document_title: Morse code

question_text: when written in morse code i am represented by a dot dash and another dot

question_tokens: when written in morse code i am represented by a dot dash and another dot

text: Morse code

text: Development and history

text: Beginning in 1836, the American artist Samuel F. B. Morse, the American physicist Joseph Henry, and Alfred Vail developed an electrical telegraph system. This system sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, and the silence between them. Around 1837, Morse, therefore, developed an early forerunner to the modern International Morse code. Around the same time, Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1833) as well as Carl August von Steinheil (1837) had already used codes with varying word lengths for their telegraphs.

text: In 1837, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in England began using an electrical telegraph that also used electromagnets in its receivers. However, in contrast with any system of making sounds of clicks, their system used pointing needles that rotated above alphabetical charts to indicate the letters that were being sent. In 1841, Cooke and Wheatstone built a telegraph that printed the letters from a wheel of typefaces struck by a hammer. This machine was based on their 1840 telegraph and worked well; however, they failed to find customers for this system and only two examples were ever built.[2]

text: On the other hand, the three Americans' system for telegraphy, which was first used in about 1844, was designed to make indentations on a paper tape when electric currents were received. Morse's original telegraph receiver used a mechanical clockwork to move a paper tape. When an electrical current was received, an electromagnet engaged an armature that pushed a stylus onto the moving paper tape, making an indentation on the tape. When the current was interrupted, a spring retracted the stylus, and that portion of the moving tape remained unmarked.

text: The Morse code was developed so that operators could translate the indentations marked on the paper tape into text messages. In his earliest code, Morse had planned to transmit only numerals, and to use a codebook to look up each word according to the number which had been sent. However, the code was soon expanded by Alfred Vail in 1840 to include letters and special characters, so it could be used more generally. Vail estimated the frequency of use of letters in the English language by counting the movable type he found in the type-cases of a local newspaper in Morristown.[3] The shorter marks were called "dots", and the longer ones "dashes", and the letters most commonly used were assigned the shorter sequences of dots and dashes. This code was used since 1844 and became known as Morse landline code or American Morse code.

text: In the original Morse telegraphs, the receiver's armature made a clicking noise as it moved in and out of position to mark the paper tape. The telegraph operators soon learned that they could translate the clicks directly into dots and dashes, and write these down by hand, thus making the paper tape unnecessary. When Morse code was adapted to radio communication, the dots and dashes were sent as short and long tone pulses. It was later found that people become more proficient at receiving Morse code when it is taught as a language that is heard, instead of one read from a page.[4]

text: To reflect the sounds of Morse code receivers, the operators began to vocalize a dot as "dit", and a dash as "dah". Dots which are not the final element of a character became vocalized as "di". For example, the letter "c" was then vocalized as "dah-di-dah-dit".[5][6] Morse code was sometimes facetiously known as "iddy-umpty", and a dash as "umpty", leading to the word "umpteen".[7]

text: The Morse code, as it is used internationally today, was derived from a much refined proposal which became known as "Hamburg alphabet" by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848. It was adopted by the Deutsch-Österreichischer Telegraphenverein (German-Austrian Telegraph Society) in 1851. This finally led to the International Morse code in 1865.

text: In the 1890s, Morse code began to be used extensively for early radio communication, before it was possible to transmit voice. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most high-speed international communication used Morse code on telegraph lines, undersea cables and radio circuits. In aviation, Morse code in radio systems started to be used on a regular basis in the 1920s. Although previous transmitters were bulky and the spark gap system of transmission was difficult to use, there had been some earlier attempts. In 1910, the US Navy experimented with sending Morse from an airplane.[8] That same year, a radio on the airship America had been instrumental in coordinating the rescue of its crew.[9] Zeppelin airships equipped with radio were used for bombing and naval scouting during World War I,[10] and ground-based radio direction finders were used for airship navigation.[10] Allied airships and military aircraft also made some use of radiotelegraphy. However, there was little aeronautical radio in general use during World War I, and in the 1920s, there was no radio system used by such important flights as that of Charles Lindbergh from New York to Paris in 1927. Once he and the Spirit of St. Louis were off the ground, Lindbergh was truly alone and incommunicado. On the other hand, when the first airplane flight was made from California to Australia in 1928 on the Southern Cross, one of its four crewmen was its radio operator who communicated with ground stations via radio telegraph.

text: Beginning in the 1930s, both civilian and military pilots were required to be able to use Morse code, both for use with early communications systems and for identification of navigational beacons which transmitted continuous two- or three-letter identifiers in Morse code. Aeronautical charts show the identifier of each navigational aid next to its location on the map.

text: Radiotelegraphy using Morse code was vital during World War II, especially in carrying messages between the warships and the naval bases of the belligerents. Long-range ship-to-ship communication was by radio telegraphy, using encrypted messages because the voice radio systems on ships then were quite limited in both their range and their security. Radiotelegraphy was also extensively used by warplanes, especially by long-range patrol planes that were sent out by those navies to scout for enemy warships, cargo ships, and troop ships.

text: In addition, rapidly moving armies in the field could not have fought effectively without radiotelegraphy because they moved more rapidly than telegraph and telephone lines could be erected. This was seen especially in the blitzkrieg offensives of the Nazi German Wehrmacht in Poland, Belgium, France (in 1940), the Soviet Union, and in North Africa; by the British Army in North Africa, Italy, and the Netherlands; and by the U.S. Army in France and Belgium (in 1944), and in southern Germany in 1945.

text: Morse code was used as an international standard for maritime distress until 1999 when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress Safety System. When the French Navy ceased using Morse code on January 31, 1997, the final message transmitted was "Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal silence."[11] In the United States the final commercial Morse code transmission was on July 12, 1999, signing off with Samuel Morse's original 1844 message, "What hath God wrought", and the prosign "SK".[12]

text: As of 2015, the United States Air Force still trains ten people a year in Morse.[13] The United States Coast Guard has ceased all use of Morse code on the radio, and no longer monitors any radio frequencies for Morse code transmissions, including the international medium frequency (MF) distress frequency of 500 kHz.[14] However, the Federal Communications Commission still grants commercial radiotelegraph operator licenses to applicants who pass its code and written tests.[15] Licensees have reactivated the old California coastal Morse station KPH and regularly transmit from the site under either this Call sign or as KSM. Similarly, a few US Museum ship stations are operated by Morse enthusiasts.[16]

text: User proficiency

text: Morse code speed is measured in words per minute (wpm) or characters per minute (cpm). Characters have differing lengths because they contain differing numbers of dots and dashes. Consequently, words also have different lengths in terms of dot duration, even when they contain the same number of characters. For this reason, a standard word is helpful to measure operator transmission speed. "PARIS" and "CODEX" are two such standard words.[17] Operators skilled in Morse code can often understand ("copy") code in their heads at rates in excess of 40 wpm.

text: In addition to knowing, understanding, and being able to copy the standard written alpha-numeric and punctuation characters or symbols at high speeds, skilled high speed operators must also be fully knowledgeable of all of the special unwritten Morse code symbols for the standard Prosigns for Morse code and the meanings of these special procedural signals in standard Morse code communications protocol.

text: International contests in code copying are still occasionally held. In July 1939 at a contest in Asheville, North Carolina in the United States Ted R. McElroy set a still-standing record for Morse copying, 75.2 wpm.[18] William Pierpont N0HFF also notes that some operators may have passed 100 wpm.[18] By this time, they are "hearing" phrases and sentences rather than words. The fastest speed ever sent by a straight key was achieved in 1942 by Harry Turner W9YZE (d. 1992) who reached 35 wpm in a demonstration at a U.S. Army base. To accurately compare code copying speed records of different eras it is useful to keep in mind that different standard words (50 dot durations versus 60 dot durations) and different interword gaps (5 dot durations versus 7 dot durations) may have been used when determining such speed records. For example, speeds run with the CODEX standard word and the PARIS standard may differ by up to 20%.

text: Today among amateur operators there are several organizations that recognize high-speed code ability, one group consisting of those who can copy Morse at 60 wpm.[19] Also, Certificates of Code Proficiency are issued by several amateur radio societies, including the American Radio Relay League. Their basic award starts at 10 wpm with endorsements as high as 40 wpm, and are available to anyone who can copy the transmitted text. Members of the Boy Scouts of America may put a Morse interpreter's strip on their uniforms if they meet the standards for translating code at 5 wpm.

text: International Morse Code

text: Morse code has been in use for more than 160 years—longer than any other electrical coding system. What is called Morse code today is actually somewhat different from what was originally developed by Vail and Morse. The Modern International Morse code, or continental code, was created by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and initially used for telegraphy between Hamburg and Cuxhaven in Germany. Gerke changed nearly half of the alphabet and all of the numerals, providing the foundation for the modern form of the code. After some minor changes, International Morse Code was standardized at the International Telegraphy Congress in 1865 in Paris and was later made the standard by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Morse's original code specification, largely limited to use in the United States and Canada, became known as American Morse code or railroad code. American Morse code is now seldom used except in historical re-enactments.

text: Aviation

text: In aviation, instrument pilots use radio navigation aids. To ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable, the stations all transmit a short set of identification letters (usually a two-to-five-letter version of the station name) in Morse code. Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts. For example, the VOR based at Manchester Airport in England is abbreviated as "MCT", and MCT in Morse code is transmitted on its radio frequency. In some countries, during periods of maintenance, the facility may radiate a T-E-S-T code (▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄) or the code may be removed which tells pilots and navigators that the station is unreliable. In Canada, the identification is removed entirely to signify the navigation aid is not to be used.[20][21] In the aviation service, Morse is typically sent at a very slow speed of about 5 words per minute. In the U.S., pilots do not actually have to know Morse to identify the transmitter because the dot/dash sequence is written out next to the transmitter's symbol on aeronautical charts. Some modern navigation receivers automatically translate the code into displayed letters.

text: Amateur radio

text: International Morse code today is most popular among amateur radio operators, in the mode commonly referred to as "continuous wave" or "CW". (This name was chosen to distinguish it from the damped wave emissions from spark transmitters, not because the transmission is continuous.) Other keying methods are available in radio telegraphy, such as frequency shift keying.

