document_title: List of Phineas and Ferb characters

question_text: who plays the voice of jeremy in phineas and ferb

text: List of Phineas and Ferb characters

text: Main characters

text: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas Flynn (voiced by Vincent Martella) Like other characters, he has red hair, his age is not mentioned. Phineas, along with his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher, star in the A-Plot of every episode. The series concerns Phineas's attempts to avoid boredom by finding something new to do every day of the summer vacation. He does this with his less-talkative stepbrother Ferb,[1] and often with many other neighborhood children. He is known to be very selfless and energetic. Phineas has many catch phrases like "Oh, there you are, Perry" or "Hey, Ferb! I know what we're going to do today!" and "Hey, where's Perry?".

text: Phineas comes from a blended family. The creators chose this arrangement because they considered it underused in children's programming as well as from Marsh's experiences in one.[2] As a character, Phineas has received a positive critical response, with one reviewer describing him and his brother as a "comical pairing."[3] Phineas appears in Phineas and Ferb merchandise, including plush toys,[4] t-shirts,[5] and a video game.[6]

text: Ferbs "Ferb" Fletcher

text: Ferb Fletcher (voiced by Thomas Sangster) is a boy of few words, Phineas's green-haired, intelligent but laconic stepbrother from the United Kingdom and created by Phineas and Ferb co-founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh. He first appeared in the show's pilot episode, "Rollercoaster."

text: Ferb and his stepbrother Phineas Flynn spend their days during their summer vacation having fun. They are featured in every episode's A-Plot constructing large scale inventions or taking part in other outlandish activities. Ferb, an engineering genius, allows Phineas to do most of the talking for the pair and is described as "more of a man of action," by Phineas, which makes him more of a plot device than a developed character. Ferb is more likely to sing than speak, but most often has a one-liner in the episodes. Ferb is named after a friend of the show's creators who was an expert on tools and, at times, stayed rather silent.[7]

text: Candace Flynn

text: Candace Flynn (voiced by Ashley Tisdale) is Phineas's fifteen-year-old older sister and Ferb's stepsister.[8] She first appeared in the pilot episode. Candace does not approve of the inventions her brothers create then she hates their creations, and in most episodes she attempts to "bust her brothers" by showing their mom. Her best friend is Stacy Hirano; Candace also has an obvious crush on Jeremy Johnson, but for a long time she was oblivious to the fact he liked her back. As a character, she has received a positive critical acclaim, having appeared in other media such as video games.[9][10]

text: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry the Platypus (vocal effects by Dee Bradley Baker), a.k.a. Agent P, is Phineas and Ferb's pet platypus and first appeared along with a large portion of the main cast in the pilot episode "Rollercoaster." Perry is featured as the star of the B-Plot for all but one episode of the series alongside his arch-nemesis Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, at last he pretend to destroy their creations. He is a primarily silent character, with the only noises being the occasional rattling of his bill.

text: In Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, an alternate reality (yet more evil and ruthless) version of Perry (known as Platyborg) appears. Platyborg would later return in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.

text: Dr. Doofenshmirtz

text: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Dan Povenmire) is a mad scientist appearing in all but one episode's B-Plots thus far. He is the father to teenage Vanessa Doofenshmirtz and is the head of his own company, Doofenshmirtz Evil Inc. Depending on the episode, Dr. Doofenshmirtz's main goal is to either destroy or rule the Tri-State Area which was suggested to him as a starting point before trying to take over the world.[11] Routinely bumbling, incompetent, and forgetful, almost all of Doofenshmirtz's plans—always involving various gadgets and inventions—have been thwarted by Perry the Platypus. However, a few of his schemes were quite successful in nature, such as in the 2014 special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer when Doofenshmirtz succeeded in moving the Earth away from its original orbit to an early autumn, much to Perry's distraught. After most defeats, he shouts his catchphrase, "Curse you, Perry the Platypus!" His first invention as a child was simply called "Inator"[12] which led to his modern contraptions usually ending with the suffix of the same name.

text: Throughout the series, Doofenshmirtz's flashbacks (which are often shown after Perry has been captured) explore his mentally abusive and lonely childhood growing up in the fictional village Gimmelshtump, Druelselstein. Before becoming an evil scientist, Doofenshmirtz was a bratwurst vendor until being put out of business by the hot dog industry. Doofenshmirtz usually monologues[2] and displays acts of cartoon-style physical violence[13] towards his nemesis Perry, a skilled anthropomorphic platypus secret agent. His last name is frequently abbreviated to "Doof". Doofenshmirtz appears in several merchandise pieces, particularly the book series,[14][15][16][17] and the video game.[6]

text: In the 2011 TV film, Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, an alternate reality (yet more intelligent and successful) version of Dr. Doofenshmirtz appears, with the regular Doctor Doofenshmirtz serving as a supporting character. 2nd Doofenshmirtz later returns in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.

text: Secondary characters

text: Baljeet Tjinder

text: Baljeet Tjinder[18] (voiced by Maulik Pancholy) is Phineas' and Ferb's friend and neighbor. He wears blue overalls, despite being in grade school. A shy, intellectual, and polite boy who moved to Danville from India, he often helps the boys with their ideas and displays his knowledge of algebra and trivia. He also has a compulsive need to get good grades.

text: Carl the Intern

text: Carl the Intern (Tyler Alexander Mann) is Major Monogram's young unpaid intern of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) in charge of video taping Monogram when he is being interviewed and talking to Agent P. He is a bit careless, wears glasses, and sometimes forgets to focus the camera correctly.

text: Fireside Girls

text: The Fireside Girls are a group of ten girl scout-like girls led by Isabella in troop 46231. Isabella and the other Fireside Girls usually help Phineas and Ferb in their projects which, in turn, are at times created to help the Fireside Girls with a humanitarian cause.

text: Other members of the troop:

text:
Gretchen (voiced by Ariel Winter) wears glasses and has short auburn hair. She is second in command in the troop and the first (besides Isabella) who had been addressed by name.
Holly (voiced by Cymphonique Miller (seasons 1-2), Diamond White (season 2-4),[19] Dana Davis (as a teenager in "Act Your Age"))
Katie (voiced by Isabella Acres, Soleil McGhee (as a teenager in "Act Your Age"))
Milly (voiced by Isabella Murad, Dannah Phirman (as a teenager in "Act Your Age"))
Adyson Sweetwater (voiced by Madison Pettis) The second member of the troop to be addressed by name, and the first to have been given a last name as well.
Ginger Hirano (voiced by Tiffany Espensen (seasons 1-2), Michaela Zee (season 3-4),[19] Ming-Na (as a teenager in "Act Your Age")) The younger sister of Candace's best friend Stacy. She has a crush on Baljeet.

text: Lawrence Fletcher

text: Lawrence Fletcher (voiced by Richard O'Brien) is the father of Ferb and stepfather of Phineas and Candace. Lawrence sells antiques, is from the United Kingdom and is portrayed like a sitcom dad as being scatterbrained and unaware of what is going on. He often agrees to follow Phineas's instructions and even forces Candace to cooperate as if he considers Phineas and Ferb's skills normal. Unlike the boys' mother, he has seen some of the boys' inventions; he has not reacted negatively, and apparently believes that their mother approves. His precise surname is a matter of some dispute; in at least one episode, Isabella addresses him as "Mr. Flynn".[20] Jeff "Swampy" Marsh has said that Lawrence Fletcher is very similar to his stepfather, Bill.[21]

text: Linda Flynn-Fletcher

text: Linda Flynn-Fletcher (voiced by Caroline Rhea) is the mother of Phineas and Candace and stepmother of Ferb. Unaware of the large-scale projects that Phineas and Ferb create on a daily basis, Candace often drags her away from other interests in an attempt to get the boys in trouble. Each creation is somehow destroyed or eliminated moments before "Mom" arrives leaving Candace dumbfounded and Linda once more reluctant to believe Candace the next time. She was also a one-hit wonder known as "Lindana" with her song, "I'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun". That fact possibly makes her, as a singer, a parody of Cyndi Lauper, because of Lauper's hit Girls Just Want to Have Fun, and because both of them were famous singers in the 1980s (Linda fictionally). Her single is used as elevator music throughout the series.[22] Her surname is not consistent throughout the series; in at least one episode, Candace refers to her as "Linda Flynn".[23] She is based on Dan Povenmire's sister, also named Linda.[21] She also used to date Dr. Doofenshmirtz during their mid-teens and that she was the one who inspired him to take over the Tri-State Area as a starting point for worldwide domination when he sarcastically stated that he would rule the world.

