document_title: Windows XP

question_text: when did windows xp go end of life

question_tokens: when did windows xp go end of life

text: Windows XP

text: Development[edit]

text: "Neptune" and "Odyssey"[edit]

text: In the late 1990s, initial development of what would become Windows XP was focused on two individual products; "Odyssey", which was reportedly intended to succeed the future Windows 2000, and "Neptune", which was reportedly a consumer-oriented operating system using the Windows NT architecture, succeeding the MS-DOS-based Windows 98. Based on the NT 5.0 kernel in Windows 2000, Neptune primarily focused on offering a simplified, task-based interface based on a concept known internally as "activity centers", originally planned to be implemented in Windows 98. A number of activity centers were planned, serving as hubs for email communications, playing music, managing or viewing photos, searching the Internet, and viewing recently used content. A single build of Neptune, 5111 (which still carried the branding of Windows 2000 in places), revealed early work on the activity center concept, with an updated user account interface and graphical login screen, common functions (such as recently used programs) being accessible from a customizable "Starting Places" page (which could be used as either a separate window, or a full-screen desktop replacement).[11][12][13]

text: However, the project proved to be too ambitious. Microsoft discussed a plan to delay Neptune in favor of an interim OS known as "Asteroid", which would have been an update to Windows 2000 (Windows NT 5.0), and have a consumer-oriented version. At the WinHEC conference on April 7, 1999, Steve Ballmer announced an updated version of Windows 98 known as Windows Millennium, breaking a promise made by Microsoft CEO Bill Gates in 1998 that Windows 98 would be the final consumer-oriented version of Windows to use the MS-DOS architecture. Concepts introduced by Neptune would influence future Windows products; in Windows ME, the activity center concept was used for System Restore and Help and Support Center (which both combined Win32 code with an interface rendered using Internet Explorer's layout engine), the hub concept would be expanded on Windows Phone, and Windows 8 would similarly use a simplified user interface running atop the existing Windows shell.[14][15]

text: "Whistler"[edit]

text: In January 2000, shortly prior to the official release of Windows 2000, technology writer Paul Thurrott reported that Microsoft had shelved both Neptune and Odyssey in favor of a new product codenamed Whistler, after Whistler, British Columbia, as many Microsoft employees skied at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort.[16] The goal of Whistler was to unify both the consumer and business-oriented Windows lines under a single, Windows NT platform: Thurrott stated that Neptune had become "a black hole when all the features that were cut from [Windows ME] were simply re-tagged as Neptune features. And since Neptune and Odyssey would be based on the same code-base anyway, it made sense to combine them into a single project".[13] At WinHEC in April 2000, Microsoft officially announced and presented an early build of Whistler, focusing on a new modularized architecture, built-in CD burning, fast user switching, and updated versions of the digital media features introduced by ME. Windows general manager Carl Stork stated that Whistler would be released in both consumer- and business-oriented versions built atop the same architecture, and that there were plans to update the Windows interface to make it "warmer and more friendly".[11][13]

text: In June 2000, Microsoft began the technical beta testing process. Whistler was expected to be made available in "Personal", "Professional", "Server", "Advanced Server", and "Datacenter" editions. At PDC on July 13, 2000, Microsoft announced that Whistler would be released during the second half of 2001, and also released the first preview build, 2250. The build notably introduced an early version of a new visual styles system along with an interim theme known as "Professional" (later renamed "Watercolor"), and contained a hidden "Start page" (a full-screen page similar to Neptune's "Starting Places"), and a hidden, early version of a two-column Start menu design.[17] Build 2257 featured further refinements to the Watercolor theme, along with the official introduction of the two-column Start menu, and the addition of an early version of Windows Firewall.[13]

text: Beta versions[edit]

text: Microsoft released Whistler Beta 1, build 2296, on October 31, 2000. In January 2001, build 2410 introduced Internet Explorer 6.0 (previously branded as 5.6) and the Microsoft Product Activation system. Bill Gates dedicated a portion of his keynote at Consumer Electronics Show to discuss Whistler, explaining that the OS would bring "[the] dependability of our highest end corporate desktop, and total dependability, to the home," and also "move it in the direction of making it very consumer-oriented. Making it very friendly for the home user to use." Alongside Beta 1, it was also announced that Microsoft would prioritize the release of the consumer-oriented versions of Whistler over the server-oriented versions in order to gauge reaction, but that they would be both generally available during the second half of 2001 (Whistler Server would ultimately be delayed into 2003).[18] Builds 2416 and 2419 added the File and Transfer Settings Wizard and began to introduce elements of the operating system's final appearance (such as its near-final Windows Setup design, and the addition of new default wallpapers, such as Bliss).[19]

text: On February 5, 2001, Microsoft officially announced that Whistler would be known as Windows XP, where XP stands for "experience". As a complement, the next version of Microsoft Office was also announced as Office XP. Microsoft stated that the name "[symbolizes] the rich and extended user experiences Windows and Office can offer by embracing Web services that span a broad range of devices." In a press event at EMP Museum in Seattle on February 13, 2001, Microsoft publicly unveiled the new "Luna" user interface of Windows XP. Windows XP Beta 2, build 2462a (which among other improvements, introduced the Luna style), was launched at WinHEC on March 25, 2001.[20][21]

text: In April 2001, Microsoft controversially announced that XP would not integrate support for Bluetooth or USB 2.0 on launch, requiring the use of third-party drivers. Critics felt that in the case of the latter, Microsoft's decision had delivered a potential blow to the adoption of USB 2.0, as XP was to provide support for the competing, Apple-developed, FireWire standard instead. A representative stated that the company had "[recognized] the importance of USB 2.0 as a newly emerging standard and is evaluating the best mechanism for making it available to Windows XP users after the initial release."[22] The builds prior to and following Release Candidate 1 (build 2505, released on July 5, 2001), and Release Candidate 2 (build 2526, released on July 27, 2001), focused on fixing bugs, acknowledging user feedback, and other final tweaks before the RTM build.[21]

text: Release[edit]

text: In June 2001, Microsoft indicated that it was planning to, in conjunction with Intel and other PC makers, spend at least US$1 billion on marketing and promoting Windows XP.[23] The theme of the campaign, "Yes You Can", was designed to emphasize the platform's overall capabilities. Microsoft had originally planned to use the slogan "Prepare to Fly", but it was replaced due to sensitivity issues in the wake of the September 11 attacks.[24] A prominent aspect of Microsoft's campaign was a U.S. television commercial featuring Madonna's song "Ray of Light"; a Microsoft spokesperson stated that the song was chosen due to its optimistic tone and how it complemented the overall theme of the campaign.[25][26]

text: On August 24, 2001, Windows XP build 2600 was released to manufacturing. During a ceremonial media event at Microsoft Redmond Campus, copies of the RTM build were given to representatives of several major PC manufacturers in briefcases, who then flew off on decorated helicopters. While PC manufacturers would be able to release devices running XP beginning on September 24, 2001, XP was expected to reach general, retail availability on October 25, 2001. On the same day, Microsoft also announced the final retail pricing of XP's two main editions, "Home" and "Professional".[21][27]

text: New and updated features[edit]

text: User interface[edit]

text: While retaining some similarities to previous versions, Windows XP's interface was overhauled with a new visual appearance, with an increased use of alpha compositing effects, drop shadows, and "visual styles", which completely change the appearance of the operating system. The number of effects enabled are determined by the operating system based on the computer's processing power, and can be enabled or disabled on a case-by-case basis. XP also added ClearType, a new subpixel rendering system designed to improve the appearance of fonts on liquid-crystal displays.[28] A new set of system icons was also introduced.[29][30] The default wallpaper, Bliss, is a photo of a landscape in the Napa Valley outside Napa, California, with rolling green hills and a blue sky with stratocumulus and cirrus clouds.[31]

text: The Start menu received its first major overhaul on XP, switching to a two-column layout with the ability to list, pin, and display frequently used applications, recently opened documents, and the traditional cascading "All Programs" menu. The taskbar can now group windows opened by a single application into one taskbar button, with a popup menu listing the individual windows. The notification area also hides "inactive" icons by default. The taskbar can also be "locked" to prevent accidental moving or other changes. A "common tasks" list was added, and Windows Explorer's sidebar was updated to use a new task-based design with lists of common actions; the tasks displayed are contextually relevant to the type of content in a folder (i.e. a folder with music displays offers to play all the files in the folder, or burn them to a CD).

