produced: Tummy Trouble, played in front of Honey, I Shrunk the Kids; Roller Coaster Rabbit was shown with Dick Tracy; and Trail Mix-Up was included with A Far Off Place.[58][59] The film also inspired a short-lived comic-book and video-game spin-offs, including two PC games, the Japanese version of The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle (which features Roger instead of Bugs), a 1989 game released on the Nintendo Entertainment System, and a 1991 game released on the Game Boy.[59]

text: In December 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[60]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: With the film's LaserDisc release, Variety first reported in March 1994 that observers uncovered several scenes of antics from the animators that supposedly featured brief nudity of the Jessica Rabbit character. While undetectable when played at the usual rate of 24 film frames per second, the Laserdisc player allowed the viewer to advance frame-by-frame to uncover these visuals. Whether or not they were actually intended to depict the nudity of the character remains unknown.[61][62] Many retailers said that within minutes of the Laserdisc debut, their entire inventory was sold out. The run was fueled by media reports about the controversy, including stories on CNN and various newspapers.[63]

text: Another frequently debated scene includes one in which Baby Herman extends his middle finger as he passes under a woman's dress and re-emerges with drool on his lip.[62][64] Also, controversy exists over the scene where Daffy Duck and Donald Duck are playing a piano duel, and during his trademark ranting gibberish, it is claimed that Donald calls Daffy a "goddamn stupid nigger"; however, this is a misinterpretation, with the line from the script being "doggone stubborn little—."[65][66][67]

text: Legal issue[edit]

text: Gary K. Wolf, author of the novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?, filed a lawsuit in 2001 against the Walt Disney Company. Wolf claimed he was owed royalties based on the value of "gross receipts" and merchandising sales. In 2002, the trial court in the case ruled that these only referred to actual cash receipts Disney collected and denied Wolf's claim. In its January 2004 ruling, the California Court of Appeal disagreed, finding that expert testimony introduced by Wolf regarding the customary use of "gross receipts" in the entertainment business could support a broader reading of the term. The ruling vacated the trial court's order in favor of Disney and remanded the case for further proceedings.[68] In a March 2005 hearing, Wolf estimated he was owed $7 million. Disney's attorneys not only disputed the claim, but also said Wolf actually owed Disney $500,000–$1 million because of an accounting error discovered in preparing for the lawsuit.[69] Wolf won the decision in 2005, receiving between $180,000 and $400,000 in damages.[70]

text: Proposed sequel[edit]

text: With the film's critical and financial success, Disney and Spielberg felt it was obviously time to plan a second installment. J. J. Abrams says that he met Spielberg in 1989 to discuss working on a sequel, to the extent of preparing an outline and storyboards.[71] More substantial work was done by Nat Mauldin, who wrote a prequel titled Roger Rabbit: The Toon Platoon, set in 1941. Similar to the previous film, Toon Platoon featured many cameo appearances by characters from the Golden Age of American animation. It began with Roger Rabbit's early years, living on a farm in the Midwestern United States.[57] With human Ritchie Davenport, Roger travels west to seek his mother, in the process meeting Jessica Krupnick (his future wife), a struggling Hollywood actress. While Roger and Ritchie are enlisting in the Army, Jessica is kidnapped and forced to make pro-Nazi Germany broadcasts. Roger and Ritchie must save her by going into Nazi-occupied Europe accompanied by several other Toons in their Army platoon. After their triumph, Roger and Ritchie are given a Hollywood Boulevard parade, and Roger is finally reunited with his mother, and father: Bugs Bunny.[57][72]

text: Mauldin later retitled his script Who Discovered Roger Rabbit. Spielberg left the project when deciding he could not satirize Nazis after directing Schindler's List.[73][74] Eisner commissioned a rewrite in 1997 with Sherri Stoner and Deanna Oliver. Although they kept Roger's search for his mother, Stoner and Oliver replaced the WWII subplot with Roger's inadvertent rise to stardom on Broadway and Hollywood. Disney was impressed and Alan Menken was hired to write five songs for the film and offered his services as executive producer.[74] One of the songs, "This Only Happens in the Movies", was recorded in 2008 on the debut album of Broadway actress Kerry Butler.[75] Eric Goldberg was set to be the new animation director, and began to redesign Roger's new character appearance.[74]

text: Spielberg had no interest in the project because he was establishing DreamWorks, although Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy decided to stay on as producers. Test footage for Who Discovered Roger Rabbit was shot sometime in 1998 at the Disney animation unit in Lake Buena Vista, Florida; the results were a mix of CGI, traditional animation, and live-action that did not please Disney. A second test had the Toons completely converted to CGI; but this was dropped as the film's projected budget escalated well past $100 million. Eisner felt it was best to cancel the film.[74] In March 2003, producer Don Hahn was doubtful about a sequel being made, arguing that public tastes had changed since the 1990s with the rise of computer animation. "There was something very special about that time when animation was not as much in the forefront as it is now."[76]

