document_title: Kristian Schmid

question_text: who plays mick jennings in home and away

text: Kristian Schmid

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Kristian Schmid

Born
Kristian Schmid
(1974-11-28) 28 November 1974 (age 43)
Geelong, Australia

Occupation
Actor

Years active
1987–present

Spouse(s)
Deborah Clay (2003-present)

Children
1

text: Kristian Schmid (born 28 November 1974) is an Australian actor best known for his roles as Todd Landers in Neighbours, and Leading Seaman Robert Dixon in Sea Patrol.

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Schmid was born in Geelong, Australia to Hungarian parents, and is best known for playing Todd Landers in the Australian soap opera Neighbours. He played Leading Seaman Robert Dixon on the prime-time Nine Network drama, Sea Patrol, starring in all five seasons of the show.

text: He also had a recurring role on Packed to the Rafters as Alex, who has cerebral palsy.

text: After Neighbours, he appeared as Adam Newman in the 1990s remake of The Tomorrow People. While on a four-year work permit in the UK he made appearances on several UK television shows as well as the plays The Lion in Winter and Laura.

text: He has performed in two versions of the play Two Weeks with the Queen by Morris Gleitzman. The first time was for the BBC in London and the second was for the Windmill Theatre Company in 2006.

text: He has performed in three versions of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream and numerous pantomimes in the UK with Richard Cheshire.

text: In 2002, Schmid played Brad in the film Scooby-Doo and Danny in the Australian film Blurred, about Schoolies week.[1]

text: He played a newspaper journalist in the Foxtel comedy Stupid Stupid Man and has appeared on several Australian television dramas including Blue Heelers and All Saints.

text: Schmid appears on the Channel Nine Show 20 to 1, hosted by Bert Newton.

text: From May 2016, Schmid began playing Mick Jennings on Home and Away.[2]


document_title: New England Patriots

question_text: when did the patriots win their first superbowl

root

text: New England Patriots

text: Franchise history

text: On November 16, 1959, Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League (AFL). The following winter, locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team's official name. The most popular choice – and the one that Sullivan selected – was the "Boston Patriots," with "Patriots" referring to those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation. Immediately thereafter, artist Phil Bissell of The Boston Globe developed the "Pat Patriot" logo.[6]

tag: p

text: The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL, and they never had a regular home stadium. Nickerson Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League. They played in only one AFL championship game, following the 1963 season, in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51–10. They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years.[6]

text: When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970, the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference (AFC) East division, where they still play today.[6] The following year, the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which would serve as their home for the next 30 years. As a result of the move, they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots.[5] The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22, 1971, the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England.[6]

text: During the 1970s, the Patriots had some success, earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976—as a wild card team—and in 1978—as AFC East champions. They lost in the first round both times. In 1985, they returned to the playoffs, and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX, which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46–10. Following their Super Bowl loss, they returned to the playoffs in 1986, but lost in the first round. The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years. During the 1990 season, the Patriots went 1–15. They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years, being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988, who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992. Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis, Missouri (where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions), but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft.[6]

text: Though Orthwein's period as owner was short and controversial, he did oversee major changes to the team, first with the hiring of former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells in 1993. Orthwein and his marketing team also commissioned the NFL to develop a new visual identity and logo, and changed their primary colors from the traditional red, white and blue to blue and silver for the team uniforms.[7] Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances, including Super Bowl XXXI, which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35–21. Pete Carroll, Parcells's successor, would also take the team to the playoffs twice in 1997 & 1998 before being dismissed as head coach after the 1999 season.[6]

text: The Patriots' current coach, Bill Belichick, was hired in 2000, and a new home field, Gillette Stadium, was opened in 2002. Under Belichick, the team won three Super Bowls in four years (2001, 2003, and 2004). The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16–0 record, becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season, and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games.[6] After advancing to Super Bowl XLII, the team's fourth Super Bowl in seven years, the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19–0 season. With the loss, the Patriots ended the year at 18–1, becoming only one of three teams to go 18–1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears. The Patriots' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants, 21–17.[8] In 2015, they won Super Bowl XLIX, defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28–24.[9] The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016–17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI,[10] which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory,[11] tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history, 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime.[12]

text: Season-by-season records

text: Records

text:
All-time Patriots leaders

Leader
Player
Record number
Years played for Patriots

Passing[13]
Tom Brady
64,123 passing yards
2000–present

Rushing[14]
Sam Cunningham
5,453 rushing yards
1973–1982

Receiving[15]
Stanley Morgan
10,352 receiving yards
1977–1989

Scoring[16]
Stephen Gostkowski
1,537 points
2006–present

Coaching wins[17]
Bill Belichick
280 wins
2000–present

tag: table

text: Rivalries

text: In terms of number of games played, the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division. This includes the current teams, the New York Jets, the Miami Dolphins, and the Buffalo Bills, as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts. Among those, however, a few run deeper than others.[citation needed]

text: New York Jets

text: The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets.[19] The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division (what is now the AFC East) since both teams' foundings in 1960, and have played each other at least twice a year since then.[20] The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996, when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll.[20] Four years later Carroll was fired, and Parcells's assistant, Bill Belichick, resigned the day he was named the Jets' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots.[21] Six years after that, Eric Mangini, an assistant under Belichick, became the head coach of the Jets.[22]

text: Bill Belichick achieved his 200th career head coaching win (regular season and playoffs) on November 22, 2012, defeating the Jets 49–19; it was his 163rd such win as Patriots coach.[23] The Patriots defeated the Jets in Week seven of the 2015 season by a score of 30–23, to give them a 6–0 record to date. [24]

text: Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts

text: The Patriots rivalry with the Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ran through the two clubs' tenure together in the AFC East (1970–2001). The two clubs clashed in several close games, such as on December 19, 1971, as a late Patriots touchdown decided a 21–17 New England win; on September 18, 1978, the Colts rallied to defeat the Patriots 34–27 on Monday Night Football on a virtual one-man scoring rampage by running back Joe Washington; on September 4, 1983, the Colts defeated the Patriots in overtime 29–23 in their final season in Baltimore.[25] The Patriots defeated the Colts in back-to-back overtime games, 23–17 on December 8, 1991, and 37–34 on November 15, 1992.[25]

text: Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL's 2002 divisional realignment, their rivalry did not diminish. At that time, both teams were among the best in the AFC, and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks, Peyton Manning (for the Colts) and Tom Brady (for the Patriots) The teams met three times in four years (2003, 2004, 2006) in the playoffs, with the winner going on to win that season's Super Bowl each time. The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning's rookie season, 1998; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31–28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28–7 Colts lead, then defeated the Patriots 20–15 in Indianapolis on December 12. The Brady–Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30, 2001, as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44–13 Patriots win at Foxboro; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38–17.[25]

