document_title: Ice hockey by country

question_text: how many ice rinks are there in canada

question_tokens: how many ice rinks are there in canada

text: Ice hockey by country

text: Current countries[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country
Information

 Algeria
There are three ice rinks in two cities; one in Tizi Ouzou and two in Algiers. The Algerian Association of Ice and Inline Hockey was founded in 2006.[1] The Algeria national team participated in the Arab Cup in 2008.

 Egypt
There are eleven ice rinks in six cities; three in Cairo, three in Sharm el-Sheikh, two in the 6th of October City, one in Hurghada, one Borg El Arab and one in Tanta.[2] The first Egyptian ice hockey team was founded in Maadi in 2002, it is still an amateur team that seeks official recognition and it cooperates with the Ministry of Youth and Sports to launch the Egyptian Ice Hockey Federation.[3] The Anubis Ice Hockey Team organizes the annual Egyptian Ramadani Ice Hockey Cup. The tournament takes place mainly in Genena Mall ice rink in East Cairo.[4] Anubis participated in Africa's first ever ice hockey club championship, the African Cup which was held in Rabat, Morocco from July 24 to 31, 2016, under the supervision of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the Royal Moroccan Ice Hockey Federation.

 Kenya
There is an ice rink in Nairobi known as the Solar Ice Rink located in the Panari Sky Centre.[5] Ice hockey is played at the facility and there is an informal competition known as the Kenyan Ice Hockey League. Games are played on Wednesday's which are known as "Ice Hockey Wednesday". The rink hosted a "local tournament for schools" on April 24, 2015, which was billed as the "First Ice Hockey Tournament in East & Central Africa". Johnny Oduya is of Kenyan descent, who won two Stanley Cups with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2013 and 2015.

 Morocco
IIHF member. 2 rinks. 225 registered players.[6] There are three teams, the Capitals, Les Ifis and the Falcons. The Royal Moroccan Ice Hockey Federation was founded on February 8, 2016.[7] The Morocco national team participated in the Arab Cup in 2008.

 Nigeria
There is an ice rink in Lagos was installed at the Silverbird Galleria in December 2006. Philorem Limited installed the first successful synthetic ice rink at the Ikeja City Mall known as the Philorem Ice Skating Arena in September 2014.[8] No ice hockey is played. Rumun Ndur, who played in the NHL, was born in Zaria.

 South Africa
IIHF member. 7 rinks. 766 registered players.[9] There are two regional leagues in the country, the Gauteng Premier League and the Western Province League. The top teams meet for the national title in the Interprovincial Championships. South Africa has men’s, women’s and junior national teams. Olaf Kölzig, a German goaltender who played in the NHL, was born in Johannesburg.

 Tunisia
There is an ice rink in Hammamet known as the "Blue Ice", it's located about 65 kilometers from the Tunis–Carthage International Airport and 60 kilometers from the capital of Tunis.[10] The Tunisian Ice Hockey Association was founded in 2009.[11] The Tunisia national team played its first game against a French team, Coqs de Courbevoie on June 14, 2014, they were defeat by them, 6–5.[12]

 Uganda
There is an ice rink at the Tirupati Mazima Mall in Kampala known as the Jubilate Ice Skating.[13] There is a team, the Kampala Alligators.

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country
Information

 Argentina
IIHF member. There is an outdoor ice rink in Ushuaia. 1,023 registered players.[14] The men’s national team made its debut on February 18, 2012, losing 5:1 to Mexico. A repeat of the game was held on the 19th, with Argentina falling 10:1. The women’s national team also made its debut on February 18, 2012, beating Mexico 1:0 in their first international game. Mexico defeating Argentina, 7:1 on February 19, 2012. The Argentina national team participated in the 2014 Pan American Tournament. They finished in 4th place after losing to Colombia, 9:1 in the bronze medal game. Also they finished 5th place in the 2015 Pan American Tournament. Argentina has men’s, women’s, and inline national teams.

 Bahamas
There is an ice rink in Nassau known as the Breezes Bahamas.[15] The rink measures 1,600 square feet and it’s open 24 hours a day. Ice hockey skates, sticks, and pucks are given to guests during their stay. No competitive games are played. Andre Deveaux, who played in the NHL, was born in Freeport.

 Bolivia
Ice hockey activities existed in the 1970s, but later died out by the end of the decade. Although Bolivia has ice rinks in Santa Cruz de la Sierra and La Paz. An Xtraice synthetic ice rink known as "La Pista", exists in the capital of La Paz. It received over 100,000 visitors during its first year of operation.[16]

 Brazil
IIHF member. 7 rinks. 330 registered players.[17] There are a number of rinks around the country and some hockey is played. The Brazilian Championship has been contested since 2008. Notable players born in Brazil are Mike Greenlay and Robyn Regehr, who both played in the NHL. The Brazil national team made its debut on March 2, 2014, losing 16:0 to Mexico in their first international game during the 2014 Pan American Tournament. They finished last place after losing all four games. Also they finished 3rd place (winning the bronze medal) in the 2015 Pan American Tournament. Brazil has men’s and inline national team.

 Canada
IIHF member. 8,300 rinks. 631,295 registered players.[18] Seven Canadian teams participate in the National Hockey League (NHL). Canadian teams also participate in several North American minor leagues, the American Hockey League (AHL) and the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH). The Stanley Cup is the North American professional national championship trophy, awarded since 1893. The Allan Cup is the Canadian senior national championship trophy, awarded since 1909. The Memorial Cup is the Canadian major junior national championship trophy, organized by the Canadian Hockey League (CHL), awarded since 1919. The University Cup is the Canadian collegiate national championship trophy, organized by U Sports, awarded since 1963. The Clarkson Cup is the Canadian women's national championship trophy, awarded since 2009. Canada has men’s, women’s and junior national teams. For more information on this country’s ice hockey activities, see Ice hockey in Canada.

 Chile
IIHF member. 493 registered players.[19] There are three ice rinks in Santiago, Puerto Montt and Punta Arenas, but no ice hockey is played. However, a 3-on-3 ice hockey tournament known as the "Copa Invernada" has been contested in the city of Punta Arenas in southern Chile since 2013. Chile is currently an affiliate member of the IIHF, has only participated in the IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship. Their last appearance was 2015. These claims have never been substantiated and it may well have been that the game has played was field hockey.[20] The Chile national team made its debut on June 5, 2017, they participated at the 2017 Pan American Tournament in Mexico City, Mexico. They finished 7th place with a record of 2–4.

 Colombia
There are two ice rinks in Bogota. The Colombia national team made its debut on March 2, 2014, winning 11:1 over Argentina in their first international game during the 2014 Pan American Tournament.[21] They finished 3rd place after defeating Argentina, 9:1 in the bronze medal game. In the 2015 Pan American Tournament, Colombia defeating Mexico, 4:3 in a game-winning shootout to win their first ever Pan American Tournament champion.[22] In the 2016 Pan American Tournament, a repeat in a shootout, Colombia defeating Mexico again, 3:2. They are back-to-back Pan American Tournament champions. Notable players of Colombian descent are Edwin Hedberg and Camilo Miettinen.

 Costa Rica
An ice rink exists and there is a team, the Castillo Knights.[23] There is also a hockey league exists. The Costa Rica national team played three games against the Mighty Pirates from Canada in 2000. They were defeat by them 13:8, victory over them 10:9, and tied them 12:12.

 Ecuador
There is an ice rink in Quito known as the Palacio del Hielo, which is on the ground floor of Centro Comercial Iñaquito (CCI) near SuperMaxi.[24] Some ice hockey is played.

 Falkland Islands
Dek hockey has been played in the country since 2006 and inline hockey was later taken up. The Falkland Islands is one of 14 British Overseas Territories and the smallest country with a population of less than 3,000 people.[25] The Falkland Islands Hockey Association which organizes dek hockey on the island, that is a section on its website for ice hockey.[26] There are no ice rinks on its island however, the Falkland Islands made its debut on July 2, 2015, and competed in a 3-on-3 tournament, the Copa Invernada, winning over the Chilean team, Santiago Yetis, 8-2. They were the champions after winning all four of them with an undefeated record (4-0).[27]

 Haiti
Some initial ice hockey activities took place in the capital of Port-au-Prince in the 1970s. However, no real games played there.[28] In 2013, Haiti’s first ice rink at a basketball gym in Port-au-Prince. It costs $1,600 an hour to run the generator that keeps the ice cold.[29] Notable players of Haitian descent are Maxime Boisclair, Anthony Duclair, Maxime Fortunus, Jean-Luc Grand-Pierre, Georges Laraque and Claude Vilgrain. No ice hockey is played in the country however, in 2015, the Haitian ball hockey team participated in the Ball Hockey World Championship in Zug, Switzerland. They finished 13th place after winning 4:2 over the Cayman Islands. Former NHL player, Georges Laraque served as an assistant coach and a chief fund-raiser for the team.[30] Haiti played in an exhibition game against Lebanon on April 23, 2017, at the Aréna Raymond-Bourque in Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada, with both teams making their international ice hockey debut.[31] Haiti falling to Lebanon, 7–4 in their first international game.[32]

 Jamaica
IIHF member. Currently no IIHF standard rinks. 28 registered players.[33] The Jamaican Olympic Ice Hockey Federation (JOIHF)[34] was founded in late 2011 and it joined the IIHF on May 18, 2012.[35] Graeme Townshend, who played in the NHL, was born in Kingston. On May 14, 2017, the Jamaica U20 National Team played its first game against Nova Scotia U20 Team in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. The team winning over them 5–1.[36]

 Mexico
IIHF member. 22 rinks. 2,577 registered players.[37] The Mexican Elite League has been the national league since 2010. Before the LME, a Mexican Ice Hockey Championship was held. Mexico hosted the Pan American Ice Hockey Tournament presented by the Federación Deportiva de México de Hockey sobre Hielo. They finished 2nd as the runner-up in both events. Mexico has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Peru
There is an ice rink in Lima known as the "Iceland Park", has an ice surface about 500 square meters.[38] Some informal ice hockey matches are played, but no league exists.

 Puerto Rico
There are two ice rinks in Aguadilla and San Juan. The Aguadilla Ice Skating Arena was opened in 2005. The Puerto Rico Ice Hockey Federation was formed shortly before the arena was opened with Philip Painter, the first vice-president.[39] No ice hockey is played however, in 2006, as part of the pre-season for the 2006–07 NHL season, the Florida Panthers and the New York Rangers played in an exhibition game at the Coliseo de Puerto Rico.[40]

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
There is an ice rink and there are two teams, the Cougars and Missiles. In 2008, the national team played an exhibition game in Saint-Pierre, losing to France, 8–6.

