document_title: Hollywood Walk of Fame

question_text: who got the first star on hollywood walk of fame

question_tokens: who got the first star on hollywood walk of fame

root

text: Hollywood Walk of Fame

text: Description[edit]

text: The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east to west on Hollywood Boulevard from Gower Street to La Brea Avenue, plus a short segment of Marshfield Way that runs diagonally between Hollywood and La Brea; and 0.4 miles (0.64 km) north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard. According to a 2003 report by the market research firm NPO Plog Research, the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually—more than Sunset Strip, TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's), the Queen Mary, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art—and has played an important role in making tourism the largest industry in Los Angeles County.[3]

tag: p

text: Categorization[edit]

text: As of 2017[update], the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars,[1] spaced at 6-foot (1.8 m) intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass (not bronze, an oft-repeated inaccuracy[4]) inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background. In the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the lower half of the star field, a round inlaid brass emblem indicates the category of the honoree's contributions. The emblems symbolize five categories within the entertainment industry:

text:
Classic film camera representing motion pictures
 Television receiver representing broadcast television
 Phonograph record representing audio recording or music
 Radio microphone representing broadcast radio
 Comedy/tragedy masks representing theatre/live performance (added in 1984)

text: Of all the stars on the Walk to date, 47% have been awarded in the motion pictures category, 24% in television, 17% in audio recording, 10% in radio, and less than 2% in the live performance category. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year.[4]

text: Special stars[edit]

text: Special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees.[5] For example, former Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley's star displays the Seal of the City of Los Angeles;[6][7] the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) star emblem is a replica of a Hollywood Division badge;[8] and stars representing corporations, such as Victoria's Secret and the Los Angeles Dodgers, display the honoree's corporate logo.[5][9] The "Friends of the Walk of Fame" monuments are charcoal terrazzo squares rimmed by miniature pink terrazzo stars displaying the five standard category emblems, along with the sponsor's corporate logo, with the sponsor's name and contribution in inlaid brass block lettering.[10][11] Special stars and Friends monuments are granted by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce or the Hollywood Historic Trust, but are not part of the Walk of Fame proper and are located nearby on private property.[10][12]

text: The monuments for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon are uniquely shaped: Four identical circular moons, bearing the names of the three astronauts (Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., Michael Collins) the date of the first Moon landing ("7/20/69"), and the words "Apollo XI", are set on each of the four corners of the intersection of Hollywood and Vine. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, with the television emblem inlaid at the top of each circle.[13]

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E.M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to "maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world."[14] Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account.[15] A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and an architectural firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, and plans were submitted to the Los Angeles City Council.

text: Multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. According to one, the historic Hollywood Hotel—which stood for more than 50 years on Hollywood Boulevard at the site now occupied by the Hollywood and Highland complex and the Dolby (formerly Kodak) Theatre[16]—displayed stars on its dining room ceiling above the tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons, and that may have served as an early inspiration.[17] By another account, the stars were "inspired ... by Sugarman's [Tropics Restaurant] drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars."[15][18]

text: In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree (John Wayne, by some accounts[19]) inside a blue star on a brown background.[14] However, caricatures proved too expensive and difficult to execute in brass with the technology available at the time; and the brown and blue motif was vetoed by Charles E. Toberman, the legendary real estate developer known as "Mr. Hollywood", because the colors clashed with a new building he was erecting on Hollywood Boulevard.[14][20]

text: Selection and construction[edit]

text: By March 1956 the final design and coral-and-charcoal color scheme had been approved, and between the spring of 1956 and the fall of 1957, 1,558 honorees were selected by committees representing the four major branches of the entertainment industry at that time: motion pictures, television, audio recording, and radio. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant,[21] and included such prominent names as Cecil B. DeMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz.[14]

text: A requirement stipulated by the original audio recording committee (and later rescinded) specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement. As a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959.[22]

text: Construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting and trees. In October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal.[14] The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr., sought damages for the exclusion of his father, whose nomination had been withdrawn due to pressure from multiple quarters (see Controversial additions). Chaplin's suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project.[14][23][24]

text: While Joanne Woodward is often singled out as the first to receive a star on the Walk of Fame,[25] in fact there was no "first" recipient; the original stars were installed as a continuous project, with no individual ceremonies. Woodward's name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558 and inscribed on eight prototype stars that were built while litigation was still holding up permanent construction.[26][27][28] The eight prototypes were installed temporarily on the northwest corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue in August 1958 to generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look.[14] The other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence.[14][29] Official groundbreaking took place on February 8, 1960.[17] On March 28, 1960, the first permanent star, director Stanley Kramer's, was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower.[14][30] The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated, according to one source, because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers.[25]

text: Stagnation and revitalization[edit]

text: Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard, the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs.[31][32] After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961, eight years passed without the addition of a new star. In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce "the agent to advise the City" about adding names to the Walk, and the Chamber, over the following six years, devised rules, procedures, and financing methods to do so.[14] In December 1968, Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first star in eight years in a presentation ceremony hosted by Danny Thomas.[14][21][33] In July 1978 the City of Los Angeles designated the Hollywood Walk of Fame a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.[34]

text: Radio personality, television producer and Chamber member Johnny Grant is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction.[21][35] Beginning in 1968, he stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally attend his or her star's unveiling ceremony.[21] Grant later recalled that "it was tough to get people to come accept a star" until the neighborhood finally began its recovery in the 1980s.[32] In 1980 he instituted a fee of $2,500, payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient, to fund the Walk of Fame's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden.[21] The fee has increased incrementally over time; by 2002 it had reached $15,000,[36] and stood at $30,000 in 2012.[4] The current (2017) fee is $40,000.[37]

text: Grant was awarded a star in 1980 for his television work.[14] In 2002, he received a second star in the "special" category to acknowledge his pivotal role in improving and popularizing the Walk.[38] He was also named chairman of the Selection Committee and Honorary Mayor of Hollywood (a ceremonial position previously held by Art Linkletter and Monty Hall,[39][40] among others).[14][38] He remained in both offices from 1980 until his death in 2008 and hosted the great majority of unveiling ceremonies during that period. His unique special-category star, with its emblem depicting a stylized "Great Seal of the City of Hollywood",[41] is located at the entrance to the Dolby Theatre adjacent to Johnny Grant Way.[42]

text: Expansion[edit]

text: In 1984 a fifth category, Live Theatre, was added to permit acknowledgment of contributions from the live performance branch of the entertainment industry, and a second row of stars was created on each sidewalk to alternate with the existing stars.[14]

text: In 1994 the Walk of Fame was extended one block to the west on Hollywood Boulevard, from Sycamore Avenue to North LaBrea Avenue (plus the short segment of Marshfield Way that connects Hollywood and La Brea), where it now ends at the silver "Four Ladies of Hollywood" gazebo and the special "Walk of Fame" star.[43] At the same time, Sophia Loren was honored with the 2,000th star on the Walk.[14]

text: During construction of tunnels for the Los Angeles subway system in 1996 the Metropolitan Transportation Authority removed and stored more than 300 stars.[44] Controversy arose when the MTA proposed a money-saving measure of jackhammering the 3-by-3-foot terrazzo pads, preserving only the brass lettering, surrounds, and medallions, then pouring new terrazzo after the tunnels were completed;[45] but the Cultural Heritage Commission ruled that the star pads were to be removed intact.[46]

text: Restoration[edit]

text: In 2008 a long-term restoration project began with an evaluation of all 2,365 stars on the Walk at the time, each receiving a letter grade of A, B, C, D, or F. Honorees whose stars received F grades, indicating the most severe damage, were Joan Collins, Peter Frampton, Dick Van Patten, Paul Douglas, Andrew L. Stone, Willard Waterman, Richard Boleslavsky, Ellen Drew, Frank Crumit, and Bobby Sherwood. Fifty celebrities' stars received "D" grades. The damage ranged from minor cosmetic flaws caused by normal weathering to holes and fissures severe enough to constitute a walking hazard. At least 778 stars will eventually be repaired or replaced during the ongoing project at an estimated cost of $4 million to $4.2 million.[47]

text: The restoration is a collaboration among the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and various Los Angeles city and county governmental offices, along with the MTA, which operates the Metro Red Line that runs beneath the Walk, since earth movement due to the presence of the subway line is thought to be partly responsible for the damage.[48]

text: To encourage supplemental funding for the project by corporate sponsors, the "Friends of Walk of Fame" program was inaugurated.[47] Absolut Vodka became the first Friend with a donation of $1 million,[49][50] followed by L'Oréal.[51] Friends are recognized with honorary plaques adjacent to the Walk of Fame in front of the Dolby Theatre.[10] The program received some criticism. Alana Semuels of the Los Angeles Times described it as "just the latest corporate attempt to buy some good buzz," and, quoting an area brand strategist, "I think Johnny Grant would roll over in his grave."[10] Karen Fondu, President of L'Oréal Paris, countered that the association was "a natural affinity."[50]

text: The Walk of Fame today[edit]

text: Multiple stars[edit]

text: The original selection committees chose to recognize some entertainers' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars. Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories.[52][53] Bob Hope, Mickey Rooney, Roy Rogers, and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories—Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his eighth and final wife, Jan,[54][55] while Rogers also has three of his own, and a fourth with his band, Sons of the Pioneers.[56][57] Thirty-three people, including Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Jo Stafford, Dean Martin, Dinah Shore, Gale Storm, Danny Kaye, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and Jack Benny, have stars in three categories.[52]

text: Seven recording artists have two stars in the same category for distinct achievements: Michael Jackson, as a soloist and as a member of The Jackson 5; Diana Ross, as a member of The Supremes and for her solo work; Smokey Robinson, as a solo artist and as a member of The Miracles; and John Lennon, Ringo Starr, George Harrison, and Paul McCartney as individuals and as members of The Beatles.[58] Cher forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance when she was selected in 1983.[59] She did attend the unveiling of the Sonny & Cher star in 1998 as a tribute to her recently deceased ex-husband, Sonny Bono.[60]

text: George Eastman is the only honoree with two stars in the same category for the same achievement, the invention of roll film.[61]

text: In 1977, country singer Loretta Lynn was the first of her genre to receive a star on the Walk of Fame.