text: The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively since voice-capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around 1920. Until 2003, the International Telecommunication Union mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide. However, the World Radiocommunication Conference of 2003 made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional.[23] Many countries subsequently removed the Morse requirement from their licence requirements.[24]

text: Until 1991, a demonstration of the ability to send and receive Morse code at a minimum of five words per minute (wpm) was required to receive an amateur radio license for use in the United States from the Federal Communications Commission. Demonstration of this ability was still required for the privilege to use the HF bands. Until 2000, proficiency at the 20 wpm level was required to receive the highest level of amateur license (Amateur Extra Class); effective April 15, 2000, the FCC reduced the Extra Class requirement to five wpm.[25] Finally, effective on February 23, 2007, the FCC eliminated the Morse code proficiency requirements from all amateur radio licenses.

text: While voice and data transmissions are limited to specific amateur radio bands under U.S. rules, Morse code is permitted on all amateur bands—LF, MF, HF, VHF, and UHF. In some countries, certain portions of the amateur radio bands are reserved for transmission of Morse code signals only.

text: The relatively limited speed at which Morse code can be sent led to the development of an extensive number of abbreviations to speed communication. These include prosigns, Q codes, and a set of Morse code abbreviations for typical message components. For example, CQ is broadcast to be interpreted as "seek you" (I'd like to converse with anyone who can hear my signal). OM (old man), YL (young lady) and XYL ("ex-YL" – wife) are common abbreviations. YL or OM is used by an operator when referring to the other operator, XYL or OM is used by an operator when referring to his or her spouse. QTH is "location" ("My QTH" is "My location"). The use of abbreviations for common terms permits conversation even when the operators speak different languages.

text: Although the traditional telegraph key (straight key) is still used by some amateurs, the use of mechanical semi-automatic keyers (known as "bugs") and of fully automatic electronic keyers is prevalent today. Software is also frequently employed to produce and decode Morse code radio signals.

text: Other uses

text: Through May 2013, the First, Second, and Third Class (commercial) Radiotelegraph Licenses using code tests based upon the CODEX standard word were still being issued in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission. The First Class license required 20 WPM code group and 25 WPM text code proficiency, the others 16 WPM code group test (five letter blocks sent as simulation of receiving encrypted text) and 20 WPM code text (plain language) test. It was also necessary to pass written tests on operating practice and electronics theory. A unique additional demand for the First Class was a requirement of a year of experience for operators of shipboard and coast stations using Morse. This allowed the holder to be chief operator on board a passenger ship. However, since 1999 the use of satellite and very high-frequency maritime communications systems (GMDSS) has made them obsolete. (By that point meeting experience requirement for the First was very difficult.) Currently, only one class of license, the Radiotelegraph Operator License, is issued. This is granted either when the tests are passed or as the Second and First are renewed and become this lifetime license. For new applicants, it requires passing a written examination on electronic theory and radiotelegraphy practices, as well as 16 WPM codegroup and 20 WPM text tests. However, the code exams are currently waived for holders of Amateur Extra Class licenses who obtained their operating privileges under the old 20 WPM test requirement.

text: Radio navigation aids such as VORs and NDBs for aeronautical use broadcast identifying information in the form of Morse Code, though many VOR stations now also provide voice identification.[26] Warships, including those of the U.S. Navy, have long used signal lamps to exchange messages in Morse code. Modern use continues, in part, as a way to communicate while maintaining radio silence.

text: ATIS (Automatic Transmitter Identification System) uses Morse code to identify uplink sources of analog satellite transmissions.

text: Applications for the general public

text: An important application is signalling for help through SOS, "▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄". This can be sent many ways: keying a radio on and off, flashing a mirror, toggling a flashlight, and similar methods. SOS is not three separate characters, rather, it is a prosign SOS, and is keyed without gaps between characters.[27]

text: Some Nokia mobile phones offer an option[citation needed] to alert the user of an incoming text message with the Morse tone "▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄" (representing SMS or Short Message Service). In addition, applications are now available for mobile phones that enable short messages to be input in Morse Code.[28]

text: Morse code as an assistive technology

text: Morse code has been employed as an assistive technology, helping people with a variety of disabilities to communicate. Morse can be sent by persons with severe motion disabilities, as long as they have some minimal motor control. An original solution to the problem that caretakers have to learn to decode has been an electronic typewriter with the codes written on the keys. Codes were sung by users; see the voice typewriter employing morse or votem, Newell and Nabarro, 1968.

text: Morse code can also be translated by computer and used in a speaking communication aid. In some cases, this means alternately blowing into and sucking on a plastic tube ("sip-and-puff" interface). An important advantage of Morse code over row column scanning is that once learned, it does not require looking at a display. Also, it appears faster than scanning.

text: People with severe motion disabilities in addition to sensory disabilities (e.g. people who are also deaf or blind) can receive Morse through a skin buzzer.[citation needed].

text: In one case reported in the radio amateur magazine QST,[29] an old shipboard radio operator who had a stroke and lost the ability to speak or write could communicate with his physician (a radio amateur) by blinking his eyes in Morse. Two examples of communication in intensive care units were also published in QST, [30] [31] Another example occurred in 1966 when prisoner of war Jeremiah Denton, brought on television by his North Vietnamese captors, Morse-blinked the word TORTURE. In these two cases, interpreters were available to understand those series of eye-blinks.

text: Representation, timing, and speeds

text:
A sample Morse code transmission

The text "Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit." sent as Morse code at 13 wpm.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text:
Morse code A through Z

"A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z" in Morse code at 8 wpm.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: This section includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, see Wikipedia Media help.

text: International Morse code is composed of five elements:[1]

text:
short mark, dot or "dit" (▄▄▄▄): "dot duration" is one time unit long
longer mark, dash or "dah" (▄▄▄▄▄▄): three time units long
inter-element gap between the dots and dashes within a character: one dot duration or one unit long
short gap (between letters): three time units long
medium gap (between words): seven time units long

tag: ol

text: Transmission

text: Morse code can be transmitted in a number of ways: originally as electrical pulses along a telegraph wire, but also as an audio tone, a radio signal with short and long tones, or as a mechanical, audible, or visual signal (e.g. a flashing light) using devices like an Aldis lamp or a heliograph, a common flashlight, or even a car horn. Some mine rescues have used pulling on a rope - a short pull for a dot and a long pull for a dash.

text: Morse code is transmitted using just two states (on and off). Historians have called it the first digital code. Morse code may be represented as a binary code, and that is what telegraph operators do when transmitting messages. Working from the above ITU definition and further defining a bit as a dot time, a Morse code sequence may be made from a combination of the following five-bit strings:

text:
short mark, dot or "dit" (▄▄▄▄): 1
longer mark, dash or "dah" (▄▄▄▄▄▄): 111
intra-character gap (between the dots and dashes within a character): 0
short gap (between letters): 000
medium gap (between words): 0000000

text: Note that the marks and gaps alternate: dots and dashes are always separated by one of the gaps, and that the gaps are always separated by a dot or a dash.

text: Morse messages are generally transmitted by a hand-operated device such as a telegraph key, so there are variations introduced by the skill of the sender and receiver — more experienced operators can send and receive at faster speeds. In addition, individual operators differ slightly, for example, using slightly longer or shorter dashes or gaps, perhaps only for particular characters. This is called their "fist", and experienced operators can recognize specific individuals by it alone. A good operator who sends clearly and is easy to copy is said to have a "good fist". A "poor fist" is a characteristic of sloppy or hard to copy Morse code.

text: Cable code

text: The very long time constants of 19th and early 20th century submarine communications cables required a different form of Morse signalling. Instead of keying a voltage on and off for varying times, the dits and dahs were represented by two polarities of voltage impressed on the cable, for a uniform time.[32]

text: Timing

text: Below is an illustration of timing conventions. The phrase "MORSE CODE", in Morse code format, would normally be written something like this, where – represents dahs and · represents dits:

text: Next is the exact conventional timing for this phrase, with = representing "signal on", and . representing "signal off", each for the time length of exactly one dit:

text: Spoken representation

text: Morse code is often spoken or written with "dah" for dashes, "dit" for dots located at the end of a character, and "di" for dots located at the beginning or internally within the character. Thus, the following Morse code sequence:

text: is orally:

text: Dah-dah dah-dah-dah di-dah-dit di-di-dit dit, Dah-di-dah-dit dah-dah-dah dah-di-dit dit.

text: There is little point in learning to read written Morse as above; rather, the sounds of all of the letters and symbols need to be learned, for both sending and receiving.

text: Speed in words per minute

text: All Morse code elements depend on the dot length. A dash is the length of 3 dots, and spacings are specified in number of dot lengths. An unambiguous method of specifying the transmission speed is to specify the dot duration as, for example, 50 milliseconds.

text: Specifying the dot duration is, however, not the common practice. Usually, speeds are stated in words per minute. That introduces ambiguity because words have different numbers of characters, and characters have different dot lengths. It is not immediately clear how a specific word rate determines the dot duration in milliseconds.

text: Some method to standardize the transformation of a word rate to a dot duration is useful. A simple way to do this is to choose a dot duration that would send a typical word the desired number of times in one minute. If, for example, the operator wanted a character speed of 13 words per minute, the operator would choose a dot rate that would send the typical word 13 times in exactly one minute.

text: The typical word thus determines the dot length. It is common to assume that a word is 5 characters long. There are two common typical words: "PARIS" and "CODEX". PARIS mimics a word rate that is typical of natural language words and reflects the benefits of Morse code's shorter code durations for common characters such as "e" and "t". CODEX offers a word rate that is typical of 5-letter code groups (sequences of random letters). Using the word PARIS as a standard, the number of dot units is 50 and a simple calculation shows that the dot length at 20 words per minute is 60 milliseconds. Using the word CODEX with 60 dot units, the dot length at 20 words per minute is 50 milliseconds.

text: Because Morse code is usually sent by hand, it is unlikely that an operator could be that precise with the dot length, and the individual characteristics and preferences of the operators usually override the standards.

text: For commercial radiotelegraph licenses in the United States, the Federal Communications Commission specifies tests for Morse code proficiency in words per minute and in code groups per minute.[33] The Commission specifies that a word is 5-characters long. The Commission specifies Morse code test elements at 16 code groups per minute, 20 words per minute, 20 code groups per minute, and 25 words per minute.[34] The word per minute rate would be close to the PARIS standard, and the code groups per minute would be close to the CODEX standard.

text: While the Federal Communications Commission no longer requires Morse code for amateur radio licenses, the old requirements were similar to the requirements for commercial radiotelegraph licenses.[35]

text: A difference between amateur radio licenses and commercial radiotelegraph licenses is that commercial operators must be able to receive code groups of random characters along with plain language text. For each class of license, the code group speed requirement is slower than the plain language text requirement. For example, for the Radiotelegraph Operator License, the examinee must pass a 20 word per minute plain text test and a 16 word per minute code group test.[15]

text: Based upon a 50 dot duration standard word such as PARIS, the time for one dot duration or one unit can be computed by the formula:

text: Where: T is the unit time, or dot duration in milliseconds, and W is the speed in wpm.

