document_title: Robots (2005 film)

question_text: who does the voice of fender in robots

question_tokens: who does the voice of fender in robots

text: Robots (2005 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In Rivet Town, Rodney Copperbottom is a young inventor who dreams of making the world a better place. During Rodney's adolescence, he invents the Wonderbot, to help his father Herb clean dishes at a restaurant. When Herb's supervisor confronts them, Wonderbot breaks the dishes, causing Herb to be put in debt and Rodney to be dismissed. Rodney takes his invention to Robot City to get a job as an inventor at Bigweld Industries to help to pay the debt of his father. After a spectacular but harrowing ride on the Crosstown Express, Rodney arrives at the gate of Bigweld Industries.

text: However, he learns that Phineas T. Ratchet has taken over Bigweld Industries and ends with the manufacture of spare parts. Ratchet believes the company can improve if it focuses on selling expensive upgrades; if the robots refuse, they are sent to the underground Chop Shop, where they are melted down by the owner of the Chop Shop, Madame Gasket, Ratchet's mother. Rodney is forced out and meet Fender Pinwheeler with whom Rodney shares quarters at a low-rent boarding house owned by Aunt Fanny. There is where Rodney begins fixing old robots on his own. Upon discovering this, Gasket orders Ratchet to stop Rodney and destroy Bigweld.

text: Rodney later receives news that Herb needs replacement parts. Rodney decides to contact Bigweld directly to beg him to restart the manufacture of spare parts. Wonderbot reminds him that Bigweld will show up at the annual Bigweld Ball, which takes place that night. Rodney and Fender go to the ball in disguise only to hear Ratchet announce that Bigweld was unable to attend. Rodney confronts Ratchet, but security stops him. Cappy, a beautiful robot-executive of the company who dislikes Ratchet's plan, saves him, and together with Fender and his new girlfriend Loretta Geargrinder, they escape from the ball.

text: After Fender walks Loretta home, he is taken to the Chop Shop by Gasket, but he escapes. Meanwhile, Rodney and Cappy fly to Bigweld's home and meet him. Rodney asks Bigweld to return to his company and make spare parts available again, but Bigweld refuses, explaining that Ratchet forced him out of the company. Rodney calls his parents, intending to give up his dream and return to Rivet Town, but Herb encourages Rodney to continue pursuing it. Rodney rallies the Rusties into fighting back against Ratchet and Gasket. Fender reveals that, under Gasket's orders, Ratchet has built a fleet of super-sweepers with the intention of rounding up and destroying all of the older robots. Bigweld eventually comes with the group, having realized what Rodney meant to him.

text: A battle ensues between the Rusties and Ratchet and Gasket's henchmen. During the chaos, Rodney rescues Bigweld, the choppers and sweepers are destroyed, Wonderbot engages Gasket in combat, and she is eventually destroyed when she gets tossed into the furnace, while Ratchet loses his upgrades. Retaking control of Bigweld Industries, Bigweld goes to Rivet Town to tell Rodney's parents that their son is now his right-hand inventor and eventual successor.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ewan McGregor as Rodney Copperbottom, a young blue robot and aspiring inventor.
Halle Berry as Cappy, a human-themed worker at Bigweld Industries and Rodney's love interest.
Robin Williams as Fender Pinwheeler, a red robot who befriends Rodney and is constantly falling apart.
Mel Brooks as Bigweld, the jolly inventor and owner of Bigweld Industries; until Rodney met him, Bigweld had slipped into depression at Madame Gasket's actions.
Greg Kinnear as Phineas T. Ratchet, a materialistic, arrogant, greedy, and self-centered robot, Rodney's arch-rival, and Madame Gasket's son, partner and henchman.
Jim Broadbent as Madame Gasket, a twisted, malevolent, manipulative, and tyrannical robot, Rodney's enemy, Bigweld's arch-rival, and Ratchet's mother, partner, leader, and boss.
Amanda Bynes as Piper Pinwheeler, a yellow robot who is Fender's younger sister and has a crush on Rodney.
Drew Carey as Crank Casey, an orange robot who befriends Rodney.
Jennifer Coolidge as Aunt Fanny, a kind, motherly robot who takes in "broken" robots; she has the unintentional effect of bumping people with her large aft.
Harland Williams as Lugnut, a large green robot who befriends Rodney along with his mute companion Diesel.
Stanley Tucci as Herb Copperbottom, Rodney's father and a dishwasher at Gunk's.
Dianne Wiest as Lydia Copperbottom, Rodney's mother.
Chris Wedge as Wonderbot / Phone Booth
Natasha Lyonne as Loretta Geargrinder, a receptionist at Bigweld Industries and Fender's love interest.
Paul Giamatti as Tim the Gate Guard
Dan Hedaya as Mr. Gunk, Herb's rude, inconsiderate boss.
Brian Scott McFadden as Trashcan Bot
Jay Leno as Fire Hydrant
Lucille Bliss as Pigeon Lady
Paula Abdul as Wristwatch #1
Randy Jackson as Wristwatch #2
Al Roker as Mailbox
Stephen Tobolowsky as Bigmouth Executive / Forge
Tim Nordquist as Tin Man
Lowell Ganz as Mr. Gasket, Madame Gasket's husband and Ratchet's father.
James Earl Jones as a voice box at hardware store[6]

text: Locations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Movie director Chris Wedge says New York City, Toronto and London, inspired him to make the city. There are three parts of the city: High End District: The part of the city where the rich and famous robots live. Buildings and robots are all shiny and nearly everything is futuristic. Everyone here has a metal covering that hides all their inner workings. Bigweld Industries is here. Combustion District: Low-class place. It has numerous rust spots, and robots have the internal workings similar to a 1950s car at best. Aunt Fanny's house is here, and the majority of the movie takes place here. Steam District: The lowest part of the city, and therefore the rustiest. Parts of the district resemble the inventions of the Industrial Revolution, and everywhere is filled with broken machines. Sweepers grab old robots and bring them to Madame Gasket's Chop Shop, where mutant robots then break and melt robots, turning them into upgrades. Another major location of the film is Rivet Town, home to the Copperbottom family. Two of the buildings there are Gunk's Greasy Spoon and Flathead Floyd's. Rivet Town is based on Watertown, New York, where movie director Chris Wedge lived during his teens[8].

text: Release[edit]

text: Robots was originally scheduled for a 2004 release,[9] but the release date was changed to 2005. The film premiered on March 6, 2005 in Westwood, Los Angeles,[1][7] and it was released theatrically on March 11, 2005. The film was the first to feature the new trailer for Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. The film also featured the exclusive trailer for Ice Age: The Meltdown, then called Ice Age 2.[10] Robots was digitally re-mastered into IMAX format (IMAX DMR) and released in select IMAX theatres around the world. It was the first Twentieth Century Fox's film that was released on the same day on IMAX and conventional 35mm screens. It was also the first IMAX DMR film released in the Spring season, and the second IMAX DMR film distributed by Fox.[11]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film, relreased on DVD and VHS on September 27, 2005,[12] was accompanied by an original short animated film based on Robots, titled Aunt Fanny's Tour of Booty.[13][14] The film was released in high-definition on Blu-ray disc on March 22, 2011.[15]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 64% based on 177 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Robots delights on a visual level, but the story feels like it came off an assembly line."[16] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, gave a score of 64 based on 33 reviews.[17] Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four, stating that "this is a movie that is a joy to behold entirely apart from what it is about. It looks happy, and, more to the point, it looks harmonious."[18]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released March 11, 2005, in the United States and Canada and grossed $36 million in 3,776 theaters its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the box office.[19] It grossed a total of $260.7 million worldwide – $128.2 million in the United States and Canada and $132.5 million in other territories.[20]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for many awards in the category of best animated film, as well as awards for character design, best animated character, voice casting, and sound editing. However, it only won one, the MTV (Mexico) Movie Award for best song, "Un Héroe Real".[citation needed]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10: Nominated Animation Film[21]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Robots: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
March 1, 2005 (2005-03-01)

