document_title: Toys "R" Us

question_text: what year did toys r us open their doors

text: Toys "R" Us

text: Company history

text: Charles P. Lazarus founded Children's Supermart (which would evolve into Toys "R" Us) in Washington, D.C., during the post-war baby boom era in April 1948 as a baby-furniture retailer.[18] Lazarus, who served in the Army during World War II, opened the first store at 2461 18th St. NW, where the nightclub Madam's Organ Blues Bar is. He began receiving requests from customers for baby toys. After adding baby toys, he got requests for toys for older children. The focus of the store changed in June 1957, and the first Toys "R" Us, dedicated exclusively to toys rather than furniture, was opened by Lazarus in Rockville, Maryland.[18] Lazarus also designed and stylized the Toys "R" Us logo, which featured a backwards "R" to give the impression that a child wrote it.[18][19] It was acquired in 1966 by Interstate Department Stores, Inc.,[20] owner of the White Front, Topps Chains and Children's Bargain Town USA, a toy-store chain related to Toys "R" Us in the American Midwest that would later be combined with the rest of the Toys "R" Us chain. The original Toys "R" Us store design from 1969 to 1989 consisted of vertical rainbow stripes and a brown roof with a front entrance and side exit.[21]

text: At its peak, Toys "R" Us was considered a classic example of a category killer, a business that specializes so thoroughly and efficiently in one sector that it pushes out competition from both smaller specialty stores and larger general retailers.[22] Since the rise of mass merchants like Walmart, Target and Amazon, however, Toys "R" Us lost much of its share of the toy market, and fell behind Walmart in toy sales for 1998.[23]

text: Geoffrey the Giraffe

text: Formerly known as "Dr. G. Raffe" in 1950s print advertisements for Children's Bargaintown, Geoffrey the Giraffe evolved in name and appearance over the next decade to become the official mascot of the renamed Toys "R" Us.[24] Serving as a "spokesanimal" for the brand, Geoffrey's design went through several phases over the next 50+ years before the current star-spotted iteration was finalized in November 2007.[25]

text: In 2017, the company sponsored the live camera broadcast for April the Giraffe, which helped support giraffe conservation and awareness. The sponsored camera of pregnant April the giraffe went viral with millions of views on YouTube and across social media platforms.[26]

text: 21st century

text: To improve the company, the board of directors installed John Eyler (formerly of FAO Schwarz) in May 2000.[27] Eyler launched an unsuccessful, expensive plan to remodel and re-launch the chain.[28] Blaming market pressures (primarily competition from Walmart and Target), Toys "R" Us considered splitting its toy and baby businesses.[29] On March 17, 2005, a consortium of Bain Capital Partners LLC, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) and Vornado Realty Trust announced a $6.6 billion leveraged buyout of the company.[30] Public stock closed for the last time on July 21, 2005 at $26.74—a 63% increase since when it first announced that the company was put up for sale. Toys "R" Us became a privately owned entity after the buyout.[31] However, the company still files with the Securities and Exchange Commission (as required by its debt agreements).[32]

text: Flagship store

text: In July 2001, Toys "R" Us opened an international flagship store in New York's Times Square at a cost of $35 million.[33] The 110,000 square-foot store included various themed zones such as an amusement arcade (known as "R"Cade), Barbie (with a life-size dreamhouse), electronics (with dedicated sections like Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova and Skullcandy), Jurassic Park (with an animatronic T-Rex), Lego, Wonka, and the signature indoor Ferris wheel. The store drew thousands of tourists for over a decade before the company decided to cancel its lease on the space in December 2015. In August 2017, Toys "R" Us announced a 35,000 square-foot temporary store near the original one that would be open around the holiday season.[34]

text:
Toys "R" Us Times Square store front (2012)

Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova machine at the Toys "R" Us "R"cade at Times Square.

text: Charitable giving

text: Since 2004, Toys "R" Us has partnered with the Toys for Tots foundation to serve as a donation site for anyone donating unwrapped toys or monetary gifts.[35][36] Since the outset of the partnership, Toys for Tots has reported that Toys "R" Us campaigns have raised over $55 million and donated more than 4 million toys.[37]

text: The company also has a partnership with K.I.D.S./Fashion Delivers, a nonprofit organization that connects retailers, manufacturers, foundations and individuals with local nonprofit agencies.[38] Over the past 30 years, Toys "R" Us has donated more than $100 million in clothes, toys and books to the cause, and matches its 885 store stores with K.I.D.S./Fashion Delivers-affiliated charities.[39]

text: Toys "R" Us Children's Fund, a public charity affiliated with the company, partners with non-profits to provide products and monetary gifts to children in need. Toys "R" Us Children's Fund has contributed over $7.6 million to Save the Children initiatives in the wake of natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy, and in 2016, the charity gave a $1 million grant to non-profit resort, Give Kids the World Village.[40][41]

text: In 2017, the company launched a short-lived philanthropic campaign with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.[42]

text: It was reported that just before the stores closed for good in June 2018, unknown benefactors bought out all of the remaining stock in one of more stores in North Carolina for needy children.[43]

text: Rooftop solar project

text: On April 11, 2011, Toys "R" Us announced that it planned to cover 70 percent of the roof of its distribution center (in Flanders, New Jersey) with a solar installation. The company claimed this 5.38-megawatt solar project would be the largest rooftop solar installation in North America.[44]

text: Integrated store strategy

text: On August 23, 2011, Toys "R" Us Inc. announced it would open 21 new stores before the year end, as part of an overall strategy the company has been pursuing since 2006 to house Toys "R" Us and Babies "R" Us in the same building. The company said the stores provide more shopper convenience. The privately held toy company said this would include 11 "R" Superstores – which have full-size Toys "R" Us and Babies "R" Us stores in one place – and 10 stores with smaller Toys "R" Us and Babies "R" Us stores in the same place. The stores would be in 13 states including Alabama, California, Georgia, New Jersey, and Texas. It was also remodeling 23 existing stores so that the two stores would be in the same place.[45]

text: In 2015, the company launched the first of a new concept store called the "Toy Lab" in Freehold, New Jersey.[46] The new layout provided more space for interactive exhibits and areas to play with new toys before purchase. This concept has since been expanded to stores in California, Delaware, Florida, New York and Pennsylvania.[47]

text: Product safety

text: Toys "R" Us has reportedly implemented high safety standards, and in 2007 vowed to take an aggressive approach towards holding vendors accountable for meeting those standards.[48] Former chairman and CEO Gerald L. Storch, testifying before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government on toy safety in September 2007, said he supported new legislation strengthening toy-safety standards and outlined new initiatives the retailer had set forth to ensure that its customers receive timely information on recalls (including a new website).[49][50]

text: In 2008, the company introduced stricter product safety standards exceeding federal requirements. Among the new standards was a requirement for materials inside toys to meet a standard of 250 parts per million of lead for all products manufactured exclusively for the retailer (compared with the federal standard of 600 ppm.) Toys "R" Us also announced the requirement that baby products be produced without the addition of phthalates, which have raised concerns about infant safety.[51] The company has since adjusted its requirements to meet new federal standards enacted with the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008.