 Trinidad and Tobago
Sam Gellard, who played in the World Hockey Association (WHA), was born in Port of Spain. Due to lack of ice rinks and ice hockey activities in the country however, a fictional team from Trinidad and Tobago was featured in the movie, D2: The Mighty Ducks.

 United States
IIHF member. 2,535 rinks. 555,935 registered players.[41] 24 out of 31 National Hockey League (NHL) teams are based in the United States. There are also numerous minor leagues below the NHL with the majority of the teams in the U.S. (AHL, ECHL, SPHL and FHL). The NCAA Division I Ice Hockey Championship has been held yearly since 1948. The National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) has been held since 2015. The Isobel Cup is the American women's professional national championship trophy, awarded since 2015. The United States has men’s, women’s and junior national teams. The Vegas Golden Knights become the 31st team in the NHL, it is based in Paradise, Nevada which will begin play in the 2017–18 season.

 Venezuela
There is an ice rink in Caracas known as the El Ávila Ice Skating Rink. There is also an ice rink at Galerías Mall in Maracaibo, but no ice hockey is played. Notable players born in Venezuela are Rick Chartraw and Don Spring, who both played in the NHL.

text: Asia and Oceania[edit]

text:
Country
Information

 Australia
IIHF member. 19 rinks. 4,111 registered players.[42] The Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL) has been the country’s national league since 2000. Prior to that, the Goodall Cup was the national championship from 1909-1999. It is now awarded to the AIHL champion. From 1955-1976, an Australian Club Championship was also held. Australia has men’s, women’s and junior national teams. Nathan Walker was the first Australian player drafted by the Washington Capitals in the 3rd round (89th overall) in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.[43]

 Bahrain
There is an ice rink with a small recreational hockey league. Bahrain has sent teams to tournaments around Asia. Bahraini teams won tournaments in Dubai in 1995 and 1996, they finished as runners-up in 1994. The Bahrain national team made its debut on January 8, 2010, playing a friendly game against Kuwait, which they lost 10-3. They participated at the 2011 Asian Winter Games, finished last place in the Premier Division, and the GCC Gulf Championship in 2012.

 China
IIHF member. 360 rinks. 1,101 registered players.[44] The Chinese Ice Hockey Championship has been held since 1953. The country’s top team was China Dragon, who played in the multi-national Asia League, they ceased operation after the 2016–17 season. It has been superseded by HC Kunlun Red Star who compete in the Russian-based Kontinental Hockey League. China has men’s, women’s and junior national teams. Andong Song was the first Chinese player drafted by the New York Islanders in the 6th round (172nd overall) in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft.[45]

 Chinese Taipei
(Taiwan)
IIHF member. 4 rinks. 1,015 registered players.[46] The Chinese Taipei Ice Hockey League has existed as Taiwan’s top level league since 2004. Prior to that, in some years, a national championship was contested. The Chinese Taipei national team has participated in the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia in 2008 through 2016, and the Asian Winter Games in 2011 and 2017. Also an under-18 national team participated in the IIHF World U18 Championship Division III every year since 2008. Chinese Taipei made its debut in the World Championship competing in Division III in Bulgaria in 2017. Chinese Taipei has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Hong Kong
IIHF member. 5 rinks. 1,785 registered players.[47] The Hong Kong Ice Hockey League has been played since 1995. The Hong Kong national team participated in the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia in 2008 through 2014. Hong Kong has not participated in any World Championship for 26 years (first since 1987), and now they have returned to the World Championship competing in Division III in Luxembourg in 2014. Hong Kong has men’s and women’s national teams. There is also a professional league, the Chinese Hockey League, based in Hong Kong which is ran on a yearly draft basis.

 India
IIHF member. 18 rinks. 1,293 registered players.[48] The Indian Ice Hockey Championship has been contested since 2001. The men’s national team participated in the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia in 2009 through 2017. The women’s national team made its debut on March 22, 2016, losing 8:1 to Singapore in their first international game during the 2016 IIHF Women's Challenge Cup of Asia Division I, finished last place after losing all four games. India has men’s and women’s national teams.

 Indonesia
IIHF member. 3 rinks. 104 registered players.[49] The Federasi Hoki Es Indonesia (FHEI) was founded in 2012 and it joined the IIHF on May 20, 2016. There is a small recreational hockey league known as the Indonesia Ice Hockey League (IIHL). Richie Regehr, who played for EHC München in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga, was born in Bandung. Indonesia competed at the 2017 Asian Winter Games. They finished last place (8th in Division II) after losing all three games to Malaysia, Macau and Turkmenistan.[50]

 Iran
There are three ice rinks in Tehran, Mashhad and Kish Island. Farzad Houshidari (Persian: فرزاد هوشیدری) is the country’s first professional ice hockey player to go abroad. Notable players of Iranian descent are Daniel Rahimi, Mika Zibanejad and Rhett Rakhshani. Current national team vice captain, Samson Mahbod plays in the KHL. So far the national team held a total of four camps, June 2016 in Asiago, August 2016 in Almaty, December 2016 in Dubai and January 2017 in Tehran. August 23, 2016, The Iran national team played its first international against a Kazakh team, HC Almaty, winning 5-4 in Almaty.[51] On October 1, 2016, the first ice hockey match was played between two Iranian teams in a friendly in Padide Ice Rink in Mashhad, Padide defeated Khorasan Razavi 5-4.[52] Iran will compete at the 2017 Asian Winter Games, but they were disqualified after a number of players were deemed ineligible to compete in the regional games.[53][54]

 Israel
IIHF member. 4 rinks. 901 registered players.[55] The Israeli Hockey League, founded in 1993, is the national league in the country. Israel has men’s and junior national teams.

 Japan
IIHF member. 167 rinks. 18,995 registered players.[56] The Japan Ice Hockey League was the national league in the country from 1966–2004, when it folded in favor of the multi-national Asia League. Since 1933, a cup competition, the All Japan Ice hockey Championship has been held. A women’s counterpart has been held since 1982. Japan has men’s, women’s and junior national teams. The Japan women’s national team qualified for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Japan will be the host of the 2017 Asian Winter Games in Sapporo.

 Kazakhstan
IIHF member. 365 rinks. 6,202 registered players.[57] The Kazakhstan Championship, founded in 1992, is the country’s top level league. The Kazakhstan Cup has been held since the 2001-02 season, with the exception of 2004-05 and 2009. Kazakhstan’s top team, Barys Astana, participates in the multi-national Kontinental Hockey League. Kazakhstan has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 North Korea
IIHF member. 16 rinks. 2,320 registered players.[58] The North Korean Championship has been contested since 1956. The North Korea national team participated at the Asian Winter Games in 1986, 1990 and 2007. North Korea has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 South Korea
IIHF member. 30 rinks. 2,675 registered players.[59] The top Korean teams, Anyang Halla, High1 and Daemyung Sangmu participates in the multi-national Asia League. The Korea Domestic Championship, open to both club teams and university teams, has been held since 1955. From 1996-2003, the Korean Ice Hockey League also existed. Jim Paek is of Korean descent, who played in the NHL, was born in Seoul. Korea has men’s, women’s and junior national teams. Korea will be the host of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.

 Kuwait
IIHF member. 1 rink. 443 registered players.[60] In 2009, the Kuwait Hockey League was held, with Kuwait City winning. The league has not been held since. The Kuwait national team has participated in the Asian Winter Games in 1999, 2007, 2011 and 2017, the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia every year since 2010, the Arab Cup in 2008, and the GCC Gulf Championship in 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. Kuwait has men’s national team.

 Kyrgyzstan
IIHF member. 17 rinks. 915 registered players.[61] The Kyrgyzstan Championship has been held since 2008. In 1962, the Kyrgyzstan national team played three games, losing to Estonia, Georgia and Lithuania. They participated at the 2011 Asian Winter Games, winning the Premier Division, and the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia in 2014 through 2016. Kyrgyzstan has men’s national team.

 Lebanon
The country has a team, the Veg Group Beirut. There is a small recreational hockey league known as the Lebanese Minor Hockey League, co-founded by Gordon Penney and Jiří Vlk from the Canadian and Czech embassies, respectively, and a Lebanese native Tony Abi Almeh, at the Ice Skating Arena in Zouk Mosbeh in 2003. The league was set to visit Prague for the tournament in 2005. Hockey died out after the rink was shuttered in 2006. The Lebanese Hockey Association[62] has been created to advance ice, inline and ball hockey initiatives of Lebanese hockey players on a worldwide basis in addition to enabling international development and representation of the country in the sport of hockey.[63] Nazem Kadri is of Lebanese descent, who currently played for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL. Ed Hatoum who also played in the NHL, was born in Beirut. Lebanon played its first game on April 15, 2017. Lebanon defeating Maghreb United, 8–3. Maghreb United was made up of players from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.[64] Lebanon played in an exhibition game against Haiti on April 23, 2017, at the Aréna Raymond-Bourque in Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada, with both teams making their international ice hockey debut.[31] Lebanon gets their first international win over Haiti with a score of 7–4.[32]

 Macau
IIHF member. 1 rink. 86 registered players.[65] The Macau national team has participated in the Asian Winter Games in 2007 and 2017, and the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia every year since 2008. They also participated in the Shenzhen–Hong Kong–Macau Ice Hockey League in 2007–08, going 0–1–5. Macau has men’s national team.

 Malaysia
IIHF member. 2 rinks. 367 registered players.[66] The Malaysian Ice Hockey League has existed since 2002. The Malaysia national team participated in the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia every year since 2008, and the Asian Winter Games in 2007, 2011 and 2017. Malaysia has men’s and women’s national teams. Malaysia will be the host and make its debut in ice hockey tournament at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games.[67]

 Mongolia
IIHF member. 21 rinks. 730 registered players.[68] The Mongolia Hockey League was founded in 1991, is the country’s national league. The Mongolia national team participated in the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia every year since 2009, and the Asian Winter Games in 1999, 2003, 2011 and 2017. Mongolia is unable to compete in any IIHF tournaments, when the IIHF enacted new "minimum participation standards", stipulating that Mongolia must have a functional, full-sized indoor rink. Their last appearance was the 2013 IIHF World Championship Division III. Mongolia has men’s national team.

   Nepal
IIHF member.[69] The Nepal Ice Hockey Association[70] was founded on June 17, 2014, and it joined the IIHF on May 20, 2016. There are no ice rinks in the country however, Tilicho Lake is frozen for nearly half a year and can be used for training until a formal arena is constructed.[71]

 New Zealand
IIHF member. 11 rinks. 1,405 registered players.[72] The New Zealand Ice Hockey League has been the national league since 2005. Prior to its founding, the New Zealand Championship was contested in some years. New Zealand has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Oman
IIHF member. 2 rinks. 73 registered players.[73] There are two teams, Wadi Dogs and Muscat Cobras. The Oman Ice Sports Committee was founded and it joined the IIHF in May, 2014. The Oman national team participated in the GCC Gulf Championship in 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016, and the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia in 2015 and 2017.