Genre
Pop, alternative rock, pop rock, R&B, hip hop, funk, soul

Length
41:09

Label
Virgin Records

text: Robots: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on March 1, 2005 by Virgin Records.[22]

text:
No.
Title
Performer
Length

1.
"Shine"
Ricky Fanté
4:08

2.
"Right Thurr"
Chingy
4:12

3.
"Tell Me What You Already Did"
Fountains of Wayne
1:59

4.
"Wonderful Night"
Fatboy Slim
2:46

5.
"Get Up Offa That Thing" (Ali Dee Remix)"
James Brown
3:40

6.
"(There's Gotta Be) More to Life"
Stacie Orrico
3:23

7.
"Love's Dance"
Earth, Wind & Fire
4:29

8.
"Low Rider"
War
3:15

9.
"I Like That"
Houston, Featuring Chingy, Nate Dogg and I-20
3:58

10.
"Silence"
Gomez
2:55

11.
"Walkie Talkie Man"
Steriogram
2:15

12.
"Robot City"
John Powell, Featuring Blue Man Group
4:09

Total length:
41:09

text:
"Underground" - Tom Waits
"Can't Get Enough of Your Love, Babe" - Barry White
"...Baby One More Time" - Britney Spears
"See Me" - Melanie Blatt
"Eye of the Tiger" - Survivor
"From Zero to Hero" - Sarah Connor
"Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)" - C+C Music Factory and Freedom Williams

text: Score[edit]

text:
Robots: Original Motion Picture Score

Film score by John Powell

Released
March 15, 2005 (2005-03-15)

Genre
Score

Length
43:41

Label
Varèse Sarabande

text: Robots: Original Motion Picture Score was composed by John Powell and was released on March 15, 2005 by Varèse Sarabande Records.[23]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Opening Titles/ Building A Baby"
4:02

2.
"Rivet Town Parade"
0:54

3.
"Bigweld TV / Creating Wonderbot"
2:45

4.
"Wonderbot Wash"
2:08

5.
"Train Station"
3:50

6.
"The Crosstown Express"
1:19

7.
"Wild Ride"
1:36

8.
"Madame Gasket"
1:00

9.
"Chop Shop"
1:50

10.
"Meet The Rusties"
2:06

11.
"Bigweld Workshop"
3:13

12.
"Phone Booth"
1:29

13.
"Gathering Forces"
3:28

14.
"Escape"
4:42

15.
"Deciding to Fight Back"
1:13

16.
"Attack of the Sweepers"
1:26

17.
"Butt Whoopin'"
3:42

18.
"Homecoming"
1:33

19.
"Dad's Dream"
1:25

Total length:
43:41

text: Video game[edit]

text: Aunt Fanny's Tour of Booty[edit]

text: Aunt Fanny's Tour of Booty is a five-minute computer-animated film that was included as a bonus feature on the DVD and VHS releases of Robots. In the short, Aunt Fanny gives a tour of the Robot City Train Station to motley collection of robots, including Fender Pinwheeler, Zinc, Tammy, Hacky and an Old Lady-Bot.[13][14]


document_title: Chetan (name)

question_text: what is the meaning of chetan in hindi

question_tokens: what is the meaning of chetan in hindi

root

text: Chetan (name)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Chetan

Gender
male

Origin

Word/name
Sanskrit

Region of origin
India

Other names

Related names
Chaitan, Chaitanya

text: Chetan is a common Indian and Nepalese first name for males. The Hindi word means 'Spirit Full' or 'Full of Consciousness'; the name is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Chaitanya'.

tag: p

text: Chetan may refer to:

text:
Chetan Anand (badminton), badminton player from India
Chetan Anand (director) (1921–1997), Hindi film producer, screenwriter and director
Chetan Baboor (born 1974), Indian international table tennis champion
Chetan Bhagat (born 1974), Indian author, columnist, and speaker
Chetan Chouhan (born 1947), former Indian cricketer and Member of Parliament
Chetan (actor), Tamil television and film actor
Lucian Chetan (born 1985), Romanian football player
Chetan Eknath Chitnis (born 1961), Principal Investigator into malaria at ICGEB, New Delhi
Chetan Hansraj, Indian Television actor
Chetan Joshi, flautist in the Hindustani Classical Music tradition
Chetan Joshi (writer), Indian writer and graphic artist
Chetan Kumar (born 1984), Kannada film actor
Chetan Patel (born 1972), former English cricketer
Kris Chetan Ramlu, New Zealand musician, also known as Cheats
Chetan Sharma (born 1966), medium pace bowler who was a member of the Indian cricket team
Chetan Sosca, Indian playback singer
Chetan Suryawanshi (born 1985), Indian born cricketer
Chetan Singh (born 1984), Indian Army Officer.
Chetan Salhotra (born 1986), India's Best Tattoo Artist

tag: ul


document_title: Sixteen Candles

question_text: what was the geeks name in 16 candles

question_tokens: what was the geeks name in 16 candles

text: Sixteen Candles

text: Plot[edit]

text: High school sophomore Samantha "Sam" Baker struggles to go through the day on her 16th birthday, which her entire family has forgotten about because her older sister, Ginny, is getting married the next day. She is also plagued by infatuation with a popular and attractive senior, Jake Ryan. At school, she fares no better when she finds out that a completed "sex quiz", which she tried to surreptitiously slip to her friend Randy, never reached her friend Randy and, unbeknownst to either of them, was picked up by Jake. Despite her name not being on the quiz, Sam is still a bit panicked because the quiz contains sensitive information, such as how she is a virgin and is saving herself for Jake.

text: During gym class, Jake opens up to his friend Rock, admitting that he feels like things with his girlfriend Caroline have become stagnant. He also tells him how he thinks it's cool that he keeps catching Sam looking at him from time to time.

text: Meanwhile, an outgoing geeky freshman named Ted is in love with Sam. On the school bus ride home, he tries to hit on her, only to have her spurn him with some trash-talk before she gets off.

text: At home, Sam has a whole new set of problems when she discovers that all four of her grandparents are staying at the Baker home during the wedding. One set of grandparents has brought along a bizarre foreign exchange student, Long Duk Dong. The grandparents force Sam to take him along to her school's senior dance that night and, to Sam's amazement, it takes "The Donger" only five minutes to find an unlikely girlfriend—the tall, large-breasted jock, Marlene.

text: As the freshmen hang out at the gym, Ted's two best friends, Bryce and Cliff, watch as Ted crashes and burns after he once again hits on Sam and fails, with an upset Sam running off. Undeterred by this latest rejection, Ted accepts a bet from his friends that he can score with Sam. For proof, they need Ted to bring them her panties. While Jake and Caroline are slow dancing, he sees Ted's interaction with Sam, so Jake asks him what he knows about her. Shocked that a senior is talking to him, Ted opens up a bit and boldly states that Ted hopes to take Sam home with him after the dance.

text: Looking for some solace, Sam finds her way to the school's auto shop. Ted finds her and sees that she is still upset. She opens up to Ted, telling him how disappointed she was with her family forgetting her birthday. Sam also confesses her love for Jake. Upon hearing this, Ted tells her that Jake had been asking about her at the dance, and they agree that Sam should just go and talk to him. As she's leaving, Ted reveals the wager he made with his friends, so Sam agrees to loan him her panties.

text: After Ted, Cliff, and Bryce have an impromptu peep show in the boys bathroom to show off the panties, they head over to Jake's house for the dance's after-party. Almost immediately, the trio find themselves in an awkward situation, knocking over a huge beer can pyramid. With Jake's parents away for the weekend, his home becomes trashed by the dozens of students that crashed the party. Disgusted, he heads to his bedroom alone and tracks down Sam's phone number after finding her picture in the school yearbook. He tries to call her, only to get tongue-tied when her grandparents answer instead.

text: At night's end, Jake finds Ted trapped under a table and they begin to talk. Jake inquires further about Sam, and Ted explains the situation. Jake makes a deal with Ted: If Jake gets to return the panties to Sam, then Ted gets to drive a very drunk Caroline home in Jake's father's Rolls Royce.

