document_title: Treaty ports

question_text: the original treaty ports negotiated in 1842-44 were within which part of china

root

text: Treaty ports

text: Chinese treaty ports[edit]

text: The British established the first treaty ports in China at the conclusion of the First Opium War by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. As well as ceding the island of Hong Kong to the United Kingdom in perpetuity, the treaty also established five treaty ports at Shanghai, Canton (Guangzhou), Ningpo (Ningbo), Fuchow (Fuzhou), and Amoy (Xiamen). The following year the Chinese and British signed the Treaty of the Bogue, which added provisions for extraterritoriality and most favoured nation status for the latter country. Subsequent negotiations with the Americans (1843 Treaty of Wanghia) and the French (1844 Treaty of Whampoa) led to further concessions for these nations on the same terms as the British.

tag: p

text: The second group of treaty ports was set up following the end of the Arrow War in 1860 and eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China alone, involving many foreign powers.

text: Foreigners, who were centered in sections newly built for them on the edges of existing port cities, enjoyed legal extraterritoriality as stipulated in Unequal Treaties. Foreign clubs, racecourses, and churches were established in major treaty ports. Some of these port areas were directly leased by foreign powers such as in the concessions in China, effectively removing them from the control of local governments.

text: Chinese capitulation treaties[edit]

text: The treaty port system in China lasted approximately one hundred years. It began with the 1841 Opium War and ended with the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. The major powers involved were the British, the French, and the Americans, although by the end of the 19th century all the major powers were involved, including Latin American countries and the Congo Free State. It is not possible to put an exact date on the end of the treaty port era. The Russians relinquished their treaty rights in the wake of the Russian revolution in 1917, and the Germans were forced to concede their treaty rights following their defeat in World War I.

text: Norway voluntarily relinquished its treaty rights in a capitulation treaty of 1931. However the three main treaty powers, the British, the Americans, and the French, continued to hold their concessions and extraterritorial jurisdictions until the Second World War. As regards the British and the Americans, it ended in practice when the Japanese stormed into their concessions in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor at the end of 1941. They then formally relinquished their treaty rights in a new "equal treaties" agreement with Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government in exile in Chungking in 1943.

text: Meanwhile, the pro-Japanese puppet government in Nanking signed a capitulation treaty with the Vichy French government in 1943. This was not recognized by Free French leader Charles de Gaulle. In 1946, in order to induce the Chinese to vacate the northern half of French Indochina, de Gaulle signed a capitulation treaty with Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist (Kuomintang) government.

text: Whatever residues of the treaty port era were left in the late 1940s were ended when the communists took over China in 1949.

text: Major treaty ports[edit]

text:
Current Province or Municipality

Cities

Date

Foreign concession holders

Shanghai

Shanghai

1842–1946

Greater Shanghai had three sections: These comprised the Shanghai International Settlement of the  United Kingdom and the  United States, the  French Concession and the Old City of Shanghai.

Jiangsu Province

Nanjing (Nanking)

1858

Zhenjiang

Jiangxi Province

Jiujiang

Hubei Province

Hankou, now part of Wuhan (Hankow)

1858–1945

 United Kingdom; later  France,  Germany and  Empire of Japan

Shashi

 Japan

Yichang

Hunan Province

Changsha

1937–1945

 Japan

Yuezhou

Sichuan Province

Chongqing (Chungking)

Zhejiang Province

Ningbo (Ningpo)

1841–1842

 United Kingdom

Wenzhou

 United Kingdom

Fujian Province

Fuzhou (Foochow)

1842–1945

 United Kingdom, then  Japan

Xiamen (Amoy)

1842–1912

 United Kingdom

Guangdong Province

Guangzhou (Canton)

1842–WWII

 United Kingdom; then  Japan

Shantou (Swatow)

1858

 United Kingdom

Sanshui

Haikou (Qiongshan)

1858

Guangxi Province

Beihai

1876–1940s?

 United Kingdom,  United States,  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  France,  Italy,  Portugal,  Belgium

Nanning

Yunnan Province

Mengzi

Simao

Dengyue

Shandong Province

Yantai

Hebei Province

Tianjin (Tientsin)

1860–1902

 United Kingdom,  United States,  Russia,  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  France,  Italy,  Portugal,  Belgium

Liaoning Province

Niuzhuang

1858

Yingkou

Shenyang

Jilin Province

Changchun

Hunchun

Heilongjiang Province

Harbin

1898–1946

 Russia,  United States,  Germany; later  Japan and the  Soviet Union

Aihun

 Russia,  Soviet Union

Manzhouli

 Russia,  Soviet Union

New Taipei City

Tamsui

1862

Tainan

Tainan

1858

 France

tag: table

text: Leased territories[edit]

text: In these territories the foreign powers obtained, under a lease treaty, not only the right to trade and exemptions for their subjects, but a truly colonial control over each concession territory, de facto annexation:

text:
Territory

Modern Province

Date

Lease holder

Notes

Kwantung

Liaoning

1894–1898

 Imperial Japan

Now Dalian

1898–1905

 Imperial Russia

1905–1945

 Imperial Japan

Weihai

Shandong Province

1898–1930

 United Kingdom

Qingdao

Shandong Province

1897–1922

 German Empire

New Territories

Hong Kong SAR

1842; 1860; 1898–1997

 United Kingdom

These are the territories adjoining the original perpetual Hong Kong concession and its 1860 Kowloon extension

Guangzhouwan

Guangdong Province

1911–1946

 France

Now Zhanjiang

text: Japanese treaty ports[edit]

text: Japan opened two ports to foreign trade, Shimoda and Hakodate, in 1854 (Convention of Kanagawa), to the United States.

text: In 1858, with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce designated four more ports, Kanagawa, Hyogo, Nagasaki, and Niigata. The treaty with the United States was followed by similar ones with Britain, the Netherlands, Russia and France. The ports permitted legal extraterritoriality for citizens of the treaty nations.

text: The system of treaty ports ended in Japan in the years 1899 as a consequence of Japan's rapid transition to a modern nation. Japan had sought treaty revision earnestly, and in 1894, signed a new treaty with Britain which revised or abrogated the previous "unequal" treaty.  Other countries signed similar treaties.  The new treaties came into force in July 1899.


document_title: List of books of the King James Version

question_text: what chapter comes after john in the bible

text: List of books of the King James Version

text: Old Testament[edit]

text:
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version

Genesis
Genesis
Genesis
The First Book of Moses, called Genesis

Exodus
Exodus
Exodus
The Second Book of Moses, called Exodus

Leviticus
Leviticus
Leviticus
The Third Book of Moses, called Leviticus

Numbers
Numeri
Numbers
The Fourth Book of Moses, called Numbers

Deuteronomy
Deuteronomium
Deuteronomy
The Fifth Book of Moses, called Deuteronomy

Joshua
Josue
Josue
The Book of Joshua

Judges
Judices
Judges
The Book of Judges

Ruth
Ruth
Ruth
The Book of Ruth

1 Samuel
1 Samuelis also known as 1 Regum
1 Kings
The First Book of Samuel, otherwise called the First Book of the Kings

2 Samuel
2 Samuelis also known as 2 Regum
2 Kings
The Second Book of Samuel, otherwise called the Second Book of the Kings