 Philippines
IIHF member. 4 rinks. 131 registered players.[74] There is a recreational hockey league around the capital of Manila known as the Manila Ice Hockey League (MIHL).[75] The Federation of Ice Hockey League (FIHL)[76] was founded in 2015 and it joined the IIHF on May 20, 2016.[77] By July 2016, the federation has become a member of the Philippine Olympic Committee and the national team can apply to participate in the official tournaments such as the Challenge Cup of Asia and the Southeast Asian Games.[78] The Philippines competed at the 2017 Asian Winter Games.[79] They finished 13th place (3rd in Division II) after defeating Macau 9:2. The women’s national team made its debut on March 7, 2017, playing against Thailand, losing to them 21–1 during the 2017 IIHF Women's Challenge Cup of Asia.

 Qatar
IIHF member. 3 rinks. 106 registered players.[80] The Qatar Winter Sports Committee was founded in 2010 and it joined the IIHF on May 18, 2012. The Qatar Ice Hockey League has been the country’s national league since 2005. The Qatar national team participated in the GCC Gulf Championship in 2014 and 2016.

 Saudi Arabia
There are three ice rinks in Dhahran, Jeddah and Riyadh. Saudi Arabia participated in the GCC Gulf Championship in 2010. They finished 3rd place (winning the bronze medal) after defeating Oman, 3–1.

 Singapore
IIHF member. 2 rink. 533 registered players.[81] The Singapore National Ice Hockey League is the national league in the country. It was held yearly from 1995 to 2009, but it has not been held since. The Singapore national team participated in the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia in 2008 through 2017. Singapore has men’s and women’s national teams.

 Tajikistan
There are two ice rinks in Khujand and Safed Dara.[82] On January 8, 2017, the first ever ice hockey game in Tajikistan took place, with the debut match taking place between Safed Dara and Farozom at the Safed Dara Ski Resort.[83]

 Thailand
IIHF member. 3 rinks. 359 registered players.[84] The Thai World Hockey League was founded in 2003, is the national league in the country. The Thailand national team participated in the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia every year since 2008, and the Asian Winter Games in 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2017. Thailand has men’s and women’s national teams.

 Turkmenistan
IIHF member. 4 rinks. 328 registered players.[85] The Turkmenistan Championship was founded in 2013, is the national championship in the country. The Turkmenistan national team held its first international match against the Belarusian club team, Minsk City, which they won by 7:2. The National Center of Turkmenistan for Winter Sports was founded and it joined the IIHF in May 2015. Turkmenistan made its debut on February 18, 2017, and competed at the 2017 Asian Winter Games. They won their first international game by defeating Malaysia, 9–2, and later went on to win the Division II by defeating Kyrgyzstan, 7–3.

 United Arab Emirates
IIHF member. 4 rinks. 802 registered players.[86] The Emirates Ice Hockey League is the national league in the country. The UAE national team has participated in the IIHF World Championship Division III in 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2017, the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia every year since 2009, the Asian Winter Games in 2007, 2011 and 2017, the Arab Cup in 2008, and the GCC Gulf Championship in 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. The UAE has men’s and women’s national teams.

 Uzbekistan
There is a synthetic ice sheet in Tashkent. The regular ice rink in Tashkent is closed around 1990. Binokor Tashkent played in the Vtoraya Liga/Pervaya Liga (2nd and 3rd level Soviet leagues) from 1970–1988. In 1986, the Uzbekistan national team played a game against Latvia, losing 5–2. Ice hockey in Uzbekistan was revived in 2012 and the Uzbekistan Hockey League was founded in 2013.

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country
Information

 Andorra
IIHF member. 52 registered players.[87] There is an ice rink in Canillo (Palau de Gel) and there is a team, the Andorra Hoquei Gel. Andorra hosted the 1997 IIHF World Championship Group D tournament. The Andorra national team made its international debut on September 29, 2017, and competed in the Development Cup in Canillo. They finished last place after losing all of their matches in the tournament. The first match was a 3–2 defeat to Portugal in a shootout.

 Armenia
IIHF member. 4 rinks. 297 registered players.[88] The Armenian Hockey League, founded in 2000, is the country’s top league. Teams are Urartu Yerevan, Dinamo Yerevan, Shirak Gyumri, SCA Yerevan, and Shengavit Yerevan. The Armenia national team was suspended by the IIHF in April 2010, for use of ineligible players in the 2008 IIHF World Championship Division III Qualification and the 2010 IIHF World Championship Division III Group B. The Armenia U20 national team participated in the IIHF World U20 Championship in 2006, 2007, and 2008.

 Austria
IIHF member. 73 rinks. 9,493 registered players.[89] In 1912, Austria hosted the European Championships, finishing in 3rd place. The tournament was later annulled, because Austria was not an IIHF member at the time. The Erste Bank Eishockey Liga, founded as the Austrian Championship in 1922, is the top level league, and also consists of teams from Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia. The Nationalliga is the second level league, and the Oberliga is the third level league. Austria has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Azerbaijan
IIHF member.[90] There is an ice rink in Baku at the Elite Shopping and Entertainment Center. In 1961, Baku hosted a tournament were the different soviet republics played against each other. However, the country did not have a team at the tournament and no ice hockey is played now.

 Belarus
IIHF member. 41 rinks. 5,180 registered players.[91] Hockey was developed in Belarus after World War II, and Dinamo Minsk was founded in 1946. They played in the top level Soviet League. The Belarusian Extraliga, founded in 1992, is the top level league, and the Vysshaya Liga is the second level league. When Belarus was part of the Soviet Union, an unofficial Belarusian Championship was contested in some years. Belarus has men’s and junior national team.

 Belgium
IIHF member. 16 rinks. 2,316 registered players.[92] The BeNe League, founded in 2015, is the top level league following the merger between the Belgian Hockey League and the Dutch Eredivisie. The Belgian National League is the second level league. The top Belgian teams also participate in the North Sea Cup, which has teams from Belgium and the Netherlands, but the league has disbanded in 2012. Since 1986, the Belgian Cup has also been contested. The Belgian Supercup was held from 2002-2006. Belgium has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
IIHF member. 4 rinks. 187 registered players.[93] The Bosnia and Herzegovina Hockey League, founded in 2002, is the country’s top league. Teams are HK Bosna, HK Stari Grad, HK Ilidža 2010, and HK Alfa. A national championship was first held in 2002-03, but was not contested again until 2009-10. It has been contested yearly since then. The Bosnian Cup (also known as the Jaroslav Jandourek Cup) has been held since 2010. The Bosnia and Herzegovina national team participated in the Division III qualification in 2008, losing 10:1 to Greece, and 18:1 to Armenia. The result was later changed to a 5:0 forfeit victory for Bosnia, after it was found that Armenia had used several ineligible players. The Bosnians returned to participate in both 2015 and 2016 IIHF World Championship Division III. They also have an under-18 national team, which participated in the U18 World Championships in 2003 and 2004.

 Bulgaria
IIHF member. 8 rinks. 912 registered players.[94] The Bulgarian Hockey League, founded in 1952, is the country’s top level league. The Balkan League, which also consists of teams from Greece, is the amateur second level of hockey. Prior to the founding of the Bulgarian Hockey League, various tournaments were played. From 1927-1934, the Bulgarian Tournament Cup was held. From 1935-1943, the BFKHL Cup was held (the 1944 edition was not completed because of WWII). In 1949 the Championship on the occasion of V congress of BCP was held. In 1950 and 1951, the Metropolitan Championship was held. The Bulgarian Cup has been contested since 1954. Bulgaria has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Croatia
IIHF member. 6 rinks. 543 registered players.[95] The Croatian Ice Hockey League, founded in 1991, is the country’s national league. KHL Medveščak Zagreb participates in the multi-national Kontinental Hockey League. KHL Medveščak Zagreb II and KHL Mladost participate in the Slohokej Liga, which has teams from Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria. Croatia has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Cyprus
There are ice rinks in Famagusta and Limassol, which is in Northern Cyprus. There are two teams, the Limassol Solar Bears and Famagusta Ice Crows, which came from Northern Cyprus.[96]

 Czech Republic
IIHF member. 206 rinks. 113,425 registered players.[97] The Czech Extraliga, founded in 1993, is the top level league, the 1. Liga is the second level league, and the 2. Liga is the third level league. The Tipsport Hockey Cup has been contested since 2000. The Czech Republic has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Denmark
IIHF member. 26 rinks. 4,647 registered players.[98] The Metal Ligaen, founded in 1954, is the top level league, and 1. Division is the second level league. The Danish Cup has been held since 1997. Denmark has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Estonia
IIHF member. 22 rinks. 1,502 registered players.[99] The Meistriliiga, founded in 1934, is the country’s national league. It was still contested, even when Estonia was part of the Soviet Union. In the 2006-07 season, a second level league, the Esiliiga was also held. From 1996-1998, and in 2007, the Estonian Cup was contested. In 2008, the Estonian Supercup was held. Estonia has men’s and junior national teams.

 Finland
IIHF member. 306 rinks. 76,387 registered players.[100] Liiga (formerly known as the SM-Liiga) is the top level league, the Mestis is the second level league, the Suomi-sarja is the third level league, and II-Divisioona is the fourth level league. Jokerit Helsinki participates in the multi-national Kontinental Hockey League since 2014. The SM-sarja was the top level league from 1927-1975, before it was replaced by Liiga. In 1964 and 1965, the Finnish Cup was contested. Finland has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 France
IIHF member. 125 rinks. 21,682 registered players.[101] The Ligue Magnus, founded in 1906, is the top level league, Division 1 is the second level league, Division 2 is the third level league, and Division 3 is the fourth and lowest level league. The Coupe de France was held from 1975-1978, 1987, 1994, and yearly since 2000. The Coupe de la Ligue and Match des Champions have both been held since 2007. France has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Georgia
IIHF member. 5 rinks. 536 registered players.[102] There was a 4-team league known as the Georgian Ice Hockey League, that operated in the 2007-08 season. Four teams that participated in the league were Ice Knights, Grey Wolves, Mimino, and the Fiery Crusaders. In 1962, the Georgian SSR participated in the Winter Spartakiad in Sverdlovsk. The Georgia national team did not played any games until 2010, when they played South Africa, losing 8:1, and Armenia, losing 22:1. Georgia has men’s national team.

