document_title: Minnesota Twins

question_text: what does the logo on the minnesota twins hat stand for

text: Minnesota Twins

text: Team history[edit]

text: Washington Nationals/Senators: 1901–1960[edit]

text: The Washington Senators spent the first decade of their existence finishing near the bottom of the American League standings. Their fortunes began to improve with the arrival of 19-year-old pitcher, Walter Johnson, in 1907. Johnson blossomed in 1911 with 25 victories, although the Senators still finished the season in seventh place.[21] In 1912, the Senators improved dramatically, as their pitching staff led the league in team earned run average and in strikeouts. Johnson won 33 games while teammate Bob Groom added another 24 wins to help the Senators finish the season in second place.[22] The Senators continued to perform respectably in 1913 with Johnson posting a career-high 35 victories, as the team once again finished in second place.[23] The Senators then fell into another period of decline for the next decade. After a string of mediocre seasons, a rejuvenated Johnson rebounded in 1924 to win 23 games with the help of his catcher, Muddy Ruel, as the Senators won the American League pennant for the first time in the history of the franchise.[24]

text: The Senators faced John McGraw's heavily favored New York Giants in the 1924 World Series.[25] The two teams traded wins back and forth until the series reached the seventh and deciding game. The Senators trailed the Giants 3 to 1 in the eighth inning of Game 7, when Bucky Harris hit a routine ground ball to third which hit a pebble and took a bad hop over Giants third baseman Freddie Lindstrom. Two runners scored on the play, tying the score at three.[26] An aging Walter Johnson then came in to pitch the ninth inning, and held the Giants scoreless into extra innings. In the bottom of the twelfth inning with Ruel at bat, he hit a high, foul ball directly over home plate.[27] The Giants' catcher, Hank Gowdy, dropped his protective mask to field the ball but, failing to toss the mask aside, stumbled over it and dropped the ball, thus giving Ruel another chance to bat.[27] On the next pitch, Ruel hit a double and proceeded to score the winning run when Earl McNeely hit a ground ball that took another bad hop over Lindstrom's head.[26][27] This would mark the only World Series triumph for the franchise during their 60-year tenure in Washington.

text: The following season they repeated as American League champions but ultimately lost the 1925 World Series to the Pittsburgh Pirates. After Walter Johnson's retirement in 1927, he was hired as manager of the Senators. After enduring a few losing seasons, the team returned to contention in 1930. In 1933, Senators owner Clark Griffith returned to the formula that worked for him nine years prior: 26-year-old shortstop Joe Cronin became player-manager. The Senators posted a 99–53 record and cruised to the pennant seven games ahead of the New York Yankees, but in the 1933 World Series the Giants exacted their revenge winning in five games. Following the loss, the Senators sank all the way to seventh place in 1934 and attendance began to fall. Despite the return of Harris as manager from 1935–42 and again from 1950–54, Washington was mostly a losing ball club for the next 25 years contending for the pennant only during World War II. Washington came to be known as "first in war, first in peace, and last in the American League",[28] with their hard luck being crucial to the plot of the musical and film Damn Yankees. Cecil Travis, Buddy Myer (1935 A.L. batting champion), Roy Sievers, Mickey Vernon (batting champion in 1946 and 1953), and Eddie Yost were notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team's lack of success.[29][30] In 1954, the Senators signed future Hall of Fame member Harmon Killebrew. By 1959 he was the Senators’ regular third baseman and led the league with 42 home runs earning him a starting spot on the American League All-Star team.

text: After Griffith's death in 1955, his nephew and adopted son Calvin took over the team presidency. Calvin sold Griffith Stadium to the city of Washington and leased it back leading to speculation that the team was planning to move as the Boston Braves, St. Louis Browns and Philadelphia Athletics had all done in the early 1950s. By 1957, after an early flirtation with San Francisco (where the New York Giants would eventually move after that season ended), Griffith began courting Minneapolis–St. Paul, a prolonged process that resulted in his rejecting the Twin Cities' first offer[31] before agreeing to relocate. The American League opposed the move at first, but in 1960 a deal was reached: The Senators would move and would be replaced with an expansion Senators team for 1961. Thus, the old Washington Senators became the Minnesota Twins.

text: Team nickname[edit]

text: The Washington franchise was known as both "Senators" and "Nationals" at various times, and sometimes at the same time. In 1905, the team changed its official name to the "Washington Nationals."[32] The name "Nationals" appeared on uniforms for only two seasons, and was then replaced with the "W" logo for the next 52 years. The media often shortened the nickname to "Nats." Many fans and newspapers (especially out-of-town papers) persisted in using the "Senators" nickname, because of potential confusion caused by an American League team using the "Nationals" name. Over time, "Nationals" faded as a nickname, and "Senators" became dominant. Baseball guides listed the club's nickname as "Nationals or Senators", acknowledging the dual-nickname situation.

text: The team name was officially changed to Washington Senators around the time of Clark Griffith's death. It was not until 1959 that the word "Senators" first appeared on team shirts. "Nats" continued to be used by space-saving headline writers, even for the 1961 expansion team, which was never officially known as "Nationals."

text: The current "Nationals" and "Nats" names were revived in 2005, when the Montreal Expos relocated to Washington to become the Nationals.

text: Minnesota Twins: 1961 to present[edit]

text: The name "Twins" was derived from the popular name of the region, the Twin Cities. The NBA's Minneapolis Lakers had relocated to Los Angeles in 1960 due to poor attendance which was believed to have been caused in part by the reluctance of fans in St. Paul to support the team.[33] Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other, so his desire was to name the team the "Twin Cities Twins",[33] however MLB objected. Griffith therefore named the team the Minnesota Twins. However, the team was allowed to keep its original "TC" (for Twin Cities) insignia for its caps. The team's logo shows two men, one in a Minneapolis Millers uniform and one in a St. Paul Saints uniform, shaking hands across the Mississippi River within an outline of the state of Minnesota. The "TC" remained on the Twins' caps until 1987, when they adopted new uniforms. By this time, the team felt it was established enough to put an "M" on its cap without having St. Paul fans think it stood for Minneapolis. The "TC" logo was moved to a sleeve on the jerseys, and occasionally appeared as an alternate cap design.[34] Both the "TC" and "Minnie & Paul" logos remain the team's primary insignia. As of 2010, the "TC" logo has been reinstated on the cap as their logo.[35]

text: The Twins were eagerly greeted in Minnesota when they arrived in 1961. They brought a nucleus of talented players: Harmon Killebrew, Bob Allison, Camilo Pascual, Zoilo Versalles, Jim Kaat, Earl Battey, and Lenny Green. Tony Oliva, who would go on to win American League batting championships in 1964, 1965 and 1971, made his major league debut in 1962. That year, the Twins won 91 games, the most by the franchise since 1933. Behind Mudcat Grant's 21 victories, Versalles' A.L. MVP season and Oliva's batting title, the Twins won 102 games and the American League Pennant in 1965, but they were defeated in the World Series by the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games (behind the Series MVP, Sandy Koufax, who compiled a 2–1 record, including winning the seventh game).[36]

text: Heading into the final weekend of the 1967 season, when Rod Carew was named the A.L. Rookie of the Year, the Twins, Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and Detroit Tigers all had a shot at clinching the American League championship. The Twins and the Red Sox started the weekend tied for 1st place and played against each other in Boston for the final three games of the season. The Red Sox won two out of the three games, seizing their first pennant since 1946 with a 92–70 record. The Twins and Tigers both finished one game back, with 91–71 records, while the White Sox finished three games back, at 89–73. In 1969, the new manager of the Twins, Billy Martin, pushed aggressive base running all-around, and Carew set the all-time Major League record by stealing home seven times in addition to winning the first of seven A.L. batting championships.[37] With Killebrew slugging 49 homers and winning the AL MVP Award, these 1969 Twins won the very first American League Western Division Championship, but they lost three straight games to the Baltimore Orioles, winners of 109 games, in the first American League Championship Series. The Orioles would go on to be upset by the New York Mets in the World Series. Martin was fired after the season, in part due to an August 1969 fight in Detroit with 20-game winner Dave Boswell and outfielder Bob Allison, in an alley outside the Lindell A.C. bar. Bill Rigney led the Twins to a repeat division title in 1970, behind the star pitching of Jim Perry (24-12), the A.L. Cy Young Award winner, while the Orioles again won the Eastern Division Championship behind the star pitching of Jim Palmer. Once again, the Orioles won the A.L. Championship Series in a three-game sweep,[38] and this time they would win the World Series.

