document_title: Dishwasher

question_text: who invented the first modern dishwasher in 1924 in england

root

text: Dishwasher

text: Use[edit]

text: Users operate dishwashers by scraping food from dirty dishes, loading them into the dishwasher racks, adding dishwasher detergent, turning on the device, then removing the clean dishes.

tag: p

text: Dishwasher use starts with installation as an appliance.[3] Most home users fix their dishwashers in one place, such as under a countertop.[3]

text: The user scrapes dishes clean, such as by pushing uneaten food from a plate into a waste container as food waste.[4] From the early 2010s, manufacturers have designed consumer dishwashers for use without pre-rinsing or pre-washing, so after scraping the user places dishes into the dishwasher.[4] Dishwashers are designed to hold different dishes in different places.[5] For the most common installed two-rack consumer style of dishwasher, the user loads cups, bowls, and small dishes onto the top rack.[5] Eating utensils go in the bottom rack into a container, with pointed ends down for safety.[5] Some dishwashers have a third rack for utensils. Heavier dishes go on the bottom rack, with large pots facing downward toward the spray nozzle.[5] After the dishwasher is loaded, the user puts dishwasher detergent into the machine.[6] Contemporary dishwashers use sensors to determine how much washing is required, and when they finish, will provide clean dishes.[7]

text: Dishwashers and the detergents used in dishwashers are not designed for use with some materials.[5] The washing cycle's heat and chemicals can harm kitchen knives and non-stick surface pans.[5] Detergents have their own usage restrictions, including not being safe for cleaning various materials like wood or certain metals.[6]

text: History[edit]

text: The first mechanical dishwashing device was registered in 1850 in the United States by Joel Houghton for a hand-powered wood device. This device was made of wood and was cranked by hand while water sprayed onto the dishes. This device was both slow and unreliable. Another patent was granted to L.A. Alexander in 1865 that was similar to the first but featured a hand-cranked rack system. Neither device was practical or widely accepted.

text: Subsequently another hand-powered dishwasher was invented in 1887 by Josephine Cochrane with the help of George Butters in Josephine's tool shed in Shelbyville, Tennessee and was unveiled at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois under the name of Lavadora but was changed to Lavaplatos as another machine invented in 1858 already held that name. This machine is what everyone now knows as the washing machine.[8][better source needed] Cochrane's inspiration was her frustration at the damage to her good china that occurred when her servants handled it during cleaning.[9]

text: Europe's first domestic dishwasher with an electric motor was invented and manufactured by Miele in 1929.[10][11]

text: In the United Kingdom, William Howard Livens invented a small, non-electric dishwasher suitable for domestic use in 1924. It was the first dishwasher that incorporated most of the design elements that are featured in the models of today;[12] it included a front door for loading, a wire rack to hold the dirty crockery and a rotating sprayer. Drying elements were even added to his design in 1940. It was the first machine suitable for domestic use, and it came at a time when permanent plumbing and running water in the house was becoming increasingly common.[13][14]

text: Despite this, Liven's design did not become a commercial success, and dishwashers were only successfully sold as domestic utilities in the postwar boom of the 1950s, albeit only to the wealthy. Initially dishwashers were sold as standalone or portable devices, but with the development of the wall-to-wall countertop and standardized height cabinets, dishwashers began to be marketed with standardized sizes and shapes, integrated underneath the kitchen countertop as a modular unit with other kitchen appliances.

text: By the 1970s dishwashers had become commonplace in domestic residences in North America and Western Europe. By 2012, over 75 percent of homes in the United States and Germany had dishwashers.[15]

text: In the 2010s manufactures routinely offered various new energy conservation features in dishwashers.[7] One feature was use of "soil sensors", which was a computerized tool in the dishwasher which measured food particles coming from dishes.[7] When the dishwasher had cleaned the dishes to the point of not releasing more food particles, then the soil sensor would report the dishes being cleaned.[7] The sensor operated with another innovation of using variable washing time.[7] If dishes were especially dirty, then the dishwasher would run for a longer time than if the sensor detected them to be clean. In this way, the dishwasher saves energy and water by only being in operation for as long as needed.[7]

text: Design[edit]

text: Size and capacity[edit]

text: Dishwashers that are installed into standard kitchen cabinets have a standard width and depth of 60 cm (Europe) or 24 inches (US), and most dishwashers must be installed into a hole a minimum of 86 cm (Europe) or 34 inches (US) tall. Portable dishwashers exist in 45 and 60 cm (Europe) or 18 and 24 inch (US) widths, with casters and attached countertops. Dishwashers may come in standard or tall tub designs; standard tub dishwashers have a service kickplate beneath the dishwasher door that allows for simpler maintenance and installation, but tall tub dishwashers have approximately 20% more capacity and better sound dampening from having a continuous front door.

text: The international standard for the capacity of a dishwasher is expressed as standard place settings. Commercial dishwashers are rated as plates per hour. The rating is based on standard sized plates of the same size. The same can be said for commercial glass washers, as they are based on standard glasses, normally pint glasses.

text: Layout[edit]

text: Present-day machines feature a drop-down front panel door, allowing access to the interior, which usually contains two or sometimes three pull-out racks; racks can also be referred to as "baskets". In older U.S. models from the 1950s, the entire tub rolled out when the machine latch was opened, and loading/removing washable items was from the top, with the user reaching deep into the compartment for some items. Youngstown Kitchens, which manufactured entire kitchen cabinets and sinks, offered a tub-style dishwasher, which was coupled to a conventional kitchen sink as one unit.

text: Today, "dish drawer" models mimic this style, while the half-depth design eliminates the inconvenience of the long reach that was necessary with older full-depth models. "Cutlery baskets" are also common. A drawer dishwasher, first introduced by Fisher & Paykel in 1997, is a variant of the dishwasher in which the baskets slide out with the door in the same manner as a drawer filing cabinet, with each drawer in a double-drawer model being able to operate independently of the other.

text: The inside of a dishwasher in the North American market is either stainless steel or plastic. Stainless steel tubs resist hard water, provide better sound damping, and preserve heat to dry dishes more quickly. They also come at a premium price. Older models used baked enamel on steel and are prone to chipping and erosion; chips in the baked enamel finish must be cleaned of all dirt and corrosion then patched with a special compound or even a good quality two-part epoxy. All European-made dishwashers feature a stainless steel interior as standard, even on low end models. The same is true for a built-in water softener.

text: Washing elements[edit]

text: European dishwashers almost universally use two or three spray arms which are fed from the bottom and back wall of the dishwasher leaving both racks unimpeded and also such models tend to use inline water heaters, removing the need for exposed elements in the base of the machine that can melt plastic items near to them. Many North American dishwashers tend to use more basic and old fashioned water distribution and exposed elements in the base of the dishwasher. Some North American machines use a large cone or similar structure in the bottom dish rack to prevent placement of dishes in the center of the rack. The dishwasher directs water from the bottom of the dishwasher up through this structure to the upper wash arm to spray water on the top dish rack. Some dishwashers, including many models from Whirlpool and Kitchenaid, use a tube attached to the top rack that connects to a water source at the back of the dishwasher, which allows full use of the bottom rack. Late-model Frigidaire dishwashers shoot a jet of water from the top of the washer down into the upper wash arm, again allowing full use of the bottom rack (but requiring that a small funnel on the top rack be kept clear).

text: Features[edit]

text: Mid-to-higher end North American dishwashers often come with hard food disposal units, which behave like miniature garbage (waste) disposal units that eliminate large pieces of food waste from the wash water. One manufacturer that is known for omitting hard food disposals is Bosch, a German brand; however, Bosch does so in order to reduce noise. If the larger items of food waste are removed before placing in the dishwasher, pre-rinsing is not necessary even without integrated waste disposal units.

text: Many new dishwashers feature microprocessor-controlled, sensor-assisted wash cycles that adjust the wash duration to the quantity of dirty dishes (sensed by changes in water temperature) or the amount of dirt in the rinse water (sensed chemically/optically). This can save water and energy if the user runs a partial load. In such dishwashers the electromechanical rotary switch often used to control the washing cycle is replaced by a microprocessor but most sensors and valves are still required to be present. However, pressure switches (some dishwashers use a pressure switch and flow meter) are not required in most microprocessor controlled dishwashers as they use the motor and sometimes a rotational position sensor to sense the resistance of water; when it senses there is no cavitation it knows it has the optimal amount of water. A bimetal switch or wax motor opens the detergent door during the wash cycle.

text: Some dishwashers include a child-lockout feature to prevent accidental starting or stopping of the wash cycle by children. A child lock can sometimes be included to prevent young children opening the door during a wash cycle. This prevents accidents with hot water and strong detergents used during the wash cycle.

text: Process[edit]

text: Drying[edit]

text: The heat inside the dishwasher dries the contents after the final hot rinse; the final rinse adds a small amount of rinse aid to the hot water, as this improves drying significantly. Plastic and non-stick items may not dry properly compared to china and glass, which hold the heat better. Some dishwashers incorporate a fan to improve drying. Older dishwashers with a visible heating element (at the bottom of the wash cabinet, below the bottom basket) may use the heating element to improve drying; however, this uses more energy.

text: North American dishwashers tend to use heat-assisted drying via an exposed element. European machines and some high end North American machines use passive methods for drying – a stainless steel interior helps this process and some models use heat exchange technology between the inner and outer skin of the machine to cool the walls of the interior and speed up drying. Most dishwashers feature a drying sensor and as such, a dish-washing cycle is always considered complete when a drying indicator, usually in the form of an illuminated "end" light, or in more modern models on a digital display or audible sound, exhibits to the operator that the washing and drying cycle is now over.

text: Governmental agencies often recommend air-drying dishes by either disabling or stopping the drying cycle to save energy.[16]

text: Dishwasher detergent[edit]

text: Dishwashers are designed to work using specially formulated dishwasher detergent. Over time, many regions have banned the use of phosphates in detergent because wastewater from dishwashers was polluting water and harming ecosystems.[17]

text: In some regions depending on water hardness a dishwasher might function better with the use of a dishwasher salt.