 Germany
IIHF member. 261 rinks. 20,646 registered players.[103] The Deutsche Eishockey Liga, founded in 1994, is the top level league, the 2. Eishockey-Bundesliga is the second level league, the Oberliga is the third level league, and the Regionalliga is the fourth level league. The German Ice Hockey Championship was contested from 1912-1948. The Oberliga, currently the third level league, was the top level league in West Germany from 1948-1958, and the Bundesliga was the top level league from 1958-1994. The German Cup (Deutscher Eishockey-Pokal) has been held yearly since 2002. Germany has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Great Britain
IIHF member. 58 rinks. 10,325 registered players.[104] The Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL) is the country’s top level league, the English Premier League is the second level league, and the English National League is the third level league. The Scottish National League is the top level league in Scotland. The EIHL has teams from England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. Prior to the EIHL, the British National League was the top level league from 1954-1960, the British Championship was the national championship from 1966-1982, the British Hockey League was the top level league from 1982-1996, and the Ice Hockey Superleague was the top level league from 1996-2003. The English Cup was held in 1999, 2001, and 2002. Great Britain has men’s, women’s and junior national teams. The Scottish Cup has been held since 1997, the Scottish Autumn Cup since 2001, and the Scottish Spring Cup from 2001-2006.

 Greece
IIHF member. 3 rinks but no IIHF standard rink exist. 185 registered players.[105] The Greek Championship has been contested on-and-off since 1989. Greece is unable to compete in any IIHF tournaments because they cannot fulfill the minimum standard of having one operational indoor rink. Their last appearance was the 2013 IIHF World Championship Division III. Greece has men’s and junior national teams.

 Hungary
IIHF member. 57 rinks. 5,291 registered players.[106] The top seven Hungarian teams participates in the multi-national MOL Liga. The OB I bajnokság is the country’s top league, and the OB I/B. bajnokság is the second level league. The Hungarian Cup has been held since 1965, and in 1996 and 2008, the Hungarian Supercup was also held. Hungary has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Iceland
IIHF member. 3 rinks. 566 registered players.[107] The Icelandic Hockey League has been the country’s national league since 1991. Before that, an Icelandic Championship was occasionally contested. Iceland has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Ireland
IIHF member. Currently no IIHF standard rinks. 284 registered players.[108] The Irish Ice Hockey League was the country’s national league from 2007-2010. Before the IIHL, a national championship was held in some years. Ireland is unable to compete in any IIHF tournaments, with the closure of the Dundalk Ice Dome and they no longer meet their minimum participation standards. Their last appearance was the 2013 IIHF World Championship Division III. Ireland has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Italy
IIHF member. 70 rinks. 5,726 registered players.[109] The Serie A, founded in 1924, is the top level league, the Serie A2 is the second level league, and the Serie C is the third level league. The Coppa Italia has held from 1973-1974, 1991, and 1998, before becoming an annual competition in 2001. Since 2001, the Supercoppa Italiana has also been held. Italy has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Latvia
IIHF member. 18 rinks. 7,145 registered players.[110] The Latvian Hockey League, first contested from 1931-1944, and then again from 1991 onward, is the country’s national league. The country’s top team, Dinamo Riga, participates in the multi-national Kontinental Hockey League. The Latvian Cup has been held four times, in 1995, 1999, 2007, and 2008. Latvia has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Liechtenstein
IIHF member. Currently no IIHF standard rinks. 40 registered players.[111] There is a team, the EHC Vaduz-Schellenberg, that participates in the Swiss 4. Liga. Due to lack of ice rinks in Liechtenstein, the team is based in Widnau, Switzerland.[112] The national team played two games against Luxembourg, losing 7:1 in 2003, and 4:2 in 2007. Liechtenstein has men’s and inline national teams.

 Lithuania
IIHF member. 12 rinks. 1,620 registered players.[113] The Lithuania Hockey League, first contested from 1926-1942, and then again since 1991, is the country’s top level league. The Lithuanian Cup was held only in the year 2000. Lithuania has men’s and junior national teams. Notable players from Lithuania played in the NHL are Darius Kasparaitis and Dainius Zubrus.

 Luxembourg
IIHF member. 3 rinks. 378 registered players.[114] The country’s top team, Tornado Luxembourg, plays in the fourth level French league, the French Division 3. The Luxembourg Championship was played on-and-off from 1993–2003. The Luxembourg Cup, was also contested yearly from 1993–2003. The Cup has also been held in the 2006–07, 2010–11, and 2011–12 seasons. Luxembourg has men’s and junior national teams.

 Macedonia
IIHF member. 7 rinks. 119 registered players.[115] In 2011, the national team played a game against a Bulgarian team, Red Star Sofia, losing 4:1. In 2012, HK Skopje played three games in the multi-national Total TV Hockey League, losing 5:4 to Iraklis Thessaloniki, and twice to HK Bosna, 3:1 and 9:2. Macedonia has men’s and inline national teams.

 Moldova
IIHF member.[116] There are two ice rinks in two cities; one in Chisinau (Ice Bravo) and one in Tiraspol (Snejinka). In 2009-10, Dinamo Chisinau participated in the Romanian U12 League, and in 2010-11, they participated in the Romanian U14 League. In 2010, Platina Chisinau joined the Romanian U18 League.

 Netherlands
IIHF member. 28 rinks. 2,970 registered players.[117] The BeNe League, founded in 2015, is the top level league following the merger between the Belgian Hockey League and the Dutch Eredivisie. The Eerste Divisie is the second level league, the Tweede Divisie is the third level league, the Derde Divisie is the fourth level league, and the Vierde Divisie is the fifth level league. The Dutch Cup was held in 1938 and 1939, and then annually since 1971. The Dutch Supercup was held in 1998 only. The Netherlands has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Norway
IIHF member. 48 rinks. 9,073 registered players.[118] The GET-ligaen, founded in 1934, is the top level league, the 1. Divisjon is the second level league, the 2. Divisjon is the third level league, the 3. Divisjon is the fourth level league, and the 4. Divisjon is the fifth level league. Norway has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Poland
IIHF member. 57 rinks. 3,633 registered players.[119] The Polish Hockey League, founded in 1926, is the top level league, and the Polish 1. Liga is the second level league. The Polish Cup was first held in 1970 and 1971, and has been contested annually since 2000. Poland has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Portugal
IIHF member. There is an ice rink in Lisbon. 116 registered players.[120] There are three teams, the Viseu Lobos, Inline All-Stars, and Serta Vikings competed for the national championship in 2001. A repeat of the championship has not occurred. The Portugal national team played three unofficial games against a team made up of Portuguese immigrants from the United States and Canada in 2000. They lost all three games to the First Portuguese Canadian Cultural Centre, 18:6, 21:5, and 15:11.

 Romania
IIHF member. 9 rinks. 1,282 registered players.[121] The Romanian Hockey League, founded in 1923, is the top level league in the country. The Romanian Cup has been contested since 1969. Romania has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Russia
IIHF member. 3,143 rinks. 105,059 registered players.[122] The multi-national Kontinental Hockey League is the top level league. The Vysshaya Liga is the second level league, and the Russian Hockey League (formerly the Pervaya Liga) is the third level league. Russia has men’s, women’s and junior national teams. Before the KHL was founded in 2008, the International Hockey League was the top level league from 1992-1996, and the Superleague was the top level league from 1996-2008.

 Serbia
IIHF member. 4 rinks. 785 registered players.[123] The Serbian Hockey League, founded in 1991, is the country’s national league. The Serbian Cup has been held three times, in 1995 and 1996 as the Yugoslav Cup, and in 2007. Serbia’s top team, HK Partizan Belgrade, also participated in the multi-national Slohokej Liga. Serbia has men’s and junior national teams.

 Slovakia
IIHF member. 78 rinks. 11,502 registered players.[124] The Slovak Extraliga, founded in 1993, is the top level league, the 1. Liga is the second level league, and the 2. Liga is the third level league. Slovakia has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Slovenia
IIHF member. 7 rinks. 1,024 registered players.[125] Slovenian teams have participated in the multi-national Slohokej Liga since 2009. At the end of the year, there is a Slovenian Championship contested to decided the Slovenian national champion. The Slovenian Championship has been held since 1991. The Slovenian Cup was held in 1996, and in January and September 2000. The Slovenian Supercup was only held in 1999. Slovenia has men’s, women’s and junior national teams. The Slovenia national team qualified for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

 Spain
IIHF member. 10 rinks. 1,054 registered players.[126] The Liga Nacional de Hockey Hielo is the top level league in the country. It was founded in 1972. The Copa del Rey has also been contested since the 1972-73 season. Spain has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Sweden
IIHF member. 492 rinks. 63,901 registered players.[127] The Swedish Hockey League (formerly known as the Elitserien) is the top level league, the HockeyAllsvenskan is the second level league, and the Swedish Division 1 are the 3rd through 6th level leagues. From 1922-1952, there was a Swedish Championship played alongside the national league. In the year 1922, the Träningsserien was the top level league, from 1923-1927, it was the Class I, from 1928-1935, it was the Elitserien, and from 1935-1944, it was the Svenska Serien. The Swedish Division 1 was the top level league from 1944-1975, when it was replaced by the Elitserien. Sweden has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

  Switzerland
IIHF member. 304 rinks. 26,840 registered players.[128] The National League A is the top level league, the National League B is the second level league. The Swiss 1. Liga, 2. Liga, 3. Liga, and 4. Liga make up the Regio League, which comprises the 3rd through 6th level Swiss leagues. Before the founding of the National League A in 1937, there were championships with and without imports allowed. The Swiss National Championship with no imports allowed, existed from 1909-1937, and the Swiss International Championship, with imports, existed from 1915-1933. The Swiss Cup was held from 1957-1966. Switzerland has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Turkey
IIHF member. 27 rinks. 1,041 registered players.[129] The Turkish Ice Hockey Super League, founded in 1992, is the top level league, and the Turkish Ice Hockey League is the second level league. Turkey has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

 Ukraine
IIHF member. 28 rinks. 5,860 registered players.[130] The Ukrainian Hockey League, founded in 1992, is the top-level league in the country. The Ukrainian Cup was held in 2007. Donbass Donetsk was founded in 2005, and participates in the multi-national Kontinental Hockey League. Ukraine has men’s, women’s and junior national teams.

text: Former countries[edit]

text: Former countries played ice hockey through the years.

text:
Country
Information

 Bohemia
They were an IIHF member. Was the country that existed until 1918 around the present day Czech Republic. The Bohemian Hockey League was played in 1909, 1911, and 1912. The Bohemia national team participated in international matches between 1909 and 1914. They won the European Championships in 1911, 1912 (later annulled), and 1914.

 CIS
The Unified Team represented the former Soviet Union countries at the 1992 Winter Olympics and the 1992 IIHF World Junior Championships. They won the gold medal in ice hockey at both events.

 Czechoslovakia
They were an IIHF member. They competed in the World Championships, and the Olympic Games. Czechoslovakia split into Slovakia and the Czech Republic in 1993. The Czechoslovak Extraliga was the top level league from 1936-1992. Czechoslovakia has men’s and junior national teams.