text: High-speed telegraphy contests are held; according to the Guinness Book of Records in June 2005 at the International Amateur Radio Union's 6th World Championship in High Speed Telegraphy in Primorsko, Bulgaria, Andrei Bindasov of Belarus transmitted 230 morse code marks of mixed text in one minute.[36]

text: Farnsworth speed

text: Sometimes, especially while teaching Morse code, the timing rules above are changed so two different speeds are used: a character speed and a text speed. The character speed is how fast each individual letter is sent. The text speed is how fast the entire message is sent. For example, individual characters may be sent at a 13 words-per-minute rate, but the intercharacter and interword gaps may be lengthened so the word rate is only 5 words per minute.

text: Using different character and text speeds is, in fact, a common practice, and is used in the Farnsworth method of learning Morse code.

text: Alternative display of common characters in International Morse code

text: Some methods of teaching Morse code use a dichotomic search table.

text: Link budget issues

text: Morse Code cannot be treated as a classical radioteletype (RTTY) signal when it comes to calculating a link margin or a link budget for the simple reason of it possessing variable length dots and dashes as well as variant timing between letters and words. For the purposes of Information Theory and Channel Coding comparisons, the word PARIS is used to determine Morse Code's properties because it has an even number of dots and dashes.

text: Morse Code, when transmitted essentially, creates an AM signal (even in on/off keying mode), assumptions about signal can be made with respect to similarly timed RTTY signalling. Because Morse code transmissions employ an on-off keyed radio signal, it requires less complex transmission equipment than other forms of radio communication.

text: Morse code also requires less signal bandwidth than voice communication, typically 100–150 Hz, compared to the roughly 2400 Hz used by single-sideband voice, although at a lower data rate.

text: Morse code is usually heard at the receiver as a medium-pitched on/off audio tone (600–1000 Hz), so transmissions are easier to copy than voice through the noise on congested frequencies, and it can be used in very high noise / low signal environments. The transmitted power is concentrated into a limited bandwidth so narrow receiver filters can be used to suppress interference from adjacent frequencies. The audio tone is usually created by use of a beat frequency oscillator.

text: The narrow signal bandwidth also takes advantage of the natural aural selectivity of the human brain, further enhancing weak signal readability. This efficiency makes CW extremely useful for DX (distance) transmissions, as well as for low-power transmissions (commonly called "QRP operation", from the Q-code for "reduce power").

text: The ARRL has a readability standard for robot encoders called ARRL Farnsworth Spacing[37] that is supposed to have higher readability for both robot and human decoders. Some programs like WinMorse[38] have implemented the standard.

text: Learning methods

text: People learning Morse code using the Farnsworth method are taught to send and receive letters and other symbols at their full target speed, that is with normal relative timing of the dots, dashes, and spaces within each symbol for that speed. The Farnsworth method is named for Donald R. "Russ" Farnsworth, also known by his call sign, W6TTB. However, initially exaggerated spaces between symbols and words are used, to give "thinking time" to make the sound "shape" of the letters and symbols easier to learn. The spacing can then be reduced with practice and familiarity.

text: Another popular teaching method is the Koch method, named after German psychologist Ludwig Koch, which uses the full target speed from the outset but begins with just two characters. Once strings containing those two characters can be copied with 90% accuracy, an additional character is added, and so on until the full character set is mastered.

text: In North America, many thousands of individuals have increased their code recognition speed (after initial memorization of the characters) by listening to the regularly scheduled code practice transmissions broadcast by W1AW, the American Radio Relay League's headquarters station.[citation needed]

text: Mnemonics

text: Visual mnemonic charts have been devised over the ages. Baden-Powell included one in the Girl Guides handbook[39] in 1918.

text: In the United Kingdom, many people learned the Morse code by means of a series of words or phrases that have the same rhythm as a Morse character. For instance, "Q" in Morse is dah-dah-di-dah, which can be memorized by the phrase "God save the Queen", and the Morse for "F" is di-di-dah-dit, which can be memorized as "Did she like it."

text: A well-known Morse code rhythm from the Second World War period derives from Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, the opening phrase of which was regularly played at the beginning of BBC broadcasts. The timing of the notes corresponds to the Morse for "V"; di-di-di-dah and stood for "V for Victory" (as well as the Roman numeral for the number five).[40][41]

text: Letters, numbers, punctuation, prosigns for Morse code and non-English variants

text:
Category
Character
Code

Letters
A, a

· −

Letters
B, b

− · · ·

Letters
C, c

− · − ·

Letters
D, d

− · ·

Letters
E, e

·

Letters
F, f

· · − ·

Letters
G, g

− − ·

Letters
H, h

· · · ·

Letters
I, i

· ·

Letters
J, j

· − − −

Letters
K, k

Prosign for "Invitation to transmit"

− · −

Letters
L, l

· − · ·

Letters
M, m

− −

Letters
N, n

− ·

Letters
O, o

− − −

Letters
P, p

· − − ·

Letters
Q, q

− − · −

Letters
R, r

· − ·

Letters
S, s

· · ·

Letters
T, t

−

Letters
U, u

· · −

Letters
V, v

· · · −

Letters
W, w

· − −

Letters
X, x

− · · −

Letters
Y, y

− · − −

Letters
Z, z

− − · ·

Numbers
0

− − − − −

Numbers
1

· − − − −

Numbers
2

· · − − −

Numbers
3

· · · − −

Numbers
4

· · · · −

Numbers
5

· · · · ·

Numbers
6

− · · · ·

Numbers
7

− − · · ·

Numbers
8

− − − · ·

Numbers
9

− − − − ·

Punctuation
Period [.]

· − · − · −

Punctuation
Comma [,]

− − · · − −

Punctuation
Question Mark [?]

· · − − · ·

Punctuation
Apostrophe [']

· − − − − ·

Punctuation
Exclamation Point [!]

KW digraph

− · − · − −

Punctuation
Slash/Fraction Bar [/]

− · · − ·

Punctuation
Parenthesis (Open)

− · − − ·

Punctuation
Parenthesis (Close)

− · − − · −

Punctuation
Ampersand (or "Wait") [&]

AS digraph
Prosign for "Wait"
Not in ITU-R recommendation

· − · · ·

Punctuation
Colon [:]

− − − · · ·

Punctuation
Semicolon [;]

− · − · − ·

Punctuation
Double Dash [=]

− · · · −

Punctuation
Plus sign [+]

· − · − ·

Punctuation
Hyphen, Minus Sign [-]

− · · · · −

Punctuation
Underscore [_]

Not in ITU-R recommendation

· · − − · −

Punctuation
Quotation mark ["]

· − · · − ·

Punctuation
Dollar sign [$]

SX digraph
Not in ITU-R recommendation

· · · − · · −

Punctuation
At Sign [@]

AC digraph

· − − · − ·

Prosigns
End of work

· · · − · −

Prosigns
Error

· · · · · · · ·

Prosigns
Invitation to Transmit

Also used for K

− · −

Prosigns
Starting Signal

− · − · −

Prosigns
New Page Signal

AR digraph
Message separator
Single-line display may use printed "+"

· − · − ·

Prosigns
Understood

Also used for Ŝ

· · · − ·

Prosigns
Wait

also used for Ampersand [&]

· − · · ·

Non-English extensions
À, à

Shared by À, Å

· − − · −

Non-English extensions
Ä, ä

Shared by Ä, Æ, Ą

· − · −

Non-English Extensions
Å, å

Shared by À, Å

· − − · −

Non-English extensions
Ą, ą

Shared by Ä, Æ, Ą

· − · −

Non-English extensions
Æ, æ

Shared by Ä, Æ, Ą

· − · −

Non-English extensions
Ć, ć

Shared by Ć, Ĉ, Ç

− · − · ·

Non-English extensions
Ĉ, ĉ

Shared by Ć, Ĉ, Ç

− · − · ·

Non-English Extensions
Ç, ç

Shared by Ć, Ĉ, Ç

− · − · ·

Non-English extensions
CH, ch

Shared by CH, Ĥ, Š

− − − −

Non-English extensions
Đ, đ

Shared by Đ, É, Ę
Not to be confused with Eth (Ð, ð)

· · − · ·

Non-English extensions
Ð, ð

Not to be confused with D with stroke (Đ, đ)

· · − − ·

Non-English extensions
É, é

Shared by Đ, É, Ę

· · − · ·

Non-English extensions
È, è

Shared by È, Ł

· − · · −

Non-English extensions
Ę, ę

Shared by Đ, É, Ę

· · − · ·

Non-English extensions
Ĝ, ĝ

− − · − ·

Non-English extensions
Ĥ, ĥ

Shared by CH, Ĥ, Š

− − − −

Non-English extensions
Ĵ, ĵ

· − − − ·

Non-English extensions
Ł, ł

Shared by È, Ł

· − · · −

Non-English extensions
Ń, ń

Shared by Ń, Ñ

− − · − −

Non-English extensions
Ñ, ñ

Shared by Ń, Ñ

− − · − −

Non-English extensions
Ó, ó

Shared by Ó, Ö, Ø

− − − ·

Non-English extensions
Ö, ö

Shared by Ó, Ö, Ø

− − − ·

Non-English extensions
Ø, ø

Shared by Ó, Ö, Ø

− − − ·

Non-English extensions
Ś, ś

· · · − · · ·

Non-English extensions
Ŝ, ŝ

Prosign for "Understood"

· · · − ·

Non-English extensions
Š, š

Shared by CH, Ĥ, Š

− − − −

Non-English extensions
Þ, þ

· − − · ·

Non-English extensions
Ü, ü

Shared by Ü, Ŭ

· · − −

Non-English extensions
Ŭ, ŭ

Shared by Ü, Ŭ

· · − −

Non-English extensions
Ź, ź

− − · · − ·

Non-English extensions
Ż, ż

− − · · −

text: Prosigns

text: Prosigns for Morse code are special (usually) unwritten procedural signals or symbols that are used to indicate changes in communications protocol status or white space text formatting actions.

text: Symbol representations

text: The symbols !, $ and & are not defined inside the ITU recommendation on Morse code, but conventions for them exist. The @ symbol was formally added in 2004.