text: Effects on crockery[edit]

text: Glassware[edit]

text: Glassware washed by dishwashing machines can develop a white haze on the surface over time. This may be caused by any or all of the below processes, only one of which is reversible:

text: Unsuitable items[edit]

text: This section contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how-to content or by moving it to Wikiversity, Wikibooks or Wikivoyage. (November 2016)

tag: table

text: Lead crystal should not be cleaned in a dishwasher as the corrosive effect of dishwasher detergent is high on such types of glass – that is, it will quickly go 'cloudy'. In addition, the lead in the crystal glass can be converted into a soluble form, which could endanger the health of subsequent users.[21] Some items can be damaged if washed in a dishwasher because of the effects of the chemicals and hot water. Aluminium items will discolor. Saucepan manufacturers often recommend handwashing due to the harsh effects of the chemicals on the pan coatings. Valuable items, such as antiques or hand-painted items, should only be washed manually as they may be dulled or damaged, and detergents will gradually fade the glazing and print. Sterling silver and pewter will oxidize and discolour from the heat. Furthermore, pewter has a low melting point and may warp in some dishwashers.

text: Items soiled by wax, cigarette ash or anything which might contaminate the rest of the wash load (such as poisons or mineral oils) should be washed by hand. Objects contaminated by solvents may explode in a dishwasher. Glued items, such as some cutlery handles or wooden cutting boards, may be melted or softened if put in a dishwasher, especially on a hot wash cycle when temperatures can reach 75 °C (167 °F); these high temperatures can also damage plastic items which are designated as only being washed by hand. Some plastic items can be distorted or melted if placed in the bottom rack too close to an exposed heating element; therefore, most dishwasher-safe plastic items recommend placing in the top rack only (many newer dishwashers have a concealed heating element away from the bottom rack entirely). Squeezing plastic items into small spaces may cause the plastic to distort in shape.

text: Dishwashers should only be used to wash normal household items, such as plates, cutlery, cups, mugs, kitchenware etc. Items such as paintbrushes, tools, furnace filters etc. should not be put into a dishwasher as this will cause the subsequent washes to become contaminated and may cause damage to the appliance.

text: Knives and other cooking tools that are made of carbon steel, semi-stainless steels like D2 or specialized, highly hardened cutlery steels like ZDP189 should also not be placed into a dishwasher, as these steels are not corrosion resistant or far less corrosion resistant than the austenitic stainless steels used for cookware. Also, very sharp edges can become dulled or damaged from colliding with other items and/or thermal stress from the washing cycles, and can pose an injury hazard if another person unloading the dishwasher does not expect such items in the dishwasher. Ceramic edges are very brittle and can take damage from collision with dishwasher parts or other contents.

text: Cast iron cookware is normally seasoned with oil or grease and heat, which causes the oil or grease to be absorbed into the pores of the cookware, thereby giving a smooth relatively non-stick cooking surface. Such cookware should not be washed in a dishwasher as the combination of alkali based detergent and hot water will strip off this cooking surface, requiring reseasoning before the item may once again be used.

text: Efficiency[edit]

text: In the European Union, the energy consumption of a dishwasher for a standard usage is shown on a European Union energy label. In the United States, the energy consumption of a dishwasher is defined using the energy factor.

text: Most consumer dishwashers use a 75 °C (167 °F) thermostat in the sanitizing process. During the final rinse cycle, the heating element and wash pump are turned on, and the cycle timer (electronic or electromechanical) is stopped until the thermostat is tripped. At this point, the cycle timer resumes and will generally trigger a drain cycle within a few timer increments.

text: Most consumer dishwashers use 75 °C (167 °F) rather than 83 °C (181 °F) for reasons of burn risk, energy and water consumption, total cycle time, and possible damage to plastic items placed inside the dishwasher. With new advances in detergents, lower water temperatures (50–55 °C / 122–131 °F) are needed to prevent premature decay of the enzymes used to eat the grease and other build-ups on the dishes.

text: In the US, residential dishwashers can be certified to a NSF International testing protocol which confirms the cleaning and sanitation performance of the unit.[22]

text: A 2009 study showed that the microwave and the dishwasher were both effective ways to clean domestic sponges.[23]

text: Adoption[edit]

text: Commercial use[edit]

text: Large heavy-duty dishwashers are available for use in commercial establishments (e.g. hotels, restaurants) where a large number of dishes must be cleaned.

text: Unlike a residential dishwasher, a commercial dishwasher does not utilize a drying cycle (commercial drying is achieved by heated ware meeting open air once the wash/rinse/sanitation cycles have been completed) and thus are significantly faster than their residential counterparts. Washing is conducted with 65–71 °C / 150–160 °F temperatures and sanitation is achieved by either the use of a booster heater that will provide the machine 82 °C / 180 °F "final rinse" temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer. This distinction labels the machines as either "high-temp" or "low-temp".

text: Some commercial dishwashers work similarly to a commercial car wash, with a pulley system that pulls the rack through a small chamber (known widely as a "rack conveyor" systems). Single-rack washers require an operator to push the rack into the washer, close the doors, start the cycle, and then open the doors to pull out the cleaned rack, possibly through a second opening into an unloading area.

text: In the UK, the British Standards Institution set standards for dishwashers. In the US, NSF International (an independent not-for-profit organization) sets the standards for wash and rinse time along with minimum water temperature for chemical or hot water sanitizing methods.[24] There are many types of commercial dishwashers including under counter, single tank, conveyor, flight type, and carousel machines.

text: Commercial dishwashers often have significantly different plumbing and operations than a home unit, in that there are often separate spray arms for washing and rinsing/sanitizing. The wash water is heated with an in-tank electric heat element and mixed with a cleaning solution, and is used repeatedly from one load to the next. The wash tank usually has a large strainer basket to collect food debris, and the strainer may not be emptied until the end of the day's kitchen operations.

text: Water used for rinsing and sanitizing is generally delivered directly through building water supply, and is not reusable. The used rinse water falls into the wash tank reservoir, which dilutes some of the used wash water and causes a small amount to drain out through an overflow tube. The system may first rinse with pure water only, and then sanitize with an additive solution that is left on the dishes as they leave the washer to dry.

text: Additional soap is periodically added to the main wash water tank, from either large soap concentrate tanks or dissolved from a large solid soap block, to maintain wash water cleaning effectiveness.

text: Environmental impact[edit]

text: Comparing the efficiency of automatic dishwashers and hand-washing of dishes is difficult because hand-washing techniques vary drastically by individual. According to a peer-reviewed study in 2003, hand washing and drying of an amount of dishes equivalent to a fully loaded automatic dishwasher (no cookware or bakeware) could use between 20 and 300 litres (5.3 and 79.3 US gal) of water and between 0.1 and 8 kWh of energy, while the numbers for energy-efficient automatic dishwashers were 15–22 litres (4.0–5.8 US gal) and 1 to 2 kWh, respectively. The study concluded that fully loaded dishwashers use less energy, water, and detergent than the average European hand-washer.[25][26] For the automatic dishwasher results, the dishes were not rinsed before being loaded. The study does not address costs associated with the manufacture and disposal of dishwashers, the cost of possible accelerated wear of dishes from the chemical harshness of dishwasher detergent, the comparison for cleaning cookware, or the value of labour saved; hand washers needed between 65 and 106 minutes. Several points of criticism on this study have been raised.[27] For example, kilowatt hours of electricity were compared against energy used for heating hot water without taking into account possible inefficiencies. Also, inefficient human washers were compared against optimal usage of a fully loaded dishwasher without manual pre-rinsing that can take up to 100 litres (26 US gal) of water.[28]

text: Most dishwasher detergent contains complex phosphates, as they have several properties that aid in effective cleaning. However, the same chemicals have been removed from laundry detergents in many countries as a result of concerns raised about the increase in algal blooms in waterways caused by increasing phosphate levels (see eutrophication). Seventeen US states have partial or full bans on the use of phosphates in dish detergent,[29] and two US states (Maryland and New York) ban phosphates in commercial dishwashing. Detergent companies claimed it is not cost effective to make separate batches of detergent for the states with phosphate bans (although detergents are typically formulated for local markets), and so most have voluntarily removed phosphates from all dishwasher detergents.[30]

text: In addition, rinse aids have contained nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates. These have been banned in the European Union by EU Directive 76/769/EEC.

text: Alternative uses[edit]

text: Dishwashers can be used to cook certain foods, in particular salmon.[31][32][33][34]


document_title: Burn

question_text: most common cause of death in burn patients

text: Burn

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: The characteristics of a burn depend upon its depth. Superficial burns cause pain lasting two or three days, followed by peeling of the skin over the next few days.[8][13] Individuals suffering from more severe burns may indicate discomfort or complain of feeling pressure rather than pain. Full-thickness burns may be entirely insensitive to light touch or puncture.[13] While superficial burns are typically red in color, severe burns may be pink, white or black.[13] Burns around the mouth or singed hair inside the nose may indicate that burns to the airways have occurred, but these findings are not definitive.[14] More worrisome signs include: shortness of breath, hoarseness, and stridor or wheezing.[14] Itchiness is common during the healing process, occurring in up to 90% of adults and nearly all children.[15] Numbness or tingling may persist for a prolonged period of time after an electrical injury.[16] Burns may also produce emotional and psychological distress.[17]

text:
Type[1]
Layers involved
Appearance
Texture
Sensation
Healing Time
Prognosis
Example

Superficial (1st-degree)
Epidermis[8]
Red without blisters[1]
Dry
Painful[1]
5–10 days[1][18]
Heals well.[1] Repeated sunburns increase the risk of skin cancer later in life.[19]

Superficial partial thickness (2nd-degree)
Extends into superficial (papillary) dermis[1]
Redness with clear blister.[1] Blanches with pressure.[1]
Moist[1]
Very painful[1]
2–3 weeks[1][13]
Local infection (cellulitis) but no scarring typically[13]