text: TRU Transformation

text: In early 2014, Toys "R" Us, Inc. announced its "TRU Transformation" strategy, which concentrates on efforts to fix foundational issues in order to position the company for growth in the future. The company will focus on improving shopping experiences in-store and online. To improve the customer experience, the company plans to manage inventory better, make stores less cluttered and easier to shop, and develop a clear pricing strategy with simpler promotional offers.[52][53] The company will also focus on integrating its in-store and online businesses more fully.[54]

text: Christmas season initiatives

text: In 2013, Quartz called Toys "R" Us the largest standalone toy store chain in the world.[55] Since the toy business is incredibly seasonal, more than 40% of the company's sales come in during the fourth quarter of the year.[56]

text: In December 2013, eight days before Christmas, Toys "R" Us announced that their stores in the United States would stay open for 87 hours straight.[57] The flagship store of the retailer in New York Times Square was open for 24 hours a day from December 1 up to December 24 – for a total of 566 consecutive hours to cater to shoppers who were mostly tourists.[58] The announcement came after snow and rain caused a nearly 9 percent year-over-year decline in store foot traffic in the United States.[59][60]

text: This move also pushed the retailer to hire an additional 45,000 seasonal workers to cater to the demand of the extended store hours.[61][62]

text: Bankruptcy

text: On September 18, 2017, Toys "R" Us, Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, stating the move would give it flexibility to deal with $5 billion in long-term debt, borrow $2 billion so it can pay suppliers for the upcoming holiday season and invest in improving current operations.[63][2][64] The company stated that its brick-and-mortar stores and online sales sites would continue to operate.[65]

text: A company statement quoted in The Sydney Morning Herald said only U.S. and Canadian operations are affected:

text:
“

The company's operations outside of the US and Canada, including its operations in Europe and Australia and its approximately 255 licensed stores and joint venture partnership in Asia, which are separate entities, are not part of the Chapter 11 filing,[66]

”

text: The company has not had an annual profit since  2013. It reported a net loss of US$164 million in the quarter ended April 29, 2017. It lost US$126 million in the same period in the prior year.[66]

text: On December 4, 2017, the company reported that it would be liquidating and closing at least 26 stores in the United Kingdom as part of an insolvency restructuring known as a company voluntary arrangement.[67]

text: In January 2018, the company announced it would liquidate and close up to 182 of its stores in the U.S. as part of its restructuring, as well as convert up to 12 stores into co-branded Toys "R" Us and Babies "R" Us stores.[68][69]

text: On February 28, 2018, Toys "R" Us Limited entered administration, putting 3,200 jobs at risk in the UK. This comes after it racked up a £15m tax bill, which it is unlikely to pay back. On March 2, 2018, it was announced that all UK stores would begin a liquidation sale and most would close later on.[70] On April 24, 2018, Toys "R" Us stopped trading in the United Kingdom after 34 years of service.[71]

text: On March 14, 2018, it was announced that all UK stores were expected to close within six weeks.[72] It was later said that its Canadian and 200 US stores may survive.[73] This was followed soon after by the announcement that all of the corporate-owned stores in the United States would also be either sold off to franchisees or shuttered entirely.[74][75] However, the company would be working to keep 200 stores in the U.S. open and merge them with stronger Canadian operations.[76]

text: Later that same day, however, Toys "R" Us announced that all of its US stores would be closing, ending 70 years of operation;[77] in addition to the stores in the 50 states, all Puerto Rico stores were also closing.[78] As of March 2018 the company has not stated whether its only store in Guam will close.[79] However, it closed on Wednesday June 27.[80]

text: The impact this has on Canadian operations is yet to be confirmed, but as of March 14, 2018, MGA Entertainment Inc, a California-based toy company, submitted a bid for Toys "R" Us Canada.[81] On March 15, 2018, Toys "R" Us received approval from the bankruptcy court to liquidate its assets.[82][83] The company has indicated in filings that the Canadian operations are profitable and desired to preserve the operations of the 82 store chain through a sale.[84] However, on March 19, 2018, buyers stated that they were interested in acquiring the rights to the Toys "R" Us brand name, mascot, and jingle, while other buyers stated that they were interested in purchasing a small number of US stores to operate as showrooms.[85]

text: Liquidation sales started on March 23, 2018.[86] However, CEO of MGA Entertainment, Isaac Larian, and other investors are pledging $200 million to try to save about 400 of the remaining 735 US stores that are slated to close. A GoFundMe page was briefly ran to pledge more money to Toys "R" Us, but was then closed on April 13.[87][88][89] On March 29, 2018, they shut down purchasing on the website, making users redirect to an alternate sales site.[90]

text: On April 21, 2018, it was announced that UK and Irish rival Smyths would purchase Toys "R" Us stores in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, expanding Smyths to the continental European market. A statement said that they have entered an agreement to buy Toys "R" Us units in those respective countries, including Toys "R" Us Europe's head office in Cologne. Smyths said that all of the outlets acquired will be rebranded.[91] On April 13 a bid was made by Issac Larian to buy 356 Toys "R" Us stores for $890 million, but was rejected on April 17 and was fully scrapped on April 23.[92][89]

text: On April 24, 2018, it was announced that the Canadian division would be sold to Fairfax Financial Holdings Ltd. for approximately $234 million. This will keep the 82 remaining stores in Canada to continue running under the Toys "R" Us brand.[93]

text: The Australian wing of Toys "R" Us entered voluntary administration on May 22.[94]  On June 20, It was announced that all of their Australian stores will be closing as well.[95][96]

text: On June 29, 2018, Toys "R" Us shut down all of its remaining US locations.[97][98][99]

text: Stores

text: Until their liquidation and closing in 2018, the company owned 739 stores in the United States and Puerto Rico. The company also owns more than 750 international stores and more than 245 licensed stores in 37 countries and jurisdictions.[100]

text: Toys "R" Us, International

text: In addition to its expansion in the United States, Toys "R" Us launched a worldwide presence in September 1984 when the company opened its first international wholly owned store in Canada and licensed operation in Singapore. Toys "R" Us then entered the United Kingdom market in 1985.[101] During its most recent entry into a new market in November 2011 when it opened its first licensed store in Poland (Blue City), Toys "R" Us, International operated more than 600 international stores and over 140 licensed stores in 35 countries and jurisdictions outside the United States.[102] At its peak, Toys "R" Us, International had presence in 40 countries.

text: Many of these stores were corporately owned, but stores in some countries were independently owned and operated with Toys "R" Us licensing its name to a local company.

text: Africa and the Middle East

text: Since 1995 the Al-Futtaim Group has operated stores in Bahrain, Egypt, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.[103] Stores in Israel are operated by the Fishman retail group,[104] while stores in Saudi Arabia are owned by Qatar Petroleum. Stores in South Africa, Namibia, and Zambia are also independently owned and operated.[105]

text: Asia

text: Toys "R" Us has extensive presence in East Asian territories and Southeast Asia under the umbrella of Toys "R" Us Asia, a loose amalgamation of joint ventures with local companies. Toys "R" Us stores operate in Brunei, China (mainland, Hong Kong, and Macau), India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand.[106]

text: The Asian unit was originally established in 1985 as a partnership between Toys "R" Us and Fung Retailing, the retail subsidiary of the Fung Group (a Hong Kong-based conglomerate that also owns Li & Fung, a major retail distributor), with the parent company owning a majority 85% stake while Fung Retailing owns the remainder of the shares.[106][107] Locations in India and South Korea are owned by Lulu Hypermarket and Lotte Mart respectively.