text: After winning the division again in 1970, the team entered an eight-year dry spell, finishing around the .500 mark. Killebrew departed after 1974. Owner Calvin Griffith faced financial difficulty with the start of free agency, costing the Twins the services of Lyman Bostock and Larry Hisle, who left as free agents after the 1977 season, and Carew, who was traded after the 1978 season.[39] In 1975, Carew won his fourth consecutive AL batting title,[40] having already joined Ty Cobb as the only players to lead the major leagues in batting average for three consecutive seasons. In 1977, Carew batted .388, which was the highest in baseball since Boston's Ted Williams hit .406 in 1941; he won the 1977 AL MVP Award. He won another batting title in 1978, hitting .333.[40]

text: In 1982, the Twins moved into the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, which they shared with the Minnesota Vikings. After a 16-54 start, the Twins were on the verge on becoming the worst team in MLB history. They turned the season around somewhat, but still lost 102 games which is the second-worst record in Twins history (beaten only by the 2016 team, who lost 103 games), despite the .301 average, 23 homers and 92 RBI from rookie Kent Hrbek.[41] In 1984, Griffith sold the Twins to multi-billionaire banker/financier Carl Pohlad. The Metrodome hosted the 1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. After several losing seasons, the 1987 team, led by Hrbek, Gary Gaetti, Frank Viola (A.L. Cy Young winner in 1988), Bert Blyleven, Jeff Reardon, Tom Brunansky, Dan Gladden, and rising star Kirby Puckett, returned to the World Series after defeating the favored Detroit Tigers in the ALCS, 4 games to 1. Tom Kelly managed the Twins to World Series victories over the St. Louis Cardinals in 1987[42][43] and the Atlanta Braves in 1991.[44] The 1988 Twins were the first team in American League history to draw more than 3 million fans.[45] On July 17, 1990, the Twins became the only team in major league history to pull off two triple plays in the same game. Twins' pitcher and Minnesota native Jack Morris was the star of the series in 1991, going 2–0 in his three starts with a 1.17 ERA.[46] 1991 also marked the first time that any team that finished in last place in their division would advance to the World Series the following season; both the Twins and the Braves did this in 1991.[47] Contributors to the 1991 Twins' improvement from 74 wins to 95 included Chuck Knoblauch, the A.L. Rookie of the Year; Scott Erickson, 20-game winner; new closer Rick Aguilera and new designated hitter Chili Davis.

text: The World Series in 1991 is regarded by many as one of the classics of all time. In this Series, four games were won during the teams' final at-bat, and three of these were in extra innings. The Atlanta Braves won all three of their games in Atlanta, and the Twins won all four of their games in Minnesota. The sixth game was a legendary one for Puckett, who tripled in a run, made a sensational leaping catch against the wall, and finally in the 11th inning hit the game-winning home run. The seventh game was tied 0–0 after the regulation nine innings, and marked only the second time that the seventh game of the World Series had ever gone into extra innings. The Twins won on a walk-off RBI single by Gene Larkin in the bottom of the 10th inning, after Morris had pitched ten shutout innings against the Braves.[48] The seventh game of the 1991 World Series is widely regarded as one of the greatest games in the history of professional baseball.[49][50][51]

text: After a winning season in 1992 but falling short of Oakland in the division, the Twins fell into a years-long stretch of mediocrity, posting a losing record each season for the next eight: 71–91 in 1993, 50–63 in 1994, 56–88 in 1995, 78–84 in 1996, 68–94 in 1997, 70–92 in 1998, 63–97 in 1999 and 69–93 in 2000. From 1994 to 1997, a long sequence of retirements and injuries hurt the team badly, and Tom Kelly spent the remainder of his managerial career attempting to rebuild the Twins. In 1997, owner Carl Pohlad almost sold the Twins to North Carolina businessman Don Beaver, who would have moved the team to the Piedmont Triad area.[52][53]

text: Puckett after the 1995 season was forced to retire at age 35 due to loss of vision in one eye from a central retinal vein occlusion.[54] The 1989 A.L. batting champion, he retired as the Twins' all-time leader in career hits, runs, doubles, and total bases. At the time of his retirement, his .318 career batting average was the highest by any right-handed American League batter since Joe DiMaggio. Puckett was the fourth baseball player during the 20th century to record 1,000 hits in his first five full calendar years in Major League Baseball, and was the second to record 2,000 hits during his first 10 full calendar years. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2001, his first year of eligibility.

text: The Twins dominated the Central Division in the first decade of the new century, winning the division in six of those ten years ('02, '03, '04, '06, '09 and '10), and nearly winning it in '08 as well. From 2001 to 2006, the Twins compiled the longest streak of consecutive winning seasons since moving to Minnesota.

text: Threatened with closure by league contraction,[55] the 2002 team battled back to reach the American League Championship Series before being eliminated 4–1 by that year's World Series champion Anaheim Angels. The Twins have not won a playoff series since the 2002 series against the Athletics, this despite the team winning several division championships in the decade.

text: In 2006, the Twins won the division on the last day of the regular season (the only day all season they held sole possession of first place) but lost to the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS. Ozzie Guillén coined a nickname for this squad, calling the Twins "little piranhas".[56] The Twins players embraced the label, and in response, the Twins Front office started a "Piranha Night", with piranha finger puppets given out to the first 10,000 fans. Scoreboard operators sometimes played an animated sequence of piranhas munching under that caption in situations where the Twins were scoring runs playing "small ball", and the stadium vendors sold T-shirts and hats advertising "The Little Piranhas".

text: The Twins also had the AL MVP in Justin Morneau,[57] the AL batting champion in Joe Mauer,[56] and the AL Cy Young Award winner in Johan Santana.[58]

text: In 2008, the Twins finished the regular season tied with the White Sox on top of the AL Central, forcing a one-game playoff in Chicago to determine the division champion.[59] The Twins lost that game and missed the playoffs. The game location was determined by rule of a coin flip that was conducted in mid-September. This rule was changed for the start of the 2009 season, making the site for any tiebreaker game to be determined by the winner of the regular season head-to-head record between the teams involved.[60]

text: After a year where the Twins played .500 baseball for most of the season, the team won 17 of their last 21 games to tie the Detroit Tigers for the lead in the Central Division.[61] The Twins were able to use the play-in game rule to their advantage when they won the AL Central at the end of the regular season by way of a 6–5 tiebreaker game that concluded with a 12th-inning walk-off hit by Alexi Casilla to right field, that scored Carlos Gómez.[62] However, they failed to advance to the American League Championship Series as they lost the American League Divisional Series in three straight games to the eventual World Series champion New York Yankees.[63] That year, Joe Mauer became only the second catcher in 33 years to win the AL MVP award.[64] Iván Rodríguez won for the Texas Rangers in 1999, previous to that, the last catcher to win an AL MVP was the New York Yankees Thurman Munson in 1976.[65]

text: In their inaugural season played at Target Field, the Twins finished the regular season with a record of 94-68, clinching the AL Central Division title for the 6th time in 9 years under manager Ron Gardenhire. New regular players included rookie Danny Valencia at third base, designated hitter Jim Thome,[66] closer Matt Capps,[67] infielder J. J. Hardy,[68] and infielder Orlando Hudson.[69] In relief pitching roles were late additions Brian Fuentes and Randy Flores. On July 7, the team suffered a major blow when Justin Morneau sustained a concussion, which knocked him out for the rest of the season. In the divisional series, the Twins lost to the Yankees in a three-game sweep for the second consecutive year.[70] Following the season, Ron Gardenhire received AL Manager of the Year honors after finishing as a runner up in several prior years.[71]

text: After repeating as AL Central champions in 2010, the Twins entered 2011 with no players on the disabled list, and the team seemed poised for another strong season. During the off-season, the team signed Japanese shortstop Tsuyoshi Nishioka to fill a hole in the middle infield, re-signed Jim Thome, who was in pursuit of career home run number 600, and also re-signed Carl Pavano. However, the season was largely derailed by an extensive list of injuries. Nishioka's broken leg in a collision at second base[72] led the way and was followed by DL stints from Kevin Slowey, Joe Mauer, Jason Repko, Thome, Delmon Young (two stints on the DL), José Mijares, Glen Perkins, Joe Nathan, Francisco Liriano, Jason Kubel, Denard Span (two stints), Justin Morneau, Scott Baker, and Alexi Casilla. The team's low point was arguably on May 1 when the team started 7 players who were batting below .235 in a game against Kansas City.[73] From that day forward, the Twins made a strong push to get as close as five games back of the division lead by the All-Star break. However, the team struggled down the stretch and fell back out of contention. The team failed to reach the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and experienced their first losing season in four years. Despite an AL-worst 63-99 record, the team drew over 3 million fans for the second consecutive year.[74]

text: Michael Cuddyer served as the Twins representative at the All-Star game, his first appearance.[75] Bert Blyleven's number was retired during the season and he was also inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during the month of July.[76] On August 10, Nathan recorded his 255th save, passing Rick Aguilera for first place on the franchise's all-time saves list.[77] On August 15, Thome hit 599th and 600th home run at Comerica Park to become the eighth player in Major League history to hit 600 home runs, joining Babe Ruth, Willie Mays, Hank Aaron, Barry Bonds, Sammy Sosa, Ken Griffey, Jr., and Alex Rodriguez.[78]

text: The team started the 2012 season with a league worst 10-24 record.[79] In late May and early June, the team embarked on a hot streak, winning ten out of thirteen games.[80][81] By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.[82] On July 16, the Twins defeated the Baltimore Orioles 19-7, the most runs scored in the short history of Target Field.[83][84] By the end of August, the Twins were more than 20 games below .500, and last in the American League.[85] On August 29, it was announced that the Twins would host the 2014 All-Star Game.[86] In 2013, the Twins finished in 4th place in the AL Central, with a record of 66-96.[87] In 2014, the team finished with a 70-92 record, last in the division and accumulated the second fewest wins in the American League.[88] As a result, Ron Gardenhire was fired on September 29, 2014.[89] On November 3, 2014 Paul Molitor was announced by the team as the 13th manager in Twins history.