text: The next morning, Jake goes to Sam's house, only to have a hungover Donger miscommunicate that Sam was at church getting married. Jake then finds Caroline and Ted making out in the back of his dad's banged-up Rolls. With this turn of events, Jake and Caroline mutually agree that it's time for them to break up and remain friends. Jake then drives to the church just in time to meet an incredulous Sam after her sister's wedding.

text: The film concludes with Sam and Jake sharing a kiss over a birthday cake with 16 candles. Jake tells her to make a wish, but Sam says that her wish has already come true.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Molly Ringwald as Samantha "Sam" Baker
Michael Schoeffling as Jake Ryan
Anthony Michael Hall as Ted, aka "Farmer Ted"
Paul Dooley as Jim Baker
Carlin Glynn as Brenda Baker
Justin Henry as Mike Baker
Haviland Morris as Caroline Mulford
Blanche Baker as Ginny Baker
Gedde Watanabe as Long Duk Dong
Edward Andrews as Grandpa Howard Baker
Billie Bird as Grandma Dorothy Baker
Carole Cook as Grandma Helen
Max Showalter as Grandpa Fred
Liane Curtis as Randy
John Cusack as Bryce
Darren Harris as Cliff (Wease)
Deborah Pollack as Marlene, aka "Lumberjack"
Joan Cusack as Geek Girl
John Kapelos as Rudy Ryszczyk
Jami Gertz as Robin
Brian Doyle-Murray as Reverend
Zelda Rubinstein as Organist

text: Production[edit]

text: John Hughes had asked his agent for headshots of young actresses, and among those he received were those of Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy. Sheedy had auditioned for the role of Sam, but was dropped because of Hughes thinking Ringwald was more fitting for the role, but he called her a year later to give her a role in The Breakfast Club. Inspired by Ringwald's appearance, he put it up over his desk and wrote the film just over a weekend with her in mind for the lead role.[3][4] For the male lead in the film, it had come down to Schoeffling and Viggo Mortensen.[5] For the part of Ted, Hughes saw a number of actors for the role: "Every single kid who came in to read for the part... did the whole, stereotyped high school nerd thing. You know - thick glasses, ball point pens in the pocket, white socks. But when Michael came in he played it straight, like a real human being. I knew right at that moment that I'd found my geek."[6]

text: Sixteen Candles was filmed primarily in and around the Chicago North Shore suburban communities of Evanston, Skokie, and Highland Park, Illinois during the summer of 1983, when leads Ringwald and Hall were 15 years old.[7] Most of the exterior scenes and some of the interior scenes were filmed at Niles East High School,[8] close to downtown Skokie, the setting for Hall's driving the Rolls Royce.[9] A cafeteria scene and a gym scene, were filmed at Niles North High School. The auto shop scene was filmed at Niles East High School in the auto shop. The Baker house is located at 3022 Payne Street in Evanston. The church (Glencoe Union Church - 263 Park Avenue) and parking lot where the final scenes take place are in Glencoe.[10]

text: Soundtrack and songs[edit]

text:
Sixteen Candles

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
1984

Genre
Rock, new wave

Length
17:28

Label
MCA Records

Producer
Jimmy Iovine (16 Candles & Hang Up the Phone), Ira Newborn (Geek Boogie), John Cale (Gloria), & Alex Sadkin (If You Were Here)

Audio sample

"Thompson Twins - If You Were Here"

file
help

text:
Side 1

No.
Title
Performed By
Length

1.
"16 Candles"
Stray Cats
2:52

2.
"Hang Up the Phone"
Annie Golden
2:59

3.
"Geek Boogie"
Ira Newborn & the Geeks
2:48

text:
Side 2

No.
Title
Performed By
Length

1.
"Gloria"
Patti Smith
5:54

2.
"If You Were Here"
Thompson Twins
2:55

text: The original soundtrack was released as a specially priced mini album containing only 5 songs. However, the movie actually featured an extensive selection of over 30 songs. Songs from the movie that were not included on the soundtrack EP are as follows:

text:
"Snowballed" Performed by AC/DC
"Today I Met the Boy I'm Gonna Marry" Performed by Darlene Love
"Love of the Common People" Performed by Paul Young
"Kajagoogoo" (Main Title Song) Performed by Kajagoogoo
"Happy Birthday" Performed by Altered Images
"Kazooed on Klassics" Performed by The Temple City Kazoo Orchestra
"Dragnet" Performed by Ray Anthony and His Orchestra
"Rumours in the Air" Performed by Night Ranger
"Peter Gunn" Performed by Ray Anthony and His Orchestra
"True" Performed by Spandau Ballet played during the school dance
"Wild Sex (In the Working Class)" Performed by Oingo Boingo
"Little Bitch" Performed by The Specials
"Growing Pains" Performed by Tim Finn
"When It Started to Begin" Performed by Nick Heyward
"Lenny" Performed by Stevie Ray Vaughan
"Whistle Down the Wind" Performed by Nick Heyward
"Ring Me Up" Performed by The Divinyls
"Love Theme" from The Godfather Conducted by Carlo Savina
"Turning Japanese" Performed by The Vapors
"Rev-Up" Performed by The Revillos
"Farmer John" Performed by The Premiers
"Theme from New York, New York" Performed by Frank Sinatra
"Young Guns" Performed by Wham!
"Rebel Yell" Performed by Billy Idol
"Lohengrin Wedding March" Performed by The Bavarian Staatsoper Munich Chorus and Orchestra
"Young Americans" Performed by David Bowie
"Tenderness" Performed by General Public

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend the film grossed $4,461,520 in 1,240 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking second. By the end of its run, Sixteen Candles grossed $23,686,027 against a budget of $6.5 million.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Sixteen Candles was well received by critics and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1984.[11][12] Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 86% of critics gave it a positive rating, based on 36 reviews with an average rating of 7/10, the site's critical consensus reads: "Significantly more mature than the teen raunch comedies that defined the era, Sixteen Candles is shot with compassion and clear respect for his characters and their hang-ups".[13] Ringwald's performance was especially praised; Variety called her "engaging and credible"[14] while Roger Ebert wrote that she "provides a perfect center for the story".[15]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The character of Long Duk Dong was criticized for being “unfunny” and a “potentially offensive stereotype” of Asian people.[16] In 2008, Alison MacAdam of NPR wrote, "To some viewers, he represents one of the most offensive Asian stereotypes Hollywood ever gave America."[17] Asian Americans have complained that they were taunted with quotes of his stilted-English lines.[18] At the time of release Roger Ebert defended him, writing that Gedde Watanabe "elevates his role from a potentially offensive stereotype to high comedy".[15]

text: In an article published in Salon, Amy Benfer considers whether the film directly condones date rape.[19] After the party scene, Jake tells Ted that his girlfriend Caroline is "in the bedroom right now, passed out cold. I could violate her ten different ways if I wanted to." He encourages Ted to drive her home saying "she's so blitzed she won't know the difference." When Caroline and Ted wake up next to each other in the car, Caroline says she's fairly certain they had sex though neither of them remember it. Amy Benfer writes "The scene only works because people were stupid about date rape at the time. Even in a randy teen comedy, you would never see two sympathetic male characters conspiring to take advantage of a drunk chick these days."[19]

text: Author Anthony C. Bleach has argued that one possibility for Caroline's emotional and physical ruin in the film "might be that she is unappreciative of (or unreflective about) her class position," adding that, "what happens to Caroline in the narrative, whether her sloppy drunkenness, her scalping, or the potential for sexual coercion, seems to be both a projection of Samantha's desire to acquire Jake and become his girlfriend and a project of the film's desire to somehow harm the upper class."[20]

text: Awards[edit]

text: In December 1984, Ringwald and Hall both won Young Artist Awards as "Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture" and "Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture" for their roles in the film, respectively becoming the first and only juvenile performers in the history of the Young Artist Awards to win the Best Leading Actress and Best Leading Actor awards for the same film (a distinction the film still retains as of 2014).[21] In July 2008, the movie was ranked number 49 on Entertainment Weekly's list of "The 50 Best High School Movies".[22]

text: Proposed sequel or remake[edit]

text: In 2005, Ringwald was reported to be producing a sequel to the film.[23]


document_title: K.C. Undercover

question_text: who plays kc's mom on kc undercover

question_tokens: who plays kc 's mom on kc undercover

text: K.C. Undercover

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in Washington, D.C., the series follows K.C. Cooper, a high school math genius who gets recruited by her parents, Craig and Kira Cooper, after she discovers that they are secretly undercover spies working for an agency called The Organization. Her brother, Ernie, tries to help because he feels left out, and eventually joins the team, and his desire leads Craig and Kira to get a new robot child named Judy.

