document_title: List of NASCAR drivers

question_text: who drove the number 1 car in nascar

question_tokens: who drove the number 1 car in nascar

text: List of NASCAR drivers

text: Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series drivers[edit]

text: All statistics used in these tables are as of the end of the 2017 Pure Michigan 400 (Race 23/36)

text:
Key

Symbol
Meaning

*
Driver is currently in the Chase for the Championship

(i)
Driver is not eligible for Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series points

text: Full-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Allmendinger, A. J.A. J. Allmendinger

47
2007
322
1
10
52
4
13th (2014)

Almirola, AricAric Almirola

43
2007
231
1
10
29
1
16th (2014)

Bayne, TrevorTrevor Bayne

6
2010
153
1
4
13
0
22nd (2016)

Blaney, RyanRyan Blaney*

21
2014
77
1
7
19
1
20th (2016)

Bowyer, ClintClint Bowyer

14
2005
420
8
63
177
2
2nd (2012)

Buescher, ChrisChris Buescher

37
2015
65
1
2
5
0
16th (2016)

Busch, KurtKurt Busch*

41
2000
599
29
127
253
21
1st (2004)

Busch, KyleKyle Busch*

18
2004
449
39
155
232
25
1st (2015)

Cassill, LandonLandon Cassill

34
2010
246
0
1
1
0
29th (2016)

DiBenedetto, MattMatt DiBenedetto

32
2015
91
0
0
3
0
35th (2015, 2016)

Dillon, AustinAustin Dillon*

3
2011
144
1
8
25
3
14th (2016)

Dillon, TyTy Dillon

13
2014
41
0
0
0
0
53rd (2016)

Earnhardt Jr., DaleDale Earnhardt Jr.

88
1999
618
26
149
256
14
3rd (2003)

Elliott, ChaseChase Elliott*

24
2015
64
0
16
30
3
10th (2016)

Hamlin, DennyDenny Hamlin*

11
2005
421
30
125
208
24
2nd (2010)

Harvick, KevinKevin Harvick*

4
2001
597
36
162
298
20
1st (2014)

Johnson, JimmieJimmie Johnson*

48
2001
566
83
221
337
35
1st (2006–2010, 2013, 2016)

Jones, ErikErik Jones

77
2015
26
0
2
8
0
N/A

Kahne, KaseyKasey Kahne*

5
2004
491
18
92
173
27
4th (2012)

Kenseth, MattMatt Kenseth*

20
1998
637
38
177
319
19
1st (2003)

Keselowski, BradBrad Keselowski*

2
2008
292
23
86
140
14
1st (2012)

Larson, KyleKyle Larson*

42
2013
134
4
30
55
4
9th (2016)

Logano, JoeyJoey Logano

22
2008
314
18
89
147
18
2nd (2016)

McDowell, MichaelMichael McDowell

95
2008
236
0
1
5
0
30th (2016)

McMurray, JamieJamie McMurray*

1
2002
533
7
60
155
11
11th (2004)

Menard, PaulPaul Menard

27
2003
386
1
19
58
1
14th (2015)

Newman, RyanRyan Newman*

31
2000
571
18
110
233
51
2nd (2014)

Patrick, DanicaDanica Patrick

10
2012
177
0
0
7
1
24th (2015, 2016)

Ragan, DavidDavid Ragan

38
2006
385
2
15
38
2
13th (2008)

Stenhouse Jr., RickyRicky Stenhouse Jr.*

17
2011
171
2
11
24
2
19th (2013)

Suárez, DanielDaniel Suárez

19
2017
23
0
1
8
0
N/A

Truex Jr., MartinMartin Truex Jr.*

78
2004
428
11
58
150
13
4th (2015)

Whitt, ColeCole Whitt

72
2011
135
0
0
0
0
31st (2014, 2015)

text: Part-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Bilicki, JoshJosh Bilicki (i)

51
2017
2
0
0
0
0
N/A

Chastain, RossRoss Chastain (i)

15
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Cope, DerrikeDerrike Cope

15
1982
420
2
6
32
1
15th (1995)

Day, AlonAlon Day

23
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Earnhardt, JeffreyJeffrey Earnhardt

33
2015
45
0
0
0
0
41st (2016)

Gase, JoeyJoey Gase (i)

15
2014
17
0
0
0
0
N/A

Gaughan, BrendanBrendan Gaughan (i)

75
2004
53
0
1
5
0
28th (2004)

Gaulding, GrayGray Gaulding

15
2016
19
0
0
0
0
48th (2016)

Hill, TimmyTimmy Hill (i)

66
2012
60
0
0
0
0
38th (2013)

Kennington, D. J.D. J. Kennington

15
2016
3
0
0
0
0
N/A

Klutt, GaryGary Klutt

15
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

LaJoie, CoreyCorey LaJoie

23
2014
22
0
0
0
0
N/A

Leicht, StephenStephen Leicht

83
2006
18
0
0
0
0
41st (2012)

Long, CarlCarl Long (i)

66
2000
24
0
0
0
0
53rd (2005)

McLeod, B. J.B. J. McLeod (i)

51
2015
4
0
0
0
0
N/A

Moffitt, BrettBrett Moffitt (i)

83
2014
41
0
0
1
0
34th (2015)

O'Connell, KevinKevin O'Connell

15
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Regan, TommyTommy Regan

55
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Sadler, ElliottElliott Sadler (i)

7
1998
438
3
19
69
8
9th (2004)

Sieg, RyanRyan Sieg (i)

83
2017
5
0
0
0
0
N/A

Sorenson, ReedReed Sorenson

55
2005
279
0
5
15
1
22nd (2007)

Ware, CodyCody Ware

51
2017
3
0
0
0
0
N/A

Yeley, J. J.J. J. Yeley (i)

7
2004
257
0
2
8
1
21st (2007)

text: Free agents[edit]

text:
Driver

Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish
Previous Team

Biffle, GregGreg Biffle

2002
510
19
92
175
13
2nd (2005)
No. 16 - Roush Fenway Racing

Bowman, AlexAlex Bowman

2014
81
0
0
3
1
33rd (2015)
No. 88 - Hendrick Motorsports

Carpentier, PatrickPatrick Carpentier

2007
42
0
0
0
1
38th (2008)
No. 32 - Go Fas Racing

Ellis, RyanRyan Ellis

2015
5
0
0
0
0
58th (2016)
No. 93 - BK Racing

Gilliland, DavidDavid Gilliland

2006
332
0
4
8
3
26th (2013)
No. 35 - Front Row Motorsports

Johnson, BillyBilly Johnson

2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A
No. 43 - Richard Petty Motorsports

Kennedy, AlexAlex Kennedy

2013
22
0
0
0
0
40th (2015)
No. 55 - Premium Motorsports

Labonte, BobbyBobby Labonte

1991
729
21
115
203
26
1st (2000)
No. 32 - Go Fas Racing

Richardson Jr., RobertRobert Richardson Jr.

2009
9
0
0
0
0
51st (2016)
No. 26 - BK Racing

Vickers, BrianBrian Vickers

2003
323
3
29
78
12
12th (2009)
No. 14 – Stewart-Haas Racing

Wallace Jr., DarrellDarrell Wallace Jr.

2017
4
0
0
0
0
N/A
No. 43 - Richard Petty Motorsports

text: Inactive drivers[edit]

text: Xfinity Series drivers[edit]

text: All statistics used in these tables are as of the end of the 2017 Johnsonville 180 (Race 23/33)

text:
Key

Symbol
Meaning

*
Driver is currently in the Xfinity Series Chase for the Championship

(i)
Driver is not eligible to receive Xfinity Series points

text: Full-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Allgaier, JustinJustin Allgaier*

7
2008
230
4
48
121
5
3rd (2011, 2016)

Annett, MichaelMichael Annett*

5
2008
186
0
8
40
0
5th (2012)

Armstrong, DakodaDakoda Armstrong*

28
2012
129
0
3
8
1
12th (2015)

Byron, WilliamWilliam Byron*

9
2017
23
3
7
15
1
N/A

Chastain, RossRoss Chastain

4
2014
96
0
1
7
0
15th (2015)

Clements, JeremyJeremy Clements

51
2003
256
1
2
13
0
14th (2012, 2015)

Custer, ColeCole Custer*

00
2016
28
0
5
13
0
100th (2016)

Gallagher, SpencerSpencer Gallagher

23
2016
30
0
0
2
0
N/A

Gase, JoeyJoey Gase

52
2011
165
0
1
3
0
20th (2014)

Gaughan, BrendanBrendan Gaughan*

62
2001
206
2
20
66
1
8th (2014)

Hemric, DanielDaniel Hemric*

21
2017
23
0
3
10
1
N/A

Jones, BrandonBrandon Jones

33
2015
61
0
1
17
1
10th (2016)

Koch, BlakeBlake Koch*

11
2009
203
0
0
8
1
7th (2016)

Poole, BrennanBrennan Poole*

48
2015
73
0
5
29
1
8th (2016)

Reed, RyanRyan Reed*

16
2013
128
2
5
15
0
6th (2016)

Sadler, ElliottElliott Sadler*

1
1995
352
13
89
194
17
2nd (2011, 2012, 2016)

Sieg, RyanRyan Sieg

39
2013
126
0
3
7
0
9th (2016)

Smithley, GarrettGarrett Smithley

0
2015
56
0
0
2
0
18th (2016)

Starr, DavidDavid Starr

99
2000
120
0
1
3
0
16th (2015)

Tifft, MattMatt Tifft*

19
2015
34
0
3
12
1
N/A

Yeley, J. J.J. J. Yeley

14
2004
273
0
15
46
3
5th (2006)

text: Part-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Almirola, AricAric Almirola (i)

98
2006
100
3
12
37
5
4th (2011)

Anderson, JordanJordan Anderson (i)

78
2015
13
0
0
0
0
N/A

Baca, EnriqueEnrique Baca

13
2017
2
0
0
0
0
N/A

Bean, DexterDexter Bean

90
2006
12
0
0
0
0
54th (2016)

Bell, ChristopherChristopher Bell (i)

18
2017
3
0
1
1
1
N/A

Bell, MattMatt Bell

90
2012
3
0
0
0
0
83rd (2012)

Benjamin, KyleKyle Benjamin

18
2017
4
0
1
1
1
N/A

Bilicki, JoshJosh Bilicki

8
2016
7
0
0
0
0
62nd (2016)

Black Jr., RayRay Black Jr.