 England
The English Ice Hockey Association (EIHA) was formed in 1982. The England national team played its first game in 1909, a friendly game against Scotland, which they won 11-1. During its early years, it participated in numerous international tournaments. Since the 1950s, the team has mainly played games against the Scotland national team. Their last international game, losing to them 5-4 in 1993.

 East Germany
They were an IIHF member. They competed in the World Championships, and occasionally in the Olympics. East Germany unified with West Germany in 1990. The DDR-Oberliga was the country’s top league from 1949-1990. From 1970 on, the league consisted of only two teams, SC Dynamo Berlin and SG Dynamo Weisswasser. The DDR-Bestenermittlung was formed as the unofficial second league in 1970 by teams kicked out of the Oberliga, and from the former second level league, the Gruppenliga. East Germany has men’s national team.

 West Germany
They were an IIHF member. They competed in the World Championships, and the Olympic Games. West Germany unified with East Germany in 1990. West Germany had a very similar league system to present day Germany. West Germany has men’s and junior national teams.

 Scotland
The Scottish Ice Hockey (formerly the Scottish Ice Hockey Association, SIHA) is responsible for the administration of all ice hockey in Scotland, with the exception of the country’s Elite Ice Hockey League teams (currently Edinburgh Capitals, Braehead Clan, Fife Flyers and Dundee Stars). The Scotland national team played its first game in 1909, and 11-1 loss to England. The team has mostly played against the England national team. Their last international game, defeating them 5-4 in 1993.

 Serbia and Montenegro
They were an IIHF member, and competed in the World Championships. In 2006 Serbia and Montenegro broke up into Serbia (as its own country) and Montenegro (as its own country). The national league consisted of only Serbian teams, and was identical to the Serbian Hockey League. Serbia and Montenegro has men’s and junior national teams.

 Soviet Union
They were an IIHF member. They competed in the World Championships, and the Olympic Games. The Soviet Union broke up into 15 different countries in 1991. The Soviet League (also known as the Vysshaya Liga) was the top level league from 1946-1992. The Pervaya Liga was the second level league, the Vtoraya Liga was the third level league, and the Class B was the fourth level league some years. The Soviet Cup was contested 21 times between 1951 until 1989. The Soviet Union has men’s and junior national teams.

 Yugoslavia
They were an IIHF member. They competed in World Championships and occasionally in the Olympics. Yugoslavia broke up into 5 (eventually 7) countries in 1992. The Yugoslav Ice Hockey League was the top level league from 1936-1991. The Yugoslav Cup was held from the 1965-66 season until 1991. Yugoslavia has men’s and junior national teams.


document_title: I (film)

question_text: what is the name of heroine in i movie

question_tokens: what is the name of heroine in i movie

root

text: I (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Lingesan (Vikram) is a bodybuilder from Chennai, whose main ambition is to become Mr. India. He wins the title of Mr. Tamil Nadu, which gives him direct entry to the Mr. India pageant. He is infatuated by Diya (Amy Jackson), a leading supermodel. Diya is soon blacklisted, with all her advertisement film contracts cancelled by John (Upen Patel), her co-star in all her advertisements, after she constantly rejected his advances. To save her career, Diya decides to replace John with Lingesan, whom she had earlier met at one of her shoots, as her co-star for her next advertisement. The shooting is to take place in China at the same time when the Mr. India paegant is to take place, but Lingesan agrees, sacrificing his Mr. India ambitions in the process.

tag: p

text: Lingesan is given a makeover by Diya's stylist, a transgender woman Osma Jasmine (Ojas Rajani). The shoot initially does not go well as Lingesan is shy and awkward around Diya. On her director's advice, Diya pretends to fall in love with Lingesan so that he would loosen up and perform better during the shoot.The plan proves successful but Diya soon tells Lingesan the truth. Hurt he focouses on modelling instead of her. They both gradually excel in the modelling industry as the lead pair. As time passes, Diya reciprocates Lingesan's love for her and they soon get engaged.

text: In his journey from a bodybuilder to a top model, Lingesan makes many enemies, including John, whose modelling career was ruined due to Lingesan's rising popularity, forcing him to appear in local advertisements to stay afloat; Osma, who was infatuated with Lingesan and proposed to him, only to be rejected; industrialist Indrakumar (Ramkumar Ganesan), whose company suffered losses when Lingesan refused to endorse their soft drink as it was reported to contain pesticides; and another bodybuilder Ravi (M. Kamaraj), who also competed for the Mr. Tamil Nadu title but lost to Lingesan. These four people conspire to take revenge on Lingesan and destroy his fame and modelling career.

text: Two days before his wedding, Lingesan slowly starts to experience hair and teeth loss and a skin disorder. He consults his friend Vasudevan (Suresh Gopi), a doctor who is also the guardian of Diya's family. Vasudevan claims that he is suffering from a rare and incurable genetic disease which results in premature ageing. Lingesan's condition worsens, with his face and body deforming, and eventually he becomes a hunchback. In his current condition, Lingesan decides to disappear from public eye and also from Diya's life by faking his death in a car accident. Only his friend Babu (Santhanam) and Vasudevan know that he is alive. Lingesan asks Vasudevan to marry Diya as he is the only person who will be able to understand Diya's past and present situation. Vasudevan agrees and the wedding is fixed.

text: On the eve of Diya's wedding, another doctor reveals to Lingesan that, contrary to Vasudevan's claims, he is actually suffering from H4N2 influenza, caused by the "I" virus, which can only be transmitted by injection. He discovers that John, Osma, Indrakumar, Ravi and, to his horror, even Vasudevan, are responsible for injecting the virus into his body. Vasudevan had an insatiable lust for Diya since she was ten years old and was enraged when she chose Lingesan over him. Therefore, he sided with Lingesan's enemies and planned the entire operation to have Lingesan injected with the virus. Enraged and betrayed, Lingesan abducts Diya on her wedding day and keeps her safely in an old house without revealing his identity to her.

text: Aided by Babu, Lingesan starts taking revenge on those who had deformed him. He first immolates Ravi, who suffers severe burns. He then prepares a paste which Osma applies on her body, causing her body to sprout huge growths of hair. Next, he subjects Indrakumar to bee stings all over his body. He fights John over a moving train and gets him electrocuted. Finally, he gets Vasudevan to unwittingly inject a virus into himself, causing his whole body to swell up. After achieving his revenge, Lingesan reveals his condition to Diya, who, though initially taken aback, still loves him despite his deformity. They decide to live a secluded life together. Lingesan undergoes ayurvedic treatment, yoga and physiotherapy for his condition and soon returns to normal.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Vikram as Lingesan "Lee"
Amy Jackson as Diya
Suresh Gopi as Dr. Vasudevan
Santhanam as Babu
Upen Patel as John
Ramkumar Ganesan as Indrakumar
Ojas Rajani as Osma Jasmine
M. Kamaraj as Ravi
Mahru Sheikh as Diya's Mother
Azhagu as Lingesan's father
T. K. Kala as Lingesan's mother
Mohan Kapoor as Sushil, ad film director
Srinivasan as Keerthivasan
Yogi Babu as Keerthivasan's fan
R. Sarathkumar in a cameo appearance

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: In an interview with the Tamil channel Sun TV, held shortly after the release of Enthiran in October 2010, the film's lead actor Rajinikanth revealed that Shankar, in 1996, following the release of his Indian, had approached and pitched three storylines for him to consider for his next venture. Rajinikanth was impressed with two of the scripts and agreed to star in the films, which became Sivaji (2007) and Enthiran (2010). The third script narrated by Shankar was centered on an aspiring bodybuilder who would later turn into a deformed hunchback following a freak accident. Rajinikanth was sceptical of it and refused it.[10][a] Following the release of Nanban (2012), Shankar revived the project with Vikram in the lead.

text: Development[edit]

text: Shankar collaborated with writers Suresh and Balakrishnan, to work on the script of his next film.[12] Music director A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose the soundtrack album and background score for the film, collaborating with Shankar for the tenth time.[b] P. C. Sreeram was confirmed to do the film's cinematography, collaborating with Shankar for the first time.[13] Action choreographer Peter Hein had to back out of the project due to commitments with S. S. Rajamouli's film Baahubali (2015).[14] As a result, Martial arts choereographer Yuen Woo-ping was selected for handling the stunt sequences.[15] Additional stunt direction and supervision was done by Anl Arasu.[15] VFX company Rising Sun Pictures under visual effects designer V. Srinivas Mohan was selected to provide the special effects in motion filming. Indian film production designer T. Muthuraj was confirmed as the film's art director.[16] In May 2012, Shankar visited New Zealand and met filmmaker Peter Jackson and Richard Taylor's special effects and prop company Weta Workshop.[17] Sean Foot and Davina Lamont provided the prosthetic makeup for Vikram's beast get-up in the film and additional prosthetic makeup was done by Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till.[18] The film was earlier reported to be titled as either Thendral or Therdal, but it was later confirmed that the project would be titled I.[19][20] Gavin Miguel and Mary E. Vogt were in charge of the costume designing of the film's cast.[21] According to Shankar, Azhagan and Aanazhagan were the alternate titles that were kept in mind, but since they were already used, he decided that a single alphabet would be the film's title. Since 'I' also meant beauty and explained the character of the protagonist, the alphabet was finalised to be the film's title.[22]

text: In September 2014, producer and distributor Aascar V Ravichandran, stated the project would cost about ₹2.2 billion (US$34 million),[23] however by October 2014, he and director Shankar was widely quoted as stating the budget would be less than ₹1 billion (US$16 million).[24][25][26][27]

text: According to The Times of India, Shankar opted for the title I as he thought it "explains all the characteristics of the protagonist"; the word has a variety of meanings, which include "king, beauty, astonishment, guru, vulnerability, owner and arrow".[28]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In April 2012, Vikram was selected to feature in the lead role.[29] Priyanka Chopra was initially reported to be in talks for the female lead.[30] Later, Asin's name was suggested along with Chopra.[31] It was reported that Deepika Padukone was also approached.[32] Padukone denied her involvement in the film.[32] More than a week after the film's release, model-turned-actress Evelyn Sharma claimed that she auditioned for the role and eventually landed the role but opted out of it due to language barrier.[33][34][35] Samantha Ruth Prabhu was then signed on, but was forced to opt out citing date issues and health problem as the reasons.[36] The role finally went to Amy Jackson, who was paid ₹7.5 million (US$120,000) for acting in the film.[37] Santhanam, Upen Patel, Srinivasan[38] and Suresh Gopi were selected to play the principal supporting characters in the film.[39] Ramkumar Ganesan, a leading film producer and the elder son of the late Tamil thespian Sivaji Ganesan, was also added to the cast to play a pivotal role in the film.[40] Jiiva was considered for portraying the antagonist, but was unable to accept the offer due to his prior commitments.[41] Hollywood actor Arnold Schwarzenegger was reported to play an award presenter for a brief scene. Ravichandran, however, denied the news, but said that he would appear in the audio launch of the film. To prepare for his role in I, Vikram took some weight loss and gain tips from Arnold as well.[42] Make-up artiste Ojas M. Rajani was reported to play the role of a transgender make-up artiste in the film.[43] Mr. Asia 2014 Syed Siddiq appeared in the action sequences featuring Vikram.[44]