text: There is no standard representation for the exclamation mark (!), although the KW digraph (▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄) was proposed in the 1980s by the Heathkit Company (a vendor of assembly kits for amateur radio equipment).

text: While Morse code translation software prefers the Heathkit version, on-air use is not yet universal as some amateur radio operators in North America and the Caribbean continue to prefer the older MN digraph (▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄) carried over from American landline telegraphy code.

text:
The ITU has never codified formal Morse Code representations for currencies as the ISO 4217 Currency Codes are preferred for transmission.
The $ sign code was represented in the Phillips Code, a huge collection of abbreviations used on land line telegraphy, as SX.

text: The representation of the & sign given above, often shown as AS, is also the Morse prosign for wait. In addition, the American landline representation of an ampersand was similar to "ES" (▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄) and hams have carried over this usage as a synonym for "and" (WX HR COLD ES RAINY, "the weather here is cold & rainy").

text:
On May 24, 2004 — the 160th anniversary of the first public Morse telegraph transmission — the Radiocommunication Bureau of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) formally added the @ ("commercial at" or "commat") character to the official Morse character set, using the sequence denoted by the AC digraph (▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄).
This sequence was reportedly chosen to represent "A[T] C[OMMERCIAL]" or a letter "a" inside a swirl represented by a "C".[42] The new character facilitates sending email addresses by Morse code and is notable since it is the first official addition to the Morse set of characters since World War I.

text: Non-Latin extensions

text: For Chinese, Chinese telegraph code is used to map Chinese characters to four-digit codes and send these digits out using standard Morse code. Korean Morse code uses the SKATS mapping, originally developed to allow Korean to be typed on western typewriters. SKATS maps hangul characters to arbitrary letters of the Latin script and has no relationship to pronunciation in Korean. For Russian and Bulgarian, Russian Morse code is used to map the Cyrillic characters to four-element codes. Many of the characters are encoded the same way (A, O, E, I, T, M, N, R, K, etc.). Bulgarian alphabet contains 30 characters, which exactly match all possible combinations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 dots and dashes. Russian requires 1 extra character, "Ы" which is encoded with 5 elements.

text: Unusual variants

text: During early World War I (1914–1916), Germany briefly experimented with 'dotty' and 'dashy' Morse, in essence adding a dot or a dash at the end of each Morse symbol. Each one was quickly broken by Allied SIGINT, and standard Morse was restored by Spring 1916. Only a small percentage of Western Front (North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea) traffic was in 'dotty' or 'dashy' Morse during the entire war. In popular culture, this is mostly remembered in the book The Codebreakers by Kahn and in the national archives of the UK and Australia (whose SIGINT operators copied most of this Morse variant). Kahn's cited sources come from the popular press and wireless magazines of the time.[43]

text: Other forms of 'Fractional Morse' or 'Fractionated Morse' have emerged.[44]

text: Decoding software

text: Decoding software for Morse code ranges from software-defined wide-band radio receivers coupled to the Reverse Beacon Network,[45] which decodes signals and detects CQ messages on ham bands, to smartphone applications.[46]


document_title: Through the Looking-Glass

question_text: how many chapters in alice through the looking glass

root

text: Through the Looking-Glass

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Chapter One – Looking-Glass House:  Alice is playing with a white kitten (whom she calls "Snowdrop") and a black kitten (whom she calls "Kitty")—the offspring of Dinah, Alice's cat in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland—when she ponders what the world is like on the other side of a mirror's reflection. Climbing up onto the fireplace mantel, she pokes at the wall-hung mirror behind the fireplace and discovers, to her surprise, that she is able to step through it to an alternative world. In this reflected version of her own house, she finds a book with looking-glass poetry, "Jabberwocky", whose reversed printing she can read only by holding it up to the mirror. She also observes that the chess pieces have come to life, though they remain small enough for her to pick up.

tag: p

text: Chapter Two – The Garden of Live Flowers:  Upon leaving the house (where it had been a cold, snowy night), she enters a sunny spring garden where the flowers can speak; they perceive Alice as being a "flower that can move about". Elsewhere in the garden, Alice meets the Red Queen, who is now human-sized, and who impresses Alice with her ability to run at breathtaking speeds. This is a reference to the chess rule that queens are able to move any number of vacant squares at once, in any direction, which makes them the most "agile" of pieces.

text: Chapter Three – Looking-Glass Insects:  The Red Queen reveals to Alice that the entire countryside is laid out in squares, like a gigantic chessboard, and offers to make Alice a queen if she can move all the way to the eighth rank/row in a chess match. This is a reference to the chess rule of Promotion. Alice is placed in the second rank as one of the White Queen's pawns, and begins her journey across the chessboard by boarding a train that literally jumps over the third row and directly into the fourth rank, thus acting on the rule that pawns can advance two spaces on their first move.

text: Chapter Four – Tweedledum and Tweedledee:  She then meets the fat twin brothers Tweedledum and Tweedledee, who she knows from the famous nursery rhyme. After reciting the long poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter", the Tweedles draw Alice's attention to the Red King—loudly snoring away under a nearby tree—and maliciously provoke her with idle philosophical banter that she exists only as an imaginary figure in the Red King's dreams (thereby implying that she will cease to exist the instant he wakes up). Finally, the brothers begin acting out their nursery-rhyme by suiting up for battle, only to be frightened away by an enormous crow, as the nursery rhyme about them predicts.

text: Chapter Five – Wool and Water:  Alice next meets the White Queen, who is very absent-minded but boasts of (and demonstrates) her ability to remember future events before they have happened. Alice and the White Queen advance into the chessboard's fifth rank by crossing over a brook together, but at the very moment of the crossing, the Queen transforms into a talking Sheep in a small shop. Alice soon finds herself struggling to handle the oars of a small rowboat, where the Sheep annoys her with (seemingly) nonsensical shouting about "crabs" and "feathers". Unknown to Alice, these are standard terms in the jargon of rowing. Thus (for a change) the Queen/Sheep was speaking in a perfectly logical and meaningful way.

text: Chapter Six – Humpty Dumpty:  After crossing yet another brook into the sixth rank, Alice immediately encounters Humpty Dumpty, who, besides celebrating his unbirthday, provides his own translation of the strange terms in "Jabberwocky". In the process, he introduces Alice (and the reader) to the concept of portmanteau words, before his inevitable fall.

text: Chapter Seven – The Lion and the Unicorn:  "All the king's horses and all the king's men" come to Humpty Dumpty's assistance, and are accompanied by the White King, along with the Lion and the Unicorn, who again proceed to act out a nursery rhyme by fighting with each other. In this chapter, the March Hare and Hatter of the first book make a brief re-appearance in the guise of "Anglo-Saxon messengers" called "Haigha" and "Hatta" (i.e. "Hare" and "Hatter"—these names are the only hint given as to their identities other than John Tenniel's illustrations).

text: Chapter Eight – “It’s my own Invention”:  Upon leaving the Lion and Unicorn to their fight, Alice reaches the seventh rank by crossing another brook into the forested territory of the Red Knight, who is intent on capturing the "white pawn"—who is Alice—until the White Knight comes to her rescue. Escorting her through the forest towards the final brook-crossing, the Knight recites a long poem of his own composition called Haddocks' Eyes, and repeatedly falls off his horse. His clumsiness is a reference to the "eccentric" L-shaped movements of chess knights, and may also be interpreted as a self-deprecating joke about Lewis Carroll's own physical awkwardness and stammering in real life.

text: Chapter Nine – Queen Alice:  Bidding farewell to the White Knight, Alice steps across the last brook, and is automatically crowned a queen, with the crown materialising abruptly on her head. She soon finds herself in the company of both the White and Red Queens, who relentlessly confound Alice by using word play to thwart her attempts at logical discussion. They then invite one another to a party that will be hosted by the newly crowned Alice—of which Alice herself had no prior knowledge.

text: Chapter Ten – Shaking:  Alice arrives and seats herself at her own party, which quickly turns to a chaotic uproar—much like the ending of the first book. Alice finally grabs the Red Queen, believing her to be responsible for all the day's nonsense, and begins shaking her violently with all her might. By thus "capturing" the Red Queen, Alice unknowingly puts the Red King (who has remained stationary throughout the book) into checkmate, and thus is allowed to wake up.

text: Chapter Eleven – Waking:  Alice suddenly awakes in her armchair to find herself holding the black kitten, who she deduces to have been the Red Queen all along, with the white kitten having been the White Queen.

text: Chapter Twelve – Which dreamed it?:  The story ends with Alice recalling the speculation of the Tweedle brothers, that everything may have, in fact, been a dream of the Red King, and that Alice might herself be no more than a figment of his imagination. One final poem is inserted by the author as a sort of epilogue which suggests that life itself is but a dream.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Alice
Bandersnatch
Haigha (March Hare)
Hatta (The Hatter)
Humpty Dumpty
The Jabberwock
Jubjub bird
Red King
Red Queen
The Lion and the Unicorn
The Sheep
The Walrus and the Carpenter
Tweedledum and Tweedledee
White King
White Knight
White Queen

tag: ul

tag: table

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: Returning characters[edit]

text: The characters of Hatta and Haigha ("hatter" and "hare" as pronounced in posh English) make an appearance, and are pictured (by Sir John Tenniel, not by Carroll) to resemble their Wonderland counterparts, the Hatter and the March Hare. However, Alice does not recognise them as such.

text: Dinah, Alice's cat, also makes a return – this time with her two kittens, Kitty (the black one) and Snowdrop (the white one). At the end of the book they are associated with the Red Queen and the White Queen respectively in the looking-glass world.

text: Though she does not appear, Alice's sister is mentioned. In both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, there are puns and quips about two non-existing characters, Nobody and Somebody. Paradoxically, the gnat calls Alice an old friend, though it was never introduced in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

text: Writing style and themes[edit]

text: Symbolism[edit]

text: The themes and settings of Through the Looking-Glass make it a kind of mirror image of Wonderland: the first book begins outdoors, in the warm month of May (4 May),[a] uses frequent changes in size as a plot device, and draws on the imagery of playing cards; the second opens indoors on a snowy, wintry night exactly six months later, on 4 November (the day before Guy Fawkes Night),[b] uses frequent changes in time and spatial directions as a plot device, and draws on the imagery of chess. In it, there are many mirror themes, including opposites, time running backwards, and so on.

text: The White Queen offers to hire Alice as her lady's maid and to pay her "Twopence a week, and jam every other day." Alice says that she doesn't want any jam today, and the Queen tells her: "You couldn't have it if you did want it. The rule is, jam tomorrow and jam yesterday—but never jam to-day."  This is a reference to the rule in Latin that the word iam or jam meaning now in the sense of already or at that time cannot be used to describe now in the present, which is nunc in Latin.  Jam is therefore never available today.[2]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2012)

text: Chess[edit]

text: Whereas the first book has the deck of cards as a theme, this book is based on a game of chess, played on a giant chessboard with fields for squares. Most main characters in the story are represented by a chess piece or animals, with Alice herself being a pawn.

text: The looking-glass world is divided into sections by brooks or streams, with the crossing of each brook usually signifying a notable change in the scene, and Alice's crossing of them signifies advancing of her piece one square. Furthermore, since the brook-crossings do not always correspond to the beginning and ends of chapters, most editions of the book visually represent the crossings by breaking the text with several lines of asterisks ( * * * ). The sequence of moves (white and red) is not always followed. The most extensive treatment of the chess motif in Carroll's novel is provided in Glen Downey's The Truth About Pawn Promotion: The Development of the Chess Motif in Victorian Fiction.[3]

text: Poems and songs[edit]

text:
To the Looking-Glass world it was Alice that said...