07
2015
50
0
0
0
0
19th (2016)

Blaney, RyanRyan Blaney (i)

22
2012
58
5
32
46
1
22nd (2015)

Bodine, ToddTodd Bodine

07
1986
333
15
90
160
7
2nd (1997)

Boyd, SpencerSpencer Boyd

07
2016
4
0
0
0
0
N/A

Brown, BrandonBrandon Brown

90
2016
10
0
0
0
0
N/A

Burton, JebJeb Burton

24
2013
22
0
1
3
0
24th (2016)

Busch, KyleKyle Busch (i)

18
2003
337
91
207
243
63
1st (2009)

Cindric, AustinAustin Cindric (i)

22
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Cockrum, ChrisChris Cockrum

25
2014
14
0
0
0
0
44th (2016)

Conley, CaleCale Conley

24
2014
42
0
0
1
0
20th (2015)

Cowen, TimTim Cowen

40
2014
6
0
0
0
0
61st (2015)

Creed, SheldonSheldon Creed

01
2017
2
0
0
0
0
N/A

Davison, JamesJames Davison

20
2016
3
0
1
1
0
63rd (2016)

Dillon, AustinAustin Dillon (i)

2
2008
127
8
60
93
17
1st (2013)

Dillon, TyTy Dillon (i)

3
2012
130
1
31
82
4
3rd (2015)

Earnhardt Jr., DaleDale Earnhardt Jr. (i)

88
1996
138
24
67
90
10
1st (1998, 1999)

Ellis, RyanRyan Ellis

07
2012
46
0
0
0
0
30th (2016)

Finchum, ChadChad Finchum

40
2017
4
0
0
0
0
N/A

Forrister, KorbinKorbin Forrister (i)

07
2015
3
0
0
0
0
N/A

Francis Jr., ErnieErnie Francis Jr.

13
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Gdovic, BrandonBrandon Gdovic

46
2015
8
0
0
0
0
37th (2016)

Gerhart, BobbyBobby Gerhart

85
2001
18
0
0
0
0
60th (2016)

Gordon, BennyBenny Gordon

44
2009
27
0
1
1
0
34th (2012)

Gosselin, MarioMario Gosselin

90
1998
38
0
0
0
0
26th (2016)

Graham, JohnJohn Graham

74
2004
12
0
0
0
0
77th (2007)

Green, JeffJeff Green

93
1990
470
16
87
129
23
1st (2000)

Hamlin, DennyDenny Hamlin (i)

20
2004
158
16
61
97
20
4th (2006)

Hammann, NicolasNicolas Hammann

17
2016
3
0
0
0
0
68th (2016)

Harmon, MikeMike Harmon

74
1996
239
0
0
0
0
23rd (2003)

Harvick, KevinKevin Harvick (i)

41
1999
340
46
182
255
25
1st (2001, 2006)

Henderson, BrianBrian Henderson

90
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Herring, DrewDrew Herring

24
2010
22
0
1
5
2
34th (2016)

Hightower, BrandonBrandon Hightower

40
2016
10
0
0
0
0
43rd (2016)

Hill, TimmyTimmy Hill

13
2011
122
0
0
2
0
17th (2011)

Hornish Jr., SamSam Hornish Jr.

22
2006
117
5
36
62
9
2nd (2013)

Houff, QuinQuin Houff

46
2017
3
0
0
0
0
N/A

Jackson, JohnJohn Jackson

72
2011
23
0
0
0
0
61st (2015, 2016)

Jones, DevinDevin Jones

07
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Jones, ErikErik Jones (i)

20
2014
70
8
34
47
12
4th (2016)

Kahne, KaseyKasey Kahne (i)

88
2002
215
8
46
87
9
7th (2003)

Kennedy, BenBen Kennedy

2
2016
14
0
1
3
0
N/A

Keselowski, BradBrad Keselowski (i)

22
2006
248
35
123
167
20
1st (2010)

King, ClintClint King

78
2016
5
0
0
0
0
50th (2016)

Kligerman, ParkerParker Kligerman (i)

46
2009
53
0
3
19
1
9th (2013)

Kumpen, AnthonyAnthony Kumpen

46
2015
6
0
0
0
0
52nd (2015)

Labbe, AlexAlex Labbe

90
2016
3
0
0
0
0
67th (2016)

Lagasse Jr., ScottScott Lagasse Jr.

3
2005
67
0
0
6
0
21st (2009)

LaJoie, CoreyCorey LaJoie (i)

24
2013
18
0
0
2
0
31st (2016)

Lally, AndyAndy Lally

07
2007
8
0
1
4
0
53rd (2015)

Larson, KyleKyle Larson (i)

42
2013
100
8
45
69
3
8th (2013)

Logano, JoeyJoey Logano (i)

22
2008
168
28
89
137
34
8th (2010)

Long, CarlCarl Long

13
2001
114
0
0
0
0
31st (2011)

Lupton, DylanDylan Lupton

24
2015
20
0
0
1
0
30th (2015)

Majeski, TyTy Majeski

60
2017
2
0
0
0
0
N/A

Marks, JustinJustin Marks

42
2008
32
1
2
5
0
23rd (2016)

Martins, Tommy JoeTommy Joe Martins

78
2014
18
0
0
0
0
35th (2014)

McLeod, B. J.B. J. McLeod

8
2015
61
0
0
0
0
20th (2016)

Mears, CaseyCasey Mears

98
2001
103
1
16
34
4
20th (2007)

Menard, PaulPaul Menard (i)

2
2003
213
3
40
96
5
5th (2010)

Matt Mills

8
2017
2
0
0
0
0
N/A

Brett Moffitt

96
2012
2
0
0
1
0
71st (2012)

Stan Mullis

40
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Preece, RyanRyan Preece

20
2013
38
1
2
3
1
17th (2016)

Reddick, TylerTyler Reddick

42
2017
12
0
1
3
0
N/A

Rhodes, HarrisonHarrison Rhodes

01
2013
74
0
0
2
0
24th (2015)

Roy, MartinMartin Roy

90
2014
24
0
0
0
0
35th (2016)

Ruch, AngelaAngela Ruch

78
2011
8
0
0
0
0
55th (2011)

Brian Scott

3
2009
209
0
21
78
5
4th (2014)

Shepherd, MorganMorgan Shepherd

89
1982
413
15
44
67
6
11th (1982)

Smith, ReganRegan Smith (i)

18
2002
206
6
30
79
1
2nd (2014)

Sorenson, ReedReed Sorenson (i)

15
2004
202
4
38
86
2
4th (2005)

Suárez, DanielDaniel Suárez (i)

20
2014
79
3
32
51
6
1st (2016)

Thompson, MarkMark Thompson

13
2015
4
0
0
0
0
71st (2015)

Wallace Jr., DarrellDarrell Wallace Jr.

6
2012
84
0
6
34
2
7th (2015)

Ware, CodyCody Ware (i)

74
2014
14
0
0
0
0
43rd (2014)

Williams, JoshJosh Williams

92
2016
6
0
0
0
0
80th (2016)

Young, StephenStephen Young

78
2017
3
0
0
0
0
N/A

text: Free agents[edit]

text:
Driver

Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish
Previous Team

Barrett, StantonStanton Barrett

1992
203
0
1
7
0
22nd (2005, 2008)
No. 99 - B. J. McLeod Motorsports

Berry, JoshJosh Berry

2014
6
0
0
2
0
41st (2016)
No. 88 - JR Motorsports

Bliss, MikeMike Bliss

1998
359
2
29
76
3
5th (2004, 2008, 2009)
No. 10 - TriStar Motorsports

Cook, ChrisChris Cook

1999
15
0
0
0
0
78th (2006)
No. 40 - MBM Motorsports

Day, AlonAlon Day

2016
2
0
0
0
0
109th (2016)
No. 40 - MBM Motorsports

Decker, PaigePaige Decker

2016
2
0
0
0
0
66th (2016)
No. 97 - Obaika Racing

Drissi, TomyTomy Drissi

2010
11
0
0
0
0
57th (2015)
No. 14 - TriStar Motorsports

Guenette, AlexAlex Guenette

2016
4
0
0
0
0
49th (2016)
No. 90 - King Autosport

Habul, KennyKenny Habul

2012
15
0
0
0
0
44th (2014)
No. 88 - JR Motorsports

Heckert, ScottScott Heckert

2016
3
0
0
0
0
46th (2016)
No. 15 - B. J. McLeod Motorsports

Jones, BlakeBlake Jones

2016
1
0
0
0
0
77th (2016)
No. 15 - B. J. McLeod Motorsports

Kelly, OwenOwen Kelly

2010
5
0
2
2
0
48th (2016)
No. 18 - Joe Gibbs Racing

Labonte, BobbyBobby Labonte

1982
203
10
51
100
10
1st (1991)
No. 18 - Joe Gibbs Racing

Leicht, StephenStephen Leicht

2005
81
1
3
16
0
7th (2007)
No. 93 - RSS Racing

Lira, MichaelMichael Lira

2016
1
0
0
0
0
71st (2016)
No. 15 - B. J. McLeod Motorsports

Murphy, CamdenCamden Murphy

2016
1
0
0
0
0
72nd (2016)
No. 25 - Rick Ware Racing

Owens, AlliAlli Owens

2016
1
0
0
0
0
79th (2016)
No. 97 - Obaika Racing

Peck, ToddTodd Peck

2015
12
0
0
0
0
38th (2016)
No. 15 - B. J. McLeod Motorsports

Piquet Jr., NelsonNelson Piquet Jr.

2010
38
1
1
7
1
12th (2013)
No. 98 - Biagi-DenBeste Racing

Reaume, JoshJosh Reaume

2014
32
0
0
0
0
33rd (2015)
No. 25 - Rick Ware Racing

Reuse, RogerRoger Reuse

2014
4
0
0
0
0
72nd (2014)
No. 74 - Mike Harmon Racing

Sadler, HermieHermie Sadler

1992
265
2
18
44
3
5th (1994)
No. 14 - TriStar Motorsports

Tagliani, AlexAlex Tagliani

2009
8
0
4
5
4
39th (2014)
No. 22 - Team Penske

Waltz, MattMatt Waltz

2015
7
0
0
0
0
51st (2016)
No. 97 - Obaika Racing

Wise, JoshJosh Wise

2007
150
0
2
6
0
16th (2011)
No. 93 - RSS Racing

text: Inactive drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish
Start of Inactivity

White, DerekDerek White

2012
22
0
0
0
0
36th (2015)
April 4, 2016 (Suspended)[1]

text: Camping World Truck Series drivers[edit]

text: All statistics used in these tables are as of the end of the 2017 UNOH 175 (Race 17/23)

text:
Key

Symbol
Meaning

*
Driver is currently in the Camping World Truck Series Chase for the Championship

(i)
Driver is not eligible to receive Camping World Truck Series points

text: Full-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Christopher Bell*

4
2015
47
7
22
35
3
3rd (2016)

Norm Benning

6
2002
178
0
0
0
0
17th (2014)

Chase Briscoe*

29
2017
17
0
6
10
2
N/A

Austin Cindric*

19
2015
23
1
4
10
1
36th (2016)

Cody Coughlin

13
2015
29
0
0
1
0
29th (2016)

Matt Crafton*

88
2000
401
14
101
237
13
1st (2013, 2014)

Grant Enfinger

98
2010
31
1
10
16
1
22nd (2016)

Noah Gragson

18
2016
19
0
3
11
3
40th (2016)

Kaz Grala*

33
2016
26
1
3
10
1
28th (2016)

Justin Haley

24
2015
21
0
2
11
0
43rd (2015)

John Hunter Nemechek*

8
2013
70
5
21
35
1
8th (2016)