text: After the Colts left the AFC East in 2002, they first met on November 30, 2003, in a 38–34 Patriots win decided on a last-second goal line stand by the Patriots.[25] The Colts broke a six-game Patriot winning streak in the rivalry in November 2005,[25] then won twice in 2006;[25] in the AFC Championship Game the Colts erased a 21–6 halftime lead; the game lead tied or changed seven times in the second half before a late touchdown led to a 38–34 Colts win. The November 4, 2007, meeting involved both teams being unbeaten to that point; the 8–0 Patriots and the 7–0 Colts. The Patriots rallied to win 24–20.[26] The Colts won again in 2008 and then erased a large Patriots lead in 2009's 4th and 2 game. Manning's final meeting with the Patriots as a Colt came in November 2010; a late interception sealed a 31–28 Patriots win.[27] In 2012, the Patriots faced the Colts, quarterbacked now by Andrew Luck, on November 18; the Patriots defeated the Colts 59–24. The Patriots also beat the Colts on January 12, 2014, 43–22.[28] The Patriots played the Colts in the playoffs again on January 18, 2015, in the AFC title game, winning 45–7.[29]

text: Buffalo Bills

text: The Patriots and the Bills were both charter members of the AFL, and even competed with each other in an AFL playoff game. They have remained divisional rivals since the NFL-AFL merger. Prior to the rise of Tom Brady, the two teams shared a mellow, yet occasionally competitive rivalry, featuring highlights from players such as O.J. Simpson, Steve Grogan, Joe Ferguson, Jim Kelly, and Drew Bledsoe. However, Brady has dominated the Bills ever since taking over as the Patriots' franchise quarterback, holding a 26-3 regular season record over them.[30] Though Patriots fans usually feel apathetic towards the Bills, Bills fans have come to despise the Patriots more than any other rival.[31] The rivalry has remained somewhat intense in recent years with multiple players having played for both teams, the Bills usually giving their all when playing the Patriots, and the presence of Rex Ryan, who coached both the Bills and Jets and was known for his trash-talk.[32]

text: Miami Dolphins

text: The Patriots first played the Miami Dolphins in 1966 in the AFL, when Miami was one of two expansion teams to debut that year in that league. The Dolphins dominated the Patriots in the 1970s and 1990s, but the two teams remained competitive with each other for years before the rise of Tom Brady. Brady, however, struggled occasionally against the Dolphins in the 2000s before reasserting dominance in the 2010s. The Patriots and Dolphins are the only two teams in the Super Bowl era to post undefeated regular season records, with Miami going 14-0 in 1972 and the Patriots going 16-0 in 2007.[33] Notable moments between the clubs include the Snowplow Game, three playoff matchups, and the Dolphins revealing their Wildcat offense against the Patriots.[34]

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: The Ravens first met the New England Patriots in 1996,[35] but the rivalry truly started in 2007 when the Ravens suffered a bitter 27–24 loss in the Patriots' quest for perfection.[36] The rivalry began to escalate in 2009 when the Ravens lost to the Patriots 27–21 in a game that involved a confrontation between Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs.[37] Both players would go on to take verbal shots at each other through the media after the game. The Ravens defeated the Patriots in the 2009 AFC Wild Card playoff game, 33–14.[38] This was the first time the Ravens had ever defeated the Patriots. The Ravens faced the Patriots in week six of the 2010 season. The Patriots ended up winning 23–20 in overtime; the game caused controversy from a hit to the helmet of tight end Todd Heap by Patriots safety Brandon Meriweather.[39]

text: The Ravens played the Patriots for the third consecutive season in the 2012 AFC championship game, which the Ravens lost 23–20.[40] The rivalry reached a new level of friction with this, the second career playoff game between the two clubs. The Ravens clawed to a 20–16 lead in the fourth quarter, but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady dove into the end zone to make the score 23–20 with around 11 minutes remaining; this proved to be the winning touchdown.[40] On the Ravens' last possession of the game, quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass to wide receiver Lee Evans in the corner of the end zone which looked to be the game-winning touchdown, before a last-second strip by Sterling Moore forced the ball from the hands of Evans, forcing the game to be decided on a last-minute field goal by Ravens placekicker Billy Cundiff.[40] With 11 seconds remaining on the clock, the kicker missed the 32-yard field goal attempt, allowing the Patriots to kill the clock on their way to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants.[40]

text: The Ravens' first regular-season win over the Patriots came on September 23, 2012. The game was emotional as receiver Torrey Smith was competing following the death of his brother in a motorcycle accident just the night before.[41] Smith caught two touchdowns in a back and forth game; the Ravens erased a 13–0 lead in the first half and led 14–13, but the Patriots scored at the end of the second quarter for a 20–14 lead. The lead changed twice in the third quarter and the Patriots led 30–21 in the fourth, but the Ravens scored on Smith's second touchdown catch. The Ravens were stopped on fourth down but the Patriots had to punt; in the final two minutes a pass interference penalty on Devin McCourty put the ball at the Patriots 7-yard line; new Ravens kicker Justin Tucker booted a 27-yard field goal on the final play; the ball sailed directly over the upright and was ruled good; the quality of officiating by replacement referees caused controversy as Bill Belichick angrily reached for one of the referees as they were leaving the field, leading to a $50,000 fine later that week.[42]

text: The two teams met again on January 20, 2013, in the AFC Championship, where the Ravens won 28–13.[43] The Patriots led at halftime, 13–7, but the Ravens defense gave up no points in the 2nd half.[43] It was the first time ever that Tom Brady lost a game at home after leading at halftime, and the first time a road team beat the Patriots in the AFC Championship.[43]

text: The two teams met once again at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs on January 10, 2015. The Patriots trailed by as much as 14 twice, before beating the Ravens 35–31 to advance to the AFC Championship.[44]

text: Controversies

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2017)

text: "Spygate"

text: "Deflategate"

text: During the 2015 AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts, allegations arose that the Patriots were utilizing under-inflated footballs. It was even suggested that the Patriots' staff themselves deliberately deflated the footballs to give their team an unfair advantage during the playoffs. [45][46] A lengthy investigation and heated debate commenced shortly afterwards, with a full report being published in May 2015.[47][48] The Wells Report found that balls provided by the Patriots, who were the home team, indeed had less pressure on average than the balls provided by the Colts. Also notable was the findings of some suggestions of communication between Tom Brady and two Patriots locker room attendants, indicating Brady was likely "generally aware" of the situation and that the Patriots staff intentionally deflated the footballs.[48] A later study by the American Enterprise Institute called the evidence and methodology of the Wells report "deeply flawed" and "unreliable".[49]

text: In the aftermath of the incident, the NFL suspended Brady without pay for the first four games of the 2015 season, fined the Patriots $1 million, and forced them to forfeit their 2016 first round draft pick and 2017 fourth round draft pick. Brady appealed his suspension, which was eventually vacated by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, only for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to reinstate it a year later for the 2016 NFL season.[50] Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016, but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it.[51]

text: Strategy

text: Under head coach Bill Belichick, the Patriots have employed specific on-field and off-field strategies. On the field, the Patriots have typically utilized an "Erhardt–Perkins" offense and a "Fairbanks–Bullough" 3–4 defense, referred to commonly as a two-gap 3–4 defensive system.[52] Their philosophy in making personnel decisions and in game planning has focused on the "team" concept,[53] stressing preparation, strong work ethic, versatility,[54] and lack of individual ego.[55] This approach, which has led to five Super Bowl victories under Belichick, was analyzed in the 2004 book Patriot Reign.