Deep partial thickness (2nd-degree)
Extends into deep (reticular) dermis[1]
Yellow or white. Less blanching. May be blistering.[1]
Fairly dry[13]
Pressure and discomfort[13]
3–8 weeks[1]
Scarring, contractures (may require excision and skin grafting)[13]

Full thickness (3rd-degree)
Extends through entire dermis[1]
Stiff and white/brown.[1] No blanching.[13]
Leathery[1]
Painless[1]
Prolonged (months) and incomplete[1]
Scarring, contractures, amputation (early excision recommended)[13]

4th-degree
Extends through entire skin, and into underlying fat, muscle and bone[1]
Black; charred with eschar
Dry
Painless
Requires excision[1]
Amputation, significant functional impairment and in some cases, death.[1]

text: Cause[edit]

text: Burns are caused by a variety of external sources classified as thermal (heat-related), chemical, electrical, and radiation.[20] In the United States, the most common causes of burns are: fire or flame (44%), scalds (33%), hot objects (9%), electricity (4%), and chemicals (3%).[21] Most (69%) burn injuries occur at home or at work (9%),[12] and most are accidental, with 2% due to assault by another, and 1–2% resulting from a suicide attempt.[17] These sources can cause inhalation injury to the airway and/or lungs, occurring in about 6%.[2]

text: Burn injuries occur more commonly among the poor.[17] Smoking and alcoholism are other risk factor.[7] Fire-related burns are generally more common in colder climates.[17] Specific risk factors in the developing world include cooking with open fires or on the floor[3] as well as developmental disabilities in children and chronic diseases in adults.[22]

text: Thermal[edit]

text: In the United States, fire and hot liquids are the most common causes of burns.[2] Of house fires that result in death, smoking causes 25% and heating devices cause 22%.[3] Almost half of injuries are due to efforts to fight a fire.[3] Scalding is caused by hot liquids or gases and most commonly occurs from exposure to hot drinks, high temperature tap water in baths or showers, hot cooking oil, or steam.[23] Scald injuries are most common in children under the age of five[1] and, in the United States and Australia, this population makes up about two-thirds of all burns.[2] Contact with hot objects is the cause of about 20–30% of burns in children.[2] Generally, scalds are first- or second-degree burns, but third-degree burns may also result, especially with prolonged contact.[24] Fireworks are a common cause of burns during holiday seasons in many countries.[25] This is a particular risk for adolescent males.[26]

text: Chemical[edit]

text: Chemicals cause from 2 to 11% of all burns and contribute to as many as 30% of burn-related deaths.[27] Chemical burns can be caused by over 25,000 substances,[1] most of which are either a strong base (55%) or a strong acid (26%).[27] Most chemical burn deaths are secondary to  ingestion.[1] Common agents include: sulfuric acid as found in toilet cleaners, sodium hypochlorite as found in bleach, and halogenated hydrocarbons as found in paint remover, among others.[1] Hydrofluoric acid can cause particularly deep burns that may not become symptomatic until some time after exposure.[28] Formic acid may cause the breakdown of significant numbers of red blood cells.[14]

text: Electrical[edit]

text: Electrical burns or injuries are classified as high voltage (greater than or equal to 1000 volts), low voltage (less than 1000 volts), or as flash burns secondary to an electric arc.[1] The most common causes of electrical burns in children are electrical cords (60%) followed by electrical outlets (14%).[2] Lightning may also result in electrical burns.[29] Risk factors for being struck include involvement in outdoor activities such as mountain climbing, golf and field sports, and working outside.[16] Mortality from a lightning strike is about 10%.[16]

text: While electrical injuries primarily result in burns, they may also cause fractures or dislocations secondary to blunt force trauma or muscle contractions.[16] In high voltage injuries, most damage may occur internally and thus the extent of the injury cannot be judged by examination of the skin alone.[16] Contact with either low voltage or high voltage may produce cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac arrest.[16]

text: Radiation[edit]

text: Radiation burns may be caused by protracted exposure to ultraviolet light (such as from the sun, tanning booths or arc welding) or from ionizing radiation (such as from radiation therapy, X-rays or radioactive fallout).[30] Sun exposure is the most common cause of radiation burns and the most common cause of superficial burns overall.[31] There is significant variation in how easily people sunburn based on their skin type.[32] Skin effects from ionizing radiation depend on the amount of exposure to the area, with hair loss seen after 3 Gy, redness seen after 10 Gy, wet skin peeling after 20 Gy, and necrosis after 30 Gy.[33] Redness, if it occurs, may not appear until some time after exposure.[33] Radiation burns are treated the same as other burns.[33] Microwave burns occur via thermal heating caused by the microwaves.[34] While exposures as short as two seconds may cause injury, overall this is an uncommon occurrence.[34]

text: Non-accidental[edit]

text: In those hospitalized from scalds or fire burns, 3–10% are from assault.[35] Reasons include: child abuse, personal disputes, spousal abuse, elder abuse, and business disputes.[35] An immersion injury or immersion scald may indicate child abuse.[24] It is created when an extremity, or sometimes the buttocks are held under the surface of hot water.[24] It typically produces a sharp upper border and is often symmetrical,[24] known as "sock burns", "glove burns", or "zebra stripes" - where folds have prevented certain areas from burning.[36] Deliberate cigarette burns are preferentially found on the face, or the back of the hands and feet.[36] Other high-risk signs of potential abuse include: circumferential burns, the absence of splash marks, a burn of uniform depth, and association with other signs of neglect or abuse.[37]

text: Bride burning, a form of domestic violence, occurs in some cultures, such as India where women have been burned in revenge for what the husband or his family consider an inadequate dowry.[38][39] In Pakistan, acid burns represent 13% of intentional burns, and are frequently related to domestic violence.[37] Self-immolation (setting oneself on fire) is also used as a form of protest in various parts of the world.[17]

text: Pathophysiology[edit]

text: At temperatures greater than 44 °C (111 °F), proteins begin losing their three-dimensional shape and start breaking down.[40] This results in cell and tissue damage.[1] Many of the direct health effects of a burn are secondary to disruption in the normal functioning of the skin.[1] They include disruption of the skin's sensation, ability to prevent water loss through evaporation, and ability to control body temperature.[1] Disruption of cell membranes causes cells to lose potassium to the spaces outside the cell and to take up water and sodium.[1]

text: In large burns (over 30% of the total body surface area), there is a significant inflammatory response.[41] This results in increased leakage of fluid from the capillaries,[14] and subsequent tissue edema.[1] This causes overall blood volume loss, with the remaining blood suffering significant plasma loss, making the blood more concentrated.[1] Poor blood flow to organs such as the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract may result in renal failure and stomach ulcers.[42]

text: Increased levels of catecholamines and cortisol can cause a hypermetabolic state that can last for years.[41] This is associated with increased cardiac output, metabolism, a fast heart rate, and poor immune function.[41]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: Burns can be classified by depth, mechanism of injury, extent, and associated injuries. The most commonly used classification is based on the depth of injury. The depth of a burn is usually determined via examination, although a biopsy may also be used.[1] It may be difficult to accurately determine the depth of a burn on a single examination and repeated examinations over a few days may be necessary.[14] In those who have a headache or are dizzy and have a fire-related burn, carbon monoxide poisoning should be considered.[43] Cyanide poisoning should also be considered.[14]

text: Size[edit]

text: The size of a burn is measured as a percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) affected by partial thickness or full thickness burns.[1] First-degree burns that are only red in color and are not blistering are not included in this estimation.[1] Most burns (70%) involve less than 10% of the TBSA.[2]

text: There are a number of methods to determine the TBSA, including the Wallace rule of nines, Lund and Browder chart, and estimations based on a person's palm size.[8] The rule of nines is easy to remember but only accurate in people over 16 years of age.[8] More accurate estimates can be made using Lund and Browder charts, which take into account the different proportions of body parts in adults and children.[8] The size of a person's handprint (including the palm and fingers) is approximately 1% of their TBSA.[8]

text: Severity[edit]

text:
American Burn Association severity classification[43]

Minor
Moderate
Major

Adult <10% TBSA
Adult 10–20% TBSA
Adult >20% TBSA

Young or old < 5% TBSA
Young or old 5–10% TBSA
Young or old >10% TBSA

<2% full thickness burn
2–5% full thickness burn
>5% full thickness burn

High voltage injury
High voltage burn

Possible inhalation injury
Known inhalation injury

Circumferential burn
Significant burn to face, joints, hands or feet

Other health problems
Associated injuries

text: To determine the need for referral to a specialized burn unit, the American Burn Association devised a classification system. Under this system, burns can be classified as major, moderate and minor. This is assessed based on a number of factors, including total body surface area affected, the involvement of specific anatomical zones, the age of the person, and associated injuries.[43] Minor burns can typically be managed at home, moderate burns are often managed in hospital, and major burns are managed by a burn center.[43]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Historically, about half of all burns were deemed preventable.[3] Burn prevention programs have significantly decreased rates of serious burns.[40] Preventive measures include: limiting hot water temperatures, smoke alarms, sprinkler systems, proper construction of buildings, and fire-resistant clothing.[3] Experts recommend setting water heaters below 48.8 °C (119.8 °F).[2] Other measures to prevent scalds include using a thermometer to measure bath water temperatures, and splash guards on stoves.[40] While the effect of the regulation of fireworks is unclear, there is tentative evidence of benefit[44] with recommendations including the limitation of the sale of fireworks to children.[2]

text: Management[edit]

text: Resuscitation begins with the assessment and stabilization of the person's airway, breathing and circulation.[8] If inhalation injury is suspected, early intubation may be required.[14] This is followed by care of the burn wound itself. People with extensive burns may be wrapped in clean sheets until they arrive at a hospital.[14] As burn wounds are prone to infection, a tetanus booster shot should be given if an individual has not been immunized within the last five years.[45] In the United States, 95% of burns that present to the emergency department are treated and discharged; 5% require hospital admission.[17] With major burns, early feeding is important.[41] Hyperbaric oxygenation may be useful in addition to traditional treatments.[46]