text: Character looks[edit]

text: In the film, Vikram plays the character called 'Lingesan', who considers Arnold Schwarzenegger as a role model and aspires to win the Mr. Tamil Nadu title. Shankar had crafted the hair style of Vikram by taking the front curl look of the younger Arnold Schwarzenegger as a reference.[c][46] As per director Shankar, among all get-ups in the film, the hunchbacked man character was the most difficult one to sketch. Vikram was confirmed to sport his hunchbacked get-up in most parts of the film.[46] The bubbles observed on the character's face were reported to be designed by Weta.[46] Amy Jackson plays a model in the film. On casting and re-defining her looks Shankar was quoted saying, "I wanted someone who could authentically look like a model and then fixed Amy Jackson".[4] Vikram also went bald for the film to change his looks in the film easier.[47] Santhanam was also asked to lose some weight for his character.[48] Peter Ming used actual cyclists in China for a cycle fight scene that was shot there.[49]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography officially commenced on 15 July 2012 accompanying a poster photo shoot that featured Vikram and Jackson.[50] The first schedule of filming was completed in Chennai by early September 2012.[51] The main cast and crew were off to China for a 50-day schedule to shoot certain stunt scenes while some song sequences were also filmed at locales in the northern part of the Hunan province. The schedule in China was wrapped up by late November 2012.[52][53] In an interview with The Times of India, one of the film's line producer, Bill Chang was quoted saying, "We worked closely with S. Shankar for nearly fifty days in 2012, during which his film was shot in nine different locations. The range of locations available in China is simply mind-boggling. No other country in the world has such variety of locales ranging from colored mountains to futuristic city landscapes." Scenes in the song "Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal" were shot in Red Seabeach in Panjin and on Li river in Guilin.[54] In January 2013, a fight scene was filmed at an abandoned, 20-year-old factory in Chennai.[55] Sixty percent of the shooting was completed by the end of the same month.[56][57] By March 2013, four songs and three major action sequences were shot around China, Bangkok, Jodhpur, Kodaikanal, Pollachi and Chennai.[39] In June 2013, a three-week filming schedule was completed in Bangalore, Mysore and Chennai, and 75% of the shooting was completed by July 2013.[58] Filming was almost wrapped up by March 2014, with just one song sequence and patch-work for the film remaining.[59] Shankar confirmed that the song would be shot after the film's audio launch.[60] As per reports, a song of 5 minutes duration was shot for 40 days.[4] For filming one of the songs, Vikram had gained a lot of weight of about 110 kg as he had to wear bulky costumes for the number.[61] The remaining song sequence was filmed at Prasad labs in Vadapalani, Chennai where a set was erected by Muthuraj.[62] On 24 September 2014, Jackson confirmed that the shooting of the film was completed.[63]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In February 2014, Vikram started dubbing for the first half of the film.[64] In March 2014, Vikram had completed his dubbing portions for the first half of the film.[65] On 3 April 2014, film critic and journalist Sreedhar Pillai stated that the film's trailer was in stages of editing.[66] Patchwork and dubbing for the film was completed on 11 September 2014.[60]

text: Music[edit]

text: A. R. Rahman composed the soundtrack album and background score for the film.[67] The music of the Tamil version was launched at the Nehru Indoor Stadium in Chennai on 15 September 2014.[68] Arnold Schwarzenegger was the Chief Guest.[69] The Hindi and Telugu versions of the soundtrack album were released on 29 and 30 December 2014, respectively.

text: Release[edit]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Ravichandran earlier had stated that the film would be releasing on 23 October 2014 but the date was later pushed due to extensive post-production and dubbing works.[70] The film is scheduled to release on 14 January 2015.[71] It is stated that the film would be released in 3000 screens worldwide.[72] The film was planned to be released in Hindi, Chinese and English along with the Tamil and the dubbed Telugu versions.[73] The distribution rights for the dubbed Telugu version were purchased for ₹300 million (US$4.7 million) by Mega Super Good Films.[74][75] The theatrical rights in Tamil Nadu were sold to Sushma Cine Arts.[76]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first look production poster of the film was unveiled on 15 July 2012.[77] Stills featuring the lead pair were released in March 2014.[78][79] The official motion poster teaser of the film was released on YouTube on 11 September 2014.[80] The motion poster crossed 1 million views by the third day of its release.[81] Two posters released on 12 September 2014, with J. Hurtado of Twitch Film labelling them as "out of this world".[82]

text: The producer screened a sneak preview of the teaser and the song "Ennodu Nee Irundhaal" for the critics in late August 2014. The teaser carried a dummy music score that was not composed by A. R. Rahman.[83]

text: The complete teaser trailer of the film was leaked on the internet on 2 September 2014. Although the leaked teaser lacked decipherability, the person who had leaked the teaser openly informed the team about it and challenged them to take action against him. After further inquiries, it was revealed that the culprit broke into producer Ravichandran's office during the night and had copied the teaser. However, Ravichandran refused to make changes to the leaked teaser, and planned to release it as per the original schedule.[84]

text: The teaser was unveiled at the audio launch of the film.[85] Hurtado in his teaser review wrote, "We see Vikram taking on multiple characters including a Quasimodo-type, kicking monstrous amounts of ass in various action sequences, running across water, riding a cyborg motorcycle, and dancing up a storm in some absurdly colorful backgrounds." and concluded by saying "Shankar is nothing if not a visual stylist, and it looks like he's pulling out all the stops for this one."[86] Prajakta Hebbar of IBNLive wrote, "When we heard that Tamil filmmaker Shankar was making a new film, we fully expected it to be larger-than-life, with a funky storyline and starring popular actors. But what we didn't expect was that feeling of thrill and intrigue.", asserting that "Vikram and Shankar have us hooked with the teaser.".[87] Nivedita Mishra of the Hindustan Times elaborated in her teaser review, "Without doubt, the film's special effects are great by any standards. Now, whether or not, they have been indigenously put together or have been outsourced from the West, the producers alone will know, but just the desire to make a film that gets its production value right yet doesn't overdo it, is good enough. Here's hoping it will ignite a desire among Indians to go for the skies." and praised the spectacular landscapes, edgy camera angles, action sequences before concluding that "Shankar has put in a lot of effort to make this magnum opus worth a watch if teasers are to go by."[88] Behindwoods wrote, "Anyone who sees this remarkably impactful teaser would keep rewinding what he / she saw, to relive the experience over and over again."[83] The teaser crossed 1 million views in just 12 hours of its release, making it the first Indian film to do so, beating the record set by the teaser of the Bollywood film, Bang Bang! (2014), which crossed 1 million views in 13 hours.[89] It reached 7 million views in 2 weeks after its release, becoming the only Tamil film to cross the mark till date.[90]

text: The film was promoted by Vikram on Bigg Boss 8.[91]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The media rights of the film were purchased by Jaya TV for ₹200 million (US$3.1 million). The media rights included satellite rights and ringtones.[92] The media rights for Hindi version was sold to & Pictures

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: I received positive reviews from film critics who praised Vikram's performance and technical aspects but criticised the script.[93] Subhash K. Jha gave 4 stars out of 5 describing I as the "most exceptional" film from Shankar and wrote that it "takes us beyond the imaginable and the conceivable, fusing with fabulous flamboyance the fantasy element with a level of heightened reality that's commercial cinema's forte".[94] Filmfare also gave it 4 stars out of 5, stating that "Shankar balances a social critique along with technical gimmickry and here the message centres about our obsession with physical perfection and beauty."[95] Komal Nahta felt that Shankar's direction was "first rate" and wrote "His vision is unique and the translation of his vision on to the celluloid is brilliant. He has kept the narration so interesting that the viewer's eyes remain glued to the screen. He has given the film a huge canvas and has made it an audio-visual treat.[96] Rajeev Masand from IBN Live gave 3 out of 5 and wrote, "I from visionary Tamil director Shankar is a work of staggering ambition, somewhat weighed down by the filmmaker's own indulgence...(it) may be far from perfect, but for the most part it's pretty entertaining stuff".[97] The Times of India gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Shot mesmerisingly by PC Sreeram on virgin locales in China and India, with world class CG work, this spectacle works because at the core, it's a romantic-thriller told simplistically....This is pure escapist fare but will resonate with those who read fairy tales at bedtime".[98] Rediff gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "The narrative lacks the pace; we usually associate with a Shankar's film. But he does tell a beautiful tale of love sullied by jealousies, greed and anger. The intriguing screenplay as the director alternates between the light-hearted past and the thrilling present keeps you engrossed".[99] Behindwoods.com rated the film 3 out of 5 and stated, "though the story is predictable beyond a point, it's an amalgamation of 'Masters' at play which works to a larger extent because of their huge efforts".[100] India Today rated the film 3 out of and wrote "It's not everyday you will get to watch a visually rich movie like this".[101]

text: The Hindu stated, "Vikram's terrific performance is let down by an uninspired, exhausting movie".[102] Daily News & Analysis gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, too, calling it a "great looking film but with shoddy writing and poorly sketched characters".[103] Haricharan Pudipeddi, writing for IANS, rated the film 2 out of 5 and said, "All that's big may not necessarily be great. Hope Shankar realises that much better films can be made on a smaller canvas and much lower budget."[104] Sify wrote, "I is definitely not the best of Shankar and he has to take the blame for poor writing. His story is predictable and there are no twists or scenes which keeps you engaged. Barring few eye-popping stunt scenes, a slew of beautiful unseen locations, breathtaking camera by PC Sreeram and few hummable songs by AR Rahman, I is very ordinary".[105] Deccan Chronicle gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and said, "While the movie and the effort is good technically, its content is just average".[106] Oneindia also rated the film 2.5 out of 5 saying, "For a movie which had so much of anticipation, I doesn't feed its audience enough to fulfill their expectations. The story is plain and doesn't look like a normal Shankar movie which would otherwise have interesting twists and turns."[107] Gautaman Bhaskaran, writing for The Hindustan Times, rated the film two and a half stars, stating that Vikram's performance was the film's "only high point"; he noted that the film had similarities to the novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831) and the fairy tale Beauty and the Beast (1756), "without infusing any novelty into these age-old yarns."[108] Deepanjana Pal from Firstpost wrote, "I is too long, too stupid and too regressive to be entertaining" and also called it "superficial and the least fun Shankar film ever".[109]