text: When owner Robert Kraft purchased the team in 1994, he did so for $175 million. Since then, the Patriots have sold out every home game in both Foxboro Stadium and Gillette Stadium.[6] By 2009, the value of the franchise had increased by over $1 billion, to a Forbes magazine estimated value of $1.361 billion, third highest in the NFL only behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins.[56][57][58] As of July 2015[update], the Patriots are the seventh most valuable sports franchise in the world according to Forbes magazine.[59]

text: Stadium

text: Since 2002, the Patriots' home stadium has been Gillette Stadium, a $350 million facility privately financed by Kraft. It houses all administrative offices for the team and its owning entity, The Kraft Group, as well as the Kraft-owned Major League Soccer team, the New England Revolution.[60] The field, which was originally natural grass, was replaced with a FieldTurf surface during the 2006 season.[61] The area around the stadium was developed, beginning in 2007, into a $375 million "lifestyle and entertainment center" called Patriot Place; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene.[62]

text: Prior to 2002, the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971, the team's second year in the NFL after the AFL–NFL merger.[60] During the team's days in the American Football League, the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston—they played at Braves Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium.[60]

text: Logos and uniforms

text: Logos

text: The Patriots original helmet logo was a simple tricorne hat, used only for the 1960 season. From 1961 to 1992, the Patriots used a logo of a Revolutionary War minuteman hiking a football. The Patriots script logo during this time consisted of a western-style font. The minuteman logo became known as the "Pat Patriot" logo, which later became the name of the team's mascot.[64]

text: In 1993, a new logo was unveiled involving the gray face of a minuteman wearing a red, white and blue hat that begins as a tricorne and transitions into a flowing banner-like design. It became popularly known as the "Flying Elvis".[64] This remains the team's logo today, with the blue being darkened in 2000.[64]

text: On July 3, 2013, the Patriots unveiled a new wordmark logo.[63]

text: Uniforms

text: The Patriots originally wore red jerseys with white block numbering at home, and white jerseys with red block numbering on the road. Both uniforms used white pants and white helmets, first with the hat logo over the player's number, then with the "Pat Patriot" logo starting in 1961.[65] A blue stripe was added to the two red helmet stripes in 1964.[65] The numbers on both the home and away jerseys gained a blue outline in 1973.[65] In 1979, the Patriots began the first of many sporadic runs of wearing red pants with the white jerseys.[65] The red pants were dropped in 1981, but returned in 1984. After being dropped again in 1988, they were used again from 1990 to 1992.[65]

text: The Patriots underwent a complete identity overhaul before the 1993 season, starting with the introduction of the aforementioned "Flying Elvis" logo. The new uniforms consisted of a royal blue home jersey and a white away jersey.[64] The helmet was silver with the Flying Elvis logo and no additional striping.[64] Both uniforms used silver pants, originally with stripes designed to look like those flowing from the Flying Elvis, but these were changed to simple red and blue stripes after one season. When they debuted, both the home and away jerseys used red block numbers with a blue and white outline, but after one season the home uniforms switched to the now-familiar white with a red outline.[66]

text: In 1995, the Patriots switched the block numbers to a more modern rounded number font with a dropshadow.[66] The Patriots were one of the first adopters of custom numbers, a trend that would grow drastically over the next 20 years.[66]

text: However, in 2000, the Patriots also became one of the only teams to drop the rounded numbers and switched back to block numbers.[66] Also that year, the shade of blue was darkened from royal to nautical blue.[66] The Patriots, unsatisfied with the white-on-silver road look, also took the opportunity to introduce blue pants to be worn with the white jersey, offering a better contrast. To better match the blue pants, the number on the white jersey was switched from red to blue.[66]

text: Alternate uniforms

text: In 1994, the Patriots wore the "Pat Patriot" helmets and plain white striped pants from two seasons prior as alternates as part of the NFL's 75th anniversary celebration. In 2002, NFL teams were allowed to add a permanent third jersey to be worn in a maximum of two games. The Patriots reintroduced a red jersey as their alternate, complimented with the old-style "Pat Patriot" helmet.[64] In 2003, the Patriots changed their alternate to a silver jersey with blue pants. For this uniform, the "Flying Elvis" helmet was utilized.[64] The uniform was identical to the white jersey with any areas of white replaced by silver. These uniforms were dropped after 2007. No alternate uniform was used in 2008. In 2009, the red alternate was reintroduced, again accompanied by the "Pat Patriot" helmet. An alternate white road jersey was also worn with the older helmet for one game, using red numbers, in tribute to the 50th anniversary of the AFL. The red alternate gained a blue outline around the numbers in 2010 and this was worn through 2012. The Patriots retired their alternate red uniforms in 2013, thanks to a new NFL rule outlawing throwback alternate helmets.[67]

text: In 2016, the Patriots took part in the NFL Color Rush program, wearing monochrome navy uniforms on September 22 against the Houston Texans.[68]

text: Players

text: Current roster

text:
New England Patriots roster

view
talk
edit

Quarterbacks

12 Tom Brady
 2 Brian Hoyer

Running backs

38 Brandon Bolden
34 Rex Burkhead
46 James Develin FB
35 Mike Gillislee
33 Dion Lewis KR
28 James White

Wide receivers

80 Danny Amendola PR
85 Kenny Britt
14 Brandin Cooks
13 Phillip Dorsett
15 Chris Hogan
18 Matthew Slater

Tight ends

83 Dwayne Allen
87 Rob Gronkowski
47 Jacob Hollister

Offensive linemen

60 David Andrews C
74 Cole Croston G
71 Cameron Fleming T
75 Ted Karras G
69 Shaq Mason G
77 Nate Solder T
62 Joe Thuney G
68 LaAdrian Waddle T

Defensive linemen

97 Alan Branch DT
90 Malcom Brown DT
70 Adam Butler DT
98 Trey Flowers DE
92 Geneo Grissom DE
93 Lawrence Guy DT
94 Ricky Jean Francois DT
55 Eric Lee DE
91 Deatrich Wise Jr. DE

Linebackers

59 Marquis Flowers OLB
50 Nicholas Grigsby MLB
45 David Harris MLB
51 Trevor Reilly OLB
52 Elandon Roberts MLB
53 Kyle Van Noy OLB

Defensive backs

29 Johnson Bademosi CB
21 Malcolm Butler CB
23 Patrick Chung SS
24 Stephon Gilmore CB
30 Duron Harmon FS
31 Jonathan Jones CB
36 Brandon King SS
32 Devin McCourty FS
37 Jordan Richards SS
25 Eric Rowe CB

Special teams

 6 Ryan Allen P
49 Joe Cardona LS
 3 Stephen Gostkowski K

Reserve lists

88 Martellus Bennett TE (IR)
61 Marcus Cannon T (IR)
42 Keionta Davis DE (NF-Inj.)
43 Nate Ebner SS (IR)
11 Julian Edelman WR (IR)
63 Antonio Garcia T (NF-Ill.)
54 Dont'a Hightower MLB (IR)
76 Andrew Jelks T (NF-Inj.)
41 Cyrus Jones CB (IR)
48 Harvey Langi OLB (NF-Inj.)
58 Shea McClellin OLB (IR)
19 Malcolm Mitchell WR (IR)
95 Derek Rivers DE (IR)
99 Vincent Valentine DT (IR)

Practice squad

64 James Ferentz C
81 Cody Hollister WR
26 David Jones FS
72 Jason King G
27 Ryan Lewis CB
84 Riley McCarron WR
17 Bernard Reedy WR
39 Damarius Travis SS
82 Will Tye TE
22 Jomal Wiltz CB