text: Fast user switching allows additional users to log into a Windows XP machine without existing users having to close their programs and logging out. Although only one user at the time can use the console (i.e. monitor, keyboard and mouse), previous users can resume their session once they regained control of the console.[32]

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Windows XP uses prefetcher to improve startup and application launch times.[33][34] It also became possible to revert the installation of an updated device driver, should the updated driver produce undesirable results.[35]

text: Numerous improvements were also made to system administration tools such as Windows Installer, Windows Script Host, Disk Defragmenter, Windows Task Manager, Group Policy, CHKDSK, NTBackup, Microsoft Management Console, Shadow Copy, Registry Editor, Sysprep and WMI.[36][further explanation needed]

text: Windows XP introduced a copy protection system known as Windows Product Activation. All Windows licenses must be tied to a unique ID generated using information from the computer hardware, transmitted either via the internet or a telephone hotline. If Windows is not activated within 30 days of installation, the OS will cease to function until it is activated. Windows also periodically verifies the hardware to check for changes. If significant hardware changes are detected, the activation is voided, and Windows must be re-activated.[37]

text: Networking and internet functionality[edit]

text: Windows XP was originally bundled with Internet Explorer 6, Outlook Express 6, Windows Messenger, and MSN Explorer. New networking features were also added, including Internet Connection Firewall, Internet Connection Sharing integration with UPnP, NAT traversal APIs, Quality of Service features, IPv6 and Teredo tunneling, Background Intelligent Transfer Service, extended fax features, network bridging, peer to peer networking, support for most DSL modems, IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) connections with auto configuration and roaming, TAPI 3.1, and networking over FireWire.[38] Remote Assistance and Remote Desktop were also added, which allow users to connect to a computer running Windows XP from across a network or the Internet and access their applications, files, printers, and devices or request help.[39] Improvements were also made to IntelliMirror features such as Offline Files, Roaming user profiles and Folder redirection.

text: Other features[edit]

text:
DirectX 8.1 upgradeable to DirectX 9.0c
A number of new features in Windows Explorer including task panes, tiles and filmstrip views, improved sorting and grouping, searching by document categories, customizable infotips, built-in CD burning, AutoPlay, Simple File Sharing and WebDAV mini-redirector
Improved imaging features such as Windows Picture and Fax Viewer, improved image handling and thumbnail caching in Explorer
A number of kernel enhancements and power management improvements
Faster start-up, (due to improved Prefetch functions) logon, logoff, hibernation and application launch sequences.[33]
Numerous improvements to increase the system reliability such as improved System Restore, Automated System Recovery, Windows Error Reporting and driver reliability
Hardware support improvements such as USB 2.0 (with Service Pack 1), FireWire 800, Windows Image Acquisition, Media Transfer Protocol, DualView for multi-monitors and audio improvements
Fast user switching
The ClearType font rendering mechanism, which is designed to improve text readability on liquid-crystal display (LCD) and similar monitors, especially laptops.[28][40]
Side-by-side assemblies and registration-free COM
Improved media features in Windows Media format runtime, Windows Media Player, Windows Movie Maker, TV/video capture and playback technologies, Windows Media Encoder and introduction of Windows Media Center
General improvements to international support such as more locales, languages and scripts, MUI support in Terminal Services, improved IMEs and National Language Support, Text Services Framework
Improved application compatibility and shims compared to Windows 2000
Updated accessories and games
Native support for ZIP files (compressed folders)

text: Removed features[edit]

text: Some of the programs and features that were part of the previous versions of Windows did not make it to Windows XP. CD Player, DVD Player, and Imaging for Windows are replaced with Windows Picture and Fax Viewer, Windows Media Player, and Windows shell. NetBEUI and NetDDE are deprecated and are not installed by default. DLC and AppleTalk network protocols are removed. Plug-and-play–incompatible communication devices (like modems and network interface cards) are no longer supported.

text: Service Pack 2 and Service Pack 3 also remove features from Windows XP but to a less noticeable extent. For instance, Program Manager and support for TCP half-open connections are removed in Service Pack 2. The Energy Star logo and the address bar on the taskbar are removed in Service Pack 3.

text: Editions[edit]

text: Windows XP was released in two major editions on launch: Home Edition and Professional Edition. Both editions were made available at retail as pre-loaded software on new computers, and in boxed copies. Boxed copies were sold as "Upgrade" or "Full" licenses; the "Upgrade" versions were slightly cheaper, but require an existing version of Windows to install. The "Full" version can be installed on systems without an operating system or existing version of Windows.[23] Both versions of XP were aimed towards different markets: Home Edition is explicitly intended for consumer use and disables or removes certain advanced and enterprise-oriented features present on Professional, such as the ability to join a Windows domain, Internet Information Services, and Multilingual User Interface. Windows 98 or ME can be upgraded to either version, but Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000 can only be upgraded to Professional.[41] Windows' software license agreement for pre-loaded licenses allows the software to be "returned" to the OEM for a refund if the user does not wish to use it.[42] Despite the refusal of some manufacturers to honor the entitlement, it has been enforced by courts in some countries.[43][44]

text: Two specialized variants of XP were introduced in 2002 for certain types of hardware, exclusively through OEM channels as pre-loaded software. Windows XP Media Center Edition was initially designed for high-end home theater PCs with TV tuners (marketed under the term "Media Center PC"), offering expanded multimedia functionality, an electronic program guide, and digital video recorder (DVR) support through the Windows Media Center application.[45] Microsoft also unveiled Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, which contains additional pen input features, and is optimized for mobile devices meeting its Tablet PC specifications.[46] Two different 64-bit editions of XP were made available; the first, Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, was intended for IA-64 (Itanium) systems; as IA-64 usage declined on workstations in favor of AMD's x86-64 architecture (which was supported by the later Windows XP Professional x64 Edition), the Itanium version was discontinued in 2005.[47]

text: Microsoft also targeted emerging markets with the 2004 introduction of Windows XP Starter Edition, a special variant of Home Edition intended for low-cost PCs. The OS is primarily aimed at first-time computer owners, containing heavy localization (including wallpapers and screen savers incorporating images of local landmarks), and a "My Support" area which contains video tutorials on basic computing tasks. It also removes certain "complex" features, and does not allow users to run more than three applications at a time. After a pilot program in India and Thailand, Starter was released in other emerging markets throughout 2005.[48] In 2006, Microsoft also unveiled the FlexGo initiative, which would also target emerging markets with subsidized PCs on a pre-paid, subscription basis.[49]

text: As the result of unfair competition lawsuits in Europe and South Korea, which both alleged that Microsoft had improperly leveraged its status in the PC market to favor its own bundled software, Microsoft was ordered to release special versions of XP in these markets that excluded certain applications. In March 2004, after the European Commission fined Microsoft €497 million (US$603 million), Microsoft was ordered to release "N" versions of XP that excluded Windows Media Player, encouraging users to pick and download their own media player software. As it was sold at the same price as the version with Windows Media Player included, certain OEMs (such as Dell, who offered it for a short period, along with Hewlett-Packard, Lenovo and Fujitsu Siemens) chose not to offer it. Consumer interest was minuscule, with roughly 1,500 units shipped to OEMs, and no reported sales to consumers.[50][51][52][53] In December 2005, the Korean Fair Trade Commission ordered Microsoft to make available editions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 that do not contain Windows Media Player or Windows Messenger.[54] The "K" and "KN" editions of Windows XP were released in August 2006, and are only available in English and Korean, and also contain links to third-party instant messenger and media player software.[55]

text: Service packs[edit]

text: A service pack is cumulative update package that is a superset of all updates, and even service packs, that have been released before it.[56][57][58] Three service packs have been released for Windows XP. Service Pack 3 is slightly different, in that it needs at least Service Pack 1 to have been installed, in order to update a live OS.[58][59] However, Service Pack 3 can still be embedded into a Windows installation disc; SP1 is not reported as a prerequisite for doing so.[60][61]

text: Service Pack 1[edit]

text: Service Pack 1 (SP1) for Windows XP was released on September 9, 2002. It contained over 300 minor, post-RTM bug fixes, along with all security patches released since the original release of XP. SP1 also added USB 2.0 support, Microsoft Java Virtual Machine, .NET Framework support, and support for technologies used by the then-upcoming Media Center and Tablet PC editions of XP. The most significant change on SP1 was the addition of Set Program Access and Defaults, a settings page which allows programs to be set as default for certain types of activities (such as media players or web browsers) and for access to bundled, Microsoft programs (such as Internet Explorer or Windows Media Player) to be disabled. This feature was added to comply with the settlement of United States v. Microsoft Corp., which required Microsoft to offer the ability for OEMs to bundle third-party competitors to software it bundles with Windows (such as Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player), and give them the same level of prominence as those normally bundled with the OS.[62][63][64]

text: On February 3, 2003, Microsoft released Service Pack 1a (SP1a). It is the same as SP1, except Microsoft Java Virtual Machine is removed.[65]

text: Service Pack 2[edit]

text: Service Pack 2 (SP2) was released on August 25, 2004,[66] SP2 added new functionality to Windows XP, such as WPA encryption compatibility and improved Wi-Fi support (with a wizard utility), a pop-up ad blocker for Internet Explorer 6, and partial Bluetooth support.