text: Isabella Garcia-Shapiro

text: Isabella Garcia-Shapiro (voiced by Alyson Stoner) is a Jewish Mexican girl.[24] She is one of the brothers' best friends and has an obvious crush on Phineas Flynn of which he is unaware, though he has shown he cares for her from time to time. She is known for the catchphrase, "Whatcha doin'?" and is the leader of the Fireside Girls troop 46231. The troop often helps Phineas and Ferb in their projects.[25] She is named after series creator Dan Povenmire's oldest daughter.[26]

text: Stacy Hirano

text: Stacy Hirano (voiced by Kelly Hu) is Candace's best friend. She is of Japanese heritage. Stacy is shown to be annoyed by Candace's constant attempts to bust Phineas and Ferb, and would prefer to just have fun with the inventions; she also occasionally gets annoyed with Candace's gushing about her relationship with Jeremy. During the episode "Happy Birthday, Isabella", she finds out about Perry's secret Identity but doesn't lose her memories afterwards.[27][28]

text: Jeremy Johnson

text: Jeremy Johnson (voiced by Mitchel Musso) is Candace Flynn's crush and later boyfriend. His age is sixteen, a year older than Candace. He works at Mr. Slushy Burger (sometimes named Mr. Slushy Dawg). In "Summer Belongs to You," it was confirmed that he and Candace had become boyfriend and girlfriend; toward the end of the episode, they kissed.[29] He also has a band called "The Incidentals."

text: Major Monogram

text: Major Francis Monogram (voiced by Jeff "Swampy" Marsh) is one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) Department and Perry the Platypus' boss. He usually appears in a Nehru jacket on a giant screen giving Perry instructions for his next mission to stop Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz's endless attempts to take over the Tri-State Area. His uniform prominently features the initials "MM." He has a monobrow and wears a toupée. Sometimes, he is shown to have a lack of details about what Doofenshmirtz is up to, and orders Perry to go stop it as usual. Just like Doofenshmirtz, he has appeared in every episode of the series to date except, "Isabella and the Temple of Sap."

text: Buford van Stomm

text: Buford van Stomm (voiced by Bobby Gaylor) is frequently referred to as a bully, but he rarely hurts anyone on-screen. He is portrayed as a nice person with a tough guy attitude more often than as a bully. Phineas believes that Buford only bullies out of boredom thus Phineas often invites him to keep his mind occupied. He is thought not to get along with Baljeet, but in most episodes it is shown that they share a friendly bond. In one episode, Buford and Baljeet sing a song where they describe each other as "Frenemies" and "my least favorite brother".

text: Vanessa Doofenshmirtz

text: Vanessa Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Olivia Olson) is Heinz and Charlene Doofenshmirtz's teenage daughter. She is sarcastic, mild-mannered, cynical, and dresses in a goth style. Vanessa is aware that her father is an evil scientist and knows about her father's nemesis Perry the Platypus. She is often exasperated by her father whenever he tries to establish a "father-daughter" bond between them as he doesn't really understand her interests or refuses to acknowledge that she is growing up and often assumes that she is also interested in "evil." She often tries to convince her mom that her dad is an "evil scientist" but, much like Candace, ultimately always fails when she does appear trying to catch him in the act, much to her dismay. She does, however, occasionally show appreciation for what he does for her, as he is clearly devoted to her (he once taught her how to drive and traveled halfway around the world after she got lost).[30] Also, despite denying it so many times, Vanessa admits that she may be a little evil, as she once helped her father escape from custody by posing her hairdryer as a pistol to fool Major Monogram and Perry into releasing Doofenshmirtz, as shown in the special Phineas and Ferb: Summer Belongs to You!. Although Ferb has a crush on her, she remains oblivious to his affections as she already had a punk (not visigoth) boyfriend named "Johnny.", whom she later broke up with in the episode "Minor Monogram". She is in a relationship with Monty Monogram, the son of Major Monogram; however "Act Your Age" depicts her becoming involved with Ferb ten years down the line.

text: In addition to this, Vanessa makes a cameo appearance in the 2011 TV film, "Phineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension", along with an alternative reality version of herself (2nd Vanessa), though their scenes were deleted. 2nd Vanessa returned in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.

text: Recurring characters

text: Vivian Garcia-Shapiro

text: Vivian Garcia-Shapiro (voiced by Eileen Galindo), or simply "Viv," is Isabella's mother and lives across the street from Phineas and Ferb. She is a Jewish Mexican,[24] one of Linda's best friends, and plays upright bass in a jazz band with Linda Flynn and Jeremy's mom. She is known for talking very fast and often making useless comments such as, "Oh, Candace, look how tall you've gotten." despite seeing Candace only a week earlier.

text: Jenny Brown

text: Jenny Brown (voiced by Alyson Stoner) is Candace's second best friend and a hippie. She wears a peace symbol necklace and says that she hopes for world peace.

text: Pinky

text: Pinky (vocals by Dee Bradley Baker) is Isabella's pet chihuahua. Much like Perry the Platypus, Pinky also lives a double-life as a secret agent for the O.W.C.A. under the codename, "Agent Pinky" in a division run by a commander named Wanda, a.k.a. Admiral Acronym. Pinky's nemesis is Professor Poofenplotz.[31] Although he does not like dog food, Pinky will eat just about anything–especially his favorite; grilled cheese sandwiches, and even inedible objects, having once swallowed Isabella's Fireside Girl sash. Pinky always shakes as an ongoing joke about the behavior of Chihuahuas. He first appeared in the episode, "Journey to the Center of Candace."

text: Norm

text: Norm (voiced by John Viener) is a giant robot man created by Dr. Doofenshmirtz to destroy Perry the Platypus. Introduced in "Greece Lightning," he is a giant robotic mild-mannered businessman who often says, "The enemy of platypus is man." Norm has appeared in other episodes. For instance, in the episode, "Traffic Cam Caper," Perry borrows Norm as a ride to steal the traffic cam disk, for it has evidence that Perry is a secret agent. He was once a part of the O.W.C.A. but was fired because he was not an animal. Later in the series, he is depicted as Doofenshmirtz's sidekick and servant who makes frequent mistakes such as cooking eggs with the shells on or serving Doof chocolate cake for breakfast, though always staying cheery. In the episode "A Real Boy", Norm reveals that he has always wanted to be a human boy and considers Doofenshmirtz his father and Vanessa his sister.

text: In the 2011 TV film, Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, a group of alternate reality (yet more menacing and successful) versions of Norm (known as Norm-Bots) appear, with the regular Norm making a cameo.

text: Charlene Doofenshmirtz

text: Charlene Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Allison Janney) is the former wife of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz and shares custody of their daughter, Vanessa. Unaware of Dr. Doofenshmirtz's "evil" side, and in fact saying she does not believe someone can ever be truly evil, she divorced him due to a lack of common interests and having different life-goals. She is very wealthy and gives her ex-husband a large allowance each month. She is sometimes called by Vanessa who tries to "bust" her father but to no avail. Charlene and Linda Flynn-Fletcher have been paired up in a cooking class owned by Chef Pierre and in "I Scream, You Scream" were distracted by both Candace and Vanessa at the same time. Despite being divorced with Doof, she still goes to Doofenshmirtz family reunions claiming that she "kept the name," as seen in "Thaddeus and Thor."

text: However, in the episode "Tales From the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension" (the episode sequel to the 2011 TV film, "Phineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension"), it is shown that there is an alternate reality version of Charlene Doofenshmirtz. It turns out that 2nd Charlene is still married to 2nd Doof and actually shares much of his evil personality, and that their divorce was just a ruse to gain financial advantages during 2nd Doof's reign (such as receiving coupon mail, putting up junk yard sales, and going on separate vacation trips).

text: Suzy Johnson

text: Suzy Johnson (voiced by Kari Wahlgren), known as Little Suzy Johnson, is Jeremy's little sister. She has a high-pitched squeaky voice and appears very sweet and innocent. However, she is actually very spoiled and manipulative and very possessive over Jeremy, once telling Candace, "There is only one girl in Jeremy's life" and thus will do anything to keep Candace away from her brother.