text: In 2015, the team had a winning season (83-79), following four consecutive seasons of 90 or more losses.

text: In 2016, the Minnesota Twins finished last in the AL Central, with a 59-103 record. Brian Dozier set his career high in home runs with 43, which was tied for second in baseball, and leading all 2nd basemen. Tyler Duffey led all Twins starters with 9 wins throughout the season, while fellow reliever Brandon Kintzler led the team with 17 saves. Rising stars Miguel Sano, Max Kepler, and Byron Buxton combined to have 263 total hits, 52 home runs, 167 RBIs, and a batting average of .232 throughout the season. The Twins signed star Korean slugger Byung Ho Park to a 4-year/$12 million contract, where he hit a .191 batting average, with 12 home runs, and 24 RBIs before being sent down to Rochester for the remainder of the season.[90]

text: Threatened contraction or relocation of the team[edit]

text: The quirks of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, including the turf floor and the white roof, gave the Twins a significant home-field advantage that played into their winning the World Series in both 1987 and 1991, at least in the opinion of their opponents, as the Twins went 12–1 in postseason home games during those two seasons.[91] These were the first two World Series in professional baseball history in which a team won the championship by winning all four home games.[92] (The feat has since been repeated once, by the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2001.) Nevertheless, the Twins argued that the Metrodome was obsolete and that the lack of a dedicated baseball-only ballpark limited team revenue and made it difficult to sustain a top-notch, competitive team (the Twins had been sharing tenancy in stadiums with the NFL's Minnesota Vikings since 1961). The team was rumored to contemplate moving to such places as New Jersey, Las Vegas, Portland, Oregon, the Greensboro/Winston-Salem, North Carolina, area, and elsewhere in search of a more financially competitive market. In 2002, the team was nearly disbanded when Major League Baseball selected the Twins and the Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals franchise) for elimination due to their financial weakness relative to other franchises in the league. The impetus for league contraction diminished after a court decision forced the Twins to play out their lease on the Metrodome. However, Twins owner Carl Pohlad continued his efforts to relocate, pursuing litigation against the Metropolitan Stadium Commission and obtaining a state court ruling that his team was not obligated to play in the Metrodome after the 2006 season. This cleared the way for the Twins to either be relocated or disbanded prior to the 2007 season if a new deal was not reached.

text: Target Field[edit]

text: In response to the threatened loss of the Twins, the Minnesota private and public sector negotiated and approved a financing package for a replacement stadium— a baseball-only outdoor, natural turf ballpark in the Warehouse District of downtown Minneapolis— owned by a new entity known as the Minnesota Ballpark Authority.[93] Target Field was constructed at a cost of $544.4 million (including site acquisition and infrastructure), utilizing the proceeds of a $392 million public bond offering based on a 0.15% sales tax in Hennepin County and private financing of $185 million provided by the Pohlad family.[94][95] As part of the deal, the Twins also signed a 30-year lease of the new stadium, effectively guaranteeing the continuation of the team in Minnesota for a long time to come. Construction of the new field began in 2007, and was completed in December 2009, in time for the 2010 season. Commissioner Bud Selig, who earlier had threatened to disband the team, observed that without the new stadium the Twins could not have committed to sign their star player, catcher Joe Mauer, to an 8-year, $184 million contract extension. The first regular season game in Target Field was played against the Boston Red Sox on April 12, 2010, with Mauer driving in two runs and going 3-for-5 to help the Twins defeat the Red Sox, 5–2.[96]

text: On May 18, 2011, Target Field was named "The Best Place To Shop" by Street and Smith's SportsBusiness Journal at the magazine's 2011 Sports Business Awards Ceremony in New York City.[97] It was also named "The Best Sports Stadium in North America" by ESPN The Magazine in a ranking that included over 120 different stadiums, ballparks and arenas from around North America.[98]

text: In July 2014, Target Field hosted the 85th Major League Baseball All-Star Game and the Home Run Derby.

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Minnesota Twins roster

v
t
e

Active roster
Inactive roster
Coaches/Other

Pitchers
Starting rotation

17 José Berríos
44 Kyle Gibson
31 Lance Lynn
12 Jake Odorizzi
77 Fernando Romero

Bullpen

19 Matt Belisle
32 Zach Duke
39 Trevor Hildenberger
68 Matt Magill
57 Ryan Pressly
43 Addison Reed
55 Taylor Rogers

Closer

56 Fernando Rodney

Catchers

23 Mitch Garver
46 Bobby Wilson

Infielders

16 Ehire Adrianza
 2 Brian Dozier
 5 Eduardo Escobar
 7 Joe Mauer
99 Logan Morrison
45 Taylor Motter

Outfielders

36 Robbie Grossman
26 Max Kepler
24 Ryan LaMarre
20 Eddie Rosario

Pitchers

67 Alan Busenitz
27 John Curtiss
21 Tyler Duffey
59 Stephen Gonsalves
76 Félix Jorge
52 Zack Littell
65 Trevor May
49 Adalberto Mejía
58 Gabriel Moya
50 Aaron Slegers
71 Lewis Thorpe

Infielders

22 Miguel Sanó

Outfielders

25 Byron Buxton
60 Jake Cave
 8 Zack Granite

Manager

 4 Paul Molitor

Coaches

41 Garvin Alston (pitching)
75 Nate Dammann (bullpen catcher)
13 Gene Glynn (third base)
18 Eddie Guardado (bullpen)
63 Rudy Hernandez (assistant hitting)
30 Jeff Pickler (major league coach)
76 Ben Richardson (bullpen catcher)
33 James Rowson (hitting)
37 Jeff Smith (first base)
 9 Derek Shelton (bench)

60-day disabled list

15 Jason Castro
35 Michael Pineda
54 Ervin Santana

Restricted list

11 Jorge Polanco

25 active, 15 inactive
 7- or 10-day disabled list
 Suspended list
# Personal leave
Roster and coaches updated June 15, 2018
Transactions • Depth chart
→ All MLB rosters

text: Minnesota Twins all-time roster: A complete list of players who played in at least one game for the Twins franchise.

text: Minor league affiliates[edit]

text:
Level
Team
League
Location

AAA
Rochester Red Wings
International League
Rochester, New York

AA
Chattanooga Lookouts
Southern League
Chattanooga, Tennessee

Advanced A
Fort Myers Miracle
Florida State League
Fort Myers, Florida

A
Cedar Rapids Kernels
Midwest League
Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Rookie
Elizabethton Twins
Appalachian League
Elizabethton, Tennessee

GCL Twins
Gulf Coast League
Fort Myers, Florida

DSL Twins
Dominican Summer League
Dominican Republic

text: Achievements[edit]

text: Baseball Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Minnesota Twins Hall of Famers

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Washington Senators

Stan Coveleski
Joe Cronin
Ed Delahanty

Rick Ferrell
Lefty Gomez
Goose Goslin

Clark Griffith
Bucky Harris
Whitey Herzog
Walter Johnson

Heinie Manush
Sam Rice
Al Simmons

George Sisler
Tris Speaker
Early Wynn

Minnesota Twins

Bert Blyleven

Rod Carew
Steve Carlton

Harmon Killebrew
Paul Molitor

Jack Morris
Kirby Puckett

Jim Thome
Dave Winfield

Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Twins or Senators cap insignia.

text: Molitor and Winfield, St. Paul natives and University of Minnesota graduates,[99] came to the team late in their careers and were warmly received as "hometown heroes", but were elected to the Hall on the basis of their tenures with other teams. Both swatted their 3,000th hit with the Twins.[100][101]

text: Cronin, Goslin, Griffith, Harris, Johnson, Killebrew and Wynn are listed on the Washington Hall of Stars display at Nationals Park (previously they were listed at Robert F. Kennedy Stadium). So are Ossie Bluege, George Case, Joe Judge, George Selkirk, Roy Sievers, Cecil Travis, Mickey Vernon and Eddie Yost.[102]

text: Ford C. Frick Award recipients[edit]

text:
Minnesota Twins Ford C. Frick Award recipients

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Herb Carneal

Russ Hodges

Arch McDonald

Chuck Thompson

Bob Wolff

Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Twins or Senators.