text: Service Pack 2 also added new security enhancements (codenamed "Springboard"),[67] which included a major revision to the included firewall (renamed Windows Firewall, and now enabled by default), Data Execution Prevention gained hardware support in the NX bit that can stop some forms of buffer overflow attacks. Raw socket support is removed (which supposedly limits the damage done by zombie machines) and the Windows Messenger service (which had been abused to cause pop-up advertisements to be displayed as system messages without a web browser or any additional software) became disabled by default. Additionally, security-related improvements were made to e-mail and web browsing. Service Pack 2 also added Security Center, an interface which provides a general overview of the system's security status, including the state of the firewall and automatic updates. Third-party firewall and antivirus software can also be monitored from Security Center.[68]

text: In August 2006, Microsoft released updated installation media for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 SP2 (SP2b), in order to incorporate a patch requiring ActiveX controls in Internet Explorer to be manually activated before a user may interact with them. This was done so that the browser would not violate a patent owned by Eolas.[69][70] Microsoft has since licensed the patent, and released a patch reverting the change in April 2008.[71] In September 2007, another minor revision known as SP2c was released for XP Professional, extending the number of available product keys for the operating system to "support the continued availability of Windows XP Professional through the scheduled system builder channel end-of-life (EOL) date of January 31, 2009."[72]

text: Service Pack 3[edit]

text: Windows XP Service Pack 3 (SP3) was released to manufacturing on April 21, 2008, and to the public via both the Microsoft Download Center and Windows Update on May 6, 2008.[73][74][75][76]

text: It began being automatically pushed out to Automatic Updates users on July 10, 2008.[77] A feature set overview which details new features available separately as stand-alone updates to Windows XP, as well as backported features from Windows Vista, has been posted by Microsoft.[78] A total of 1,174 fixes are included in SP3.[79] Service Pack 3 can be installed on systems with Internet Explorer versions 6, 7, or 8.[80] Internet Explorer 7 is not included as part of SP3.[81] Service Pack 3 is not available for the 64 bit version of Windows XP, which is based on the Windows Server 2003 kernel.

text: New features in Service Pack 3[edit]

text:
NX APIs for application developers to enable Data Execution Prevention for their code, independent of system-wide compatibility enforcement settings[82]
Turns black hole router detection on by default.[83]
Support for SHA-2 signatures in X.509 certificates[83]
Network Access Protection client
Group Policy support for IEEE 802.1X authentication for wired network adapters[84]
Credential Security Support Provider[85]
Descriptive Security options in Group Policy/Local Security Policy user interface
An updated version of the Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider Module (RSAENH) that is FIPS 140-2 certified (SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512 algorithms.[83]
Installing without requiring a product key during setup for retail and OEM versions

text: Previously released updates[edit]

text: Service Pack 3 also incorporated several previously released key updates for Windows XP, which were not included up to SP2, including:

text:
Windows Imaging Component[86]
IPSec Simple Policy Update for simplified creation and maintenance of IPSec filters[87]
Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) 2.5
MSXML 6.0 SP2 and XMLLite
Microsoft Management Console 3.0
Credential Roaming service (Digital Identity Management Service) update
Remote Desktop Protocol 6.1 including support for ClearType and 32-bit color depth over RDP[88]
RemoteApp server which is used for Windows XP Mode
Credential Security Support Provider which provides Network Level Authentication and Single Sign-On for RDP
Peer Name Resolution Protocol 2.1
Network Diagnostics update
WPA2 Update[89]
Windows Script 5.7
Windows Installer 3.1 v2
Wireless LAN API[90]
Improvements made to Windows Management Instrumentation in Windows Vista to reduce the possibility of corruption of the WMI repository[91]

text: Service Pack 3 contains updates to the operating system components of Windows XP Media Center Edition (MCE) and Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, and security updates for .NET Framework version 1.0, which is included in these editions. However, it does not include update rollups for the Windows Media Center application in Windows XP MCE 2005.[92] SP3 also omits security updates for Windows Media Player 10, although the player is included in Windows XP MCE 2005.[92] The Address Bar DeskBand on the Taskbar is no longer included due to antitrust violation concerns.[93]

text: System requirements[edit]

text: System requirements for Windows XP are as follows:

text:
[hide]System requirements

Minimum
Recommended

Home/Professional Edition[94]

CPU

Pentium or compatible, 233 MHz[1]
BIOS or compatible firmware[95]

Pentium or compatible, 300 MHz
BIOS or compatible firmware[95]

Memory
64 MB[2]
128 MB

Hard drive

1.5 GB
Master boot record used[95]

+661 MB for Service Pack 1 and 1a[96]
+1.8 GB for Service Pack 2[97]
+900 MB for Service Pack 3[98]

Media
CD-ROM drive or compatible

Display
Super VGA (800 × 600)

Sound hardware
N/A
Sound card plus speakers/headphones

Input device(s)
Keyboard, mouse

Professional x64 Edition[99]

CPU

x86-64 or compatible
BIOS or compatible firmware[95]

Memory
256 MB

Hard drive

1.5 GB
Master boot record used[95]

Media
CD-ROM drive or compatible

Display
Super VGA (800 × 600)

Sound hardware
N/A
Sound card plus speakers/headphones

Input device(s)
Keyboard, mouse

64-Bit Edition[100][101]

CPU
Itanium 733 MHz
Itanium 800 MHz

Memory
1 GB

Hard drive
6 GB

Media
CD-ROM drive or compatible

Display
Super VGA (800 × 600)

Input device(s)
Keyboard, mouse

text: Notes:

text:
^1 Even though this is Microsoft's stated minimum processor speed for Windows XP, it is possible to install and run the operating system on early IA-32 processors such as a P5 Pentium without MMX instructions. Windows XP is not compatible with processors older than Pentium (such as 486) because it requires CMPXCHG8B instructions.[102]
^2 A Microsoft TechNet paper from Summer 2001 (before Windows XP's actual release), states that: "A computer with 64 MB of RAM will have sufficient resources to run Windows XP and a few applications with moderate memory requirements." (Emphasis added.) These were said to be office productivity applications, e-mail programs, and web browsers (of the time). With such a configuration, user interface enhancements and fast user switching are turned off by default. For comparable workloads, 64 MB of RAM was then regarded as providing an equal or better user experience on Windows XP with similar settings than it would with Windows ME on the same hardware. In a later section of the paper, superior performance over Windows ME was noted with 128 MB of RAM or more, and with computers that exceed the minimum hardware requirements.[103]

text: Physical memory limits[edit]

text: The maximum amount of RAM that Windows XP can support varies depending on the product edition and the processor architecture, as shown in the following table.[104][105]

text:
Physical memory limits of Windows XP[104][105]

Edition
Maximum

Starter
512 MB

Home
4 GB

Media Center

Tablet PC

Professional

Professional x64
128 GB[106]