text: Variety magazine's Ronnie Scheib wrote, "Shankar's visual ingenuity keeps things zippy for much of the hefty 188-minute running time, and star Chiyaan Vikram delivers a knockout three-pronged performance, but this cinematic bravura is offset by underdeveloped scripting, flatly one-dimensional villains and overdone lone-hero-vs.-swarms-of-murderous-attackers setpieces".[110] Rachel Saltz from The New York Times wrote, "I is exuberant and unselfconscious but too cartoonish to engage your emotions. The onslaught of images and music will engage your senses, though, even as you're left giggling at the too-muchness of it all".[111] J Hurtado from Twitch Film wrote, "I strains the boundaries of self-indulgence and modern tolerance in a way that has become something of a plague among Indian blockbusters. The film is amazing to look at, features a number of amazing set pieces, and some appropriately over the top action sequences, but even with everything including a few kitchen sinks thrown in, it may go on a bit too long for its own good".[112]

text: Box office[edit]

text: India[edit]

text: According to Box Office India, I earned around ₹210 million (US$3.3 million) nett in South India on its first day,[113] setting records in Kerala and Telangana/AP. The film grossed over ₹347 million (US$5.4 million) worldwide on its opening day.[114] The film went on to collect ₹556 million (US$8.7 million) nett in India in three days from all its versions.[113]

text: In its extended five-day weekend, the film earned ₹950 million (US$15 million) nett in India from all three versions, with the Hindi version netting ₹75 million (US$1.2 million).[115]

text: The film grossed around ₹1.84 billion (US$29 million) worldwide from all versions twelve days after its release.[116]

text: According to Andhra Box Office, the film had collected ₹2.39 billion (US$37 million) worldwide and eventually became a commercial success.[117] The final domestic net(India net) collections were 1.36 billion. In crores final domestic net collections were 136, domestic gross 150 and worldwide 240 crores.

text: Overseas[edit]

text: I grossed US$697,346 in Tamil version and US$10,373 in dubbed Hindi version in USA in its first weekend.[118] I(Tamil) grossed US$201,207 and I(Hindi) grossed US$4,009 in Canada in its first weekend. I(Tamil) grossed US$258,764 in UK-Ireland in first weekend. I(Tamil) grossed MYR 2,162,742 in Malaysia in first weekend. In first 10 days, I(Tamil) grossed US$789,298 in USA, US$323,714 in Canada, MYR 3,146,295 in Malaysia.[119] In first 17 days, I(Tamil) grossed £386,542 in UK-Ireland and MYR 3,404,582 in Malaysia.[120]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Outcome
Ref.

63rd Filmfare Awards South

Best Film
I
Nominated
[121]

Best Director
Shankar
Nominated

Best Actor
Vikram
Won

Best Music Director
A. R. Rahman
Won

Best Lyricist
Madhan Karky
Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal
Won

Best Lyricist
Kabilan
"Ennodu Nee Irundhaal"
Nominated

Best Playback Singer – Male
Sid Sriram
"Ennodu Nee Irundhaal"
Won

Best Playback Singer – Female
Shreya Ghoshal
Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal
Nominated

5th South Indian International Movie Awards

Best Film
I
Nominated
[122]

Best Actor
Vikram
Won

Best Actress
Amy Jackson
Nominated

Best Actor in a Negative Role
Suresh Gopi
Nominated

Best Lyricist
Kabilan
Ennodu Nee Irundhaal
Nominated

Best Playback Singer – Male
Sid Sriram
Ennodu Nee Irundhaal
Nominated

Edison Awards

Mass Hero of the Year
Vikram
Nominated

The Gorgeous Belle
Amy Jackson
Nominated

Best Editor
Anthony
Nominated

Best Lyricist
Madhan Karky
Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal
Nominated

Best Playback Singer – Male
Sid Sriram
Ennodu Nee Irundhaal
Nominated

Iconic Spellbinder
Shankar
Nominated

Best Stunt Director
Anal Arasu
Nominated

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The claim was also backed by composer A. R. Rahman who, in the press meet held to unveil the film's Hindi version, disclosed to the media that Shankar had discussed the film with him almost 15 years ago.[11]
Jump up ^ A. R. Rahman and Shankar had previously collaborated for nine films: Gentleman (1993), Kadhalan (1994), Indian (1996), Jeans (1998), Mudhalvan (1999), Nayak (2001), Boys (2003), Sivaji (2007) and Enthiran (2010).[12]
^ Jump up to: a b American actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, an inspiration to the film's main protagonist, launched the film's music.[45]

tag: ol


document_title: Global Hunger Index

question_text: what is the rank of india in global hunger index 2017

text: Global Hunger Index

text: Calculation of the Index[edit]

text: The Index ranks countries on a 100-point scale, with 0 being the best score (no hunger) and 100 being the worst, although neither of these extremes is reached in practice. Values less than 10.0 reflect low hunger, values from 10.0 to 19.9 reflect moderate hunger, values from 20.0 to 34.9 indicate serious hunger, values from 35.0 to 49.9 reflect alarming hunger, and values of 50.0 or more reflect extremely alarming hunger levels.[15]

text: The GHI combines 4 component indicators: 1) the proportion of the undernourished as a percentage of the population; 2) the proportion of children under the age of five suffering from wasting; 3) the proportion of children under the age of five suffering from stunting; 4) the mortality rate of children under the age of five.[GHI2016 1]

text: The data and projections used for the 2017 GHI are for the period from 2011 to 2016—the most recent available data for the four components of the GHI. The data on the proportion of undernourished come from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) and include authors' estimates.[25] Data on child wasting and stunting are collected from UNICEF, the World Health Organization, the World Bank, WHO, MEASURE DHS, the Indian Ministry of Women and Child Development, and also include the authors’ own estimates.[GHI2016 2] Data on child mortality are from the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.[26]

text: Global and regional trends[edit]

text: Although the 2017 GHI shows long-term progress in the reduction of hunger worldwide, millions are still experiencing chronic hunger and any places are suffering acute food crises and even famine. The 2017 GHI overall score is 27 percent lower than the 2000 score. Of the 119 countries assessed in this year’s report, one falls in the extremely alarming range on the GHI Severity Scale; 7 are in the alarming range; 44 in the serious range; and 24 in the moderate range. Only 43 countries have scores considered low.

text: The regions of the world struggling most with hunger are South Asia and Africa south of the Sahara, with scores in the serious range (30.9 and 29.4, respectively). The scores of East and Southeast Asia, the Near East and North Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States range from low to moderate (between 7.8 and 12.8). These averages conceal some troubling results within each region, however, including scores in the serious range for Tajikistan, Guatemala, Haiti, and Iraq, and alarming in the case of Yemen, as well as scores in the serious range for half of all countries in East and Southeast Asia, whose average benefits from China’s low score of 7.5.

text: Because data on the prevalence of undernourishment and, in some cases, data or estimates on child stunting and child wasting were unavailable, 2017 GHI scores could not be calculated for 13 countries. Yet the countries with missing data may be the ones suffering most. Based on the available data and information from international organizations that specialize in hunger and undernutrition, 9 of the 13 countries that lack sufficient data for calculating 2017 GHI scores still raise significant concern—Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Libya, Papua New Guinea, Somalia, South Sudan, and Syria.

text: Ranking[edit]

text:
Countries with extremely alarming (GHI ≥ 50), or alarming (GHI between 35.0 and 49.9) hunger situation

Global Hunger Index[13]

Rank
Country
1992
2000
2008
2017[27]

119
 Central African Republic
52.2
50.9
47.0
50.9

118
 Chad
62.5
51.9
50.9
43.5

117
 Sierra Leone
57.2
54.7
44.5
38.5

116
 Madagascar
43.9
43.6
36.8
38.3

115
 Zambia
48.5
52.3
45.0
38.2

114
 Yemen
43.5
43.4
36.2
36.1

113
 Sudan
-
-
-
35.5

112
 Liberia
51.2
48.2
38.9
35.3

text:
Countries with serious (GHI between 34.9 and 20) hunger situation

Rank
Country
1992
2000
2008
2017

111
 Niger
62.2
52.6
37.0
34.5

110
 Timor-Leste
-
-
46.8
34.3

109
 Haiti
51.6
42.7
42.6
34.2

108
 Zimbabwe
35.8
40.9
34.5
33.8

107
 Afghanistan
50.2
52.7
37.9
33.3

106
 Pakistan
42.7
38.2
34.7
32.6

105
 Angola
65.8
57.5
39.7
32.5

104
 Ethiopia
-
56
40.2
32.3

87
 Uganda
41.2
39.2
33.3
32

100
 Djibouti
60.3
46.7
35.1
31.4

100
 India
46.2
38.2
35.6
31.4

91
 Rwanda
53.3
56.3
36.2
31.4

99
 Guinea-Bissau
44.5
43.1
31.4
30.6

98
 Mozambique
63.6
48.7
37.5
30.5

97
 Tanzania
42.9
42.4
33
28.8

96
 Tajikistan
-
41.8
32.6
28.7

94
 Guinea
46.5
44
33.4
28.6

94
 Mali
51.4
44.2
35.1
28.6

93
 North Korea
31.9
40.3
30.7
28.2

92
 Burkina Faso
47
47.9
36.4
27.6

91
 Laos PDR
52.3
48.1
33.4
27.5

89
 Malawi
58.2
44.6
31.5
27.2

90
 Bangladesh
53.6
37.6
32.2
26.5

86
 Côte d'Ivoire
32.9
32.6
35.1
26.5

87
 Namibia
35.4
30.8
30.9
25.7

88
 Congo
39.1
36
31.6
25.6

84
 Nigeria
48.8
41
33.7
25.5

85
 Sri Lanka
31.6
26.8
24.2
25.5

77
 Mauritania
39.4
33.6
23.7
25.2

82
 Benin
44.5
37.5
31.7
24.4

81
 Botswana
33.8
33
30.7
24.4

79
 Lesotho
26.5
33.2
28.4
24.1

70
 Gambia
35.2
27.5
23.8
23.2

76
 Iraq
21.8
26.5
25.7
22.9

75
 Myanmar
55.6
43.6
30.1
22.6

78
 Togo
45.8
39
28.3
22.5

71
 Cambodia
45.8
43.6
27.1
22.2

80
 Cameroon
40
39.6
29.5
22.1

74
 Indonesia
35
25.5
28.3
22

72
   Nepal
42.5
36.8
28.9
22

83
 Swaziland
24
29.9
30.7
21.2

73
 Kenya
39.1
37.6
29.6
21

69
 Guatemala
28.5
27.4
22.2
20.7

text: The Global Hunger Index is composed of the proportion of the undernourished as a percentage of the population, the prevalence of underweight children under the age of five and the mortality rate of children under the age of five (calculated average, in percentages).