text: Team captains[edit]

text: 3 Harmon Killebrew 1961–74

text: Twins Hall of Fame[edit]

text:
Key

Year
Year inducted

Bold
Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame

Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a Twin

Bold
Recipient of the Hall of Fame's Ford C. Frick Award

text:
Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame

Year
No.
Name
Position(s)
Tenure

2000
3
Harmon Killebrew
1B
1961–74

29
Rod Carew
2B
1967–78

6
Tony Oliva
RF/DH
1962–76

14
Kent Hrbek
1B
1981–94

34
Kirby Puckett
CF
1984–95

—
Calvin Griffith
President and Owner
1961–83

2001
—
Herb Carneal
Radio Broadcaster
1962–2007

36
Jim Kaat
P
1961–73

2002
28
Bert Blyleven
P
1970–76
1985–88

10
Tom Kelly
Manager
1986–2001

2003
4
Bob Allison
OF
1961–70

—
Bob Casey
Public Address Announcer
1961–2004

2004
10
Earl Battey
C
1961–67

2005
16
Frank Viola
P
1982–89

—
Carl Pohlad
Owner
1984–2009

2006
2
Zoilo Versalles
SS
1961–67

2007
8
Gary Gaetti
3B
1981–90

—
Jim Rantz
Director of Minor Leagues
1986–2012

2008
38
Rick Aguilera
P
1989–95
1996–99

2009[103]
22, 23, 59
Brad Radke
P
1995–2006

—
George Brophy
Front office executive
1961–85

2010[104]
7
Greg Gagne
SS
1983–92

2011[105]
31
Jim Perry
P
1963–72

2012[106]
17
Camilo Pascual
P
1961–66

2013[107]
18
Eddie Guardado
P
1993–2003, 2008

—
Tom Mee
Media Relations Director
1961-91

2016
—
John Gordon
Radio Broadcaster
1987-2011

48
Torii Hunter
CF/RF
1997–2007, 2015

2017
5
Michael Cuddyer
RF
2001–11

—
Andy MacPhail
General Manager
1985–94

2018
57
Johan Santana
P
2000–2007

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text: The Metrodome's upper deck in center and right fields was partly covered by a curtain containing banners of various titles won, and retired numbers. There was no acknowledgment of the Twins' prior championships in Washington and several Senator Hall of Famers, such as Walter Johnson, played in the days prior to numbers being used on uniforms. However Killebrew played seven seasons as a Senator, including two full seasons as a regular prior to the move to Minnesota in 1961.

text: Prior to the addition of the banners, the Twins acknowledged their retired numbers on the Metrodome's outfield fence. Harmon Killebrew's #3 was the first to be displayed, as it was the only one the team had retired when they moved in. It was joined by Rod Carew's #29 in 1987, Tony Oliva's #6 in 1991, Kent Hrbek's #14 in 1995, and Kirby Puckett's #34 in 1997 before the Twins began hanging the banners to reduce capacity. The championships, meanwhile were marked on the "Baggie" in right field.

text:
Harmon
Killebrew
LF-1B-3B
Retired
May 4, 1975

Tony
Oliva
RF-DH-Coach
Retired July 14, 1991

Tom
Kelly
Manager
Retired September 8, 2012

Kent
Hrbek
1B
Retired August 13, 1995

Bert
Blyleven
P
Retired July 16, 2011

Rod
Carew
1B-2B
Retired July 19, 1987

Kirby
Puckett
CF
Retired May 25, 1997

Jackie
Robinson
All MLB
Honored April 15, 1997

text: In the Metrodome, the numbers ran in that order from left to right. In Target Field, they run from right to left, presumably to allow space for additional numbers in the future. The retired numbers also serve as entry points at Target Field, The center field gate is Gate No. 3, honoring Killebrew, the left field gate is Gate No. 6, honoring Oliva, the home plate gate is Gate No. 14, for Hrbek, the right field gate serves as Gate No. 29, in tribute to Carew, and the plaza gate is known as Gate No. 34, honoring Puckett.

text: The numbers that have been retired hang within Target Field in front of the tower that serves as the Twins' executive offices in left field foul territory. The championships banners have been replaced by small pennants that fly on masts at the back of the left field upper deck. Those pennants, along with the flags flying in the plaza behind right field, serve as a visual cue for the players, suggesting the wind direction and speed.

text: Jackie Robinson's number, 42, was retired by Major League Baseball on April 15, 1997 and formally honored by the Twins on May 23, 1997.[108] Robinson's number was positioned to the left of the Twins numbers in both venues.

text:
Player
Jersey
Position
Date retired

Harmon Killebrew
3
LF-1B-3B: 1954–60 (WAS)
LF-1B-3B: 1961–74 (MIN)
May 4, 1975

Rod Carew
29
1B-2B: 1967–78 (MIN)
July 19, 1987

Tony Oliva
6
RF-DH: 1962–76 (MIN)
Coach: 1976–78 (MIN)
Coach: 1985–91 (MIN)
July 14, 1991

Kent Hrbek
14
1B: 1981–94 (MIN)
August 13, 1995

Jackie Robinson
42
Retired by MLB
April 15, 1997

Kirby Puckett
34
CF: 1984–95 (MIN)
May 25, 1997

Bert Blyleven
28
P: 1970–76 (MIN)
P: 1985–88 (MIN)
July 16, 2011

Tom Kelly
10
Manager: 1986–2001 (MIN)
September 8, 2012

text: Awards[edit]

text: Team records[edit]

text: Team seasons[edit]

text:
Year
Regular Season
Postseason
Result

Wins
Losses
Win %
Finish
Attendance
Attendance per Game
Record
Win %

2001
85
77
.525
2nd – AL Central
1,782,929
22,011
0–0
.000

2002
94
67
.584
1st – AL Central
1,924,473
23,906
4–6
.400
Won ALDS vs Oakland Athletics, 3–2
Lost ALCS to Anaheim Angels, 1–4

2003
90
72
.556
1st – AL Central
1,946,011
24,025
1–3
.250
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 1–3

2004
92
70
.568
1st – AL Central
1,911,490
23,599
1–3
.250
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 1–3

2005
83
79
.512
3rd – AL Central
2,034,243
25,114
0–0
.000

2006
96
66
.593
1st – AL Central
2,285,018
28,210
0–3
.000
Lost ALDS to Oakland Athletics, 0–3

2007
79
83
.488
3rd – AL Central
2,296,347
28,349
0–0
.000

2008
88
75
.540
2nd – AL Central
2,302,611
28,427
0–0
.000

2009
87
76
.534
1st – AL Central
2,416,237
29,466
0–3
.000
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 0–3

2010
94
68
.580
1st – AL Central
3,223,640
39,798
0–3
.000
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 0–3

2011
63
99
.389
5th – AL Central
3,168,107
39,112
0–0
.000

2012
66
96
.407
5th – AL Central
2,776,354
34,275
0–0
.000

2013
66
96
.407
4th – AL Central
2,477,644
30,588
0–0
.000

2014
70
92
.432
5th – AL Central
2,250,606
27,785
0–0
.000

2015
83
79
.521
2nd – AL Central
2,220,054
27,408
0–0
.000

2016
59
103
.364
5th – AL Central
1,963,912
24,246
0–0
.000

2017
85
77
.525
2nd – AL Central
2,051,279
25,324
0–1
.000
Lost AL Wild Card Game (Yankees)

2018
15
17
.469
2nd – AL Central
285,531
20,395
0–0
.000

Total as Twins
4501
4592
.495
 –
 –
 –
25–39
.391
2 World Series Championships

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: In 2007, the Twins took the rights to the broadcasts in-house and created the Twins Radio Network (TRN). With that new network in place the Twins secured a new Metro Affiliate flagship radio station in KSTP (AM 1500). It replaced WCCO (AM 830), which held broadcast rights for the Twins since the team moved to Minneapolis in 1961. For 2013, the Twins moved to FM radio on KTWN-FM 96.3 K-Twin, which is owned by the Pohlad family. The original radio voices of the Twins in 1961 were Ray Scott, Halsey Hall and Bob Wolff. After the first season, Herb Carneal replaced Wolff. Twins TV and radio broadcasts were originally sponsored by the Hamm's Brewing Company. In 2009, Treasure Island Resort & Casino became the first ever naming rights partner for the Twins Radio Network, making the commercial name of TRN the Treasure Island Baseball Network.[111] In 2017, it was announced that WCCO would become the flagship station the Twins again starting in 2018, thus returning the team back to its original station after 11 years.[112]

text: Cory Provus is the current radio play by play announcer,[113] taking over in 2012 for longtime Twins voice John Gordon who retired following the 2011 season.[114] Former Twins OF Dan Gladden serves as color commentator.[115]

text: TRN broadcasts are originated from the studios at Minnesota News Network and Minnesota Farm Networks. Kris Atteberry hosts the pre-game show, the "Lineup Card" and the "Post-game Download" from those studios except when filling in for Provus or Gladden when they are on vacation.