Ben Rhodes*

27
2014
44
0
8
18
2
14th (2016)

Johnny Sauter*

21
2003
215
15
84
135
7
1st (2016)

Ryan Truex

16
2012
36
0
9
17
1
18th (2016)

text: Part-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Jeffrey Abbey

45
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Rico Abreu

89
2015
26
0
2
5
0
13th (2016)

Jordan Anderson

1
2014
52
0
0
0
0
19th (2015)

T. J. Bell

45
2003
111
0
1
13
0
15th (2009)

Spencer Boyd (i)

50
2016
5
0
0
0
0
51st (2016)

Brandon Brown (i)

44
2014
22
0
1
1
0
25th (2016)

Harrison Burton

51
2016
6
0
0
0
0
66th (2016)

Kyle Busch (i)

46
2001
140
49
89
110
18
14th (2008, 2010)

Ross Chastain (i)

66
2011
52
0
5
14
2
17th (2012)

Wendell Chavous

49
2014
26
0
0
0
0
31st (2015)

Ray Ciccarelli

0
2017
3
0
0
0
0
N/A

Jennifer Jo Cobb

10
2008
144
0
0
1
0
16th (2014)

Sheldon Creed (i)

20
2013
4
0
0
0
0
51st (2013)

Bryan Dauzat

28
2014
2
0
0
0
0
87th (2014)

Austin Dillon (i)

99
2009
69
7
24
47
13
1st (2011)

Ty Dillon (i)

99
2009
55
3
20
36
5
2nd (2013)

Kevin Donahue

63
2016
7
0
0
0
0
61st (2016)

Kyle Donahue

63
2016
4
0
0
0
0
75th (2016)

Chase Elliott (i)

23
2013
12
2
8
10
3
22nd (2013)

Patrick Emerling

83
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Justin Fontaine

45
2016
3
0
0
0
0
70th (2016)

Korbin Forrister

0
2014
32
0
0
0
0
18th (2015)

Stewart Friesen

52
2016
19
0
2
2
1
33rd (2016)

Spencer Gallagher (i)

23
2013
59
0
3
15
2
10th (2015)

Gray Gaulding (i)

15
2014
15
0
1
2
0
26th (2014)

Bobby Gerhart

63
1996
7
0
0
0
0
66th (1996)

Todd Gilliland

51
2017
4
0
1
1
0
N/A

Victor Gonzalez Jr.

45
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Clay Greenfield

68
2010
35
0
0
1
0
34th (2012)

Mike Harmon (i)

74
2001
57
0
0
0
0
34th (2010)

Jason Hathaway

66
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Brandon Hightower

1
2015
3
0
0
0
0
73rd (2015)

Austin Hill

02
2014
25
0
0
2
0
26th (2016)

Caleb Holman

75
2012
34
0
0
2
1
30th (2012, 2015)

Joe Hudson

74
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Landon Huffman

63
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Trey Hutchens

66
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Max Johnston

02
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Brandon Jones (i)

99
2013
35
0
7
15
0
15th (2015)

Terry Jones

30
2010
6
0
0
0
0
59th (2010)

D. J. Kennington (i)

96
2010
6
0
0
0
0
61st (2013)

Parker Kligerman

75
2010
67
1
14
32
2
5th (2012)

Gary Klutt (i)

49
2016
2
0
0
0
0
50th (2016)

Travis Kvapil

63
2001
195
9
52
86
4
1st (2003)

Scott Lagasse Jr. (i)

02
2006
27
0
1
4
0
37th (2006)

Donnie Levister

44
2017
2
0
0
0
0
N/A

Jesse Little

97
2015
11
0
0
1
0
35th (2016)

Tommy Joe Martins

44
2009
27
0
0
0
0
23rd (2016)

B. J. McLeod (i)

36
2010
34
0
0
0
0
32nd (2015)

Travis Miller

99
2012
5
0
0
0
0
49th (2012)

Matt Mills

0
2016
9
0
0
0
0
42nd (2016)

Ted Minor

14
2014
5
0
0
0
0
64th (2014)

Camden Murphy

63
2014
12
0
0
0
0
70th (2014, 2015)

Bryce Napier

10
2016
6
0
0
0
0
48th (2016)

Joe Nemechek

87
1996
34
0
3
16
0
19th (2014)

Akinori Ogata

50
2014
6
0
0
0
0
47th (2015)

Todd Peck

63
2011
29
0
0
0
0
42nd (2014)

Bobby Pierce

63
2015
8
0
1
2
1
39th (2015)

Josh Reaume

50
2013
10
0
0
0
0
68th (2013)

Tommy Regan

0
2014
8
0
0
0
0
49th (2015)

Bobby Reuse

50
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Ken Schrader

66
1995
105
1
12
37
2
19th (2007)

Austin Wayne Self

44
2016
33
0
1
2
0
15th (2016)

Mike Senica

57
2017
6
0
0
0
0
N/A

Justin Shipley

80
2016
2
0
0
0
0
73rd (2016)

Regan Smith

92
2002
32
0
1
7
0
32nd (2007)

Myatt Snider

51
2016
5
0
0
2
0
60th (2016)

Alex Tagliani

02
2014
3
0
1
1
2
N/A

Darrell Wallace Jr. (i)

99
2013
45
6
15
27
3
3rd (2014)

Cody Ware (i)

50
2014
7
0
0
0
0
60th (2015)

Chris Windom

36
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Brian Wong

99
2015
2
0
0
0
0
59th (2015)

J. J. Yeley (i)

83
2004
29
0
0
2
0
42nd (2009)

Tyler Young

02
2012
76
0
0
4
0
13th (2014, 2015)

text: Free agents[edit]

text:
Driver

Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish
Previous Team

Josh Berry

2016
1
0
0
0
0
N/A
No. 71 - Contreras Motorsports

Mike Bliss

1995
206
13
61
109
18
1st (2002)
No. 71 - Contreras Motorsports

Alex Bowman

2015
2
0
0
1
0
N/A
No. 24 - GMS Racing

Carlos Contreras

1999
75
0
0
5
0
14th (2001)
No. 71 - Contreras Motorsports

Enrique Contreras III

2014
3
0
0
0
0
57th (2016)
No. 71 - Contreras Motorsports

Sean Corr

2012
6
0
0
0
0
58th (2013)
No. 82 - Empire Racing

Claire Decker

2016
2
0
0
0
0
N/A
No. 10 - Jennifer Jo Cobb Racing

Paige Decker

2015
2
0
0
0
0
76th (2015)
No. 74 - Mike Harmon Racing

Michel Disdier

2014
2
0
0
0
0
49th (2016)
No. 07 - SS-Green Light Racing

Nick Drake

2016
2
0
0
0
0
44th (2016)
No. 49 - JR Motorsports

Wayne Edwards

2000
78
0
0
1
0
26th (2000)
No. 49 - Premium Motorsports

C. J. Faison

2013
3
0
0
0
0
51st (2013)
No. 07 - SS-Green Light Racing

Chris Fontaine

2005
55
0
0
3
0
25th (2012)
No. 47 - Glenden Enterprises

Jake Griffin

2015
5
0
1
1
0
39th (2016)
No. 63 - MB Motorsports

Cameron Hayley

2014
49
0
10
26
0
6th (2015)
No. 13 - ThorSport Racing

Shane Lee

2016
3
0
0
0
0
38th (2016)
No. 07 - SS-Green Light Racing

Ryan Lynch

2012
6
0
0
0
0
52nd (2013)
No. 07 - SS-Green Light Racing

Kyle Martel

2012
7
0
0
0
0
50th (2013)
No. 59 - Bill Martel Racing

Brett Moffitt

2013
13
1
3
6
0
27th (2016)
No. 7  - Red Horse Racing

Timothy Peters

2005
236
10
57
121
8
2nd (2012)
No. 99 - MDM Motorsports

Germán Quiroga

2011
53
0
5
19
1
6th (2014)
No. 11 - Red Horse Racing

Josh Reeves

2016
1
0
0
0
0
72nd (2016)
No. 66 - Mike Harmon Racing

Caleb Roark

2011
31
0
0
0
0
34th (2014)
No. 10 - Jennifer Jo Cobb Racing

Derek Scott Jr.

2016
1
0
0
0
0
68th (2016)
No. 02 - Young's Motorsports

Andy Seuss

2016
1
0
0
0
0
78th (2016)
No. 28 - FDNY Racing

Tim Viens

2015
4
0
0
0
0
63rd (2016)
No. 1 - TJL Motorsports

Josh White

2016
1
0
0
0
0
79th (2016)
No. 1 - Jennifer Jo Cobb Racing

Josh Wise

2007
12
0
0
2
0
33rd (2007)
No. 49 - Premium Motorsports

text: Inactive drivers[edit]

text: K&N Pro Series East drivers[edit]

text: All statistics used in these tables are as of the end of the 2017 Jet Tools 150 (Race 1/14)

text:
Key

Symbol
Meaning

*
Driver is currently in the Top-5 in championship standings

text: Full-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Enrique Baca

9
2016
4
0
0
0
0
35th (2016)

Hunter Baize

13
2016
15
0
1
11
0
4th (2016)

Amber Balcaen

39
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Dillon Bassett

44
2015
22
1
5
8
0
13th (2015)

Ronnie Bassett Jr.*

04
2013
40
1
10
16
0
11th (2014)

Jay Beasley

42
2014
28
0
5
10
0
13th (2014)

Harrison Burton*

12
2016
15
0
2
6
2
7th (2016)

Chase Cabre

4
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Collin Cabre

2
2015
29
1
6
9
0
6th (2016)

Travis Cope*

31
2017
1
0
1
1
0
N/A

Sheldon Creed

40
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Spencer Davis

96
2015
18
1
8
12
1
8th (2016)

Tyler Dippel

30
2016
15
1
1
8
0
3rd (2016)

Rubén García Jr.

6
2016
15
0
1
6
0
10th (2016)

Todd Gilliland

16
2016
6
1
3
6
1
20th (2016)

John Holleman IV

49
2014
21
0
0
4
1
11th (2016)

Trey Hutchens

14
2013
26
0
0
4
0
18th (2016)

Salvatore Iovino

38
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Jesse Iwuji

36
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Derek Kraus*

99
2017
1
0
1
1
0
N/A

Vinnie Miller

41
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Chase Purdy

17
2017
1
0
0
1
0
N/A

Luis Rodriguez Jr.

5
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Anthony Sergi

20
2017
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Zane Smith*

43
2017
1
0
1
1
0
N/A

Reid Wilson

66
2016
5
0
0
3
0
27th (2016)

text: Part-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No. fart
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Chuck Buchanan Jr.