text: The Japanese Toys "R" Us unit was founded separately in 1991 when Toys "R" Us opened their first stores in Japan in 1991 as a joint venture with McDonald's Holdings Company (Japan), Ltd. (jp).[108] The joint venture was supposed to last until 2018. However, in 2006, Toys "R" Us terminated their Japanese joint venture with McDonald's Holdings. As a result of the termination, Toys "R" Us was sued by McDonald's Holdings for breach of contract. McDonald's Holdings was awarded an ¥1.38 billion ($13.35 million) settlement in 2008.[109][110] After their joint venture ended, Toys "R" Us increased their ownership from approximately 48% to about 61%.[110] On April 11, 2017, the Japanese arm of Toys "R" Us was officially announced to be integrated into Toys "R" Us Asia, resulting in a combined total of over 400 outlets.[106]

text: Buoyed by increasing demand for toys in the Asia Pacific region, the Asian and Japanese arms of Toys "R" Us are among the Toys "R" Us subsidiaries that have remained profitable into the 2000s and 2010s. Toys "R" Us Asia experienced a turnover of US$1.85 billion in 2015[106] while Japanese arm would see US$1.3 billion in net sales in 2017, despite recently declining yearly profits.[111]

text: Amidst reports of financial troubles at Toys "R" Us, representatives of Toys "R" Us Asia consistently cited that they operate as a separate legal entity from the parent company and are unaffected by events at the parent company.[107][112] As Toys "R" Us faced bankruptcy, the company has engaged in talks since April 2018 to offload Toys "R" Us Asia's majority stake to a bidder for a proposed US$1 billion while outlets in Asia continue to operate unaffected.[111] The planned bid was later revised downwards to US$760 million in August and scheduled for September while Toys "R" Us sought a United States court order to strip Fung Retailing of its right-of-first-refusal purchase option and force Fung Retailing to release its share of the unit, following allegation of delays of the sale by Fung Retailing and a lack of committed buyers.[113][114]

text: Europe

text: Locations in Austria (14 locations), France, Germany (60 locations), Poland, Portugal, Poland, Spain and Switzerland (7 locations) are corporately-owned. At its peak Toys "R" Us had 105 stores in the United Kingdom, the remaining 100 of which were closed by April 24, 2018.[115][116][72][71] In April 2018, it was announced that Smyths would acquire stores in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. As of July 2018 the sales are still pending.[117] Plans for stores in other European countries have not been announced yet, but liquidation is likely.[118] Toys "R" Us also operated stores in the Netherlands until 2009.[119]

text: Stores in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden are owned by Top-Toy.[120]

text: North America

text: The Canadian arm of Toys "R" Us began operation in 1984 and is headquartered in Concord, Ontario. As of its sale to Fairfax Financial on June 1, 2018, the chain comprises 82 stores which continue to operate under the Toys "R" Us name following the sale.[121]

text: Oceania

text: Toys "R" Us closed its 44 stores in Australia on August 5, 2018[122]

text: Other brands

text: Kids "R" Us

text: Kids "R" Us is a discontinued children's discount clothing retailer. Their first stores opened in February 1983 in Paramus, New Jersey, and Brooklyn, New York.[123] The chain folded in January 2004 after the retailer suffered deteriorating same-store sales and to focus more on the Toys "R" Us brand.[124][28]

text: Babies "R" Us

text: The first Babies "R" Us store opened in April 1996 in Westbury, New York.[125] The store operates as a specialty baby products retailer and has grown to about 260 stores in the United States before their closing in the late 2010s. The stores offer an assortment of products for newborns, infants, and toddlers. The company also maintains a registry and offers pre- and post-natal classes and events.[126] The stores are often co-branded with Toys "R" Us. The chain continues to operate outside of the United States.

text: FAO Schwarz

text: In May 2006, Toys "R" Us, Inc., acquired toy retailer FAO Schwarz including the retailer's flagship store on Fifth Avenue in New York City, as well as its e-commerce site, FAO.com.[127] The company closed the FAO Schwarz flagship store in New York on July 15, 2015, citing rising rental costs, but continued to carry FAO Schwarz-branded toys in its Toys "R" Us and Babies "R" Us stores until 2017.[128]

text: Toys "R" Us Express

text: For the 2009 holiday-shopping season, Toys "R" Us tried a smaller-store concept to attract customers and 90 "Holiday Express" stores across the United States and Canada were opened.[129] The Holiday Express stores are smaller than regular Toys "R" Us stores, often in malls, and offer a more limited selection of merchandise than would be available at a stand-alone Toys "R" Us store. Most (if not all) of these 90 stores were opened in shopping-center and mall spaces that had been vacated by store chains closing their doors during the recession (including KB Toys, several of which were taken over by Toys "R" Us).[129] Toys "R" Us's plan was to keep the Holiday Express stores open until early January 2010 and close them shortly thereafter, but the success of so many prompted the company to reconsider and several were kept open.[130] These stores are known as "Toys "R" Us Express". Beginning in May 2010, Toys "R" Us opened a total of 600 Express stores. Four more were converted to Toys "R" Us outlet stores.[131] As with the larger, basic Toys "R" Us stores, these locations also closed along with the outlet stores in the United States during summer 2018.

text: Web operations

text: Toys "R" Us began selling toys online with the launch of Toysrus.com in 1998.[132] Following a disastrous Christmas 1999 trading period during which the company failed to deliver gifts on time,[133] Toys "R" Us entered into a ten-year contract with online retailer Amazon in 2000 to be the exclusive supplier of toys on the website.[134] Amazon eventually reneged on the terms of the contract by allowing third-party retailers to use its marketplace to sell toys, citing Toys "R" Us's failure to carry a sufficiently large range of goods, including the most popular lines.[135] In 2006, Toys "R" Us successfully sued Amazon; the company was awarded $51 million in damages in 2009, just over half of the $93 million initially claimed.[136]

text: It placed at No. 29 in the Internet Retailer Top 500 Guide for 2012.[137] Toysrus.com was one of the most visited sites in the specialty toy and baby products retail category with an assortment of toys.[138] In addition, Babiesrus.com offered a wide selection of baby products and supplies and access to the company's baby registry.