text: Intravenous fluids[edit]

text: In those with poor tissue perfusion, boluses of isotonic crystalloid solution should be given.[8] In children with more than 10–20% TBSA burns, and adults with more than 15% TBSA burns, formal fluid resuscitation and monitoring should follow.[8][47][48] This should be begun pre-hospital if possible in those with burns greater than 25% TBSA.[47] The Parkland formula can help determine the volume of intravenous fluids required over the first 24 hours.  The formula is based on the affected individual's TBSA and weight.  Half of the fluid is administered over the first 8 hours, and the remainder over the following 16 hours. The time is calculated from when the burn occurred, and not from the time that fluid resuscitation began. Children require additional maintenance fluid that includes glucose.[14] Additionally, those with inhalation injuries require more fluid.[49] While inadequate fluid resuscitation may cause problems, over-resuscitation can also be detrimental.[50] The formulas are only a guide, with infusions ideally tailored to a urinary output of >30 mL/h in adults or >1mL/kg in children and mean arterial pressure greater than 60 mmHg.[14]

text: While lactated Ringer's solution is often used, there is no evidence that it is superior to normal saline.[8] Crystalloid fluids appear just as good as colloid fluids, and as colloids are more expensive they are not recommended.[51][52] Blood transfusions are rarely required.[1] They are typically only recommended when the hemoglobin level falls below 60-80 g/L (6-8 g/dL)[53] due to the associated risk of complications.[14] Intravenous catheters may be placed through burned skin if needed or intraosseous infusions may be used.[14]

text: Wound care[edit]

text: Early cooling (within 30 minutes of the burn) reduces burn depth and pain, but care must be taken as over-cooling can result in hypothermia.[1][8] It should be performed with cool water 10–25 °C (50.0–77.0 °F) and not ice water as the latter can cause further injury.[8][40] Chemical burns may require extensive irrigation.[1] Cleaning with soap and water, removal of dead tissue, and application of dressings are important aspects of wound care. If intact blisters are present, it is not clear what should be done with them. Some tentative evidence supports leaving them intact. Second-degree burns should be re-evaluated after two days.[40]

text: In the management of first and second-degree burns, little quality evidence exists to determine which dressing type to use.[54] It is reasonable to manage first-degree burns without dressings.[40] While topical antibiotics are often recommended, there is little evidence to support their use.[55] Silver sulfadiazine (a type of antibiotic) is not recommended as it potentially prolongs healing time.[56] There is insufficient evidence to support the use of dressings containing silver[57] or negative-pressure wound therapy.[58]

text: Medications[edit]

text: Burns can be very painful and a number of different options may be used for pain management.  These include simple analgesics (such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen) and opioids such as morphine. Benzodiazepines may be used in addition to analgesics to help with anxiety.[40] During the healing process, antihistamines, massage, or transcutaneous nerve stimulation may be used to aid with itching.[15] Antihistamines, however, are only effective for this purpose in 20% of people.[59] There is tentative evidence supporting the use of gabapentin[15] and its use may be reasonable in those who do not improve with antihistamines.[60] Intravenous lidocaine requires more study before it can be recommended for pain.[61]

text: Intravenous antibiotics are recommended before surgery for those with extensive burns (>60% TBSA).[62]  As of  2008[update], guidelines do not recommend their general use due to concerns regarding antibiotic resistance[55] and the increased risk of fungal infections.[14] Tentative evidence, however, shows that they may improve survival rates in those with large and severe burns.[55] Erythropoietin has not been found effective to prevent or treat anemia in burn cases.[14] In burns caused by hydrofluoric acid, calcium gluconate is a specific antidote and may be used intravenously and/or topically.[28] Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in those with burns that involve more than 40% of their body appears to speed healing without affecting the risk of death.[63]

text: Surgery[edit]

text: Wounds requiring surgical closure with skin grafts or flaps (typically anything more than a small full thickness burn) should be dealt with as early as possible.[64] Circumferential burns of the limbs or chest may need urgent surgical release of the skin, known as an escharotomy.[65] This is done to treat or prevent problems with distal circulation, or ventilation.[65] It is uncertain if it is useful for neck or digit burns.[65] Fasciotomies may be required for electrical burns.[65]

text: Alternative medicine[edit]

text: Honey has been used since ancient times to aid wound healing and may be beneficial in first- and second-degree burns.[66] There is tentative evidence that honey helps heal partial thickness burns.[67] The evidence for aloe vera is of poor quality.[68] While it might be beneficial in reducing pain,[18] and a review from 2007 found tentative evidence of improved healing times,[69] a subsequent review from 2012 did not find improved healing over silver sulfadiazine.[68] There were only three randomized controlled trials for the use of plants for burns, two for aloe vera and one for oatmeal.[70]

text: There is little evidence that vitamin E helps with keloids or scarring.[71] Butter is not recommended.[72] In low income countries, burns are treated up to one-third of the time with traditional medicine, which may include applications of eggs, mud, leaves or cow dung.[22] Surgical management is limited in some cases due to insufficient financial resources and availability.[22] There are a number of other methods that may be used in addition to medications to reduce procedural pain and anxiety including: virtual reality therapy, hypnosis, and behavioral approaches such as distraction techniques.[60]

text: Prognosis[edit]

text:
Prognosis in the USA[73]

TBSA
Mortality

<10%
0.6%

10–20%
2.9%

20–30%
8.6%

30–40%
16%

40–50%
25%

50–60%
37%

60–70%
43%

70–80%
57%

80–90%
73%

>90%
85%

Inhalation
23%

text: The prognosis is worse in those with larger burns, those who are older, and those who are females.[1] The presence of a smoke inhalation injury, other significant injuries such as long bone fractures, and serious co-morbidities (e.g. heart disease, diabetes, psychiatric illness, and suicidal intent) also influence prognosis.[1] On average, of those admitted to United States burn centers, 4% die,[2] with the outcome for individuals dependent on the extent of the burn injury. For example, admittees with burn areas less than 10% TBSA had a mortality rate of less than 1%, while admittees with over 90% TBSA had a mortality rate of 85%.[73] In Afghanistan, people with more than 60% TBSA burns rarely survive.[2] The Baux score has historically been used to determine prognosis of major burns. However, with improved care, it is no longer very accurate.[14] The score is determined by adding the size of the burn (% TBSA) to the age of the person, and taking that to be more or less equal to the risk of death.[14] Burns in 2013 resulted in 1.2 million years lived with disability and 12.3 million disability adjusted life years.[10]

text: Complications[edit]

text: A number of complications may occur, with infections being the most common.[2] In order of frequency, potential complications include: pneumonia, cellulitis, urinary tract infections and respiratory failure.[2] Risk factors for infection include: burns of more than 30% TBSA, full-thickness burns, extremes of age (young or old), or burns involving the legs or perineum.[74] Pneumonia occurs particularly commonly in those with inhalation injuries.[14]

text: Anemia secondary to full thickness burns of greater than 10% TBSA is common.[8] Electrical burns may lead to compartment syndrome or rhabdomyolysis due to muscle breakdown.[14] Blood clotting in the veins of the legs is estimated to occur in 6 to 25% of people.[14] The hypermetabolic state that may persist for years after a major burn can result in a decrease in bone density and a loss of muscle mass.[41] Keloids may form subsequent to a burn, particularly in those who are young and dark skinned.[71] Following a burn, children may have significant psychological trauma and experience post-traumatic stress disorder.[75] Scarring may also result in a disturbance in body image.[75] In the developing world, significant burns may result in social isolation, extreme poverty and child abandonment.[17]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: no data   < 50   50–100   100–150   150–200   200–250   250–300     300–350   350–400   400–450   450–500   500–600   > 600

text: In 2015 fire and heat resulted in 67 million injuries.[5] This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 238,000 dying.[10] This is down from 300,000 deaths in 1990.[77] This makes it the 4th leading cause of injuries after motor vehicle collisions, falls, and violence.[17] About 90% of burns occur in the developing world.[17] This has been attributed partly to overcrowding and an unsafe cooking situation.[17] Overall, nearly 60% of fatal burns occur in Southeast Asia with a rate of 11.6 per 100,000.[2] The number of fatal burns has changed from 280,000 in 1990 to 176,000 in 2015.[78][6]

text: In the developed world, adult males have twice the mortality as females from burns. This is most probably due to their higher risk occupations and greater risk-taking activities. In many countries in the developing world, however, females have twice the risk of males. This is often related to accidents in the kitchen or domestic violence.[17] In children, deaths from burns occur at more than ten times the rate in the developing than the developed world.[17] Overall, in children it is one of the top fifteen leading causes of death.[3] From the 1980s to 2004, many countries have seen both a decrease in the rates of fatal burns and in burns generally.[17]

text: Developed countries[edit]

text: An estimated 500,000 burn injuries receive medical treatment yearly in the United States.[40] They resulted in about 3,300 deaths in 2008.[3] Most burns (70%) and deaths from burns occur in males.[1][12] The highest incidence of fire burns occurs in those 18–35 years old, while the highest incidence of scalds occurs in children less than five years old and adults over 65.[1] Electrical burns result in about 1,000 deaths per year.[79] Lightning results in the death of about 60 people a year.[16] In Europe, intentional burns occur most commonly in middle aged men.[35]

text: Developing countries[edit]

text: In India, about 700,000 to 800,000 people per year sustain significant burns, though very few are looked after in specialist burn units.[80] The highest rates occur in women 16–35 years of age.[80] Part of this high rate is related to unsafe kitchens and loose-fitting clothing typical to India.[80] It is estimated that one-third of all burns in India are due to clothing catching fire from open flames.[81] Intentional burns are also a common cause and occur at high rates in young women, secondary to domestic violence and self-harm.[17][35]

text: History[edit]