Rookies in italics
Roster updated December 19, 2017
Depth chart • Transactions
53 Active, 14 Inactive, 10 Practice squad
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Retired numbers

text:
New England Patriots retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Tenure

20
Gino Cappelletti
WR, K
1960–1970

40
Mike Haynes
CB
1976–1982

57
Steve Nelson
LB
1974–1987

73
John Hannah
G
1973–1985

78
Bruce Armstrong
T
1987–2000

79
Jim Lee Hunt
DL
1960–1971

89
Bob Dee
DL
1960–1967

text: New England Patriots Hall of Fame members

text: The New England Patriots feature 22 former players and two contributors in their team hall of fame, established in 1991.[69] A committee of media and staff selected 11 players for enshrinement between 1991 and 2001, before a six-year span of no selections. In 2007, in advance of the 2008 opening of The Hall at Patriot Place, the Patriots introduced a new nomination committee to select three candidates, with the winner of an Internet fan vote being enshrined in the hall of fame.[70] In order to be eligible, players and coaches must be retired for at least four years.[71] Beginning in 2011, and meeting every five years, a senior selection committee has the option of voting a player who has been retired for at least 25 seasons into the hall of fame.[72]

text: Former owner Billy Sullivan was inducted by owner Robert Kraft in March 2009, the Patriots' 50th season, as a contributor.[73]

text: Additionally, four of these Patriots players have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Patriots have officially retired seven uniform numbers.

text:
New England Patriots Hall of Fame

Players

No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted

73
John Hannah
G
1973–1985
1991 (Pro: 1991)
87
Ben Coates
TE
1991–1999
2008

85
Nick Buoniconti
LB
1962–1968
1992 (Pro: 2001)
35
Jim Nance
FB
1965–1971
2009

20
Gino Cappelletti
WR/K
1960–1970
1992
39
Sam Cunningham
RB
1973–1982
2010

89
Bob Dee
DL
1960–1967
1993
11
Drew Bledsoe
QB
1993–2001
2011

79
Jim Lee Hunt
DT
1960–1971
1993
56
Jon Morris
C
1964–1974
2011

57
Steve Nelson
LB
1974–1987
1993
80
Troy Brown
WR/PR/CB
1993–2007
2012

15
Vito "Babe" Parilli
QB
1961–1967
1993
54
Tedy Bruschi
LB
1996–2008
2013

40
Mike Haynes
CB
1976–1982
1994 (Pro: 1997)
24
Ty Law
CB
1995–2004
2014

14
Steve Grogan
QB
1975–1990
1995
55
Willie McGinest
LB/DE
1994–2005
2015

56
Andre Tippett
LB
1982–1993
1999 (Pro: 2008)
65
Houston Antwine
DL
1961–1971
2015

78
Bruce Armstrong
T
1987–2000
2001
33
Kevin Faulk
RB
1999–2011
2016

86
Stanley Morgan
WR
1977–1989
2007
26
Raymond Clayborn
CB
1977-1989
2017

Contributors

No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted

—
Billy Sullivan
Owner & founder
1960–1988
2009
—
Gil Santos
Broadcaster
1972–1979, 1991–2012
2013

text: Three other players enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent part of their careers with the Patriots:

text:
28 Curtis Martin, RB (1995–1997), elected in 2012.
Bill Parcells, head coach (1993–1996), elected in 2013.
55 Junior Seau, LB (2006–2009), elected in 2015.

tag: ul

text: All-decade teams

text: 1960s (AFL)

text: In November 1971, fans voted on a 10-year Patriots anniversary team, which coincided with the team's 10 years in the then-defunct American Football League:[74] Additional selections for returner, special teamer, and coach were added in 2009:[75]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Boston Patriots All-1960s Team

Offense
Parilli (QB)
Nance (RB)
Garron (RB)
Colclough (WR)
Graham (WR)
Whalen (TE)
Long (T)
Neville (T)
Neighbors (G)
St. Jean (G)
Morris (C)

Defense
Dee (DE)
Eisenhauer (DE)
Antwine (DT)
Hunt (DT)
Addison (OLB)
Philpott (OLB)
Buoniconti (MLB)
Shonta (CB)
Johnson (CB)
Webb (S)
Hall (S)

Special Teams
Garron (Ret.)
Cappelletti (PK)
Yewcic (P)
Webb (ST)

Coach
Holovak

text: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s

text: In March 2009, as part of the Patriots' 50th anniversary, a group of local media and other team figures selected all-decade teams for the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s:[75]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots All-1970s Team

Offense
Grogan (QB)
Cunningham (RB)
Johnson (RB)
Morgan (WR)
Vataha (WR)
Francis (TE)
Gray (T)
Neville (T)
Hannah (G)
S. Adams (G)
Lenkaitis (C)

Defense
J. Adams (DE)
McGee (DE)
Hamilton (NT)
Zabel (OLB)
King (OLB)
Nelson (ILB)
Hunt (ILB)
Clayborn (CB)
Haynes (CB)
Fox (S)
McCray (S)

Special Teams
Herron (Ret.)
Smith (PK)
Patrick (P)
Tatupu (ST)

Coach
Fairbanks

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots All-1980s Team

Offense
Grogan (QB)
Collins (RB)
C. James (RB)
Fryar (WR)
Morgan (WR)
Dawson (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Holloway (T)
Hannah (G)
Wooten (G)
Brock (C)

Defense
Adams (DE)
Veris (DE)
Bishop (NT)
Tippett (OLB)
Blackmon (OLB)
Nelson (ILB)
Rembert (ILB)
Clayborn (CB)
Lippett (CB)
R. James (S)
Marion (S)

Special Teams
Fryar (Ret.)
Franklin (PK)
Camarillo (P)
Tatupu (ST)

Coach
Berry

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots All-1990s Team

Offense
Bledsoe (QB)
Martin (RB)
Russell (RB)
Glenn (WR)
Jefferson (WR)
Coates (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Harlow (T)
Rucci (G)
Lane (G)
Wohlabaugh (C)

Defense
McGinest (DE)
Williams (DE)
Goad (NT)
Tippett (OLB)
Slade (OLB)
Brown (ILB)
Johnson (ILB)
Hurst (CB)
Law (CB)
Clay (S)
Milloy (S)

Special Teams
Meggett (Ret.)
Vinatieri (PK)
Tupa (P)
Whigham (ST)

Coach
Parcells

text: On March 16, 2010, the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected an all-decade team for the 2000s:[74][76]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots All-2000s Team

Offense
Brady (QB)
Dillon (RB)
Moss (WR)
Welker (WR)
Brown (WR)
Graham (TE)
Light (T)
Kaczur (T)
Andruzzi (G)
Mankins (G)
Koppen (C)

Defense
Seymour (DE)
Warren (DE)
Wilfork (NT)
McGinest (OLB)
Vrabel (OLB)
Bruschi (ILB)
Phifer (ILB)
Law (CB)
Samuel (CB)
Harrison (S)
Milloy (S)

Special Teams
Faulk (Ret.)
Vinatieri (PK)
Miller (P)
Izzo (ST)