text: Looking to expand its web portfolio, in February 2009, the company acquired online toy seller eToys.com from Parent Co., which filed for bankruptcy protection in December 2008.  Financial terms were not disclosed.[132] Around the same time, it was reported that Toys "R" Us, Inc. bought Toys.com for an estimated $5.1 million.  Today, the company operates Toys.com to list unadvertised and exclusive deals available on its portfolio of e-commerce sites.[139]

text: In 2010, Toys "R" Us, Inc. reported that its Internet sales grew 29.9% year-over-year to $782 million from $602 million, and in April 2011, the company announced plans to open a dedicated e-commerce fulfillment center in McCarran, Nevada.[140] The company later reported online sales of $1 billion for 2011 and $1.1 billion for 2012.[141]

text: The website was sunsetted with a brief farewell message when the US liquidation began in March 2018. The surviving international stores continue to sell merchandise online.


document_title: Carbon cycle

question_text: where is most of the earths carbon stored

root

text: Carbon cycle

text: Global climate[edit]

text: Carbon exists in various forms in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are partly responsible for the greenhouse effect and among the most important human-contributed greenhouse gases.[2]

tag: p

text: In the past two centuries, human activities have altered the global carbon cycle, most significantly in the atmosphere. Although carbon dioxide levels have changed naturally over the past several thousand years, human emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere have created unnatural fluctuations.[2] Changes in the amount of atmospheric CO2 are considerably altering weather patterns and indirectly influencing oceanic chemistry. Current carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere exceed measurements from the last 1,000 years and levels are rising quickly,[3] making it of critical importance to better understand how the carbon cycle works and what its effects are on the global climate.[2]

text: Main components[edit]

text:
Carbon pools in the major reservoirs on earth.[2]

Pool
Quantity (gigatons)

Atmosphere
720

Oceans (total)
38,400

Total inorganic
37,400

Total organic
1,000

Surface layer
670

Deep layer
36,730

Lithosphere

Sedimentary carbonates
> 60,000,000

Kerogens
15,000,000

Terrestrial biosphere (total)
2,000

Living biomass
600 - 1,000

Dead biomass
1,200

Aquatic biosphere
1 - 2

Fossil fuels (total)
4,130

Coal
3,510

Oil
230

Gas
140

Other (peat)
250

tag: table

text: The global carbon cycle is now usually divided into the following major reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange:

text:
The atmosphere
The terrestrial biosphere
The oceans, including dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non-living marine biota
The sediments, including fossil fuels, fresh water systems and non-living organic material.
The Earth's interior, carbon from the Earth's mantle and crust. These carbon stores interact with the other components through geological processes

tag: ul

text: The carbon exchanges between reservoirs occur as the result of various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. The ocean contains the largest active pool of carbon near the surface of the Earth.[2] The natural flows of carbon between the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial ecosystems, and sediments is fairly balanced, so that carbon levels would be roughly stable without human influence.[4][5]

text: Atmosphere[edit]

text: Carbon in the Earth's atmosphere exists in two main forms: carbon dioxide and methane. Both of these gases absorb and retain heat in the atmosphere and are partially responsible for the greenhouse effect. Methane produces a larger greenhouse effect per volume as compared to carbon dioxide, but it exists in much lower concentrations and is more short-lived than carbon dioxide, making carbon dioxide the more important greenhouse gas of the two.[6]

text: Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through photosynthesis and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres. Carbon dioxide also dissolves directly from the atmosphere into bodies of water (oceans, lakes, etc.), as well as dissolving in precipitation as raindrops fall through the atmosphere. When dissolved in water, carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules and forms carbonic acid, which contributes to ocean acidity. It can then be absorbed by rocks through weathering. It also can acidify other surfaces it touches or be washed into the ocean.[7]

text: Human activities over the past two centuries have significantly increased the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, mainly in the form of carbon dioxide, both by modifying ecosystems' ability to extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and by emitting it directly, e.g., by burning fossil fuels and manufacturing concrete.[2]

text: Terrestrial biosphere[edit]

text: The terrestrial biosphere includes the organic carbon in all land-living organisms, both alive and dead, as well as carbon stored in soils. About 500 gigatons of carbon are stored above ground in plants and other living organisms,[4] while soil holds approximately 1,500 gigatons of carbon.[8] Most carbon in the terrestrial biosphere is organic carbon,[9] while about a third of soil carbon is stored in inorganic forms, such as calcium carbonate.[10] Organic carbon is a major component of all organisms living on earth. Autotrophs extract it from the air in the form of carbon dioxide, converting it into organic carbon, while heterotrophs receive carbon by consuming other organisms.

text: Because carbon uptake in the terrestrial biosphere is dependent on biotic factors, it follows a diurnal and seasonal cycle. In CO2 measurements, this feature is apparent in the Keeling curve. It is strongest in the northern hemisphere, because this hemisphere has more land mass than the southern hemisphere and thus more room for ecosystems to absorb and emit carbon.

text: Carbon leaves the terrestrial biosphere in several ways and on different time scales. The combustion or respiration of organic carbon releases it rapidly into the atmosphere. It can also be exported into the oceans through rivers or remain sequestered in soils in the form of inert carbon. Carbon stored in soil can remain there for up to thousands of years before being washed into rivers by erosion or released into the atmosphere through soil respiration. Between 1989 and 2008 soil respiration increased by about 0.1% per year.[11] In 2008, the global total of CO2 released from the soil reached roughly 98 billion tonnes, about 10 times more carbon than humans are now putting into the atmosphere each year by burning fossil fuel. There are a few plausible explanations for this trend, but the most likely explanation is that increasing temperatures have increased rates of decomposition of soil organic matter, which has increased the flow of CO2. The length of carbon sequestering in soil is dependent on local climatic conditions and thus changes in the course of climate change. From pre-industrial era to 2010, the terrestrial biosphere represented a net source of atmospheric CO2 prior to 1940, switching subsequently to a net sink.[12]

text: Oceans[edit]

text: Oceans contain the greatest quantity of actively cycled carbon in this world and are second only to the lithosphere in the amount of carbon they store.[2] The oceans' surface layer holds large amounts of dissolved inorganic carbon that is exchanged rapidly with the atmosphere. The deep layer's concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is about 15% higher than that of the surface layer.[13] DIC is stored in the deep layer for much longer periods of time.[4] Thermohaline circulation exchanges carbon between these two layers.[2]

text: Carbon enters the ocean mainly through the dissolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is converted into carbonate. It can also enter the oceans through rivers as dissolved organic carbon. It is converted by organisms into organic carbon through photosynthesis and can either be exchanged throughout the food chain or precipitated into the ocean's deeper, more carbon rich layers as dead soft tissue or in shells as calcium carbonate. It circulates in this layer for long periods of time before either being deposited as sediment or, eventually, returned to the surface waters through thermohaline circulation.[4]

text: Oceanic absorption of CO2 is one of the most important forms of carbon sequestering limiting the human-caused rise of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. However, this process is limited by a number of factors. Because the rate of CO2 dissolution in the ocean is dependent on the weathering of rocks and this process takes place slower than current rates of human greenhouse gas emissions, ocean CO2 uptake will decrease in the future.[2] CO2 absorption also makes water more acidic, which affects ocean biosystems. The projected rate of increasing oceanic acidity could slow the biological precipitation of calcium carbonates, thus decreasing the ocean's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide.[14][15]

text: Earth's interior[edit]