text: Controversial additions[edit]

text: Charlie Chaplin is the only honoree to be selected twice for the same star on the Walk. He was unanimously voted into the initial group of 500 in 1956 but the Selection Committee ultimately excluded him, ostensibly due to questions regarding his morals (he had been charged with violating the Mann Act—and exonerated—during the White Slavery hysteria of the 1940s[62]), but more likely due to his left-leaning political views.[63] The rebuke prompted an unsuccessful lawsuit by his son, Charles Chaplin Jr. His star was finally added to the Walk in 1972, the same year he received his Academy Award;[24] but even then, 16 years later, the Chamber of Commerce received angry letters from across the country protesting its decision to include him.[64]

text: The committee's Chaplin difficulties reportedly contributed to its decision in 1978 against awarding a star to Paul Robeson, a controversial opera singer, actor, athlete, writer, lawyer, and social activist.[65] The resulting outcry from the entertainment industry, civic circles, local and national politicians, and many other quarters was so intense that the decision was reversed and Robeson was awarded a star in 1979.[66][67][68]

text: Following sexual assault allegations involving comedian Bill Cosby, actor Kevin Spacey and producer-director Brett Ratner, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce released a statement regarding inquiries as to the removal of stars:[69]

text: The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has received inquiries asking whether we are planning to remove the stars of Walk of Famers because of alleged misconduct. The answer is no...The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a registered historic landmark. Once a star has been added to the Walk, it is considered a part of the historic fabric of the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Because of this, we have never removed a star from the Walk.[69]

text: As of 2015, this has been the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce's only statement regarding the removal of stars.

text: Stars with the same name[edit]

text: Two pairs of stars share identical names representing different people. There are two Harrison Ford stars, honoring the silent film actor (at 6665 Hollywood Boulevard), and the present-day actor (in front of the Dolby Theatre at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard). Two Michael Jackson stars represent the singer/dancer/songwriter (at 6927 Hollywood Boulevard), and the radio personality (at 1597 Vine Street). When the recording artist Jackson died in 2009, fans mistakenly began leaving flowers, candles, and other tributes at the Vine Street star.[70] Upon learning of this, the radio host wrote on his website, "I am willingly loan[ing] it to him and, if it would bring him back, he can have it."[71]

text: The most common surname, with sixteen stars, is Williams: Andy Williams, Bill Williams, Billy Dee Williams, Cindy Williams, Earle Williams, Esther Williams, Guy Williams, Hank Williams, Joe Williams, Kathlyn Williams, Paul Williams, Pharrell Williams, Robin Williams, Roger Williams, Tex Williams and Vanessa Williams.[72] There are fourteen stars with the surname Moore, twelve with Jones, and seven with Smith.

text: The largest collection of stars honoring one group of blood relatives is the widely scattered set of seven representing the Barrymore family: John Barrymore, his brother Lionel (who has two), and sister Ethel, their uncle Sidney Drew, John's son John Drew Barrymore, and John Drew's daughter Drew Barrymore.

text: Bending the rules[edit]

text: Walk of Fame rules prohibit consideration of nominees whose contributions fall outside the five major entertainment categories, but the selection committee has been known to conjure some interesting rule interpretations to justify a selection. The Walk's four round Moon landing monuments at the corners of Hollywood and Vine, for example, officially recognize the Apollo 11 astronauts for "contributions to the television industry". Johnny Grant acknowledged, in 2005, that classifying the first Moon landing as a television entertainment event was "a bit of a stretch". Magic Johnson's considerable basketball skills had no direct connection to movies, music, TV, radio, or theater, but the committee added him to the motion picture category, based on his ownership of the Magic Johnson Theatre chain, citing as precedent Sid Grauman, builder of Grauman's (now TCL) Chinese Theatre. "[Now] people want Orville Redenbacher," Grant quipped in the 2005 interview, "because his popcorn is in all the theaters."[25]

text: Muhammad Ali's star was granted after the committee decided that boxing could be considered a form of "live performance". Its placement, on a wall of the Dolby Theatre, makes it the only star mounted on a vertical surface, acceding to Ali's request that his name not be walked upon.[73][74]

text: All living honorees have been required since 1968 to personally attend their star's unveiling, and approximately 40 have declined the honor due to this condition.[25] The only recipient to date who failed to appear after agreeing to do so was Barbra Streisand, in 1976. Her star was unveiled anyway, near the intersection of Hollywood and Highland.[75] Streisand did attend when her husband, James Brolin, unveiled his star in 1998 two blocks to the east.[76]

text: Unique and unusual[edit]

text: Fifteen stars are identified with a one-word stage name: Cantinflas, Houdini, Liberace, Mako, Meiklejohn, Paderewski, Parkyakarkus, Roseanne, RuPaul, Sabu, Shakira, Slash, Sting, Thalía, and Usher.

text: The largest group of individuals represented by a single star is the estimated 122 adults and 12 children[77] collectively known as the Munchkins, from the landmark 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.

text: Clayton Moore is so inextricably linked with his Lone Ranger character, even though he played other roles during his career, that he is one of only two actors to have his character's name alongside his own on his star. The other is Tommy Riggs, whose star reads, "Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou."[78]

text: For more than 40 years, singer Jimmy Boyd was the youngest star recipient at age 20, but he lost that distinction in 2004 to 18-year-old twins Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. Their joint star (the only one shared by twins) is outside the Dolby Theatre, near the Hollywood and Highland Center.

text: The Westmores received the first star honoring contributions in theatrical make-up. Other make-up artists on the walk are Max Factor, John Chambers and Rick Baker. Three stars recognize experts in special effects: Ray Harryhausen, Dennis Muren, and Stan Winston. Only one costume designer has received a star, eight-time Academy Award winner Edith Head.

text: Sidney Sheldon is one of two novelists with a star, which he earned for writing screenplays such as The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer before turning to novels.[79] The other is Ray Bradbury, whose books and stories have formed the basis of dozens of movies and television programs over a nearly 60-year period.[80]

text: Ten inventors have stars on the Walk: George Eastman (as mentioned); Thomas Edison, inventor of the first true film projector and holder of numerous patents related to motion-picture technology; Lee de Forest, inventor of the vacuum tube, which made radio and TV possible, and Phonofilm, which made sound movies possible; Merian C. Cooper, co-inventor of the Cinerama process; Herbert Kalmus, inventor of Technicolor; Auguste and Louis Lumière, inventors of important components of the motion picture camera; Mark Serrurier, inventor of the technology used for film editing; Hedy Lamarr, co-inventor of a frequency-hopping radio guidance system that was a precursor to Wi-Fi networks and cellular telephone systems;[81] and Ray Dolby, co-developer of the video tape recorder and inventor of the Dolby noise reduction system.

text: A few star recipients moved on after their entertainment careers to political notability. Two US presidents, Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump, have stars on the Walk. Reagan is also one of two Governors of California with a star; the other is Arnold Schwarzenegger.[82] One U.S. senator (George Murphy) and two members of the U.S. House of Representatives (Helen Gahagan and Sonny Bono) have stars. Ignacy Paderewski, who served as Prime Minister of Poland between the World Wars, is the only European head of government represented. Film and stage actor Albert Dekker served one term in the California State Assembly during the 1940s,[83] which was notable for his outspoken public criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-communism demagoguery, leading to his blacklisting.[84]

text: On its 50th anniversary in 2005, Disneyland received a star adjacent to the Walk of Fame near Disney's Soda Fountain on Hollywood Boulevard. While not technically part of the Hollywood Walk of Fame (a city ordinance prohibits putting corporate names on sidewalks), the star was installed adjacent to the Walk of Fame, and was thought of by Johnny Grant, the proverbial "Mayor of Hollywood." Roger Ebert said of the star "If you stop to think about what Disneyland has achieved and what a revolutionary idea it was to begin with, of course it deserve[s] a star." In lieu of the traditional icon indicating the specific achievement(s) of the honoree, Disneyland's star has an icon of Sleeping Beauty Castle, and a plaque beneath the star reading: "Award of Excellence Special achievement for 50 years of magical entertainment Hollywood Historic Trust July 14, 2005. Johnny Grant, Chairman."[85]

text: Fictional characters and their creators[edit]

text: In 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star. Other animated recipients are Bugs Bunny, Donald Duck, Minnie Mouse, Woody Woodpecker, Snow White, Tinker Bell, Winnie the Pooh, Shrek, The Simpsons, the Rugrats, and Snoopy. The star inscribed Charlie Tuna honors not the animated advertising mascot, but Art Ferguson, the long-time radio personality and game show announcer.

text: Other fictional characters on the Walk include the Munchkins (as mentioned), two individual Muppets (Kermit the Frog and Big Bird) and the Muppets as a group, one monster (Godzilla), and three non-animated canine characters (Strongheart, Lassie, and Rin Tin Tin).

text: Ten stars recognize cartoonists and animators: Walt Disney, Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, Walter Lantz, Hanna–Barbera, Charles M. Schulz, Jay Ward, Dr. Seuss, Matt Groening and John Lasseter.[86] Two puppeteers have stars: Jim Henson and Shari Lewis, as does Fran Allison, who appeared with Burr Tillstrom's puppets on the TV show Kukla, Fran and Ollie.

text: Star locations[edit]

text: Locations of individual stars are not necessarily random or arbitrary. Stars of most legendary and world-famous celebrities—the so-called "show business royalty"—are found in front of TCL (formerly Grauman's) Chinese Theatre. Oscar-winners' stars are usually placed near the Dolby Theatre, site of the annual Academy Awards presentations. Decisions are occasionally made with a dollop of whimsy: Mike Myers's star, for example, lies in front of an adult store called the International Love Boutique, an association with his Austin Powers roles; Roger Moore's star is located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard in recognition of his seven James Bond 007 films; Ed O'Neill's star is located outside a shoe store in reference to his character's occupation on the TV show Married... with Children;[87] and the last star, at the very end of the westernmost portion of the Walk, belongs to The Dead End Kids.