text: Grandpa Clyde and Grandma Betty Jo

text: Grandpa Clyde Flynn and Grandma Betty Jo Flynn (voiced by Barry Bostwick and Caroline Rhea respectively) are Linda's parents, Phineas and Candace's maternal grandparents, Lawrence's -in-laws, and Ferb's step-grandparents. Every summer, they invite the family along with many neighborhood kids to a lakehouse which Phineas calls, "Camp P&F". Though they are old, they often participate in the kids' capers. Grandpa Clyde, like Phineas and Ferb, has a great sense of mechanics, as seen in "Crack That Whip!" Betty Jo is also shown in the same episode to have a fierce rivalry with Edna Hildagard, Jeremy and Suzy's grandmother.

text: Grandpa Reginald and Grandma Winifred

text: Grandma Winifred Fletcher and Grandpa Reginald Fletcher (voiced by Malcolm McDowell and Jane Carr) are Lawrence's parents, Ferb's paternal grandparents, Phineas and Candace's step grandparents, and Linda Flynn Fletcher's in laws who reside in the United Kingdom. Reginald used to be a daredevil known as the Flying Fishmonger the anthem.

text: Roger Doofenshmirtz

text: Roger Doofenshmirtz (voiced by John O'Hurley) is mayor of Danville and Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz's younger brother. Heinz often states angrily that Roger is their mother's favorite son. In "Tree to Get Ready" Roger states that he is, "the most handsome and charming man in the Tri-State area."

text: Irving Du Bois

text: Irving Du Bois (voiced by Jack McBrayer) is Phineas' and Ferb's self-proclaimed biggest fan. He always carries a scrapbook that he filled with images and souvenirs from Phineas and Ferb's big ideas as well as a strand of Ferb's hair.[32] Irving has an older brother Albert, who is self-nicknamed 'The Truth Detector.'

text: Django Brown

text: Django Brown (voiced by Alec Holden) is a friend of Phineas and Ferb. Django is the son of the artist Beppo Brown from "Oil on Candace," who is famous for his work in making giant creations, from refrigerators to dental floss. He is named after co-creator's Jeff "Swampy" Marsh son, Django Marsh, who voices minor characters on the show.[33]

text: Admiral Acronym

text: Admiral Wanda Acronym (voiced by Jane Leeves) is the one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) Department and Pinky the Chihuahua' boss. Just like Major Monogram, she usually appears on a giant screen giving Pinky instructions for his next mission to stop Professor Poofenplotz's endless attempts to take over the world.

text: Also, just like Monogram (who has an unpaid intern named Carl), Adrimal Acronym has her own unpaid intern named Carla, who bears some resemblances to Carl.

text: Carla

text: Carla (voiced by Jennifer Hale) is one of the interns working for the O.W.C.A.. She bears some resemblances to Carl (possible could be her brother or cousin), as her boss Admiral Acronym stated that she comes from an 'entire family of unpaid interns'. She usually gives in the intelligence of whatever plans that Poofenplotz is up to.

text: Professor Poofenplotz

text: Professor Esmeralda Poofenplotz (voiced by Amanda Plummer) is an old mad scientist and the nemesis of Agent Pinky, Isabella's pet Chihuahua. She is known for her silly attempts for worldwide domination. Her known schemes so far involve replacing handbags, stealing royal jelly, and searching for strong hairspray (her favorite is "Stiff Beauty" hairspray, which originally was only used by clowns). Needless to say, because of her somewhat arrogant personality, Poofenplotz has failed to know about the flaws of her schemes. And because of that, it has allowed Pinky to defeat her in return, leaving an humiliated Poofenplotz to yell out, "Curse you, Pinky the Chihuahua!", similar to how Heinz Doofenshmirtz says whenever his plans get foiled by Perry the Platypus.

text: Love Händel

text: Love Händel is a rock band idolized by many in the Danville Tri-State Area, first seen the episode, "Dude, We're Gettin' the Band Back Together!" Lawrence Fletcher and Linda Flynn shared their first kiss at a Love Händel concert. Shortly afterward, plagued by infighting caused by the pressures of a dwindling fanbase, Love Händel split up. Lead Singer Danny (voiced by Jaret Reddick) became the owner of Danny's Music Shop. Bass Player Bobbi Fabulous (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) became the owner of Bobbi's Fashion Salon and Linda's hairdresser. Sherman "Swampy" (voiced by Steve Zahn) ended up working at the Danville Public Library, believing he had lost his sense of rhythm. Eventually all three members are convinced to reunite for a concert in the Flynn/Fletcher's backyard, in which they sing their hit song, "You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart." Love Handel occasionally reappears in other episodes and in the movie where they sing their songs.

text: Monty Monogram

text: Monty Monogram (voiced by Seth Green) is Major Monogram's son and has been working in O.W.C.A. since "Minor Monogram". Vanessa Doofenshmirtz seems to become interested in him after she broke up with Johnny, and it is possible that he is slightly interested in her too because he winks at her before leaving. They have coffee together in "Sipping with the Enemy", at which point they apparently begin to date one another. In "Minor Monogram" he has recently graduated from the "High School Without a Cool Acronym" (H.S.W.C.A.) and he really wants to fight evil following his dad's footsteps. Due to the rivalry between his father and Dr. Doofenshmirtz, he and Vanessa try to keep it secret from the two of them, aided by Perry and Carl (though the latter briefly blackmailed Monty in hopes of getting his help in earning Major Monogram's approval). In the special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer, Monty played a major role as he attempts to help rescue all of the captured agents and defeat the villains of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. in their plan to take over the world by sending it into a new Ice Age.

text: Dr. Hirano

text: Dr. Hirano (voiced by Ming-Na Wen) is Stacy and Ginger's mother. She removed Isabella's tonsils in, "I Scream, You Scream." She is often referred to through conversations between Candace and Stacy where Candace gratifies, "Stacy, you're a genius!" and Stacy replies, "Could you call my mom and tell her that?"

text: Rodney

text: Aloyse Everheart Elizabeth Otto Wolfgang Hypatia Gunther Galen Gary Cooper von Roddenstein (voiced by Joe Orrantia), or Rodney for short, is a bald evil scientist and a member of the villain organization L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N.. He serves as the main rival to Dr. Doofenshmirtz, believing him to a disappointment because of his constant failures. Throughout most of his appearances, Rodney attempts to best out on Doofenshmirtz to show that he's a better villain, only to fail so many times (either due to Doofenshmirtz's antics or Perry's intervention). Similar to Doofenshmirtz, Rodney usually makes his own inventions and ends them with the suffix '-inizor'. He also has his own robot apprentice named Chloe, whom Norm fell in love with. He also has a son named Orville, who usually helps him create his -inizors.

text: Rodney would later go on to appear in the 2014 episode special, "Phineas and Ferb Save Summer", where he learns that Doofenshmirtz has actually succeeded in moving the Earth away from the Sun to an early autumn with his latest -inator. Taking the opportunity to exploit this, Rodney leads L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. into revealing themselves to the world and capturing all of O.W.C.A.'s agents. He even creates an -inizor (which is just ten times the size and strength of Doof's -inator) that will send the Earth into a new Ice Age if the world refuse to meet all of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N.'s demands. However, in the end, Doofenshmirtz (who is completely disgusted by Rodney's true goal for worldwide domination) manages to defeat Rodney, who then gets arrested by Monty Monogram and taken into O.W.C.A. custody.

text: Professor Parenthesis

text: Professor Parenthesis (voiced by Paul Reubens) is an evil scientist serving in the 2015 standalone special, O.W.C.A. Files. He has claimed to have known Major Monogram during biology class 30 years ago (even announcing several names of their old classmates). In the special, Parenthesis plots to take over O.W.C.A. by using robotic fleas to take control of all of its animal agents, so that he can unleash them to wreak havoc around the world in order to smear O.W.C.A.'s good name. During the climax, he is revealed to be a tiny talking flea controlling a human android, as he plans to capture Perry (who is among the few agents not be infested with the robotic fleas) while finalizing his control over the agents to become permanent. However, Perry's team of trainees (including Doofenshmirtz, who has given up evil at that time) set up a trap against Parenthesis, destroy his robotic fleas to free the agents, and confine Parenthesis inside a pill bottle as punishment for his crimes.