64-bit (Itanium)

text: Processor limits[edit]

text: Windows XP Professional supports up to two physical processors[107] (CPU sockets);[108] Windows XP Home Edition is limited to one.[109]

text: Windows XP supports a greater number of logical processors. A logical processor is either: 1) One of the two handlers of threads of instructions in one of the cores of a physical processor with support for hyper-threading present and enabled; or 2) one of the cores of one of the physical processors without enabled support for hyper-threading. Windows XP 32-bit editions support up to 32 logical processors;[110] 64-bit editions support up to 64 logical processors.[111]

text: Support lifecycle[edit]

text:
Support status summary

Expiration date

Mainstream support
April 14, 2009 (2009-04-14)[4]

Extended support
April 8, 2014 (2014-04-08)[4]

Applicable XP editions:

Home Edition, Professional Edition, Professional x64 Edition, Professional for Embedded Systems, Media Center Editions (all), Starter Edition, Tablet PC Edition and Tablet PC Edition 2005,[4] as well as Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs.[112]

Exceptions

Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (including Version 2003)
Mainstream support ended on June 30, 2005.[113]

Windows XP Embedded
Mainstream support ended on January 11, 2011.[4]
Extended support ended on January 12, 2016.[4]

Windows Embedded for Point of Service
Mainstream support ended on April 12, 2011[114]
Extended support ended on April 12, 2016[114]

Windows Embedded Standard 2009
Mainstream support ended on January 14, 2014.
Extended support ends on January 8, 2019.[115]

Windows Embedded POSReady 2009
Mainstream support ended on April 8, 2014.
Extended support ends on April 9, 2019.[116]

text: Support for Windows XP without a service pack ended on September 30, 2005.[4] Windows XP Service Packs 1 and 1a were retired on October 10, 2006,[4] and Windows XP Service Pack 2 reached end of support on July 13, 2010, almost six years after its general availability.[4] The company stopped general licensing of Windows XP to OEMs and terminated retail sales of the operating system on June 30, 2008, 17 months after the release of Windows Vista.[117][118] However, an exception was announced on April 3, 2008, for OEMs producing what it defined as "ultra low-cost personal computers", particularly netbooks, until one year after the availability of Windows 7 on October 22, 2010. Analysts felt that the move was primarily intended to compete against Linux-based netbooks, although Microsoft's Kevin Hutz stated that the decision was due to apparent market demand for low-end computers with Windows.[119][120][121]

text: Variants of Windows XP for embedded systems have different support policies: Windows XP Embedded SP3 and Windows Embedded for Point of Service SP3 were supported until January and April 2016, respectively. Windows Embedded Standard 2009 and Windows Embedded POSReady 2009 continue to receive Extended support through January and April 2019, respectively.[122]

text: End of support[edit]

text: On April 14, 2009, Windows XP exited mainstream support and entered the Extended support phase; Microsoft continued to provide security updates every month for Windows XP; however, free technical support, warranty claims, and design changes were no longer being offered. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014, over 12 years since the release of XP; normally Microsoft products have a support life cycle of only 10 years.[123] Beyond the final security updates released on April 8, no more security patches or support information are provided for XP free-of-charge; "critical patches" will still be created, and made available only to customers subscribing to a paid "Custom Support" plan.[123][124][125] As it is a Windows component, all versions of Internet Explorer for Windows XP also became unsupported.[126]

text: In January 2014, it was estimated that more than 95% of the 3 million automated teller machines in the world were still running Windows XP (which largely replaced IBM's OS/2 as the predominant operating system on ATMs); ATMs have an average lifecycle of between seven and ten years, but some have had lifecycles as long as 15. Plans were being made by several ATM vendors and their customers to migrate to Windows 7-based systems over the course of 2014, while vendors have also considered the possibility of using Linux-based platforms in the future to give them more flexibility for support lifecycles, and the ATM Industry Association (ATMIA) has since endorsed Windows 10 as a further replacement.[127] However, ATMs typically run the embedded variant of Windows XP, which was supported through January 2016.[128][129] As of May 2017, around 60% of the 220,000 ATMs in India still run Windows XP.[130]

text: As of January 2014, at least 49% of all computers in China still ran XP. These holdouts have been influenced by several factors; prices of genuine copies of Windows in the country are high, while Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government, and the Chinese government would ban the purchase of Windows 8 products for government use in May 2014 in protest of Microsoft's inability to provide "guaranteed" support. The government also had concerns that the impending end of support could affect their anti-piracy initiatives with Microsoft, as users would simply pirate newer versions rather than purchasing them legally. As such, government officials formally requested that Microsoft extend the support period for XP for these reasons. While Microsoft did not comply with their requests, a number of major Chinese software developers, such as Lenovo, Kingsoft and Tencent, will provide free support and resources for Chinese users migrating from XP.[131][132][133][134][135] Several governments, in particular the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, elected to negotiate "Custom Support" plans with Microsoft for their continued, internal use of Windows XP; the British government's deal lasts for a year, and also covers support for Office 2003 (which reached end-of-life the same day) and cost £5.5 million.[136][137][138]

text: On March 8, 2014, Microsoft deployed an update for XP that, on the 8th of each month, displays a pop-up notification to remind users about the end of support; however, these notifications may be disabled by the user.[139] Microsoft also partnered with Laplink to provide a special "express" version of its PCmover software to help users migrate files and settings from XP to a computer with a newer version of Windows.[139][140]

text: Despite the approaching end of support, there were still notable holdouts that had not migrated past XP; many users elected to remain on XP because of the poor reception of Windows Vista, sales of newer PCs with newer versions of Windows declined due to the Great Recession and the effects of Vista, and deployments of new versions of Windows in enterprise environments require a large amount of planning, which includes testing applications for compatibility (especially those that are dependent on Internet Explorer 6, which is not compatible with newer versions of Windows).[141][142][131][143] Major security software vendors (including Microsoft itself) planned to continue offering support and definitions for Windows XP past the end of support to varying extents, along with the developers of Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera web browsers;[126] despite these measures, critics similarly argued that users should eventually migrate from XP to a supported platform.[141][131][144][145][136] Microsoft continued to provide Security Essentials virus definitions and updates for its Malicious Software Removal Tool (MSRT) for XP until July 14, 2015.[146] As the end of extended support approached, Microsoft began to increasingly urge XP customers to migrate to newer versions such as Windows 7 or 8 in the interest of security, suggesting that attackers could reverse engineer security patches for newer versions of Windows and use them to target equivalent vulnerabilities in XP.[147][148][149] Windows XP is remotely exploitable by numerous security holes that were discovered after Microsoft stopped supporting it.[150][151][152]

text: Similarly specialized devices that run XP, particularly medical devices, must have any revisions to their software—even security updates for the underlying operating system—approved by relevant regulators before they can be released. For the same reason, manufacturers of medical devices had historically refused to provide, or even allow the installation of any Windows updates for these devices, leaving them open to security exploits and malware.[138][153]

text: Despite the end of support for Windows XP, Microsoft has released two emergency security patches for the operating system to patch major security vulnerabilities:

text:
A patch released May 2014 to address recently discovered vulnerabilities in Internet Explorer 6 through 11 on all versions of Windows.[154][155][156][157]
A patch released May 2017 to address a vulnerability that was being leveraged by the WannaCry ransomware attack.[158]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On release, Windows XP received mostly positive reviews. CNET described the operating system as being "worth the hype", considering the new interface to be "spiffier" and more intuitive than previous versions, but feeling that it may "annoy" experienced users with its "hand-holding". XP's expanded multimedia support and CD burning functionality was also noted, along with its streamlined networking tools. The performance improvements of XP in comparison to 2000 and ME were also praised, along with its increased number of built-in device drivers in comparison to 2000. The software compatibility tools were also praised, although it was noted that some programs, particularly older MS-DOS software, may not work correctly on XP due to its differing architecture. They panned Windows XP's new licensing model and product activation system, considering it to be a "slightly annoying roadblock", but acknowledged Microsoft's intent for the changes.[159] PC Magazine provided similar praise, although noting that a number of its online features were designed to promote Microsoft-owned services, and that aside from quicker boot times, XP's overall performance showed little difference over Windows 2000.[160]

text: Market share[edit]

text: According to web analytics data generated by Net Applications, Windows XP was the most widely used operating system until August 2012, when Windows 7 overtook it.[161] In January 2014, Net Applications reported a market share of 29.23% of "desktop operating systems" for XP (when XP was introduced there was not a separate mobile category to track), while W3Schools reported a share of 11.0%.[162][163]

text: According to web analytics data generated by StatOwl, Windows XP had a 27.82% market share as of November 2012, having dropped to second place in October 2011.[164]

text: According to web analytics data generated by W3Schools, from September 2003 to July 2011, Windows XP was the most widely used operating system for accessing the w3schools website, which they claim is consistent with statistics from other websites. As of August 2015[update], Windows XP market share was at 3.6% after having peaked at 76.1% in January 2007.[163]

text: As of November 2016[update], Windows XP desktop market share, according web analysis (as a proxy for all use) shows significant variation in different parts of the world, but was on average at 4.66% (according to NetMarketshare, 8.45%[165]) ranked after three other versions of Windows[166] by StatCounter's numbers (2.31% across all platforms[167]); for example, in North America usage of Windows XP had dropped to 2.06%.