text: Each episode centers on K.C. and her family as they contend with common familial issues while also performing missions to save the country, with a recurring storyline involving thwarting the plans of a criminal organization called the Other Side.

text: The third season introduces a renegade organization called the Alternate which is against the Organization and the Other Side with plans to destroy the United States government to change the world their way.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
K.C. Cooper (Zendaya) is a high school student by day and a undercover spy whenever. She is highly proficient at math, and karate. She is a member of a government spy organization. She is the daughter of Kira and Craig Cooper. Sister to Ernie Cooper. Granddaughter to Gayle King and Othello King.
Marisa Clark[1] (Veronica Dunne) is K.C.'s best friend. She is cheerful, girly and a very outgoing person. In "Photo Bombed", she learns about K.C.'s spy life.
Ernie Cooper (Kamil McFadden) is K.C. and Judy's brother and a stereotypical nerd. He is a computer genius and joins the family's spy team in "My Sister From Another Mother...Board". He is often ignored by his parents (especially his father, who treats him as expendable during missions), which gives him a severe inferiority complex.
Judy Cooper[1] (Trinitee Stokes) is K.C. and Ernie's sarcastic robot sister who looks like a 10-year-old girl. Her robotic nature makes her very smart, but she has no social skills, although she is considered to be sassy. Her name stands for "Junior Undercover Digital Youth". She does not appear in the show until "My Sister from Another Mother...Board", when the Cooper parents believe Ernie wouldn't make a good enough spy before he quickly proves them wrong.
Kira Cooper (Tammy Townsend) is mother to K.C., Ernie, and Judy and also an undercover spy.
Craig Cooper (Kadeem Hardison) is father to K.C., Ernie, and Judy and also an undercover spy.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Agent Johnson (Rick Hall) is the leader of the Organization.In the series finale, it’s revealed that he is the mask.
Beverly (Sherri Shepherd) is a member of the Organization. She is good friends with the Cooper family.
Petey (James DiGiacomo) is a "friend" of Judy's. Judy finds him annoying, as he has proven to be skeptical of the Cooper household, when Judy is alone. He's shown to be obnoxious and loud every time he screams out Judy's name.
Mrs. Goldfeder (Jaime Moyer) is the Coopers' neighbor and Petey's mother. Like Petey, she is also obnoxious and loud, frequently visiting the Cooper's house.
Brett Willis (Ross Butler) is an enemy spy and K.C.'s ex-boyfriend. In "Operation: Other Side, Part 2", it's shown that Brett was kicked out of the Organization, after he was discovered working as a double agent and being the son of Zane, he now works for the Other Side as a hand-to-hand combat instructor. In "K.C. and Brett: The Final Chapter" Brett was sent to kill K.C., but failed, and he is now currently on the run from the Other Side in Canada.
Zane (Francois Chau) is a member of the Other Side and the father of Brett. After Richard is captured by the Coopers, he becomes the new leader of the Other Side until he was apprehended again.
Victor (Lee Reherman) is the underboss of the Other Side.
Abby (Kara Royster) is the long-lost cousin of K.C. and Ernie and the daughter of Erica Martin and Richard Martin. She is secretly a member of the Other Side who was sent to reactivate her mother's status.
Erica (Jasmine Guy) is the sister of Kira, the estranged wife of Richard Martin, the mother of Abby, the aunt of K.C. and Ernie, and a member of the Other Side who went inactive.
Richard (Rick Fox) is the father of Abby, the husband of Erica, and the uncle of K.C. and Ernie. He is the leader of the Other Side that has eluded the Organization.
Brady (Connor Weil) is an enemy agent who works for a renegade spy organization known as the Alternate. He appears in the third season where he manipulates Marisa into helping him following Zane's arrest.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was first announced as a pilot in pre-production titled Super Awesome Katy in November 2013. The series was set to star Shake It Up star, Zendaya, who would play 16-year-old Katy Cooper, an outspoken and confident technology wiz and skilled black belt, who discovers that both her parents are spies who expect her to follow in their footsteps. Production on the pilot was set to begin in early 2014.[2] On November 6, 2013, Zendaya tweeted about the pilot, saying she wants to bring back the "cool Disney Channel", mentioning shows like That's So Raven, The Proud Family, and Kim Possible.[3] It was ordered to series by Disney Channel in May 2014, with the series now under the title K.C. Undercover.[4] The series was released on Watch Disney Channel on January 1, 2015, and was followed by the television premiere on January 18, 2015.[5] The first season consisted of 27 episodes. On May 15, 2015, Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season,[6] which premiered on March 6, 2016. On August 1, 2016, People revealed that the series had been renewed for a third season.[7] The third season premiered on Disney Channel on July 7, 2017.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
27
January 18, 2015 (2015-01-18)
January 24, 2016 (2016-01-24)

2
24
March 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

3
24
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
27
January 18, 2015 (2015-01-18)
3.51[8]
January 24, 2016 (2016-01-24)
2.02[9]
2.30

2
24
March 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)
2.08[10]
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)
1.18[11]
1.51

3
24
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
1.24[12]
February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)
1.16[13]
1.10

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Canada, the series premiered on Family Channel on January 23, 2015,[14] and moved to Disney Channel on September 1, 2015. During the launch week of Disney Channel, the episode "Runaway Robot" aired on September 1, 2015, a week before the U.S.[15] The series premiered on Disney Channel in Australia and New Zealand on March 5, 2015.[16] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the show premiered on March 27, 2015, on Disney Channel. On Disney Channel in Southeast Asia, it premiered in Singapore on March 13, 2015, and in the Philippines on April 10, 2015.[citation needed] The show debuted on the English feed of Disney XD in the Middle East and Africa on October 12, 2015.[17] In India, the series premiered on October 30, 2017 on Disney International HD.[18]


document_title: Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)

question_text: what engine is in a ford focus 1.6 diesel

text: Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)

text: Design and engineering[edit]

text: The Mk 2, codenamed C307, uses the Ford C1 platform which is shared with the Volvo S40, V50 and C70, Mazda3 and Focus C-MAX. Ford calls this platform sharing programme "Global Shared Technologies".

text: The basic suspension design, which contributed much to the Mk 1's success, has been carried over largely unchanged from its predecessor which, along with a 10% stiffer bodyshell, offers a better ride according to Ford. The same body styles as the Mk 1 Focus were offered, though the saloon did not appear until mid-2005.

text: The Focus Mk 2 is much larger and considerably heavier than its predecessor with a 25 mm (1 in) increase in wheelbase, 168 mm (6.6 in) longer, 8 mm (0.3 in) taller and 138 mm (5.4 in) wider. As a result, the interior and boot space have increased. New technologies include a KeyFree system, a solar-reflect windshield, adaptive front lighting, Bluetooth hands-free phones and voice control for audio, telephone and climate control systems.

text: It also features either a Durashift 6-speed manual, Durashift 4-speed automatic transmission, the all-new Durashift advanced manual transmission or just the standard manual.

text: Stylistically, the Mk 2's styling features the same design language found in the Mondeo and Fiesta. Although still recognisable as a Focus the new car uses styling features from the abandoned B-Proposal for the original Focus which never reached production.

text: Availability[edit]

text: The Focus Mk 2 was also built in Silverton, South Africa for export to Australia and New Zealand. However shortly after launch, Ford New Zealand surrendered its supply to satisfy Australia's high demand, and now receives vehicles from the German factory in Saarlouis. In 2006 the Mk 2 made its debut in the Americas with its launch on the Mexican market as the 4-door saloon or the sporty 3-door in ST trim. The Mk 2 Focus is now available alongside base versions of the Mk I model in some other markets worldwide such as Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela. In Argentina, the Mk 1 Focus was built alongside the Mk 2 in the Pacheco Factory until 2008, when the Mk 2 finally replaced it.