text: The geologic component of the carbon cycle operates slowly in comparison to the other parts of the global carbon cycle. It is one of the most important determinants of the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, and thus of global temperatures.[16]

text: Most of the earth's carbon is stored inertly in the earth's lithosphere.[2] Much of the carbon stored in the earth's mantle was stored there when the earth formed.[17] Some of it was deposited in the form of organic carbon from the biosphere.[18] Of the carbon stored in the geosphere, about 80% is limestone and its derivatives, which form from the sedimentation of calcium carbonate stored in the shells of marine organisms. The remaining 20% is stored as kerogens formed through the sedimentation and burial of terrestrial organisms under high heat and pressure. Organic carbon stored in the geosphere can remain there for millions of years.[16]

text: Carbon can leave the geosphere in several ways. Carbon dioxide is released during the metamorphosis of carbonate rocks when they are subducted into the earth's mantle. This carbon dioxide can be released into the atmosphere and ocean through volcanoes and hotspots.[17] It can also be removed by humans through the direct extraction of kerogens in the form of fossil fuels. After extraction, fossil fuels are burned to release energy, thus emitting the carbon they store into the atmosphere.

text: Human influence[edit]

text: Since the industrial revolution, human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere.[2]

text: The largest human impact on the carbon cycle is through direct emissions from burning fossil fuels, which transfers carbon from the geosphere into the atmosphere. The rest of this increase is caused mostly by changes in land-use, particularly deforestation.

text: Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO2.[23] Clinker is an industrial precursor of cement.

text: Humans also influence the carbon cycle indirectly by changing the terrestrial and oceanic biosphere [24]. Over the past several centuries, direct and indirect human-caused land use and land cover change (LUCC) has led to the loss of biodiversity, which lowers ecosystems' resilience to environmental stresses and decreases their ability to remove carbon from the atmosphere. More directly, it often leads to the release of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems into the atmosphere. Deforestation for agricultural purposes removes forests, which hold large amounts of carbon, and replaces them, generally with agricultural or urban areas. Both of these replacement land cover types store comparatively small amounts of carbon, so that the net product of the process is that more carbon stays in the atmosphere.

text: Other human-caused changes to the environment change ecosystems' productivity and their ability to remove carbon from the atmosphere. Air pollution, for example, damages plants and soils, while many agricultural and land use practices lead to higher erosion rates, washing carbon out of soils and decreasing plant productivity.

text: Humans also affect the oceanic carbon cycle [24]. Current trends in climate change lead to higher ocean temperatures, thus modifying ecosystems[25][26][27]. Also, acid rain and polluted runoff from agriculture and industry change the ocean's chemical composition. Such changes can have dramatic effects on highly sensitive ecosystems such as coral reefs[28][29][30], thus limiting the ocean's ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere on a regional scale and reducing oceanic biodiversity globally.

text: Arctic methane emissions indirectly caused by anthropogenic global warming also affect the carbon cycle, and contribute to further warming in what is known as climate change feedback.

text: On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that human-made carbon dioxide (CO2) continues to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years: currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.[19][20][21][22]


document_title: Pretty in Pink

question_text: who does andy end up with in pretty in pink

text: Pretty in Pink

text: Plot[edit]

text: High school senior Andie Walsh lives modestly with her underemployed working class father, Jack in the suburbs of Chicago. Andie's best friend, Phil "Duckie" Dale, is in love with her, but is afraid to tell her how he truly feels. In school, Duckie and Andie, along with their friends, are harassed and bullied by the arrogant "richie" kids, specifically Benny Hanson and her boyfriend Steff McKee, who is secretly interested in Andie.

text: While working after school at TRAX, a new wave record store, Andie starts talking about her school's senior prom to her manager Iona, who advises Andie to go, despite not having a date. Blane McDonough, one of the preppy boys and Steff's best friend, starts talking to Andie and eventually asks her out.

text: On the night of the date, Andie waits for Blane at TRAX, but he is late. Duckie comes in and asks Andie to go out with him, but she ignores him. Feeling like she got stood up, Iona gives Andie a pep talk, while Duckie, still oblivious, asks what's wrong. When Blane arrives, Duckie is upset and starts an argument with Andie, with Duckie trying to convince her that Blane will only hurt her. Duckie storms off and Andie goes on with her date. Blane suggests going to a house party Steff is throwing, but Andie is treated poorly by everyone, including a drunk Steff and Benny. Andie, in turn, suggests going to the local club, where they discover Iona sitting with Duckie, who is hostile towards Blane. After another argument with Duckie, Andie and Blane walk out of the club. Andie, feeling that their night didn't go so well, tells Blane that she wants to go home, but when Blane offers to take her home, she refuses, admitting that she doesn't want him to see where she lives. She eventually allows him to drop her off and he asks her to the prom, which she accepts and they share their first kiss. Andie visits Iona at her apartment the next day to talk about the date. Meanwhile, Blane, pressured by Steff, begins distancing himself from Andie.

text: Jack comes home one night and surprises Andie with a pink dress he bought for her. Questioning how he was able to afford it, Andie tells him that she knows he has been lying about going to a full-time job. They have a big argument until Jack breaks down, revealing that he is still bitter and depressed about his wife having left him. At school, Andie confronts Blane for avoiding her and not returning her calls. When asked about prom, he claims that he had already asked somebody else but had forgotten. Andie starts calling Blane a liar and tells him that he is ashamed of being seen with her. Andie runs away as a teary-eyed Blane leaves, with Steff criticizing Andie. Duckie overhears Steff and attacks him in the hallway. The two fight before teachers intervene. Andie goes to Iona, crying and telling her about what happened, and then asks for Iona's old prom dress.

text: Using the fabric from Iona's dress and the dress her father bought, Andie creates a new pink prom dress. When she arrives at the prom, Andie has second thoughts about braving the crowd on her own until she sees Duckie. They reconcile and walk into the ballroom hand in hand. As a drunk Steff begins mocking the couple, Blane confronts him and finally realizes that Steff resents Andie because she had turned down his advances. Blane then approaches the two, shaking Duckie's hand and then apologizing to Andie, telling her that he always believed in her and that he will always love her, kissing her cheek before walking out. Duckie concedes that Blane is not like the other rich kids at school and advises Andie to go after him, joking that he'll never take her to another prom if she doesn't. Duckie then sees a girl smiling at him, signaling him to come over and dance with her. Andie catches up with Blane in the parking lot and they kiss passionately.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Molly Ringwald as Andie Walsh
Harry Dean Stanton as Jack Walsh
Jon Cryer as Philip F. "Duckie" Dale
Annie Potts as Iona
James Spader as Steff McKee
Andrew McCarthy as Blane McDonough
Kate Vernon as Benny Hanson
Andrew Dice Clay as Bouncer
Kristy Swanson as Duckette
Alexa Kenin as Jena Hoeman
Dweezil Zappa as Simon
Gina Gershon as Trombley

text: Charlie Sheen was originally considered for the role of Blane, but Ringwald convinced the filmmakers to cast McCarthy for the role instead.[7]

text: Alternate ending[edit]