Tune for To the Looking-Glass world it was Alice that said...
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text:
Prelude ("Child of the pure unclouded brow")
"Jabberwocky" (seen in the mirror-house; full poem here including readings)
"Tweedledum and Tweedledee"
"The Walrus and the Carpenter" (full poem here)
"Humpty Dumpty"
"In Winter when the fields are white..."
"The Lion and the Unicorn"
"Haddocks' Eyes" / The Aged Aged Man / Ways and Means / A-sitting on a Gate, the song is A-sitting on a Gate, but its other names and callings are placed above.
"Hush-a-by lady, in Alice's lap..." (Red Queen's lullaby)
"To the Looking-Glass world it was Alice that said..."
White Queen's riddle
"A boat beneath a sunny sky" is the first line of a titleless acrostic poem at the end of the book—the beginning letters of each line, when put together, spell Alice Pleasance Liddell.

text: The Wasp in a wig[edit]

text: Lewis Carroll decided to suppress a scene involving what was described as "a wasp in a wig" (possibly a play on the commonplace expression "bee in the bonnet"). It has been suggested in a biography by Carroll's nephew, Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, that one of the reasons for this suppression was a suggestion from his illustrator, John Tenniel,[4] who wrote in a letter to Carroll dated 1 June 1870:

text: ...I am bound to say that the  'wasp'  chapter doesn't interest me in the least, and I can't see my way to a picture. If you want to shorten the book, I can't help thinking – with all submission – that there is your opportunity.[5]

text: For many years no one had any idea what this missing section was or whether it had survived. In 1974, a document purporting to be the galley proofs of the missing section was sold at Sotheby's; the catalogue description read, in part, that "The proofs were bought at the sale of the author's ... personal effects ... Oxford, 1898...". The bid was won by John Fleming, a Manhattan book dealer. He paid the equivalent of $4,000.[6] The contents were subsequently published in Martin Gardner's The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition, and is also available as a hardback book The Wasp in a Wig: A Suppressed Episode ....[7]

text: The rediscovered section describes Alice's encounter with a wasp wearing a yellow wig, and includes a full previously unpublished poem. If included in the book, it would have followed, or been included at the end of, Chapter 8 – the chapter featuring the encounter with the White Knight. The discovery is generally accepted as genuine, but the proofs have yet to receive any physical examination to establish age and authenticity.[citation needed]

text: Dramatic adaptations[edit]

text: The book has been adapted several times, in combination with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and as a stand-alone film or television special.

text: Stand-alone versions[edit]

text: The adaptations include live, TV musicals, live action and animated versions and radio adaptations. One of the earliest adaptations was a silent movie directed by Walter Lang, Alice Through a Looking Glass, in 1928.[8]

text: A dramatised version directed by Douglas Cleverdon and starring Jane Asher was recorded in the late 1950s by Argo Records, with actors Tony Church, Norman Shelley and Carleton Hobbs, and Margaretta Scott as the narrator.[9]

text: Musical versions include the 1966 TV musical with songs by Moose Charlap, and Judi Rolin in the role of Alice,[10][11] a Christmas 2007 multimedia stage adaptation at The Tobacco Factory directed and conceived by Andy Burden, written by Hattie Naylor, music and lyrics by Paul Dodgson and a 2008 opera Through the Looking Glass by Alan John.

text: Television versions include the 1973 BBC TV movie, Alice Through the Looking Glass, with Sarah Sutton playing Alice,[12] a 1982 38-minute Soviet cutout-animated film made by Kievnauchfilm studio and directed by Yefrem Pruzhanskiy,[13] an animated TV movie in 1987, with Janet Waldo as the voice of Alice (Mr. T was the voice of the Jabberwock)[14] and the 1998 Channel 4 TV movie, with Kate Beckinsale playing the role of Alice. This production restored the lost "Wasp in a Wig" episode.[15]

text: In March 2011, Japanese companies Toei and Banpresto announced that a collaborative animation project based on Through the Looking-Glass tentatively titled Kyōsō Giga (京騒戯画)[16] was in production.

text: On 22 December 2011, BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation by Stephen Wyatt on Saturday Drama[17] with Lauren Mote as Alice, Julian Rhind-Tutt as Lewis Carroll (who not only narrates the story but is also an active character), Carole Boyd as the Red Queen, Sally Phillips as the White Queen, Nicholas Parsons as Humpty-Dumpty, Alistair McGowan as Tweedledum and Tweedledee and John Rowe as the White Knight.

text: With Alice's Adventures in Wonderland[edit]

text: Adaptations combined with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland include the 1933 live-action movie Alice in Wonderland, starring a huge all-star cast and Charlotte Henry in the role of Alice. It featured most of the elements from Through the Looking Glass as well, including W. C. Fields as Humpty Dumpty, and a Harman-Ising animated version of The Walrus and the Carpenter.[18]

text: The 1951 animated Disney movie Alice in Wonderland also features several elements from Through the Looking-Glass, including the talking flowers, Tweedledee and Tweedledum, and "The Walrus and the Carpenter".[19] Another adaptation, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, produced by Joseph Shaftel Productions in 1972 with Fiona Fullerton as Alice, included the twins Fred and Frank Cox as Tweedledum and Tweedledee.[20] The 2010 film Alice in Wonderland by Tim Burton contains elements of both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass.[21]

text: The 1974 Italian TV series Nel Mondo Di Alice (In the World of Alice) which covers both novels, covers Through the Looking-Glass in episodes 3 and 4.[22]

text: Combined stage productions include the 1980 version, produced and written by Elizabeth Swados, Alice in Concert (aka Alice at the Palace), performed on a bare stage. Meryl Streep played the role of Alice, with additional supporting cast by Mark Linn-Baker and Betty Aberlin. In 2007, Chicago-based Lookingglass Theater Company debuted an acrobatic interpretation of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass with Lookingglass Alice.[23] Lookingglass Alice was performed in New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago,[24] and in a version of the show which toured the United States.

text: Iris Theatre in London, England, had a 2 part version of both novels in which Through the Looking-Glass was part 2. Alice was played in both parts by Laura Wickham. It was staged in the summer of 2013.[25]

text: Laura Wade's Alice, a modern adaptation of both books premiering at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield in 2010, adapted parts of both novels.

text: Wonder.land by Moira Buffini and Damon Albarn takes some characters from the second novel, notably Dum and Dee and Humpty Dumpty. The show also merges the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen into one character.

text: Adrian Mitchell's Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass adaptation for the RSC (Royal Shakespeare Company) adapted through the Looking-Glass in act 2.[26]

text: The 1985 two-part TV musical Alice in Wonderland, produced by Irwin Allen, covers both books; Alice was played by Natalie Gregory. In this adaptation, the Jabberwock materialises into reality after Alice reads "Jabberwocky", and pursues her through the second half of the musical.[27] The 1999 made-for-TV Hallmark/NBC film Alice in Wonderland, with Tina Majorino as Alice, merges elements from Through the Looking Glass including the talking flowers, Tweedledee and Tweedledum, "The Walrus and the Carpenter", and the chess theme including the snoring Red King and White Knight.[28] The 2009 Syfy TV miniseries Alice contains elements from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass.[29]

text: Other[edit]

text:
The 1977 film Jabberwocky expands the story of the poem "Jabberwocky".[30]
The 1936 Mickey Mouse short film Thru the Mirror has Mickey travel through his mirror and into a bizarre world.
The 1959 film Donald in Mathmagic Land includes a segment with Donald Duck dressed as Alice meeting the Red Queen on a chessboard.
The 2011 ballet Through the Looking-Glass by American composer John Craton
The 2013 book Through the Zombie Glass by Gena Showalter
The 2016 film Alice Through the Looking Glass by James Bobin, a sequel to the 2010 film Alice in Wonderland.


document_title: Madison Square Garden

question_text: how did madison square garden get its name

text: Madison Square Garden

text: History[edit]

text: Previous Gardens[edit]

text: Madison Square is formed by the intersection of 5th Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street in Manhattan. It was named after James Madison, fourth President of the United States.[8]

text: Two venues called Madison Square Garden were located just northeast of the square, the first from 1879 to 1890, and the second from 1890 to 1925. The first Garden, leased to P. T. Barnum,[9] had no roof and was inconvenient to use during inclement weather, so it was demolished after 11 years. Madison Square Garden II was designed by noted architect Stanford White. The new building was built by a syndicate which included J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, P. T. Barnum,[10] Darius Mills, James Stillman and W. W. Astor. White gave them a Beaux-Arts structure with a Moorish feel, including a minaret-like tower modeled after Giralda, the bell tower of the Cathedral of Seville[10] – soaring 32 stories – the city's second tallest building at the time – dominating Madison Square Park. It was 200 feet (61 m) by 485 feet (148 m), and the main hall, which was the largest in the world, measured 200 feet (61 m) by 350 feet (110 m), with permanent seating for 8,000 people and floor space for thousands more. It had a 1,200-seat theatre, a concert hall with a capacity of 1,500, the largest restaurant in the city and a roof garden cabaret.[9] The building cost $3 million.[9] Madison Square Garden II was unsuccessful like the first Garden,[11] and the New York Life Insurance Company, which held the mortgage on it, decided to tear it down in 1925 to make way for a new headquarters building, which would become the landmark Cass Gilbert-designed New York Life Building.