text: Honorees may request a specific location for their star, although final decisions remain with the Chamber.[25] Jay Leno, for example, requested a spot near the corner of Hollywood Blvd. and Highland Ave. because he was twice picked up at that location by police for vagrancy (though never actually charged) shortly after his arrival in Hollywood.[88] George Carlin chose to have his star placed in front of the KDAY radio station near the corner of Sunset Blvd. and Vine St., where he first gained national recognition.[89] Carol Burnett explained her choice in her 1986 memoir: While working as an usherette at the historic Warner Brothers Theatre (now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre) during the 1951 run of Alfred Hitchcock's film Strangers on a Train, she took it upon herself to advise a couple arriving during the final few minutes of a showing to wait for the next showing, to avoid seeing (and spoiling) the ending. The theater manager fired her on the spot for "insubordination" and humiliated her by stripping the epaulets from her uniform in the theater lobby. Twenty-six years later, at her request, Burnett's star was placed at the corner of Hollywood and Wilcox—in front of the theater.[90]

text: Errors and mysteries[edit]

text: In 2010, Julia Louis-Dreyfus's star was constructed with the name "Julia Luis Dreyfus".[91] The actress was reportedly amused, and the error was corrected.[92] A similar mistake was made on Dick Van Dyke's star in 1993 ("Vandyke"), and rectified.[93]

text: Film and television actor Don Haggerty's star originally displayed the first name "Dan". The mistake was fixed, but years later the television actor Dan Haggerty (of Grizzly Adams fame, no relation to Don) also received a star. The confusion eventually sprouted an urban legend that Dan Haggerty was the only honoree to have a star removed from the Walk of Fame.[94][95]

text: For 28 years, the star intended to honor Mauritz Stiller, the Helsinki-born pioneer of Swedish film who brought Greta Garbo to the United States, read "Maurice Diller", possibly due to mistranscription of verbal dictation. The star was finally remade with the correct name in 1988.[96][97]

text: Three stars remain misspelled: opera diva Lotte Lehmann's first name is spelled "Lottie";[98] Cinerama co-inventor and King Kong creator, director, and producer Merian C. Cooper's first name is spelled "Meriam";[99][100] and cinematography pioneer Auguste Lumière's first name is listed as "August".[101]

text: Monty Woolley, the veteran film and stage actor best known for The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) and the classic line "Time flies when you're having fun", is officially listed in the motion picture category,[102] but his star on the Walk of Fame bears the television emblem.[103] Woolley did appear on the small screen late in his career, but his TV contributions were eclipsed by his extensive stage, film, and radio work.[104][105][106] Similarly, the star of film actress Carmen Miranda bears the TV emblem,[107] although her official category is motion pictures.[108] Radio and television talk show host Larry King is officially a television honoree,[109] but his star displays a film camera.[110]

text: The Los Angeles Times, which documented and photographed the Walk as part of its Hollywood Star Walk project, reported that it could not find two stars, honoring Richard Crooks and the film career of Geraldine Farrar.[111][112][113] (Farrar's music star is located on the 1700 block of Vine Street.)

text: Theft and vandalism[edit]

text: Acts of vandalism occur on the Walk on a regular basis, ranging from profanity and political statements written on stars with markers to attempted removal of brass emblems with chisels.[114] Closed circuit surveillance cameras have been installed on the stretch of Hollywood Boulevard between La Brea Avenue and Vine Street in an effort to discourage mischievous activities.[115]

text: Four of the stars, which weigh about 300 pounds (140 kg) each, have been stolen from the Walk of Fame. In 2000, James Stewart's and Kirk Douglas's stars disappeared from their locations near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine, where they had been temporarily removed for a construction project. Police recovered them in the suburban community of South Gate when they arrested a man involved in an incident there and searched his house. The suspect was a construction worker employed on the Hollywood and Vine project. The stars had been badly damaged, and had to be remade. One of Gene Autry's five stars (it is not clear which one) was also stolen from a construction area. Johnny Grant later received an anonymous phone tip that the missing star was in Iowa, but it was never found. "Someday, it will end up on eBay," Grant once joked. The most brazen and ambitious theft occurred in 2005 when thieves used a concrete saw to remove Gregory Peck's star from its Hollywood Boulevard site at the intersection of North El Centro Avenue, near North Gower. The star was replaced almost immediately, but the original was never recovered and the perpetrators never caught.[116]

text: In late 2009, rumors circulated widely on media outlets and the Internet that John Lennon's star had been stolen, but it was merely being relocated farther south on Vine Street to an area near the circular Capitol Records Building, adjacent to the stars of bandmates George Harrison and Ringo Starr.[117] Paul McCartney's star was installed in the same location in 2012.[118]

text: Donald Trump's star—received as host of The Apprentice television series—was repeatedly defaced during the 2016 presidential campaign.[119][120][121] In late October, near the end of the race, a man named Jamie Otis (who claimed to be an heir to the Otis Elevator fortune) used a sledge hammer and a pickaxe to destroy all of the star's brass inlays. He readily admitted to the vandalism, which he described as "civil disobedience" and "freedom of expression", and told reporters that he originally planned to remove the entire star and auction it to raise money for the women who accused Trump of sexually assaulting them.[122] Otis was arrested three weeks after the incident, charged with one count of felony vandalism,[123] and sentenced to three years' probation plus $3400 in restitution payments.[124] The star itself was repaired, and has since been the site of pro-Trump demonstrations.[125]

text: Four Ladies of Hollywood[edit]

text: The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo[126]—known officially as the Hollywood and La Brea Gateway[127]—stands upon a small triangular island formed by the confluence of Hollywood Boulevard, Marshfield Way, and North La Brea Avenue at the westernmost extension of the Walk of Fame. It was commissioned in 1993 by the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency Art Program and created by the architect, production designer, and film director Catherine Hardwicke as a tribute to the multi-ethnic women of Hollywood.[127] The gazebo is a stainless steel stylized Art Deco lattice structure. The roof is an arched square supporting a circular dome, which is topped by a central obelisk with descending neon block letters spelling "Hollywood" on each of its four sides. Atop the obelisk is a small gilded weathervane-style sculpture of Marilyn Monroe in her iconic billowing skirt pose from The Seven Year Itch.[128] The domed structure is held aloft by four caryatids sculpted by Harl West[127] to represent the African-American actress Dorothy Dandridge, Asian-American actress Anna May Wong, Mexican actress Dolores del Río, and the multi-ethnic, Brooklyn-born actress Mae West.[126]

text: The gazebo was dedicated on February 1, 1994, to a mixed reception. Los Angeles Times art critic Christopher Knight called it "the most depressingly awful work of public art in recent years", representing the opposite of Hardwicke's intended tribute to women. "Sex, as a woman's historic gateway to Hollywood", he wrote, "couldn't be more explicitly described".[129] Independent writer and film producer Gail Choice called it a fitting tribute to a group of pioneering and courageous women who "carried a tremendous burden on their feminine shoulders. Never in my wildest dreams did I believe I'd ever see women of color immortalized in such a creative and wonderful fashion."[130] Hardwicke contended that critics had missed the "humor and symbolism" of the structure, which "embraces and pokes fun at the glamour, the polished metallic male form of the Oscar, and the pastiche of styles and dreams that pervades Tinseltown."[131]

text: Nomination process[edit]

text: Each year an average of 200 nominations are submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame Selection Committee. Anyone, including fans, can nominate anyone active in the field of entertainment as long as the nominee or his or her management approves the nomination (a letter of agreement from the nominated celebrity or representative must accompany the application). Nominees must have a minimum of five years' experience in the category for which they are nominated and a history of "charitable contributions".[73] Posthumous nominees must have been deceased at least five years. At a meeting each June, the committee selects approximately 20 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame during the following year. One posthumous award is given each year as well. The nominations of those not selected are rolled over to the following year for reconsideration; those not selected two years in a row are dropped, and must be renominated to receive further consideration. Living recipients must agree to personally attend a presentation ceremony within five years of selection. A relative of deceased recipients must attend posthumous presentations. Presentation ceremonies are open to the public.[4]

text: A fee of $40,000 (as of 2018[update]),[37] payable at time of selection, is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star, as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame. The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization, which may be a fan club, or a film studio, record company, broadcaster, or other sponsor involved with the prospective honoree.[21][132] The Starz cable network, for example, paid for Dennis Hopper's star as part of the promotion for its series Crash. It was unveiled in March 2010 shortly before Hopper's death.[21][133]

text: Numerous major entertainment figures and legendary show business acts are not included on the Walk of Fame for a variety of reasons. Some, such as Julia Roberts[25][134] and Clint Eastwood,[134] have declined to participate; nominations cannot proceed without the nominee's consent. Others, such as George Clooney and John Denver,[135] were nominated, but would not agree to the mandatory personal appearance at the unveiling ceremony; however, Denver received a posthumous star in late 2014.[136] Others have simply never been nominated, or do not have a nominator willing or able to pay the selection fee, or have less than the required five years' minimum involvement in their designated field. Others are merely victims of selection constraints and probability; only about 10% of nominees are selected each year.

text: Traditionally, the identities of selection committee members, other than its chairman, have not been made public in order to minimize conflicts of interest and to discourage lobbying by celebrities and their representatives (a significant problem during the original selections in the late 1950s). However, in 1999, in response to intensifying charges of secrecy in the selection process, the Chamber disclosed the members' names: Johnny Grant, the longtime chair and representative of the television category; Earl Lestz, president of Paramount Studio Group (motion pictures); Stan Spero, retired manager with broadcast stations KMPC and KABC (radio); Kate Nelson, owner of the Palace Theatre (live performance); and Mary Lou Dudas, vice president of A&M Records (recording industry).[137] Since that 1999 announcement the Chamber has revealed only that Lestz (who received his own star in 2004) became chairman after Grant died in 2008. Their current official position is that "each of the five categories is represented by someone with expertise in that field".[4]

text: In 2010, Lestz was replaced as chairman by John Pavlik, former Director of Communications for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.[138] While no public announcement was made to that effect, he was identified as chairman in the Chamber's press release announcing the 2011 star recipients.[139] The current chair, according to the Chamber's 2016 selection announcement, is film producer Maureen Schultz.[140]

text: Homage[edit]

text: Some fans show respect for star recipients both living and dead by laying flowers or other symbolic tributes at their stars.[141] Others show their support in other ways; the star awarded to Julio Iglesias, for example, is kept in "pristine condition [by] a devoted band of elderly women [who] scrub and polish it once a month".[141]

text: The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has adopted the tradition of placing flower wreaths at the stars of newly deceased awardees; for example Bette Davis in 1989,[142] Katharine Hepburn in 2003, and Jackie Cooper in 2011.[143] The stars of other deceased celebrities, such as Elizabeth Taylor,[144] Richard Pryor,[145] Ricardo Montalbán, James Doohan, Frank Sinatra,[146][147] Robin Williams,[148] Joan Rivers and George Harrison[149] have become impromptu memorial and vigil sites as well, and some continue to receive anniversary remembrances.


document_title: Linus and Lucy

question_text: who wrote the theme song to charlie brown

text: Linus and Lucy

text:
"Linus and Lucy"Song by Vince Guaraldi Triofrom the album A Charlie Brown ChristmasReleased
December 1965 (1965-12)Recorded
1964Genre
JazzChristmasLength
3:06Label
FantasySongwriter(s)
Vince Guaraldi

tag: table

text: "Linus and Lucy" is a popular jazz piano composition written by Vince Guaraldi, appearing in many of the Peanuts animated television specials. Named for the fictional siblings Linus and Lucy van Pelt, it was released in 1964 on the Vince Guaraldi Trio's album Jazz Impressions of a Boy Named Charlie Brown. A Charlie Brown Christmas introduced the song to a television audience of millions of children beginning in 1965.[1] Since that special, the piece has introduced most of the Peanuts TV cartoons, with the exceptions of the specials and other TV programs produced between 1979 and 1992. It is one of the most recognizable pieces by Vince Guaraldi, and has gained status as the de facto theme song of the Peanuts franchise.

text: The song was played to the crew of Space Shuttle Endeavour as wake-up music on Day 2 of the STS-123 mission on March 11, 2008.  It has been used as background music for The Weather Channel's local forecasts since 1999[2] and in advertisements for insurance firm MetLife.

text: This song is also often played on radio stations in the United States that go to a Christmas music format during the holidays; its appearance on the soundtrack for A Charlie Brown Christmas has solidified "Linus and Lucy" as a holiday favorite, although nothing about the tune is related to Christmas.

text:
The song is originally in the key of A-flat major.
The song is played in The Peanuts Movie: Snoopy's Grand Adventure, Schroeder plays the piano and The Peanuts Gang doing a happy dance.
The song is played in the Peanutize Me site.