text: On April 1, 2007, Herb Carneal, the radio voice of the Twins for all but one year of their existence, died at his home in Minnetonka, Minnesota after a long battle with a list of illnesses. Carneal is in the broadcasters wing of the Baseball Hall of Fame.[116]

text: The television rights are held by Fox Sports North[117] with Dick Bremer as the play-by-play announcer and former Twin, 2011 National Baseball Hall of Fame inductee,[118] Bert Blyleven as color analyst. They are sometimes joined by Roy Smalley and Jack Morris.[119]

text: Bob Casey was the Twins first public-address announcer starting in 1961 and continuing until his death in 2005. He was well known for his unique delivery and his signature announcements of "No smoking in the Metrodome, either go outside or quit!" (or "go back to Boston", etc.), "Batting 3rd, the center-fielder, No. 34, Kirby Puckett!!!" and asking fans not to 'throw anything or anybody' onto the field.[120]

text: Community activities[edit]

text: Minnesota Twins Community Fund – Play Ball! Minnesota[121]

text: Team and franchise traditions[edit]

text: Fans wave a Homer Hanky to rally the team during play-offs and other crucial games. The Homer Hanky was created by Terrie Robbins of the Star Tribune newspaper in the Twin Cities in 1987. It was her idea to originally give away 60,000 inaugural Homer Hankies. That year, over 2.3 million Homer Hankies were distributed.[122]

text: The party atmosphere of the Twins clubhouse after a win is well-known,[123] the team's players unwinding with loud rock music (usually the choice of the winning pitcher) and video games.[123]

text: The club has several hazing rituals, such as requiring the most junior relief pitcher on the team to carry water and snacks to the bullpen in a brightly colored small child's backpack (Barbie in 2005, SpongeBob SquarePants in 2006, Hello Kitty in 2007, Disney Princess and Tinkerbell in 2009, Chewbacca and Darth Vader in 2010),[123] and many of its players, both past and present, are notorious pranksters.[123] For example, Bert Blyleven earned the nickname "The Frying Dutchman" for his ability to pull the "hotfoot" – which entails crawling under the bench in the dugout and lighting a teammate's shoelaces on fire.[124][125]


document_title: Nosebleed

question_text: where does the blood from nose bleeds come from

root

text: Nosebleed

text: Cause[edit]

text: The causes of nosebleeds can generally be divided into two categories, local and general factors, although a significant number of nosebleeds occur with no obvious cause.

tag: p

text: Local factors[edit]

text:
Blunt trauma (usually a sharp blow to the face such as a punch, sometimes accompanying a nasal fracture)
Foreign bodies (such as fingers during nose-picking)
Inflammatory reaction (e.g. acute respiratory tract infections, chronic sinusitis, rhinitis or environmental irritants)

tag: ul

text: Other possible factors[edit]

text:
Anatomical deformities (e.g. septal spurs or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia)
Insufflated drugs (particularly cocaine)
Intranasal tumors (e.g. nasopharyngeal carcinoma or nasopharyngeal angiofibroma)
Low relative humidity of inhaled air (particularly during cold winter seasons).[3] Evidence to support this however is weak.[4][5]
Nasal cannula O2 (tending to dry the nasal mucosa)
Nasal sprays (particularly prolonged or improper use of nasal steroids)
Middle ear barotrauma (such as from descent in aircraft or ascent in scuba diving)
Surgery (e.g. septoplasty and functional endoscopic sinus surgery)

text: Systemic factors[edit]

text: Most common factors[edit]

text:
Infectious diseases (e.g. common cold)
Hypertension

text: Other possible factors[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Alcohol (due to vasodilation)
Anemia
Blood dyscrasias
Connective tissue disease
Drugs—aspirin, fexofenadine, warfarin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, isotretinoin, desmopressin and others
Envenomation by mambas, taipans, kraits, and death adders
Chronic liver disease—cirrhosis causes deficiency of factor II, VII, IX,& X
Heart failure (due to an increase in venous pressure)
Hematological malignancy (such as leukemia)
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Pregnancy (rare, due to hypertension and hormonal changes)
Vascular disorders
Vitamin C and vitamin K deficiency
Von Willebrand's disease
Hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome), a rare disease that runs in families
Mediastinal compression by tumours (raised venous pressure)
Hemophilia
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

text: Pathophysiology[edit]

text: Nosebleeds are due to the rupture of a blood vessel within the richly perfused nasal mucosa. Rupture may be spontaneous or initiated by trauma. Nosebleeds are reported in up to 60% of the population with peak incidences in those under the age of ten and over the age of 50 and appear to occur in males more than females.[6] An increase in blood pressure (e.g. due to general hypertension) tends to increase the duration of spontaneous epistaxis.[7] Anticoagulant medication and disorders of blood clotting can promote and prolong bleeding. Spontaneous epistaxis is more common in the elderly as the nasal mucosa (lining) becomes dry and thin and blood pressure tends to be higher. The elderly are also more prone to prolonged nose bleeds as their blood vessels are less able to constrict and control the bleeding.

text: The vast majority of nose bleeds occur in the anterior (front) part of the nose from the nasal septum. This area is richly endowed with blood vessels (Kiesselbach's plexus). This region is also known as Little's area. Bleeding farther back in the nose is known as a posterior bleed and is usually due to bleeding from Woodruff's plexus, a venous plexus situated in the posterior part of inferior meatus.[8] Posterior bleeds are often prolonged and difficult to control. They can be associated with bleeding from both nostrils and with a greater flow of blood into the mouth.[6]

text: Sometimes blood flowing from other sources of bleeding passes through the nasal cavity and exits the nostrils. It is thus blood coming from the nose but is not a true nosebleed, that is, not truly originating from the nasal cavity. Such bleeding is called pseudoepistaxis (pseudo + epistaxis). Examples include blood coughed up through the airway and ending up in the nasal cavity, then dripping out.

text: Treatment[edit]

text: The flow of blood normally stops when the blood clots, which may be encouraged by direct pressure applied by pinching the soft fleshy part of the nose. This applies pressure to Little's area (Kiesselbach's area), the source of the majority of nose bleeds, and promotes clotting. Pressure should be firm and be applied for at least five minutes and up to 20 minutes; tilting the head forward helps decrease the chance of nausea and airway obstruction.[6] Swallowing excess blood can irritate the stomach and cause vomiting.

text: Medications[edit]

text: The local application of a vasoconstrictive agent has been shown to reduce the bleeding time in benign cases of epistaxis. The drugs oxymetazoline or phenylephrine are widely available in over-the-counter nasal sprays for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, and they may be used for this purpose.[9]

text: Procedures[edit]

text: If these simple measures do not work then medical intervention may be needed to stop bleeding. The use of silver nitrate to cauterize bleeding blood vessels is common but not very useful for those with more than mild bleeding.[10] It is also often painful even when freezing is used.[11]

text: There are two types of nasal packing, anterior nasal packing and posterior nasal packing.[12] There are a number of different types of anterior nasal packs. Some use gauze and others use balloons.[12] Posterior packing can be achieved by using a Foley catheter, blowing up the balloon when it is in the back of the throat, and applying traction.[12] Ribbon gauze or Merocel packing can also be used.[12] There are also several dissolvable packing materials, such as surgicel that function as a pack but are not removed and dissolve after a few days. Packing is generally left in for two to five days.[13]

text: Ongoing bleeding despite good nasal packing is a surgical emergency and can be treated by endoscopic evaluation of the nasal cavity under general anaesthesia to identify an elusive bleeding point or to directly ligate (tie off) the blood vessels supplying the nose. These blood vessels include the sphenopalatine, anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries. More rarely the maxillary or a branch of the external carotid artery can be ligated. The bleeding can also be stopped by intra-arterial embolization using a catheter placed in the groin and threaded up the aorta to the bleeding vessel by an interventional radiologist.[14] There is no difference in outcomes between embolization and ligation as treatment options, but embolization is considerably more expensive.[15] Continued bleeding may be an indication of more serious underlying conditions.[14]

text: Other[edit]

text: The utility of local cooling of the head and neck is controversial.[16] Some state that applying ice to the nose or forehead is not useful.[17][18] Others feel that it may promote vasoconstriction of the nasal blood vessels and thus be useful.[19]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Application of a topical antibiotic ointment to the nasal mucosa has been shown to be an effective treatment for recurrent epistaxis.[20] One study found it as effective as nasal cautery in the prevention of recurrent epistaxis in people without active bleeding at the time of treatment—both had a success rate of approximately 50 percent.[21]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: In the visual language of Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime), a sudden, violent nosebleed indicates that the bleeding person is sexually aroused.[22][23] Separately in Western fiction, nosebleeds often signify intense mental focus or effort, particularly during the use of psychic powers.[24][25]

text: In American and Canadian usage, "nosebleed section" or "nosebleed seats" are common slang for seating at sporting or other spectator events that are the highest up and farthest away from the event. The reference alludes to the propensity for nasal hemorrhage at high altitudes, usually owing to lower barometric pressure.

text: The oral history of the Native American Sioux tribe includes reference to women who experience nosebleeds as a result of a lover's playing of music, implying sexual arousal.[26]

text: In Finnish language, "begging for a nosebleed" is commonly used in abstract meaning to describe self-destructive behaviour, for example ignoring safety procedures or deliberately aggravating stronger parties.[27]

text: In Filipino slang, to "have a nosebleed" is to have serious difficulty conversing in English with a fluent or native English speaker. It can also refer to anxiety brought on by a stressful event such as an examination or a job interview.[28]

text: In the Dutch language, "pretending to have a nosebleed" is a saying that means pretending not to know anything about something, when actually being involved somehow.

text: Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

text: The word epistaxis (/ˌɛpɪˈstæksɪs/) is from Greek: ἐπιστάζω epistazo, "to bleed from the nose" from ἐπί epi, "above, over" and στάζω stazo, "to drip [from the nostrils]".


document_title: The Fly (1958 film)

question_text: who played the fly in the original movie

text: The Fly (1958 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Montreal, Canada, scientist André Delambre (David Hedison) is found dead with his head and arm crushed in a hydraulic press. Although his wife Hélène (Patricia Owens) confesses to the crime, she refuses to provide a motive, and begins acting strangely. In particular, she is obsessed with flies, including a supposedly white-headed fly. André's brother, François (Vincent Price), lies and says he caught the white-headed fly; and, thinking he knows the truth, Hélène explains the circumstances surrounding André's death.