Coach
Belichick

text: Anniversary teams

text: 35th anniversary (1994)

text: In 1994, a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team:[74]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots 35th Anniversary Team (1994)

Offense
Grogan (QB)
Nance (RB)
Cunningham (RB)
Morgan (WR)
Cappelletti (WR)
Francis (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Neville (T)
Hannah (G)
S. Adams (G)
Morris (C)

Defense
J. Adams (DE)
Eisenhauer (DE)
Antwine (DT)
J. Hunt (DT)
Tippett (LB)
Buoniconti (LB)
Nelson (LB)
S. Hunt (LB)
Haynes (CB)
Clayborn (CB)
Marion (S)
Hall (S)

Special Teams
Cappelletti (PK)
Camarillo (P)
Tatupu (ST)

text: 50th anniversary (2009)

text: In 2009, the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team:[74]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team (2009)

Offense
Brady (QB)
Nance (RB)
Cunningham (RB)
Morgan (WR)
Brown (WR)
Fryar (WR)
Coates (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Light (T)
Hannah (G)
Mankins (G)
Morris (C)

Defense
Adams (DE)
Seymour (DE)
Antwine (DT)
Wilfork (DT)
Tippett (OLB)
Vrabel (OLB)
Nelson (ILB)
Buoniconti (ILB)
Haynes (CB)
Law (CB)
Marion (S)
Harrison (S)

Special Teams
Faulk (Ret.)
Vinatieri (PK)
Camarillo (P)
Tatupu (ST)

Captains
Cappelletti (Offense)
Bruschi (Defense)

Coach
Belichick

text: All-time first-round draft picks

text: Coaches

text: Head coaches

text: Current staff

text:
New England Patriots staff

v
t
e

Front office

Chairman/CEO – Robert Kraft
President – Jonathan Kraft
Director of Player Personnel – Nick Caserio
Director of College Scouting – Monti Ossenfort
Director of Pro Personnel – Dave Ziegler
Assistant Director of College Scouting – Brian Smith
Director of Scouting Administration – Nancy Meier
Football Research Director – Ernie Adams
Director of Football/Head Coach Administration – Berj Najarian

Head coaches

Head Coach/General Manager – Bill Belichick

Offensive Coaches

Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks – Josh McDaniels
Assistant Quarterbacks – Jerry Schuplinski
Running Backs – Ivan Fears
Wide Receivers – Chad O'Shea
Tight Ends – Nick Caley
Offensive Line – Dante Scarnecchia
Offensive Assistant – Cole Popovich

Defensive Coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Matt Patricia
Defensive Line – Brendan Daly
Linebackers – Brian Flores
Cornerbacks – Josh Boyer
Safeties – Steve Belichick
Defensive Assistant – Mike Pellegrino
Coaching Assistant – Brian Belichick

Special Teams Coaches

Special Teams – Joe Judge
Assistant Special Teams – Raymond Ventrone

Strength and Conditioning

Strength and Conditioning – Moses Cabrera
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – James Hardy

→ Coaching staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Culture

text: Cheerleaders and mascot

text: The Patriots NFL Cheerleaders are simply known as the Patriots Cheerleaders.[77] In 2005, cheerleader Kristin Gauvin won Miss Massachusetts, in part from her local commitment with the Patriots.[77]

text: The Patriots' mascot is Pat Patriot, a revolutionary minuteman wearing a Patriots home jersey.[77]

text: The Patriots also employ a corps known as the End Zone Militia. During each game, about ten men dressed as minutemen line the back of each end zone. When the Patriots score a touchdown, field goal, point-after-touchdown or safety, the militia behind the opposite end zone fire a volley of blanks from flintlock muskets. Per an interview with the Loren & Wally Show on WROR 105.7 FM in and around the time of Super Bowl XLIX, said shots use double the load of black powder than a regular historical reenactor does, specifically 200 grains, in order to be heard throughout the stadium. ESPN writer Josh Pahigian named this one of the top ten celebrations in the league in 2007.[78]

text: Radio and television

text: The Patriots' flagship radio station is WBZ-FM 98.5 FM, owned by CBS Radio.[79] The larger radio network is called the New England Patriots Radio Network, whose 37 affiliate stations span seven states.[79] Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team until their retirement following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season. Santos was replaced by Bob Socci.[79] Former Patriots QB Scott Zolak joined the radio team in the 2011 season as a sideline analyst, and in 2013, he replaced Cappelletti as color commentator.[79]

text: Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS's O&O WBZ-TV, who also airs the bulk of Patriots regular season games by virtue of CBS having the rights to most AFC games; CBS also has a presence at the nearby Patriot Place with the "CBS Scene" bar/restaurant. During the regular season whenever the Patriots host an NFC team, the games are aired on Fox affiliate WFXT-TV, and NBC Sunday Night Football games are carried by the "NBC Boston" network of stations led by WBTS-LD.[79] Preseason games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB-TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009.[79] Don Criqui was play-by-play announcer for the 1995–2012 seasons, with Randy Cross as a color commentator and Mike Lynch as a sideline reporter.[79] Lynch was replaced by WBZ reporter Steve Burton in 2009.[79]


document_title: SmoothWall

question_text: what version of linux is smoothwall based on

text: SmoothWall

text: History[edit]

text: Smoothwall began life as Smoothwall GPL, a freely redistributable version, in August 2000, with a proprietary version sold by Smoothwall Ltd from November 2001. It is now available in several free and paid-for versions.

text: According to figures released by the company, Smoothwall currently[when?] has over 1 million active installations worldwide.[2]

text: Smoothwall Express[edit]

text: Smoothwall Express, originally Smoothwall GPL, is the freely distributable version of Smoothwall, developed by the Smoothwall Open Source Project team and members of Smoothwall Ltd.

text: Smoothwall GPL[edit]

text: Released in August 2000, Smoothwall GPL was developed by Lawrence Manning and Richard Morrell to provide a quick and easy-to-use solution to the problem of sharing their ISDN connections with the rest of their LAN. Created using Red Hat Linux, Smoothwall GPL originally had two simple functions: control the modem to dial and hang up, and to route TCP/IP packets from the LAN to the Internet connection, and back again. The LAN was hidden from the public network by NAT, applied using ipchains.

text: Beginning with 0.9 in August 2000, the Smoothwall GPL 0.9.x series went through several versions based on the 2.2 Linux kernel, culminating in 0.9.9 SE in December 2001, which was probably the most popular GPL release. Each release led to a number of improvements, including PAT (port address translation), DMZ, PSTN and ISDN dial-up support, broadband (ADSL and Cable) support.

text: Smoothwall GPL 1.0 was released in December 2002, including all previously released patches and security fixes, and ended development of the 0.9.x/1.0 series, although it was supported by errata updates for another year and a half.

text: Smoothwall was amongst the first software appliance firewalls, including Mandrake Single Network Firewall, ClearOS, m0n0wall, and IPCop, which was forked from Smoothwall GPL 0.9.9 in late 2001.