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
Andrew York on Perfect Sky
Asylum Street Spankers on A Christmas Spanking
Béla Fleck and the Flecktones on their 2008 Christmas album Jingle All the Way
Belle and Sebastian at various concerts. Their song "Seeing Other People" was heavily influenced by the piece.
Brian Tyler
Buddy Emmons on One For The Road
Built to Spill on Built to Spill - Sabonis Tracks
Butch Taylor (as part of Dave Matthews Band) on "Live Trax Volume 1" and "Live Trax Volume 3"
Carbon Leaf within the song "Torn and Tattered" at various concerts
Carol Lou Woodward on An Evening with Carol Lou
Christophe Beck on The Peanuts Movie
Cyrus Chestnut on A Charlie Brown Christmas
Danny Gatton on In Concert and Hot Rod Guitar
Dave Brubeck on Quiet as the Moon, which was played in This Is America, Charlie Brown: The NASA Space Station.
Dave Matthews Band at various concerts
David Benoit on Best of David Benoit: 1987-1995, Here's to You, Charlie Brown: 50 Great Years! Video on YouTube
David Syme on "On Fire"
Foo Fighters on Saturday Night Live
Game Theory on The Big Shot Chronicles
Gary Hoey on Endless Summer II Soundtrack and on Wake Up Call
George Winston on Linus and Lucy - The Music of Vince Guaraldi
James Newton Howard
James Watt & the Avenues on Linus and Lucy go to Cairo
JFA (Jodie Foster's Army) on Mad Gardens EP
Jon Schmidt on "Bonus Tracks"
Less Than Jake live at the Alachua Music Harvest on January 15, 1995
moe. on Season's Greetings from moe.
Rhythm Pigs on Rhythm Pigs & I'm not crazy...
Royal Philharmonic Orchestra at various concerts
Stuart Hamm, as part of "Quahogs Anyone? (119, 120 Whatever It Takes)" on The Urge
The Ergs! on Hindsight Is 20/20 My Friend
Umphrey's McGee at various concerts
Wynton Marsalis Septet on Joe Cool's Blues

tag: ul


document_title: Mira Quien Baila

question_text: who is going to win mira quien baila

question_tokens: who is going to win mira quien baila

text: Mira Quien Baila

text: Hosts and Judges[edit]

text:
Judges, Hosts & Choreographers of Mira Quien Baila

Seasons

1 (2010)
2 (2011)
3 (2012)
4 (2013)
5 (2017)

Javier Poza

Host

Chiquinquirá Delgado

Co-Host

Horacio Villalobos

Head Judge

Bianca Marroquín

Judge

Lili Estefan

Judge

Alejandra Guzman

Judge

Javier "Poty" Castillo

Choreographer

Head Judge

Ninel Conde

Judge

Anibal Marrero

Choreographer

Johnny Lozada

Judge

Roselyn Sánchez

Judge

Rodrigo Basurto

Choreographer

Jomari Goyso

Digital Host

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Premiere
Finale
Winner
Runner-up
Third Place
Other contestants in order of elimination
Number of contestants

1
September 12, 2010
November 21, 2010
Vadhir Derbez
 Mexico

Jackie Guerrido
 Puerto Rico

Rogelio Martínez
 Mexico

Héctor Camacho · Rosa Gloria Chagoyán · Niurka Marcos (Withdrew) · Marcelo Buquet · Jon Secada (Withdrew) · Scarlet Ortiz · Diana Reyes
11

2
September 11, 2011 [2]
November 20, 2011 [3]
Adamari López
 Puerto Rico [4]

Priscila Angel
 Mexico

Erik Estrada [5]
 United States

Stephanie Salas · Géraldine Bazán · Blue Demon Jr · Alejandro Chabán · Christian Suarez · Jose Manuel Figueroa · Elizabeth Gutiérrez
11

3
September 9, 2012
November 18, 2012
Henry Santos
 Dominican Republic

Fernando Arau
 Mexico

Alicia Machado
 Venezuela

Valentina · Samy · María Antonieta de las Nieves · Maxi Iglesias · Maripily Rivera · Argelia Atilano · Bobby Pulido
11

4
September 15, 2013
November 24, 2013
Johnny Lozada
 Puerto Rico

Pedro Moreno
 Cuba

Marjorie De Sousa
 Venezuela

El Dasa (Withdrew) · Graciela Beltrán · Yolandita Monge (Withdrew) · María Elisa Camargo · Malillany Marín · Manny Manuel · Mane de la Parra
11

5
September 17, 2017[6]
November 19, 2017
Dayanara Torres
 Puerto Rico

Ana Patricia Gonzalez
 Mexico

Danell Leyva
 Cuba

Marlene Favela · Franco Noriega · Pablo Montero · Victoria 'La Mala' · ChikyBomBom · Alejandro Nones · Ektor Rivera
10

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Season premiere
Season finale

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Sunday 8pm/7c
September 12, 2010 (2010-09-12)
4.0[7]
November 21, 2010 (2010-11-21)
5.1[8]

2
September 11, 2011 (2011-09-11)
4.1[9]
November 20, 2011 (2011-11-20)
5.0[10]

3
September 9, 2012 (2012-09-09)
3.6[11]
November 18, 2012 (2012-11-18)
3.9[12]

4
September 15, 2013 (2013-09-15)
3.6[13]
November 24, 2013 (2013-11-24)
4.4[14]

5
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
1.9[15]
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
2.3[16]


document_title: World Tourism rankings

question_text: what is the most visited location in the world

text: World Tourism rankings

text: Most visited destinations by international tourist arrivals[edit]

text: In 2016, there were 1.235 billion international tourist arrivals worldwide, with a growth of 4% as compared to 1.186 billion in 2015. The top 10 international tourism destinations in 2016 were:[1]

text:
Rank

Destination

International tourist arrivals (2016)[1]

International tourist arrivals (2015)[1]
Change (2015 to 2016) (%)
Change (2014 to 2015) (%)

1
 France
82.6 million
84.5 million
 2.2
 0.9

2
 United States
75.6 million
77.5 million
 2.4
 3.3

3
 Spain
75.6 million
68.5 million
 10.3
 5.5

4
 China
59.3 million
56.9 million
 4.2
 2.3

5
 Italy
52.4 million
50.7 million
 3.2
 4.4

6
 United Kingdom
35.8 million
34.4 million
 4.0
 5.6

7
 Germany
35.6 million
35.0 million
 1.7
 6.0

8
 Mexico
35.0 million
32.1 million
 8.9
 9.4

9
 Thailand
32.6 million
29.9 million
 8.9
 20.6

10
 Austria
28.1 million
26.7 million
 5.2
 5.7

text: Africa[edit]

text: In 2015, there were over 53 million international tourist arrivals to Africa, a decrease of 3% from 2014. In 2015, the top ten African destinations were:

text:
Rank

Destination

International tourist arrivals (2015)[1]

International tourist arrivals (2014)[1]
Change (2014 to 2015) (%)
Change (2013 to 2014) (%)

1
 Morocco
10.2 million
10.3 million
 1.0
 2.4

2
 Egypt
9.1 million
9.6 million
 5.1
 5.0

3
 South Africa
8.9 million
9.5 million
 6.8
 0.1

4
 Tunisia
5.4 million
7.2 million
 25.2
 2.6

5
 Zimbabwe
2.1 million
1.9 million
 9.4
 2.6

6
 Algeria
1.7 million
2.3 million
 25.7
 15.8

7
 Mozambique
1.6 million
1.7 million
 6.6
 11.9

8
 Botswana
1.5 million
2.0 million
 22.3
 27.3

9
 Ivory Coast
1.4 million
0.5 million
 205.9
 23.9

10
 Namibia
1.4 million
1.3 million
 5.1
 12.2

Note: Egypt is classified under "Middle East" in the UNWTO.[2]

text: Americas[edit]

text: In 2016, there were over 199 million international tourist arrivals to the Americas. In 2016, the top ten destinations were:[1]

text:
Rank

Destination

International tourist arrivals (2016)[1]

International tourist arrivals (2015)[1]
Change (2015 to 2016) (%)
Change (2014 to 2015) (%)

1
 United States
75.6 million
77.4 million
 2.4
 3.3

2
 Mexico
35.0 million
32.1 million
 8.9
 9.4

3
 Canada
20.0 million
18.0 million
 11.1
 8.7

4
 Brazil
6.6 million
6.3 million
 4.3
 1.9

5
 Dominican Republic
6.0 million
5.6 million
 6.4
 8.9

6
 Chile
5.6 million
4.5 million
 26.0
 21.9

7
 Argentina
5.6 million
5.7 million
 3.1
 3.3

8
 Cuba
4.0 million
3.5 million
 13.7
 17.5

9
 Peru
3.7 million
3.5 million
 8.4
 7.5

10
 Puerto Rico
3.7 million
3.5 million
 5.5
 9.1

text: Asia-Pacific[edit]

text: In 2016, there were over 308 million international tourist arrivals to Asia-Pacific, an increase of 9.0% over 2015. In 2016, the top ten destinations were:[1]

text:
Rank

Destination

International tourist arrivals (2016)[1]

International tourist arrivals (2015)[1]
Change (2015 to 2016) (%)
Change (2014 to 2015) (%)

1
 China
59.3 million
56.9 million
 4.2
 2.3

2
 Thailand
32.6 million
29.9 million
 8.9
 20.6

3
 Malaysia
26.8 million
25.7 million
 4.0
 6.3

4
 Hong Kong
26.6 million
26.7 million
 0.5
 3.9

5
 Japan
24.0 million
19.7 million
 21.8
 47.1

6
 South Korea
17.2 million
13.2 million
 30.3
 6.8

7
 Macau
15.7 million
14.3 million
 9.8
 1.8

8
 India
14.6 million
13.3 million
 9.7
 1.4

9
 Singapore
12.9 million
12.1 million
 7.1
 1.6

10
 Indonesia
12.0 million[3]
10.0 million
–
 5.6

text: Europe[edit]

text: In 2016, there were over 616 million international tourist arrivals to Europe, an increase of 1.0% over 2015. In 2016, the top ten destinations were:[1]

text:
Rank

Destination

International tourist arrivals (2016)[1]