text: As of 2018[update], in most regions Windows XP market share has gone below 4%, while it is still stubbornly in the double digit market share, years after discontinuation, in a few countries such as China at 10.39% and North Korea at 15.1%.[168]


document_title: Universal indicator

question_text: what is the composition of a universal indicator

root

text: Universal indicator

text: A universal indicator is a pH indicator composed of a solution of several compounds that exhibits several smooth colour changes over a pH value range from 0 to 14 to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of solutions, where 7 indicates neutral. Although there are several commercially available universal pH indicators, most are a variation of a formula patented by Yamada in 1933.[1] Details of this patent can be found in Chemical Abstracts.[2] Experiments with Yamada's universal indicator are also described in the Journal of Chemical Education.[3]

tag: p

text: A universal indicator is typically composed of water, propan-1-ol, phenolphthalein sodium salt, sodium hydroxide, methyl red, bromothymol blue monosodium salt, and thymol blue monosodium salt.[4] The colours that indicate the pH of a solution, after adding a universal indicator, are:

text:
pH range
Description
Colour

< 3
Strong acid
Red

3–6
Weak acid
Orange or yellow

7
Neutral
Green

8–11
Weak base
Blue

> 11
Strong base
Violet or Indigo

tag: table

text: The colours from yellow to red indicate an acidic solution, colours blue to violet indicate bases and green colour indicates that a solution is neutral.

text:
Universal indicator components

Indicator
Low pH colour
Transition pH range
High pH colour

Thymol blue (first transition)
Red
1.2 – 2.8
Yellow

Methyl red
Red
4.4 – 6.2
Yellow

Bromothymol blue
Yellow
6.0 – 7.6
Blue

Thymol blue (second transition)
Yellow
8.0 – 9.6
Blue

Phenolphthalein
Colourless
08.3 – 10.0
Fuchsia

text: Wide-range pH test papers with distinct colours for each pH from 1 to 14 are also available. Colour matching charts are supplied with the specific test strips purchased.

text: Types[edit]

text: A universal indicator is collectively a mixture of indicators which show a colour change in a solution,which interprets how acidic or basic a solution is. A universal indicator can be in paper form or present in a form of a solution.[5]

text:
Paper form: Is a strip of coloured paper which changes colour to red if the solution is acidic and to blue if the solution is basic. The strip can be placed directly onto a surface of a wet substance or few drops of the solution can be dropped onto the universal indicator using dropping equipment. If the test solution is of a dark colour, it is preferable to use a paper universal indicator.
Solution: The main components of a Universal indicator, in the form of a solution, are thymol blue, methyl red, bromothymol blue, and phenolphthalein. This mixture is important because each component loses or gains protons depending upon the acidity or basicity of the solution being tested. It is beneficial to use this type of a universal indicator in a colourless solution. This will increase the accuracy of indication.

tag: ul


document_title: Legends of the Fall

question_text: legends of the fall where was it filmed

question_tokens: legends of the fall where was it filmed

text: Legends of the Fall

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sick of betrayals the United States government perpetrated on the Native Americans, Colonel William Ludlow leaves the Army and moves to a remote part of Montana. Along with One Stab, a Cree friend, he builds a ranch and raises his family. Accompanying them are hired hand and former outlaw Decker, Decker's Cree wife Pet, and daughter Isabel Two. William has three sons: Alfred, the eldest, is responsible and cautious; Tristan, the Colonel's favorite son, is wild and well-versed in American Indian traditions; Samuel, the youngest, is educated but naive and constantly watched over by his brothers.

text: William's wife Isabel does not adapt to the harsh Montana winters and moves to the East Coast; Tristan vows never to speak of her again. At age 12, Tristan touches a sleeping grizzly bear. The bear awakens and injures him, but he stabs at the bear's paw and cuts off a claw.

text: Years later, Samuel returns from Harvard University with his fiancée, Susannah. Susannah talks with Isabel Two and learns of her fondness for Tristan. Susannah finds Tristan captivating but loves Samuel. Before they can marry, Samuel announces his intention to join the Canadian Expeditionary Force and aid Britain in the fight against Germany. Much to their father's displeasure, Alfred also joins. Although Tristan does not want to join, he does so to protect his brothers.

text: During World War I, the brothers find themselves in the 10th Battalion, CEF. Alfred, commissioned as an officer, leads a charge into no man's land. The attack results in heavy casualties and Alfred is wounded. While visiting Alfred in the field hospital, Tristan learns that Samuel has volunteered for a dangerous reconnaissance mission. He rushes off to protect his brother but arrives too late. A devastated Tristan holds Samuel until he dies, then cuts out his brother's heart and sends it home to be buried at the ranch. Tristan single-handedly raids the German lines. He returns to camp with the scalps of German soldiers hanging around his neck, horrifying his fellow soldiers. He is discharged but does not go home. Alfred returns to Montana and proposes to Susannah, but she declines.

text: Tristan returns home, where Susannah finds him weeping over Samuel's grave. She comforts him, and they become lovers. A jealous Alfred confronts Tristan and leaves to make his name in Helena. Tristan is plagued with guilt over Samuel's death and feels responsible for driving Alfred away; he leaves Montana for several years. Susannah waits for him, only to receive a letter telling her to marry someone else. Alfred comforts Susannah. William finds them together, which leads to a falling out between him and Alfred. William later suffers a stroke. He does not speak for years and the ranch deteriorates. Susannah marries Alfred, now a congressman. Alfred's business and politics cause him to get involved with the O'Banion brothers, bootleggers and gangsters.

text: Tristan returns during Prohibition, bringing life back to the ranch and his father. He falls in love with Isabel Two and they marry. They have two children, the elder being a boy named Samuel Decker. Tristan becomes involved in small-scale rum-running, finding himself at odds with the O'Banion brothers. Isabel is accidentally killed by a police officer working for the O'Banions. In a fit of grief, Tristan beats the officer nearly to death and is jailed. Susannah visits Tristan, still having feelings for him, but he refuses her advances. After his release, Tristan and Decker kill those responsible for Isabel's death, including one of the O'Banion brothers.

text: Realizing she cannot live without Tristan, Susannah commits suicide. The remaining O'Banion brother, along with the corrupt sheriff and another police officer, comes after Tristan for revenge. At the ranch, William and Alfred kill the attackers. Alfred reconciles with his father and brother. The family realizes that Tristan is likely to be blamed for the deaths, which prompts Tristan to ask Alfred to take care of his children. One Stab's narration explains that later during the night they bury the bodies and dump the car in the Missouri River. He reflects that rather than dying young as One Stab had expected, Tristan lived to watch his children and grandchildren grow. One Stab observes that it was the people Tristan loved and wanted to protect most that died young.  The last scene takes place in 1963. Tristan, now an old man living in the North Country, investigates an animal carcass and is confronted by a grizzly bear. He draws his knife and fights it. As they struggle, the image freeze-frames as One Stab narrates, "It was a good death".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brad Pitt as Tristan Ludlow
Keegan MacIntosh as Young Tristan Ludlow
Eric Johnson as Teen Tristan Ludlow
Anthony Hopkins as Col. William Ludlow
Aidan Quinn as Alfred Ludlow
Julia Ormond as Susannah Fincannon-Ludlow
Henry Thomas as Samuel Ludlow
Karina Lombard as Isabel "Isabel II" Decker/Isabel Decker Ludlow
Sekwan Auger as Young Isabel II Decker
Gordon Tootoosis as One Stab
Christina Pickles as Isabel Ludlow
Paul Desmond as Roscoe Decker
Tantoo Cardinal as Pet Decker
Robert Wisden as John T. O'Banion
John Novak as James O'Banion
Kenneth Welsh as Sheriff Tynert
Bart the Bear as the Bear