text: Cave paintings from more than 3,500 years ago document burns and their management.[11] The earliest Egyptian records on treating burns describes dressings prepared with milk from mothers of baby boys,[82] and the 1500 BCE Edwin Smith Papyrus describes treatments using honey and the salve of resin.[11] Many other treatments have been used over the ages, including the use of tea leaves by the Chinese documented to 600 BCE, pig fat and vinegar by Hippocrates documented to 400 BCE, and wine and myrrh by Celsus documented to 100 CE.[11] French barber-surgeon Ambroise Paré was the first to describe different degrees of burns in the 1500s.[83] Guillaume Dupuytren expanded these degrees into six different severities in 1832.[11][84]

text: The first hospital to treat burns opened in 1843 in London, England and the development of modern burn care began in the late 1800s and early 1900s.[11][83] During World War I, Henry D. Dakin and Alexis Carrel developed standards for the cleaning and disinfecting of burns and wounds using sodium hypochlorite solutions, which significantly reduced mortality.[11] In the 1940s, the importance of early excision and skin grafting was acknowledged, and around the same time, fluid resuscitation and formulas to guide it were developed.[11] In the 1970s, researchers demonstrated the significance of the hypermetabolic state that follows large burns.[11]


document_title: The Bachelor (season 22)

question_text: when does season 22 of the bachelor end

question_tokens: when does season 22 of the bachelor end

text: The Bachelor (season 22)

text: Filming and development[edit]

text: Casting and contestants[edit]

text: On September 7, 2017, during Good Morning America, Luyendyk was announced as the next Bachelor over The Bachelorette season 13 runner-up Peter Kraus, who was the original choice for the role. Many fans were in disbelief in response to Kraus' decision; the producers selected Luyendyk as a last minute direct replacement.[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: This season traveled to Lake Tahoe; Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Paris, France; Tuscany, Italy and Peru. Appearances for this season included racing driver Robby Gordon, Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling wrestlers Ursula Hayden and Angelina Altishin, wrestler and The Bachelorette contestant Kenny King, singer/songwriter Connor Duermit, country band Lanco, indie singer and songwriter Tenille Arts and French singer Pauline Paris.[4]

text: Contestants[edit]

text: This season began with 29 contestants.[5]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Outcome
Place
Ref

Rebecca "Becca" Kufrin[6]
27
Prior Lake, Minnesota
Publicist
Participating

Kendall Long[7]
26
Santa Clarita, California
Creative Director

Lauren Burnham[8]
25
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Technology Salesperson

Tia Booth[9]
26
Weiner, Arkansas
Physical Therapist
Week 8
4
[10]

Rebekah "Bekah" Martinez[7][11]
22[a]
Fresno, California
Nanny
Week 7
5
[13]

Seinne Fleming[7][14]
27
Long Beach, California
Commercial Real Estate Manager
6

Jacqueline Trumbull[15]
26
Morgantown, West Virginia
Research Coordinator
7 (quit)

Chelsea Roy[7][16][17]
29
South Portland, Maine
Real Estate Executive Assistant
Week 6
8–9
[18]

Jenna Cooper[19][20]
28
Upland, Indiana
Social Media Manager

Krystal Nielson[21]
30
Missoula, Montana
Fitness Coach
10

Ashley Luebke[22]
25
West Palm Beach, Florida
Real Estate Agent
Week 5
11–13
[23]

Maquel Cooper[24]
23
American Fork, Utah
Photographer

Marikh Mathias[25]
27
Salt Lake City, Utah
Restaurant Owner

Brittany Taylor[26]
30
Belton, South Carolina
Tech Recruiter
Week 4
14–15
[27]

Caroline Lunny[22][28]
26
Holliston, Massachusetts
Realtor

Bibiana Julian[7][22]
30
Miami, Florida
Executive Assistant
Week 3
16
[29]

Annaliese Puccini[30]
32
San Mateo, California
Event Designer
17

Lauren Schleyer[8]
31
Dallas, Texas
Social Media Manager
18

Jennifer "Jenny" Delaney[31]
25
Northbrook, Illinois
Graphic Designer
Week 2
19–21
[32]

Lauren Griffin[19]
26
Indianapolis, Indiana
Executive Recruiter

Valerie Biles
25
Murfreesboro, Tennessee
Server

Ali Harrington[8]
27
Lawton, Oklahoma
Personal Stylist
Week 1
22–29
[33]

Amber Wilkerson
29
Denver, Colorado
Business Owner

Brianna "Bri" Amaranthus[34]
25
Grants Pass, Oregon
Sports Reporter

Brittane Johnson
27
San Diego, California
Marketing Manager

Jessica Carroll[35]
26
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Television Host

Lauren Jarreau[36]
33
New Roads, Louisiana
Recent Master's Graduate

D'Nysha "Nysha" Norris[26]
30
Anderson, South Carolina
Orthopedic Nurse

Olivia Goethals[31]
23
Geneseo, Illinois
Marketing Associate

text: Future appearances[edit]

text: Bibiana Julian and Lauren Griffin took part in The Bachelor Winter Games to compete as Team USA. Griffin was eliminated in week one.

text: Call-out order[edit]

text:
Order
Bachelorettes
Week

1
2
3
4[b]
5
6
7
8
9

1
Caroline
Chelsea
Becca K.
Bekah M.
Seinne
Chelsea
Lauren B.
Becca K.
Becca K.

2
Chelsea
Becca K.
Krystal
Chelsea
Tia
Lauren B.
Bekah M.
Lauren B.
Lauren B.

3
Kendall
Marikh
Seinne
Caroline
Bekah M.
Tia
Kendall
Kendall
Kendall

4
Seinne
Kendall
Maquel
Kendall
Lauren B.
Bekah M.
Jacqueline
Tia
Tia

5
Tia
Lauren G.
Jacqueline
Ashley
Kendall
Seinne
Tia
Bekah M.

6
Bibiana
Krystal
Bekah M.
Lauren B.
Ashley
Kendall
Seinne
Seinne

7
Bri
Bekah M.
Jenna
Brittany T.
Becca K.
Becca K.
Becca K.
Jacqueline

8
Jenny
Lauren S.
Chelsea
Becca K.
Chelsea
Jacqueline
Chelsea
Jenna

9
Brittane J.
Seinne
Lauren S.
Seinne
Jenna
Jenna

10
Jacqueline
Caroline
Tia
Krystal
Jacqueline
Krystal
Krystal

11
Krystal
Brittany T.
Annaliese
Tia
Marikh
Ashley
Maquel
Marikh

12
Nysha
Bibiana
Lauren B.
Maquel
Krystal

13
Valerie
Annaliese
Kendall
Jenna
Brittany T.
Caroline

14
Bekah M.
Jenna
Brittany T.
Jacqueline

15
Jenna
Valerie
Ashley
Marikh
Maquel

16
Jessica
Jacqueline
Marikh
Bibiana

17
Marikh
Jenny
Caroline
Annaliese

18
Olivia
Lauren B.
Bibiana
Lauren S.

19
Becca K.
Ashley
Jenny
Lauren G.
Valerie

20
Lauren S.
Tia

21
Lauren J.
Maquel

22
Lauren B.
Ali
Amber
Bri
Brittane J.
Jessica
Lauren J.
Nysha
Olivia

23
Lauren G.

24
Ashley

25
Brittany T.

26
Amber

27
Ali

28
Annaliese

29
Maquel

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
Rating/share
(18–49)

219
1
"Week 1: Season 22 Premiere"
January 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)
2201
5.48[37]
1.5/5[37]

Upon arriving at the rental bachelor pad home for the tenure of the season, Arie is greeted by his friend and season seventeen Bachelor Sean Lowe, his wife Catherine and their son Samuel. Sean offers his advice on being the bachelor and Catherine provides parenting tips. The competition commences later as Arie greets the women as they arrive at the mansion. Tia holds a little wiener to represent the small town she hails from; Bri, a sports reporter, tosses Arie a catch; Valerie gives a ballroom dance; Bekah M. rides a 1965 Ford Mustang rode up to the mansion; Jessica recognizes Arie as her father met him a few years ago; Becca K. holds a black velvet ring box to give Arie a proposal; Annaliese wears a mask to recall Arie's nickname "kissing bandit" and Maquel rides a free IndyCar race car, much to dismay from the other girls. Arie and Brittany T. ride miniature cars outside the mansion, Kendall sings a song while playing her ukulele, Caroline brings a box of pizza to eat a slice, Jenna gives Arie a foot massage. In the end, Arie selects Chelsea to receive the first impression rose. At the rose ceremony, Ali, Amber, Bri, Brittane J., Jessica, Lauren J., Nysha and Olivia are sent home.

220
2
"Week 2"
January 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)
2202
5.56[38]
1.4/5[38]

Becca K. gets the first one-on-one date of the season. She gets to ride a motorcycle with Arie and they travel to his home for a tour. There, they get a surprise visit from Rachel Zoe and Becca receives a set of clothes and Louboutin heels, plus the gift of a necklace and two pairs of earrings. Arie and Becca discuss her painful past and Arie gives her a rose. Krystal also gets a one-on-one date with Arie and they fly to his hometown of Scottsdale, Arizona for a tour of the high school Arie attended. They stop by his parents' house where Krystal meets Arie's parents, including former race car driver Arie Luyendyk, his younger brother and his sister-in-law. They arrive back in Los Angeles and visit Bradbury Building where Krystal shares some of her backstory with Arie. In the end, Arie gives her a rose and they are given a private concert by Connor Duermit inside the Los Angeles Theatre. Fifteen ladies take part in the first group date: a demolition derby race. Annaliese had a traumatic injury on a bumping car as a child, which influences her ability to enjoy the date. Chris Harrison and renowned race car driver Robby Gordon present the event. Seinne emerges victorious and is declared the winner. After the derby event, Arie informs the girls that Brittany T. has been sent to hospital due to minor injuries, Bibiana starts a dramatic argument to the other ladies and threatens to leave. Seinne ends up with the group date rose. At the cocktail party, Brittany receives the "Most Hardcore" certificate award. Bibiana's drama continues when she interrupts Lauren B. and Krystal as they compete to spend time one-on-one with Arie. In the rose ceremony, Jenny, Lauren G. and Valerie are eliminated, Jenny left heartbroken for the first time.