text: Minor characters

text: There are several characters that reappear as recurring joke such as farmer and wife. The wife always tells her husband "I can't believe you (blank) without getting a (blank)" and then it falls from the sky and sometimes hits her. For example, in the episode, "Leave the Busting to Us", the wife says, "I can't believe you bought a bunny farm but forgot to buy any bunnies! Did you really think the bunnies would fall from the sky?" A pack of rabbits then falls from the sky and hits her. Then in the end credits scene from said episode, the wife yells at her husband, "I can't believe you sold our lucrative bunny farm and bought a van rental place! And you didn't buy a single van!" She hears a van falling over her and says, "Not one word," just before the van crashes and injures her (the screen blacks out the impact).

text: Another minor character is the Giant Floating Baby Head. In an interview, Dan Povenmire stated that the head had originated from a storyboard panel that writer Mike Diederich had drawn which director Rob Hughes found hilarious enough to create an entire bit around. It first appears in "One Good Scare Ought to Do It!" and has since appeared in several other episode. [34]

text: Dr. Doofenshmirtz's mother (Cloris Leachman) has appeared. She refers to Roger being her favorite child and often ignores Heinz. Albert (voiced by Diedrich Bader), Irving's Brother has appeared in "Not Phineas and Ferb", "The Doof Side of the Moon", and "Nerds of a Feather".

text: Celebrity guest stars

text: see the list of guest stars on Phineas and Ferb


document_title: History of the British canal system

question_text: what is the oldest canal in the uk

question_tokens: what is the oldest canal in the uk

root

text: History of the British canal system

text: Overview[edit]

text: The canal system dates to Roman Britain, but was largely used for irrigation or to link rivers. The navigable water network in the British Isles grew as the demand for industrial transport increased. It grew rapidly at first, and became an almost completely connected network covering the South, Midlands, and parts of the North of England and Wales. There were canals in Scotland, but they were not connected to the English canals or, generally, to each other (the main exception being the Monkland Canal, the Union Canal and the Forth and Clyde Canal which connected the River Clyde and Glasgow to the River Forth and Edinburgh). As building techniques improved, older canals were improved by straightening, embankments, cuttings, tunnels, aqueducts, inclined planes, and boat lifts, which together snipped many miles and locks, and therefore hours and cost, from journeys. However, there was often fierce opposition to the building.[2]

tag: p

text: 18th century[edit]

text: The modern canal network came into being because the Industrial Revolution (which began in Britain during the mid-18th century) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities. Some 29 river navigation improvements took place in the 16th and 17th centuries[3] starting with the Thames locks and the River Wey Navigation. The biggest growth was in the so-called "narrow" canals which extended water transport to the emerging industrial areas of the Staffordshire potteries and Birmingham as well as a network of canals joining Yorkshire and Lancashire and extending to London.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The 19th century saw some major new canals such as the Caledonian Canal and the Manchester Ship Canal. By the second half of the 19th century, many canals were increasingly becoming owned by railway companies or competing with them, and many were in decline, with decreases in mile-ton charges to try to remain competitive. After this, the less successful canals (particularly narrow-locked canals, whose boats could only carry about thirty tons) failed quickly.[4]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: The 20th century brought competition from road haulage, and only the strongest canals survived until the Second World War. After the war, there was a rapid decline in trade on all the remaining canals, and by the mid 1960s only a token traffic was left, even on the widest and most industrial waterways.

text: In the 1960s the infant canal leisure industry was only just sufficient to prevent the closure of the remaining canals, but then the pressure to maintain canals for leisure purposes increased. From the 1970s, increasing numbers of closed canals were restored by enthusiast volunteers. The success of these projects has led to the funding and use of contractors to complete large restoration projects and complex civil engineering projects such as the restoration of the Victorian Anderton Boat Lift and the new Falkirk Wheel rotating lift.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: Restoration projects by volunteer-led groups continue. There is now a substantial network of interconnecting, fully navigable canals across the country. In places, serious plans are in progress by the Environment Agency and British Waterways Board, later the Canal & River Trust,[5] for building new canals to expand the network, link isolated sections, and create new leisure opportunities for navigating "canal rings", for example the Fens Waterways Link and the Bedford and Milton Keynes Waterway.

text: Early history[edit]

text: Roman Britain[edit]

text: The first British canals were built in Roman times as irrigation or land drainage canals or short connecting spurs between navigable rivers, such as the Foss Dyke, Car Dyke and Bourne-Morton Canal; all in Lincolnshire. See Roman Britain and list of Roman canals.

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: A spate of building projects, such as castles, monasteries and churches, led to the improvement of rivers for the transportation of building materials.[6] Various Acts of Parliament were passed regulating transportation of goods, tolls and horse towpaths for various rivers.[6][7] These included the rivers Severn, Witham, Trent and Yorkshire Ouse.[6] The first Act for navigational improvement in England was in 1425, for improvement of the river Lea, a major tributary of the River Thames.[8][9]

text: Post-medieval transport systems[edit]

text: In the post-medieval period, some natural waterways were "canalised" or improved for boat traffic in the 16th century. The first Act of Parliament was obtained by the City of Canterbury in 1515, to extend navigation on the River Stour in Kent, followed by the River Exe in 1539, which led to the construction in 1566 of a new channel, the Exeter Canal.[7] Simple flash locks were provided to regulate the flow of water and allow loaded boats to pass through shallow waters by admitting a rush of water, but these were not purpose-built canals as we understand them today.

text: The transport system that existed before the canals were built consisted of coastal shipping and horses and carts struggling along mostly unsurfaced mud roads (although there were some surfaced turnpike roads). There was also a small amount of traffic carried along navigable rivers. In the 17th century, as early industry started to expand, this transport situation was highly unsatisfactory. The restrictions of coastal shipping and river transport were obvious, and horses and carts could only carry one or two tons of cargo at a time. The poor state of most of the roads meant that they could often become unusable after heavy rain. Because of the small loads that could be carried, supplies of essential commodities such as coal and iron ore were limited, and this kept prices high and restricted economic growth. One horse-drawn canal barge could carry about thirty tonnes at a time, faster than road transport and at half the cost.[1]

text: Some 29 river navigation improvements took place in the 16th and 17th centuries.[3] In 1605, the government of King James I established the Oxford-Burcot Commission, which began to improve the system of locks and weirs on the River Thames, which were opened between Oxford and Abingdon by 1635.[10] In 1635 Sir Richard Weston was appointed to develop the River Wey Navigation, making Guildford accessible by 1653.[11] In 1670 the Stamford Canal opened, indistinguishable from 18th century examples with a dedicated cut and double-door locks. In 1699 legislation was passed to permit the Aire & Calder Navigation which was opened 1703, and the Trent Navigation which was built by George Hayne and opened in 1712.[12] Subsequently, the Kennet built by John Hore opened in 1723, the Mersey and Irwell opened in 1725, and the Bristol Avon in 1727. John Smeaton was the engineer of the Calder & Hebble which opened in 1758, and a series of eight pound locks was built to replace flash locks on the River Thames between Maidenhead and Reading, beginning in 1772.[13] The net effect of these was to bring most of England, with the notable exceptions of Birmingham and Staffordshire, within 15 miles (24 km) of a waterway.[14]

text: The Industrial Revolution[edit]

text: The modern canal system was mainly a product of the 18th and early 19th centuries. It came into being because the Industrial Revolution (which began in Britain during the mid-18th century) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities.

text: By the early 18th century, river navigations such as the Aire and Calder Navigation were becoming quite sophisticated, with pound locks and longer and longer "cuts" (some with intermediate locks) to avoid circuitous or difficult stretches of rivers. Eventually, the experience of building long multi-level cuts with their own locks gave rise to the idea of building a "pure" canal, a waterway designed on the basis of where goods needed to go, not where a river happened to be.

text: The claim for the first pure canal in Great Britain is debated between "Sankey" and "Bridgewater" supporters.[15] The first true canal in the United Kingdom was the Newry Canal in Northern Ireland constructed by Thomas Steers in 1741.

text: The Sankey Brook Navigation[edit]

text: The Sankey Brook Navigation, which connected St Helens with the River Mersey, is often claimed as the first modern "purely artificial" canal, because although it was originally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it included an entirely new artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley.[6][15] However, "Bridgewater" supporters point out that the last quarter-mile (400 m) of the navigation is indeed a canalised stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal (less obviously associated with an existing river) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals.[6][15]

text: The Bridgewater Canal[edit]

text: In the mid-18th century the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, who owned a number of coal mines in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal to the rapidly industrialising city of Manchester. He commissioned the engineer James Brindley to build a canal to do just that. Brindley's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the River Irwell. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists.[6][15] The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and it was called the Bridgewater Canal. It opened in 1761 and was the longest canal constructed in Britain to that date.