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Legends of the Fall was primarily filmed on location in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Principal photography began in mid-September 1993.[4] The World War I battlefield scenes took two weeks to film and were shot near Morley, Alberta, with hundreds of locals and a few Canadian Forces soldiers recruited as extras.[5] The Ghost River Wilderness Area in Alberta served as the filming location for the Ludlow ranch; additional outdoor scenes, as well as the funeral and cemetery scenes, were shot at the Bow River near Banff National Park. A historic harbour area in Vancouver called Gastown was augmented with period building facades for the Helena, Montana street scenes. Hotel scenes were shot at the Hotel Europe at 43 Powell Street in Vancouver. Additional scenes were shot at Maple Leaf Square in Gastown, Vancouver, and Ocho Rios in Saint Ann, Jamaica. Filming wrapped up around January 1994.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in limited release on December 23, 1994, and expanded to a wide release on January 13, 1995. During its first weekend in wide release, which was a four-day weekend due to Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, the film reached number one at the domestic box office after grossing $14 million.[7] After its initial run, the film brought in a final box office total of $160,638,883.[8] Against its $30 million budget, the film was a financial success.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 56% of 54 film critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.8 out of 10.[9] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 45 based on 23 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[10]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times described the film as "pretty good ... with full-blooded performances and heartfelt melodrama".[11] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone particularly praised Pitt's performance saying, "Though the admirable Quinn has the toughest role, Pitt carries the picture. The blue-eyed boy who seemed a bit lost in Interview with the Vampire proves himself a bona fide movie star, stealing every scene he's in."[12] Comparatively, Chris Hicks of Deseret News noted, "Pitt is the hunk of the moment, and Legends of the Fall will only further cement his big-screen, romantic leading-man status. And he is satisfying as the internalized, rebellious Tristan (look for that name to be given to more than a few babies over the next few years). Even if the character seems only a slight twist on the similar role he played in A River Runs Through It. (He even becomes a bootlegger!)"[13]

text: On the other hand, Rita Kempley of The Washington Post stated that the film's "yarn doesn't so much sweep as sprawl across the screen in all its panoramic idiocy".[14] Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented, "Before it turns exhaustingly hollow, this film shows the potential for bringing Mr. Harrison's tough, brooding tale to life. And the actors may have captured the spirit of the story, but that's impossible to know." She concluded, "These are performances that lost too much in the editing room, smothered by music and overshadowed by a picture-postcard vision of the American West."[15]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography (John Toll), Best Art Direction (Lilly Kilvert, Dorree Cooper), and Best Sound (Paul Massey, David E. Campbell, Chris David and Douglas Ganton), and won the category for Best Cinematography.[2][16] In addition, the film was nominated for the Golden Globes for Best Picture – Drama, Best Actor – Drama (Brad Pitt), Best Director (Edward Zwick), and Best Original Score (James Horner).[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Legends of the Fall was first released on DVD on April 29, 1997, and once again on October 17, 2000.[18] The film was later released on Blu-ray on February 8, 2011, with bonus content that includes two audio commentaries, deleted scenes with optional commentary and two behind-the-scenes featurettes.[19]


document_title: Braveheart

question_text: who plays william wallace's wife in braveheart

question_tokens: who plays william wallace 's wife in braveheart

text: Braveheart

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1280, King Edward "Longshanks" invades and conquers Scotland following the death of Alexander III of Scotland, who left no heir to the throne. Young William Wallace witnesses Longshanks' treachery, survives the deaths of his father and brother, and is taken abroad on a pilgrimage throughout Europe by his paternal Uncle Argyle, where he is educated. Years later, Longshanks grants his noblemen land and privileges in Scotland, including Prima Nocte. Meanwhile, a grown Wallace returns to Scotland and falls in love with his childhood friend Murron MacClannough, and the two marry in secret. Wallace rescues Murron from being raped by English soldiers, but as she fights off their second attempt, Murron is captured and publicly executed. In retribution, Wallace leads his clan to slaughter the English garrison in his hometown and send the occupying garrison at Lanark back to England.

text: Longshanks orders his son Prince Edward to stop Wallace by any means necessary. Wallace rebels against the English, and as his legend spreads, hundreds of Scots from the surrounding clans join him. Wallace leads his army to victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and then destroys the city of York, killing Longshanks' nephew and sending his severed head to the king. Wallace seeks the assistance of Robert the Bruce, the son of nobleman Robert the Elder and a contender for the Scottish crown. Robert is dominated by his father, who wishes to secure the throne for his son by submitting to the English. Worried by the threat of the rebellion, Longshanks sends his son's wife Isabella of France to try to negotiate with Wallace as a distraction for the landing of another invasion force in Scotland.

text: After meeting him in person, Isabella becomes enamored of Wallace. Warned of the coming invasion by Isabella, Wallace implores the Scottish nobility to take immediate action to counter the threat and take back the country. Leading the English army himself, Longshanks confronts the Scots at Falkirk where noblemen Lochlan and Mornay, having been bribed by Longshanks, betray Wallace, causing the Scots to lose the battle. As Wallace charges toward the departing Longshanks on horseback, he is intercepted by one of the king's lancers, who turns out to be Robert the Bruce, but filled with remorse, Bruce gets Wallace to safety before the English can capture him. Wallace kills Lochlan and Mornay for their betrayal, and wages a guerrilla war against the English for the next seven years, assisted by Isabella, with whom he eventually has an affair. Robert sets up a meeting with Wallace in Edinburgh, but Robert's father has conspired with other nobles to capture and hand over Wallace to the English. Learning of his treachery, Robert disowns his father. Isabella exacts revenge on the now terminally ill Longshanks by telling him that his bloodline will be destroyed upon his death as she is now pregnant with Wallace's child.

text: In London, Wallace is brought before an English magistrate, tried for high treason, and condemned to public torture and beheading. Even whilst being hanged, drawn and quartered, Wallace refuses to submit to the king. As cries for mercy come from the watching crowd deeply moved by the Scotsman's valor, the magistrate offers him one final chance, asking him only to utter the word, "Mercy", and be granted a quick death. Wallace instead shouts, "Freedom!", and the judge orders his death. Moments before being decapitated, Wallace sees a vision of Murron in the crowd, smiling at him. Wallace then dies.

text: In 1314, Robert, now Scotland's king, leads a Scottish army before a ceremonial line of English troops on the fields of Bannockburn, where he is to formally accept English rule. As he begins to ride toward the English, he stops and invokes Wallace's memory, imploring his men to fight with him as they did with Wallace. Robert then leads his army into battle against the stunned English, winning the Scots their freedom.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mel Gibson as William Wallace

James Robinson as young William Wallace

Sophie Marceau as Princess Isabella of France
Angus Macfadyen as Robert the Bruce
Patrick McGoohan as King Edward "Longshanks"
Catherine McCormack as Murron MacClannough-Wallace

Mhairi Calvey as young Murron

Brendan Gleeson as Hamish

Andrew Weir as young Hamish

Peter Hanly as Prince Edward
James Cosmo as Campbell
David O'Hara as Stephen of Ireland
Ian Bannen as Bruce's father
Seán McGinley as MacClannough
Brian Cox as Argyle Wallace
Sean Lawlor as Malcolm Wallace
Sandy Nelson as John Wallace
Stephen Billington as Phillip
John Kavanagh as Craig
Alun Armstrong as Mornay
John Murtagh as Lochlan
Tommy Flanagan as Morrison
Donal Gibson as Stewart
Jeanne Marine as Nicolette
Michael Byrne as Smythe
Malcolm Tierney as Magistrate
Bernard Horsfall as Balliol
Peter Mullan as Veteran
Gerard McSorley as Cheltham (inspired by Hugh de Cressingham)
Richard Leaf as Governor of York
Mark Lees as Old Crippled Scotsman
Tam White as MacGregor
Jimmy Chisholm as Faudron
David Gant as the Royal Magistrate

text: Production[edit]

text: Gibson's production company, Icon Productions, had difficulty raising enough money even if he were to star in the film. Warner Bros. was willing to fund the project on the condition that Gibson sign for another Lethal Weapon sequel, which he refused. Paramount Pictures only agreed to American and Canadian distribution of Braveheart after 20th Century Fox partnered for international rights.[4] The production budget has been estimated by IMDb at US$72 million.

text: While the crew spent six weeks shooting on location in Scotland, the major battle scenes were shot in Ireland using members of the Irish Army Reserve as extras. To lower costs, Gibson had the same extras, up to 1,600 in some scenes, portray both armies. The reservists had been given permission to grow beards and swapped their military uniforms for medieval garb.[5]

text: Braveheart was shot in the anamorphic format with Panavision C- and E-Series lenses.[6]

text: Gibson toned down the film's battle scenes to avoid an NC-17 rating from the MPAA; the final version was rated R for "brutal medieval warfare".[7]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The score was composed and conducted by James Horner and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra. It is Horner's second of three collaborations with Mel Gibson as director. The score has gone on to be one of the most commercially successful soundtracks of all time. It received considerable acclaim from film critics and audiences and was nominated for a number of awards, including the Academy Award, Saturn Award, BAFTA Award, and Golden Globe Award.