International tourist arrivals (2015)[1]
Change (2015 to 2016) (%)
Change (2014 to 2015) (%)

1
 France
82.6 million
84.5 million
 2.2
 0.9

2
 Spain
75.6 million
68.5 million
 10.3
 5.5

3
 Italy
52.4 million
50.7 million
 3.2
 4.4

4
 United Kingdom
35.8 million
34.4 million
 4.0
 5.6

5
 Germany
35.6 million
35.0 million
 1.7
 6.0

6
 Austria
28.1 million
26.7 million
 5.2
 5.7

7
 Turkey
25.4 million[4]
39.5 million
–
 0.8

8
 Greece
24.8 million
23.6 million
 5.1
 7.1

9
 Russia
24.6 million
26.9 million
 8.6
 5.6

10
 Poland
17.5 million
16.7 million
 4.4
 4.6

text: Middle East[edit]

text: In 2015, there were over 53 million international tourist arrivals to the Middle East, an increase of 2.0% over 2014. In 2015, the top ten destinations were:

text:
Rank

Destination

International tourist arrivals (2015)[1]

International tourist arrivals (2014)[1]
Change (2014 to 2015) (%)
Change (2013 to 2014) (%)

1
 Turkey
39.5 million
39.8 million
 0.8
 5.3

2
 Saudi Arabia
18.0 million
18.3 million
 1.5
 15.8

3
 United Arab Emirates
14.2 million
13.2 million
 7.6
 32.1

4
 Egypt
9.1 million
9.6 million
 5.1
 5.0

5
 Iran
5.2 million
5.0 million
 5.4
 4.2

6
 Jordan
3.8 million
4.0 million
 5.7
 1.1

7
 Qatar
2.9 million
2.8 million
 3.7
 8.2

8
 Israel
2.8 million
2.9 million
 4.4
 1.2

9
 Oman
1.9 million
1.6 million
 17.8
 15.7

10
 Lebanon
1.5 million
1.4 million
 12.1
 6.3

Note: Iran is classified as part of "South Asia" in the UNWTO.[2]
Turkey and Israel are classified as part of "Southern/Medit.Europe" in the UNWTO.[2]

text: International tourism receipts[edit]

text: International tourism receipts grew to US$1,260 billion in 2015, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.4% from 2014.[1] The World Tourism Organization reports the following destinations as the top twelve tourism earners for the year 2015, with the United States by far the top earner.

text:
Rank

Region

Internationaltourismreceipts
(US$ billion)
(2016)[1]

International tourism receipts
(US$ billion)(2015)[1]

Change (2015 to 2016) (%)
Change (2014 to 2015) (%)

1
 United States
205.9
205.4
 0.3%
 7.0%

2
 Spain
60.3
56.5
 6.9%
 13.3%

3
 Thailand
49.9
44.9
 11.0%
 16.9%

4
 China
44.4
45.0
 1.2%
 2.1%

5
 France
42.5
44.9
 5.3%
 22.9%

6
 Italy
40.2
39.4
 2.0%
 13.3%

7
 United Kingdom
39.6
45.5
 12.9%
 2.3%

8
 Germany
37.4
36.9
 1.4%
 14.8%

9
 Hong Kong
32.9
36.2
 9.1%
 5.8%

10
 Australia
32.4
28.9
 12.3%
 8.2%

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Rank

Region

International  tourism receipts (US$ million) (2016)[1]

1
 South Africa
7,910

2
 Morocco
6,548

3
 Egypt
5,258

4
 Tanzania
2,135

5
 Mauritius
1,572

6
 Tunisia
1,239

7
 Botswana
1,101

8
 Nigeria
1,070

9
 Sudan
1,009

10
 Zimbabwe
824

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Rank

Region

International  tourism receipts (US$ million) (2016)[1]

1
 United States
205,940

2
 Mexico
19,571

3
 Canada
18,213

4
 Dominican Republic
6,723

5
 Brazil
6,024

6
 Colombia
4,773

7
 Argentina
4,687

8
 Panama
4,258

9
 Puerto Rico
3,985

10
 Costa Rica
3,879

text: Asia-Pacific[edit]

text:
Rank

Region

International  tourism receipts (US$ million) (2016)[1]

1
 Thailand
49,871

2
 China
44,432

3
 Hong Kong
32,860

4
 Australia
32,423

5
 Japan
30,678

6
 Macau
29,881

7
 India
22,427

8
 Singapore
18,386

9
 Malaysia
18,074

10
 South Korea
17,210

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Rank

Region

International  tourism receipts (US$ million) (2016)[1]

1
 Spain
60,346

2
 France
42,481

3
 Italy
40,246

4
 United Kingdom
39,615

5
 Germany
37,433

6
 Austria
19,300

7
 Turkey
18,743

8
 Switzerland
15,937

9
 Greece
14,618

10
 Netherlands
14,054

text: Middle East[edit]

text:
Rank

Region

International  tourism receipts (US$ million) (2015)[1]

1
 Turkey
18,743

2
 United Arab Emirates
17,481

3
 Saudi Arabia
10,130

4
 Lebanon
6,857

5
 Egypt
6,065

6
 Israel
5,794

7
 Qatar
5,035

8
 Jordan
4,065

9
 Iraq
4,060

10
 Oman
1,540

text: International tourism expenditures[edit]

text: The World Tourism Organization reports the following source countries as the top ten spenders on international tourism for the year 2017.[5] With China by far being the top spender.

text:
Rank

Country

International  tourism expenditure (2016)[5]

International  tourism expenditure (2017)[5]

1
 China
$250.1 billion
$257.7 billion

2
 United States
$123.6 billion
$135.2 billion

3
 Germany
$79.8 billion
$83.7 billion

4
 United Kingdom
$64.8 billion
$63.4 billion

5
 France
$40.3 billion
$41.4 billion

6
 Australia
$30.8 billion
$34.0 billion

7
 Canada
$28.7 billion
$32.0 billion

8
 Russia
$24.0 billion
$31.1 billion

9
 South Korea
$27.2 billion
$30.6 billion

10
 Italy
$25.0 billion
$27.1 billion


document_title: The Departed

question_text: who is the movie the departed based on

question_tokens: who is the movie the departed based on

text: The Departed

text: Plot[edit]

text: As a child, Colin Sullivan had been introduced to organized crime by Irish-American mobster Frank Costello in the Irish neighborhood of South Boston. Over the years, Costello grooms him to become a mole inside the Massachusetts State Police, until Sullivan is accepted into the Special Investigations Unit, which focuses on organized crime.

text: Before graduating from the police academy, Billy Costigan is recruited by Captain Queenan and Staff Sergeant Dignam to go undercover in Costello’s organization, as his family ties to organized crime make him a perfect infiltrator. He drops out of the academy and does time in prison on a fake assault charge to increase his credibility.

text: Each man infiltrates his respective organization, and Sullivan begins a romance with police psychiatrist Madolyn Madden. Costigan is seeing her under the terms of his probation, and they begin a relationship, too. After Costello escapes a sting operation, each mole becomes aware of the other's existence. Sullivan is told to find the "rat" and asks Costello for information to identify the informer.

text: Costigan follows Costello into a porn theater, where Costello gives Sullivan an envelope containing personal information on his crew members. Costigan chases Sullivan through Chinatown. When it is over, neither man knows the other's identity. Sullivan has Queenan tailed to a meeting with Costigan on the roof of a building; simultaneously, he alerts Costello's crew to the meeting as well. Queenan orders Costigan to flee while he confronts Costello's men alone. The men then throw Queenan off the building to his death. When they exit, Costigan pretends he has come to join them. Television news reveals that crew member Delahunt has been an undercover cop, working for the Boston Police Department. Dignam resigns rather than work with Sullivan, who he suspects is the mole after he is asked why he had Queenan followed.

text: Using Queenan's phone, Sullivan reaches Costigan, who refuses to abort his mission. Sullivan learns from Queenan's diary of Costello's role as an informant for the FBI, causing him to worry about his own identity being revealed. With Costigan's help, Costello is traced to a cocaine drop-off, where a gunfight erupts between Costello's crew and the police, which results in most of the crew being killed. Costello, confronted by Sullivan, admits he is an FBI informant. Costello tries to shoot Sullivan, but Sullivan shoots him multiple times. With Costello dead, Sullivan is applauded the next day by everyone on the force. In good faith, Costigan comes to Sullivan for restoration of his true identity and to be paid for his work, but notices the envelope from Costello on Sullivan's desk and flees, finally realizing Sullivan is the enemy. Fearing retaliation, Sullivan erases Costigan's records from the police computer system.

text: Sullivan is unaware that Madolyn had an affair with Costigan when she tells Sullivan that she is pregnant. Later, Sullivan finds her listening to a CD from Costigan containing incriminating recorded conversations between Costello and Sullivan. Sullivan unsuccessfully attempts to assuage her suspicions. He then contacts Costigan, who reveals that Costello recorded every one of their conversations, that Costello's attorney left Costigan in possession of the recordings, and that Costigan intends to implicate Sullivan. The two agree to meet at the building where Queenan died.

text: On the roof, Costigan catches Sullivan off-guard and handcuffs him. As Costigan had secretly arranged, Trooper Brown appears on the roof as well. Shocked, Brown draws his gun on Costigan, who attempts to justify his actions by exposing Sullivan as Costello's mole. Costigan asks Brown why Dignam did not accompany him as Costigan had requested, but Brown does not answer. Costigan leads Sullivan, his hostage, to the elevator. When it reaches the ground floor, Trooper Barrigan shoots Costigan in the head, then shoots Brown, and afterward reveals to Sullivan that Costello had more than one mole in the police. Sullivan then shoots and kills Barrigan. At state police headquarters, Sullivan identifies Barrigan as the mole and has Costigan posthumously given the Medal of Merit.

text: At Costigan's funeral, Sullivan notices that Madolyn is tearful. As they leave the gravesite, Sullivan attempts to talk to her, but she ignores him. When Sullivan returns to his apartment, he is ambushed by Dignam, who shoots and kills him as he enters.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Leonardo DiCaprio as William "Billy" Costigan, Jr.
Matt Damon as Staff Sgt. Colin Sullivan