1 Kings
3 Regum
3 Kings
The First Book of the Kings, commonly called the Third Book of the Kings

2 Kings
4 Regum
4 Kings
The Second Book of the Kings, commonly called the Fourth Book of the Kings

1 Chronicles
1 Paralipomenon
1 Paralipomenon
The First Book of the Chronicles

2 Chronicles
2 Paralipomenon
2 Paralipomenon
The Second Book of the Chronicles

Ezra
1 Esdrae
1 Esdras
Ezra

Nehemiah
Nehemiae also known as 2 Esdrae
2 Esdras
The Book of Nehemiah

Esther
Esther 1,1 – 10,3
Esther 1:1 – 10:3
The Book of Esther

Job
Job
Job
The Book of Job

Psalms
Psalmi
Psalms
The Book of Psalms

Proverbs
Proverbia
Sentences
The Proverbs

Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes, or, The Preacher

Song of Solomon
Canticum Canticorum
Canticle of Canticles
The Song of Solomon

Isaiah
Isaiae
Isaias
The Book of the Prophet Isaiah

Jeremiah
Jeremiae
Jeremias
The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah

Lamentations
Lamentationes
Lamentations
The Lamentations of Jeremiah

Ezekiel
Ezechielis
Ezechiel
The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel

Daniel
Danielis 1,1 – 3,23; 3,91 – 12,13
Daniel 1:1 – 3:23; 3:91 – 12:13
The Book of Daniel

Hosea
Osee
Osee
Hosea

Joel
Joel
Joel
Joel

Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos

Obadiah
Adiae
Adias
Obadiah

Jonah
Jonae
Jonas
Jonah

Micah
Michaeae
Michaeas
Micah

Nahum
Nahum
Nahum
Nahum

Habakkuk
Habacuc
Habacuc
Habakkuk

Zephaniah
Sophoniae
Sophonias
Zephaniah

Haggai
Aggaei
Aggaeus
Haggai

Zechariah
Zachariae
Zacharias
Zechariah

Malachi
Malachiae
Malachias
Malachi

text: Apocrypha[edit]

text:
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version

1 Esdras
3 Esdrae
3 Esdras
The First Book of Esdras

2 Esdras
4 Esdrae
4 Esdras
The Second Book of Esdras

Tobit
Tobiae
Tobias
Tobit

Judith
Judith
Judith
Judith

Rest of Esther
Esther 10,4 – 16,24
Esther 10:4 – 16:24
The Rest of the Chapters of the Book of Esther, which are found neither in the Hebrew nor the Chaldee

Wisdom
Sapientiae
Wisdom
The Wisdom of Solomon

Ecclesiasticus
Ecclesiasticus
Ecclesiasticus
The Wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus

Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy
Baruch
Baruch
Baruch

Song of the Three Children
Danielis 3,24 – 90
Daniel 3:24 – 90
The Song of the Three Holy Children

Story of Susanna
Danielis caput 13
Daniel chapter 13
The History of Susanna

The Idol Bel and the Dragon
Danielis caput 14
Daniel chapter 14
The History of the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon

Prayer of Manasses
Oratio Manassae regis
Prayer of Manasses
The Prayer of Manasses King of Juda when he was holden captive in Babylon

1 Maccabees
1 Machabaeorum
1 Machabees
The First Book of the Maccabees

2 Maccabees
2 Machabaeorum
2 Machabees
The Second Book of the Maccabees

text: New Testament[edit]

text:
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version

St. Matthew
secundum Matthaeum
Matthew
The Gospel According to St. Matthew

St. Mark
secundum Marcum
Mark
The Gospel According to St. Mark

St. Luke
secundum Lucam
Luke
The Gospel According to St. Luke

St. John
secundum Ioannem
John
The Gospel According to St. John

The Acts
Actus
Acts
The Acts of the Apostles

Romans
ad Romanos
Romans
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans

1 Corinthians
1 ad Corinthios
1 Corinthians
The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians

2 Corinthians
2 ad Corinthios
2 Corinthians
The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians

Galatians
ad Galatas
Galatians
The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians

Ephesians
ad Ephesios
Ephesians
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians

Philippians
ad Philippenses
Philippians
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians

Colossians
ad Colossenses
Colossians
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians

1 Thessalonians
1 ad Thessalonicenses
1 Thessalonians
The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians

2 Thessalonians
2 ad Thessalonicenses
2 Thessalonians
The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians

1 Timothy
1 ad Timotheum
1 Timothy
The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy

2 Timothy
2 ad Timotheum
2 Timothy
The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy

Titus
ad Titum
Titus
The Epistle of Paul to Titus

Philemon
ad Philemonem
Philemon
The Epistle of Paul to Philemon

Hebrews
ad Hebraeos
Hebrews
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews

James
Jacobi
James
The General Epistle of James

1 Peter
1 Petri
1 Peter
The First Epistle General of Peter

2 Peter
2 Petri
2 Peter
The Second Epistle General of Peter

1 John
1 Ioannis
1 John
The First Epistle General of John

2 John
2 Ioannis
2 John
The Second Epistle of John

3 John
3 Ioannis
3 John
The Third Epistle of John

Jude
Judae
Jude
The General Epistle of Jude

Revelation
Apocalypsis
Apocalypse
The Revelation of St. John the Divine

text: Notes[edit]

text: There are 66 books in the King James Bible—39 in the Old Testament, and 27 in the New Testament.

text: In the Latin Vulgate, it is customary to separate chapter and verse with a comma, for example, "Ioannem 3,16". But in English bibles it is customary to separate chapter and verse with a colon, for example, "John 3:16".

text: The Psalms of the two versions are numbered differently. The Vulgate follows the Septuagint numbering, while the King James Version follows the numbering of the Masoretic Text. This generally results in the Psalms of the former being one number behind the latter. See the article on Psalms for more details.

text: Editions[edit]

text: Early editions of the King James Bible, made before the standardization of English spelling, contain variations in the spelling of the names of the books. The spellings shown here are from the Oxford World's Classics edition (ISBN 978-0199535941). Early editions often make greater use of the silent e in their spelling, e.g. "Deuteronomie" for Deuteronomy, "Booke" for book, and "Wisedom" for Wisdom.

text: Books of the BibleKing James Version

tag: ul


document_title: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

question_text: when did schools start reciting the pledge of allegiance

text: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

text: Recital[edit]

text: Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[9] In a number of states, state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[10]

text: The United States Flag Code says:

text: The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation  under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."[11]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[4]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Balch and Bellamy pledges[edit]

text: The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,[12][13] and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). There did exist a previous version created by Captain George T. Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later became auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balch's pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:

text: We give our heads and hearts to God and our country; one country, one language, one flag!

text: Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school.[14] Balch's pledge, which predates Bellamy's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge.[15] Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as "too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[16] The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to encourage children to raise flags above their schools.[17] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham "would often say to his wife: 'Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain.'"[18]

text: Bellamy's original Pledge read:

text: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.[1][19]

text: The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity[17] but decided against it, knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans.[20]

text: Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago World's Fair), Illinois.[21]

text: Francis Bellamy's account[edit]

text: In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge, Francis Bellamy said, "At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools."[16] James Upham "felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse,"[16] so his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892-93).[16]

text: As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions."[16] Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying "not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but [he] also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States."[16] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools."[16] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity."[16]

text: Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and "There was also an oration suitable for declamation."[16] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison."[16] He found "There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, "I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag," seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[16] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I especially stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Beginning with the new word allegiance, I first decided that 'pledge' was a better school word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the first person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'"[16] Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last as "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands."[16] Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures, and concluded "all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words, one Nation indivisible."[16]

text: Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"), but held that "fraternity was too remote of realization, and … [that] equality was a dubious word."[16] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any one Nation could handle. If they were exercised for all. They involved the spirit of equality and fraternity."[16]

text: After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. Bellamy noted that, "In later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the United States of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools."[16] Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition."[16]

text: Changes[edit]

text: In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, listed the "formula of allegiance" as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance, which reads:[15]

text: I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country. One country, one language and one flag.