text: The 2017 GHI score could not be calculated for Bahrain, Bhutan, Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Libya, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Somalia, South Sudan, and Syria, because of a lack of data.

text: Focus 2017: The Inequalities of Hunger[edit]

text: The 2017 highlights the uneven nature of progress made in reducing hunger worldwide and the ways in which inequalities of power lead to unequal nourishment.

text: Achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals’ aim of “leaving no one behind” demands approaches to hunger and malnutrition that are both more sensitive to their uneven distribution and more attuned to the power inequalities that intensify the effects of poverty and marginalization on malnutrition. The report emphasizes the importance of using power analysis to name all forms of power that keep people hungry and malnourished; the significance of designing interventions strategically focused on where power is exerted; the need to empower the hungry and malnourished to challenge and resist loss of control over the food they eat.

text: Focus 2016: Getting to zero hunger[edit]

text: The 2016 Global Hunger Index (GHI) presents a multidimensional measure of national, regional, and global hunger, focusing on how the world can get to Zero Hunger by 2030.

text: The developing world has made substantial progress in reducing hunger since 2000. The 2016 GHI shows that the level of hunger in developing countries as a group has fallen by 29 percent. Yet this progress has been uneven, and great disparities in hunger continue to exist at the regional, national, and subnational levels.

text: The 2016 GHI emphasizes that the regions, countries, and populations most vulnerable to hunger and undernutrition have to be identified, so improvement can be targeted there, if the world community wants to seriously Sustainable Development Goal 2 on ending hunger and achieving food security.[GHI2016 3]

text: Focus 2015: Armed Conflict and Chronic Hunger[edit]

text: The chapter on hunger and conflict shows that the time of the great famines with more than 1 million people dead is over. There is, however, a clear connection between armed conflict and severe hunger. Most of the countries scoring worst in the 2015 GHI, are experiencing armed conflict or have in recent years. Still, severe hunger exists also without conflict present as the cases of several countries in South Asia and Africa show.

text: Since 2005 and increase in armed conflict can be seen. Unless armed conflicts can be reduced there is little hope for overcoming hunger.[GHI2015 1]

text: Focus of the GHI 2014: Hidden Hunger[edit]

text: Hidden hunger concerns over 200 million people worldwide. This micronutrient deficiency develops when humans do not take in enough micronutrients such as zinc, folate, iron and vitamins, or when their bodies cannot absorb them. Reasons include an unbalanced diet, a higher need for micronutrients (e.g. during pregnancy or while breast feeding) but also health issues related to sickness, infections or parasites.

text: The consequences for individuals can be devastating: these often include mental impairment, bad health, low productivity and death caused by sickness. In particular, children are affected if they do not absorb enough micronutrients in the first 1000 days of their lives (beginning with conception).[GHI2014 1]

text: Micronutrient deficiencies are responsible for an estimated 1.1 million of the yearly 3.1 million death caused by undernutrition in children. Despite the magnitude of the problem, it is still not easy to get precise data on the spread of hidden hunger. Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies cause a loss in global productivity of 1.4 to 2.1 billion US Dollars per year.[28]

text: Different measures exist to prevent hidden hunger. It is essential to ensure that humans maintain a diverse diet. The quality of produce is as important as the caloric input. This can be achieved by promoting the production of a wide variety of nutrient-rich plants and the creation of house gardens.

text: Other possible solutions are the industrial enrichment of food or biofortification of feedplants (e.g. vitamin A rich sweet potatoes). In the case of acute nutrient deficiency and in specific life phases, food supplements can be used. In particular, the addition of vitamin A leads to a better child survival rate.[GHI2014 2]

text: Generally, the situation concerning hidden hunger can only be improved when many measures intermesh. In addition to the direct measures described above, this includes the education and empowerment of women, the creation of better sanitation and adequate hygiene, and access to clean drinking water and health services.

text: Focus of the GHI 2013: Resilience to build food and nutrition security[edit]

text: Many of the countries, in which the hunger situation is "alarming" or "extremely alarming", are particularly prone to crises: In the African Sahel people experience yearly droughts. On top of that, they have to deal with violent conflict and natural calamities. At the same time, the global context becomes more and more volatile (financial and economic crises, food price crises).

text: The inability to cope with these crises leads to the destruction of many development successes that had been achieved over the years. In addition, people have even less resources to withstand the next shock or crises. 2.6 billion people in the world live with less than 2 USD per day. For them, a sickness in the family, crop failure after a drought or the interruption of remittances from relatives who live abroad can set in motion a downward spiral from which they cannot free themselves on their own.

text: It is therefore not enough to support people in emergencies and, once the crises is over, to start longer term development efforts. Instead, emergency and development assistance has to be conceptualized with the goal of increasing resilience of poor people against these shocks.

text: The Global Hunger Index differentiates three coping strategies. The lower the intensity of the crises, the less resources have to be used to cope with the consequences:[GHI2013 1]

text:
Absorption: Skills or resources, which are used to reduce the impact of a crisis without changing the lifestyle (e.g. selling some livestock)
Adaptation: Once the capacity to absorb is exhausted, steps are taken to adapt the lifestyle to the situation without making drastic changes (e.g. using drought-resistant seeds).
Transformation: If the adaptation strategies do not suffice to deal with the negative impact of the crises, fundamental, longer lasting changes to life and behavior have to be made (e.g. nomadic tribes become sedentary and become farmers because they cannot keep their herds).

text: Based on this analysis the authors present several policy recommendations:[GHI2013 2]

text:
Overcoming the institutional, financial and conceptual boundaries between humanitarian aid and development assistance.
Elimination of policies that undermine people's resilience. Using the Right to Food as a basis for the development of new policies.
Implementation of multi-year, flexible programs, which are financed in a way that enables multi-sectoral approaches to overcome chronic food crises.
Communicating that improving resilience is cost effective and improves food and nutrition security, especially in fragile contexts.
Scientific monitoring and evaluation of measures and programs with the goal to increase resilience.
Active involvement of the local population in the planning and implementation of resilience increasing programs.
Improvement of food especially of mothers and children through nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions to avoid that short-term crises lead to nutrition-related problems late in life or across generations.

text: Focus of the GHI 2012: Pressures on land, water and energy resources[edit]

text: Increasingly, Hunger is related to how we use land, water and energy. The growing scarcity of these resources puts more and more pressure on food security. Several factors contribute to an increasing shortage of natural resources:[GHI2012 1]

text:
Demographic change: The world population is expected to be over 9 billion by 2050. Additionally, more and more people live in cities. Urban populations feed themselves differently than inhabitants of rural areas; they tend to consume less staple foods and more meat and dairy products.
Higher income and non-sustainable use of resources: As the global economy grows, wealthy people consume more food and goods, which have to be produced with a lot of water and energy. They can afford not to be efficient and wasteful in their use of resources.
Bad policies and weak institutions: When policies, for example energy policy, are not tested for the consequences they have on the availability of land and water it can lead to failures. An example are the biofuel policies of industrialized countries: As corn and sugar are increasingly used for the production of fuels, there is less land and water for the production of food.

text: Signs for an increasing scarcity of energy, land and water resources are for example: growing prices for food and energy, a massive increase of large-scale investment in arable land (so-called land grabbing), increasing degradation of arable land because of too intensive land use (for example, increasing desertification), increasing number of people, who live in regions with lowering ground water levels, and the loss of arable land as a consequence of climate change. The analysis of the global conditions lead the authors of the GHI 2012 to recommend several policy actions:[18]

text:
Securing land and water rights
Gradual lowering of subsidies
Creation of a positive macroeconomic framework
Investment in agriculture technology development to promote a more efficient use of land, water and energy
Support for approaches, that lead to a more efficient use of land, water and energy along the whole value chain
Preventing and overuse of natural resources through monitoring strategies for water, land and energy, and agricultural systems
Improvement of the access to education for women and the strengthening of their reproductive rights to address demographic change
Increase incomes, reduce social and economic inequality and promotion of sustainable lifestyles
Climate change mitigation and adaptation through a reorientation of agriculture

text: Focus of the GHI 2011: Rising and volatile food prices[edit]

text: The report cites 3 factors as the main reasons for high volatility, or price changes, and price spikes of food:

text:
Use of the so-called biofuels, promoted by high oil prices, subsidies in the United States (over one third of the corn harvest of 2009 and 2010 respectively) and quota for biofuel in gasoline in the European Union, India and others.
Extreme weather events as a result of Climate Change
Future trading of agricultural commodities, for instance investments in fonds[clarification needed], which are speculating on price changes of agricultural products (2003: 13 Bn US Dollar, 2008: 260 Bn US Dollar), as well as increasing trade volume of these goods.

text: Volatility and prices increases are worsened according to the report by the concentration of staple foods in a few countries and export restrictions of these goods, the historical low of worldwide cereal reserves and the lack of timely information on food products, reserves and price developments. Especially this lack of information can lead to overreactions in the markets. Moreover, seasonal limitations on production possibilities, limited land for agricultural production, limited access to fertilizers and water, as well as the increasing demand resulting from population growth, puts pressure on food prices.

text: According to the Global Hunger Index 2011 price trends show especially harsh consequences for poor and under-nourished people, because they are not capable to react to price spikes and price changes. Reactions, following these developments, can include: reduced calorie intake, no longer sending children to school, riskier income generation such as prostitution, criminality, or searching landfills, and sending away household members, who cannot be fed anymore. In addition, the report sees an all-time high in the instability and unpredictability of food prices, which after decades of slight decrease, increasingly show price spikes (strong and short-term increase).[GHI2011 1][GHI2011 2]

text: At a national level, especially food importing countries (those with a negative food trade balance, are affected by the changing prices.

text: Focus of the GHI 2010: Early Childhood Under-nutrition[edit]

text: Under-nutrition among children has reached terrible levels. About 195 million children under the age of five in the developing world – about one in three children - are too small and thus underdeveloped. Nearly one in four children under age five – 129 million – is underweight, and one in 10 is severely underweight. The problem of child under-nutrition is concentrated in a few countries and regions with more than 90 percent of stunted children living in Africa and Asia. 42% of the world's undernourished children live in India alone.

text: The evidence presented in the report[29] [30] shows that the window of opportunity for improving nutrition spans is the 1,000 days between conception and a child's second birthday (that is the period from -9 to +24 months). Children who are do not receive adequate nutrition during this period have increased risks to experiencing lifelong damage, including poor physical and cognitive development, poor health, and even early death. The consequences of malnutrition that occurred after 24 months of a child's life are by contrast largely reversible.[8]

text: Other activities[edit]

text: IFPRI is a partner in Compact2025, a partnership that develops and disseminates evidence-based advice to politicians and other decision-makers aimed at ending hunger and undernutrition in the coming 10 years.[31] The Compact2025 uses GHI data.