Conor Donovan as young Colin Sullivan

Jack Nicholson as Francis "Frank" Costello
Mark Wahlberg as Staff Sgt. Sean Dignam
Martin Sheen as Capt. Oliver Charles Queenan
Ray Winstone as Arnold "Frenchy" French
Vera Farmiga as Dr. Madolyn Madden
Anthony Anderson as Trooper Brown
Alec Baldwin as Capt. George Ellerby
Kevin Corrigan as Sean Costigan
James Badge Dale as Trooper Barrigan
David O'Hara as "Fitzy" Fitzgibbons
Mark Rolston as Officer Timothy Delahunt
Robert Wahlberg as FBI Special Agent Frank Lazio
Kristen Dalton as Gwen Costello

text: Production[edit]

text: In January 2003, Warner Bros., producer Brad Grey, and actor/producer Brad Pitt bought the rights to remake the Hong Kong film Infernal Affairs (2002) from Media Asia for $1.75 million.[6][7][8] William Monahan was secured as screenwriter, and later Martin Scorsese, who admired Monahan's Boston-set, Irish-Catholic gangster script, came on board as director.[8][9][10]

text: In March 2004, United Press International announced that Scorsese would be remaking Infernal Affairs and setting it in Boston, and Leonardo DiCaprio and Brad Pitt were slated to star.[11] Pitt, tentatively scheduled to play Sullivan, later declined in favor of using a younger actor, and continued to produce the film instead.[10] Scorsese's associate Kenneth Lonergan suggested Matt Damon, who grew up in Boston, for the part of Sullivan, and Scorsese asked Jack Nicholson to play Costello.[4]

text: Nicholson, however, wanted the film to have "something a little more" than the usual gangster film, and screenwriter Monahan came up with the idea of basing the Costello character on the famous Irish-American gangster Whitey Bulger from Boston. This gave the screenplay an element of realism – and also an element of dangerous uncertainty, because of the wide-ranging carte blanche the FBI gave Bulger in exchange for revealing information about fellow gangsters.[4] A technical consultant on the film was Tom Duffy, who had served three decades on the Boston Police Department, particularly as an undercover detective investigating the Irish mob.[12][13]

text: The film got the official greenlight from Warners in early 2005, and began shooting in the spring of 2005.[8] Although some of the film was shot on location in Boston, for budgetary and logistical reasons many scenes, interiors in particular, were shot in locations and sets in New York City, which had tax incentives for filmmakers that Boston at the time did not.[14][15][16]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Film critic Stanley Kauffmann describes a major theme of The Departed as one of the oldest in drama – the concept of identity – and how it "affects one's actions, emotions, self-assurance and even dreams."[17]

text: The father-son relationship is a motif throughout the film. Costello acts as a father figure to both Sullivan and Costigan, while Queenan acts as Costello's foil in the role of father figure. Sullivan refers to Costello as "Dad" whenever he calls to inform him of police activities.

text: In the final scene, a rat is seen on Sullivan's window ledge. Scorsese acknowledges that while it is not meant to be taken literally, it somewhat symbolizes the "quest for the rat" in the film and the strong sense of distrust among the characters, much like post-9/11 America. The window view behind the rat is a nod to gangster films like Scarface (1932), White Heat (1949), and Little Caesar (1931).[18]

text: Homages[edit]

text: Throughout the film, Scorsese uses an "X" motif to foreshadow death in a manner similar to Howard Hawks' classic film Scarface (1932). Examples include (but are not limited to) shots of cross-beam supports in an airport walkway when Costigan is phoning Sgt. Dignam, the taped windows of the building Queenan enters before being thrown to his death, behind Costigan's head in the elevator before he's shot, and the carpeted hallway floor when Sullivan returns to his apartment at the film's end.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Departed grossed $132.4 million in the United States and Canada and $157.5 million in other territories for a total gross of $289.8 million, against a production budget of $90 million.[1]

text: The film grossed $26.9 million in its opening weekend, becoming the third Scorsese film to debut at number one.[20] In the following three weeks the film grossed $19 million, $13.5 million and $9.8 million, finishing second at the box office each time, before grossing $7.7 million and dropping to 5th in its fifth week.[21]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 90% based on 272 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Featuring outstanding work from an excellent cast, The Departed is a thoroughly engrossing gangster drama with the gritty authenticity and soupy morality we come to expect from Martin Scorsese."[22] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 86 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[23] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[24]

text: Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade "best of" list, saying: "If they're lucky, directors make one classic film in their career. Martin Scorsese has one per decade (Taxi Driver in the '70s, Raging Bull in the '80s, Goodfellas in the '90s). His 2006 Irish Mafia masterpiece kept the streak alive."[25]

text: Online critic James Berardinelli awarded the film four stars out of four, praising it as "an American epic tragedy." He went on to compare the film favorably to the onslaught of banality offered by American studios in recent years. "The movies have been in the doldrums lately. The Departed is a much needed tonic," he wrote. He went on to claim that the film deserves to be ranked alongside Scorsese's past successes, including Taxi Driver, Raging Bull and Goodfellas.[26]

text: Andrew Lau, the co-director of Infernal Affairs, who was interviewed by Hong Kong newspaper Apple Daily, said: "Of course I think the version I made is better, but the Hollywood version is pretty good too. [Scorsese] made the Hollywood version more attuned to American culture." Andy Lau,[27] one of the main actors in Infernal Affairs, when asked how the movie compares to the original, said: "The Departed was too long and it felt as if Hollywood had combined all three Infernal Affairs movies together."[28] Lau pointed out that the remake featured some of the "golden quotes" of the original but did have much more swearing. He ultimately rated The Departed 8/10 and said that the Hollywood remake is worth a view, though according to Lau's spokeswoman Alice Tam, he felt that the combination of the two female characters into one in The Departed was not as good as the original storyline.[29] A few critics were disappointed in the film, including the Village Voice's J. Hoberman, who wrote: "Overwrought as The Departed may be, it's nothing that wouldn't have been cured by losing Jack [Nicholson] (and maybe half an hour). Too bad the bottom line meant Scorsese had to sell that hambone Mephistopheles his soul."[30]

text: Top ten lists[edit]

text: The film appeared on many critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2006.[31] Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer, Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal, Ruthe Stein of the San Francisco Chronicle, and Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer named it one of the top ten films of 2006.[31] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times named it the best film of the 2000s.[32]

text:
1st – Richard Roeper, Ebert and Roeper
1st – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
1st – Rene Rodriguez, The Miami Herald
1st – Scott Tobias, The A.V. Club
1st – Joshua Rothkopf, Time Out New York
1st – Philip Martin, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
1st – James Berardinelli, ReelViews
2nd – Chris Kaltenbach, The Baltimore Sun
2nd – Adam Kempenaar, Filmspotting
2nd – Keith Phipps, The A.V. Club
2nd – Kyle Smith, New York Post
2nd – Mike Russell, The Oregonian
2nd – Richard James Havis, The Hollywood Reporter
2nd – Richard Schickel, TIME
3rd – Frank Scheck, The Hollywood Reporter
4th – Glenn Kenny, Premiere
4th – Marc Savlov, The Austin Chronicle
4th – Michael Wilmington, Chicago Tribune

4th – Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times
5th – Empire
5th – David Ansen, Newsweek
5th – Kevin Crust, Los Angeles Times
5th – Lisa Schwarzbaum, Entertainment Weekly
5th – Stephen Hunter, The Washington Post
6th – Ann Hornaday, The Washington Post
6th – Jack Mathews, Daily News
6th – Nathan Rabin, The A.V. Club
6th – Ty Burr, The Boston Globe
7th – Nathan Lee, The Village Voice
7th – Noel Murray, The A.V. Club
7th – Peter Hartlaub, San Francisco Chronicle
8th – Michael Sragow, The Baltimore Sun
9th – Claudia Puig, USA Today
9th – Desson Thomson, The Washington Post
9th – Lou Lumenick, New York Post
9th – Michael Rechtshaffen, The Hollywood Reporter

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 64th Golden Globe Awards on January 15, 2007, The Departed won one award for Best Director (Martin Scorsese), while being nominated for five other awards including Best Picture, Best Actor (Leonardo DiCaprio), Best Supporting Actor (Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg), and Best Screenplay (William Monahan).[33]

text: At the 79th Academy Awards on February 25, 2007, The Departed won four Academy Awards: Best Picture (Graham King), Best Director (Martin Scorsese), Best Film Editing (Thelma Schoonmaker), and Best Adapted Screenplay (William Monahan). Mark Wahlberg was also nominated for the Best Supporting Actor award for his performance, but he lost to Alan Arkin for his role in Little Miss Sunshine.

text: The film marked the first time Scorsese won an Oscar after six previous losses.[34] Many felt that he deserved it years earlier for prior efforts.[35] Some have even gone further, calling it a Lifetime Achievement Award for a lesser film.[36] Scorsese himself joked that he won because: "This is the first movie I've done with a plot."[37] While accepting the award, Scorsese stated that "I just want to say, too, that so many people over the years have been wishing this for me, strangers, you know. I go walking in the street people say something to me, I go in a doctor's office, I go in a...whatever...elevators, people are saying, "You should win one, you should win one." I go for an x-ray, "You should win one." And I'm saying, "Thank you." And then friends of mine over the years and friends who are here tonight are wishing this for me and my family. I thank you. This is for you."

text: At the 11th Satellite Awards on December 18, 2006, The Departed won awards for Best Ensemble, Motion Picture, Best Motion Picture, Drama, Best Screenplay – Adapted (William Monahan), and Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Leonardo DiCaprio).

text: In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Gangster Films list.[38]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Departed was released by Warner Brothers on DVD in 2007. The film is available in a single-disc full screen (1.33:1), single-disc widescreen (2.40:1) edition, and 2-disc special edition. The second disc contains deleted scenes; a feature about the influence of New York’s Little Italy on Scorsese; a Turner Classic Movies profile; and a 21-minute documentary titled Stranger Than Fiction: The True Story of Whitey Bulger, Southie and The Departed[39] about the crimes that influenced Scorsese in creating the film, including the story of James "Whitey" Bulger, upon whom Jack Nicholson's character is based.[40]

text: The Region 1 version has three available audio tracks: English, Spanish, and French (all of which are in Dolby Digital 5.1), and three subtitle tracks (English, Spanish, French). The film was released on HD DVD and Blu-ray at the same time as the standard-definition DVD. The 2-Disc Special Edition was packaged in a Limited Edition Steelbook. It marked the first time that an Oscar-winning Best Picture was released to the home video market in DVD format only, as VHS was totally phased out by the start of 2006.

text: Music[edit]

text: There were two albums released for The Departed, one presenting the original score composed for the film by Howard Shore, and the other featuring earlier recordings, mostly pop/rock songs, which were used on the soundtrack.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Departed: Music from the Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
November 7, 2006