text: In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such as in 1915's "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916's annual "National Report," the Balch Pledge, listed as official in 1906, is now categorized as "Old Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge."[22][23] However, the "Old Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923.

text: In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words "of America" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942:[24]

text: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

text: Addition of "under God"[edit]

text: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of "under God" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea.[25][26] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948,[25] he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words "under God" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom." Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[25]

text: In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[27] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation. These attempts were eventually a success.[28]

text: At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut (D-Mich.), of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953.[29]

text: Before February 1954, no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded. The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12. On February 7, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation: "There was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations.[citation needed]

text: President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently, just a year before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[30] Eisenhower said:

text: From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war.[31]

text: The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14, 1954, by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[30]

text: On October 6, 1954, the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution, first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance.[28]

text: Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, historian Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role.[32]

text: Salute[edit]

text: Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, known as the Balch Salute, which accompanied the Balch pledge, instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag, the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead, followed by being placed flat over the heart, and finally falling to the side.

text: In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942.[33] Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(1) of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem.[34]

text: Music[edit]

text: A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase "under God" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[35]

text: The composer, Irving Caesar, wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. Dedicated to social issues, he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government, so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties.[36][37]

text: It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day, June 14, 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the "Singing Sergeants". A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the  U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge.[38]

text: Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[39]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 1940, the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court reversed its decision. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with:

text: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us.[40]

text: In a later case, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[41]

text: Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds.

text: One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance.[42][41] Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making.[43] Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase "under God" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[44]

text: In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd.[45][46]

text: Legal challenges[edit]

text: Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag.[47] They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[48][49]

text: In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school. In 2004, the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent, and therefore lacked standing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God."[50]

text: In 2006, in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre, a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.[51] As a result of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[52]

text: In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[53]

text: On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District.[54][55] In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion.[54] Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."[56]

text: On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary.[57][58] A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011.[59][60]

text: In September 2013, a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts.[61] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words "under God" represent a patriotic, not a religious, exercise.[62]

text: In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that "… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message."[63] The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens." In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here."[63] Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "conscientious scruples" that do not allow it.[64][65] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.”


document_title: I Can Only Imagine (film)

question_text: who played amy grant and i can only imagine

text: I Can Only Imagine (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Coming from a home with an abusive father, 10-year-old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother, where he meets Shannon. Upon his return from camp, Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings, leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur, who takes custody of him.

text: Years later, Millard is in high school and dating Shannon. Hoping to impress his father, he begins playing football. However, he is injured, breaking both ankles and ending his career. In order to make up the credits he would miss from football, he signs up for music class, the only available class left. Initially, Millard is assigned to be a sound technician. After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium, she casts him as Curly, the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma. He doesn't tell his father of his role in the play, and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part, Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain, but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis. The following morning, Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father, who smashes a plate over his head. Shannon presses Bart to open up, but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation.

text: Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe, and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell, who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville, leading to meetings with Amy Grant and Michael W. Smith. Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon, who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase. While the band felt their performance was the best of their career, industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records. In despair, Millard quits the band. After talking with Brickell, who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father, Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again.

text: Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father, who prepares breakfast for him the next morning. His father claims to have become a Christian, but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father's offer to start over. In anger, Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep, which he had hoped to repair with his son. As Bart prepares to leave, he finds out his father has terminal cancer. Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness.

text: After his father's funeral, Millard rejoins the band and writes "I Can Only Imagine". Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists, including Grant, who, deeply moved by the song, asks to record it herself as her next single. The band accepts Grant's offer. Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert. However, Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song, and offers it back to him, calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience. Millard's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon, who had also been in attendance at the concert. The band releases the song as their first single, achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard

Brody Rose as Young Bart

Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard, Bart's father
Cloris Leachman as Meemaw, Bart's grandmother
Madeline Carroll as Shannon, Bart's girlfriend

Taegen Burns as Young Shannon

Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell, MercyMe's manager
Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher, Bart's teacher
Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant
Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith
Mark Furze as Nathan

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: The film was announced in December 2016.[4] Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017.[5] Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard.[1] The same month, it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018.[5] In August 2017, Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States.[1][6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of April 17, 2018[update], I Can Only Imagine has grossed $76.1 million in the United States, and Canada and $1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $77.2 million, against a production budget of $7 million.[2]

text: The film was released on March 16, 2018, alongside Tomb Raider and Love, Simon, and was originally projected to gross $2–4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend.[7] However, after making $6.2 million on its first day (including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews), weekend estimates were increased to $14 million.[8] It ended up grossing $17.1 million, exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67% of the opening weekend audience was female while 80% was over the age of 35.[9] It was the fourth best-ever opening for a faith-based film, following The Passion of the Christ ($83.8 million), Son of God ($25.6 million) and Heaven Is for Real ($22.5 million).[10] In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19% to $13.8 million, again finishing third.[11] It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend, making $10.4 million (including $3 million on Easter Sunday).[12]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 70% based on 23 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "I Can Only Imagine's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences, but overall, its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith-based cinema."[13] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[14] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score.[8]

text: The Arizona Republic's James Ward gave the film 4/5 stars and wrote, "Too often faith-based films — say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God's Not Dead series — tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience. The Erwins’ films — I Can Only Imagine definitely among them — are more inclusive, charitable of spirit and hopeful, all qualities that are always appreciated, be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise."[15] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C–" saying: "There’s a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made; why they all end with links to religious websites; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart-brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window...Art can be affirmation, but affirmation cannot be art."[16]


document_title: La Bamba (song)

question_text: who is the original singer of la bamba

question_tokens: who is the original singer of la bamba

text: La Bamba (song)

text: Traditional versions[edit]

text: "La Bamba" is a classic example of the son jarocho musical style, which originated in the Mexican state of Veracruz and combines Spanish, indigenous, and African musical elements. The song is typically played on one or two arpas jarochas (harps) along with guitar relatives the jarana jarocha and the requinto jarocho.[1] Lyrics to the song vary greatly, as performers often improvise verses while performing. However, versions such as those by musical groups Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan and Los Pregoneros del Puerto have survived because of the artists' popularity. The traditional aspect of "La Bamba" lies in the tune, which remains almost the same through most versions. The name of the dance, which has no direct English translation, is presumably connected with the Spanish verb bambolear, meaning "to shake" or perhaps "to stomp".

text: A traditional huapango song, "La Bamba" is often played during weddings in Veracruz, where the bride and groom perform the accompanying dance. Today this wedding tradition is observed less often than in the past, but the dance is still popular, perhaps through the popularity of ballet folklórico. The dance is performed displaying the newly wed couple's unity through the performance of complicated, delicate steps in unison as well as through creation of a bow from a listón, a long red ribbon, using only their feet.

text: The "arriba" (literally "up") part of the song suggests the nature of the dance, in which the footwork, called "zapateado", is done faster and faster as the music tempo accelerates. A repeated lyric is "Yo no soy marinero, soy capitán", meaning "I am not a sailor, I am a captain"; Veracruz is a maritime locale.