text: Originally, the film portrayed Andie and Duckie ending up together;[8] however, test audiences disapproved,[9] and the Andie/Blane ending was produced instead. Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark had selected "Goddess of Love" from the album The Pacific Age for the original ending. With only two days before going on tour, OMD wrote "If You Leave" in less than 24 hours for the newly re-shot Andie/Blane ending.[10]

text: Novel[edit]

text: The film was adapted into a novel, written by H. B. Gilmour and Randi Reisfield and released in 1986. It was published by Bantam Books (ISBN 0-553-25944-X. ISBN 978-0553259445). The book was written before the last scene was changed, so it has the original ending, in which Andie winds up with Duckie instead of Blane.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was the top-grossing film for the week of March 12, 1986.[11] The film earned US$6.1 million during its opening weekend and $40.5 million during its theatrical run. It was the 22nd highest-grossing film in 1986.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 78% of 46 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "Molly Ringwald gives an outstanding performance in this sweet, intelligent teen comedy that takes an ancient premise and injects it with insight and wit."[13]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The main cast of Pretty in Pink was featured in the October 15, 2010 issue of Entertainment Weekly, whose theme was cast reunions for landmark films and television shows.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Pretty in Pink

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
February 28, 1986

Genre
Post-punk, new wave

Length
39:35

Label
A&M

Producer
David Anderle (soundtrack executive producer)

Singles from Pretty in Pink

"If You Leave"
Released: April 21, 1986
"Left of Center"
Released: 1986
"Shellshock"
Released: 17 March 1986

text: Like previous films by John Hughes, Pretty in Pink featured a soundtrack composed mostly of new wave music. While director Howard Deutch originally intended the film to primarily contain theme music, Hughes influenced Deutch's decision to use post-punk music throughout the film. The title song by the Psychedelic Furs acted as a bit of inspiration for the film and was re-recorded specifically for the film's opening sequence in a version that was less raw than the original; it was released in 1981 for the album Talk Talk Talk. "Left of Center" was remixed by Arthur Baker. The first track, "If You Leave", by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, was written in 1985 in advance specifically for the film. In addition to their song "Shellshock", New Order also had an instrumental version of "Thieves Like Us" and the instrumental "Elegia" appear in the film but not on the soundtrack. The Rave-Ups, who do appear in the film performing "Positively Lost Me" and "Shut-Up" from their Town and Country album, do not have any songs on the soundtrack album. Nik Kershaw's "Wouldn't It Be Good" appears as re-recorded by former Three Dog Night vocalist Danny Hutton's band, Danny Hutton Hitters. Also noteworthy is the inclusion of Echo & the Bunnymen's "Bring On the Dancing Horses", which, according to the liner notes of the CD release of the band's compilation album Songs to Learn & Sing, was recorded specifically for the film.

text: The film also includes Otis Redding's "Try a Little Tenderness", which actor Jon Cryer's character "Duckie" lipsyncs to in the film, The Association's "Cherish", and Talk Back's "Rudy". These three tracks do not appear on the official soundtrack.

text: The soundtrack was released on vinyl in 1986. It was re-released in 2013 as a limited edition pink colored vinyl.

text: The album was listed among "Best Movie Soundtracks: The 15 Film Music Compilations That'll Change Your Life" in The Huffington Post,[5] and "The 25 Greatest Soundtracks of All Time" in Rolling Stone.[6] Allmusic rated it four stars out of five.[15]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"If You Leave"
Andy McCluskey, Paul Humphreys, Martin Cooper
Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark
4:25

2.
"Left of Center"
Suzanne Vega/Steve Addabbo
Suzanne Vega with Joe Jackson
3:33

3.
"Get to Know Ya"
Johnson
Jesse Johnson
3:34

4.
"Do Wot You Do"
Andrew Farriss, Michael Hutchence
INXS
3:16

5.
"Pretty in Pink"
John Ashton, Tim Butler, Richard Butler, Vince Ely, Duncan Kilburn, Roger Morris
The Psychedelic Furs
4:40

6.
"Shellshock"
New Order, John Robie
New Order
6:04

7.
"Round, Round"
Belouis Some
Belouis Some
4:07

8.
"Wouldn't It Be Good"
Nik Kershaw
Danny Hutton Hitters
3:44

9.
"Bring On the Dancing Horses"
Will Sergeant, Ian McCulloch, Les Pattinson, Pete de Freitas
Echo & the Bunnymen
3:59

10.
"Please, Please, Please, Let Me Get What I Want"
Johnny Marr, Morrissey
The Smiths
1:51

Total length:
39:35

text: Singles released[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Artist
Chart positions

US Hot 100
US D/P
US D/S
AUS
CA
IE
NZ
UK

1985
"Bring On the Dancing Horses"

Released: November 1985

Echo & the Bunnymen
–
–
–
78
–
15
31
21

1986
"Shellshock"

Released: March 1986

New Order
–
14
26
23
–
18
8
28

"If You Leave"

Released: April 28, 1986 (1986-04-28)

Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark
4
–
31
15
5
–
5
48

"Left of Center"

Released: June 1986

Suzanne Vega and Joe Jackson
–
–
–
35
–
28
–
32

"Pretty in Pink"

Released: October 1986

The Psychedelic Furs
41
–
–
–
61
–
–
18

"Round, Round"
Belouis Some
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–


document_title: Ghostfacers

question_text: what episode of supernatural do the ghostfacers first appear

text: Ghostfacers

text: The Ghostfacers are a group of fictional characters from the television series Supernatural. Originally known as the Hell Hounds, the characters were created by Trey Callaway in Episode 1.17, entitled "Hell House".

text: Ghostfacers may also refer to:

text:
"Ghostfacers", a 2008 episode of Supernatural
Ghostfacers, a webisode series of Supernatural


document_title: Queen Sugar

question_text: who plays darla's mom on queen sugar

question_tokens: who plays darla 's mom on queen sugar

text: Queen Sugar

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Rutina Wesley as Nova Bordelon, the eldest Bordelon child, a journalist, activist and herbal healer
Dawn-Lyen Gardner as Charlotte "Charley" Bordelon West, the middle Bordelon child - half sibling to Nova and Ralph Angel, a sports manager, mother of Micah and ex-wife of Davis
Kofi Siriboe as Ralph Angel Bordelon, the youngest Bordelon child, the face-forward brother of Bordelon sisters looking to better himself after recently being released from prison
Tina Lifford as Violet Bordelon, Ernest's younger sister, mother figure to the Bordelon children and Hollywood's girlfriend
Omar Dorsey as Hollingsworth "Hollywood" Desonier, Violet's much younger oil rig worker boyfriend and supporter of the Bordelon family
Dondre Whitfield as Remy Newell, an irrigation specialist who was a friend and confidante to Ernest who soon becomes a helping hand to Ernest's children and soon becomes Charley's love interest
Bianca Lawson as Darla, a recovering drug addict who is Ralph Angel's ex-girlfriend and Blue's mother seeking to reconnect with them both
Timon Kyle Durrett as Davis West, Charley's charismatic star basketball player ex-husband, client and Micah's father who is currently involved in a sex scandal as series unfolds
Greg Vaughan as Calvin, a married police officer and Nova's longtime secret lover
Nicholas L. Ashe as Micah West, Charley's and Davis's teenage son
Ethan Hutchison as Blue Bordelon, Ralph Angel's and Darla's 6-year-old son
Marycarmen Lopez as Reyna Velez, Blue's elementary school teacher