text: Horse drawn canal transport[edit]

text: The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canals were horse-drawn with a towpath alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system proved to be highly economical and became standard across the British canal network. Commercial horse-drawn canal boats could be seen on the UK's canals until as late as the 1950s, although by then diesel powered boats, often towing a second unpowered boat, had become standard.

text: The canal boats could carry thirty tons at a time with only one horse pulling[1] - more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart. Because of this huge increase in supply, the Bridgewater Canal reduced the price of coal in Manchester by nearly two-thirds within just a year of its opening. The Bridgewater Canal was also a huge financial success: it repaid the cost of its construction within just a few years.

text: The Golden Age[edit]

text: This success proved the viability of canal transport, and soon industrialists in many other parts of the country wanted canals. After the Bridgewater Canal, the early canals were built by groups of private individuals with an interest in improving communications. In Staffordshire the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood saw an opportunity to bring bulky cargoes of clay to his factory doors, and to transport his fragile finished goods to market in Manchester, Birmingham or further afield by water, minimising breakages. Within just a few years of the Bridgewater's opening, an embryonic national canal network came into being, with the construction of canals such as the Oxford Canal and the Trent & Mersey Canal.[4]

text: The new canal system was both cause and effect of the rapid industrialisation of the Midlands and the north. The period between the 1770s and the 1830s is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of British canals.

text: For each canal, an Act of Parliament was necessary to authorise construction, and as people saw the high incomes achieved from canal tolls, canal proposals came to be put forward by investors interested in profiting from dividends, at least as much as by people whose businesses would profit from cheaper transport of raw materials and finished goods.

text: In a further development, there was often out-and-out speculation, in which people would try to buy shares in a newly floated company simply to sell them on for an immediate profit, regardless of whether the canal was ever profitable, or even built. During this period of "canal mania", huge sums were invested in canal building, and although many schemes came to nothing, the canal system rapidly expanded to nearly 4,000 miles (over 6,400 kilometres) in length.[1]

text: Many rival canal companies were formed and competition was rampant. Perhaps the best example was Worcester Bar in Birmingham, a point where the Worcester and Birmingham Canal and the Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line were only 7 feet (2.1 m) apart. For many years, a dispute about tolls meant that goods travelling through Birmingham had to be portaged from boats in one canal to boats in the other.[16]

text: The people[edit]

text: For the first era of canals until toll cuts to combat railway competition family boating did not exist.[clarification needed] Crews were all male and their families lived in cottages on the bank. The practice of all male crews for steamers continued until after the First World War. Wives and children came aboard as extra labour and to save rental costs during the latter part of the 19th century. About this time boat decoration of "Roses and Castles" began to appear. During this period, whole families lived aboard the boats. They were often marginalised from land-based society. The church of St Thomas the Martyr, Oxford, under the curacy of John Jones, acquired in 1839 an innovative "Boatman's Floating Chapel", a houseboat to serve the families working on the river and the canals.[17] This boat was St Thomas' first chapel of ease; it was donated by H. Ward, a local coal merchant, and used until it sank in 1868. It was replaced by a chapel dedicated to St Nicholas, which remained in use until 1892.

text: Others tried to care for the boat people. Mary Ward (1885–1972) acted as a nurse for decades from the rope shop at Stoke Bruerne.

text: Standard locks[edit]

text: For reasons of economy and the constraints of 18th-century engineering technology, the early canals were built to a narrow width. The standard for the dimensions of narrow canal locks was set by Brindley with his first canal locks, those on the Trent and Mersey Canal in 1776. These locks were 72 feet 7 inches (22.12 m) long by 7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m) wide.[15] The narrow width was perhaps set by the fact that he was only able to build Harecastle Tunnel to accommodate 7 feet (2.1 m) wide boats.[15]

text: His next locks were wider. He built locks 72 feet 7 inches (22.12 m) long by 15 feet (4.6 m) wide when he extended the Bridgewater Canal to Runcorn, where the canal's only locks lowered boats to the River Mersey.

text: The narrow locks on the Trent and Mersey limited the width (beam) of the boats (which came to be called narrowboats), and thus limited the quantity of the cargo they could carry to around thirty tonnes. This decision would in later years make the canal network economically uncompetitive for freight transport, and by the mid 20th century it was no longer possible to work a thirty-tonne load economically.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Brindley believed it would be possible to use canals to link the four great rivers of England: the Mersey, Trent, Severn and Thames. The Trent and Mersey Canal was the first part of this ambitious network, but although he and his assistants surveyed the whole potential system, he did not live to see it completed - coal was finally transported from the Midlands to the Thames at Oxford in January 1790, eighteen years after his death. Development of the network was left to other engineers, notably Thomas Telford, whose Ellesmere Canal helped link the Severn and the Mersey.[4]

text: The bulk of the canal system was built in the industrial Midlands and the north of England, where navigable rivers most needed extending and connecting, and heavy cargoes of manufactured goods, raw materials or coal most needed carrying. Most of the traffic on the canal network was internal. However, the network linked with coastal port cities such as London, Liverpool, and Bristol, where cargo could be exchanged with seagoing ships for import and export.[18]

text: The West Midlands and the North West of England[edit]

text: The North West and West Midlands regions contain a dense network of canals.

text: The great manufacturing cities of Manchester and Birmingham were major economic drivers for the 'canal mania' which reached its peak in 1793, and both benefited from a network of canals, most of which survive.

text: In the industrial conurbation of Birmingham and the Black Country, a dense network of nearly 160 miles (260 km) of canals, dubbed the Birmingham Canal Navigations (BCN) was constructed to serve the network of industries.[18]

text: A similarly dense network of canals was constructed in the Greater Manchester area, serving the local textile industries: The Bridgewater, Rochdale, and Ashton canals were examples of these.

text: Manchester had a canal connection to the nearby port of Liverpool via the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. However, in the nineteenth century, Manchester's merchants became dissatisfied with the poor service and high charges offered by the Liverpool docks, and the near-monopoly of the railways. They decided to bypass the Liverpool monopoly on coastal trade by converting a section of the Irwell into the Manchester Ship Canal, which opened in 1894, turning Manchester into an inland port in its own right.[18]

text: Birmingham's canals linked to the national network in several directions. To the north, several trunk cross-country canals, linking Birmingham to Manchester were constructed, including the Trent and Mersey and Shropshire Union Canal. The Coventry Canal, the Oxford Canal, and what is now the Grand Union Canal linked southwards to London. And to the south-west, the Worcester & Birmingham and Staffordshire & Worcestershire canals linked to the River Severn.

text: Yorkshire and the East of England[edit]

text: The industrial revolution saw Yorkshire towns and cities such as Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford and Huddersfield develop large textile and coal mining industries, which required an efficient transport system. As early as the late 17th century, the Aire and Calder and Calder and Hebble navigations had been canalised, allowing navigation from Leeds to the Humber Estuary, whereas the River Don Navigation connected Sheffield to the Humber.[18]

text: Later in the 18th century, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was constructed, creating an east-west link, giving access to the port at Liverpool allowing export of finished goods. The Rochdale and Huddersfield Broad and Narrow canals connected to Manchester.

text: The East Midlands cities of Nottingham and Leicester were connected to the national network via the canalised River Trent and River Soar, whilst Leicester had a connection to London via the Grand Union Canal.

text: London and the South East[edit]

text: By contrast, London was a port, served by already-navigable rivers like the Thames and the River Lea, (which was canalised). It needed canals only to take goods in and out from seagoing ships, where such rivers were unavailable.

text: As early as 1790 London was linked to the national network via the River Thames and the Oxford Canal. A more direct route between London and the national canal network; the Grand Junction Canal opened in 1805.

text: Apart from this, relatively few canals were built in London itself; the few that were included the Limehouse Cut, the Regent's Canal and the now defunct Grand Surrey and Croydon canals.