text: Early recordings[edit]

text: Although an obscure and possibly non-existent 1908 Mexican recording has been cited,[2] the earliest certain recording of the song is that by Alvaro Hernández Ortiz, credited as El Jarocho, which was released on the Victor label in Mexico in about 1939 (Victor 76102). This recording was reissued on a 1997 compilation by Yazoo Records, The Secret Museum Of Mankind Vol. 4.[3]

text: According to a 1945 article in Life magazine, the song and associated dance were brought "out of the jungle" at Veracruz by American bandleader Everett Hoagland, who introduced it at Ciro's nightclub in Mexico City. It became popular, and the song was adopted by Mexican presidential candidate Miguel Alemán Valdés who used it in his successful campaign. Later in 1945, the music and dance were introduced at the Stork Club in New York City by Arthur Murray.[4] A popular version by Andrés Huesca (1917–1957) and his brother Victor, billed as Hermanos Huesca, was issued on Peerless Records in Mexico in about 1945–46. Huesca re-recorded the song for RCA Victor in 1947,[2] and the same year the song featured as a production number in the MGM musical film Fiesta, performed by a group called Los Bocheros and with the songwriting credited to Luis Martinez Serrano.[5]

text: The Swedish-American folk singer William Clauson recorded the song in several languages in the early and mid 1950s. He claimed to have heard the song in Veracruz, and in performance slowed down the tempo to encourage audience participation.[6][7] Another version, "somewhat bowdlerized", was recorded by Cynthia Gooding on her 1953 Elektra album, Mexican Folk Songs.[8] The song was also recorded for the French market in 1956 by Juanita Linda and her backing group Los Mont-Real.[9] The same year, Harry Belafonte reportedly recorded the song, but a version by Belafonte was not commercially released until a live recording made at Carnegie Hall in 1960.

text: Ritchie Valens' version[edit]

text:
"La Bamba"

Single by Ritchie Valens

from the album Ritchie Valens

A-side
"Donna"

Released
October 18, 1958

Format
7"

Recorded
1958

Genre

Rock and roll
tejano
chicano rock
rock en español

Length
2:06

Label
Del-Fi

Songwriter(s)
adapted by Ritchie Valens

Producer(s)
Bob Keane

Ritchie Valens singles chronology

"Come On, Let's Go"
(1958)
"Donna" / "La Bamba"
(1958)
"Fast Freight / Big Baby Blues"
(1959)

"Come On, Let's Go"
(1958)
"Donna" / "La Bamba"
(1958)
"Fast Freight / Big Baby Blues"
(1959)

text: The traditional song inspired Ritchie Valens' rock and roll version "La Bamba" in 1958.[10] Valens' "La Bamba" infused the traditional tune with a rock drive, in part provided by session musicians Earl Palmer and Carol Kaye, making the song popular with a much wider record audience and earning it (and Valens) a place in rock history (he was inducted posthumously into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2001). The musicians on that session were Buddy Clark: string bass, Ernie Freeman: piano, Carol Kaye: acoustic rhythm guitar, Rene Hall: Danelectro guitar (six-string baritone guitar), Earl Palmer: drums, Ritchie Valens: vocals, lead guitar.[11]

text: The song features a simple verse-chorus form. Valens, who was proud of his Mexican heritage, was hesitant at first to merge "La Bamba" with rock and roll but then agreed. The song ranked No. 98 in VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Rock and Roll in 1999, and No. 59 in VH1's 100 Greatest Dance Songs in 2000. Furthermore, Valens' recording of the song was inducted into the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame.[12]

text: When the Los Lobos cover of Valens' version peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1987, Valens was retroactively credited with writing a No. 1 single.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1959–87)
Peak
position

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[13]
13

France (SNEP)[14]
32

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[15]
49

US Billboard Hot 100[16]
22

text: Trini Lopez' version[edit]

text: Trini Lopez performed his own version of "La Bamba" on his album “Trini Lopez Live at PJs”, released in 1963; this recording of the tune was later reissued as a single in 1966.

text: Los Lobos version[edit]

text:
"La Bamba"

Single by Los Lobos

from the album La Bamba Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

B-side
"Charlena"

Released
June 20, 1987

Format

CD single
7"

Recorded
1986

Genre

Rock and roll
chicano rock
rock en español

Length
2:54

Label
Warner Bros.

Songwriter(s)
Ritchie Valens

Producer(s)
Los Lobos

Los Lobos singles chronology

"Come On, Let's Go" / "Ooh! My Head"
(1987)
"La Bamba"
(1987)
"Down on the Riverbed"
(1990)

"Come On, Let's Go"/"Ooh! My Head"
(1987)
"La Bamba"
(1987)
"Down on the Riverbed"
(1990)

text: The rock group Los Lobos' 1987 cover of Ritchie Valens "La Bamba" reached number one on Billboard’s Hot 100 Chart.

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video for Los Lobos' version of the song was directed by Sherman Halsey and featured Lou Diamond Phillips (who played Valens in the film named after the song). The music video was the winner of the 1988 MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1987)
Peak
position

Australia (Kent Music Report)
1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[17]
3

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[18]
2

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[19]
1

France (SNEP)[20]
1

Germany (Official German Charts)[21]
7

Ireland (IRMA)
1

Italy (FIMI)
1

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[22]
2

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[23]
1

Norway (VG-lista)[24]
4

Spain (AFYVE)[25]
1

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[26]
3

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[27]
1

UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)
1

US Billboard Hot 100
1

US Billboard Country Songs
57

US Billboard Adult Contemporary
4

US Billboard Latin Songs
1

US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks
11

text:
Chart (2016)
Peak
position

Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[28]
75

text: Certifications and sales[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Canada (Music Canada)[29]
Platinum
100,000^

France (SNEP)[30]
Gold
934,000[30]

^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: Other notable versions[edit]

text: The song has been covered by many artists. In 1956 Harry Belafonte recorded the song on an EP and in 1960 the song was included on the album "Belafonte returns to Carnegie Hall. In 1963, Glen Campbell recorded the song on his album The Astounding 12-String Guitar of Glen Campbell. In 1979, singer Antonia Rodriguez recorded a disco version which hit number thirty-four on the American disco chart.[31] Los Lonely Boys, a rock trio from Texas, often include the song in their live stage act. They cite Valens as an influence in their music.[32][33]


document_title: Bob's Burgers (season 8)