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its opening weekend, Braveheart grossed $9,938,276 in the United States and $75.6 million in its box office run in the U.S. and Canada.[2] Worldwide, the film grossed $210,409,945 and was the thirteenth highest-grossing film of 1995.[2]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: Braveheart met with generally positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 78% with an average score of 7.2/10. In his review, Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of four, writing, "An action epic with the spirit of the Hollywood swordplay classics and the grungy ferocity of The Road Warrior."

text: The film's depiction of the Battle of Stirling Bridge was listed by CNN as one of the best battles in cinema history.[8]

text: In a 2005 poll by British film magazine Empire, Braveheart was No. 1 on their list of "The Top 10 Worst Pictures to Win Best Picture Oscar".[9] Ironically, Empire Magazine's readers also voted Braveheart the best film of 1995.[10]

text: Affect on tourism[edit]

text: The European premiere was on September 3, 1995 in Stirling.[11]

text: In 1996, the year after the film was released, the annual three-day "Braveheart Conference" at Stirling Castle attracted fans of Braveheart, increasing the conference's attendance to 167,000 from 66,000 in the previous year.[12] In the following year, research on visitors to the Stirling area indicated that 55% of the visitors had seen Braveheart. Of visitors from outside Scotland, 15% of those who saw Braveheart said it influenced their decision to visit the country. Of all visitors who saw Braveheart, 39% said the film influenced in part their decision to visit Stirling, and 19% said the film was one of the main reasons for their visit.[13] In the same year, a tourism report said that the "Braveheart effect" earned Scotland ₤7 million to ₤15 million in tourist revenue, and the report led to various national organizations encouraging international film productions to take place in Scotland.[14]

text: The film generated huge interest in Scotland and in Scottish history, not only around the world, but also in Scotland itself. Fans came from all over the world to see the places in Scotland where William Wallace fought, also to the places in Scotland and Ireland used as locations in the film. At a Braveheart Convention in 1997, held in Stirling the day after the Scottish Devolution vote and attended by 200 delegates from around the world, Braveheart author Randall Wallace, Seoras Wallace of the Wallace Clan, Scottish historian David Ross and Bláithín FitzGerald from Ireland gave lectures on various aspects of the film. Several of the actors also attended including James Robinson (Young William), Andrew Weir (Young Hamish), Julie Austin (the young bride) and Mhairi Calvey (Young Murron).

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Braveheart was nominated for many awards during the 1995 Oscar season, though it was not viewed by many as a major contender such as Apollo 13, Il Postino: The Postman, Leaving Las Vegas, Sense and Sensibility, and The Usual Suspects. It wasn't until after the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director at the 53rd Golden Globe Awards that it was viewed as a serious Oscar contender. When the nominations were announced for the 68th Academy Awards, Braveheart received ten Academy Award nominations, and a month later, won five.[15] In 2010, the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years[16]

text:
Year
Ceremony
Category
Recipients
Result

1995
68th Academy Awards
Best Picture
Mel Gibson, Alan Ladd, Jr., and Bruce Davey
Won

Best Director
Mel Gibson
Won

Best Original Screenplay
Randall Wallace
Nominated

Best Cinematography
John Toll
Won

Best Costume Design
Charles Knode
Nominated

Best Sound Mixing
Andy Nelson, Scott Millan, Anna Behlmer, and Brian Simmons
Nominated

Best Sound Editing
Lon Bender and Per Hallberg
Won

Best Film Editing
Steven Rosenblum
Nominated

Best Makeup
Peter Frampton, Paul Pattison, and Lois Burwell
Won

Best Original Score
James Horner
Nominated

53rd Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture – Drama
Braveheart
Nominated

Best Director
Mel Gibson
Won

Best Original Score
James Horner
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Randall Wallace
Nominated

49th British Academy Film Awards
Best Direction
Mel Gibson
Nominated

Best Film Music
James Horner
Nominated

Best Production Design
Thomas E. Sanders
Nominated

Best Cinematography
John Toll
Won

Best Costume Design
Charles Knode
Won

Best Makeup
Peter Frampton, Paul Pattison, and Lois Burwell
Nominated

Best Sound
Andy Nelson, Scott Millan, Anna Behlmer, and Brian Simmons
Won

1996 MTV Movie Awards
Best Movie
Braveheart
Nominated

Best Male Performance
Mel Gibson
Nominated

Most Desirable Male
Nominated

Best Action Sequence
Battle of Stirling
Nominated

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated[17]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – No. 91
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

William Wallace – Nominated Hero[18]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"They may take away our lives, but they'll never take our freedom!" – Nominated[19]

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[20]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 62
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[21]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Epic Film[22]

text: Cultural effects[edit]

text: Lin Anderson, author of Braveheart: From Hollywood To Holyrood, credits the film with playing a significant role in affecting the Scottish political landscape in the mid to late 1990s.[23]

text: Wallace Monument[edit]

text: In 1997, a 12-ton sandstone statue depicting Mel Gibson as William Wallace in Braveheart was placed in the car park of the Wallace Monument near Stirling, Scotland. The statue, which was the work of Tom Church, a monumental mason from Brechin,[24] included the word "Braveheart" on Wallace's shield. The installation became the cause of much controversy; one local resident stated that it was wrong to "desecrate the main memorial to Wallace with a lump of crap".[25] In 1998, someone wielding a hammer vandalized the statue's face. After repairs were made, the statue was encased in a cage every night to prevent further vandalism. This only incited more calls for the statue to be removed, as it then appeared that the Gibson/Wallace figure was imprisoned. The statue was described as "among the most loathed pieces of public art in Scotland".[26] In 2008, the statue was returned to its sculptor to make room for a new visitor centre being built at the foot of the Wallace Monument.[27]

text: Historical inaccuracy[edit]

text: Randall Wallace, who wrote the screenplay, has acknowledged Blind Harry's 15th century epic poem The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie as a major inspiration for the film.[28] In defending his script, Randall Wallace has said, "Is Blind Harry true? I don't know. I know that it spoke to my heart and that's what matters to me, that it spoke to my heart."[28] Blind Harry's poem is now not regarded as historically accurate, and although some incidents in the film that are not historically accurate are taken from Blind Harry (e.g. the hanging of Scottish nobles at the start),[29] there are large parts that are based neither on history nor Blind Harry (e.g. Wallace's affair with Princess Isabella).