text: To the south of London, the Wey and Arun Canal linked London to Portsmouth. However, the canal was a financial failure and closed in 1871.[19]

text: South Wales and South West England[edit]

text: The South West of England had several east-west cross-country canals, which connected the River Thames to the River Severn and the River Avon, allowing the cities of Bristol and Bath to be connected to London: These were Thames and Severn Canal which linked to the Stroudwater Navigation, the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Wilts and Berks Canal, which linked to these three rivers; all of these linked into the national canal system via the Oxford Canal and the River Severn (via the Worcester & Birmingham and Staffordshire & Worcestershire canals). All of these east-west canals fell derelict in the early 20th century, and only the Kennet and Avon is today navigable, having been restored.[19]

text: A few self-contained canals, not connected to the national system, were built in Devon and Cornwall, such as the Bude Canal and the St. Columb Canal. The same was true for South Wales, with several isolated canals running along the South Wales Valleys. These included the Swansea Canal, the Neath and Tennant Canal, the Glamorganshire Canal and the Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal. Nearly all of these canals were constructed to serve local industries, and fell derelict when faced with competition from other modes of transport.[19]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: Within Scotland, the Forth and Clyde Canal and the Union Canal connected the major cities in the industrial Central Belt; they also provide a short cut for boats to cross between the west and the east without a sea voyage. The Caledonian Canal provided a similar function in the Highlands of Scotland. The Crinan Canal avoided the need for a long diversion around the Kintyre peninsula, and the Glasgow, Paisley and Johnstone Canal was intended to link these three places directly to the west coast of Scotland, but never reached beyond Johnstone. The Monkland Canal was conceived in 1769 by tobacco merchants and other entrepreneurs as a way of bringing cheap coal into Glasgow from the coalfields of the Monklands area.

text: Operations[edit]

text: On the majority of British canals, the canal-owning companies did not own or run a fleet of boats since this was usually prohibited by the Acts of Parliament setting them up to prevent monopolies developing. Instead, they charged private operators tolls to use the canal. These tolls were also usually regulated by the Acts. From these tolls they would try, with varying degrees of success, to maintain the canal, pay back initial loans and pay dividends to their shareholders.

text: In winter special icebreaker boats with reinforced hulls would be used to break the ice. The boats used on canals were usually derived from local coasting or river craft, but on the narrow canals the 7-foot-wide (2.1 m) narrowboat was the standard. Their 72-foot (22 m) length came from the boats used on the Mersey estuary, with their width of 7 feet (2.1 m) chosen as half that of existing boats, and adopted to make canals cheaper to build. All boats on the canals were horsedrawn. Packet boats carried packages up to 112 pounds (51 kg) in weight as well as passengers at relatively high speed day and night. To compete with railways, the flyboat was introduced, cargo-carrying boats working day and night. These boats were crewed by three men, who operated a watch system whereby two men worked while the other slept. Horses were changed regularly. When steam boats were introduced in the late nineteenth century, crews were enlarged to four. The boats were owned and operated by individual carriers, or by carrying companies who would pay the captain a wage depending on the distance travelled, and the amount of cargo.

text: Gradual decline[edit]

text: Railway competition[edit]

text: From about 1840 railways began to threaten canals, as they could not only carry more than the canals but could transport people and goods far more quickly than the walking pace of the canal boats. Most of the investment that had previously gone into canal building was diverted into railway building.

text: Canal companies were unable to compete against the speed of the new railways, and in order to survive, they had to slash their prices. This put an end to the huge profits that canal companies had enjoyed before the coming of the railways, and also had an effect on the boatmen who faced a drop in wages. Flyboat working virtually ceased, as it could not compete with the railways on speed and the boatmen found they could only afford to keep their families by taking them with them on the boats. This became standard practice across the canal system, with in many cases families with several children living in tiny boat cabins, creating a considerable community of boat people. Though this community ostensibly had much in common with Gypsies both communities strongly resisted any such comparison, and surviving boat people feel deeply insulted if described as 'water gypsies'.

text: By the 1850s the railway system had become well established and the amount of cargo carried on the canals had fallen by nearly two-thirds, lost mostly to railway competition. In many cases struggling canal companies were bought out by railway companies. Sometimes this was a tactical move by railway companies to gain ground in their competitors' territory, but sometimes canal companies were bought out, either to close them down and remove competition or to build a railway on the line of the canal. A notable example of this is the Croydon Canal. Larger canal companies survived independently and were able to continue to make profits. The canals survived through the 19th century largely by occupying the niches in the transport market that the railways had missed, or by supplying local markets such as the coal-hungry factories and mills of the big cities.

text: Overall, the canals adapted to the appearance of railways and in 1900 the canal network differed little from its extent in 1830.

text: Limited modernisation to broad canals[edit]

text: During the 19th century in much of continental Europe the canal systems of many countries such as France, Germany and the Netherlands were drastically modernised and widened to take much larger boats, often able to transport up to two thousand tonnes, compared to the thirty to one hundred tonnes that was possible on the much narrower British canals. As it is economic to transport freight by canal only if this is done in bulk, the widening ensured that in many of these countries, canal freight transport is still economically viable.

text: This canal modernisation never occurred on a large scale in the UK, mainly because of the power of the railway companies who owned most of the canals and saw no reason to invest in a competing, and from their point of view obsolete, form of transport. In view of this attitude, there was little point in the non-railway owned canals modernising, since they controlled only parts of the system. The only significant exception to this was the modernisation carried out on the Grand Union Canal in the 1930s. Thus almost uniquely in Europe, many of the UK's canals remain as they have been since the 18th and 19th century: mostly operated with narrowboats less than 7 feet (2.1 m) wide and 70 feet (21 m) long (although in parts of the country slightly larger canals were constructed, called 'broad' or 'wide' canals, which could take boats that were 14 feet (4.3 m) wide and 70 feet (21 m) long). A major exception to this stagnation was the Manchester Ship Canal, newly built in the 1890s using the existing River Irwell and River Mersey, to take ocean-going ships into the centre of Manchester via its neighbour Salford.[4]

text: 20th century nationalisation[edit]

text: The canal network gradually declined. During the early 20th century, especially in the 1920s and 1930s, many canals, mostly in rural areas, were abandoned due to falling traffic, caused mainly by competition from road transport. However, the main network saw brief surges in use during the First and Second World Wars and still carried a substantial amount of freight until the early 1950s. The final blow was delivered by technological change.

text: Most of the canal system and inland waterways were nationalised in 1948, along with the railways, under the British Transport Commission, whose subsidiary Docks and Inland Waterways Executive managed them into the 1950s. A report in 1955 by the British Transport Commission placed the canals in the UK into three categories according to their economic prospects; waterways to be developed, waterways to be retained, and waterways having insufficient commercial prospects to justify their retention for navigation.[20] During the 1950s and 1960s freight transport on the canals declined rapidly in the face of mass road transport, and several more canals were abandoned during this period. Most of the traffic on the canals by this time was in coal delivered to waterside factories which had no other convenient access. In the 1950s and 60s, these factories either switched to using other fuels, often because of the Clean Air Act of 1956, or closed completely. The last regular long distance narrow boat carrying contract, to a jam factory near London, ended in 1971, although lime juice continued to be carried between Brentford and Boxmoor until 1981, substantial tonnages of aggregates were carried by narrow boat subsequently on the Grand Union (River Soar) until 1996 and more recently between Denham and West Drayton.

text: Under the Transport Act of 1962, the canals were transferred in 1963 to the British Waterways Board (BWB), which later became British Waterways, and the railways to the British Railways Board (BRB). In the same year a remarkably harsh winter saw many boats frozen into their moorings, and unable to move for weeks at a time. This was one of the reasons given for the decision by BWB to formally cease most of its narrow boat carrying on the canals - with boats and traffics transferred to a private operator, Willow Wren Canal Transport services. By this time the canal network had shrunk to just two thousand miles (3,000 kilometres), half the size it was at its peak in the early 19th century. However, the basic network was still intact; many of the closures were of duplicate routes or branches.

text: Transport Act 1968[edit]

text: The Transport Act 1968 classified the nationalised waterways as:

text:
Commercial - Waterways that could still support commercial traffic;
Cruising - Waterways that had a potential for leisure use, such as cruising, fishing and recreational use;
Remainder - Waterways for which no potential commercial or leisure use could be seen.