221
3
"Week 3"
January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)
2203
6.61[39]
1.8/6[39]

Eight ladies go on a group date to take part in a wrestling event, dubbing themselves the "Gorgeous Ladies of Bachelor". Angelina Altishin and Ursula Hayden of Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling train them. Tia and Bibiana feel overwhelmed by the training and Arie comforts Tia. They divide into four teams of two. Arie opens the event by wrestling with professional wrestler and former The Bachelorette contestant Kenny King. They spend the night at Caravan Outpost in Ojai. Bibiana discusses Krystal's irritating behavior with Arie. Bekah M. gets the group date rose, despite Krystal thinking she has the strongest connection with him. Lauren S. gets the one-on-one date of the week. Arie meets her and they fly to Napa Valley. They spend time inside the winery, but Arie decides they lack romantic chemistry and Lauren S. is sent home. Seven ladies take part in a group date at a park, where Arie introduces them to his dog, Bastian. The women play with dogs and train them to perform tricks for a show. Annaliese had several traumatic instances with dogs in her childhood, which causes her to be nervous. The women have to perform the show at The Grove. Chris Harrison and Fred Willard present the event, which they call "Arie's Amazing Acrodogs". Chelsea gets the group date rose. At the cocktail party, Bibiana sets up a daybed outdoors with a telescope, though Lauren B. was the first one to discover the place before Bibiana tried to claimed the spot. Tia presents a moonshine to Arie. Annaliese and Arie decide they do not have mutual attraction or a future connection and she is eliminated before the ceremony. At the rose ceremony, Bibiana is eliminated.

222
4
"Week 4"
January 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)
2204
6.38[40]
1.8/6[40]

Chris Harrison told the ladies they are travelling to South Lake Tahoe, California to meet up with Arie. Seinne gets the one-on-one date and they take a thrill parasailing ride on a boat over Lake Tahoe. They dine at Hard Rock Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada and share some their stories with each other. Arie gives her a rose, they enjoy a private concert with Lanco inside. At the hotel, Maquel gets a call from her mother and learns that her grandfather has passed away. She subsequently leaves the competition. The twelve ladies chosen for a group date head into the wilderness and they meet survival experts Mykel and Ruth Hawke. The women learn three survival skills: drinking urine from a thermos, eating worms and bugs and exploring the vast wilderness with a provided map divided between three teams of four. Krystal recalls when she attended a camp. Tia ends up receiving the date rose. Bekah M. gets the second one-on-one date and she and Arie take a horseback ride through the foothills of Lake Tahoe until they reach a bathtub. Bekah finally reveals to Arie that she is 22. In the end, Arie gives Bekah the rose. Chris shows up at the hotel and announces that the cocktail party is cancelled. At the rose ceremony, Krystal wants to talk with Arie before the ceremony begins. In the end, Brittany and Caroline are eliminated from the competition.

223
5
"Week 5"
January 29, 2018 (2018-01-29)
2205
6.36[41]
1.7/6[41]

The remaining ladies traveled to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, it was then revealed Maquel has returned from the competition. Chelsea got the one-on-one date with Arie on a marina took on a houseboat and riding on a jet ski. They have dinner at an antique car museum where Chelsea confides to Arie about her backstory of past relationship and her son. Arie gave a rose to her and danced to a song from Tenille Arts at the backstage. The eleven ladies chosen for a group date go bowling. Arie splits the women into two teams, being The Spare Roses and The Pin Ups. He reveals that the winning team will go to the after party, while the losers will go back to the hotel. The Spare Roses initially won the game when Krystal has starts to panic after Arie decides to give both teams time at the after party. They returned to the hotel as Krystal throws a fit and decides to skip the after party, calling Arie a liar. Arie came to the room to see Krystal and confined her to the room after they talk about Krystal's hurt feelings. She later changed her mind and joined the others, who confronted her separately about her hypocrisy. Lauren B. got the group date rose. Tia took the one-on-one date at the Everglades, riding a hydro boat with Arie and stopping by an old wooden house to eat three delicacies like fried gator, corn and frog legs. After dinner, Arie handed the rose to her. The cocktail party took place at Bonnet House where Krystal's behavior turned totally irrational causing the others to be upset. At the rose ceremony, Ashley, Maquel and Marikh were eliminated.

224
6
"Week 6"
February 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)
2206
6.82[42]
1.8/7[42]

The ten ladies traveled to Paris, France to stop at U by Uniworld cruise boat on the Seine River. Chris Harrison announced there will be four dates instead of regular three. Lauren B. got the one-on-one date with Arie riding a boat to give sightseeing over the city including the famous Notre-Dame de Paris. They dined together at Le Grand Véfour to give each backstory. Arie opened his own story about his ex-girlfriend was pregnant but suffered miscarriage, then, Lauren was engaged but broke up. Arie gave a rose to her. The six ladies chosen on a group date to take part for a Moulin Rouge Féerie cabaret inside the theater. They have got choreography, Seinne has a dancing experience and did well in practice. Moulin Rouge artistic director Miss Janet announced the lady will receive a rose to perform on stage with Arie. At the cocktail party, Arie discusses with all of the ladies to open up with these feelings, Bekah M. received the group date rose, she and Arie start the show for the night, with the rest of the girls are sitting on the audience. Kendall and Krystal got the two-on-one date and traveled to Château de Breteuil in Yvelines to meet with Arie. They race on a hedge maze, Krystal found Arie after reaching at the garden, she and Kendall both spent time together. Arie then announced the date would continue at the building close to Eiffel Tower. Kendall got the rose, sending Krystal home. Arie and Kendall ended on a kiss at the top of Eiffel Tower to enjoy themselves. Jacqueline took the one-on-one date with Arie when the car broke down. They went on to a fashion store, Jacqueline picked a right fit of those dresses. Then, they took their lunch at Maxim's restaurant and she received the rose from Arie. In the rose ceremony at Musée des Arts Forains that night, Chelsea and Jenna were eliminated. Afterwards, Arie announced the remaining ladies will be traveled to Tuscany in Italy.

225
7
"Week 7"
February 12, 2018 (2018-02-12)
2207
5.94[43]
1.5/5[43]

The seven ladies arrived in Tuscany and stopped in Pisa, Chris Harrison announced there will be three individual dates and one group date. Also, there will be no rose ceremony. Becca K. got the one-on-one date to meet with Arie and drove them to the town of Barga buying breads and strolled over on a picnic into the Tuscan view. She becomes excited as Arie awaits to meet her family on the upcoming hometowns, Becca received the rose. Jacqueline had thoughts with her deep feelings, she walks into Arie's room to discuss her future goals that she wants to finish her degree and decided to quit the competition. Lauren B. took the second consecutive one-on-one to the town of Lucca with Arie riding a bike on a cobbled streets and eat gelato. They've witnessed by a children played football across them. They dined at Villa Grabau, Lauren's doubt on Arie struggled with confusing questions, Arie walks away shortly and gives the rose to her. Seinne got the one-on-one date, she and Arie explored into the Tuscan countryside to meet with Giulio and his dogs, they even hunted for truffles, when they've entered into his house, they meet with the host's family for lunch. Arie's feelings on Seinne made a lot spiral and does not give a rose, sending her home. Kendall, Bekah M. and Tia took the last group date to meet with Arie at Villa Reale. Tia confesses Arie about Bekah's seriousness and is too young to become a wife, citing her issues with emotional seriousness, leaving her upset. Kendall received the rose, allowing Tia and Bekah to have dinner on their continuation of the date. Tia got the rose and Bekah was eliminated.

226
8
"Week 8"
February 19, 2018 (2018-02-19)
2208
TBD
TBA

Kendall's hometown date began in Los Angeles where she met Arie and followed them to a warehouse, she shows Arie into her taxidermy collection to make miniature rats made from scratch rekindle on their date in Paris. Then, Kendall brought Arie to meet her family. Kendall's twin sister Kylie gives concern to Arie with relationship issues; both sisters have talking face-to-face. Tia took Arie on her hometown in Weiner, Arkansas to travel into Crowley's Ridge Raceway near Paragould to face with car racing, Arie drifts first to the lead. When Arie meets Tia's family to give a cocktail toast, her overprotective father gives a conversation about on Arie's playboy past, in which he had never done dated multiple women at once. The next stop is at Minneapolis, Minnesota to visit Becca, she and Arie visited the apple orchard farm and took a slingshot, then they make caramelized apples to eat. Later that day, Arie meets Becca's family in Prior Lake to have a family dinner. When Becca's uncle shares his story to Arie knowing Becca's dad passed away and her mom is recommissioned to breast cancer. Arie traveled to Virginia Beach, Virginia to meet with Lauren where they ride horses on a beach, go up in the lighthouse and frolicking their kiss on a pier. She introduces Arie to her family, Arie suffered a little breakdown before dinner has started after he was told by Lauren's father that he was involved in the Armed Forces, although he and his buddies went to Iraq for the goodwill tour. At the rose ceremony, Arie takes to spend a little time with Kendall that she would be engaged in a couple of days, meant that she could not getting ready. In the end, Tia was eliminated, left her crying and heartbroken.