text: Software Releases[edit]

text:
30 August 2000 - Smoothwall 0.9
2 September 2000 - Smoothwall 0.9.1
9 September 2000 - Smoothwall 0.9.2
18 September 2000 - Smoothwall 0.9.4
15 November 2000 - Smoothwall 0.9.5LF
6 December 2000 - Smoothwall 0.9.6
2 April 2001 - Smoothwall 0.9.8
15 September 2001 - Smoothwall 0.9.9
10 December 2002 - Smoothwall GPL 1.0

text: SmoothWall Express 2[edit]

text: Developed from 2002 to 2003, the next major release of Smoothwall was intended to be numbered 1.0, but the large number of changes and improvements led the development team to term it worth a 2.0 version number. The team decided that the name "Smoothwall GPL" wasn't inclusive enough, worrying that newcomers to Smoothwall wouldn't understand the acronym. On 16 September 2003, the name was officially changed to Smoothwall Express to imply speed of installation, use and operation.[3]

text: Express improved on the functionality of SmoothWall GPL by using the 2.4 Linux kernel, improving the web user interface, and making many changes to existing features and adding several new ones.[4]

text: After the 2.0 release, development and testing of the software was mainly led by Smoothwall Ltd. staff, with less work being done by outside volunteer contributors.

text: Software Releases[edit]

text:
8 December 2003 - Smoothwall Express 2.0
22 December 2006 - Smoothwall Express 2.0 SP1

text: Smoothwall Express 3[edit]

text: On 1 September 2005, the fifth anniversary of the original Smoothwall firewall, an alpha version of Smoothwall 3.0 was released, code named "Grizzly", followed by "Panda" on December 23, 2005 and "Koala" on December 22, 2006. Express 3 uses the 2.6 Linux kernel and a new build system developed internally at Smoothwall Ltd. As Express 3 development continued, the team gradually expanded to include outside volunteers again. A subsequent beta release, named "Degu", increased driver support and added a new look GUI.

text: The first stable release of Express 3, dubbed "Polar" was released August 22, 2007.

text: In August 2008, Smoothwall Express 3 won the Best of Open Source Software Awards (BOSSIES) in the open source security category.[5] The selections were made by the InfoWorld Test Center to recognise the best free and open source software for business, IT professionals, and IT staff.

text: Software Releases[edit]

text:
22 August 2007 - Smoothwall Express 3.0
8 January 2009 - Smoothwall Express 3.0 SP1
6 October 2010 - Smoothwall Express 3.0 SP2
1 June 2011 - Smoothwall Express 3.0 SP3
18 June 2013 - First release candidate for Smoothwall Express 3.1
23 July 2013 - Second release candidate for Smoothwall Express 3.1[6]
15 April 2014 - Fifth release candidate for 3.1[1]
21 October 2014 - Final release of Smoothwall Express 3.1 (in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions)[7]
6 December 2016 - Smoothwall Express 3.1 Update8/SP3 released (in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions)[8]

text: Smoothwall Limited[edit]

text:
Smoothwall Ltd

Developer
Smoothwall Ltd

OS family
Linux

Working state
Current

Source model
Closed source

Latest release
Advanced Firewall UTM / Guardian Web Security / Guardian Web Filter / School Guardian

Kernel type
Linux 2.6

Default user interface
web user interface

License
Commercial

Official website
smoothwall.com

text: In late 2001, Manning and Morrell, with George Lungley, formed Smoothwall Limited as a UK registered private limited company, company number 04298247. The company was formed to take the open source software and commercialise it, by expanding the software to include corporate and enterprise oriented functionality, and to provide dedicated support staff for customers to contact.

text: Based in Leeds and Fareham, with a USA office in Charlotte, NC, the company has continued to develop the commercial, closed source Smoothwall product range, while moving from its initial direct sales model to a reseller, channel-based sales model.

text: In 2010, the company changed logos from the original, designed in 2000 by Toni Kuokkanen to a new, more modern logo,[9] and removed the camelCase of the product and company name.

text: Past Products[edit]

text: Smoothwall Server Edition was the first product from Smoothwall Ltd., released on 11 November 2001. It was essentially Smoothwall GPL 0.9.9 with support included from the company. This was — as were virtually all future products — made available to purchase on CD-ROM directly from Smoothwall Ltd. by mail order.

text: Initially announced in January 2002, and priced at UKP30, but never released,[10] Smoothwall Home Server was an aborted attempt to tap into the home and residential market. It used the open source platform again as a base but included SmoothGuard, and would have permitted customers to make email support requests directly from Smoothwall Ltd.

text: Released on 17 December 2001, Smoothwall Corporate Server 1.0 was the first in a long line of separate, closed source releases from Smoothwall Ltd. Forked from Smoothwall GPL 0.9.9SE, Corporate Server included additional features such as SCSI support, and the capability to increase functionality via add-on modules. These modules included SmoothGuard (content filtering proxy), SmoothZone (multiple DMZ) and SmoothTunnel (advanced VPN features). Corporate Server was designed to become the backbone of all future products from the company, with the module functionality permitting customers to select the exact level of functionality they required. Further modules have been released over time, each providing a particular set of functionality, such as traffic shaping, and e-mail anti-virus and anti-spam.

text: After Daniel Barron, author of DansGuardian, joined the company in April 2002, a variant of Corporate Server called Smoothwall Corporate Guardian was released, integrating a fork of DansGuardian called SmoothGuardian. Corporate Guardian is a stand-alone web proxy, cache and filtering solution. SmoothGuardian was also made available as a stand-alone module for Corporate Server customers, replacing the SmoothGuard module.

text: School Guardian was created as a variant of Corporate Guardian, adding Active Directory/LDAP authentication support and firewall features in a package designed specifically for use in schools.

text: When released on 13 June 2005, version 4 of Corporate Server was renamed to Corporate Firewall. In February 2008, Corporate Guardian was renamed to Network Guardian with the release of the 2008 version.

text: Released on 9 May 2005, Smoothwall Advanced Firewall targeted the enterprise market directly by bundling Corporate Server with all available add-on modules, and adding further functionality, including Active Directory, eDirectory & LDAP authentication and the capability to use up to 20 network interfaces with external connection load balancing.

text: In April 2007, the company released the SmoothGuard UTM-1000[11] hardware appliance, based on a commodity Intel Core 2 Duo 1U 19-inch rack-mountable chassis. The UTM-1000 came pre-installed with a variant of Smoothwall Advanced Firewall.

text: Software Releases[edit]

text:
17 December 2001 - Corporate Server 1.0
30 May 2002 - Corporate Server 2.0
31 January 2003 - Corporate Guardian 2.0
15 May 2003 - Corporate Server 3.0
13 October 2003 - Corporate Guardian 3.0
18 October 2004 - Corporate Guardian 3.5
9 May 2005 - Advanced Firewall 1.0
13 June 2005 - Corporate Firewall 4.0
6 December 2005 - Corporate Guardian 4.0
8 June 2006 - Corporate Guardian 5.0
23 October 2006 - Corporate Firewall 5.0
20 November 2006 - Advanced Firewall 2.0
25 June 2007 - Corporate Guardian 6.0
31 January 2008 - School Guardian 2008
19 February 2008 - Corporate Firewall 2008, Advanced Firewall 2008, Network Guardian 2008