tag: ul

text: British Waterways Board was required, under the Act, to keep Commercial Waterways, mainly in the north-east, fit for commercial use; and Cruising Waterways fit for cruising. However, these obligations were subject to the caveat of being by the most economical means. There was no requirement to maintain Remainder waterways or keep them in a navigable condition; they were to be treated in the most economic way possible, which could mean abandonment. British Waterways could also change the classification of an existing waterway. Parts, or all, of a Remainder Waterway canal, could also be transferred to local authorities, etc.; and this transfer could, as happened, allow roads and motorways to be built over them, mitigating the need to provide (expensive) accommodation bridges or aqueducts. The act also allowed local authorities to contribute to the upkeep of Remainder Waterways.[21]

text: Restoration[edit]

text: Though commercial use of the UK's canals declined after the Second World War, recreational use gradually increased as people had more leisure time and disposable income. The establishment in 1946 of a group called the Inland Waterways Association by L. T. C. Rolt and Robert Aickman has helped revive interest in the UK's canals to the point where they are a major leisure destination.

text: Since the formation of the Basingstoke Canal Purchasing Committee in March 1949,[22] waterway restoration organisations have returned many hundreds of miles of abandoned and remainder canals to use, and work is still ongoing to save many more. Many restoration projects have been led by local canal societies or trusts, who were initially formed to fight the closure of a remainder waterway or to save an abandoned canal from further decay. They now work with local authorities and landowners to develop restoration plans and secure funding. The physical work is sometimes done by contractors, sometimes by volunteers. In 1970 the Waterway Recovery Group was formed to co-ordinate volunteer efforts on canals and river navigation's throughout the United Kingdom.[23]

text: British Waterways began to see the economic and social potential of canalside development, and moved from hostility towards restoration, through neutrality, towards a supportive stance. Whilst British Waterways was broadly supportive of restoration, its official policy was that it would not take on the support of newly restored navigations unless they came with a sufficient dowry to pay for their ongoing upkeep. In effect, this meant either reclassifying the Remainder Waterway as a Cruising Waterway or entering into an agreement for another body to maintain the waterway.[21]

text: There has also been a movement to redevelop canals in inner city areas, such as Birmingham, Manchester, Salford and Sheffield, which have both numerous waterways and urban blight. In these cities, waterways redevelopment provides a focus for successful commercial/residential developments such as Gas Street Basin in Birmingham, Castlefield Basin and Salford Quays in Manchester, Victoria Quays in Sheffield. However, these developments are sometimes controversial. In 2005 environmentalists complained that housing developments on London's waterways threatened the vitality of the canal system.[24]

text: Today the major majority of canals in England and Wales are managed by the Canal & River Trust which, unlike its predecessor British Waterways, tries to have a more positive view on canal restoration and in some cases actively supports ongoing restoration projects such as the restoration projects on the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal and the Grantham Canal.


document_title: List of mountains of Canada

question_text: a mountain named for a king in canada

question_tokens: a mountain named for a king in canada

text: List of mountains of Canada

text: Alberta[edit]

text:
Beatrice Peak
Cascade Mountain (Alberta)
Castle Mountain
Copper Mountain (Alberta)
Crowfoot Mountain
Crowsnest Mountain
Deltaform Mountain
Diadem Peak
Fairview Mountain (Alberta)
Fossil Mountain (Alberta)
Gibraltar Mountain
Gong Peak
Grotto Mountain
Ha Ling Peak
Haiduk Peak
Heart Mountain
Howse Peak
Isabelle Peak
Jumpingpound Mountain
King Edward Peak
Little Alberta
Moose Mountain
Mount Adam Joachim
Mount Alberta
Mount Andromeda
Mount Arethusa
Mount Assiniboine
Mount Athabasca
Mount Aylmer
Mount Babel
Mount Baker
Mount Baldy
Mount Ball
Mount Blakiston
Mount Brazeau
Mount Charles Stewart
Mount Chephren
Mount Chester
Mount Chown
Mount Columbia, highest summit of the Province of Alberta
Mount Confederation
Mount Cornwell
Mount Cory
Mount Cromwell
Mount Edith Cavell
Mount Engelhard
Mount Forbes
Mount Fryatt
Mount Galatea
Mount Galwey
Mount Gec
Mount Girouard
Mount Hector (Alberta)
Mount Hungabee
Mount Inglismaldie
Mount Joffre
Mount John Laurie (Mount Yamnuska)
Mount Julian
Mount King Edward
Mount Kitchener
Mount Lady Macdonald
Mount Lawrence Grassi
Mount Lefroy
Mount Louis
Mount McGuire
Mount Michener
Mount Mitchell (Alberta)
Mount Morden Long
Mount Nelson (Alberta)
Mount Niblock
Mount Norquay
Mount Palmer (Alberta)
Mount Peechee
Mount Putnik
Mount Rae
Mount Richardson (Alberta)
Mount Rundle
Mount St. Piran
Mount Saskatchewan (Alberta)
Mount Smythe
Mount Temple
Mount Weiss
Mount Whyte
Mount Woolley
Mushroom Peak
North Twin Peak
Panther Mountain (Alberta)
Peyto Peak
Pika Peak
Pilot Mountain (Alberta)
Princess Margaret Mountain
Ptarmigan Peak
Pyramid Mountain (Alberta)
Redoubt Mountain
Saint Nicholas Peak (Canada)
Sentinel Peak (Alberta)
Snow Dome (Canada)
South Twin Peak
Squaw's Tit
Storm Mountain (Alberta)
Stutfield Peak
Sulphur Mountain
Sunwapta Peak
The Finger (Alberta)
The Fortress (Alberta)
Thorington Tower
Three Sisters (Alberta)
Trapper Peak (Alberta)
Twins Tower
Turtle Mountain (Alberta) (site of 1903 Frank Slide)
Warwick Mountain

text: British Columbia[edit]

text:
Atlin Mountain
Mount Addenbroke
Mount Adrian
Mount Albert Edward
Mount Alfred
Ambition Mountain
Anarchist Mountain
Mount Arrowsmith
Mount Assiniboine
Atna Peak
Mount Baker
Mount Ball
Basement Peak
Battle Mountain
Beatrice Peak
Birkenhead Peak
Mount Bishop
Botanie Mountain
Mount Boucherie
Brian Boru Peak
Mount Brown
Mount Bryce
Mount Burgess
Buckwell Peak
Canadian Border Peak
Mount Cayley
Mount Celeste
Chatsquot Mountain
Chutine Peak
Mount Clémenceau
Mount Collie
Mount Colonel Foster
Mount Columbia
Cond Peak
Mount Cooper
Corsan Peak
Mount Cronin
Crown Mountain (North Vancouver, British Columbia)
Crown Mountain (Vancouver Island, British Columbia)
Mount Crysdale
Cypress Peak
Dam Mountain
Mount Dawson
Deltaform Mountain
Detour Peak
Devils Paw
Doom Mountain
Dunn Peak
Mount Edziza
El Piveto Mountain
Elkhorn Mountain
Mount Elliott
Estero Peak
Mount Fairweather, highest summit of the Province of British Columbia
Faisal Peak
Mount Farnham
Mount Field
Fissile Peak
Fleet Peak
Mount Fromme
Mount Garibaldi
Gataga Peak
Garnet Peak
Mount George V
Gladsheim Peak
Goat Mountain (Cherryville, British Columbia)
Goat Mountain (Vancouver, British Columbia)
Golden Hinde, highest summit of Vancouver Island
Mount Good Hope
Good Hope Mountain
Mount Goodsir
Grouse Mountain
Haiduk Peak
Hermitage Peak
Hkusam Mountain
Howse Peak
Howser Spire
Howson Peak
Hubris Peak
Hudson Bay Mountain
Iceberg Peak
Isabelle Peak
Jackass Mountain
Jeanette Peak
Kates Needle
Kaza Mountain
King Island High Point
King's Peak
Kispiox Mountain
Kitlope Peak
Kootenay Mountain
Lavender Peak
Mount Lester Pearson
Little Goat Mountain
Luna Peak
Maple Mountain
Mount Matheson
Monarch Mountain
Monmouth Mountain
Morton Peak
Mount Harrison
Mount Hosmer
Mount Hugh Neave
Mount Hungabee
Mount Ida
Mount Jancowski
Mount Joffre
Mount Judge Howay
Mount K2
Mount Kain
Mount King Edward
Mount Lefroy
Mount Lester Jones
Mount Macdonald
Mount Mackenzie King
Mount McArthur
Mount McBride
Mount Meager
Mount Monashee
Mount Monmouth
Mount Moresby, highest summit of Moresby Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands
Mount Munday
Mount Odin (British Columbia)
Mount Ovington
Mount Pattullo
Mount Perseus
Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Mount Price
Mount Priestley
Mount Raleigh
Mount Ratz
Mount Robson, highest summit of the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Mount Russell
Mount Saugstad
Mount Seton
Mount Seymour
Mount Silverthrone
Mount Sir Alexander
Mount Sir Allan MacNab
Mount Sir Sandford, highest summit of the Selkirk Mountains
Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier, highest summit of the Cariboo Mountains
Mount Stanley Baldwin
Mount Stephen
Mount Sylvia
Nahlin Mountain
Oscar Peak
Otter Mountain
Overseer Mountain
Peak 04-57
Mount Penrose
Pilot Mountain
Pukeashun Mountain
Mount Queen Bess
Mount Quincy Adams
Rambler Peak
Razorback Mountain (British Columbia)
Razorback Mountain
Red Resort
Ringrose Peak
Robertson Peak
Rugged Mountain
Mount Sawitsky
Scud Peak
Seven Sisters Peaks
Sharks Teeth Peaks
Sharktooth Mountain
Shedin Peak
Silvertip Mountain
Sittakanay Peak
Skihist Mountain
Slesse Mountain
Snow Dome
Spatsizi Mountain
Stanley Peak
Stawamus Chief
Mount Stephens
Mount Tabor
Talchako Mountain
Mount Tantalus
Taseko Mountain
Mount Tatlow
Mount Thomlinson
Thudaka Mountain
Thunder Mountain
Mount Tiedemann
Mount Tod
Tower Mountain
Trophy Mountain
Tsaydaychuz Peak
The Black Tusk
The Horn
The Pinnacles
Ulysses Mountain
Unnecessary Mountain
Unuk Peak
Upper Saddle Mountain
Mount Valpy
Mount Van der Est
Victoria Peak
Vile Peak
Mount Waddington, highest summit of the Coast Mountains
Wapta Mountain
Mount Warburton Pike
Warden Peak
Wedge Mountain
Welch Peak
Whitecap Mountain
Whitehorn Mountain
Whiting Peak
Mount Williams
Wiwaxy Peak
Mount Work, Vancouver Island
Mount Wotzke
Yak Peak