text: A third Madison Square Garden opened in a new location, on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, from 1925 to 1968. Groundbreaking on the third Madison Square Garden took place on January 9, 1925.[12] Designed by the noted theater architect Thomas W. Lamb, it was built at the cost of $4.75 million in 249 days by boxing promoter Tex Rickard;[9] the arena was dubbed "The House That Tex Built."[13] The arena was 200 feet (61 m) by 375 feet (114 m), with seating on three levels, and a maximum capacity of 18,496 spectators for boxing.[9] Demolition commenced in 1968 after the opening of the current Garden.[14] It finished up in early 1969, and the site is now where One Worldwide Plaza is located.

text: Current Garden[edit]

text: The fourth and current Madison Square Garden opened on February 11, 1968, after Irving Mitchell Felt, who purchased the air rights from the Pennsylvania Railroad, tore down the above-ground portions of the original Pennsylvania Station.[15][16] The new structure was one of the first of its kind to be built above the platforms of an active railroad station. It was an engineering feat constructed by Robert E. McKee of El Paso, Texas. Public outcry over the demolition of the Pennsylvania Station structure—an outstanding example of Beaux-Arts architecture—led to the creation of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The Garden is located in the office and entertainment complex formally addressed as Pennsylvania Plaza and commonly known as Penn Plaza, named for the railroad station.

text: In 1972, Felt proposed moving the Knicks and Rangers to a then incomplete venue in the New Jersey Meadowlands, the Meadowlands Sports Complex. The Garden was also the home arena for the NY Raiders/NY Golden Blades of the World Hockey Association. The Meadowlands would eventually host its own NBA and NHL teams, the New Jersey Nets and the New Jersey Devils, respectively. The New York Giants and Jets of the National Football League (NFL) also relocated there. Felt's efforts fueled controversy between the Garden and New York City over real estate taxes. The disagreement again flared in 1980 when the Garden again challenged its tax bill. The arena, since the 1980s, has since enjoyed tax-free status, under the condition that all Knicks and Rangers home games must be hosted at MSG, lest it lose this exemption.[17]

text: Garden owners spent $200 million in 1991 to renovate facilities and add 89 suites in place of hundreds of upper-tier seats. The project was designed by Ellerbe Becket. In 2004–2005, Cablevision battled with the City of New York over the proposed West Side Stadium, which was cancelled. Cablevision then announced plans to raze the Garden, replace it with high-rise commercial buildings, and build a new Garden one block away at the site of the James Farley Post Office. Meanwhile, a new project to renovate and modernize the Garden completed phase one in time for the Rangers and Knicks' 2011–12 seasons,[18] though the vice president of the Garden says he remains committed to the installation of an extension of Penn Station at the Farley Post Office site. While the Knicks and Rangers were not displaced, the New York Liberty played at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey during the renovation.

text: Madison Square Garden is the last of the NBA and NHL arenas to not be named after a corporate sponsor.[19]

text: Joe Louis Plaza[edit]

text: In 1984, the four streets immediately surrounding the Garden were designated as Joe Louis Plaza, in honor of boxer Joe Louis, who made eight successful title defenses in the previous Madison Square Garden.[20][21]

text: 2011–2013 renovation[edit]

text: Madison Square Garden's $1 billion second renovation took place mainly over three offseasons. It was set to begin after the 2009–10 hockey/basketball seasons, but was delayed until after the 2010–11 seasons. Renovation was done in phases with the majority of the work done in the summer months to minimize disruptions to the NHL and NBA seasons. While the Rangers and Knicks were not displaced,[22][23] the Liberty played their home games through the 2013 season at Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, during the renovation.[24][25]

text: New features include a larger entrance with interactive kiosks, retail, climate-controlled space, and broadcast studio; larger concourses; new lighting and LED video systems with HDTV; new seating; two new pedestrian walkways suspended from the ceiling to allow fans to look directly down onto the games being played below; more dining options; and improved dressing rooms, locker rooms, green rooms, upgraded roof, and production offices. The lower bowl concourse, called the Madison Concourse, remains on the 6th floor. The upper bowl concourse was relocated to the 8th floor and it is known as the Garden Concourse. The 7th floor houses the new Madison Suites and the Madison Club. The upper bowl was built on top of these suites. The rebuilt concourses are wider than their predecessors, and include large windows that offer views of the city streets around the Garden.[26]

text: Construction of the lower bowl (Phase 1) was completed for the 2011–2012 NHL season and the 2011–12 NBA lockout shortened season. An extended off-season for the Garden permitted some advanced work to begin on the new upper bowl, which was completed in time for the 2012–2013 NBA season and the 2012–13 NHL lockout-shortened NHL season. This advance work included the West Balcony on the 10th floor, taking the place of sky-boxes, and new end-ice 300 level seating. The construction of the upper bowl along with the Madison Suites and the Madison Club (Phase 2) were completed for the 2012–2013 NHL and NBA seasons. The construction of the new lobby known as Chase Square, along with the Chase Bridges and the new scoreboard (Phase 3) were completed for the 2013–2014 NHL and NBA seasons.

text: Penn Station renovation controversy[edit]

text: Madison Square Garden is seen as an obstacle in the renovation and future expansion of Penn Station, which is already expanding through the James Farley Post Office, and some have proposed moving MSG to other sites in western Manhattan. On February 15, 2013, Manhattan Community Board 5 voted 36–0 against granting a renewal to MSG's operating permit in perpetuity and proposed a 10-year limit instead in order to build a new Penn Station where the arena is currently standing. Manhattan borough president Scott Stringer said, "Moving the arena is an important first step to improving Penn Station." The Madison Square Garden Company responded by saying that "[i]t is incongruous to think that M.S.G. would be considering moving."[27]

text: In May 2013, four architecture firms – SHoP Architects, SOM, H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture, and Diller Scofidio + Renfro – submitted proposals for a new Penn Station. SHoP Architects recommended moving Madison Square Garden to the Morgan Postal Facility a few blocks southwest, as well as removing 2 Penn Plaza and redeveloping other towers, and an extension of the High Line to Penn Station.[28] Meanwhile, SOM proposed moving Madison Square Garden to the area just south of the James Farley Post Office, and redeveloping the area above Penn Station as a mixed-use development with commercial, residential, and recreational space.[28] H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture wanted to move the arena to a new pier west of Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, four blocks west of the current station/arena. Then, according to H3's plan, four skyscrapers at each of the four corners of the new Penn Station superblock, with a roof garden on top of the station; the Farley Post Office would become an education center.[28] Finally, Diller Scofidio + Renfro proposed a mixed-use development on the site, with spas, theaters, a cascading park, a pool, and restaurants; Madison Square Garden would be moved two blocks west, next to the post office. DS+F also proposed high-tech features in the station, such as train arrival and departure boards on the floor, and apps that would inform waiting passengers of ways to occupy their time until they board their trains.[28] Madison Square Garden rejected the notion that it would be relocated, and called the plans "pie-in-the-sky".[28]

text: In June 2013, the New York City Council Committee on Land Use voted unanimously to give the Garden a ten-year permit, at the end of which period the owners will either have to relocate, or go back through the permission process.[29] On July 24, the City Council voted to give the Garden a 10-year operating permit by a vote of 47 to 1. "This is the first step in finding a new home for Madison Square Garden and building a new Penn Station that is as great as New York and suitable for the 21st century", said City Council speaker Christine Quinn. "This is an opportunity to reimagine and redevelop Penn Station as a world-class transportation destination."[30]

text: In October 2014, the Morgan facility was selected as the most ideal area for Madison Square Garden to be moved, following the 2014 MAS Summit in New York City. More plans for the station were discussed.[31][32] Then, in January 2016, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment plan for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden, but would otherwise leave the arena intact.[33][34]

text: Events[edit]

text: Regular events[edit]

text: Sports[edit]

text: Madison Square Garden hosts approximately 320 events a year. It is the home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and the New York Liberty of the Women's National Basketball Association. The New York Rangers, New York Knicks, New York Liberty, and the Madison Square Garden arena itself are all owned by the Madison Square Garden Company. The arena is also host to the Big East Men's Basketball Conference Tournament and the finals of the National Invitation Tournament. It also hosts selected home games for the St. John's men's Red Storm (college basketball), the annual pre- and postseason NIT tournaments, the Millrose Games track and field meet, and almost any other kind of indoor activity that draws large audiences, such as the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show and the 2004 Republican National Convention. The Garden is the former home of the NBA Draft and the former New York City home of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus and Disney on Ice; all three events are now held at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn. It served the New York Cosmos for half of their home games during the 1983–84 NASL Indoor season.[35]

text: Many of boxing's biggest fights were held at Madison Square Garden, including the Roberto Durán–Ken Buchanan affair, and the first Muhammad Ali – Joe Frazier bout. Before promoters such as Don King and Bob Arum moved boxing to Las Vegas, Nevada Madison Square Garden was considered the mecca of boxing. The original 18½' × 18½' (5.6 m × 5.6 m) ring, which was brought from the second and third generation of the Garden, was officially retired on September 19, 2007, and donated to the International Boxing Hall of Fame after 82 years of service. A 20' × 20' (6 m × 6 m) ring replaced it beginning on October 6 of that same year.

text: Concerts[edit]

text: Madison Square Garden hosts more high-profile concert events than any other venue in New York City. It has been the venue for George Harrison's The Concert for Bangladesh, The Concert for New York City following the September 11 attacks, John Lennon's final concert appearance (during an Elton John concert on Thanksgiving Night, 1974) before his murder in 1980, and Elvis Presley, who gave four sold out performances in 1972, his first and last ever in New York City. Parliament-Funkadelic headlined numerous sold out shows in 1977 and 1978. Led Zeppelin's 3 night stand in July 1973 was recorded and released as both a film and album titled The Song Remains The Same. The Police played their final show of their reunion tour at the Garden in 2008.

text: At one point, Elton John held the all-time record for greatest number of appearances at the Garden with 64 shows. In a 2009 press release, John was quoted as saying "Madison Square Garden is my favorite venue in the whole world. I chose to have my 60th birthday concert there, because of all the incredible memories I've had playing the venue."[36] Billy Joel, who broke the record, stated "Madison Square Garden is the center of the universe as far as I'm concerned. It has the best acoustics, the best audiences, the best reputation, and the best history of great artists who have played there. It is the iconic, holy temple of rock and roll for most touring acts and, being a New Yorker, it holds a special significance to me."[36]

text: Madonna performed at this venue a total of 31 concerts, the first two being during her 1985 Virgin Tour, on June 10 and 11, and the most recent being the two-nights stay during her Rebel Heart Tour on September 16 and 17, 2015.