227
9
"The Women Tell All"[44]
February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)
N/A
TBD
TBA

228
10
"Week 9"[44]
February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)
2209
TBD
TBA

229
11
"Week 10"[44]
March 5, 2018 (2018-03-05)
2210
TBD
TBA

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Bekah M's age was not revealed until midway through episode 4.[12]
Jump up ^ Early in Week 4, Maquel voluntarily left from the competition due to the death of her grandfather. She returned the competition in the following episode.

tag: ol


document_title: Diminishing returns

question_text: the law of diminishing return was proposed by

text: Diminishing returns

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009)

text: The concept of diminishing returns can be traced back to the concerns of early economists such as Johann Heinrich von Thünen, Jacques Turgot, Adam Smith,[4] James Steuart, Thomas Robert Malthus, and David Ricardo. However, classical economists such as Malthus and Ricardo attributed the successive diminishment of output to the decreasing quality of the inputs. Neoclassical economists assume that each "unit" of labor is identical. Diminishing returns are due to the disruption of the entire productive process as additional units of labor are added to a fixed amount of capital. The law of diminishing returns remains an important consideration in farming.

text: Diminishing marginal returns[edit]

text: This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic. Please help improve this article, possibly by splitting the article and/or by introducing a disambiguation page, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (September 2011)

text:
The defining feature of diminishing marginal returns is that as total investment increases, the total return on investment as a proportion of the total investment (the average product or return) decreases. Suppose, for example, that 1 kilogram of seed applied to a certain plot of land produces one ton of crop, that 2 kg of seed produces 1.5 tons, and that 3 kg of seed produces 1.75 tons. In formulaic terms, the

i

{\displaystyle {i}}

th kg of seeds produces

1

2

i
−
1

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2^{i-1}}}}

 additional tons of crop. The return from investing the first kilogram is 1 t/kg. When 2 kg of seed is invested, the return is 1.5/2 = 0.75 t/kg, and when 3 kg is invested, the return is 1.75/3 = 0.58 t/kg.

text: In formulaic terms, for this example, the diminished marginal return is:

text:
D

=

1
X

∑

i
=
1

X

1

2

i
−
1

{\displaystyle {\text{D}}={\frac {1}{X}}\sum _{i=1}^{X}{\frac {1}{2^{i-1}}}}

text:
where

X

{\displaystyle {\text{X}}}

 = seed in kilograms, and

1

2

i
−
1

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2^{i-1}}}}

 = additional crop yield in tons, for the

i

{\displaystyle {i}}

th kilogram of seed.

text:
Substituting 3 for

X

{\displaystyle {\text{X}}}

 and expanding yields:

text:
D

=

1
3

∑

i
=
1

3

1

2

i
−
1

{\displaystyle {\text{D}}={\frac {1}{3}}\sum _{i=1}^{3}{\frac {1}{2^{i-1}}}}

text:
=

1
3

⋅

(

1

2

1
−
1

+

1

2

2
−
1

+

1

2

3
−
1

)

{\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{3}}\cdot \left({\frac {1}{2^{1-1}}}+{\frac {1}{2^{2-1}}}+{\frac {1}{2^{3-1}}}\right)}

text:
=

1
3

⋅

(

1

2

0

+

1

2

1

+

1

2

2

)

{\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{3}}\cdot \left({\frac {1}{2^{0}}}+{\frac {1}{2^{1}}}+{\frac {1}{2^{2}}}\right)}

text:
=

1
3

⋅

(

1
1

+

1
2

+

1
4

)

=

1.75
3

{\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{3}}\cdot \left({\frac {1}{1}}+{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{4}}\right)={\frac {1.75}{3}}}

text:
=
0.58

3
¯

 t/kg

{\displaystyle =0.58{\overline {3}}{\text{ t/kg}}}

text: Another example is a factory that has a fixed stock of capital, or tools and machines, and a variable supply of labor. As the firm increases the number of workers, the total output of the firm grows but at an ever-decreasing rate. This is because after a certain point, the factory becomes overcrowded and workers begin to form lines to use the machines. The long-run solution to this problem is to increase the stock of capital, that is, to buy more machines and to build more factories.

text: Returns and costs[edit]

text: There is an inverse relationship between returns of inputs and the cost of production. Suppose that a kilogram of seed costs one dollar, and this price does not change. Although there are other costs, assume they do not vary with the amount of output and are therefore fixed costs. One kilogram of seeds yields one ton of crop, so the first ton of the crop costs one dollar to produce. That is, for the first ton of output, the marginal cost of the output is $1 per ton. If there are no other changes, then if the second kilogram of seeds applied to land produces only half the output of the first, the marginal cost would equal $1 per half ton of output, or $2 per ton. Similarly, if the third kilogram of seeds yields only a quarter ton, then the marginal cost equals $1 per quarter ton or $4 per ton. Thus, diminishing marginal returns imply increasing marginal costs and rising average costs.

text: Cost can also be measured in terms of opportunity cost. In this case the law also applies to societies – the opportunity cost of producing a single unit of a good generally increases as a society attempts to produce more of that good. This explains the bowed-out shape of the production possibilities frontier.


document_title: Public holidays in South Korea

question_text: what is the most important holiday in south korea

text: Public holidays in South Korea

text: List of Public holidays in South Korea[edit]

text:
English name
Korean name
Transliteration
Date
Remarks
National celebration day
Flag raising
Day off

New Year's Day
신정 (新正)
Sinjeong
000000002018-01-01-0000January 1
The official name of the holiday means New Calendar New Year's Day
no
no
yes

Korean New Year
설날
Seolnal
000000002018-02-01-00001st day of 1st lunar month
Also called Seol (설) or Gujeong (Hangul: 구정; Hanja: 舊正). The first day of the Korean lunar calendar. It is one of the most important of the traditional Korean holidays, and is considered a more important holiday than the Gregorian New Year's Day.
no
no
yes (3 days)

Independence Movement Day
3·1절 (三一節)
Samiljeol
000000002018-03-01-0000March 1
This day commemorates the March 1st Movement in 1919. On March 1 of this year, 33 Korean nationalists and students declared their nation's independence in Seoul. It started a nationwide civil protest and was a catalyst for the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (April 13, 1919).
yes
yes
yes

Children's Day
어린이날
Eorininal
000000002018-05-05-0000May 5
The day on which to esteem the personalities of children and plan for their happiness. In Korea, Children's Day started on May 1, 1922, when 8 persons including Bang Jeong-hwan (방정환) declared the Day and held an anniversary. In 1946, the Day changed to May 5, and became a public holiday in 1975.
no
no
yes

Buddha's Birthday
부처님 오신 날
Bucheonnim Osinnal
000000002018-05-01-00008th day of 4th lunar month
Formerly called Seokgatansinil (Hangul: 석가탄신일; Hanja: 釋迦誕辰日); also referred to as Sawol Chopail (Hangul: 사월 초파일; Hanja: 四月初八日). The birthday of Gautama Buddha.
no
no
yes

Memorial Day
현충일 (顯忠日)
Hyeonchung-il
000000002018-06-06-0000June 6
The day commemorates the men and women who died while in military service or in the independence movement. On this day, a national commemoration ceremony is held at the Seoul National Cemetery.
no
half mast
yes

Constitution Day
제헌절(制憲節)
Jeheonjeol
000000002018-07-17-0000July 17
The day celebrates the promulgation of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea in 1948.
yes
yes
No

Liberation Day
광복절 (光復節)
Gwangbokjeol
000000002018-08-15-0000August 15
The day celebrates the national liberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. On the same day in 1948, the government of the Republic of Korea was established. The word Gwangbok (Hangul: 광복) means "restoration of light".
yes
yes
yes

Chuseok
추석 (秋夕)
Chuseok
000000002018-09-01-000015th day of 8th lunar month
Also called Han-gawi (Hangul: 한가위). Korean traditional harvest festival. With Korean New Year, it is one of the most important Korean traditional holidays. As a celebration of the good harvest, Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and feast on traditional food.
no
no
yes (3 days)

National Foundation Day
개천절 (開天節)
Gaecheonjeol
000000002018-10-03-0000October 3
The day celebrates the foundation of Gojoseon, the first state of the Korean nation. According to the Samguk Yusa, Dangun founded Gojoseon on the 3rd day of 10th lunar month, 2333 BC. Today, South Koreans celebrate their national foundation on October 3 according to the Gregorian calendar, for convenience sake. Gaecheonjeol means "Heaven-opened Day".
yes
yes
yes

Hangul Day
한글날
Hangeulnal
000000002018-10-09-0000October 9
The day commemorates the invention (1443) and the proclamation (1446) of hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language. King Sejong the Great, inventor of hangul, is one of the most honored rulers in Korean history.
yes
yes
yes

Christmas
기독탄신일[1][2]
Gidoktansinil
000000002018-12-25-0000December 25
Commonly called Seongtanjeol (Hangul: 성탄절; Hanja: 聖誕節), especially among Korean Christians.
no
no
yes

Election days for elections on the termination of terms of office referred to in Article 34 of the Public Official Election Act
「공직선거법」 제34조에 따른 임기만료에 의한 선거의 선거일[1][2]
Gongjikseongeobeop jesamsipsajoe ttareun imgimanryoe uihan seongeoeui seongeoil
Not fixed. but always Wednesday.[3]
See Elections in South Korea. It commonly called Seongeoil (Hangul: 선거일) or Seongeonal(Hangul: 선거날)(Election Day), in short. The date of this holiday is limited to regular presidential election day, legislative election day, and local election day. (excluding Early voting day, by-election day, referendum day or unscheduled election day caused by like impeachment.)[4][5]
no
no
yes

text: National Celebration Days[edit]

text: These days celebrate events considered joyous to Korea. In the beginning, Independence Declaration Day (March 1) was first stipulated in 1946.[6] After the establishment of the Government of the Republic of Korea in 1948, four major National Celebration Days (Independence Declaration Day, Constitution Day, Liberation Day, National Foundation Day) were provided by "The Law Concerning the National Celebration Days" (국경일에관한법률)[7] in 1949. In 2005, Hangul Day became the 5th National Celebration day.

text: National Flag Raising Days[edit]

text: All the National Celebration Days, Memorial Day (half staff), Armed Forces Day are provided by Article 8 of the "National Flag Law" (대한민국국기법 제8조).[8] On these days, the raising of the taegukgi at every house and along every roadside is promoted.

text: Public Days Off[edit]

text: They are provided by the "Regulations on Holidays of Public Agencies" (관공서의 공휴일에 관한 규정)[1][2] This Regulation originally applied only to government and public offices, but most individual business offices also follow it.