text: In December 2007, Marshall stated that he was still "open" to the idea,[77] and in April 2009, Zemeckis revealed he was still interested.[78] According to a 2009 MTV News story, Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were writing a new script for the project, and the animated characters would be in traditional two-dimensional, while the rest would be in motion capture.[79] However, in 2010, Zemeckis said that the sequel would remain hand-drawn animated and live-action sequences will be filmed, just like in the original film, but the lighting effects on the cartoon characters and some of the props that the Toons handle will be done digitally.[80] Also in 2010, Don Hahn, who was the film's original associate producer, confirmed the sequel's development in an interview with Empire. He stated, "Yeah, I couldn't possibly comment. I deny completely, but yeah... if you're a fan, pretty soon you're going to be very, very, very happy."[81] In 2010, Bob Hoskins stated he was interested in the project, reprising his role as Eddie Valiant.[citation needed] However, he retired from acting in 2012 after being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease a year earlier, and died from complications in 2014.[82] Marshall has confirmed that the film is a prequel, similar to earlier drafts, and that the writing was almost complete.[83] During an interview at the premiere of Flight, Zemeckis stated that the sequel was still possible, despite Hoskins' absence, and the script for the sequel was sent to Disney for approval from studio executives.[84]

text: In February 2013, Gary K. Wolf, writer of the original novel, said Erik Von Wodtke and he were working on a development proposal for an animated Disney buddy comedy starring Mickey Mouse and Roger Rabbit called The Stooge, based on the 1952 film of the same name. The proposed film is set to a prequel, taking place five years before Who Framed Roger Rabbit and part of the story is about how Roger met Jessica, his future wife. Wolf has stated the film is currently wending its way through Disney.[85]

text: In November 2016, while promoting his latest film, Allied, in England, Zemeckis took some time to have an interview with Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph. As the conversation shifted focus to the Roger Rabbit sequel, Zemeckis stated that the sequel "moves the story of Roger and Jessica Rabbit into the next few years of period film, moving on from film noir to the world of the 1950s". He also stated that the sequel would feature a "digital Bob Hoskins", as Eddie Valiant would return in "ghost form". While the director went on to state that the script is "terrific" and the film would still use hand-drawn animation, Zemeckis thinks that the chances of Disney green-lighting the sequel are "slim". As he explained more in detail, "The current corporate Disney culture [the current studio management of The Walt Disney Company] has no interest in Roger, and they certainly don't like Jessica at all."[86]

text: Roger Rabbit dance[edit]

text: Roger Rabbit was the inspiration for a popular dance move in America in the early 1990s, called "the Roger Rabbit" due to the floppy movements of the character in the film.[87][88]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The budget has been commonly reported as $70 million, including by The New York Times in 1991, who subsequently issued an erratum to state that both Amblin and Touchstone insist the budget was "about $50 million".[2] Publications of the film's accounts since then indicate that the exact production cost of the film was $58,166,000,[3] including the production overhead which came to a total of $7,587,000, putting the net cost at $50,587,000.[4]

tag: ol


document_title: Akira Haraguchi

question_text: who holds the record for most digits of pi memorized

text: Akira Haraguchi

text: Akira Haraguchi (原口 證, Haraguchi Akira) (born 1946, Miyagi Prefecture), a retired Japanese engineer, is known for memorizing and reciting digits of pi.

text: Memorization of pi[edit]

text: He holds the current unofficial world record (100,000 digits) in 16 hours, starting at 9 a.m (16:28 GMT) on October 3, 2006 and having recited up to 83,431 digits by nightfall, stopping with digit number 100,000 at 1:28 a.m. on October 4, 2006. The event was filmed in a public hall in Kisarazu, east of Tokyo, where he had five-minute breaks every two hours to eat onigiri to keep up his energy levels. Even his trips to the toilet were filmed to prove that the exercise was legitimate. Haraguchi's previous world record (83,431), was performed from July 1, 2005 to July 2, 2005. On Pi Day, 2015, he claimed to be able to recite 111,701 digits.[1]

text: Despite Haraguchi's efforts and detailed documentation, the Guinness World Records have not yet accepted any of his records set.

text: Haraguchi views the memorization of pi as "the religion of the universe",[2] and as an expression of his lifelong quest for eternal truth.

text: Haraguchi's mnemonic system[edit]

text: Haraguchi uses a system he developed, which assigns kana symbols to numbers, allowing for the memorization of Pi as a collection of stories. The same system was developed by C.S. Lewis to assign letters from the alphabet to numbers, and creating stories to memorize numbers. This system preceded the system above which Haraguchi developed.[citation needed]

text: The same is done for each number from 2 through 9. His stories are what he used to memorize pi.