text: In the U.S. and Canada, the Mk 1 Focus was offered in a redesigned form as either a saloon or coupe, the hatchbacks and wagon having been dropped after the 2008 redesign. Sales of the coupe model have been only a small fraction of the previous 3-door hatchback, despite rising sales of the Focus saloon and compact cars in general.

text: Safety[edit]

text: The new car has gained the best ever EuroNCAP ratings for its class (5 stars for adult protection, 4 of 5 for child protection and 2 of 4 for pedestrian protection),[2] beating such contenders as the Vauxhall/Opel Astra and Volkswagen Golf, including full (16/16) marks for the front impact test.

text: Engines[edit]

text: The engine line up for the Mk 2 is a mixture of old and new. The 1.4 L and 1.6 L all aluminium Zetec-SE (codenamed Sigma) engines from the previous generation Focus were heavily upgraded and renamed Duratec[citation needed], with the addition of 1.6 L Duratec Ti-VCT engine with variable valve timing. For the South African market, the 1.6L BZ inline-four engine was used in their Mk2. For the 2009 facelift it was replaced by the 1.8 Duratec.[3]

text: The 1.8 L and 2.0 L Zetec petrol engines of the original were replaced with the Duratec HE.[citation needed]

text: The Duratorq Diesel engine in 'Tiger' Duratorq 1.6 L 90 hp (67 kW) and 110 hp (82 kW) editions, 'Lynx' Duratorq 1.8L 115 hp (86 kW) diesel carried over from the previous model and the diesel in 2.0 L form rounds off the range in standard Focus guise (this is a different unit to the 'Puma' diesel in the Mondeo).[citation needed]

text: Petrol

text:
1.4 L Duratec 80PS
1.6 L Duratec 100PS
1.6 L Duratec Ti-VCT 115PS
1.8 L Duratec HE 125PS
2.0 L Duratec HE 145PS
2.5 L Duratec ST turbo I5 225PS
2.5 L Duratec RS turbo I5 305PS
2.5 L Duratec RS 500 turbo I5 350PS

text: Diesel

text:
1.6 L Duratorq TDCi 90PS, 100PS & 109PS
1.8 L Duratorq TDCi 115PS
2.0 L Duratorq TDCi 110PS & 136PS

text: Specifications for petrol engines[edit]

text:
Engine
Gearbox
Power
Torque
Economy(Urban)L/100 km
Economy(Extra-Urban)L/100 km
Economy(Combined)L/100 km
Top Speed
0–100 km/h(0-62 mph)s

1.4-L Duratec
5M
80 PS79 bhp
124 N·m91 lb·ft
8.7
5.4
6.6
164 km/h102 mph
14.1

1.6-L Duratec
5M / 4A
100 PS99 bhp
150 N·m111 lb·ft
8.7 / 10.3
5.5 / 5.8
6.7 / 7.5
180 / 172 km/h112 / 107 mph
11.9 / 13.6

1.6-L Ti-VCT Duratec
5M
115 PS113 bhp
155 N·m114 lb·ft
8.7
5.4
6.6
190 km/h118 mph
10.8

1.8-L Duratec HE
5M
125 PS123 bhp
165 N·m122 lb·ft
9.5
5.6
7.0
198 km/h123 mph
10.3

2.0-L Duratec HE
5M / 4A
145 PS143 bhp
185 N·m136 lb·ft
9.8 / 11.2
5.4 / 6.1
7.1 / 8.0
206 / 195 km/h128 / 121 mph
9.2 / 10.7

2.5-L Duratec ST
6M
225 PS222 bhp
320 N·m236 lb·ft
13.8
6.8
9.3
241 km/h150 mph
6.8

2.5-L Duratec RS
6M
305 PS301 bhp
440 N·m325 lb·ft
13.4
7.0
9.4
263 km/h163 mph
5.9

2.5-L Duratec RS500
6M
350 PS345 bhp
460 N·m339 lb·ft
?
?
?
? km/h? mph
5.6

text: Specifications for diesel engines[edit]

text:
Engine
Gearbox
Power
Torque
Economy(Urban)L/100 km
Economy(Extra-Urban)L/100 km
Economy(Combined)L/100 km
Top Speed
0–100 km/h(0-62 mph)s

1.6-L Duratorq TDCi
5M
90 PS89 bhp
215 N·m159 lb·ft
5.6
3.8
4.5
177 km/h110 mph
12.6

1.6-L Duratorq TDCi
5M
100 PS99 bhp
? N·m? lb·ft
5.8
3.8
4.5
183 km/h114 mph
11.8

1.6-L Duratorq TDCi
5M
109 PS108 bhp
240 N·m192 lb·ft
5.8
3.8
4.5
188 km/h117 mph
10.6

1.8-L Duratorq TDCi
5M
115 PS113 bhp
300 N·m221 lb·ft
6.7
4.3
5.2
190 km/h118 mph
10.8

2.0-L Duratorq TDCi
6M
110 PS109 bhp
265 N·m195 lb·ft
?
?
5.9
186 km/h116 mph
11.6

2.0-L Duratorq TDCi
6M / 6A
136 PS134 bhp
340 N·m251 lb·ft
7.0 / ?
4.5 / ?
5.5 / ?
203 / 200 km/h126 / 124 mph
9.3 / 9.6

text: Trim levels[edit]

text: The main trim levels of the pre-facelift Focus Mk 2 in the United Kingdom are listed below. For other countries, the range is either a cut down version of this list (e.g., for New Zealand) or it is almost completely different altogether (e.g., for South Africa, which uses trim levels Ambiente, Si and Trend, or Australia, which continues to use the old CL/LX/Zetec/Ghia trim levels)

text:
Studio (Base model)
LX (as Studio, adds air-conditioning)
Style (as LX, adds alloy-style wheel trims, front fog lights and a sports steering wheel)
Sport (as Style, adds alloy wheels)
Zetec (as Sport, adds Sport Suspension, sport seats and various interior/exterior styling enhancements)
Zetec Climate (as Zetec, adds Quikclear heated front windscreen)
Ghia (adds auto-dimming rear-view mirror, Quikclear heated front windscreen, front fog lights, a number of interior styling enhancements and only model to have cruise control as standard)
Titanium (adds Sony CD/MP3 player as standard, privacy glass and sports seats)

text: From September 2006, Ford revised the standard trim specifications slightly, to allow for the introduction of further options called X-Packs.

text: Brazil[edit]

text:
GL (2009–2013) (Sigma 1.6 flexfuel 116cv), 5-door hatchback, 4-door sedan.
GLX (2009–2013) (Sigma 1.6 flexfuel 116cv, Duratec HE 2.0 flexfuel 148cv), 5-door hatchback, 4-door sedan.
Ghia (2009–2010) (Duratec HE 2.0 flexfuel 148cv), 5-door hatchback, 4-door sedan.
Titanium (2011–2013) (Duratec HE 2.0 flexfuel 148cv), 5-door hatchback, 4-door sedan.

text: China[edit]

text: In the People's Republic of China, the Focus is built by Chang'an Ford. It is available as a five-door hatchback or four-door saloon. Engines are 1.8 and 2.0 petrol.

text: 2008 facelift[edit]

text: LT[edit]

text: A minor facelift of the Mk2 Focus went on sale in Australia, China and South Africa in 2008. Part of the update included a new front bumper that was shared with the Cabriolet/Coupe, integrated indicators into the side mirrors and new style alloys for Zetec and Ghia models. All models also received dual airbags and ABS with EBD standard, as well as the addition of new safety packages which included; front side airbags, curtain airbags, stability & traction control and Emergency Brake Assist.[4]

text: (Mk2.5 or LV)[edit]

text: Ford unveiled a facelifted Mk2 Ford Focus at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007. Sales began in the United Kingdom in February 2008. Changes include:

text:
Cosmetically, the facelift brings the Focus in line with the Kinetic Design language seen on the 2007 Ford Mondeo, and 2006 Ford S-MAX & Ford Galaxy, whilst keeping with the general shape of the pre-facelift model. Every exterior panel (except the roof) underwent a reworking with the following key detail changes: trapezoidal grilles, swept back headlamps, bold wheel arches, newly shaped rear glass, a contoured tailgate and new tail lamps
Greater use of soft-touch plastics in the interior
Revised instrument binnacle and interior controls, now with red lighting
New design centre console primarily for the top line Titanium trim and optional Zetec
Ford PowerShift transmission (similar to Volkswagen's DSG) added to range
Introduction of a Ford Power Button
Introduction of a 110PS version of the 2.0 Duratorq TDCi engine.
Revised trim range consisting of Studio, Style, ECOnetic, Zetec, Titanium, ST – 1, ST – 2 and ST – 3 trims.