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Glynn Turman as Ernest Bordelon, the patriarch of the Bordelon family and older brother of Violet (season 1)
Henry G. Sanders as Prosper Denton, a lifelong friend to Ernest and fellow farmer
True O'Brien as Stella, Micah's girlfriend who he later breaks up with having finding out she had sex with several other guys (season 1)[7]
Reagan Gomez-Preston as Chantal Williams, Nova's friend
Issac White as Devonte "Too Sweet" Bonclair, a teen who after being falsely imprisoned becomes the main focus of Nova's current crusade on how the parish DA has been railroading African-Americans (season 1)
Tanyell Waivers as Keke Raymond, a teenage friend of the family who Micah sets his sights on after meeting her at a family cook-out[8]
Deja Dee as Sierra, Nova's college roommate
Sharon Lawrence as Lorna, Charley's mother
Michael Michele as Darlene, Darla's mother
Roger Guenveur Smith as Quincy, Darla's father
Alimi Ballard as Dr. Robert Dubois, an activist, who becomes Nova's love interest briefly in the second season

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On February 2, 2015, it was announced that Oprah Winfrey Network has ordered Queen Sugar, a straight-to-series drama based on novel with same name by Natalie Baszile.[1][2][9][10] Ava DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey, who worked on the 2014 film Selma, co-created the series, while DuVernay is set to write and direct Queen Sugar. The first season began film in February 2016.[11] The first season will have 13 episodes. DuVernay announced on January 27, 2016 in an interview that the series would feature an all-women directorial team.[12] On February 15, 2016, Neema Barnette joined the series as director and producer.[13] Award-winning director Tina Mabry is a producer and will also direct two episodes, and Anthony Sparks,[14] an award-winning TV writer and professor, is a co-executive producer for the series.[15] It was later announced that singer-songwriter Meshell Ndegeocello would provide the score for the series.[16]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On January 13, 2016, it was announced that Rutina Wesley would play the role of Nova Bordelon.[17][18][19] Further casting was announced January 27, 2016. Dawn-Lyen Gardner, Kofi Siriboe, and Omar Dorsey, who co-starred in Selma, were all announced in leading roles.[20][21] On February 1, 2016, it was announced that Emmy Award-winner Glynn Turman will guest-star as Ernest Bordelon, the patriarch of the family who died in the first episode.[22] On February 16, 2016, it was announced that Tina Lifford, Dondre Whitfield, Timon Kyle Durrett and Nicholas L. Ashe were cast as series regulars.[23] On February 23, 2016, Bianca Lawson and Greg Vaughan joined the cast as regulars, while Henry G. Sanders joined in a recurring role. Meanwhile, Oprah Winfrey Network said that Oprah Winfrey, who earlier was announced as a recurring character, would not have an onscreen role.[24] On March 11, 2016, it was announced that Marycarmen Lopez also was cast as regular.[25]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)
November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)

2
16
June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)

3
TBA
May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"First Things First"
Ava DuVernay
Ava DuVernay
September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)
2.69[26]

The estranged Bordelon siblings Nova (Rutina Wesley), Charley (Dawn-Lyen Gardner), and Ralph Angel (Kofi Siriboe) must come together to save their family's ailing sugarcane farm in Louisiana. Charley leaves her upscale L.A. lifestyle to return to her family home in Louisiana after her dad suffers a stroke and she receives unwelcome news about her husband.

2
2
"Evergreen"
Ava DuVernay
Tina Mabry
September 7, 2016 (2016-09-07)
2.14[27]

The siblings plan the funeral, but Charley and Nova disagree about how best to honor their father; and Ralph Angel and Aunt Violet are at odds over whether it's okay for his young son to attend the funeral service. In other events, Charley faces the fallout from the news about her husband and also learns there are things they don't know about their father's farm.

3
3
"Thy Will Be Done"
Neema Barnette
Jason Wilborn
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
2.00[28]

Charley, Nova and Ralph Angel learn the contents of their father's will and contemplate running the farm together; someone attempts to repossess one of the father's possessions; and the family considers a low offer for the land from a local buyer.

4
4
"The Darker Sooner"
So Yong Kim
Kay Oyegun
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
1.52[29]

The Bordelon siblings return to their everyday lives: Ralph Angel struggles to run the family farm; Charley resumes managing her husband's basketball career; and Nova seeks justice for a friend's son who she believes was wrongfully imprisoned.

5
5
"By Any Chance"
Victoria Mahoney
Anthony Sparks
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
1.59[30]

Nova's relationship suffers because of her pursuit of justice; Charley confronts her husband's accuser; Ralph Angel faces a moral quandary; and Hollywood resumes contact with someone from his past.

6
6
"As Promised"
Tanya Hamilton
Melissa Carter
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
1.44[31]

Nova and Charley clash over Nova's comments regarding Charley's marriage; Ralph Angel wants out of an illegal arrangement; and Charley discovers what Davis did on the night in question.

7
7
"In No Uncertain Terms"
Neema Barnette
Denise Harkavy
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
1.68[32]

Charley faces up to the state of her marriage; Ralph Angel wants to farm full time; and Aunt Violet uncovers information about Hollywood that jeopardizes their relationship.

8
8
"Where With All"
Kat Candler
Tina Mabry
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
1.71[33]

The family prepares for a hurricane; Remy questions Charley's treatment of her staff; Aunt Violet worries about Nova's safety; and Ralph Angel quarrels with Darla.

9
9
"Next to Nothing"
Kat Candler
Jason Wilborn
November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)
1.69[34]

The siblings find two dead bodies on the property while repairing damage caused by the storm. In other events, Ralph Angel continues to push for custody of Blue.

10
10
"So Far"
Salli Richardson-Whitfield
Anthony Sparks
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
1.50[35]

Charlie searches for a new mill; and realizes that there's more to the story of the land than originally thought. In other events, Hollywood again tries to mend his relationship with Aunt Violet.

11
11
"All Good"
Salli Richardson-Whitfield
Kay Oyegun
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
1.64[36]

The siblings search for a new mill; Charley is prepared to put her past with Davis behind her; Ralph Angel and Darla help Blue with issues at school; and Aunt Violet makes changes to the diner.

12
12
"Far Too Long"
Tina Mabry
Melissa Carter & Ali Gordon-Goldstein
November 23, 2016 (2016-11-23)
1.50[37]

Charley makes a cunning decision as a result of the siblings' quest for a new mill; Ralph Angel locks heads with Charley; Hollywood and Aunt Violet's relationship hits a roadblock; and Nova's ex, Calvin, returns.