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Linux Format, Best Security Tool, 2001[12]
SC Magazine, Best Buy SME firewall, 2005


document_title: Daylight saving time in the United States

question_text: when did the daylight savings time rules change

text: History of DST in the United States[edit]

text: Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. His essay, “An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light”, written to the editor of The Journal of Paris, observed that Parisians could save on candles by getting out of bed earlier in the morning, making use of the natural morning light instead.  Franklin's suggestion seems to have been more of a joke than a real proposal, and nothing came of it.[3]

text: 1916–1966: Early, inconsistent use[edit]

text: During World War I, in an effort to conserve fuel, Germany began observing DST on May 1, 1916. The rest of Europe soon followed. The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918, which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and set summer DST to begin on March 31, 1918 (reverting October 27).[4] The idea was unpopular and Congress abolished DST after the war, overriding President Woodrow Wilson's veto.[5] DST became a local option and was observed in some states until World War II, when President Franklin Roosevelt instituted year-round DST, called "War Time", on February 9, 1942.[6] It lasted until the last Sunday (the 30th) in September 1945. After 1945 many states and cities east of the Mississippi River (and mostly north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers) adopted summer DST.[7]

text: From 1945 to 1966 there was no federal law on daylight saving time, so localities could choose when it began and ended or drop it entirely. As of 1954, only California and Nevada had statewide DST west of the Mississippi, and only a few cities between Nevada and St. Louis. In the 1964 Official Railway Guide, 21 of the 48 contiguous states had no DST anywhere.

text: 1966–1972: Federal standard established[edit]

text: By 1962, the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation. The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-387). Beginning in 1967, the act mandated standard time within the established time zones and provided for advanced time: clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so. If a state chose to observe DST, the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates. In 1967, Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST (Michigan would begin observing DST in 1972). In 1972, the act was amended (P.L. 92-267), allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of the state lying within a different time zone. The newly created Department of Transportation (DOT) was given power to enforce the law. As of 2014, the following states and territories are not observing DST: Arizona, Hawaii, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.[7]

text: 1973–1975: Year-round experiment[edit]

text: During the 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), in an effort to conserve fuel, Congress enacted a trial period of year-round DST (P.L. 93-182), beginning January 6, 1974, and ending April 27, 1975.[8] The trial was hotly debated. Those in favor pointed to increased daylight hours in the summer evening: more time for recreation, reduced lighting and heating demands, reduced crime, and reduced automobile accidents. The opposition was concerned about children leaving for school in the dark. The act was amended in October 1974 (P.L. 93-434) to return to standard time for the period beginning October 27, 1974, and ending February 23, 1975, when DST resumed. When the trial ended in 1975, the country returned to observing summer DST (with the aforementioned exceptions).[7]

text: 1975–1986: Extension of daylight saving time[edit]

text: The DOT, evaluating the plan of extending DST into March, reported in 1975 that "modest overall benefits might be realized by a shift from the historic six-month DST (May through October) in areas of energy conservation, overall traffic safety and reduced violent crime." However, DOT also reported that these benefits were minimal and difficult to distinguish from seasonal variations and fluctuations in energy prices.[7]

text: Congress then asked the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, today NIST) to evaluate the DOT report. Its report, "Review and Technical Evaluation of the DOT Daylight Saving Time Study" (April 1976), found no significant energy savings or differences in traffic fatalities.[9] It did find statistically significant evidence of increased fatalities among school-age children in the mornings during the four-month period January–April 1974 as compared with the same period (non-DST) of 1973. NBS stated that it was impossible to determine, what, if any, of this increase was due to DST. When this data was compared between 1973 and 1974 for the months of March and April, no significant difference was found in fatalities among school-age children in the mornings.[7]

text: In 1986 Congress enacted P.L. 99-359, amending the Uniform Time Act by changing the beginning of DST to the first Sunday in April and having the end remain the last Sunday in October.[7] These start and end dates were in effect from 1987 to 2006. The time was adjusted at 2:00 a.m. local time.

text: 2005–2009: Second extension[edit]

text: By the Energy Policy Act of 2005, daylight saving time (DST) was extended in the United States beginning in 2007.[10] As from that year, DST begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer.[11] In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8.[12]

text: Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine months after the change took effect. The report, released in October 2008, reported a nationwide electricity savings of 0.03% for the year of 2007.[13]

text: An October 2008 study conducted by the University of California at Santa Barbara for the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the 2006 DST adoption in Indiana increased energy consumption in Indiana by an average of 1%. Although consumption for lighting dropped as a result of the DST adoption, consumption for heating and cooling increased by 2% to 4%. The cost to the average Indiana household of the DST adoption was determined to be $3.29 per year, for an aggregate cost of $1.7 million to $5.5 million per year.[14]

text: The United States Chamber of Commerce has praised the extension of daylight saving under the 2005 law, which increased the amount of shopping and commerce from after work in evenings. In the golf industry, the group has noted exceptional increase in revenue of "$200 million in additional sales of golf clubs and greens fees".[15] The extension of daylight saving has also had a notable impact on Halloween and candy sales.[16] Wyoming Senator Michael Enzi and Michigan Representative Fred Upton advocated the extension from October into November especially to allow children to go trick-or-treating in more daylight.[17] In some areas, the extension of daylight saving time in March and November has pushed back sunrise to as late as 8:30 am.[16]

text: Procedure for modifications[edit]

text: Changing an area's time zone[edit]

text: Under the Standard Time Act of 1918, as amended by the Uniform Time Act of 1966, moving a state or an area within a state from one time zone to another requires a regulation issued by DOT. The governor or state legislature may initiate a request for the state or any part of the state; the highest elected officials in the county may make a request for that county. The standard in the statute for such decisions is the convenience of commerce in that area. The convenience of commerce is defined broadly to consider such circumstances as the shipment of goods within the community; the origin of television and radio broadcasts; the areas where most residents work, attend school, worship, or receive health care; the location of airports, railway, and bus stations; and the major elements of the community's economy.[7]

text: After receiving a request for altering a time zone, DOT determines whether it meets the requirement of minimum statutory criteria before issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking, soliciting public comment and scheduling a public hearing. Usually the hearing is held in the area requesting the change so that all affected parties can be represented. After the close of the comment period, the comments are reviewed and appropriate final action taken. If the Secretary agrees that the statutory requirement has been met, the change is instituted, usually at the next changeover to or from DST.[7]

text: Moving an area on or off DST[edit]

text: Under the Uniform Time Act, moving an area on or off DST is accomplished through legal action at the state level. Some states require legislation while others require executive action such as a governor's executive order. Information on procedures required in a specific state may be obtained from that state's legislature or governor's office. Although it may exempt itself, if a state decides to observe DST, the dates of observance must comply with federal legislation.[7]

text: Local DST observance[edit]

text: Alaska[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)

text: Alaska observes DST. Due to its high latitude, Alaska has nearly round-the-clock daylight during summer, and DST is seen by some Alaskans as unnecessary and a nuisance. Another issue is that the Alaskan mainland's single time zone, which approximates solar time in the capital, Juneau, leads to a large disparity between civil time and solar time for much of the state, with solar noon occurring as late as 2:10 p.m. in the population centers of Anchorage and Fairbanks, and as late as 3:23 p.m. in places such as Nome. In Fairbanks, for example, sunset occurs well after civil midnight in the summer. Others argue that ending daylight saving time will place Alaska as much as five hours from Eastern Daylight Time, making coordination of travel and phone conversations more difficult.