text: Late 2008 saw the introduction of the 'Zetec S' trim, adding a body kit of front and rear spoilers, side skirts and the large roof spoiler from the ST. It includes aluminium pedals, a silver hand brake cover, and an optional WRC pack which adds flag decals and WRC scuff plates.

text: Prices were similar (if not identical) to that of the pre-facelift Focus (Prices being at least £250 more, the price of stability control as an option on the previous model, now included as standard). This was as its lead at the top of the British car sales charts was cut, by the Vauxhall Astra in the previous years.

text: Ford collaborated with singer and Strictly Come Dancing Winner Alesha Dixon in January 2008 to create an exclusive special edition remix and video to celebrate the launch of the new Ford Focus.[5]

text: In June 2009, the Focus Saloon was scrapped in the United Kingdom, and the rest of Western Europe (although it was still available in RHD in South Africa, Ireland & Australia). However, sales continued until 2011 in Continental Europe, Eastern Europe, Russia, China & Taiwan (although produced in LHD). Production ended in 2011, but for some markets, such as Brazil, along with China & Argentina, it was still sold as the Focus Classic or Focus until production ended in 2014, but China still sells it under the name of Focus Classic.

text: In January 2010, the Focus III Saloon was revealed.[6]

text: Additional variants[edit]

text: Focus ST[edit]

text: In 2005 Ford unveiled a hot hatch version of the Mk 2 Focus. Called Focus ST, and available in either three or five-door hatchback variant, the car uses the Ford Duratec ST, a turbocharged 2.5 L 5-cylinder engine producing 225 hp (168 kW; 228 PS).

text: The Ford Focus Mk 2 ST is also known as the XR5 Turbo in the Australian and New Zealand market, but is sold as a five-door hatchback only. In 2008 Ford, in conjunction with Mountune Racing, unveiled a power upgrade kit which raises the power output to 260 bhp (190 kW). the kit consists of: a K&N panel filter, larger intercooler and a re-map. no saloon version was ever released

text: Coupé-Cabriolet[edit]

text: The Focus Coupé-Cabriolet, a two-piece retractable hardtop, was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in February 2006 and went on sale in October 2006. Originally named the Vignale by designer Pininfarina, it was previewed at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show. Pininfarina performs final assembly.

text: In February 2008, Ford revealed a new Focus Coupé-Cabriolet sporting the new 'Kinetic Design' front end of the generic Ford Focus. Notably however, unlike the generic Focus models, the side and rear body panels were not changed, and neither were the door mirrors upgraded to the new-style units, as on the rest of the new Focus models. Nor were bodyside mouldings removed, as with the rest of the Focus range. Some press outlets had expected such changes in line with the rest of the range.

text: Focus ECOnetic[edit]

text: Shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007 as part of the facelifted range, the Focus ECOnetic is an emissions-friendly model, similar to Volkswagen's BlueMotion range, using a 109 PS 1.6 Duratorq TDCi engine with a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). Aerodynamic features including low-resistance tyres contribute to 65 mpg‑imp (4.3 L/100 km; 54 mpg‑US) fuel consumption figure with average CO2 emissions of 115g/km.

text: Focus X Road[edit]

text: The Focus X Road, a Focus Wagon with crossover look which featured a new body kit consisting of revised front and rear bumpers with a matching black finish on the doors and side panels, was introduced at the AutoRAI Amsterdam in April 2009. The X Road was only available in The Netherlands with 1.8 Flexifuel engine and limited to 300 units.[7][8] However, a month later the X Road also made its debut at the Barcelona International Motor Show and later made its debut in other left-hand drive countries with the regular petrol and diesel engines.[9]

text: Focus RS Mk 2[edit]

text: On December 17, 2007 Ford of Europe confirmed that a Mk 2 Focus RS would be launched in 2009. The press release also notes that a concept version of the RS is due in mid-2008.[10] Contrary to numerous rumours and speculation[11][12][13] the RS was announced by Ford to have a conventional FWD layout with an upgraded Duratec ST engine with 305PS Duratec RS, gearbox, suspension, and LSD. As announced, the Focus RS MK2 hit the road on 5 January 2009.[14]

text: When Ford completed the production run of the Mk I, Ford of Britain's managing director Paul Thomas said "We always knew Focus RS would be a sales winner, but we could never have predicted its fantastic reception and the effect it had in re-igniting passion for the Ford RS brand."

text: In 2008, Ford revealed the new Focus RS in "concept" form at the British International Motor Show. The Duratec RS engine was upgraded to produce 305 PS (224 kW; 301 hp) at 6500 rpm [15] and 440 N⋅m (325 lb⋅ft) of torque at 2250-4500 rpm. 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration was quoted to be under 6 seconds. The RS uses a modified Volvo-engineered 2,522 cc (2.5 L; 153.9 cu in) inline-five engine found in the Focus ST. A larger BorgWarner K16 turbo now delivers up to 20.3 psi (1.40 bar) of boost. A new air-to-air intercooler has been developed as a complement, while the forged crankshaft, silicon-aluminum pistons, graphite-coated cylinder bores, a compression ratio of 8.5:1 and variable valve timing also up the power output. The car remains front wheel drive, but to reduce torque steer uses a Quaife Automatic Torque Biasing LSD, and a specially designed MacPherson strut suspension at the front called RevoKnuckle,[16] which provides a lower scrub radius and kingpin offset than traditional designs while avoiding the increased weight and complexity of double wishbone and multi-link suspension setups.[17] Ford UK claim: "It's as close as you'll come to driving a full-spec rally car (Ford Focus RS WRC).[18]

text:
0-100 kilometres per hour (62 mph): 5.9 s[19]
31-62 miles per hour (100 km/h): 5.3 s (in 4th gear)[19]
Top speed: 263 kilometres per hour (163 mph)[19]
Kilometre from a standstill: 25.4 s (the fastest front wheel drive car in this particular exercise - this time was recorded by the Belgian magazine "Le Moniteur Automobile")

text:
At the rear a large venturi tunnel[20] and a dramatic rear spoiler create a purposeful look.
Focus RS available in three expressive exterior colours: Ultimate Green, Performance Blue and Frozen White.[21]
Focus RS has an exclusive 'Ultimate' Green classic 1970s Ford Le Mans Green of the Ford Escort RS1600 era.

text: Focus RS 500[edit]

text: The Focus RS500 was launched in April 2010. A limited production run of 500 units (101 of them for Britain) were produced. It has a turbocharged 2.5 L5 petrol engine which produces 345 bhp (257 kW; 350 PS) and can do 0-62 mph in 5.4 seconds, with a top speed of 165 mph (266 km/h) making it the fastest Focus yet.[22]

text: The new model was given the RS500 designation to highlight its strictly limited production run of 500 individually numbered vehicles, all of which were offered for customers to purchase. Each RS500 carries a metal plaque on the centre console, hand-engraved with a unique identification number from 001 to 500.

text: To provide the RS500 with a fitting power unit, the 305 PS (224 kW; 301 bhp) turbocharged Duratec RS 2.5-litre engine from the standard Focus RS has been upgraded to deliver significantly more top-end and mid-range power. Peak power is increased by 45 PS (33 kW; 44 bhp) to 350 PS (257 kW; 345 bhp) at 6,000 rpm, while torque has been increased from 440 to 460 N⋅m (340 lb⋅ft), delivered across a broad speed range from 2,500 to 4,500 rpm.