text: In flashback, André, Hélène, and their son Philippe (Charles Herbert) are a happy family. André has been working on a matter transporter device called the disintegrator-integrator. He initially tests it only on small inanimate objects, such as a newspaper, but he then proceeds to living creatures, including the family's pet cat (which fails to reintegrate, but can be heard meowing somewhere) and a guinea pig. After he is satisfied that these tests are succeeding, he builds a man-sized pair of chambers. One day, Hélène, worried because André has not come up from the basement lab for a couple of days, goes down to find André with a black cloth over his head and a strange deformity on his left hand. Communicating with typed notes only, André tells Hélène that he tried to transport himself but that a fly was caught in the chamber with him, which resulted in the mixing of their atoms. Now, he has the head and left arm of a fly; and the fly has his miniature head and left arm, though he keeps his mind.

text: André needs Hélène to capture the fly so he can reverse the process. Although she expends great effort in her search, she cannot find it and André's will begins to fade as the fly's instincts take over his brain. Time is running out, and while André can still think like a human, he smashes the equipment, burns his notes, and leads Hélène to the factory. When they arrive, he sets the hydraulic press and motions for Hélène to push the button. She activates the press twice - once to crush his head and once to crush his left arm.

text: Upon hearing this confession, the chief detective on the case, Inspector Charas (Herbert Marshall), deems Hélène insane and guilty of murder. As they are about to haul her away, Philippe tells François he's seen the fly trapped in a web in the back garden. François convinces the inspector to come and see for himself. The two men see the fly, trapped in the web, with both André's head and arm. It screams "Help me! Help me!" as a large brown spider advances on it. Just as the spider is about to devour the creature, Charas crushes them both with a rock. Knowing that nobody would believe the truth, he and François decide to declare André's death a suicide so that Hélène is not convicted of murder. In the end, Hélène, François, and Philippe resume their daily lives, Sometime later, Philippe and Hélène are playing croquet in the yard. François arrives to take his nephew to the zoo. In reply to his nephew's query about his father's death, François tells Philippe, "He was searching for the truth. But for one instant, he was careless. The search for the truth is the most important work in the whole world and the most dangerous". The film closes with Hélène escorting her son and François out of the yard.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
David Hedison (credited as Al Hedison) as André Delambre
Patricia Owens as Hélène Delambre
Vincent Price as François Delambre
Herbert Marshall as Inspector Charas
Kathleen Freeman as Emma
Betty Lou Gerson as Nurse Anderson
Charles Herbert as Philippe Delambre
Eugene Borden as Dr. Éjoute
Torben Meyer as Gaston

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)

text: Though uncredited on-screen, the film was produced by Robert L. Lippert, head of Fox's subsidiary B-movie studio Regal Pictures, which produced the film and was originally slated to distribute it before Fox decided to release it under their more prestigious "20th Century Fox" label.[2][7]. Lippert hired James Clavell to adapt George Langelaan's short story on the strength of a previous sci-fi spec script which the studio had bought but never produced.[2] It would become Clavell's first filmed screenplay. The adaptation remained largely faithful to Langelaan's story, apart from moving its setting from France to Canada, and crafting a happier ending by eliminating Hélène's suicide.[8]

text: Lippert tried to cast Michael Rennie and Rick Jason in the role of André Delambre, before settling on then mostly-unknown David Hedison (billed as "Al Hedison" on-screen.)[2] Hedison's "Fly" costume featured a twenty-pound fly's head, about which he said: "Trying to act in it was like trying to play the piano with boxing gloves on".[9] Hedison was never happy with the makeup, but Makeup Director Ben Nye Sr. remained very positive about his work, writing years later that despite doing many subsequent science fiction films, "I never did anything as sophisticated or original as The Fly".[10]

text: Years later, Vincent Price recalled the cast finding some levity during the filming: "We were playing this kind of philosophical scene, and every time that little voice [of the fly] would say ‘Help me! Help me!’ we would just scream with laughter. It was terrible. It took us about 20 takes to finally get it".[10]

text: Sources vary as to the budget, with one source giving it as $350,000,[11] another as $325,000 [2] and others as high as $495,000[3]. The shoot lasted 18 days in total.[10] Lippert said the budget was $480,000.[12]

text: It was photographed in 20th Century Fox's trademarked CinemaScope and Color by Deluxe. A $28,000 laboratory set was constructed from army surplus equipment.[11]

text: The Fly was released in July 1958 by 20th Century Fox as a double feature with Space Master X-7. Director Kurt Neumann died only a few weeks after its premier, never realizing he had made the biggest hit of his career.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Fly received mixed-to-positive reviews upon its initial release, with critic Ivan Butler calling it "the most ludicrous, and certainly one of the most revolting science-horror films ever perpetrated," and Carlos Clarens offering some praise for the effects but concluding that the film "collapses under the weight of many... questions".[2] New York Times critic Howard Thompson was more positive, writing "It does indeed contain, briefly, two of the most sickening sights one casual swatter-wielder ever beheld on the screen... Otherwise, believe it or not, "The Fly" happens to be one of the better, more restrained entries of the "shock" school... Even with the laboratory absurdities, it holds an interesting philosophy about man's tampering with the unknown."[13]

text: Modern criticism has been more uniformly positive. Cinefantastique's Steve Biodrowski declared, "the film, though hardly a masterpiece, stands in many ways above the level of B-movie science fiction common in the 1950s."[10] Critic Steven H. Scheuer praised it as a "superior science-fiction thriller with a literate script for a change, plus good production effects and capable performances."[10] Culture Mag writer Christopher Stewardson gave the film 3.5/5.[14] The Fly was nominated for the 1959 Hugo Award for Best SF or Fantasy Movie at the 17th World Science Fiction Convention. It holds a 95% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes,[15] The film has also received four out of five stars on Allmovie.

text: Box Office[edit]

text: The film was a commercial success, grossing $3 million at the domestic box office[4] against a budget of less than $500,000,[3] and becoming one of the biggest hits of the year for Fox studios.[2][10] It earned $1.7 million in theatrical rentals.[16] Lippert claimed it earned $4 million.[12]

text: The film's financial success had the side-effect of boosting co-star Vincent Price (whose previous filmography featured only scattered forays into genre film) into a major horror star. Price himself was positive about the film, saying, decades later, "I thought THE FLY was a wonderful film – entertaining and great fun."[10]

text: American Film Institute Lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills - Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Help me! Help me!" - Nominated

text: Sequels and remake[edit]

text: The film spawned two sequels, Return of the Fly in 1959 and Curse of the Fly in 1965. There was also a remake of the same name in 1986 directed by David Cronenberg, which itself had a sequel, 1989's The Fly II.[8]


document_title: 2013 AFL Grand Final

question_text: when did the dockers play in the grand final

text: 2013 AFL Grand Final

text: Background[edit]

text: Hawthorn entered the 2013 season having lost the 2012 Grand Final to Sydney, and for most of the season was seen as the favourites for the premiership.[2] After losing to Geelong in Round 1, Hawthorn compiled a 12-match winning streak, until this streak was ended with another loss to Geelong in Round 15. The club's only other loss came against Richmond in Round 19, and it finished with a record of 19–3 to win the minor premiership for the second consecutive year. They defeated Sydney in the qualifying final by 54 points and earned a week off. They ended an 11-match losing streak against Geelong (dating back to 2008) to win by five points in the preliminary final. The match was Hawthorn's third grand final appearance in six years.

text: Fremantle entered the 2013 season having come off a semi-final loss to Adelaide in the previous year's finals series. After winning their first two matches of the season by 28 points, the Dockers lost back-to-back matches against Essendon and Hawthorn to be 2–2 after Round 4 – this was the only time they lost consecutive matches during the season. Fremantle recorded its largest ever victory when they defeated Greater Western Sydney in Round 20, then, with a finals berth guaranteed, Ross Lyon rested half of his regular side ahead of its final regular season match against St Kilda; the result was a 71-point defeat, which marked the worst defeat in Lyon's coaching career. The team finished third at the end of the home-and-away season, and compiled a club-best record of 16–5–1. They unexpectedly defeated Geelong in Geelong by 15 points in the first week of the finals (an upset that is still regarded by many as the greatest victory in the teams history), which earnt them a week off and a home preliminary final. Fremantle  defeated the reigning premiers, Sydney, by 25 points in the preliminary final. The match was Fremantle's first grand final in its history.

text: The two teams met once during the regular season, in Round 4 at Aurora Stadium; Hawthorn won by 42 points.

text: Media Coverage[edit]

text: The match was televised by the Seven Network. The primary match commentary was provided by Bruce McAvaney and Dennis Cometti.