text: Dates in Solar Calendar of Korean New Year's Day, Buddha's Birthday, and Chuseok[edit]

text:
Year
Korean New Year's Day
Buddha's Birthday
Chuseok

1994
February 10 (Thu)
May 18 (Wed)
September 20 (Tue)

1995
January 31 (Tue)
May 7 (Sun)
September 9 (Sat)

1996
February 19 (Mon)
May 24 (Fri)
September 27 (Fri)

1997
February 8 (Sat)
May 14 (Wed)
September 16 (Tue)

1998
January 28 (Wed)
May 3 (Sun)
October 5 (Mon)

1999
February 16 (Tue)
May 22 (Sat)
September 24 (Fri)

2000
February 5 (Sat)
May 11 (Thu)
September 12 (Tue)

2001
January 24 (Wed)
April 30 (Mon)
October 1 (Mon)

2002
February 12 (Tue)
May 19 (Sun)
September 21 (Sat)

2003
February 1 (Sat)
May 8 (Thu)
September 11 (Thu)

2004
January 22 (Thu)
May 26 (Wed)
September 28 (Tue)

2005
February 9 (Wed)
May 15 (Sun)
September 18 (Sun)

2006
January 29 (Sun)
May 5 (Fri)
October 6 (Fri)

2007
February 18 (Sun)
May 24 (Thu)
September 25 (Tue)

2008
February 7 (Thu)
May 12 (Mon)
September 14 (Sun)

2009
January 26 (Mon)
May 2 (Sat)
October 3 (Sat)

2010
February 14 (Sun)
May 21 (Fri)
September 22 (Wed)

2011
February 3 (Thu)
May 10 (Tue)
September 12 (Mon)

2012
January 23 (Mon)
May 28 (Mon)
September 30 (Sun)

2013
February 10 (Sun)
May 17 (Fri)
September 19 (Thu)

2014
January 31 (Fri)
May 6 (Tue)
September 8 (Mon)

2015
February 19 (Thu)
May 25 (Mon)
September 27 (Sun)

2016
February 8 (Mon)
May 14 (Sat)
September 15 (Thu)

2017
January 28 (Sat)
May 3 (Wed)
October 4 (Wed)

2018
February 16 (Fri)
May 22 (Tue)
September 24 (Mon)

2019
February 5 (Tue)
May 12 (Sun)
September 13 (Fri)

2020
January 25 (Sat)
April 30 (Thu)
October 1 (Thu)

2021
February 12 (Fri)
May 19 (Wed)
September 21 (Tue)

2022
February 1 (Tue)
May 8 (Sun)
September 10 (Sat)

2023
January 22 (Sun)
May 27 (Sat)
September 29 (Fri)

2024
February 10 (Sat)
May 15 (Wed)
September 17 (Tue)

2025
January 29 (Wed)
May 5 (Mon)
October 6 (Mon)

2026
February 17 (Tue)
May 24 (Sun)
September 25 (Fri)

2027
February 7 (Sun)
May 13 (Thu)
September 15 (Wed)

2028
January 27 (Thu)
May 2 (Tue)
October 3 (Tue)

2029
February 13 (Tue)
May 20 (Sun)
September 22 (Sat)

2030
February 3 (Sun)
May 9 (Thu)
September 12 (Thu)

2031
January 23 (Thu)
May 28 (Wed)
October 1 (Wed)

2032
February 11 (Wed)
May 16 (Sun)
September 19 (Sun)

2033
January 31 (Mon)
May 6 (Fri)
September 8 (Thu)

2034
February 19 (Sun)
May 25 (Thu)
September 27 (Wed)

2035
February 8 (Thu)
May 15 (Tue)
September 16 (Sun)

2036
January 28 (Mon)
May 3 (Sat)
October 4 (Sat)

2037
February 15 (Sun)
May 22 (Fri)
September 24 (Thu)

2038
February 4 (Thu)
May 11 (Tue)
September 13 (Mon)

2039
January 24 (Mon)
April 30 (Sat)
October 2 (Sun)

2040
February 12 (Sun)
May 18 (Fri)
September 21 (Fri)

2041
February 1 (Fri)
May 7 (Tue)
September 10 (Tue)

2042
January 22 (Wed)
May 26 (Mon)
September 28 (Sun)

2043
February 10 (Tue)
May 16 (Sat)
September 17 (Thu)

2044
January 30 (Sat)
May 5 (Thu)
October 5 (Wed)

2045
February 17 (Fri)
May 24 (Wed)
September 25 (Mon)

2046
February 6 (Tue)
May 13 (Sun)
September 15 (Sat)

2047
January 26 (Sat)
May 2 (Thu)
October 4 (Fri)

2048
February 14 (Fri)
May 20 (Wed)
September 22 (Tue)

2049
February 2 (Tue)
May 9 (Sun)
September 11 (Sat)

2050
January 23 (Sun)
May 28 (Sat)
September 30 (Fri)


document_title: The Night of the Iguana (film)

question_text: where was the night of the iguana filmed

text: The Night of the Iguana (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The preface to the story shows Episcopal priest Reverend Dr. T. Lawrence Shannon (Richard Burton) having a "nervous breakdown" after being ostracized by his congregation for having an inappropriate relationship with a "very young Sunday school teacher."

text: Two years later, Shannon, now a tour guide for the bottom-of-the-barrel Texas company "Blake's Tours," is taking a group of Baptist school teachers by bus to Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. The group's brittle leader is Miss Judith Fellowes (Grayson Hall), whose 17-year-old niece Charlotte Goodall (Sue Lyon) tries to seduce Shannon. Fellowes accuses Shannon of trying to seduce Charlotte and declares that she will ruin him.

text: In a moment of despair, Shannon shanghais the bus and its occupants, then tries to prevent Fellowes from calling his boss by stranding the tour group at a cheap (and, he mistakenly thinks, phoneless) Costa Verde hotel in Mismaloya. Shannon assumes the hotel is still run by an old friend named Fred, but the man died recently, so the hotel is now run by Fred's widow, the bawdy and flamboyant Maxine Faulk (Ava Gardner).

text: Another new arrival at the hotel is Hannah Jelkes (Deborah Kerr), a beautiful and chaste itinerant painter from Nantucket, who is traveling with her elderly poet grandfather (Cyril Delevanti). They have run out of money, but Shannon convinces Maxine to let them have a room. Over a long night, Shannon battles his weaknesses for both flesh and alcohol, Miss Fellowes' niece continues to make trouble for him, and he is "at the end of his rope," just like an iguana kept tied by Maxine's cabana boys. Shannon suffers a breakdown, the cabana boys truss him in a hammock, and Hannah ministers to him there with poppy-seed tea and frank spiritual counsel.

text: Hannah's grandfather delivers the final version of the poem he has been laboring to finish and dies. The characters try to resolve their confused lives with Shannon and Maxine deciding to run the hotel together. Hannah walks away from her last chance at love.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Richard Burton as Reverend Dr. T. Lawrence Shannon
Ava Gardner as Maxine Faulk
Deborah Kerr as Hannah Jelkes
Sue Lyon as Charlotte Goodall
James ("Skip") Ward as Hank Prosner
Grayson Hall as Judith Fellowes, Charlotte's chaperone
Cyril Delevanti as Nonno, poet and Hannah's grandfather

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: James Garner said he was originally offered the role played by Richard Burton but he turned it down because "it was just too Tennessee Williams for me."[4]

text: In September 1962 Huston, Lyon, and Burton, accompanied by Elizabeth Taylor, arrived at Puerto Vallarta—a "remote little fishing village"—for principal photography,[5] which lasted 72 days.[6] Huston liked the area's fishing so much that he bought a $30,000 house "in a cottage colony eight miles outside town."[5]

text: By March 1964, months before the film's release, gossip about the film's production was widespread. Huston received an Writers Guild of America award for advancing "the literature of the motion picture through the years." At the award dinner, Allan Sherman performed a song, to the tune of "Streets of Laredo", with lyrics that included, "They were down there to film The Night of the Iguana / With a star-studded cast and a technical crew. / They did things at night midst the flora and fauna / That no self-respecting iguana would do."[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film grossed $12 million worldwide at the box office,[1] earning $4.5 million in US theatrical rentals[8] It was the 10th highest-grossing film of 1964.

text: Time magazine's reviewer wrote, "Huston and company put together a picture that excites the senses, persuades the mind, and even occasionally speaks to the spirit—one of the best movies ever made from a Tennessee Williams play."[6]

text: Bosley Crowther wrote,

text: Since difficulty of communication between individuals seems to be one of the sadder of human misfortunes that Tennessee Williams is writing about in his play, The Night of the Iguana, it is ironical that the film John Huston has made from it has difficulty in communicating, too. At least, it has difficulty in communicating precisely what it is that is so barren and poignant about the people it brings to a tourist hotel run by a sensual American woman on the west coast of Mexico. And because it does have difficulty—because it doesn't really make you see what is so helpless and hopeless about them—it fails to generate the sympathy and the personal compassion that might make their suffering meaningful.[9]

text: Crowther was particularly critical of Burton's performance, calling him

text: spectacularly gross, a figure of wild disarrangement, but without a shred of real sincerity. You see a pot-bellied scarecrow flapping erratically. And in his ridiculous early fumbling with the Lolitaish Sue Lyon (whose acting is painfully awkward), he is farcical when he isn't grotesque.[9]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Of the film's four Oscar nominations, it won one, for Best Costume Design in a black-and-white film (Dorothy Jeakins). Also nominated were Grayson Hall (for Best Supporting Actress), Stephen B. Grimes (for Best Art Direction in a black-and-white film), and Gabriel Figueroa (for Best Black-and-white Cinematography). Ava Gardner was nominated for a Golden Globe and a BAFTA as best actress.[2]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: A statue of John Huston stands in Puerto Vallarta, celebrating the film's role in making the area a popular destination. [10]