text: The changes include a significantly larger air-to-air intercooler to deliver a cooler, denser charge; a larger air filter box for increased airflow; larger diameter exhaust downpipe; and an uprated fuel pump, along with an updated software calibration to optimise the performance of the revised engine.

text: Preliminary performance figures for the Focus RS500 indicate that it achieves 0–100 km/h in 5.6 seconds, with a top speed similar to the 263 km/h (163 mph) in the standard RS.

text:
Engineered by Performance Car Enthusiasts
The Focus RS500 engine has been modified by a team from Ford TeamRS in partnership with Revolve Technologies, the automotive engineering firm which develops Ford approved performance upgrades through its Mountune Performance brand.

text: All Focus RS500 vehicles will be painted in a standard Panther Black metallic colour, before being shipped to a dedicated 3M facility near Frankfurt, Germany, where a special film will be applied to the bodywork to create the matte black effect.

text: Focus BEV[edit]

text: A prototype Focus battery electric vehicle was demonstrated in August 2008. The variant, sometimes known as the "Focus EV".

text: The concept car unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show was developed to participate in the UK Government's "Ultra-Low Carbon Vehicles" demonstration initiative in early 2010.[23] A consortium of Ford, Scottish and Southern Energy and University of Strathclyde will use a fleet of 15 Ford Focus BEVs and a charging infrastructure in and around the London Borough of Hillingdon from early 2010. This new BEV demonstration fleet is being developed partly with public funding from the UK Government's Technology Strategy Board (TSB) which promotes innovative industry-led projects that reduce CO2.[23]

text: As a publicity stunt, the Focus BEV was featured on The Jay Leno Show in a segment called "Green Car Challenge" in which celebrity guests drove the electric car.[24]

text: Motorsport[edit]

text: The Focus RS WRC is a version built for the BP Ford World Rally Team by Ford and M-Sport, developed to compete in the World Rally Championship. The RS stands for Rallye Sport and the WRC for World Rally Car, the car's FIA specification.

text: Like all contemporary World Rally Cars, the car is heavily modified from the production version, with which it shares only the basic shape and some parts of the bodyshell. The car features four wheel drive, rather than the front wheel drive of the road car. The engine used in the 2007 Focus WRC is based on Ford's 2.0 Litre Duratec from other models in the Focus range as rallying rules do not permit the standard 2.5 Litre engine of the Focus ST or road going RS. As with most rally cars, the 2.0 Litre engine is heavily modified and performance was increased using a turbocharger. Also the 2009 Ford Focus WRC uses a Ford 1998cc Pipo built l4 Duratec WRC engine (Four Cylinders, 16 Valves, Bore 85 mm and Stroke 88 mm), Pi electronic engine Management system, Garrett Turbocharger (with required 34 mm inlet restrictor), air intercooler, and a catalytic converter.

text: From the last rally of the 2005 season, Ford campaigned a brand new model, the Focus RS WRC 06, following the launch of the new road-going version of the car. The engine chosen for this Focus was a Duratec motor developed by the French engine specialist Pipo Moteur.[25] The car took twelve world rally wins, starting with the 2006 season opener Monte Carlo Rally in the hands of Marcus Grönholm.

text: The Focus RS WRC 07 is based on the 2006 model, and according to Ford's technical director Christian Loriaux "the changes on the new car are mainly to save weight and to improve efficiency, driveability and performance at the bottom end of the range."[26] The car debuted very successfully at the 2007 Rally Finland as Ford's Finns Grönholm and Mikko Hirvonen finished in first and second. It later made history at the 2008 Swedish Rally when Jari-Matti Latvala used the car to become youngest-ever driver to win a world rally.

text: The Focus RS WRC 08 is based on the 2007 model, Ford Focus WRC 08 seen here for the first time with its new front aero design at the Rallye Deutschland 2008 Shakedown. This is the first time Hirvonen and Latvala have driven the 08 car with the new front styling.

text: The 2008 version of the Focus RS WRC includes design style changes as well as engine improvements. Style changes to the grill area reflect the looks of the recently previewed Focus RS Mk II road sport car.

text: The rally car Focus RS WRC won four times in 2008 and has 36 WRC victories to its credit since the original model debuted in 1999.

text: The 2009 actual version of the Focus RS WRC includes small design style changes.


document_title: Cascarón

question_text: hollowed out eggs filled with confetti or toys in mexico

text: Cascarón

text: A cascarón (plural cascarones, without accent mark; from Spanish cascarón, "eggshell", the augmentative form of cáscara, "shell") is a hollowed-out chicken egg filled with confetti or small toys. Cascarones are common throughout Mexico and are similar to the Easter eggs popular in many other countries. They are mostly used in Mexico during Carnival, but in US and Mexico border towns the cultures combined to make them a popular Easter tradition.

text: Decorated, confetti-filled cascarones may be thrown or crushed over the recipient's head to shower them with confetti. In addition to Easter, cascarones have become popular for occasions including birthdays, Halloween, Cinco de Mayo, Dieciséis, Day of the Dead, and weddings (wedding cascarones can be filled with birdseed). Like many popular traditions in Mexico, cascarones are increasingly popular in the southwestern United States.[1] For example, they are especially prominent during the two-week, citywide festival of Fiesta in San Antonio, Texas. Cascarones are usually made during Easter time.

text: Having a cascarón broken over one's head is said to bring good luck; however, concerns over salmonella poisoning have eroded support for the practice beginning in 2003.

text: In order to make cascarones, one can use a pin or knife to break a hole in the end of the eggshell and pour the contents out. The shell is then cleaned out, decorated as desired, and allowed to dry, before it is filled with confetti or a small toy. Usually, glue is applied around the outside of the hole and covered with tissue paper.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: Cascarones were said to be originally invented in Mexico in the mid-1800s by Emperor Maximilian’s wife, but this can not be true. Another rumor says that they were brought from China to Spain and eventually Mexico by Marco Polo. An article about Christmas celebrations published in the Los Angeles Star newspaper on January 4, 1855, includes the sentence, "In the city cascarones commanded a premium, and many were complimented with them as a finishing touch to their head dress." Maximilian and his wife Carlota did not arrive in Mexico until 1864, nine years later. It was in Mexico that the perfumed powder was replaced with confetti.[3]


document_title: Politics and the English Language

question_text: when was politics and the english language published

text: Politics and the English Language

text: Summary[edit]

text: Orwell relates what he believes to be a close association between bad prose and oppressive ideology:

text: In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible. Things like the continuance of British rule in India, the Russian purges and deportations, the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, can indeed be defended, but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with the professed aims of political parties. Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness. Defenceless villages are bombarded from the air, the inhabitants driven out into the countryside, the cattle machine-gunned, the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets: this is called pacification. Millions of peasants are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can carry: this is called transfer of population or rectification of frontiers. People are imprisoned for years without trial, or shot in the back of the neck or sent to die of scurvy in Arctic lumber camps: this is called elimination of unreliable elements. Such phraseology is needed if one wants to name things without calling up mental pictures of them.

text: One of Orwell's points is:

text: The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like a cuttlefish spurting out ink.

text: The insincerity of the writer perpetuates the decline of the language as people (particularly politicians, Orwell later notes) attempt to disguise their intentions behind euphemisms and convoluted phrasing. Orwell says that this decline is self-perpetuating. He argues that it is easier to think with poor English because the language is in decline, as the language declines, "foolish" thoughts become even easier, reinforcing the original cause:

text: A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts.

text: Orwell discusses "pretentious diction" and "meaningless words". "Pretentious diction" is used to make biases look impartial and scientific, while "meaningless words" are used to stop the reader from seeing the point of the statement. According to Orwell: "In certain kinds of writing, particularly in art criticism and literary criticism, it is normal to come across long passages which are almost completely lacking in meaning."