19
2011
14
0
0
0
0
31st (2014, 2015)

Caleb Holman

23
2016
2
0
0
0
0
56th (2016)

J. P. Morgan

23
2003
9
0
0
1
0
26th (2015)

text: K&N Pro Series West drivers[edit]

text: All statistics used in these tables are as of the end of the 2017 NAPA Auto Parts T-100 (Race 4/14)

text: Full-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Garret Archer

27
2016
5
0
2
3
0
51st (2016)

Nicole Behar*

33
2014
24
0
5
19
0
10th (2015)

Rich DeLong III

84
2013
43
0
0
1
0
8th (2014)

Chris Eggleston*

99
2011
35
6
23
26
1
1st (2015)

Todd Gilliland*

16
2015
19
10
16
18
9
1st (2016)

Jesse Iwuji

36
2015
19
0
0
1
0
10th (2016)

Bill Kann

18
2013
17
0
0
2
0
17th (2014)

Takuma Koga

11
2002
32
0
0
0
0
14th (2005)

Derek Kraus*

19
2017
4
0
2
3
0
N/A

Julia Landauer

6
2016
18
0
7
15
0
4th (2016)

Matt Levin

10
2015
25
0
0
7
0
11th (2015)

Ron Norman

40
2015
29
0
0
6
1
11th (2016)

Blaine Perkins

21
2015
19
0
1
13
0
9th (2016)

Dan Phillippi

14
2016
10
0
0
1
0
19th (2016)

Will Rodgers*

7
2016
10
0
4
8
0
16th (2016)

Todd Souza

13
2006
44
1
3
17
0
9th (2010)

Kody Vanderwal

32
2017
4
0
0
2
0
N/A

text: Part-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Johnny Borneman III

61
2000
118
3
28
59
1
4th (2002)

Trevor Cristiani

90
2012
3
0
0
0
0
62nd (2015)

Justin Funkhouser

5
2010
34
0
0
4
0
12th (2011)

Riley Herbst

54
2016
15
0
7
11
0
7th (2016)

Bobby Hillis

0
2001
64
0
0
1
0
11th (2002)

Salvatore Iovino

38
2016
9
0
0
0
0
18th (2016)

David Mayhew

17
2007
102
10
50
73
13
2nd (2010)

Dan O'Donnell

91
2016
2
0
0
0
0
48th (2016)

Brandon Schilling

30
2017
2
0
0
1
0
N/A

Michael Self

9
2009
61
6
23
37
0
4th (2013)

Stafford Smith

30
2016
11
0
0
2
0
13th (2016)

Zane Smith

9
2017
1
0
1
1
0
N/A

text: Pinty’s Series drivers[edit]

text: All statistics used in these tables are as of the end of the 2016 Clarington 200 (Race 1/12)

text: Full-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

J. F. Dumoulin

04
2007
31
0
5
17
0
8th (2015)

L. P. Dumoulin

47
2009
60
4
24
38
1
1st (2014)

Jason Hathaway

3
2007
110
8
32
69
0
2nd (2015)

D. J. Kennington

17
2007
121
19
77
101
11
1st (2010, 2012)

Gary Klutt

59
2010
18
1
1
11
2
5th (2015)

Alex Labbé

32
2012
16
0
5
9
3
13th (2015)

Kevin Lacroix

74
2015
7
2
2
2
0
15th (2015)

Joey McColm

25
2007
75
0
0
20
0
8th (2014)

Andrew Ranger

27
2007
84
21
50
71
17
1st (2007, 2009)

Matthew Scannell

56
2013
22
0
0
3
0
11th (2015)

text: Part-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Robin Buck

1
2007
27
2
12
17
0
19th (2011)

Bryan Cathcart

75
2007
6
0
0
0
0
31st (2008)

Carlos de Quesada

06
2015
3
0
0
0
0
39th (2015)

Simon Dion-Viens

37
2013
9
0
0
2
0
22nd (2015)

Patrick Dussault

71
2016
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Kaz Grala

22
2016
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Larry Jackson

84
2012
30
0
0
4
0
14th (2012, 2013)

Ryan Klutt

42
2013
7
0
0
0
0
29th (2015)

Cayden Lapcevich

76
2015
7
0
2
4
0
14th (2015)

David Michaud

40
2015
2
0
0
0
0
42nd (2015)

Kerry Micks

02
2007
87
3
30
54
4
4th (2011)

Pier Luc-Ouellete

18
2015
2
0
0
1
0
40th (2015)

Kevin Poitras

8
2015
4
0
0
1
0
27th (2015)

Mel Shaw

87
2016
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Anthony Simone

95
2008
54
0
7
19
1
8th (2009)

Brett Taylor

46
2016
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

David Thorndyke

67
2016
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

text: PEAK Mexico Series drivers[edit]

text: All statistics used in these tables are as of the end of the 2015 RedCo 240 (Race 15/15)

text: Full-time drivers[edit]

text: Part-time drivers[edit]

text: Whelen Euro Series Elite 1 Division drivers[edit]

text: All statistics used in these tables are as of the end of the 2016 Autospeedway American Style (Race 4/12)

text: Full-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Marconi Abreu

47
2016
4
0
0
1
0
N/A

Wilfried Boucenna

73
2012
48
0
9
29
0
6th (2012)

Dario Caso

8
2016
4
0
0
0
0
N/A

Alon Day

54
2015
17
4
6
11
3
2nd (2015)

Eric De Doncker

98
2015
14
0
0
1
0
15th (2015)

Ulysse Delsaux

31
2016
4
0
0
1
0
N/A

Jerry De Weerdt

78
2013
15
0
0
0
0
17th (2015)

Gianmarco Ercoli

9
2015
5
0
2
2
0
20th (2015)

Thomas Ferrando

37
2016
4
0
0
2
0
N/A

Carlo Forte

6
2016
4
0
0
0
0
N/A

Gian Maria Gabbiani

12
2014
6
0
0
0
0
40th (2014)

Frédéric Gabillon

3
2013
40
6
31
33
4
2nd (2013)

Borja García

1
2013
20
1
13
16
1
5th (2014)

Riccardo Geltrude

7
2016
4
0
0
2
0
N/A

Marc Goossens

90
2016
4
0
0
2
0
N/A

Willy Gruber

26
2016
4
0
0
0
0
N/A

Anthony Kumpen

24
2014
28
4
22
26
2
1st (2014)

Mathias Lauda

66
2014
17
1
4
10
0
9th (2014)

Bert Longin

11
2014
27
0
5
15
1
6th (2014)

Barry Maessen

14
2016
2
0
2
2
0
N/A

Simone Monforte

88
2014
21
0
0
2
0
16th (2014)

Freddy Nordström

44
2012
50
0
9
29
0
7th (2013, 2014)

Florian Renauer

5
2015
16
0
1
12
0
8th (2015)

Nicolò Rocca

56
2013
37
3
10
23
4
9th (2015)

text: Part-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

William Ayer Jr.

69
2013
16
0
0
0
0
14th (2015)

Alex Caffi

23
2016
0
0
0
0
0
N/A

Brandon Gdovic

46
2015
4
0
0
1
0
26th (2015)

Peter Gross

15
2016
0
0
0
0
0
N/A

Roman Mavlanov

15
2016
0
0
0
0
0
N/A

Colin White

21
2016
2
0
0
0
0
N/A

text: Inactive drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish
Start of Inactivity

Claudio Giudice

4
2016
2
0
0
0
0
N/A
May 20, 2016 (Suspended)

text: Whelen Euro Series Elite 2 Division drivers[edit]

text: Full-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Marconi Abreu

47
2016
4
0
0
2
0
N/A

Didier Bec

31
2013
38
0
0
4
0
11th (2015)

Hugo Bec

3
2016
4
0
1
3
0
N/A

Renzo Calcinati

12
2013
9
0
2
2
0
20th (2013)

Arianna Casoli

8
2016
3
0
0
0
0
N/A

Eric De Doncker

98
2015
14
0
0
8
0
8th (2015)

Guillaume Deflandre

56
2015
14
0
2
7
1
13th (2015)

Jerry De Weerdt

78
2014
16
0
0
3
0
14th (2015)

Martin Doubek

5
2015
12
0
0
8
0
16th (2015)

Thomas Ferrando

37
2014
28
5
20
22
2
3rd (2014, 2015)

Gabriele Gardel

24
2014
6
1
4
4
0
22nd (2014)

Riccardo Geltrude

7
2016
4
0
2
3
0
N/A

Willy Gruber

26
2016
3
0
0
1
0
N/A

Paul Guiod

73
2016
4
0
0
0
0
N/A

Freddie Hunt

66
2016
4
0
0
2
0
N/A

Justin Kunz

44
2016
3
0
0
0
0
N/A

Simone Laureti

9
2014
20
0
2
9
0
6th (2014)

Stienes Longin

11
2014
20
5
14
18
4
4th (2015)

Roman Mavlanov

88
2016
4
0
2
2
0
N/A

Marco Spinelli

6
2014
5
0
0
4
0
36th (2014)

Salvador Tineo Arroyo

54
2014
20
1
17
18
0
5th (2015)

Shawn Paul Wakefield

1
2016
4
0
0
0
0
N/A

text: Part-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Rayane Ait-Adjedjou

69
2016
2
0
0
0
0
N/A

Maik Barten

21
2016
2
0
0
1
0
N/A

Alexandre Guiod

88
2016
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Barry Maessen

14
2016
0
0
0
0
0
N/A

Christian Malchárek

46
2015
8
0
0
2
0
17th (2015)

Mauro Serra

23
2016
0
0
0
0
0
N/A

Marko Stipp

14
2016
2
0
0
1
0
N/A

text: Inactive drivers[edit]

text: Whelen Modified Tour drivers[edit]

text: All statistics used in these tables are as of the end of the 2016 TSI Harley-Davidson 125 (Race 4/17)

text: Full-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Jimmy Blewett

4
2001
109
5
23
39
3
8th (2007, 2012)

Brendon Bock

29
2015
13
0
0
4
0
26th (2015)

Justin Bonsignore

51
2007
92
8
38
54
5
3rd (2014)

Doug Coby

2
2002
176
19
57
94
13
1st (2012, 2014, 2015)

Wade Cole

33
1985
327
0
0
6
0
15th (2010)

Chase Dowling

9
2015
19
0
1
9
0
9th (2015)

Melissa Fifield

01
2014
29
0
0
0
0
21st (2014)

Eric Goodale

58
2008
105
1
12
46
2
7th (2010, 2014)

Jeff Goodale

46
2015
18
0
1
4
0
15th (2015)

Andrew Krause

24
2016
4
0
0
0
0
N/A

Donny Lia

8
2001
173
17
64
90
21
1st (2007, 2009)

Craig Lutz

56
2014
9
0
0
0
0
38th (2015)

Gary McDonald

26
2008
81
0
0
0
0
18th (2014)

Rowan Pennink

3
2007
128
2
28
61
0
4th (2009, 2011, 2013)

Ryan Preece

6
2007
131
15
58
84
14
1st (2013)

Bobby Santos III

44
2004
111
13
40
60
16
1st (2010)

Dave Sapienza

36
2014
19
0
0
2
0
17th (2015)

Ron Silk

82
2003
149
10
57
89
9
1st (2011)

Timmy Solomito

16
2011
38
1
8
19
1
6th (2015)

Rob Summers

64
1998
136
0
15
25
7
12th (2001)

Matt Swanson

89
2015
9
0
0
2
0
31st (2015)

Jamie Tomaino

99
1985
601
3
91
247
5
1st (1990)

Max Zachem

20
2013
22
0
2
6
0
12th (2015)

text: Part-time drivers[edit]

text:
Driver

No.
Debut
Starts
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Poles
Best Points Finish

Tom Abele Jr.