Genre
Rock, country, pop

Label
Warner Sunset

Producer
Jason Cienkus

text: As with previous Scorsese films, Robbie Robertson had a hand in picking the music. The film opens with "Gimme Shelter" by The Rolling Stones ("Let It Loose" also appears later on), and prominently plays "I'm Shipping Up to Boston" by Dropkick Murphys with lyrics written by Woody Guthrie, which gained the band some popularity and their first and only platinum selling single. The film features the live version of Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb" from the 1990 Berlin Wall concert performed by Roger Waters, Van Morrison, and Rick Danko, Levon Helm, and Garth Hudson of The Band.

text: Although "Gimme Shelter" is featured twice in the film, the song does not appear on the album soundtrack. Also heard in the movie but not featured on the soundtrack is "Thief's Theme" by Nas, "Well Well Well" by John Lennon, "Bang Bang" by Joe Cuba, and the Act II Sextet from Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

text: The film closes with a cover of Don Gibson's "Sweet Dreams", by Roy Buchanan.

text:
Track Listing

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Comfortably Numb"
Roger Waters (Feat. Van Morrison & The Band)
7:59

2.
"Sail On, Sailor"
The Beach Boys
3:18

3.
"Let It Loose"
The Rolling Stones
5:18

4.
"Sweet Dreams"
Roy Buchanan
3:32

5.
"One Way Out"
The Allman Brothers Band
4:57

6.
"Baby Blue"
Badfinger
3:36

7.
"I'm Shipping Up to Boston"
Dropkick Murphys
2:34

8.
"Nobody but Me"
The Human Beinz
2:18

9.
"Tweedle Dee"
LaVern Baker
3:10

10.
"Sweet Dreams (of You)"
Patsy Cline
2:34

11.
"The Departed Tango"
Howard Shore, Marc Ribot
3:32

12.
"Beacon Hill"
Howard Shore, Sharon Isbin
2:33

text: Score[edit]

text: The film score for The Departed was written by Howard Shore and performed by guitarists Sharon Isbin, G. E. Smith, Larry Saltzman and Marc Ribot. The score was recorded in Shore's own studio in New York State. The album, The Departed: Original Score, was released December 5, 2006 by New Line, and produced by Jason Cienkus.

text: Scorsese described the music as "a very dangerous and lethal tango" and cited the guitar-based score of Murder by Contract and the zither in The Third Man as inspiration.[41]


document_title: List of cities and towns in India by nicknames

question_text: which city is known as science city of india

text: List by states[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Dharmavaram

Silk City of Andhra Pradesh[1]

Kakinada

Pensioner's Paradise[2]

Piduguralla

Lime City[3]

Rajahmundry

Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh[4]

Tenali

Andhra Paris[5]

Tirupati

Spiritual Capital of India
Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh[6]

Visakhapatnam

Financial Capital of Andhra Pradesh[6]
The Jewel of the East Coast[7]
Goa of the East[7]
The City of Destiny[7]

text: Bihar[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Muzaffarpur

The Land of Leechi[8]

Bhagalpur

Silk City[9][10]

Nalanda

land of knowledge

text: Gujarat[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Ahmedabad

INDIA'S first world heritage city
Manchester City Of India
Boston of India

Surat

Textile City of India
Diamond City of India

Baroda (Vadodara)

Banyan City[11]
Cultural Capital of Gujarat (Sanskari Nagari)[12]
Power Hub of India[13]
Sayajinagari

text: Chandigarh[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Chandigarh

Beautiful city

text: Haryana[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Gurgaon

Millennium city of India

Bhiwani

Mini Cuba

text: Jharkhand[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Jamshedpur

Steel City of India[14]

Dhanbad

The Coal Capital of India

text: Karnataka[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bengaluru (Bengaluru)

Silicon Valley of India[15]
Science City of India[16]
Garden City of India[17]

Coorg (Kodagu)

Scotland of India[18]

Mangalore (Mangaluru)

Rome of the East[19]
Ice Cream Capital of India[20]

Mysore (Mysuru)

Sandalwood City[21]
Cultural Capital of Karnataka[22]
City of Palaces (†3)
Heritage City of Karnataka[23]

Sakleshpur (Sakleshpura)

Poor Man's Ooty[24][25]

text: Kerala[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram)

Evergreen City of India

Kochi (Cochin)

Queen of Arabian Sea[26]

Kozhikode (Calicut)

City of Spices.[27]

Kannur (Cannanore)

City of Looms and Lores.[28]

Kottayam

City of letters (Aksharanagri)[29][better source needed]
City of Murals[29]
City of latex[29]
City of lakes[29]

Kollam (Quilon)

Cashew Capital of the World[30]

Alappuzha (Alleppey)

Venice of east[31][better source needed]

Kasaragod

Land of Seven Languages (സപ്തഭാഷസംഗമഭൂമി, Saptabashasangamabhoomi)[32]
Harkwillia[33]

Palakkad

Land of Palm trees[34]
Rice bowl of Kerala[35]

Thrissur

The Cultural capital of Kerala[36]
Land of Poorams (പൂരങ്ങളുടെ നാട്)[37]
The land of Vadakkumnathan (വടക്കുംനാഥന്റെ മണ്ണ്)[38]
Gold capital of India[39]

Wayanad

God’s own district [40]

text: Madhya Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/Town

Nickname

Indore

Mini Bombay

Dewas

City Of Dream's

Bhopal

City of Lakes

text: Maharashtra[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Akola

Cotton City of India[41][42][43]

Nagpur

Orange City,[44]
Tiger Capital of India[45]

Nashik

Wine Capital of India

Jalgaon

City of Banana

Pune

Queen of Deccan[46]
Oxford of the east
Educational hub
Information Technology (IT) hub
culture capital of Maharashtra
Automobile hub
India's smartest city

Kolhapur

City of Wrestlers[47]

Mumbai

City of Dreams
Financial Capital Of India

Pandharpur

Spiritual Capital of Maharashtra

Aurangabad

Detroit of Maharashtra

Chandrapur

Black Golden City

text: Meghalaya[edit]

text:
City/Town

Nickname

Shillong

Scotland of East

text: Odisha[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Balangir

Cloth City of Odisha[48]

Berhampur

The Textile City[48]

Bhubaneswar

The Temple City[49]

Cuttack

The silver city of India

Bhubaneswar & Cuttack

Twin cities

Rourkela

Steel city of Odisha

text: Punjab[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Patiala

Royal City[50]

Ludhiana

Manchester of Punjab

text: Rajasthan[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Jaipur

Pink City[51]

Udaipur

City of Lakes[52]
Venice of the East (†4)[52][53]

Jodhpur

Blue City[54][55]

text: Tamil Nadu[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Chennai (Madras) (Madarasapattinam)

Detroit of Asia[56]
Automobile Capital of India[56]
Gateway of South India
Healthcare Capital of India[57]

Coimbatore (Kovai)

Manchester of South India[58][59]

Madurai

Athens of the east[60]

Salem

Steel City[61]
Mango City

Puducherry (Pondicherry)

Paris of the East (†3)

Tirunelveli

City of paddy fields[62]
Oxford of Southindia

Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)

Pearl City[63]

Auroville

City of Dawn

Yercaud

Poor Man's Ooty[64][65]
Jewel of the South[66]

Sivakasi

Kutty (A little) Japan
Crackers City of Tamilnadu[67]

Ooty

Queen of Hill Stations[68]

Kodaikanal

Princess of Hill stations[69]

Ooththukuli

Butter city of Tamil Nadu[69]

Ambur

Biriyani city of Tamil Nadu[69]

Tirupur

knitwear capital of India
dollar city of India

text: Telangana[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Hyderabad

City of Biryani
City of Pearls[70]

Nalgonda

City of Rocks

text: Uttar Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Lucknow

City of Nawabs[71]
City of Gardens

text:
City

Nickname

Kanpur

Manchester Of The East[72]

Allahabad (Prayag)

Sangam City[73]
City of Prime Ministers[74]
Abode of God[74](भगवान का घर)
King of Pilgrims(तीर्थो का राजा)

Varanasi

The City Of Ghats

text: West Bengal[edit]

text:
City

Nickname(s)

Calcutta (Kolkata)

City of Joy[75]
City of Palaces(†3)
Cultural Capital of India[76]
Sweet Capital
Heaven of the Aged
Kallolini Tilottama

Siliguri

Gateway of Northeast India[77]
Gateway to the Dooars[78]

Asansol

City of black diamond

Bardhaman

City of Peace
Royal Heritage City of West Bengal

text: Anchors[edit]

text:
(†1) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Paris of the East', see Paris of the East)
(†2) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Venice of the East', see List of places called Venice of the East)
(†3) (For other places with the same nickname as 'City of Palaces', see City of Palaces)


document_title: Engagement ring

question_text: on which hand and finger is the engagement ring worn

text: Engagement ring

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient times[edit]

text: Although the ancient Egyptians are sometimes credited with having invented the engagement ring,[2] and the ancient Greeks with having adopted the tradition,[3] the history of the engagement ring can only be reliably traced as far back as ancient Rome.[4][5][6]

text: In many countries, engagement rings are placed on the ring finger of the left hand. At one time it was believed that this finger contained a vein (the vena amoris) that led to the heart. This idea was popularized by Henry Swinburne in A treatise of Spousals, or Matrimonial Contracts (1686).[7] The story seems to have its origin in the ancient Roman book Attic Nights by Aulus Gellius quoting Apion's Aegyptiacorum, where the alleged vein was originally a nervus (a word that can be translated either as "nerve" or "sinew").[8]

text: The popular belief that an engagement ring was originally part of the bride price which represented purchase and ownership of the bride,[9] has been called into question by contemporary scholarship.[5]:42 note 105

text: In the second century BC, the Roman bride-to-be was given two rings, a gold one which she wore in public, and one made of iron which she wore at home while attending to household duties. At one time Roman citizens wore rings made of iron. In later years senators who served as ambassadors were given gold seal rings for official use when abroad. Later the privilege of wearing gold rings was extended to other public officials, then to the knights, later to all freeborn, and finally under Justinian, to freedmen. For several centuries it was the custom for Romans to wear iron rings at home, gold rings in public. During this period a girl or woman might receive two engagement rings, one of iron and one of gold.[10][11]

text: Middle ages[edit]

text: The mid-7th century Visigothic Code required "that when the ceremony of betrothal has been performed, ..., and the ring shall have been given or accepted as a pledge, although nothing may have been committed to writing, the promise shall, under no circumstances, be broken."[12][13]

text: In 860 AD, Pope Nicholas I wrote a letter to Boris I of Bulgaria in reply to questions regarding differences between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practices. Pope Nicholas describes how in the Western church the man gives his betrothed an engagement ring.[14][15][16] At the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, convoked by Pope Innocent III, the banns of marriage was instituted, prohibiting clandestine marriages and requiring that marriages be made public in advance.[17] Some[who?] legal scholars have seen in this a parallel with the engagement-ring tradition described by Pope Nicholas I.[citation needed]