question_text: when is the next episode of bobs burgers coming out

text: Bob's Burgers (season 8)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1301"Brunchsquatch"Mauricio Pardo & Ian HamiltonLizzie Molyneux & Wendy MolyneuxOctober 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)7ASA142.93[6]
In this episode inspired by actual fan-art of the Bob's Burgers characters, the Belcher kids want a dog, but Bob and Linda refuse. After seeing Jimmy Pesto serve brunch at his restaurant, Bob decides to do the same thing at Bob's Burgers, but Linda overdoes it with the serving of the mimosas. Meanwhile, the kids hide Felix from Mr. Fischoeder.
1312"The Silence of the Louise"Chris SongGreg ThompsonOctober 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)7ASA092.43[7]
Louise teams up with the psychotic Millie to find out who mutilated Mr. Frond's therapy dolls. Meanwhile, Teddy attempts to make an inspirational poster.
1323"The Wolf of Wharf Street"Mauricio PardoLizzie Molyneux & Wendy MolyneuxOctober 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)7ASA073.02[8]
On Halloween, Linda takes the kids out to search for a wolf that may have been scaring the townspeople. Meanwhile, an injured Bob thinks that Teddy might be a werewolf.
1334"Sit Me Baby One More Time"Brian LoschiavoNora SmithNovember 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)7ASA082.89[9]
Tina's babysitting business gets derailed when her longtime nemesis, Tammy, is forced to work with her. Meanwhile, the other Belchers have dinner at a restaurant known for its burgers.
1345"Thanks-Hoarding"Tyree DillihayJon SchroederNovember 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)7ASA152.37[10]
The Belchers agree to help out Teddy after his family announces that they will be coming over for Thanksgiving. During the preparation, the Belchers discover that Teddy is secretly a hoarder.
13513667"The Bleakening: Parts 1 & 2"Brian LoschiavoChris SongSteven DavisKelvin YuDecember 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)7ASA167ASA173.17[11]
In this hour-long musical Christmas episode, Linda decides to throw a festive party at the restaurant, but someone steals Linda's Christmas tree and her ornaments. The kids suspect it might be a character from a folk tale told to them by Teddy.
1378"V for Valentine-detta"Ian HamiltonLizzie Molyneux & Wendy MolyneuxJanuary 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)7ASA224.76[12]
On Valentine's Day, Tina gets her heart broken, so Linda and Louise attempt to cheer her up by taking her on a girls' limo night out. Meanwhile, Bob and Gene become closer than ever when they attempt to perform a trapeze act.
1389"Y Tu Ga-Ga Tambien"Brian LoschiavoScott JacobsonMarch 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)7ASA121.84[13]
Gene disapproves of a new playground game, which throws the school into chaos. Meanwhile, Linda develops a storyteller persona when she fills in at the local library.
13910"The Secret Ceramics Room of Secrets"Tyree DillihayDan FybelMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)7ASA191.72[14]
The kids set out to find a secret ceramics room in their school, after Linda tells them to make their own gifts for her mother's birthday. Meanwhile, Teddy moves his phone repair service into the restaurant, much to Bob's annoyance.
14011"Sleeping with the Frenemy"Brian LoschiavoGreg ThompsonMarch 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)7ASA201.74[15]
Tina sets Tammy up with Brett, a boy from out of town, after she allows Tammy to stay with the Belchers during Spring Break. Meanwhile, Gene loses his last baby tooth, so he and Bob enlist Dr. Yap's help in finding a replacement to complete Linda's teeth collection.
14112"The Hurt Soccer"Damon WongRachel HastingsApril 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)7ASA231.54[16]
After forgetting that they signed up Louise for a soccer league, the Belchers must help her prepare to play in the season's last game. Meanwhile, Linda and Gene seize an opportunity to turn the restaurant into a piano bar.
14213"Cheer Up, Sleepy Gene"Tyree DillihayStory by : H. Jon Benjamin & Holly Schlesinger Teleplay by : Holly SchlesingerApril 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)7ASA101.74[17]
Gene gets invited to his first sleepover, and things do not go as planned. Meanwhile, Bob and Linda record themselves while sleeping to prove who snores more.
14314"The Trouble with Doubles"Ian HamiltonHolly SchlesingerApril 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)7ASA181.83[18]
14415"Go Tina on the Mountain"Tyree DillihayRich RinaldiApril 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)8ASA011.66[19]
14516"Are You There Bob? It's Me, Birthday"[20]TBATBAApril 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)8ASA04TBD
14617"Boywatch"[21]TBATBAMay 6, 2018 (2018-05-06)7ASA11TBD
14718"As I Walk Through the Alley of the Shadow of Ramps"[22]TBATBAMay 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)8ASA02TBD
14819"Mo Mommy, Mo Problems"[23]TBATBAMay 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)8ASA03TBD

text: Future episodes[edit]

text:
Productioncode

Title

7ASA13[24]
"The Taking of Funtime One Two Three"

8ASA05
"Something Old, Something New, Something Bob Caters for You"[25]

8ASA06
"Just One of the Boyz 4 Now for Now"[26]

8ASA07
"Nightmare on Ocean Avenue Street"[27]

8ASA08
"I Bob Your Pardon"[28]

8ASA09
"Tweentrepreneurs"[29]

8ASA10
"Better Off Sled"[30]

8ASA11
"Live and Let Fly"[31]

8ASA12
"Bobby Driver"[32]

8ASA13
"Roller? I Hardly Know Her!"[33]


document_title: The Accountant (2016 film)

question_text: where did they film the movie the accountant

text: The Accountant (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: As a child, Christian Wolff (Affleck) is diagnosed with a high-functioning form of autism at Harbor Neuroscience, where he meets the doctor's daughter, Justine. Chris's father declines the offer for his son to stay at a sensory friendly environment, believing that Chris must overcome the hardships inherent in his condition, but Chris's overwhelmed mother abandons their family. Afraid that others will exploit his son, Chris's father—a US Army PSYOP officer—begins a brutal regimen of stoicism and martial arts training for both him and his brother, Braxton.

text: In the present, Chris works as a forensic accountant from a small strip mall office in Plainfield, Illinois. He unmasks insider financial deceptions, often for criminal and terrorist enterprises. Chris's clients interact with Chris through the Voice, an unidentified woman who calls him "Dreamboat". He exposes himself to loud music and flashing lights while abusing his own shinbone on a daily basis to inure himself to sensory overload.

text: Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCen) Director Ray King (Simmons) pursues Chris, known to them as "the Accountant". King recruits Treasury data analyst Marybeth Medina to help him locate the Accountant. Her leads include Chris's cover names, a recording from his killing of nine members of the Gambino crime family, and some photos.

text: Chris is hired to audit Living Robotics after the company's founder and CEO, Lamar Blackburn (Lithgow) and his sister Rita, learn of discrepancies from in-house accountant Dana Cummings (Kendrick). Chris finds that over $61 million has been embezzled from the company. CFO Ed Chilton, who is diabetic, is forced by a hitman to commit suicide from an insulin overdose. Lamar dismisses Chris, claiming Chilton killed himself because of the investigation of the embezzlement, leaving Chris very distraught because he cannot finish the audit.

text: In a flashback scene, the extent of Chris and his brother's relentless martial arts training instilled by their father as a child is revealed, suggesting that he is an adept fighter in the present day.

text: As a result of his superior self defense capabilities, assassins fail to kill Chris; the last reveals that Dana is the next target. Chris saves her before taking her to his storage unit, containing an Airstream Panamerica with artwork and other valuables, which he uses to quickly flee in when necessary. As they talk, he realizes that the embezzlement at Living Robotics is a scheme like Crazy Eddie's; money stolen from the company is returned to it, boosting profits and increasing the company's valuation as it prepares for an IPO. When Chris goes to confront Rita he finds her dead, exposing Lamar as the embezzler.

text: Medina isolates Chris's voice from the recording of the Gambino killing, hearing him repeating the nursery rhyme Solomon Grundy. She learns that his cadence is reminiscent of those with autism, and that Chris's aliases are famed mathematicians, including his current identity, Christian Wolff. Using IRS records, she finds his Illinois office.

text: Government agents search Chris's heavily secured home. King explains to Medina that Chris was imprisoned at Leavenworth because of a fight at his estranged mother's funeral, where his father was killed protecting Chris. He learned accounting from Francis Silverberg, a Gambino family accountant who became an FBI informant. King was Silverberg's handler, but his inaction led to the informant being brutally killed; King was staking out the Gambinos when Chris came to avenge his mentor. Chris could have killed King, but let him go after asking if he was a good father. King began getting information from the Voice when criminals violated Chris's moral code, and King became director of FinCen. King tells Medina someone has to take over when he retires. The phone rings, and the Voice tells Medina about Living Robotics.

text: Chris goes to Lamar's mansion, where the hitman and his men await. During the battle, the hitman recognizes Chris repeating the nursery rhyme and reveals that he is Chris's brother Braxton; they have not seen each other since Chris's imprisonment. Braxton attacks Chris, as he is both resentful over his brother's estrangement from him and blames him for their father's death. During a pause in their fight Lamar arrogantly interrupts; Chris shoots him, ending the battle. Chris amicably agrees to meet Braxton in a week, saying he will find him.