32
2008
18
0
1
1
0
21st (2008)

George Brunnhoelzl III

28
2002
17
0
1
4
1
17th (2010)

Johnny Bush

38
1989
72
0
0
5
0
20th (1992)

Ted Christopher

00
1987
363
42
131
199
27
1st (2008)

Patrick Emerling

07
2011
70
0
6
25
2
5th (2015)

Ken Heagy

18
1987
118
0
0
5
0
14th (2008)

Woody Pitkat

85
2007
110
3
22
56
4
3rd (2015)

Gary Putnam

77
2014
4
0
0
0
0
44th (2015)

Tom Rogers Jr.

38
2004
22
0
1
8
2
27th (2011)

Nick Salva

59
2016
2
0
0
0
0
N/A

Dave Salzarulo

38
2013
23
0
0
0
0
20th (2014)

Shawn Solomito

75
2011
26
0
2
5
0
16th (2015)

Walter Sutcliffe Jr.

78
2016
1
0
0
0
0
N/A

Todd Szegedy

15
2000
203
19
85
127
10
1st (2003)

Troy Talman

38
2014
13
0
1
1
0
21st (2015)


document_title: Charlotte Brontë

question_text: victorian novelist who wrote the life of charlotte bronte

root

text: Charlotte Brontë

text: Early years and education[edit]

text: Charlotte Brontë was born on 21 April 1816 in Market Street Thornton, west of Bradford in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the third of the six children of Maria (née Branwell) and Patrick Brontë (formerly surnamed Brunty), an Irish Anglican clergyman. In 1820 her family moved a few miles to the village of Haworth, where her father had been appointed perpetual curate of St Michael and All Angels Church. Maria died of cancer on 15 September 1821, leaving five daughters, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Emily and Anne, and a son, Branwell, to be taken care of by her sister, Elizabeth Branwell.

tag: p

text: In August 1824 Patrick sent Charlotte, Emily, Maria and Elizabeth to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire. Charlotte maintained that the school's poor conditions permanently affected her health and physical development, and hastened the deaths of Maria (born 1814) and Elizabeth (born 1815), who both died of tuberculosis in June 1825. After the deaths of his older daughters, Patrick removed Charlotte and Emily from the school.[2] Charlotte used the school as the basis for Lowood School in Jane Eyre.

text: At home in Haworth Parsonage, Brontë acted as "the motherly friend and guardian of her younger sisters".[3] Brontë wrote her first known poem at the age of 13 in 1829, and was to go on to write more than 200 poems in the course of her life.[4] Many of her poems were "published" in their homemade magazine Branwell's Blackwood's Magazine, and concerned the fictional Glass Town Confederacy.[4]  She and her surviving siblings – Branwell, Emily and Anne – created their own fictional worlds, and began chronicling the lives and struggles of the inhabitants of their imaginary kingdoms. Charlotte and Branwell wrote Byronic stories about their jointly imagined country, Angria, and Emily and Anne wrote articles and poems about Gondal. The sagas they created were episodic and elaborate, and they exist in incomplete manuscripts, some of which have been published as juvenilia. They provided them with an obsessive interest during childhood and early adolescence, which prepared them for literary vocations in adulthood.[5]

text: Between 1831 and 1832, Brontë continued her education at Roe Head in Mirfield, where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor.[2] In 1833 she wrote a novella, The Green Dwarf, using the name Wellesley. Around about 1833, her stories shifted from tales of the supernatural to more realistic stories.[6] She returned to Roe Head as a teacher from 1835 to 1838. Unhappy and lonely as a teacher at Roe Head, Brontë took out her sorrows in poetry, writing a series of melancholic poems.[7] In "We wove a Web in Childhood" written in December 1835, Brontë drew a sharp contrast between her miserable life as a teacher and the vivid imaginary worlds she and her siblings had created.[7] In another poem "Morning was its freshness still" written at the same time, Brontë wrote "Tis bitter sometimes to recall/Illusions once deemed fair".[7] Many of her poems concerned the imaginary world of Angria, often concerning Byronic heroes, and in December 1836 she wrote to the Poet Laureate Robert Southey asking him for encouragement of her career as a poet.[7] Southey wrote back to say she was a bad poet and to consider another career, a letter that greatly hurt her.[7] One scholar Dawn Potter wrote that Brontë had a streak of sadism in her novels with her characters always suffering in some way, which she suggested was due to her own unhappy life.[8]

text: In 1839 she took up the first of many positions as governess to families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued until 1841. In particular, from May to July 1839 she was employed by the Sidgwick family at their summer residence, Stone Gappe, in Lothersdale, where one of her charges was John Benson Sidgwick (1835–1927), an unruly child who on one occasion threw a Bible at Charlotte, an incident that may have been the inspiration for a part of the opening chapter of Jane Eyre in which John Reed throws a book at the young Jane.[9] Brontë did not enjoy her work as a governess, noting her employers treated her almost as a slave, constantly humiliating her.[10]

text: Brontë was of slight build and was less than five feet tall.[11]

text: Brussels[edit]

text: In 1842 Charlotte and Emily travelled to Brussels to enrol at the boarding school run by Constantin Héger (1809–1896) and his wife Claire Zoé Parent Héger (1804–1887). During her time in Brussels, Brontë, who favoured the Protestant ideal of an individual in direct contact with God, objected to the stern Catholicism of Madame Héger, which she considered a tyrannical religion that enforced conformity and submission to the Pope.[12] In return for board and tuition Charlotte taught English and Emily taught music. Their time at the school was cut short when their aunt Elizabeth Branwell, who had joined the family in Haworth to look after the children after their mother's death, died of internal obstruction in October 1842. Charlotte returned alone to Brussels in January 1843 to take up a teaching post at the school. Her second stay was not happy: she was homesick and deeply attached to Constantin Héger. She returned to Haworth in January 1844 and used the time spent in Brussels as the inspiration for some of the events in The Professor and Villette.

text: First publication[edit]

text: In May 1846 Charlotte, Emily and Anne self-financed the publication of a joint collection of poems under their assumed names Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The pseudonyms veiled the sisters' sex while preserving their initials; thus Charlotte was Currer Bell. "Bell" was the middle name of Haworth's curate, Arthur Bell Nicholls whom Charlotte later married, and "Currer" was the surname of Frances Mary Richardson Currer who had funded their school (and maybe their father).[13] Of the decision to use noms de plume, Charlotte wrote:

text: Averse to personal publicity, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell; the ambiguous choice being dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because – without at that time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what is called "feminine" – we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice; we had noticed how critics sometimes use for their chastisement the weapon of personality, and for their reward, a flattery, which is not true praise.[14]

text: Although only two copies of the collection of poems were sold, the sisters continued writing for publication and began their first novels, continuing to use their noms de plume when sending manuscripts to potential publishers.

text: The Professor and Jane Eyre[edit]

text: Brontë's first manuscript, The Professor, did not secure a publisher, although she was heartened by an encouraging response from Smith, Elder & Co. of Cornhill, who expressed an interest in any longer works Currer Bell might wish to send.[15] Brontë responded by finishing and sending a second manuscript in August 1847. Six weeks later, Jane Eyre was published. It tells the story of a plain governess, Jane, who, after difficulties in her early life, falls in love with her employer, Mr Rochester. They marry, but only after Rochester's insane first wife, of whom Jane initially has no knowledge, dies in a dramatic house fire. The book's style was innovative, combining naturalism with gothic melodrama, and broke new ground in being written from an intensely evoked first-person female perspective.[16] Brontë believed art was most convincing when based on personal experience; in Jane Eyre she transformed the experience into a novel with universal appeal.[17]

text: Jane Eyre had immediate commercial success and initially received favourable reviews. G. H. Lewes wrote that it was "an utterance from the depths of a struggling, suffering, much-enduring spirit", and declared that it consisted of "suspiria de profundis!" (sighs from the depths).[17] Speculation about the identity and gender of the mysterious Currer Bell heightened with the publication of Wuthering Heights by Ellis Bell (Emily) and Agnes Grey by Acton Bell (Anne).[18] Accompanying the speculation was a change in the critical reaction to Brontë's work, as accusations were made that the writing was "coarse",[19] a judgement more readily made once it was suspected that Currer Bell was a woman.[20] However, sales of Jane Eyre continued to be strong and may even have increased as a result of the novel developing a reputation as an "improper" book.[21] A talented amateur artist, Brontë personally did the drawings for the second edition of Jane Eyre and in the summer of 1834 two of her paintings were shown at an exhibition by the Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Leeds.[12]

text: Shirley and bereavements[edit]

text: In 1848 Brontë began work on the manuscript of her second novel, Shirley. It was only partially completed when the Brontë family suffered the deaths of three of its members within eight months. In September 1848 Branwell died of chronic bronchitis and marasmus, exacerbated by heavy drinking, although Brontë believed that his death was due to tuberculosis. Branwell may have had a laudanum addiction. Emily became seriously ill shortly after his funeral and died of pulmonary tuberculosis in December 1848. Anne died of the same disease in May 1849. Brontë was unable to write at this time.

text: After Anne's death Brontë resumed writing as a way of dealing with her grief,[22] and Shirley, which deals with themes of industrial unrest and the role of women in society, was published in October 1849. Unlike Jane Eyre, which is written in the first person, Shirley is written in the third person and lacks the emotional immediacy of her first novel,[23] and reviewers found it less shocking.  Brontë, as her late sister's heir, suppressed the republication of Anne's second novel, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, an action which had a deleterious effect on Anne's popularity as a novelist and has remained controversial among the sisters' biographers ever since.[24]

text: In society[edit]

text: In view of the success of her novels, particularly Jane Eyre, Brontë was persuaded by her publisher to make occasional visits to London, where she revealed her true identity and began to move in more exalted social circles, becoming friends with Harriet Martineau and Elizabeth Gaskell, and acquainted with William Makepeace Thackeray and G.H. Lewes. She never left Haworth for more than a few weeks at a time, as she did not want to leave her ageing father. Thackeray's daughter, writer Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie, recalled a visit to her father by Brontë:

text: ... two gentlemen come in, leading a tiny, delicate, serious, little lady, with fair straight hair and steady eyes. She may be a little over thirty; she is dressed in a little barège dress with a pattern of faint green moss. She enters in mittens, in silence, in seriousness; our hearts are beating with wild excitement. This then is the authoress, the unknown power whose books have set all London talking, reading, speculating; some people even say our father wrote the books – the wonderful books. ...  The moment is so breathless that dinner comes as a relief to the solemnity of the occasion, and we all smile as my father stoops to offer his arm; for, genius though she may be, Miss Brontë can barely reach his elbow. My own personal impressions are that she is somewhat grave and stern, specially to forward little girls who wish to chatter. ...  Everyone waited for the brilliant conversation which never began at all. Miss Brontë retired to the sofa in the study, and murmured a low word now and then to our kind governess ... the conversation grew dimmer and more dim, the ladies sat round still expectant, my father was too much perturbed by the gloom and the silence to be able to cope with it at all ... after Miss Brontë had left, I was surprised to see my father opening the front door with his hat on. He put his fingers to his lips, walked out into the darkness, and shut the door quietly behind him ... long afterwards ... Mrs Procter asked me if I knew what had happened. ... It was one of the dullest evenings [Mrs Procter] had ever spent in her life ... the ladies who had all come expecting so much delightful conversation, and the gloom and the constraint, and how finally, overwhelmed by the situation, my father had quietly left the room, left the house, and gone off to his club.[27]

text: Brontë's friendship with Elizabeth Gaskell, while not particularly close, was significant in that Gaskell wrote the first biography of Brontë after her death in 1855.