text: Pre-match entertainment[edit]

text: Two Australian bands, Birds of Tokyo and Hunters & Collectors performed before the game and at half time, respectively.  The Australian national anthem was sung by Tina Arena.[3]

text: Match summary[edit]

text: First quarter[edit]

text: Fremantle won the coin toss and chose to kick towards the City End of the MCG in the first quarter. However, it was Hawthorn who got off to a good start, with Jack Gunston kicking the first goal before Lance Franklin kicked the Hawks' second after Luke McPharlin gave away a 50-metre penalty for stepping over the mark. Hawthorn then had a few chances to extend their margin, however a rushed behind, combined with missed opportunities by Shaun Burgoyne and Isaac Smith, had little influence on the scoreboard. Meanwhile, Fremantle were held goalless in the opening quarter with Hayden Ballantyne and Nick Suban missing relatively easy shots on goal whilst Nathan Fyfe missed two shots completely with both going out on the full. At quarter time, the Hawks had a 12 point lead.

text: Second quarter[edit]

text: Hawthorn started off the quarter strongly, taking a stranglehold of the game against the Dockers. Jack Gunston kicked his second goal on the run from just inside 50 before Cyril Rioli through his manic forward pressure, got himself on the board after catching Lee Spurr for holding the ball, taking the Hawks to a massive 24 point lead. Finally at the 12 minute mark, Tendai Mzungu kicked the Dockers' first goal, before Ryan Crowley kicked yet another behind for Fremantle. This was quickly followed by Jack Gunston slotting his third goal after outpositioning Fremantle's Zac Dawson. The two teams then exchanged behinds with Rioli and Brad Sewell for Hawthorn and Matthew Pavlich and Nat Fyfe for Fremantle all registering minor scores as Hawthorn enjoyed a 23 point lead at half time. Fremantle’s first half score of 1.6 (12) was the lowest in a grand final since 1960.[4]

text: Third quarter[edit]

text: After failing to capitalise on their chances in the first half, Fremantle began a comeback in the third quarter. Within a minute, Fremantle captain Matthew Pavlich kicked his first goal, however this was later cancelled out by a goal to Jarryd Roughead. This was followed by 3 goals in succession to Femantle with goals to Pavlich, Michael Walters, a massive 55 metre set shot bomb from Chris Mayne and a behind from David Mundy to take the Dockers within 3 points of the Hawks. The Hawks tried to respond with a flurry of their own, however missed opportunities to Roughead and Cyril Rioli only made little difference to the margin. Roughead later managed to kick his second goal after he was pushed in the back, but Fremantle replied as behinds to Stephen Hill and Michael Barlow and Walters kicking his second goal once again allowed them to close within 3 points. Moments later, Hawthorn replied again as Jack Gunston kicked his fourth goal. Gunston then has another opportunity through a set shot but misses it to the right as the Hawks entered the three-quarter-time break ten points ahead.[5]

text: Final quarter[edit]

text: As much as the majority of the 3rd quarter was dominated by Fremantle, the first half of the fourth quarter was dominated by the Hawks as they booted 3 unanswered goals to take themselves to a match winning 31 point lead. Jarryd Roughead missed a shot with his snap going wide before Isaac Smith slotted a massive goal from a set shot 55 metres out in similar fashion to Chris Mayne’s goal in the third quarter. Additional goals to Luke Breust and Bradley Hill and behinds from Roughead and Lance Franklin put the result beyond doubt, stretching their lead to 31 points. During Hawthorn’s period of dominance, Brian Lake, a recently recruited defender from the Western Bulldogs, was instrumental in shutting down Fremantle’s attacks, taking two critical contested marks from opposing kicks, to help his team to victory. Fremantle tried hard to make a final comeback with two late goals to Danyle Pearce and Matthew Pavlich to give the Dockers some hope. However, Fremantle’s inability on the day to convert their opportunities was summed up as Hayden Ballantyne and Pavlich missed two crucial shots on goal, whereas another opportunity was rushed through for a behind. Fremantle then had one last opportunity to get themselves back into the game. With 90 seconds remaining, Ryan Crowley had a running shot on goal in an open paddock which would’ve bought the Dockers to within 2 kicks of the Hawks, however, he was run down and tackled by Ben Stratton with the ensuing kick missing to the right. Hawthorn were then able to hold on to the win the grand final by 15 points, avenging their grand final loss the previous year.[6]

text: Overall report[edit]

text: Hawthorn led the match from start to finish, but were outplayed for significant periods. It is the only grand final which Champion Data have assessed as having been won by the poorer side on the day, as Fremantle were left to rue their opportunities they were unable to convert.[7]

text: 2013 remains the only time the Fremantle Dockers have appeared in an AFL Grand Final since joining the league in 1995 (and hence the closest they have come to an AFL Premiership).  Two years later in 2015, Fremantle won the minor premiership for finishing on top of the AFL ladder at the end of the home & away season, but they failed to convert that achievement into another grand final appearance, losing to Hawthorn in the Preliminary Final.[6]

text: Norm Smith Medal[edit]

text: Brian Lake took ten marks of which seven were intercept marks to repel the Dockers attack. He took two crucial marks in the final quarter which sealed his Norm Smith Medal win. Lake finished with 12 votes, just edging out teammate Jack Gunston with 11 votes who was also crucial on the day with his straight kicking, booting 4 goals. David Mundy polled 4 votes, while Luke Hodge and Nat Fyfe polled 2 and 1 votes respectively.[8] He subsequently accepted a four match suspension for deliberately elbowing opponent Michael Walters in the jaw during the third quarter, making him the first Norm Smith Medalist to have committed a reportable offence during a match.[9]

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Hawthorn Football Club

B:

24 Ben Stratton

17 Brian Lake

18 Brent Guerra

HB:

9 Shaun Burgoyne

6 Josh Gibson

14 Grant Birchall

C:

16 Isaac Smith

5 Sam Mitchell

3 Jordan Lewis

HF:

22 Luke Breust

23 Lance Franklin

33 Cyril Rioli

F:

28 Paul Puopolo

2 Jarryd Roughead

20 David Hale

Foll:

39 Max Bailey

12 Brad Sewell

15 Luke Hodge (c)

Int:

26 Liam Shiels

19 Jack Gunston

10 Bradley Hill

32 Jonathan Simpkin (sub)

Coach:

Alastair Clarkson

Fremantle Football Club

B:

41 Paul Duffield

3 Zac Dawson

37 Michael Johnson

HB:

6 Danyle Pearce

18 Luke McPharlin

34 Lee Spurr

C:

13 Tendai Mzungu

15 Ryan Crowley

16 David Mundy

HF:

7 Nathan Fyfe

23 Chris Mayne

33 Cameron Sutcliffe

F:

10 Michael Walters

29 Matthew Pavlich (c)

30 Zac Clarke

Foll:

31 Aaron Sandilands

9 Matt de Boer

32 Stephen Hill

Int:

1 Hayden Ballantyne

8 Nick Suban

21 Michael Barlow

27 Lachie Neale (sub)

Coach:

Ross Lyon

text: The umpiring panel for the grand final comprised nine match day umpires and three emergencies. Among the umpires were four grand final debutants: field umpire Mathew Nicholls, boundary umpires Michael Marantelli and Michael Saunders, and goal umpire Adam Wojcik.[10]

text:
2013 AFL Grand Final umpires

Position
Umpire 1
Umpire 2
Umpire 3
Umpire 4

Emergency

Field:

8 Brett Rosebury (6)

15 Mathew Nicholls (1)

21 Simon Meredith (2)

9 Matt Stevic

Boundary:

Nathan Doig (2)

Robert Haala (2)

Michael Marantelli (1)

Michael Saunders (1)

Matthew Tomkins

Goal:

Luke Walker (5)

Adam Wojcik (1)

Chris Appleton

text: Numbers in brackets represent the number of grand finals umpired; this number includes 2013 and does not include times selected as an emergency umpire.

text: Scorecard[edit]

text:
Grand Final

Saturday, 28 September (2:30 pm)

Hawthorn

def.

Fremantle

 MCG (crowd: 100,007)

Report

2.3 (15)5.5 (35)8.8 (56) 11.11 (77)

Q1Q2Q3 Final

0.3 (3)1.6 (12)6.10 (46) 8.14 (62)

Umpires: Brett Rosebury, Mathew Nicholls, Simon Meredith Norm Smith Medal: Brian Lake Television broadcast: Seven Network National anthem: Tina Arena

Gunston 4 Roughead 2 Franklin, Rioli, Smith, Breust, Hill 1

Goals

3 Pavlich2 Walters1 Mzungu, Mayne, Pearce

  Lake, Gunston, Lewis, Rioli, Hodge, Birchall

Best

  Mundy, Fyfe, Crowley, Johnson, Barlow

  Nil

Injuries

  Nil

Lake - Striking; Rioli - Rough conduct

Reports

Suban - Misconduct

text: Tribunal[edit]

text: The following Monday, the Match Review Panel adjudicated on two offences incurred by Hawthorn's Brian Lake and Cyril Rioli, both of which carried the double points loading of due to being incurred during a grand final.  The third offence of misconduct against Fremantle's Nick Suban was referred directly to the Tribunal for assessment, which determined the incident was improper but not grievous. Suban pleaded guilty to the incident and apologized for what he felt to be an accident.

text:
Player

Charge

Penalty

Nick Suban, Fremantle

Unreasonable and unnecessary contact to the face of Sam Mitchell, Hawthorn, in the 1st Quarter.[11]