text: Manitoba[edit]

text:
Baldy Mountain (Manitoba), highest summit of the Province of Manitoba
Hart Mountain (Manitoba), highest summit of the Porcupine Hills

text: New Brunswick[edit]

text:
Mount Carleton, highest summit of the Province of New Brunswick and The Maritimes
Big Bald Mountain
Christmas Mountains, a series of mountains named after different Christmas themes.
Notre Dame Mountains
Colonels Mountain
Sugarloaf Mountain
Crabbe Mountain
Poley Mountain
Sagamook Mountain
Mount Head

text: Newfoundland and Labrador[edit]

text:
Bishop's Mitre
Brave Mountain, highest summit of the Kaumajet Mountains
Cabox, The: highest summit of the Lewis Hills and Newfoundland
Cirque Mountain
Gros Morne
Man O'War Peak
Mealy Mountains High Point
Mount Caubvik, highest summit of the Torngat Mountains, the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, and Atlantic Canada
Mount Musgrave
Peak 3400 Map 14E2
Peter Snout
Pic a Tenerife

text: Northwest Territories[edit]

text:
Cap Mountain, highest summit of the Franklin Mountains
Mount Nirvana, highest summit of the Mackenzie Mountains and the Northwest Territories
Mount Sir James MacBrien

text: Nova Scotia[edit]

text:
North Mountain (Nova Scotia)
Nuttby Mountain, highest summit of the Cobequid Hills
South Mountain (Nova Scotia)
White Hill (Nova Scotia), highest summit of the Cape Breton Highlands and the Province of Nova Scotia

text: Nunavut[edit]

text:
Angilaaq Mountain, highest summit of Bylot Island
Angna Mountain
Arrowhead Mountain
Barbeau Peak, highest summit of Ellesmere Island and Nunavut
Breidablik Peak
Commonwealth Mountain
Devon Ice Cap High Point, highest summit of Devon Island
Durham Heights
Highpointer Peak
Kisimngiuqtuq Peak
Malik Mountain
Melville Hills High Point, highest summit of the Melville Hills and continental Nunavut
Melville Island High Point, highest summit of Melville Island
Midgard Mountain
Midnight Sun Peak
Mount Arthur (Nunavut)
Mount Asgard
Mount Ayles
Mount Baldr
Mount Battle
Mount Beaufort
Mount Biederbick
Mount Eugene
Mount Odin, highest summit of Baffin Island
Mount Oxford (Nunavut)
Mount Thor
Mount Whisler
Outlook Peak, highest summit of Axel Heiberg Island
Peak 08-46
Peak 09-30
Peak 35-44
Peak 39-18
Penny Highland
Porsild Mountains
Qiajivik Mountain (key-a-jiv-ick)
Sillem Island High Point
South Ellesmere Ice Cap High Point
Stokes Mountain
Torngarsoak Mountain
Tupeq Mountain
Ukpik Peak
Victoria Island High Point, highest summit of Victoria Island
White Crown Mountain

text: Ontario[edit]

text:
Caribou Mountain
High Rock
Ishpatina Ridge
Maple Mountain
Mount McKay
Rib Mountain
Tip Top Mountain

text: Prince Edward Island[edit]

text: Prince Edward Island High Point, highest summit of the Province of Prince Edward Island

text: Quebec[edit]

text:
Mont Brome, highest summit of the Collines Montérégiennes
Mont D'Iberville (Mount Caubvick), highest summit of the Monts Torngat and the Province of Quebec
Mont Jacques-Cartier, highest summit of the Monts Chic-Chocs
Mont Raoul Blanchard, highest summit of the Laurentian Mountains
Mont Saint-Grégoire
Mont Saint-Hilaire
Mont Saint-Pierre
Mont Tremblant
Mont Wright, Quebec
Mont Yapeitso
Mount Babel (Quebec)
Mount Royal
Mount Albert (Quebec)
Mount Valin
Mont Mégantic
Mont Orford
Mont Gosford, highest summit in south of the Province of Quebec
Mont Owl's Head
Mont Sutton
Mont Saint-Pierre, Quebec
Mont des Pics, Quebec
Mont Xalibu, Quebec
Mont Joseph-Fortin, Quebec
Mont Richardson, Quebec
Mont Olivine, Quebec
Mont Logan, Quebec
Mont Lyall, Quebec

text: Saskatchewan[edit]

text: Cypress Hills (Canada), highest summit of the Province of Saskatchewan

text: Yukon[edit]

text:
Mountain
Metres
Feet
Location and Notes

Alsek Peak
2,716
8,911
Saint Elias Mountains

Avalanche Peak
4,228
13,871
Saint Elias Mountains – #20 in Yukon

Fox Mountain
2,404
7,887
Pelly Mountains

Grey Hunter Peak
2,214
7,264
North Yukon Plateau Ranges

Keele Peak
2,972
9,751
Mackenzie Mountains

King Peak
5,173
16,972
Saint Elias Mountains – #4 in Canada

McArthur Peak
4,344
14,252
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Alverstone
4,420
14,501
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Archibald
2,588
8,491
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Augusta
4,289
14,072
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Cairnes
2,810
9,219
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Cook
4,194
13,760
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Frank Rae
2,360
7,743
Ogilvie Mountains

Mount Hubbard
4,557
14,951
Saint Elias Mountains – #10 in Canada

Mount Kennedy
4,250
13,944
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Logan
5,959
19,551
Saint Elias Mountains – #1 in Canada

Mount Lucania
5,226
17,146
Saint Elias Mountains – #3 in Canada

Mount Macdonald
2,760
9,055
Mackenzie Mountains

Mount Martha Black
2,512
8,241
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Saint Elias
5,489
18,009
Saint Elias Mountains – #2 in Canada

Mount Saskatchewan
3,500
11,483
Saint Elias Mountains – Unclimbed

Mount Seattle
3,139
10,299
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Slaggard
4,742
15,558
Saint Elias Mountains – #8 in Canada

Mount Steele
5,073
16,644
Saint Elias Mountains – #5 in Canada

Mount Strickland
4,240
13,911
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Vancouver
4,810
15,781
Saint Elias Mountains – #7 in Canada

Mount Walsh
4,507
14,787
Saint Elias Mountains

Mount Wood
4,852
15,919
Saint Elias Mountains – #6 in Canada

tag: table

text:
Basement Peak
Buckwell Peak
Dalton Peak
Detour Peak