text: Villette[edit]

text: Brontë's third novel, the last published in her lifetime, was Villette, which appeared in 1853. Its main themes include isolation, how such a condition can be borne,[28] and the internal conflict brought about by social repression of individual desire.[29] Its main character, Lucy Snowe, travels abroad to teach in a boarding school in the fictional town of Villette, where she encounters a culture and religion different from her own, and falls in love with a man (Paul Emanuel) whom she cannot marry. Her experiences result in a breakdown but eventually she achieves independence and fulfilment through running her own school. A substantial amount of the novel's dialogue is in the French language. Villette marked Brontë's return to writing from a first-person perspective (that of Lucy Snowe); the technique she had used in Jane Eyre. Another similarity to Jane Eyre lies in the use of aspects of her own life as inspiration for fictional events;[29] in particular her reworking of the time she spent at the pensionnat in Brussels. Villette was acknowledged by critics of the day as a potent and sophisticated piece of writing although it was criticised for "coarseness" and for not being suitably "feminine" in its portrayal of Lucy's desires.[30]

text: Marriage[edit]

text: Before the publication of Villette, Brontë received an expected proposal of marriage from Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father's curate, who had long been in love with her.[31] She initially turned down his proposal and her father objected to the union at least partly because of Nicholls's poor financial status. Elizabeth Gaskell, who believed that marriage provided "clear and defined duties" that were beneficial for a woman,[32] encouraged Brontë to consider the positive aspects of such a union and tried to use her contacts to engineer an improvement in Nicholls's finances. Brontë meanwhile was increasingly attracted to Nicholls and by January 1854 she had accepted his proposal. They gained the approval of her father by April and married in June.[33] Her father Patrick had intended to give Charlotte away, but at the last minute decided he could not, and Charlotte had to make her way to the church without him.[34] The married couple took their honeymoon in Banagher, County Offaly, Ireland.[35] By all accounts, her marriage was a success and Brontë found herself very happy in a way that was new to her.[31]

text: Death[edit]

text: Brontë became pregnant soon after her wedding, but her health declined rapidly and, according to Gaskell, she was attacked by "sensations of perpetual nausea and ever-recurring faintness".[36] She died, with her unborn child, on 31 March 1855, three weeks before her 39th birthday. Her death certificate gives the cause of death as tuberculosis, but biographers including Claire Harman suggest that she died from dehydration and malnourishment due to vomiting caused by severe morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum. There is also evidence that she died from typhus, which she may have caught from Tabitha Ackroyd, the Brontë household's oldest servant, who died shortly before her.[citation needed] Charlotte Brontë was buried in the family vault in the Church of St Michael and All Angels at Haworth.

text: The Professor, the first novel Brontë had written, was published posthumously in 1857. The fragment of a new novel she had been writing in her last years has been twice completed by recent authors, the more famous version being Emma Brown: A Novel from the Unfinished Manuscript by Charlotte Brontë by Clare Boylan in 2003. Most of her writings about the imaginary country Angria have also been published since her death. In 2018, The New York Times published a belated obituary for her.[37]

text: Religion[edit]

text:
The daughter of an Irish Anglican clergyman, Brontë was herself an Anglican. In a letter to her publisher, she claims to "love the Church of England. Her Ministers indeed, I do not regard as infallible personages, I have seen too much of them for that-but to the Establishment, with all her faults-the profane
Athanasian Creed excluded-I am sincerely attached."[38]

text: In a letter to Ellen Nussey she wrote:

text: If I could always live with you, and "daily" read the [B]ible with you, if your lips and mine could at the same time, drink the same draught from the same pure fountain of Mercy-I hope, I trust, I might one day become better, far better, than my evil wandering thoughts, my corrupt heart, cold to the spirit, and warm to the flesh will now permit me to be.[39]

text: The Life of Charlotte Brontë[edit]

text: Elizabeth Gaskell's biography The Life of Charlotte Brontë was published in 1857. It was an important step for a leading female novelist to write a biography of another,[40] and Gaskell's approach was unusual in that, rather than analysing her subject's achievements, she concentrated on private details of Brontë's life, emphasising those aspects that countered the accusations of "coarseness" that had been levelled at her writing.[40] The biography is frank in places, but omits details of Brontë's love for Héger, a married man, as being too much of an affront to contemporary morals and a likely source of distress to Brontë's father, widower, and friends.[41] Mrs Gaskell also provided doubtful and inaccurate information about Patrick Brontë, claiming that he did not allow his children to eat meat. This is refuted by one of Emily Brontë's diary papers, in which she describes preparing meat and potatoes for dinner at the parsonage.[42] It has been argued that Gaskell's approach transferred the focus of attention away from the 'difficult' novels, not just Brontë's, but all the sisters', and began a process of sanctification of their private lives.[43]

text: Héger letters[edit]

text: On 29 July 1913 The Times of London printed four letters Brontë had written to Constantin Héger after leaving Brussels in 1844.[44] Written in French except for one postscript in English, the letters broke the prevailing image of Brontë as an angelic martyr to Christian and female duties that had been constructed by many biographers, beginning with Gaskell.[44] The letters, which formed part of a larger and somewhat one-sided correspondence in which Héger frequently appears not to have replied, reveal that she had been in love with a married man, although they are complex and have been interpreted in numerous ways, including as an example of literary self-dramatisation and an expression of gratitude from a former pupil.[44]

text: In 1980 a commemorative plaque was unveiled at the Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels (BOZAR), on the site of the Madam Heger's school, in honour of Charlotte and Emily.[45] In May 2017 the plaque was cleaned.[46]

text: Publications[edit]

text:
Novels portal
Poetry portal
Biography portal

tag: ul

text: Juvenilia[edit]

text:
The Young Men's Magazine, Number 1 – 3 (August 1830)
The Spell
The Secret
Lily Hart
The Foundling
The Green Dwarf
My Angria and the Angrians
Albion and Marina
Tales of the Islanders
Tales of Angria (written 1838–1839 – a collection of childhood and young adult writings including five short novels)
Mina Laury
Stancliffe's Hotel
The Duke of Zamorna
Henry Hastings
Caroline Vernon
The Roe Head Journal Fragments

text: The Green Dwarf, A Tale of the Perfect Tense was written in 1833 under the pseudonym Lord Charles Albert Florian Wellesley. It shows the influence of Walter Scott, and Brontë's modifications to her earlier gothic style have led Christine Alexander to comment that, in the work, "it is clear that Brontë was becoming tired of the gothic mode per se".[47]

text: Novels[edit]

text:
Jane Eyre, published in 1847
Shirley, published in 1849
Villette, published in 1853
The Professor, written before Jane Eyre, was first submitted together with Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë and Agnes Grey by Anne Brontë. Subsequently, The Professor was resubmitted separately, and rejected by many publishing houses. It was published posthumously in 1857
Emma, unfinished; Brontë wrote only 20 pages of the manuscript, published posthumously in 1860. In recent decades at least two continuations of this fragment have appeared:
Emma, by "Charlotte Brontë and Another Lady", published 1980; although this has been attributed to Elizabeth Goudge,[48] the actual author was Constance Savery.[49]
Emma Brown, by Clare Boylan, published 2003

text: Poetry[edit]

text:
Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (1846)
Selected Poems of the Brontës, Everyman Poetry (1997)


document_title: Willis Tower

question_text: how much did it cost to build the sears tower

text: Willis Tower

text: History

text: Planning and construction

text: In 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world, with about 350,000 employees.[8] Sears executives decided to consolidate the thousands of employees in offices distributed throughout the Chicago area into one building on the western edge of Chicago's Loop. Sears asked its outside counsel, Arnstein, Gluck, Weitzenfeld & Minow (now known as Arnstein & Lehr, LLP) to suggest a location. The firm consulted with local and federal authorities and the applicable law, then offered Sears two options: the Goose Island area northwest of downtown, and a two-block area bounded by Franklin Street on the east, Jackson Boulevard on the south, Wacker Drive on the west and Adams Street on the north, with Quincy Street running through the middle from east to west.

text: This latter site was decided upon, and preliminary inquiries determined that the necessary permits could be obtained and Quincy Street vacated.[9] The next step was to acquire the property; a team of attorneys from the Arnstein law firm, headed by Andrew Adsit, began buying the property parcel by parcel.[10]  Sears purchased 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the City of Chicago for the portion of Quincy Street that divided the property.[11]

text: Sears, which needed 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of office space for its planned consolidation and predicted that growth would require yet more, commissioned architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) to produce a structure to be one of the largest office buildings in the world. Their team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan designed the building as nine square "tubes" (each essentially a separate building), clustered in a 3×3 matrix forming a square base with 225-foot (69 m) sides.[12] All nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building. At the 50th floor, the northwest and southeast tubes end, and the remaining seven continue up. At the 66th floor, the northeast and the southwest tubes end. At the 90th floor, the north, east, and south tubes end. The remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor.

text: The Willis Tower was the first building to use Khan's bundled tube structure.[13] This innovative design was structurally efficient and economic: at 1,450 feet, it provided more space and rose higher than the Empire State Building, yet cost much less per unit area.[14] This structural system would prove highly influential in skyscraper construction. It has been used in most supertall buildings since then, including the world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa.[15][16] To honor Khan's contributions, the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois commissioned a sculpture of him[17] for the lobby of the Willis Tower.

text: Sears executives decided that the space they would immediately occupy should be efficiently designed to house their Merchandise Group, and that floor space for future growth would be rented out to smaller firms and businesses until Sears could retake it. The latter floor areas had to be designed to a smaller plate, with a high window-space to floor-space ratio, to be attractive and marketable to prospective lessees. Smaller floorplates required a taller structure to yield sufficient square footage. Skidmore architects proposed a tower with large 55,000-square-foot (5,100 m2) floors in the lower part of the building, and gradually tapered areas of floorplates in a series of setbacks, which would give the Sears Tower its distinctive look.