Referred to the Tribunal. Suban pleaded guilty; suspended one match.[12]

Cyril Rioli, Hawthorn

Rough conduct (chicken-wing tackle) against Michael Barlow, Fremantle, in the 3rd Quarter.[11]

Pled guilty; suspended one match.[13]

Brian Lake, Hawthorn

Striking Michael Walters, Fremantle, in the 3rd Quarter.[11]

Pled guilty; suspended three matches.[13]


document_title: United States presidential line of succession

question_text: who gets the presidency after the speaker of the house

text: Current order[edit]

text: The current presidential order of succession is as follows:[4]

text:
Key
Eligible Democrat (D)

Eligible Republican (R)

Eligible Independent (I)

Eligible unknown

Not eligible

text:
No.
Office
Current officer

1
Vice President
Mike Pence (R)

2
Speaker of the House of Representatives
Paul Ryan (R)

3
President pro tempore of the Senate
Orrin Hatch (R)

4
Secretary of State
Rex Tillerson (R)

5
Secretary of the Treasury
Steven Mnuchin (R)

6
Secretary of Defense
Jim Mattis (I)

7
Attorney General
Jeff Sessions (R)

8
Secretary of the Interior
Ryan Zinke (R)

9
Secretary of Agriculture
Sonny Perdue (R)

10
Secretary of Commerce
Wilbur Ross (R)

11
Secretary of Labor
Alex Acosta (R)

12
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Eric Hargan (R)[a]
Acting

13
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Ben Carson (R)

–
Secretary of Transportation
Elaine Chao (R)[b]

14
Secretary of Energy
Rick Perry (R)

15
Secretary of Education
Betsy DeVos (R)

16
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
David Shulkin (I)

17
Secretary of Homeland Security
Kirstjen Nielsen (I)

Jump up ^ This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession. See Acting officers below.
Jump up ^ Not a natural-born citizen (acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization) and thus ineligible for the Presidency.

text: Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department's creation or the department of which their department is the successor (the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War, and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare).[a]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: Eligibility requirements[edit]

text: To be eligible to serve as President, a person must be a natural-born U.S. citizen, at least 35 years of age, and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years. These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (3 U.S.C. § 19(e)).

text: Acting officers[edit]

text: Acting officers may be eligible. In 2009, the Continuity of Government Commission, a private non-partisan think tank, reported,

text: The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation. The 1886 Act refers to "such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named..." The current act merely refers to "officers appointed, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." Read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post (even for example, the second or third in command within a department). It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office. Though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. (We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession.)[5]

text: Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945[edit]

text: Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency.[6]

text: The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President, while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials. The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives, and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker, though this is not technically a requirement; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position. The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line, ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established.

text: In his speech supporting the changes, Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate. The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation. However, when the changes to the succession were signed into law, they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President.[7]

text: Some of Truman's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then-current holder of the latter rank, Senator Kenneth McKellar.[8] Further motivation may have been provided by Truman's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession, rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr.[7]

text: Constitutional provisions[edit]

text: The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution:

text:
Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve. The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (3 U.S.C. § 19).
Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President-elect dies before his term begins, the Vice President-elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President-elect was elected. The section also provides that if, on Inauguration Day, a president has not been chosen or the President-elect does not qualify for the presidency, the Vice President-elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President-elect qualifies. Finally, Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect is eligible or available to serve.
The 25th Amendment, ratified in 1967, clarified Article II, Section 1: that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President. He or she becomes President if the President dies, resigns or is removed from office. The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled, such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit.
The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession, by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress. Previously, whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty (through death, resignation, or removal from office), the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began.

text: Acting President and President[edit]

text: Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that:

text: In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed, or a President elected.

text: This originally left open the question whether "the same" refers to "the said office" or only "the powers and duties of the said office." Some historians, including Edward Corwin[9] and John D. Feerick,[9] have argued that the framers' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency; however, there is also much evidence to the contrary, the most compelling of which is Article I, section 3, of the Constitution itself, the relevant text of which reads:

text:
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse  [sic] their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.

text: This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession. Thus, the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent, apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability.[original research?] Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested, and it was left to Vice President John Tyler, the first presidential successor in U.S. history, to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment.

text: Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation, Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office. However, some contempories—including John Quincy Adams,[9][10] Henry Clay[11] and other members of Congress[10][11] Whig party leaders[11] and even Tyler's own cabinet[10][11]—believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself.

text: Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, mail addressed to the "Acting President of the United States" sent by his detractors.[12] Tyler's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title "President,"[11] and this precedent was followed thereafter. The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment, which specifies that "In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President." The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances. The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President.

text: History of succession law set by Congress[edit]

text: Presidential Succession Act 1792[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1792

text: The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress. The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, who had become the leader of the Democratic-Republicans, to follow the Vice President in the succession. There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line. The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President, followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

text: In either case, these officers were to "act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected." The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred (unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October, in which case the election would occur the following year; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term, in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled). The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four-year term beginning on March 4 of the next year, but no such election ever took place.

text: Presidential Succession Act 1886[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1886

text: In 1881, after the death of President Garfield, and in 1885, after the death of Vice President Hendricks, there had been no President pro tempore in office, and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene, no Speaker either,[13] leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president. When Congress convened in December 1885, President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act, which was passed in 1886. Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line. In the first 100 years of the United States, six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President, while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office. As a result, changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable.[citation needed]

text: Presidential Succession Act 1947[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1947

text: The Presidential Succession Act of 1947, signed into law by President Harry S. Truman, added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line, but switched the two from the 1792 order. It remains the sequence used today[update]. Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department (which governed the Army) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense, the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War. The office of Secretary of the Navy, which had existed as a Cabinet-level position since 1798, had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization, and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act.

text: Postmaster General removed 1971[edit]

text: Until 1971, the Postmaster General, the head of the Post Office Department, was a member of the Cabinet, initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added. Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch, the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession.[14]

text: Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006[edit]

text: The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002. On March 9, 2006, pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub.L. 109–177, the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession. The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established. Despite custom, many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list – below the Attorney General, above the Secretary of the Interior, and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense – because the Secretary, already in charge of disaster relief and security, would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries.[citation needed] Despite this, the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the "Secretary of Homeland Security" follows the "Secretary of Veterans Affairs" in the succession, effectively at the end of the list.[15]

text: Successions beyond Vice President[edit]

text: While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President, and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President, no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President. On March 4, 1849, President Zachary Taylor's term began, but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday, citing religious beliefs, and the Vice President was not sworn either. As the last President pro tempore of the Senate, David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President, and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day. However, Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either, and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired.[16][17]

text: In 1865, when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln, the office of Vice President became vacant. At that time, the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency. In 1868, Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate, and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office, Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President. This posed a conflict of interest, as Wade's "guilty" vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties. (Johnson was acquitted by a one-vote margin.)

text: In his book The Shadow Presidents, which he published in 1979, Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election, when the First World War was raging in Europe. In view of the contemporary international turmoil, President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away, instead of waiting through the lame duck period, which at that time had a duration of almost four months. President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear. The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State. Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign, and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession, Hughes would become President immediately. As it happened, President Wilson won re-election, so the plan was never put into action.[18]

text: Since the 25th Amendment's ratification, its Second Section, which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above, has been invoked twice.

text: During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy, House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line. As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon's removal or resignation possible, Albert would have become Acting President and—under Title 3, Section 19(c) of the U.S. Code—would have been able to "act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term" on January 20, 1977. Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him, a Democrat, to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican. Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties, he would do so only as a caretaker. However, with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency, which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty-fifth Amendment was invoked, these series of events were never tested. Albert again became first-in-line during the first four months of Ford's Presidency, before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller,[citation needed] which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment was invoked.

text: In 1981, when President Ronald Reagan was shot, Vice President George H. W. Bush was traveling in Texas. Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter's question regarding who was running the government by stating:

text: Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the President, the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order, and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.[19]

text: A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig's remarks. Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority, due to his implied reference to the Constitution. Haig and his supporters, noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon's resignation, said he only meant that he was the highest-ranking officer of the Executive branch on-site, managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington.[citation needed]

text: Constitutional concerns[edit]

text: Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency.[20] James Madison, one of the authors of the Constitution, raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton.[21] Two of these issues can be summarized:

text:
The term "Officer" in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an "Officer of the United States", who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch. The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense.
Under the principle of separation of powers, the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch. For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President, they must resign their position, at which point they are no longer in the line of succession. This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox. However, the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President "upon his resignation as Speaker" and as a member of Congress,[22] allowing for a seamless transition.

text: In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has "at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention", specifically:[23]

text:
The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. In the event of a nuclear, chemical, or biological attack, it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated.
Doubt (such as those expressed above by James Madison) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President.
A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the "largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest-serving Senator of the majority party". For example, from January 20, 2001, to June 6, 2001, the President pro tempore was then-98-year-old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.
A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term, as the President, Speaker, and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other.
A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments, without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary.
The fact that, should a Cabinet member begin to act as President, the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker (or the Senate, a new President pro tempore), who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time.
The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant (for example, if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President).

tag: ol