text: Five passages[edit]

text: Orwell chooses five passages of text which "illustrate various of the mental vices from which we now suffer." The samples are: by Harold Laski ("five negatives in 53 words"), Lancelot Hogben (mixed metaphors), an essay by Paul Goodman[2] on psychology in the July 1945 issue of politics ("simply meaningless"), a communist pamphlet ("an accumulation of stale phrases") and a reader's letter in Tribune (in which "words and meaning have parted company"). From these, Orwell identifies a "catalogue of swindles and perversions" which he classifies as "dying metaphors", "operators or verbal false limbs", "pretentious diction" and "meaningless words". (see cliches, prolixity, peacock terms and weasel words).

text: Orwell notes that writers of modern prose tend not to write in concrete terms but use a "pretentious latinized style" (compare Anglish). He claims writers find it is easier to gum together long strings of words than to pick words specifically for their meaning, particularly in political writing, where Orwell notes that "[o]rthodoxy ... seems to demand a lifeless, imitative style." Political speech and writing are generally in defence of the indefensible and so lead to a euphemistic inflated style.

text: Orwell criticises bad writing habits which spread by imitation. He argues that writers must think more clearly because thinking clearly "is a necessary first step toward political regeneration". He later emphasises that he was not "considering the literary use of language, but merely language as an instrument for expressing and not for concealing or preventing thought."

text: "Translation" of Ecclesiastes[edit]

text: As a further example, Orwell "translates" Ecclesiastes 9:11:

text: I returned and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all.

text: — into "modern English of the worst sort":

text: Objective consideration of contemporary phenomena compels the conclusion that success or failure in competitive activities exhibits no tendency to be commensurate with innate capacity, but that a considerable element of the unpredictable must invariably be taken into account.

text: Orwell points out that this "translation" contains many more syllables but gives no concrete illustrations, as the original did, nor does it contain any vivid, arresting images or phrases.

text: The headmaster's wife at St Cyprian's School, Mrs. Cicely Vaughan Wilkes (nicknamed "Flip"), taught English to Orwell and used the same method to illustrate good writing to her pupils. She would use simple passages from the King James Bible and then "translate" them into poor English to show the clarity and brilliance of the original.[3] Walter John Christie, who followed Orwell to Eton College, wrote that she preached the virtues of "simplicity, honesty, and avoidance of verbiage",[4] and pointed out that the qualities Flip most prized were later to be seen in Orwell's writing.[5]

text: Remedy of Six Rules[edit]

text: Orwell said it was easy for his contemporaries to slip into bad writing of the sort he had described and that the temptation to use meaningless or hackneyed phrases was like a "packet of aspirins always at one's elbow". In particular, such phrases are always ready to form the writer's thoughts for him to save him the bother of thinking, or writing, clearly. However, he concluded that the progressive decline of the English language was reversible,[6] and suggested six rules which, he claimed, would prevent many of these faults although, "one could keep all of them and still write bad English".

text:
Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. (Examples which Orwell gives of breaking this rule include ring the changes, Achilles' heel, swan song, and hotbed. He describes these as "dying metaphors", and argues that these phrases are used without knowing what is truly being said. Furthermore, he says that using metaphors of this kind makes the original meaning of the phrases meaningless, because those using the phrases do not know their original meaning. Orwell states that "some metaphors now current have been twisted out of their original meaning without those who use them even being aware of the fact.")
Never use a long word where a short one will do.
If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.
Never use the passive where you can use the active.
Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.
Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.

tag: ol

text: Publication[edit]

text: "Politics and the English Language" was first noted in Orwell's payment book of 11 December 1945.[7] The essay was originally published in the April 1946 issue of the journal Horizon (volume 13, issue 76, pages 252–265);[8] it was Orwell's last major article for the journal.[9] The essay was originally intended for George Weidenfeld's Contact magazine but it was turned down.

text: From the time of his wife's death in March 1945 Orwell had maintained a high work rate, producing some 130 literary contributions, many of them lengthy. Animal Farm had been published in August 1945 and Orwell was experiencing a time of critical and commercial literary success. He was seriously ill in February and was desperate to get away from London to the island of Jura, Scotland, where he wanted to start work on Nineteen Eighty-Four.[8]

text: "Politics and the English Language" was published nearly simultaneously with another of Orwell's essays, "The Prevention of Literature". Both reflect Orwell's concern with truth and how truth depends upon the use of language. Orwell noted the deliberate use of misleading language to hide unpleasant political and military facts and also identified a laxity of language among those he identified as pro-soviet. In The Prevention of Literature he also speculated on the type of literature under a future totalitarian society which he predicted would be formulaic and low grade sensationalism. Around the same time Orwell wrote an unsigned editorial for Polemic in response to an attack from "Modern Quarterly". In this he highlights the double-talk and appalling prose of J. D. Bernal in the same magazine, and cites Edmund Wilson's damnation of the prose of Joseph E. Davies in Mission to Moscow.[citation needed]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: In his biography of Orwell, Michael Shelden called the article "his most important essay on style",[10] while Bernard Crick made no reference to the work at all in his original biography, reserving his praise for Orwell's essays in Polemic, which cover a similar political theme.[11] John Rodden asserts, given that much of Orwell's work was polemical, that he sometimes violated these rules and Orwell himself concedes that if you look back through his essay, "for certain you will find that I have again and again committed the very faults I am protesting against",[12] Rodden also says that Terry Eagleton had praised the essay's demystification of political language but later became disenchanted with Orwell.[13]

text: Linguist Geoffrey Pullum—despite being an admirer of Orwell's writing—criticised the essay for "its insane and unfollowable insistence that good writing must avoid all phrases and word uses that are familiar." [14] Orwell's admonition to avoid using the passive voice has also been criticised, Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage refers to three statistical studies of passive versus active sentences in various periodicals, stating: "the highest incidence of passive constructions was 13 percent. Orwell runs to a little over 20 percent in "Politics and the English Language". Clearly he found the construction useful in spite of his advice to avoid it as much as possible".[15]

text: Introductory writing courses frequently cite this essay.[16] A 1999 study found that the essay was reprinted 118 times in 325 editions of 58 readers published between 1946 and 1996 that were intended for use in college-level composition courses.[17]

text: An article from 1981, Carl Freedman's Writing Ideology, and Politics: Orwell's 'Politics and the English Language' and English Composition, set in motion a "wide variety of critiques, reconsiderations, and outright attacks against the plain style"[18] that is argued for in Orwell's essay. The main issue that most critics[weasel words] found with Orwell's argument for simple language is "his simplistic faith about thought and language existing in a dialectical relation with one another; others quickly cut to the chase by insisting that politics, rightly considered, meant the insertion of an undercutting whose before every value word the hegemony holds dear."[19] These critics also began to question Orwell for his argument of the absoluteness of the English language, and really question whose values and truths were being represented through the language. While there are many scholars who defend Orwell's arguments in "Politics and the English Language", there are also those who see many issues with the essay. In Kogan's "In Celebration of George Orwell on the Fiftieth Anniversary of 'Politics and the English Language'" issues arising from Orwell's arguments are discussed.

text: Orwell's writings on the English language have had a large impact on classrooms, journalism, and other writing. In Trail's "Teaching Argument and the Rhetoric of Orwell's 'Politics and the English Language'" it is said that "A large part of Orwell's rhetorical approach consists of attempting at every opportunity to acquire reader participation, to involve the reader as an active and engaged consumer of the essay. Popular journalism is full of what may be the inheritance of Orwell's reader involvement devices".[20] Haltom and Ostrom's work, Teaching George Orwell in Karl Rove's World: 'Politics and the English Language' in the 21st Century Classroom, discusses how following of Orwell's six rules of English writing and speaking can have a place in the high school and university setting.[21]

text: Connection to other works[edit]

text: Orwell's preoccupation with language as a theme can be seen in protagonist Gordon Comstock's dislike of advertising slogans in Keep the Aspidistra Flying, an early work of his. This preoccupation is also visible in Homage to Catalonia, and continued as an underlying theme of Orwell's work for the years after World War II.[22]

text: The themes in "Politics and the English Language" anticipate Orwell's development of Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four.[8] One analyst, Michael Shelden, calls Newspeak "the perfect language for a society of bad writers ... because it reduces the number of choices available to them."[10] Shelden says that Newspeak first corrupts writers morally, then politically, "since it allows writers to cheat themselves and their readers with ready-made prose."[10]