text: As Sears continued to offer optimistic projections for growth, the tower's proposed floor count rapidly increased into the low hundreds, surpassing the height of New York's unfinished World Trade Center to become the world's tallest building. The height was restricted by a limit imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to protect air traffic. The financing of the tower was provided by the Sears company. It was topped with two antennas to permit local television and radio broadcasts. Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design, and the first steel was put in place in April 1971. The structure was completed in May 1973. The construction cost about US$150 million at the time,[18] equivalent to $830 million in 2018.[19] By comparison, Taipei 101, built in 2004 in Taiwan, cost around the equivalent of US$2.21 billion in 2018 dollars.[20]

text: Black bands appear on the tower around the 29th–32nd, 64th–65th, 88th–89th, and 104th–108th floors. These are louvres that allow ventilation for service equipment and obscure the structure's belt trusses. Even though regulations did not require a fire sprinkler system, the building was equipped with one from the beginning. There are around 40,000 sprinkler heads in the building, installed at a cost of $4 million.[21]

text: In February 1982, two television antennas were added to the structure, increasing its total height to 1,707 feet (520.3 m). The western antenna was later extended, bringing the overall height to 1,729 feet (527 m)[2] on June 5, 2000, to improve reception of local NBC station WMAQ-TV.

text: Suits filed to halt construction

text: As the construction of the building neared the 50th floor, lawsuits for an injunction were filed seeking to stop the building from exceeding 67 floors. The suits alleged that above that point television reception would deteriorate and cause property values to plummet. The first suit was filed by the State's Attorney in neighboring Lake County on March 17, 1972. A second suit was filed on March 28 in the Cook County Circuit Court by the Villages of Skokie, Northbrook and Deerfield, Illinois.[22]

text: Sears filed motions to dismiss the Lake County and the Cook County lawsuits and on May 17, 1972, Judge LaVerne Dickson, Chief of the Lake County Circuit Court dismissed the suit, saying, "I find nothing that gives television viewers the right to reception without interference. They will have to find some other means of ensuring reception such as taller antennas."[23] The Lake County State's Attorney filed a Notice of Appeal and the Supreme Court agreed to permit bypassing the appellate court and to hear the matter on an expedited basis. The State's Attorney then asked the Illinois Supreme Court for a temporary injunction to stop the construction and his request was denied.[24] On June 12, Judge Charles R. Barrett granted Sears' motion to dismiss the suit filed by the three Chicago suburbs on the grounds that interference with television reception caused by construction of the Sears building did not violate constitutional rights and that the suburbs involved in the suit do not have any right to undistorted television reception. This decision was also appealed and consolidated with the Lake County appeal with the Supreme Court of Illinois.[25]

text: Meanwhile, an Illinois Citizens' Committee for Broadcasting requested the Federal Communications Commission to halt construction so that the building would not interfere with area television reception. On May 26, 1972, the Commission declined to take action on the grounds that it did not have jurisdiction to do so.

text: On June 30, 1972, the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed the previous rulings by Lake and Cook County Circuit Courts, by a letter order with a written opinion to follow.[26] On September 8, 1972, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit upheld the decision by the Federal Communications Commission to dismiss the complaint brought by the Illinois Citizens Committee for Broadcasting charging that the building would drastically affect reception in the Chicago market and requesting the FCC to halt construction.[27] The Supreme Court of Illinois written opinion was filed on September 20, 1972. In affirming the judgments of lower courts the Court held, "Considering the foregoing, it is clear to us that absent legislation to the contrary defendant has a propriety right to construct a building to its desired height and that completion of the project would not constitute a nuisance under the circumstances of this case."  [28]

text: Post-opening

text: Sears' optimistic growth projections were not met. Competition from its traditional rivals (like Montgomery Ward) continued, with new competition by retailing giants such as Kmart, Kohl's, and Walmart. The fortunes of Sears & Roebuck declined in the 1970s as the company lost market share; its management grew more cautious.[29] Nor did the Sears Tower draw as many tenants as Sears had hoped. The tower stood half-vacant for a decade as a surplus of office space was erected in Chicago in the 1980s.

text: In 1990, the law firm of Keck, Mahin & Cate decided to move out of its space in the Sears Tower and into a development that would become 77 West Wacker Drive, rebuffing Sears' attempts to entice the firm to stay.[30] Two years later, Sears began moving its own offices out of the Sears Tower.[citation needed]

text: In 1994, Sears sold the building to Boston-based AEW Capital Management, with financing from MetLife. At the time, it was one-third vacant. By 1995, Sears had completely left the building, moving to a new office campus in Hoffman Estates, Illinois.[31]

text: In 1997, Toronto-based TrizecHahn Corporation (the owner of the CN Tower at the time) purchased the building for $110 million, and assumption of $4 million in liabilities, and a $734 million mortgage.[32][33] In 2003, Trizec surrendered the building to lender MetLife.[34]

text: In 2004, MetLife sold the building to a group of investors, including New York-based Joseph Chetrit, Joseph Moinian, Lloyd Goldman, Joseph Cayre and Jeffrey Feil, and Skokie, Illinois-based American Landmark Properties.[35] The quoted price was $840 million, with $825 million held in a mortgage.[36]

text: In June 2006, seven men were arrested by the FBI and charged with plotting to destroy the tower. Deputy FBI Director John Pistole described their plot as "more aspirational than operational".[37][38] The case went to court in October 2007;[39] after three trials, five of the suspects were convicted and two were acquitted.[40] The alleged leader of the group, Narseal Batiste, was sentenced to 13½ years in prison in November 2009.[41]

text: Plans

text: In February 2009, the owners announced they were considering a plan to paint the structure silver; this plan was later dropped. The paint would have "rebranded" the building and highlighted its advances in energy efficiency. The estimated cost was $50 million.[42]

text: Since 2007, the building owners have been considering building a hotel on the north side of Jackson, between Wacker and Franklin, at the plaza that is the entrance to the tower's observation deck. The tower's parking garage is beneath the plaza. Building owners say the second building was considered in the original design. The plan was eventually cancelled as city zoning does not permit construction of such a tall tower there.[43]

text: Although Sears' naming rights expired in 2003, the building continued to be called the Sears Tower for several years. In March 2009, London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings agreed to lease a portion of the building, and obtained the building's naming rights.[44] On July 16, 2009, the building was officially renamed Willis Tower.[45] On August 13, 2012, United Airlines announced it would move its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive to Willis Tower.[6]

text: In 2015, the Blackstone Group completed purchase of the tower for a reported $1.3 billion, the highest price ever paid for a U.S. property outside New York City.  The new owners are considering several plans for further site developments.[46]

text: Skydeck

text: The Willis Tower observation deck, called the Skydeck, opened on June 22, 1974. Located on the tower's 103rd floor, it is 1,353 feet (412.4 m) high, making it the highest observation deck in the United States and one of Chicago's most famous tourist attractions. Tourists can experience how the building sways on a windy day. They also can see far over the plains of Illinois and across Lake Michigan to Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin on a clear day. Elevators take tourists to the top in about 60 seconds, and allow tourists to feel the pressure change as they rise up. The Skydeck competes with the John Hancock Center's observation floor a mile and a half away, which is 323 feet (98.5 m) lower. Some 1.7 million tourists visit the Skydeck annually. A second Skydeck on the 99th floor is also used if the 103rd floor is closed. The tourist entrance can be found on the south side of the building along Jackson Boulevard.

text: In January 2009, Willis Tower's owners began a major renovation of the Skydeck, including the installation of retractable glass balconies, which can be extended approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) from the facade of the 103rd floor, overlooking South Wacker Drive. The all-glass boxes, informally dubbed "The Ledge", allow visitors to look through the glass floor to the street 1,353 feet (412 m) below. The boxes, which can bear 5 short tons (4.5 metric tons) of weight, opened to the public on July 2, 2009.[47][48] On May 29, 2014, the laminated glass covering the floor of one of the glass boxes shattered while visitors were sitting on it, but caused no injuries.  The broken glass was replaced within days, and tourist operations resumed as before.[49]

text: Height

text: The Willis Tower remains the second tallest building in the Americas (after One World Trade Center) and the Western Hemisphere. With a pinnacle height of 1,729 feet (527 m), it is the third-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas, as it is 86 feet (26.2 m) shorter than Toronto's CN Tower. Willis Tower is the eighth-tallest freestanding structure in the world by pinnacle height.

text: At 1,482.6 feet (451.9 m) tall, including decorative spires, the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, laid claim to replacing the Sears Tower as the tallest building in the world in 1998. Not everyone agreed, and in the ensuing controversy, four different categories of "tallest building" were created.[50] Of these, Petronas was the tallest in the first category (height to top of architectural elements, meaning spires but not antennas), giving it the title of world's tallest building.

text: Taipei 101 in Taiwan claimed the record in three of the four categories in 2004 to become recognized as the tallest building in the world. Taipei 101 surpassed the Petronas Twin Towers in spire height and the Sears Tower in roof height and highest occupied floor. The Sears Tower retained one record: its antenna exceeded Taipei 101's spire in height. In 2008, the Shanghai World Financial Center claimed the records of tallest building by roof and highest occupied floor.

text: On August 12, 2007, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates was reported by its developers to have surpassed the Sears Tower in all height categories.[51]

text: Upon completion, One World Trade Center in New York City surpassed the Willis Tower through its structural and pinnacle heights, but not by roof, observation deck elevation, or highest occupied floor.[52]

text: Until 2000, the Sears Tower did not hold the record for being the tallest building by pinnacle height. From 1969 to 1978, this record was held by the John Hancock Center, whose antenna reached a height of 1,500 feet (457.2 m), or 49 feet (14.9 m) taller than the Sears Tower's original height of 1,450 feet (442.1 m). In 1978, One World Trade Center became taller by pinnacle height due to the addition of a 359 feet (109.4 m) antenna, which brought its total height to 1,727 feet (526.4 m). In 1982, two antennas were installed on top of the Sears Tower which brought its total height to 1,707 feet (520.3 m), making it taller than the John Hancock Center but not One World Trade Center. However, the extension of the Sears Tower's western antenna in June 2000 to 1,729 feet (527 m) allowed it to just barely claim the title of tallest building by pinnacle height.