text: U2 performed at the arena 25 times: the first one was on April 1, 1985 during their Unforgettable Fire Tour, in front of a crowd of 19,000 people. The second and the third were on September 28 and 29, 1987 during their Joshua Tree Tour, in front of 39,510 people. The fourth was on March 20, 1992 during their Zoo TV Tour, in front of a crowd of 18,179 people. The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth was on June 17 and 19 and October 24, 25 and 27, 2001 during their Elevation Tour, in front of 91,787 people. The 10th, the 11th, the 12th, the 13th, the 14th, the 15th, the 16th and the 17th were on May 21, October 7, 8, 10, 11 and 14 and November 21 and 22, 2005 during their Vertigo Tour, in front of a total sold out crowd of 149,004 people. The band performed their following eight performances at the arena on July 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 30 and 31, 2015 as part of their Innocence + Experience Tour.

text: In the summer of 2017, Phish performed 13 consecutive concerts at the venue, which the Garden commemorated by adding a Phish themed banner to the rafters.[37] The "Bakers' Dozen" brought the total number of Phish shows at MSG to 52.[38]

text: Other events[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: It has previously hosted the 1976 Democratic National Convention, 1980 Democratic National Convention, 1992 Democratic National Convention, and the 2004 Republican National Convention, and hosted the NFL Draft for many years (now held at Garden-leased Radio City Music Hall). From 1982 to 1990, the Church of God in Christ in New York under the leadership of Bishop F.D. Washington used Madison Square Garden for its Annual Holy Convocation.[citation needed]

text: The New York Police Academy, Baruch College/CUNY and Yeshiva University also hold their annual graduation ceremonies at Madison Square Garden. It hosted the Grammy Awards in 1972, 1997, 2003 and 2018 (which are normally held in Los Angeles) as well as the Latin Grammy Awards of 2006.

text: The group and Best in Show competitions of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show are held every February for two days at MSG.

text: Notable firsts and significant events[edit]

text: The Garden hosted the Stanley Cup Finals and NBA Finals simultaneously on two occasions: in 1972 and 1994.

text: MSG has hosted the following All-Star Games:

text:
NHL All-Star Game: 1973, 1994
NBA All-Star Game: 1998, 2015
WNBA All-Star Game: 1999, 2003, 2006

text: In 1985, the Garden hosted the inaugural WrestleMania presented by the World Wrestling Federation. In 1988 it hosted the WWF's inaugural SummerSlam PPV.

text: Seating[edit]

text: Seating in Madison Square Garden was initially arranged in six ascending levels, each with its own color. The first level, which was available only for basketball games, boxing and concerts, and not for hockey games and ice shows, was known as the "Rotunda" ("ringside" for boxing and "courtside" for basketball), had beige seats, and bore section numbers of 29 and lower (the lowest number varying with the different venues, in some cases with the very lowest sections denoted by letters rather than numbers). Next above this was the "Orchestra" (red) seating, sections 31 through 97, followed by the 100-level "First Promenade" (orange) and 200-level "Second Promenade"(yellow), the 300-level (green) "First Balcony", and the 400-level (blue) "Second Balcony." The rainbow-colored seats were replaced with fuchsia and teal seats[39] during the 1990s renovation (in part because the blue seats had acquired an unsavory reputation, especially during games in which the New York Rangers hosted their cross-town rivals, the New York Islanders) which installed the 10th floor sky-boxes around the entire arena and the 9th floor sky-boxes on the 7th avenue end of the arena, taking out 400-level seating on the 7th Avenue end in the process.

text: Because all of the seats, except the 400 level, were in one monolithic grandstand, horizontal distance from the arena floor was significant from the ends of the arena. Also, the rows rose much more gradually than other North American arenas, which caused impaired sight lines, especially when sitting behind tall spectators or one of the concourses. This arrangement, however, created an advantage over newer arenas in that seats had a significantly lower vertical distance from the arena floor.

text: As part of the 2011–2013 renovation, the club sections, 100-level and 200-level have been combined to make a new 100-level lower bowl. The 300-level and 400-level were combined and raised 17 feet closer, forming a new 200-level upper bowl. All skyboxes but those on the 7th Avenue end were removed and replaced with balcony seating (8th Avenue) and Chase Bridge Seating (31st Street and 33rd Street). The sky-boxes on the 9th floor were remodeled and are now called the Signature Suites. The sky-boxes on the 7th Avenue end of the 10th Floor are now known as the Lounges. One small section of the 400-level remains near the west end of the arena, and features blue seats. The media booths have been relocated to the 31st Street Chase Bridge.

text: Capacity[edit]

text:
Basketball[40]

Years
Capacity

1968–1971

19,500

1971–1972

19,588

1972–1978

19,693

1978–1989

19,591

1989–1990

18,212

1990–1991

19,081

1991–2012

19,763

2012–2013

19,033

2013–present
19,812[1]

Hockey[41]

Years
Capacity

1968–1972

17,250

1972–1990

17,500

1990–1991

16,792

1991–2012

18,200

2012–2013

17,200

2013–present
18,006[1]

text: The Theater at Madison Square Garden[edit]

text: The Theater at Madison Square Garden seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings, stage shows, and graduation ceremonies. It was the home of the NFL Draft until 2005, when it moved to the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets. It also hosted the NBA Draft from 2001 to 2010. The theater also occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable. The fall 1999 Jeopardy! Teen Tournament as well as a Celebrity Jeopardy! competition were held at the theater. Wheel of Fortune did tapings at the theater twice in 1999 and 2013. In 2004, it was the venue of the Survivor: All-Stars finale. No seat is more than 177 feet (54 m) from the 30' × 64' stage. The theatre has a relatively low 20-foot (6.1 m) ceiling at stage level[42] and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage. There is an 8,000-square-foot (740 m2) lobby at the theater.

text: Accessibility and transportation[edit]

text: Madison Square Garden sits directly atop a major transportation hub in Pennsylvania Station, featuring access to commuter rail service from the Long Island Rail Road and New Jersey Transit, as well as Amtrak. The Garden is also accessible via the New York City Subway. The A, C and E trains stop at 8th Avenue and the 1, 2, and 3 trains at 7th Avenue in Penn Station. The Garden can also be reached from nearby Herald Square with the B, D, F, M, N, Q, R, and W trains at the 34th Street – Herald Square station as well as PATH train service from the 33rd Street station.


document_title: Gary Cole

question_text: who does gary cole play in family guy

question_tokens: who does gary cole play in family guy

text: Gary Cole

text: Early life[edit]

text: Gary Michael Cole was born on September 20, 1956 in Park Ridge, Illinois, and raised in Rolling Meadows, Illinois. His father, Robert, was a school administrative assistant, and his mother, Peggy J., was a director of finance.[1][2][3] Cole has an older sister, Nancy.[4] While attending Rolling Meadows High School, Cole made his acting debut as Snoopy in a high school production of You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown. Cole attended Illinois State University, where he studied theater as a classmate with other future actors Laurie Metcalf and John Malkovich.

text: Career[edit]

text: Cole began his professional career in 1983 as a stage actor in Chicago, where he joined the ensemble of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in 1985. In an early role Cole played an accused Army triple-murderer Capt Jeffrey MacDonald in the mini-series Fatal Vision. Cole has also appeared in several off-Broadway productions in New York City. He has done voice work on several animated series (Family Guy; Kim Possible; Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law; Archer) and had a recurring role on the drama The West Wing as Vice President Bob Russell. He also starred as Captain Matthew Gideon on the short-lived Babylon 5 spin-off Crusade, and had notable guest appearances on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Arrested Development. He also played Joe Maxwell on DCOM Cadet Kelly and appeared as real-life astronaut Edgar Mitchell in HBO's recreation of Project Apollo, From the Earth to the Moon. One of his most notable roles in 1991 was as General Custer in the much acclaimed television film Son of the Morning Star.

text: Between 1988 and 1991, Cole became popular on TV for playing the part of Jack "Nighthawk" Killian in the series Midnight Caller. In 1999, Cole starred in the film Office Space, in which he portrayed the sadistic office supervisor Bill Lumbergh. When asked about the oft-quoted character, Cole said:

text:
“
"Everyone in Office Space thought that this movie had died. So that's how I knew the movie was actually some kind of success because people were coming up doing some lines from the movie ... It never gets old because it reminds you that something you did had some impact. You could work your whole career and have nothing like that last that long."[5]
”

text: He played The Brady Bunch patriarch Mike Brady in the 1995 film The Brady Bunch Movie, the 1996 sequel A Very Brady Sequel, and the 2002 television film The Brady Bunch in the White House.

text: Cole starred as Lt. Conrad Rose on the TNT series Wanted, he is also the voice of the title character on the Adult Swim series Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, and starred as Sheriff Lucas Buck on the one season 1995 show, American Gothic. Cole also appeared in the films Talladega Nights, Forever Strong, and American Pastime.

text: Cole played Katherine Mayfair's ex-husband Wayne on Desperate Housewives[6] and has more recently played the dangerous drug lord Ted Jones in Pineapple Express with Seth Rogen and James Franco. He also appeared in an episode from the third season of the USA Network series Psych as S.W.A.T. commander Cameron Luntz. Cole also played Bill Owens, Sy Parrish's (Robin Williams) boss, in the film One Hour Photo.

text: In 2008, Cole appeared on Chuck as Sarah's con-artist father (in "Chuck Versus the DeLorean"), a role which he reprised in 2011 (in "Chuck Versus the Wedding Planner"). He also appeared in the fifth season of HBO's Entourage playing Ari Gold's old pal Andrew Klein for a 3-episode story arc prior to joining the regular cast in the sixth season.

text: Cole had a guest-appearance on the fourth season of the HBO series True Blood, playing Sookie Stackhouse's grandfather.

text: In 2011, Cole joined Fox's comedy pilot Tagged, but the series was not picked up.[7]

text: In 2013, Cole began a recurring role on Suits as Cameron Dennis, the former mentor of Harvey Specter, one of the show's main characters. Also in 2013, Cole began a major recurring role as Kent Davison on the HBO comedy series Veep, and has appeared throughout the second, third, fourth, and fifth seasons of the show. In 2014, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his work in the third season.