text: In March 2015 the Alaska Senate passed a bill, introduced by state senator Anna MacKinnon, to end daylight saving time. The Alaska House formed a sub-committee that was due to look into the issue during the 2016 legislative session.[18]

text: Arizona[edit]

text: Arizona observed DST in 1967 under the Uniform Time Act because the state legislature did not enact an exemption statute that year. In March 1968 the DST exemption statute was enacted and the state of Arizona has not observed DST since 1967. This is in large part due to an effort to conserve energy. Phoenix and Tucson are among the hottest U.S. metropolitan areas during the summer, resulting in more power usage from air conditioning units and evaporative coolers in homes and businesses. An extra hour of sunlight while people are active would cause people to run their cooling systems longer, thereby using more energy.[19]

text: Reservations in Arizona[edit]

text: The Navajo Indian Reservation extends into Utah and New Mexico and does observe daylight saving time.[20] The Hopi Reservation is entirely within the state of Arizona and is an enclave within the Navajo Indian Reservation, but does not observe DST.[21]

text: California[edit]

text: California voters passed Proposition 12[22] in 1949, approving DST in the state.[23] In February 2017, California Assembly member Kansen Chu introduced A.B. 807,[24] proposing to enable the legislature to eliminate DST in the state, or, if federal law allows, to adopt DST for the entire year.[25] Chu then shelved his bill in September 2017.[26] He then reintroduced A.B. 807 in 2018; it was approved by the California State Legislature, signed by Governor Jerry Brown, and placed on the November 2018 state ballot.If approved by Congress, California would be allowed to remain on DST all year.[27]

text: Florida[edit]

text: Daylight saving time is less useful in Florida compared to other states because its southern location leads to less variations in day length between winter and summer. Without DST, Miami, for instance, would experience similar sunrise and sunset times throughout the year to cities including Honolulu or Hong Kong, which have both abandoned DST for decades. There is opposition to DST in Florida.[28] State senator Bill Posey introduced a bill in March 2008 to abolish daylight time in the state and keep Florida on year-round standard time.[29] Because Florida straddles two time zones, the Florida legislature has the option of returning all or part of the state to standard time along time zone boundaries (i.e. placing the portion of the state in the Eastern time zone on standard time, while leaving the portion in the Central time zone on DST, so that the whole state had a common time). There are currently no states that keep daylight saving time year round.

text: On March 6, 2018, the Florida Senate approved the “Sunshine Protection Act” which would put Florida on permanent Daylight Saving Time year round, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change.[15][30]

text: Hawaii[edit]

text: Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act, having opted out of the Act's provisions in 1967.[31]

text: Because of Hawaii's tropical latitude, there is not a large variation in daylight length between winter and summer. Advancing the clock to UTC−9 (DST) in Hawaii would make sunrise times close to 7:00 a.m. even in June.[32] Most of the inhabited islands are located close to the west end of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone, but Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau are located more than 7 degrees west of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone's meridian and should, theoretically, be located in the next time zone to the west. (Until about 1946 Hawaiian standard time was based on longitude 157.5 degrees west rather than 150 degrees.)

text: On April 26, 1933, the Territorial Legislature enacted a bill placing Hawaii on daylight saving time from the last Sunday in April (April 30 in that year) to the last Sunday in September, but the law was repealed three weeks later on May 21, 1933.[33] During World War II between February 9, 1942 and September 30, 1945, Hawaiian Standard Time was advanced one hour to so-called "Hawaiian War Time," effectively placing the territory on year-round daylight saving time.[34] In both cases where DST was used, Hawaii used UTC−9:30 during DST as standard time was 30 minutes behind.

text: Indiana[edit]

text: From 1970 until 2006, most of Indiana in the Eastern Time Zone did not observe daylight saving time, but the entire state started to do so in April 2006 after eight counties in western Indiana were shifted from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone.[35] One goal for observing DST was to get more Indiana counties observing the same time zone; formerly, 77 counties observed EST, 5 observed EST/EDT (the EDT usage being unofficial only), and 10 observed CST/CDT. As of  2016[update], Indiana has 12 counties observing Central Daylight Time while the remaining 80 counties observe Eastern Daylight Time. Those counties observing CST are in two groups: one near or in the Chicago metropolitan area, and the other around Evansville in the southwest corner of the state.

text: Michigan[edit]

text: In 1967, the Michigan Legislature adopted a statute, Act 6 of the Public Acts of 1967, exempting the state from the observance of DST. The exemption statute was suspended on June 14, 1967, however, when the referendum was invoked. From June 14, 1967 until the last Sunday in October 1967, Michigan observed DST, and did so in 1968 as well. The exemption statute was submitted to the voters at the General Election held in November 1968, and, in a close vote, the exemption statute was sustained. As a result, Michigan did not observe DST in 1969, 1970, 1971, or 1972. (Radio station CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, just across the river from Detroit, was popular on both sides of the border and would often give both times on the air, e.g. "It's 4:30 in Detroit and 5:30 in Windsor!") In November 1972, an initiative measure, repealing the exemption statute, was approved by the voters. Michigan again observed DST in 1973, and has continued to do so since then.

text: The vast majority of Michigan is in the Eastern Time Zone. Only the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee) are in the Central Time Zone.

text: Nevada[edit]

text: In 2015, the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4[36], which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year.  This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year, but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter.[37]  The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard.

text: Washington[edit]

text: In 2015, Rep. Elizabeth Scott (R-Monroe) filed a House bill to end DST in Washington, and a companion bill was filed in the Senate.[38] She told a House committee that the semiannual time switches are not only inconvenient but lead to health problems and accidents due to lost sleep.[39] She added that the bill to drop daylight saving time would reduce heart attacks, car wrecks, and work accidents found to increase with the sleep-schedule disruptions.[38] A different Senate Bill would petition the federal government for year-round DST.[38]  The bills were defeated.[40]

text: Other U.S. locations[edit]

text: All U.S. insular territories with civilian government (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) lie in the tropics and do not observe DST.

text: While neighboring Samoa began observing DST in September 2010, the smaller American Samoa cannot legally follow because of the DST observation period mandated by the Uniform Time Act. This period is actually wintertime in this Southern Hemisphere territory.

text: Time zones[edit]

text: Many computer operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX, and macOS) and programming languages (such as Java, perl, and most shell languages) allow a local time zone setting in the format of (standard time zone abbreviation)(UTC hour difference)(daylight saving time zone abbreviation). This allows programs and programming languages that must do calculations based on local time to more easily calculate differences between local time and UTC, as well as knowing whether calculations should be changed during daylight saving time. For example, a time zone setting of EST5EDT indicates that local time on the computer is 5 hours behind UTC and should be adjusted for daylight saving time.

text:
Time Zone

Standard Time

Daylight Saving Time

TZ

Atlantic Time Zone

AST (UTC−4)

ADT (UTC−3)

AST4ADT

Eastern Time Zone

EST (UTC−5)

EDT (UTC−4)

EST5EDT

Central Time Zone

CST (UTC−6)

CDT (UTC−5)

CST6CDT

Mountain Time Zone

MST (UTC−7)

MDT (UTC−6)

MST7MDT

Pacific Time Zone

PST (UTC−8)

PDT (UTC−7)

PST8PDT

Alaska Time Zone

AKST (UTC−9)

AKDT (UTC−8)

AKST9AKDT

Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone

HST (UTC−10)

HDT (UTC−9)Aleutian Islands only

HST10HDT