13
13
"Give Us This Day"
Tina Mabry
Ava DuVernay
November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
1.91[38]

In the Season 1 finale, Charley goes all out to secure an investor; Nova and Calvin reunite, but not everyone is pleased; Davis attempts to repair his relationship with Micah; Aunt Violet tries to make amends with Hollywood; and Ralph Angel makes a shocking discovery.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"After the Winter"
Kat Candler
Monica Macer
June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)
2.31[39]

Charley and Davis remain entangled; Ralph Angel tries to find his footing on the family farm; Aunt Violet confronts her feelings for Hollywood; and Micah has a dangerous encounter with a police officer. In other events, Nova deals with the loss of her relationship with Calvin and later holds a community fundraiser.

15
2
"To Usward"
Cheryl Dunye
Jason Wilborn
June 21, 2017 (2017-06-21)
1.69[40]

Ralph Angel has an idea for the farm; Charley is blindsided during her final divorce mediation with Davis; Nova holds a community fundraiser; and Aunt Violet learns that Hollywood might have been involved in a life-threatening accident.

16
3
"What Do I Care For Morning"
Aurora Guerrero
Anthony Sparks
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)
1.55[41]

Micah finds solace at Nova's place; Charley confronts Davis about their custody arrangement; Aunt Violet's time with Hollywood might be short-lived; Nova meets someone at a symposium; and Ralph Angel confronts Jacob Boudreaux about spying on his property.

17
4
"My Soul's High Song"
Maryam Keshavarz
Ava DuVernay
July 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)
1.46[42]

Charley searches for a more permanent home for Micah; a whitefly infestation threatens the farm; Nova adjusts to a new editor who wants her to change her approach; and Darla makes a decision that has serious consequences.

18
5
"Caroling Dusk"
Amanda Marsalis
Davita Scarlett
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)
1.52[43]

Charley's therapist appointment brings to light childhood issues; Nova reunites with Dr. Robert Dubois; Davis meets an intriguing singer; Ralph Angel meets an old friend during a high-pressured situation; and Darla finds an unexpected job.

19
6
"Line of Our Elders"
DeMane Davis
Mimi Won Techentin
July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)
1.56[44]

Charley's opening celebration of the Queen Sugar Mill suffers a setback; Nova learns something surprising about her late father; and Ralph Angel has a run-in with someone he previously robbed and later makes a huge confession to his sisters.

20
7
"I Know My Soul"
Kat Candler
Maria Elena Rodriguez
July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)
1.57[45]

Ralph Angel's confession continues to cause unrest and his appeal to Darla for emotional support conflicts with Charley's wishes. Plus, Nova learns something surprising about Violet.

21
8
"Freedom's Plow"
Amanda Marsalis
Anthony Sparks
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)
1.59[46]

In the mid-season finale, Darla celebrates her two-year sober anniversary; Violet has a health issue; Nova and Dr. Robert Dubois' reunion hits a roadblock; Micah finally comes to terms with his emotions; Charley confesses her feelings for Remy; and Ralph Angel makes a life-changing confession to Darla.

22
9
"Yet Do I Marvel"
Julie Dash
Jason Wilborn
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
1.74[47]

In the mid-season premiere, Darla reaches out to her family to share her engagement news; Violet's condition worsens; Nova's Zika story causes concern in the community; Micah tells his family about the police incident; and Charley receives an unexpected visit from her mother, and the two have an honest conversation about Charley's upbringing.

23
10
"Drums at Dusk"
Julie Dash
Valerie Chu
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
1.20[48]

An unexpected encounter creates issues between Ralph Angel and Darla. Meanwhile, the presence of Charley's mother, Lorna gives rise to old tensions in the family; and Violet finally sees a doctor about her recurring symptoms.

24
11
"Fruit of the Flower"
Cheryl Dunye
Dana Greenblatt
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
1.31[49]

Nova and Robert's relationship begins to shift; Ralph Angel feels humiliated by Remy; Hollywood and Violet clash over Hollywood's new friend; and Lorna finally reveals the true history of her relationship with Nova and Ralph Angel's father.

25
12
"Live in the All Along"
Garrett Bradley
Mimi Won Techentin
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
1.14[50]

Nova and Robert's relationship hits a major setback; Darla and Ralph Angel plan their upcoming wedding; Davis offers Charley help with her harvest festival and they both realize they have moved on in new relationships; Davis attempts to make amends.

26
13
"Heritage"
Liesl Tommy
Monica Macer & Davita Scarlett
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
1.34[51]

Charley and Remy discuss their future; Violet receives a life changing diagnosis; Nova and Calvin come face-to-face for the first time in months; Darla reunites with her parents, and reveals a devastating secret to Ralph Angel.

27
14
"On These I Stand"
Christina Voros
Jason Wilborn & Anthony Sparks
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
1.28[52]

Ralph Angel is left devastated by Darla's news; Charley's business is threatened; Micah has an issue with his school; Nova receives a new opportunity; and Violet reveals her diagnosis to Hollywood.

28
15
"Copper Sun"
DeMane Davis
Monica Macer & Dana Greenblatt
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
1.22[53]

Charley fires Darla after learning that she's lied to her family; Micah gets suspended from school; Hollywood promises to fulfill Violet's wish list; and Jacob Boudreaux suggests he and Charley form a partnership.

29
16
"Dream Variations"
Kat Candler
Ava DuVernay
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
1.33[54]

In the Season 2 finale, Charley's shocking plan to save her business puts her relationship with Remy in jeopardy; Hollywood proposes to Violet; Nova and Remy share an unexpected moment; and Ralph Angel decides if he can forgive Darla.
Note: This episode is 90 minutes.

text: Novel[edit]

text: Queen Sugar, a novel written by UCLA graduate Natalie Baszile, is a mother-daughter story of reinvention. It tells the story about an African-American woman, who unexpectedly inherits a sugarcane farm in Louisiana.

text: Baszile started writing her African-American-themed tale of endurance and hope in the American South in the early 1990s, and the text was only ready ten years later. She first presented the manuscript to publishers in 2009 but without any success. After revising the book for another two years, she resubmitted the text, with one agent agreeing to represent her.

text: Baszile took part in a women writer's retreat in Hedgebrook. A friend of hers who was also at the retreat, the novelist Sarah Manyika, suggested that she read part of a chapter from Queen Sugar to fellow residents. Leigh Haber, Oprah magazine's book editor was attending and loved the novel and passed it to people at Harpo because she thought they might be interested in it. A few months after that, Harpo called to say they wanted to option the book for a project.[55]

text: The book was published by Penguin in 2014 as the debut novel of Baszile and a few months later, Oprah television network OWN negotiated the deal to turn the book into a television series.

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

2017

48th NAACP Image Awards[56]
Outstanding Drama Series
Queen Sugar
Won

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Kofi Siriboe
Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series
Rutina Wesley
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series
Ava DuVernay (for "First Things First")
Won

Anthony Sparks (for "By Any Chance")
Nominated

2017 Hollywood Music in Media Awards[57]
Original Score – TV Show/Limited Series
Meshell Ndegeocello
Nominated

2018

49th NAACP Image Awards[58]
Outstanding Drama Series
Queen Sugar
Nominated

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Kofi Siriboe
Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series
Rutina Wesley
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Dondre Whitfield
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Tina Lifford
Nominated