text: As another set of parents visits Harbor Neuroscience with their child, the boy meets Justine, still a patient there; she is the Voice, and Chris funds the center with his bookkeeping profits. Dana receives a Jackson Pollock painting she saw in the trailer, as Chris drives out of town with the Airstream in tow.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Affleck as Christian "Chris" Wolff

Seth Lee as Young Chris

Anna Kendrick as Dana Cummings
J. K. Simmons as Raymond "Ray" King
Jon Bernthal as Braxton

Jake Presley as Young Braxton

Jeffrey Tambor as Francis Silverberg
Cynthia Addai-Robinson as Marybeth Medina
John Lithgow as Lamar Blackburn
Jean Smart as Rita Blackburn
Andy Umberger as Ed Chilton
Alison Wright as Justine

Izzy Fenech as Young Justine

Robert C. Treveiler as Chris' father
Mary Kraft as Chris' mother
Gary Basaraba as Don

text: Production[edit]

text: On November 12, 2014, Variety reported that Anna Kendrick was in early talks to co-star in the film, alongside Affleck.[6] Later that day, J. K. Simmons was also announced as being in talks to join the cast.[7] On November 14, 2014, Jon Bernthal was also in talks.[8] On January 6, 2015, Variety reported that Cynthia Addai-Robinson was added to the cast.[9] On January 14, 2015, Jeffrey Tambor[10] and John Lithgow[11] were added to the cast of the film. Lithgow had previously appeared in another thriller about autism, Silent Fall (1994).

text: Filming began on January 19, 2015 in Atlanta, Georgia.[12][13] On March 16–20, filming was taking place at the Georgia Institute of Technology.[14] The film ends with the Accountant driving on Bethany Bridge over Lake Allatoona, Georgia.

text: Fight choreography[edit]

text: The action fighting sequences in the film featured the Indonesian martial art Pencak Silat.[15][16][17]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On July 9, 2015, a year before the film's release, it had received graphic novelization published by Vertigo, a limited comic book imprint owned by Warner Bros. Pictures.[18]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on October 14, 2016.[19] Before that, Warner Bros. had scheduled it for January 29, 2016, later moving it to October 7, 2016, before moving it back another week.[20][21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Accountant grossed $86.3 million in the United States and Canada and $68.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $155.2 million, against a production budget of $44 million.[2]

text: The Accountant was released alongside Max Steel and Kevin Hart: What Now?, and was expected to gross $20–25 million from 3,332 theaters in its opening weekend, although the studio was projecting a conservative $15 million opening.[22] The film made $1.35 million from its Thursday night previews, more than Affleck's Gone Girl ($1.2 million) in 2014. It grossed $9.1 million on its first day and $24.7 million in its opening weekend, finishing first at the box office and was the second highest-debut for a thriller of Affleck's career, behind Gone Girl ($37.5 million).[23] In its second weekend, the film grossed $13.6 million (a drop of 44.8%), finishing 4th at the box office.[24]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 52% based on 252 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Accountant writes off a committed performance from Ben Affleck, leaving viewers with a scattershot action thriller beset by an array of ill-advised deductions."[25] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale,[27] while comScore reported audiences gave an 84% overall positive score and a 64% definite recommend.[23]

text: Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a positive review, writing, "It’s transparent in its attempt both to pimp a future franchise and give autistic kids their own superhero. There’s a genuine sweetness to the latter that converts me on the former. Headshots, math problems, and pained social interactions? Sign me up. Of the two movies Ben Affleck has been in so far this year, The Accountant and Batman V Superman, The Accountant has by far the most franchise potential."[28] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying: "Madness abounds in The Accountant, an intense, intricate, darkly amusing and action-infused thriller that doesn’t always add up but who cares, it’s BIG FUN."[29]

text: Richard Brody of The New Yorker panned the film, stating: "This thrill-free thriller...piles up plotlines like an overbuilt house of cards that comes crashing down at the first well-earned guffaw of ridicule."[30]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Jupiter Awards
March 29, 2017
Best International Film
The Accountant
Nominated
[31]

Best International Actor
Ben Affleck
Nominated

Saturn Awards
June 28, 2017
Best Thriller Film
The Accountant
Nominated
[32]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In June 2017, it was announced Warner Bros. was developing a sequel, with Affleck, Dubuque and O’Connor all scheduled to return.[33]


document_title: The Conjuring (film series)

question_text: when did the new annabelle movie come out

text: The Conjuring (film series)

text: Development[edit]

text: Development began over 20 years prior to the first film's debut, when Ed Warren played a tape of Lorraine's original interview with Carolyn Perron for producer Tony DeRosa-Grund.[11] DeRosa-Grund made a recording of Warren playing back the tape and of their subsequent discussion. At the end of the tape, Warren said to DeRosa-Grund, "If we can't make this into a film I don't know what we can." DeRosa-Grund then described his vision of the film for Ed.[12]

text: DeRosa-Grund wrote the original treatment and titled the project The Conjuring.[13] For nearly 14 years, he tried to get the film made without any success. He originally landed a deal to make the film at Gold Circle Films, the production company behind The Haunting in Connecticut, but a contract could not be finalized and the deal was dropped.[14]

text: DeRosa-Grund allied with producer Peter Safran, and sibling writers Chad and Carey W. Hayes were brought on board to refine the script.[13] Using DeRosa-Grund's treatment and the Ed Warren tape, the Hayes brothers changed the story's point of view from the Perron family to that of the Warrens. The brothers interviewed Lorraine Warren many times over the phone to clarify details.[15] By mid-2009, the property became the subject of a six-studio bidding war that landed the film at Summit Entertainment.[16] However, DeRosa-Grund and Summit could not conclude the transaction and the film went into turnaround. DeRosa-Grund reconnected with New Line Cinema, who had lost in the original bidding war, and the studio ultimately picked up the film. On November 11, 2009, a deal was made between New Line and DeRosa-Grund's Evergreen Media Group.[17]

text: The Conjuring series[edit]

text: The Conjuring (2013)[edit]

text: In January 2012, Bloody Disgusting confirmed Wan as the director of a film entitled The Warren Files, later retitled The Conjuring, centering on the real life exploits of Ed and Lorraine Warren, a married couple who investigated paranormal events.[18] In his second collaboration with Wan, Patrick Wilson starred alongside Vera Farmiga in the main roles of Ed and Lorraine.[19] Production commenced in Wilmington, North Carolina in February 2012, and scenes were shot in chronological order.[19] The film focused on the Warrens' 1971 case in which they investigated a witch's curse at a farmhouse in Harrisville, Rhode Island. The Conjuring was released on July 19, 2013, to positive reviews and critical success, earning $318 million worldwide over a budget of $20 million, and becoming one of the most profitable horror films in history.

text: The Conjuring 2 (2016)[edit]

text: In June 2013, it was reported that New Line Cinema was already developing a sequel,[20] with both Farmiga and Wilson signed on to reprise their roles.[21] On October 21, it was announced that Wan would return to direct the sequel and would make his first contribution as a writer in the franchise.[22] Principal photography began in September 2015 in Los Angeles, and concluded in December 2015 in London.[23] The film focused on the Enfield Poltergeist case in London in 1977,[24] while briefly referencing the events that inspired The Amityville Horror. It was released on June 10, 2016,[25] to positive reviews from both critics and audiences; some agreed that the film was vastly superior to other horror sequels, while others debated whether the film had surpassed its predecessor in quality. Proving to be similarly successful to the first entry in the series, the film became another profitable addition to the franchise, having earned $320.3 million worldwide from a budget of $40 million, and becoming the second highest-grossing horror film of all time, following The Exorcist.