text: Renaissance[edit]

text: The first well-documented use of a diamond ring to signify engagement was by the Archduke Maximilian of Austria in imperial court of Vienna in 1477, upon his betrothal to Mary of Burgundy.[18] This then influenced those of higher social class and of significant wealth to give diamond rings to their loved ones.[citation needed]

text: Reformation[edit]

text: During the Protestant Reformation the wedding ring replaced the betrothal ring as the primary ring associated with marriage.[19] In Catholic countries the transition took place somewhat later.[20]

text: There is a modern belief that in early colonial New England, where Puritans shunned ornaments and jewels, a thimble substituted for both engagement ring and wedding ring; and some women would remove the tops of the thimble in order to create a ring.[21][unreliable source?] Some researchers strongly believe this to be just a myth without basis in reality.[22]

text: Enlightenment[edit]

text: During the Age of Enlightenment both the gimmal rings and posie rings were popular, although the latter was more often used as an expression of sentiment than to indicate a formal engagement.[23]

text: Victorian era[edit]

text: In South Africa, diamonds were first found in 1866,[24] although they were not identified as such until 1867.[25] By 1872, the output of the diamond mines exceeded one million carats per year.[26] As production increased, those of lesser means were able to join in on this movement. However, diamond engagement rings were for a long time seen as the domain of the nobility and aristocracy, and tradition often favoured simpler engagement bands.[citation needed]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In the United States, the popularity of diamond engagement rings declined after World War I, even more so after the onset of the Great Depression.[27]

text: In 1938, the diamond cartel De Beers began a marketing campaign that would have a major impact on engagement rings. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the price of diamonds collapsed.[28] At the same time, market research indicated that engagement rings were going out of style with the younger generation. While the first phase of the marketing campaign consisted of market research, the advertising phase began in 1939. One of the first elements of this campaign was to educate the public about the 4 Cs (cut, carats, color, and clarity). In 1947 the slogan "a diamond is forever" was introduced.[29] Ultimately, the De Beers campaign sought to persuade the consumer that an engagement ring is indispensable, and that a diamond is the only acceptable stone for an engagement ring.

text: Purchase[edit]

text: In the 20th century, if he could afford it, the typical Western groom privately selected and purchased an engagement ring, which he then presented to his desired bride when he proposed marriage. In countries where both partners wear engagement rings, matching rings may be selected and purchased together.[30] In the United States and Canada, where only women traditionally wear engagement rings, women also occasionally present their partners with an engagement gift.[31]

text: Like all jewelry, the price for an engagement ring varies considerably depending on the materials used: the design of the ring, whether it includes a gemstone, the value of any gemstone, and the seller. The price of the gemstones, if any, in the ring depends on the type and quality of the gem. Diamonds have a standardized description that values them according to their carat weight, color, clarity and cut. Other gemstones, such as sapphires, rubies, emeralds, have different systems. These may be chosen to honor a family tradition, to use family heirlooms, to be unique, to be socially responsible (they are not associated with blood diamonds[dubious – discuss] or the pollution caused by gold mining and cyanide process)[dubious – discuss], to fit the individual's stylistic preferences, or to manage cost. Synthetic stones and diamond substitutes such as cubic zirconias and moissanites are also popular choices that are socially responsible and reduce cost while maintaining the desired appearance.[citation needed]

text: The idea that a man should spend a significant fraction of his annual income for an engagement ring originated from De Beers marketing materials in the mid-20th century in an effort to increase the sale of diamonds. In the 1930s, they suggested that a man should spend the equivalent of one month's income in the engagement ring; later they suggested that he should spend two months' income on it.[32] In 2012, the average cost of an engagement ring in USA as reported by the industry was US$4,000.[33] In the UK, estimates of the average cost of an engagement ring range from £1200 to £2000.[34]

text: One reason for the increased popularity of expensive engagement rings is its relationship to human sexuality and the woman's marriage prospects.[35] In the United States, until the Great Depression, a man who broke off a marriage engagement could be sued for breach of promise. Monetary damages included actual expenses incurred in preparing for the wedding, plus damages for emotional distress and loss of other marriage prospects. Damages were greatly increased if the woman had engaged in sexual intercourse with her fiancé.[35] Beginning in 1935, these laws were repealed or limited. However, the social and financial cost of a broken engagement was no less: marriage was the only financially sound option for most women, and if she was no longer a virgin, her prospects for a suitable future marriage were greatly decreased. The diamond engagement ring thus became a source of financial security for the woman.[35]

text: The online purchase of engagement rings is growing, disrupting the market for the diamonds by bringing greater transparency to an industry that has traditionally relied on opacity. Online diamond retailers and e-commerce platforms include Blue Nile, Brilliant Earth, and Costco.[36]

text: Legal ownership[edit]

text: Tradition generally holds that if the betrothal fails because the man himself breaks off the engagement, the woman is not obliged to return the ring. This reflects the ring's role as a form of compensation for the woman's damaged reputation.[35] Legally, this condition can be subject to either a modified or a strict fault rule. Under the former, the fiancé can demand the return of the ring unless he breaks the engagement. Under the latter, the fiancé is entitled to the return unless his actions caused the breakup of the relationship, the same as the traditional approach. However, a no-fault rule is being advanced in some jurisdictions, under which the fiancé is always entitled to the return of the ring. The ring only becomes the property of the woman when marriage occurs. An unconditional gift approach is another possibility, wherein the ring is always treated as a gift, to be kept by the fiancée whether or not the relationship progresses to marriage. Recent court rulings have determined that the date in which the ring was offered can determine the condition of the gift. E.g. Valentine's Day and Christmas are widely recognized as gift giving holidays in the United States and some other countries. A ring offered in the form of a Christmas present is likely to remain the personal property of the recipient in the event of a breakup.[37]

text: In most states of the United States, engagement rings are considered "conditional gifts" under the legal rules of property. This is an exception to the general rule that gifts cannot be revoked once properly given. See, for example, the case of Meyer v. Mitnick, 625 N.W.2d 136 (Michigan, 2001), whose ruling found the following reasoning persuasive: "the so-called 'modern trend' holds that because an engagement ring is an inherently conditional gift, once the engagement has been broken, the ring should be returned to the donor. Thus, the question of who broke the engagement and why, or who was 'at fault,' is irrelevant. This is the no-fault line of cases." Though in certain states, whether a judicial action can be maintained at all to require return of an engagement ring is blocked by statute, as many states have statutes which state that no civil action shall be maintained for breach of promise to marry.[38]

text: One case in New South Wales, Australia ended in the man suing his former fiancée because she threw the ring away, after he told her she could keep it even though the marriage plans had fallen through. The Supreme Court of New South Wales held that, despite what the man said, the ring remained a conditional gift (partly because his saying that she could keep it reflected his desire to salvage the relationship) and she was ordered to pay him its A$15,250 cost.[39]

text: In England and Wales, the gift of an engagement ring is presumed to be an absolute gift to the fiancée. This presumption may be rebutted however by proving that the ring was given on condition (express or implied) that it must be returned if the marriage did not take place, for whatever reason. This was decided in the case Jacobs v Davis (1917).[40]

text: Styles[edit]

text: Engagement rings, like any other kind of jewelry, come in many different styles.

text: Gold (Available in Yellow Gold, White Gold and Rose Gold) and platinum are preferred for engagement rings, but common metal types such as titanium, silver, and stainless steel are also used for engagement rings. This allows for the bride-to-be to exert her own individual style into the ring in a simple manner.

text: In the United States, where engagement rings are worn by women, diamonds have been widely featured in engagement rings since the middle of the 20th century.[41] Solitaire rings have one single diamond. The most common setting for engagement rings is the solitaire prong setting, which was popularized by Tiffany & Co. in 1886 and its six-claw prong setting design sold under the "Tiffany setting" trademark.[42] The modern favorite cut for an engagement ring is the brilliant cut, which provides the maximum amount of sparkle to the gemstone.[43] The traditional engagement rings may have different prong settings and bands. Another major category is engagement rings with side stones. Rings with a larger diamond set in the middle and smaller diamonds on the side fit under this category. Three-stone diamond engagement rings, sometimes called trinity rings or trilogy rings, are rings with three matching diamonds set horizontally in a row with the bigger stone placed in the center. The three diamonds on the ring are typically said to represent the couple's past, present, and future, but other people give religious significance to the arrangement.

text: A wedding set, or bridal set, includes an engagement ring and a wedding band that matches and can be bought as a set. In some cases, the wedding ring looks "incomplete"; it is only when the two halves, engagement and wedding, are assembled that the ring looks whole. In other cases, a wedding set consists of two rings that match stylistically and are worn stacked, although either piece would look appropriate as a separate ring. Although the wedding band is not to be worn until the wedding day, the two rings are usually sold together as a wedding set. After the wedding, the bride may choose to have the two pieces welded together, to increase convenience and reduce the likelihood of losing one of the rings. A trio ring set includes a ladies engagement ring, ladies wedding band and a men's wedding band. These sets often have matching rings and are lower in price.

text: In Nordic countries, engagement rings are worn by both men and women. Traditionally they are plain gold bands, although more ornate designs and other materials are gaining popularity. The engagement rings resemble the wedding bands sold in the United States, whereas women's wedding rings may resemble US engagement rings.

text: In North America and the United Kingdom, it is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger. Similar traditions purportedly date to classical times, dating back from an early usage reportedly referring to the fourth finger of the left hand as containing the vena amoris or "vein of love". This custom may have its origins in an ancient Egyptian myth that the finger contained a vein leading directly to the heart, or it may simply be because the heart lies slightly to the left side of the body. In Germany the ring is worn on the left hand while engaged, but moved to the right hand when married. In Poland and Turkey, the engagement ring and wedding band are traditionally worn on the right hand but modern practice varies considerably.

text: For men[edit]

text: In some countries it is common for both men and women to wear engagement rings. The rings are often in the form of a plain band of a precious metal. Sometimes, the engagement ring eventually serves as the wedding ring for the man. In Brazil, for example, the groom and bride-to-be usually wear a plain wedding band on the right hand during the course of their engagement.[44] After the wedding, the band is moved to the left hand. In Argentina, it is also known for the groom and bride-to-be to wear a plain silver band on the left hand while engaged. Then, after the wedding the silver band is either replaced with the wedding ring or moved to the right hand.[citation needed]

text: Traditionally, women in the British Isles may propose marriage to men during a leap year. Women proposing has become more common in recent years, to the point that some jewelry companies have started manufacturing men's engagement rings. They resemble typical men's rings, often with a diamond centrepiece. In the countries where both sexes have traditionally worn engagement rings, the rings tend to be plainer bands, and there is no real difference between men's and women's engagement ring designs.