text: Position in Chicago's skyline

text: Climbing

text: On May 25, 1981, Dan Goodwin, wearing a homemade Spider-Man suit while using suction cups, camming devices, and sky hooks, and despite several attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to stop him, made the first successful outside ascent of the Sears Tower. Goodwin was arrested at the top after the seven-hour climb, and he was later charged with trespassing. Goodwin stated that the reason he made the climb was to call attention to shortcomings in high-rise rescue and firefighting techniques. After a lengthy interrogation by Chicago's District Attorney and Fire Commissioner, Goodwin was officially released from prison.[53][54][55]

text: In August 1999, French urban climber Alain "Spiderman" Robert, using only his bare hands and bare feet, scaled the building's exterior glass and steel wall all the way to the top. A thick fog settled in near the end of his climb, making the last 20 stories of the building's glass and steel exterior slippery.[56]

text: Naming rights

text: Although Sears sold the Tower in 1994 and had completely vacated it by 1995, the company retained the naming rights to the building through 2003. The new owners were rebuffed in renaming deals with CDW Corp in 2005 and the U.S. Olympic Committee in 2008. London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings, Ltd. leased more than 140,000 square feet (13,000 m2) of space on three floors in 2009. A Willis spokesman said the naming rights were obtained as part of the negotiations at no cost to Willis,[57][58][59] and the building was renamed Willis Tower on July 16, 2009.[60]

text: The naming rights are valid for 15 years, so it is possible that the building's name could change again in 2024 or later.[61] The Chicago Tribune joked that the building's new name reminded them of the oft-repeated "What you talkin' 'bout, Willis?" catchphrase from the 1980s American television sitcom Diff'rent Strokes[60] and considered the name-change ill-advised in "a city with a deep appreciation of tradition and a healthy ego, where some Chicagoans still mourn the switch from Marshall Field's to Macy's".[62] This feeling was confirmed in a July 16, 2009 CNN article in which some Chicago area residents expressed reluctance to accept the Willis Tower name,[63] and in an article that appeared in the October 2010 issue of Chicago magazine that ranked the building among Chicago's 40 most important, the author pointedly refused to acknowledge the name change and referred to the building as the "Sears Tower".[64] Time magazine called the name change one of the top 10 worst corporate name changes and pointed to negative press coverage by local news outlets and online petitions from angry residents.[65] The naming rights issue continued into 2013, when Eric Zorn noted in the Chicago Tribune that "We're stubborn about such things. This month marked four years since the former Sears Tower was re-christened Willis Tower, and the new name has yet to stick."[66]

text: Figures and statistics

text:
The top of Willis Tower is the highest point in Illinois. The tip of its highest antenna is 1,729 feet (527 m) above street level or 2,325 feet (708.7 m) above sea level, its roof is 1,450 feet 7 inches (442.14 m) above street level or 2,046 feet (623.6 m) above sea level, the 103rd floor observation deck (The Sky deck) is 1,353 feet (412 m) above street level or 1,948 feet (593.8 m) above sea level, the Franklin Street entrance is 595 feet (181.4 m) above sea level. (The highest natural point in Illinois is the Charles Mound, at 1,235 feet (376.4 m) above sea level.)
The building leans about 4 inches (10.2 cm) towards the west due to its slightly asymmetrical design, placing unequal loads on its foundation.[citation needed]
The design for Willis Tower incorporates nine steel-unit square tubes in a 3 tube by 3 tube arrangement, with each tube having the footprint of 75 ft × 75 ft (22.9 m × 22.9 m). Willis Tower was the first building for which this design was used. The design allows future growth of extra height to the tower if wanted or needed.[67]
The restrooms on the 103rd floor, at 1,353 feet (412.4 m) high, are the highest (relative to street level) in the Western Hemisphere.[68]
The design was inspired by an advertisement for a package of cigarettes.[69]
The Franklin Street entrance is the point from which all building heights are measured. The Wacker Drive entrance is six feet higher than the Franklin Street entrance, lower Wacker Drive/Lower Level 1 is approximately 17 feet, 6 inches lower than the Wacker Drive entrance and 11 feet, six inches lower than Franklin Street. The 103rd floor observation deck is 1,354 feet above the Franklin Street entrance. The glass ledges in the Skydeck are on a raised platform 18 inches higher than the rest of the 103rd floor or 1,349 feet, six inches above the Wacker Drive entrance, 1,355 feet, six inches above the Franklin Street entrance and 1,367 feet above lower Wacker Drive/Lower Level 1. The Skydeck elevators rise from Lower Level 2 which gives a total rise of approximately 1,382 feet to the 103rd floor.
The building's total building area stands at 351,846 m2 (3,787,200 sq ft)[70]
It remains the world's tallest steel-construction building. All taller buildings use concrete or composite construction.[71]

text: Broadcasting

text: Many broadcast station transmitters are located at the top of Willis Tower. Each list is ranked by height from the top down. Stations at the same height on the same mast indicate the use of a diplexer into the same shared antenna. Due to its extreme height, FM stations (all class B) are very limited in power output.

text: Radio stations

text:
East mast

482 m:
WLIT FM 93.9 MHz main, 4.0 kW, AMFM
WEBG FM 95.5 backup, 3.1 kW, AMFM
480 m: WBMX FM 104.3 main, 4.1 kW, CBS Radio
476 m: WTMX FM 101.9 main, 4.2 kW, Hubbard
474 m: WBBM FM 96.3 main, 4.2 kW, CBS Radio
472 m:
WKSC FM 103.5 main, 4.3 kW, AMFM
WGCI FM 107.5 main, 3.7 kW, AMFM
470 m: WFMT FM 98.7, 6.0 kW
468 m: WLS FM 94.7 main, 4.4 kW
FCC query[72]

West mast

460 & 451 m:
WFMT FM 98.7 backups
443 m:
WBBM-FM 96.3 backup
WBMX 104.3 backup
unknown: W264BF 100.7 MHz, 2 W, Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa
table of allotments: **WLIT, WLS, WBBM, WTMX, WBMX, WCFS
FCC query[73]

tag: table

text: Also, NOAA Weather Radio station KWO39 transmits off the top of Willis Tower, at 162.550 MHz. KWO39, programmed by the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Chicago, is equipped with Specific Area Message Encoding (SAME), which sets off a siren on specially-programmed weather radios to alert of an impending hazard, such as a tornado or civil emergency.

text: Television stations

text:
East mast

515 m:
WLS-TV 7 analog, 55 kW, ABC Owned Television Stations (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WLS-TV 7 permanent digital, 4.75 kW
510 m:
WCPX-TV 43 digital, 200 kW, Ion Media Networks
WCPX-TV 38 analog, 3630 kW, Ion Media Networks (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WJYS TV 36 digital, 145 kW, Oxford Media Group
WCIU-TV 27 digital, 15.1 kW, Weigel Broadcasting
509 m:
WXFT-TV 59 temporary digital, 200 kW, Univision Communications
WXFT-TV 50 permanent digital, 230 kW, Univision Communications
498 m:
WTTW TV 11 analog, 60.3 kW, Window To the World Communications (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WBBM-TV 12 digital, 8 kW, CBS Television Stations
480 m:
WFLD TV 31 digital backup, 475 kW, Fox Television Stations
WPWR-TV 51 digital backup, 508 kW, Fox Television Stations
478 m: WGN-TV 19 digital backup, 310/229 kW, Tribune Broadcasting
474 m:
WTTW TV 47 digital backup, 150 kW, Window To the World Communications
WLS-TV 52 digital backup, 220 kW, ABC Owned Television Stations
unknown: WESV-LD 40 digital, 37.2 kW, Trinity Christian Center of Santa Ana
FCC query[74]

West mast

523 m: WPWR-TV 51 digital, 1000 kW, Fox Television Stations
514 m, WLS-TV 52 temporary digital, 153.6 kW, ABC Owned Television Stations
508 m, WMAQ-TV 29 digital, 350 kW, NBC Owned Television Stations
494 m:
WMAQ-TV 5 analog, 20 kW (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WPWR-TV 50 analog, 5000 kW (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WXFT-TV 60 analog, 5000 kW, (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
475 m: WFLD TV 31 digital, 690/1000 kW, Fox Television Stations
473 m: WCIU-TV 26 analog, 5000 kW (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
472 m:
WCIU-TV 27 digital, 590 kW, Weigel Broadcasting
WSNS-TV 44 analog 5000 kW, NBC Owned Television Stations (Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12, 2009. Now broadcasting only in digital.)
WSNS-TV 45 digital 467/665 kW, NBC Owned Television Stations
465 m: WTTW TV 47 digital, 300 kW, Window To the World Communications
455 m: WJYS TV 36 digital, 50 kW, Oxford Media Group
453 m: WGN-TV 19 digital, 645 kW, Tribune Broadcasting
unknown:
WWME-CD 39 digital, 4.4 kW, Weigel Broadcasting
WEDE-CD 34 digital, 50 kW, First United
WMEU-CA 48 analog STA, 150 kW, Weigel Broadcasting
WMEU-LD 32 digital, 15 kW
FCC query[75]

text: Cultural depictions

text: Film and television

text: The building has appeared in numerous films and television shows set in Chicago such as Ferris Bueller's Day Off, where Ferris and company watch the streets of Chicago from the observation deck.[76]  The television show Late Night with Conan O'Brien introduced a character called The Sears Tower Dressed In Sears Clothing when the show visited Chicago in 2006.[77] The building is also featured in History Channel's Life After People, in which it and other human-made landmarks suffer from neglect without humans around, and it collapses two hundred years after people are gone.[78] In an episode of the television series Monk, Adrian Monk tries to conquer his fear of heights by imagining that he is on top of the Sears Tower. Also, in an episode of Kenan and Kel, Kenan Rockmore and Kel Kimble decide to climb to the top of the Sears Tower, so that Kenan can declare his love for a girl.

text: The Chicago Franchise frequently features locations where the Tower is visible in the distance.

text: In the movie Category 6: Day of Destruction, the tower is damaged by a tornado.

text: In "1969", a Season 2 episode of the science-fiction series Stargate SG-1, the SG-1 team accidentally travels back in time to the titular year. At one point, the team travels though Chicago and the Sears Tower is shown (erroneously, since construction did not begin on the tower until two years later in 1971).

text: In the 2004 film I, Robot, the tower is shown updated in the year 2035 with new triangular antennas. The tower is shown surpassed in height by the USR (United States Robotics) Building.

text: In the 2008 film The Dark Knight, the tower is part of Gotham City.

text: In the 2011 film Transformers: Dark of the Moon, the tower is featured in a number of scenes. The most notable one is when the N.E.S.T team tries to enter the city using V-22 Osprey helicopters. They use Willis Tower for cover before using wing suits to descend into the city streets. In the movie, the tower is shown to be severely damaged by the Decepticon invasion of the city.

text: In the 2013 film Man of Steel, the tower's interior and parts of its exterior portrayed the offices of the Daily Planet.[79]

text: In the 2014 film Divergent, the tower is shown abandoned and decayed in a future Chicago.

text: In the 2015 film Jupiter Ascending, the tower is featured prominently as the place where Caine and Jupiter await a spaceship to lift them off the planet.

text: In the 2018 film Rampage, the Energyne corporation is headquartered in the building, and uses tower's antenna to broadcast an echolocation signal that would bring three mutated monsters to town. After the antenna is destroyed by the beasts, the entire building topples to the ground.

text: Other

text: Older versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator would begin with the player on the runway of Meigs Field, facing a virtual version of the tower.

text: In Sufjan Stevens' 2005 album Illinois, the tower is referenced in the track "Seer's Tower", whose title is a play on the tower's now-former name, Sears Tower.

text: Image gallery

text:
Sears Tower in 2007

Willis Tower as seen from John Hancock Center observation deck

900 North Michigan, Park Tower, the John Hancock Center, the Trump Tower, and Aon Center (L-R) as seen from Willis Tower Skydeck.

Westward view from Willis Tower

View down to South Wacker Drive from the Skydeck

A view of Willis Tower at dusk

A ground-level view of the multiple balconies at Willis Tower Skydeck

View of Willis Tower from John Hancock Center

The Eisenhower Espressway and Jane Byrne Interchange (looking west from Willis Tower)

View of Lake Michigan from Willis Tower