text: The Conjuring 3[edit]

text: Regarding a potential third installment in The Conjuring series, Wan stated, "There could be many more [Conjuring] movies because the Warrens have so many stories." Screenwriters Chad and Carey Hayes have also expressed interest in working on a story for another sequel.[26] However, Wan stated that he may be unable to direct the film due to his commitments to other projects.[27] He told Collider.com, "Assuming we are lucky enough to have a third chapter, there are other filmmakers that I would love to sort of continue on the Conjuring world, if we are lucky enough."[28] Wan has also stated that, if a third film was to be made, it would ideally take place in the 1980s.[29] Wan later stated that the sequel could include lycanthropy, saying, "Maybe we can go and do it like a classic American Werewolf in London style. That would be awesome! The Warrens set against the backdrop of The Hound of Baskerville {sic}. That would be awesome."[30] In May 2017, Safran commented on the unlikelihood that a third installment would be a haunted house film.[31] In June 2017, it was announced a third installment was in development, with The Conjuring 2 co-writer David Leslie Johnson hired to write the screenplay.[1] In August 2017, Wan told Entertainment Weekly that the filmmakers have "been working hard on The Conjuring 3, and that "we're in the midst of working on the script, and still hashing [it] out. We want to make sure that the script is in a really good place. With how much people have loved the first two [Conjuring films], I don't want to rush in to the third one if possible".[32]

text: Annabelle series[edit]

text: Annabelle (2014)[edit]

text: A spin-off film, focusing on the origins of the Annabelle doll that was introduced in The Conjuring, was shortly announced after the release of its forerunner, mainly due to the film's worldwide box office success, and positive reception towards the character. Production began in January 2014 in Los Angeles. The plot focused on John and Mia Form, a married couple expecting a child, whose vintage doll, Annabelle, gets possessed by a vengeful spirit after a cult group breaks into their home and is murdered. The film was directed by The Conjuring cinematographer John R. Leonetti and produced by Safran and Wan, with Gary Dauberman behind the script.[33] The film was released worldwide on October 3, 2014, to major commercial success, becoming the 14th most profitable horror film in North America, despite receiving mixed to negative reviews from critics and fans alike.[34] Many critics found Annabelle to be an inferior film compared to The Conjuring.[35]

text: Annabelle: Creation (2017)[edit]

text: In October 2015, it was confirmed that an Annabelle sequel was in development; it was later revealed that the film would be a prequel rather than a sequel.[36] Filming began in June 2016 in Los Angeles.[37] The plot of the film centers on a dollmaker and his wife, whose daughter tragically died twelve years earlier, as they decide to open their home to a nun and several girls from a shuttered orphanage; the dollmaker's possessed creation Annabelle sets her sights on the children and turns their shelter into a storm of horror.[38] Lights Out director David F. Sandberg replaced Leonetti as director, with Dauberman returning to write the script and Safran and Wan returning to produce.[39] The film was released worldwide on August 11, 2017, to critical and commercial success. Most critics found Annabelle: Creation to be a vast improvement over its predecessor.[40]

text: Other films[edit]

text: The Nun (2018)[edit]

text: On June 15, 2016, it was reported that a spin-off film titled The Nun, featuring the "Demon Nun" character Valak from The Conjuring 2, was in development with The Conjuring 2 co-scribe David Leslie Johnson writing the script, and Wan and Safran set to produce the project.[41] In February 2017, it was announced that Corin Hardy had signed on to direct. Gary Dauberman was also reported to have written a new screenplay based off a story treatment from James Wan and Dauberman. [42] It is scheduled to be released on July 13, 2018.[43] In April 2017, it was revealed Demián Bichir had joined the cast in the lead role.[44] That same month, Taissa Farmiga joined the cast of the film, in the titular role.[45] Bonnie Aarons will reprise her role in the film.[46] The plot of the film follows a nun, a priest and a novitiate as they investigate an unholy secret and confront a malevolent force in the form of a demonic nun. Filming began in May 2017 in Bucharest, Romania.[47] On August 12, 2017, Wan discussed a possibility for a Nun sequel and what its storyline may be: "I do know where potentially, if The Nun works out, where The Nun 2 could lead to and how that ties back to Lorraine's story that we've set up with the first two Conjurings and make it all come all full circle."[48]

text: The Crooked Man[edit]

text: On May 31, 2017, Safran said there was a possibility of a Crooked Man film.[49] On June 14, 2017, it was reported that a spin-off film titled The Crooked Man, featuring the character of the same name from The Conjuring 2, was in development with Mike Van Waes writing the script based on a story treatment by James Wan. Wan and Safran are set to produce the project. In August 2017, Wan told Entertainment Weekly that The Crooked Man is still at the beginning of the development process, stating that the film is in "early stages" and that the intent with the potential film is to move into the "dark fairytale" subgenre of horror films.[50]

text: Short films[edit]

text: The Nurse (2017)[edit]

text: On July 7, 2017, Warner Bros., in conjunction with James Wan, announced the "My Annabelle Creation" competition as promotion for the then-upcoming film Annabelle: Creation. Participants of the competition were to shoot a short film which would "feel like (it) could exist within the established Conjuring world",[51] with the winning films' directors having their films made canonical to the chronology of the series and winning a trip to Los Angeles to meet with David F. Sandberg, the director of Annabelle: Creation.[10] The entry deadline was July 27, 2017.[51] On August 17, 2017, the United States-based winner of the competition was announced to be Julian Terry for his short film The Nurse. Just under 2 minutes in length and filmed over four days, the film revolves around a bandaged and temporarily blind girl named Emily (Aria Walters) who attempts to elude the eponymous Demon Nurse (Hannah Palazzi). Separate competition winners will be selected from Mexico and the United Kingdom.[51]

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text:
Characters
The Conjuring series
Annabelle series
Other films

The Conjuring
(2013)
The Conjuring 2
(2016)
Annabelle
(2014)
Annabelle:
Creation
(2017)
The Nun
(2018)

Ed Warren
Patrick Wilson
Patrick Wilson[a]

Lorraine Warren
Vera Farmiga

Annabelle
Appeared
Tree O'Toole

Keira Daniels
Samara Lee

Joseph Bishara

Drew Thomas
Shannon Kook

Judy Warren
Sterling Jerins

Father Gordon
Steve Coulter

Bathsheba

Mother Sheba
Joseph Bishara

Joseph Bishara[52]

Valak
Demon Nun

Bonnie Aarons

Bonnie Aarons

Debbie
Morganna Bridgers

Morganna Bridgers

Camilla
Amy Tipton

Amy Tipton

Rick
Zach Pappas

Zach Pappas

Mia Form

Annabelle Wallis

John Form

Ward Horton

Pete Higgins

Brian Howe

Sharon Higgins

Kerry O'Malley

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Appearance through archival footage, audio or stills.

tag: ol

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Credited as
The Conjuring series
Annabelle series
Other films

The Conjuring
(2013)
The Conjuring 2
(2016)
Annabelle
(2014)
Annabelle:
Creation
(2017)
The Nun
(2018)

Director(s)
James Wan
John R. Leonetti
David F. Sandberg
Corin Hardy

Producer(s)
Peter Safran
Rob Cowan
Tony DeRosa-Grund
Peter Safran
Rob Cowan
James Wan
Peter Safran
James Wan

Screenplay by
Chad Hayes
Carey W. Hayes
Chad Hayes
Carey W. Hayes
James Wan
David Leslie Johnson
Gary Dauberman
Gary Dauberman