text: Cole currently provides the voice of Sergeant Boscoe on Bob's Burgers and Principal Shepherd on Family Guy.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Cole married actress Teddi Siddall on March 8, 1992.[3] Their daughter Mary is pursuing an acting career. On June 19, 2017, the couple announced they were divorcing.[8] Cole is an active Democrat.[9]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1985
To Live and Die in L.A.
Man chased by Richard Chance
Uncredited

1986
Lucas
Assistant Coach

1993
In the Line of Fire
Agent-In-Charge Bill Watts

1995
The Brady Bunch Movie
Mike Brady

1996
A Very Brady Sequel
Mike Brady

1996
For My Daughter's Honor
Pete Nash

1997
Santa Fe
Paul Thomas

1997
Gang Related
Richard Simms

1997
Cyclops, Baby
Manks

1998
A Simple Plan
Neil Baxter

1998
Kiss the Sky
Marty

1998
I'll Be Home for Christmas
Jake's Dad

1999
Office Space
Bill Lumbergh

2000
The Gift
David Duncan

2001
The Rising Place
Avery Hodge

2002
The Brady Bunch in the White House
Mike Brady

2002
One Hour Photo
Bill Owens

2002
I Spy
Carlos

2004
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!
Henry Futch

2004
Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story
Cotton McKnight

2005
The Ring Two
Martin Savide

2005
Mozart and the Whale
Wallace

2005
Cry Wolf
Mr. Matthews

2006
Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby
Reese Bobby

2007
My Wife Is Retarded
Doctor Heichman
Short film

2007
American Pastime
Billy Burrell

2007
Breach
Rich Garces

2007
Goodnight Vagina
Dr. Milstein
Short film

2008
Say Hello to Stan Talmadge
Stan Talmadge

2008
Conspiracy
Rhodes

2008
Pineapple Express
Ted Jones

2008
Forever Strong
Coach Larry Gelwix

2009
Extract
Bar patron
Uncredited

2009
The Joneses
Larry

2010
DC Showcase: The Spectre
Jim Corrigan / The Spectre (voice)
Short film

2010
Batman: Under the Red Hood
Bobo / James Gordon (voices)
Direct-to-DVD

2010
Immortality Bites
Dr. Levine

2011
Hop
Henry O'Hare

2011
The Chicago 8
Bill Kunstler

2011
The Last Rites of Joe May
Lenny

2013
Vamp U
Arthur Levine

2014
Date and Switch
Dwayne

2014
Tammy
Earl

2014
Cotton
Clay Peaks
Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival Award for Best Actor [10]

2014
The Town That Dreaded Sundown
Chief Deputy Tillman

2015
Divine Access
Reverend Guy Roy Davis

2015
Christmas Eve
Dr. Roberts

2015
The Bronze
Stan Greggory

2016
Hot Air
Aviator

2017
Small Crimes
Lieutenant Pleasant

2017
Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown
Rafe (voice)
Direct-to-DVD

2018
Blockers
Ron

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1983
Heart of Steel
Lee
Television film

1984
Fatal Vision
Captain Jeffrey MacDonald, MD
Television film

1984
American Playhouse
Man with Xmas Tree
Episode: "A Matter of Principle"

1985
First Steps
Manny
Television film

1985
The Twilight Zone
Daniel Gaddis
Episode: "Her Pilgrim Soul"

1986
Vital Signs
Dr. Hayward
Television film

1986
Miami Vice
Jackson Crane
Episode: "Trust Fund Pirates"

1986
Jack and Mike
Chris Sykes
Episode: "Pilot"

1987
Moonlighting
Alan McClafferty
2 episodes

1987
Echoes in the Darkness
Jack Holtz
Television film

1988–1991
Midnight Caller
Jack 'Nighthawk' Killian
61 episodes

1989
Those She Left Behind
Scott Grimes
Television film

1990
The Old Man and the Sea
Tom Pruitt
Television film

1991
Son of the Morning Star
George Armstrong Custer
Television film

1993
The Switch
Larry McAfee
Television film

1993
When Love Kills: The Seduction of John Hearn
John Hearn
Television film

1994
A Time to Heal
Jay Barton
Television film

1994
Rod Serling's Lost Classics
James
Television film

1994
Fall from Grace
Maj. Tom O'Neill
Television film

1995–1996
American Gothic
Sheriff Lucas Buck
22 episodes

1996
For My Daughter's Honor
Pete Nash
Television film

1997
Lies He Told
Dave
Television film

1998
Dead Man's Gun
Travis Everett Thornberry
Episode: "The Photographer"

1998
The Outer Limits
Detective Ray Venable
Episode: "Criminal Nature"

1998
From the Earth to the Moon
Edgar Mitchell
Episode: "For Miles and Miles"

1999
Crusade
Capt. Matthew Gideon
13 episodes

1999
Chicken Soup for the Soul
Dad
Episode: "Where's My Kiss, Then?"

1999, 2001, 2004
The Practice
Defense Attorney Solomon Tager / Atty. Brian Seabury
3 episodes

2000
What About Joan
Justin
Episode: "You Can't Go Home Again"

2000
Family Law
Alan
Episode: "Human Error"

2000
Batman Beyond
Zeta (voice)
Episode: "Zeta"

2000
Touched by an Angel
Charlie Radcliff
Episode: "Pandora's Box"

2000
Frasier
Luke Parker
Episode: "The New Friend"

2000–2007
Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law
Harvey Birdman (voice)
39 episodes

2000–present
Family Guy
Principal Shepherd / Various voices
49 episodes

2001
Neurotic Tendencies

Pilot

2001
Justice League
J. Allen Carter (voice)
3 episodes

2002
American Adventure
Chuck
Television film

2002
Cadet Kelly
Commandant Joe "Sir" Maxwell
Television film

2002–2003
Family Affair
William 'Bill' Davis
15 episodes

2002–2007
Kim Possible
Dr. James Timothy Possible (voice)
38 episodes

2003
Criminology 101
Roy Franks
Pilot

2003
Hack
Johnny Scanlon
Episode: "Brothers in Arms"

2003
Monk
Dexter Larson
Episode: "Mr. Monk Meets the Playboy"

2003
Karen Sisco
Konner
2 episodes

2003
Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time
Dr. James Timothy Possible (voice)
Television film

2003–2006
The West Wing
Vice President Bob Russell
21 episodes

2004
Pop Rocks
Jerry "Dagger" Harden
Television film

2005
Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama
Dr. James Timothy Possible (voice)
Television film

2004
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Xander Henry
Episode: "Brotherhood"

2005
Wanted
Lieutenant Conrad Rose
13 episodes

2005
King of the Hill
Vance Gilbert (voice)
Episode: "Harlottown"

2006
That Guy
Gary
Pilot

2006
Company Town
Martin Amberson
Pilot

2006
Arrested Development
CIA Agent
Episode: "Exit Strategy"

2007
The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning
Balladeer (voice)
Television film

2007
Shark
Christian Chambers
Episode: "Blind Trust"

2007
Supernatural
Brad Redding
Episode: "Hollywood Babylon"

2008
Good Behavior
Dean West
Unaired series

2008
12 Miles of Bad Road
Jerry Shakespeare
6 episodes

2008
Desperate Housewives
Wayne Davis
6 episodes

2008
Psych
Commander Cameron Luntz
Episode: "Gus Walks Into a Bank"

2008, 2011
Chuck
Jack Burton
2 episodes

2008–2010
Entourage
Andrew Klein
12 episodes

2009
The Cleaner
Davis Durham
2 episodes

2009
Numb3rs
Shepard Crater
Episode: "Hangman"

2010–2016
The Good Wife
Kurt McVeigh
14 episodes

2010
Uncle Nigel
Nigel
Pilot

2010
Funny or Die Presents
Lead FBI Agent
Episode: "201"

2010–2012
The Penguins of Madagascar
Commissioner Pervis McSlade (voice)
4 episodes

2010–2013
Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated
Mayor Fred Jones Sr. (voice)
21 episodes

2010
The Good Guys
Frank Savage
2 episodes

2010
The Closer
Major Edward Dorcet
Episode: "War Zone"

2011
True Blood
Earl Stackhouse
Episode: "She's Not There"

2011
Curb Your Enthusiasm
Joe O'Donnell
Episode: "The Divorce"

2011
Ricochet
Judge Cato Laird
Television film

2011
Tagged
James Percy
Pilot

2011–2013
2016
Suits
Cameron Dennis
9 episodes

2011
Pound Puppies
Slick (voice)
Episode: "I Never Barked for My Father"

2012
An Officer and a Murderer
Col. Russell Williams
Television film

2012
Hart of Dixie
Dr. Ethan Hart
2 episodes

2012
Scruples
Royce Franklin
Pilot

2012
30 Rock
Roger
Episode: "Unwindulax"

2012
Royal Pains
Simon Braddock
Episode: "Who's Your Daddy"

2012
Wedding Band
Jack
Episode: "We Are Family"

2012–present
Bob's Burgers
Sergeant Bosco (voice)
8 episodes[11][12][13]

2012
The List
Chief Inspector Bob McKinnon
Pilot

2013–present
Veep
Kent Davison
48 episodes
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2017)
Nominated — Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series (2014)
Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2013–2016)

2014–2015
Archer
Special Agent Hawley (voice)
6 episodes

2014
Phineas and Ferb
Principal Lang (voice)
Episode: "Doof 101/Father's Day"

2014, 2017
The Tom and Jerry Show
Narrator (voice)
6 episodes

2014
The Legend of Korra
Dai Li Sergeant (voice)
2 episodes

2014–2017
Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero
Brock Zero (voice)
13 episodes

2015
Mr. Robinson
Neville Rex
Episode: "Flesh for Fantasy"

2015
Rick and Morty
Jerry's Doctor (voice)
Episode: "Interdimensional Cable 2: Tempting Fate"

2015–2017
F Is for Family
Roger Dunbarton (voice)
6 episodes

2016
Angie Tribeca
Professor Everett
Episode: "Pilot"

2016–2017
Mercy Street
James Green, Sr.
12 episodes

2016
Unforgettable
Detective Clay Tendler
Episode: "Bad Company"

2016
Angel from Hell
Stephen Williams
Episode: "Believe Me, Part 2"

2016
We Bare Bears
CEO (voice)
Episode: "Fashion Bears"

2016
Justice League Action
Black Adam (voice)
2 episodes

2017
The Good Fight
Kurt McVeigh
3 episodes

2017
Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters
Mr. Armstrong (voice)
2 episodes

2018
Chicago Fire
Chief Grissom
2 episodes

text: Video game[edit]

text: 2016: Hitman (Himself)