Story by
Chad Hayes
Carey W. Hayes
James Wan
Gary Dauberman
James Wan

Composer(s)
Joseph Bishara
Benjamin Wallfisch
Abel Korzeniowski

Cinematographer(s)
John R. Leonetti
Don Burgess
James Kniest
Maxime Alexandre

Editor(s)
Kirk M. Morri
Tom Elkins
Michel Aller

Release date
July 19, 2013
June 10, 2016
October 3, 2014
August 11, 2017
July 13, 2018

Running time
112 minutes
134 minutes
100 minutes
109 minutes
TBA

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
Release date
Box office gross
Box office ranking
Budget
Ref(s)

North America
Other territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide

The Conjuring
July 19, 2013
$137,400,141
$180,600,000
$318,000,141
#387
#380
$20 million
[53][54]

Annabelle
October 3, 2014
$84,273,813
$172,600,000
$256,873,813
#829
#506
$6.5 million
[53][55]

The Conjuring 2
June 10, 2016
$102,470,008
$217,800,000
$320,270,008
#638
#377
$40 million
[53][56]

Annabelle: Creation
August 11, 2017
$99,900,361
$191,200,000
$291,100,361
#688
#435
$15 million
[53][57]

Total
$7008424044323000000♠424,044,323
$7008762200000000000♠762,200,000
$7009118624432300000♠1,186,244,323

$81.5 million
[53]

text: The franchise has been notable for its profit, with The Conjuring and its follow-up having earned a combined profit of $260 million, according to Deadline,[58][59] while Annabelle managed to make 40 times its $6.5 million budget.[55] All expenses put together, the franchise has made thus far approximately $500 million in box office profit. Film critic and box office pundit Scott Mendelson of Forbes has called the franchise the "first successful post-Marvel cinematic universe."[6]

text: Critical and public response[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore

The Conjuring
86% (203 reviews)[60]
68 (35 reviews)[61]
A-[62]

Annabelle
29% (119 reviews)[63]
37 (27 reviews)[64]
B[62]

The Conjuring 2
79% (221 reviews)[65]
65 (38 reviews)[66]
A-[62]

Annabelle: Creation
68% (142 reviews)[67]
62 (29 reviews)[68]
B[62]

Average
66%
58
A-

text: Lawsuits[edit]

text: Norma Sutcliffe and Gerald Helfrich, the current owners of the house on which The Conjuring was based, have sued Wan, Warner Bros. and other producers, on the grounds that their property was being constantly vandalized as a consequence of the film. Entertainment Weekly obtained documents in which the owners affirm various invasions and ratify that they have found numerous objects affiliated with satanic cults. The lawsuit also reveals that the current owners bought the house in 1987 and lived "in peace" until 2013. Both owners had been seeking for unspecified damages. When questioned, a spokesperson for Warner Bros. declined to comment on the issue.[69]

text: Gerald Brittle, author of a book about the Warrens called The Demonologist, filed a $900 million lawsuit on March 29, 2017, against Warner Bros., New Line Cinema, James Wan and others, claiming that he had the exclusive rights to the Warrens' story and that it had been illegally stolen by the studios and producers.[70] The case is scheduled to go to trial on April 16, 2018; a Warner Bros. spokesperson commented, "We're pleased the Court significantly narrowed the case and look forward to addressing the remaining claims at summary judgment. Mr. Brittle's claims are not only without merit, but contradict Mr. Brittle's prior admissions in other failed lawsuits concerning The Conjuring movies".[71]


document_title: Most common words in English

question_text: what is the most said word in the english language

text: Most common words in English

text: 100 most common words

text: Based on an analysis of the Oxford English Corpus (a large collection of texts in the English language), the 100 words that occur most frequently in written English are:[1]

text:
Word
Parts of speech
OEC rank
BC rank
Dolch level
Fry's Sight Words

the
Article
1

Pre-primer

be
Verb
2

Primer

to
Preposition
3

Pre-primer

of
Preposition
4

Grade 1

and
Conjunction
5

Pre-primer

a
Article
6

Pre-primer

in
Preposition
7

Pre-primer

that
Conjunction et al.
8

Primer

have
Verb
9

Primer

I
Pronoun
10

Pre-primer

it
Pronoun
11

Pre-primer

for
Preposition
12

Pre-primer

not
Adverb et al.
13

Pre-primer

on
Preposition
14

Primer

with
Preposition
15

Primer

he
Pronoun
16

Primer

as
Adverb, conjunction, et al.
17

Grade 1

you
Pronoun
18

Pre-primer

do
Verb, noun
19

Primer

at
Preposition
20

Primer

this
Determiner, adverb, noun
21

Primer

but
Preposition, adverb, conjunction
22

Primer

his
Possessive pronoun
23

Grade 1

by
Preposition
24

Grade 1

from
Preposition
25

Grade 1

they
Pronoun
26

Primer

we
Pronoun
27

Pre-primer

say
Verb et al.
28

Primer

her
Possessive pronoun
29

Grade 1

she
Pronoun
30

Primer

or
Conjunction
31

Grade 2

an
Article
32

Grade 1

will
Verb, noun
33

Primer

my
Possessive pronoun
34

Pre-primer

one
Noun, adjective, et al.
35

Pre-primer

all
Adjective
36

Primer

would
Verb
37

Grade 2

there
Adverb, pronoun, et al.
38

their
Possessive pronoun
39

Grade 2

what
Pronoun, adverb, et al.
40

Primer

so
Conjuntion, adverb, et al.
41

Primer

up
Adverb, preposition, et al.
42

Pre-primer

out
Preposition
43

Primer

if
Conjunction
44

Grade 3

about
Preposition, adverb, et al.
45

Grade 3

who
Pronoun, noun
46

Primer

get
Verb
47

Primer

which

48

Grade 2

go
Verb, noun
49

Pre-primer

me
Pronoun
50

Pre-primer

when

51

Grade 1

make
Verb, noun
52

can

53

like

54

time

55

no

56

just
Adjective
57

him
Pronoun
58

know
Verb, noun
59

take
Verb, noun
60

people
Noun
61

into

62

year
Noun
63

your
Possessive pronoun
64

good
Adjective
65

some

66

could
Verb
67

them

68

see
Verb
69

other

70

than

71

then

72

now

73

look
Verb
74

only

75

come
Verb
76

its
Possessive pronoun
77

over
Preposition
78

think

79

also

80

back

81

after
Preposition
82

use
Verb, noun
83

two

84

how

85

our
Posessive pronoun
86

work
Verb, noun
87

first

88

well
Adverb
89

way

90

even

91

new
Adjective et al.
92

want

93

because

94

any

95

these

96

give
Verb
97

day

98

most

99

us
Pronoun
100

text: Parts of speech

text: The following is the same list subdivided by part of speech.[1] The list labeled "Others" includes pronouns, possessives, articles, modal verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions.

text: Nouns

text:
time
person
year
way
day
thing
man
world
life
hand
part
child
eye
woman
place
work
week
case
point
government
company
number
group
problem
fact

text: Verbs

text:
be
have
do
say
get
make
go
know
take
see
come
think
look
want
give
use
find
tell
ask
work
seem
feel
try
leave
call

text: Adjectives

text:
good
new
first
last
long
great
little
own
other
old
right
big
high
different
small
large
next
early
young
important
few
public
bad
same
able

text: Prepositions

text:
to
of
in
for
on
with
at
by
from
up
about
into
over
after

text: Others

text:
the
and
a
that
I
it
not
he
as
you
this
but
his
they
her
she
or
an
will
my
one
all
would
there
their