text: Elizabeth Ewan describes Braveheart as a film that "almost totally sacrifices historical accuracy for epic adventure".[30] The "brave heart" refers in Scottish history to that of Robert the Bruce, and an attribution by William Edmondstoune Aytoun, in his poem Heart of Bruce, to Sir James the Good Douglas: "Pass thee first, thou dauntless heart, As thou wert wont of yore!", prior to Douglas' demise at the Battle of Teba in Andalusia.[31] It has been described as one of the most historically inaccurate modern films.[32]

text: Sharon Krossa notes that the film contains numerous historical errors, beginning with the wearing of belted plaid by Wallace and his men. In that period "no Scots ... wore belted plaids (let alone kilts of any kind)." Moreover, when Highlanders finally did begin wearing the belted plaid, it was not "in the rather bizarre style depicted in the film". She compares the inaccuracy to "a film about Colonial America showing the colonial men wearing 20th century business suits, but with the jackets worn back-to-front instead of the right way around."[33] "The events aren't accurate, the dates aren't accurate, the characters aren't accurate, the names aren't accurate, the clothes aren't accurate—in short, just about nothing is accurate."[34] The belted plaid (feileadh mór léine) was not introduced until the 16th century.[35] Peter Traquair has referred to Wallace's "farcical representation as a wild and hairy highlander painted with woad (1,000 years too late) running amok in a tartan kilt (500 years too early)." [36]

text: Irish historian Seán Duffy remarked "the battle of Stirling Bridge could have done with a bridge." [37]

text: In 2009, the film was second on a list of "most historically inaccurate movies" in The Times.[32] In the humorous non-fictional historiography An Utterly Impartial History of Britain (2007), author John O'Farrell notes that Braveheart could not have been more historically inaccurate, even if a "Plasticine dog" had been inserted in the film and the title changed to William Wallace and Gromit.[38]

text: In the DVD audio commentary of Braveheart, Mel Gibson acknowledges many of the historical inaccuracies but defends his choices as director, noting that the way events were portrayed in the film was much more "cinematically compelling" than the historical fact or conventional mythos.

text: Jus primae noctis[edit]

text: Edward Longshanks, King of England, is shown invoking Jus primae noctis, allowing the Lord of a medieval estate to take the virginity of his serfs' maiden daughters on their wedding nights. Critical medieval scholarship regards this supposed right as a myth, "the simple reason why we are dealing with a myth here rests in the surprising fact that practically all writers who make any such claims have never been able or willing to cite any trustworthy source, if they have any."[39][40]

text: Occupation and independence[edit]

text: The film suggests Scotland had been under English occupation for some time, at least during Wallace’s childhood, and in the run-up to the Battle of Falkirk Wallace says to the younger Bruce, “[W]e'll have what none of us have ever had before, a country of our own.” In fact Scotland had been invaded by England only the year before Wallace's rebellion; prior to the death of King Alexander III it had been a fully separate kingdom.[36]

text: Portrayal of William Wallace[edit]

text: As John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett write, "Because [William] Wallace is one of Scotland's most important national heroes and because he lived in the very distant past, much that is believed about him is probably the stuff of legend. But there is a factual strand that historians agree to", summarized from Scots scholar Matt Ewart:

text: Wallace was born into the gentry of Scotland; his father lived until he was 18, his mother until his 24th year; he killed the sheriff of Lanark when he was 27, apparently after the murder of his wife; he led a group of commoners against the English in a very successful battle at Stirling in 1297, temporarily receiving appointment as guardian; Wallace's reputation as a military leader was ruined in the same year of 1297, leading to his resignation as guardian; he spent several years of exile in France before being captured by the English at Glasgow, this resulting in his trial for treason and his cruel execution.[41]

text: A.E. Christa Canitz writes about the historical William Wallace further: "[He] was a younger son of the Scottish gentry, usually accompanied by his own chaplain, well-educated, and eventually, having been appointed Guardian of the Kingdom of Scotland, engaged in diplomatic correspondence with the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck and Hamburg". She finds that in Braveheart, "any hint of his descent from the lowland gentry (i.e., the lesser nobility) is erased, and he is presented as an economically and politically marginalized Highlander and 'a farmer'—as one with the common peasant, and with a strong spiritual connection to the land which he is destined to liberate."[42]

text: Colin McArthur writes that Braveheart "constructs Wallace as a kind of modern, nationalist guerrilla leader in a period half a millennium before the appearance of nationalism on the historical stage as a concept under which disparate classes and interests might be mobilised within a nation state." Writing about Braveheart's "omissions of verified historical facts", McArthur notes that Wallace made "overtures to Edward I seeking less severe treatment after his defeat at Falkirk", as well as "the well-documented fact of Wallace's having resorted to conscription and his willingness to hang those who refused to serve."[43] Canitz posits that depicting "such lack of class solidarity" as the conscriptions and related hangings "would contaminate the movie's image of Wallace as the morally irreproachable primus inter pares among his peasant fighters."[42]

text: Portrayal of Isabella of France[edit]

text: Isabella of France is shown having an affair with Wallace after the Battle of Falkirk. She later tells Edward I she is pregnant, implying that her son, Edward III, was a product of the affair. In reality, Isabella was three years old and living in France at the time of the Battle of Falkirk, was not married to Edward II until he was already king, and Edward III was born seven years after Wallace died.[44][45]

text: Portrayal of Robert the Bruce[edit]

text: Robert the Bruce did change sides between the Scots loyalists and the English more than once in the earlier stages of the Wars of Scottish Independence, but he never betrayed Wallace directly, and he probably did not fight on the English side at the Battle of Falkirk (although this claim does appear in a few medieval sources).[46] Later, the Battle of Bannockburn was not a spontaneous battle; he had already been fighting a guerrilla campaign against the English for eight years. His title before becoming king was Earl of Carrick, not Earl of Bruce.[36]

text: Portrayal of Longshanks and Prince Edward[edit]

text: The actual Edward I was ruthless and temperamental, but the film exaggerates his character for effect. Edward enjoyed poetry and harp music, was a devoted and loving husband to his wife Eleanor of Castile, and as a religious man he gave generously to charity. The film's scene where he scoffs cynically at Isabella for distributing gold to the poor after Wallace refuses it as a bribe would have been unlikely. Also, Edward died on campaign two years after Wallace's execution, not in bed at his home.[36]

text: The depiction of the future Edward II as an effeminate homosexual drew accusations of homophobia against Gibson.

text: We cut a scene out, unfortunately. . . where you really got to know that character [Edward II] and to understand his plight and his pain. . . . But it just stopped the film in the first act so much that you thought, 'When's this story going to start?'[47][better source needed]

text: The actual Edward II, who fathered five children by two different women, was rumoured to have had sexual affairs with men, including Piers Gaveston, on whom the Prince's male lover Phillip was loosely based.[citation needed]

text: Gibson defended his depiction of Prince Edward as weak and ineffectual, saying:

text: I'm just trying to respond to history. You can cite other examples – Alexander the Great, for example, who conquered the entire world, was also a homosexual. But this story isn't about Alexander the Great. It's about Edward II.[48]

text: In response to Longshanks's murder of the Prince's male lover Phillip, Gibson replied: "The fact that King Edward throws this character out a window has nothing to do with him being gay ... He's terrible to his son, to everybody."[49] Gibson asserted that the reason Longshanks kills his son's lover is because the king is a "psychopath".[50] Gibson expressed bewilderment that some filmgoers would laugh at this murder.

text: Wallace's military campaign[edit]

text: "MacGregors from the next glen" joining Wallace shortly after the action at Lanark is dubious, since it is questionable whether Clan Gregor existed at that stage, and when they did emerge their traditional home was Glen Orchy, some distance from Lanark.[51]

text: Wallace did win an important victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge, but the version in Braveheart is highly inaccurate, as it was filmed without a bridge (and without Andrew Moray, joint commander of the Scots army, who was fatally injured in the battle). Later, Wallace did carry out a large-scale raid into the north of England, but he did not get as far south as York, nor did he kill Longshanks' nephew.[36] (However this was not as wide of the mark as Blind Harry, who has Wallace making it as far south as St. Albans, and only refraining from attacking London after the English queen came out to meet him.)[29] Edward's nephew John of Brittany did take part in the Wars of Scottish Independence, but he was not killed at York.

text: The "Irish conscripts" at the Battle of Falkirk are also unhistorical; there were no Irish troops at Falkirk (although many of the English army were actually Welsh), and it is anachronistic to refer to conscripts in the Middle Ages (although there were feudal levies).[36]

text: The two-handed long swords used by Gibson in the film were not in wide use in the period. A one-handed sword and shield would be more accurate.[52]

text: Accusations of Anglophobia[edit]

text: Sections of the English media accused the film of harbouring Anglophobia. The Economist called it "xenophobic",[53] and John Sutherland writing in The Guardian stated that: "Braveheart gave full rein to a toxic Anglophobia".[54][55][56]

text: In The Times, MacArthur said "the political effects are truly pernicious. It’s a xenophobic film."[55] Ian Burrell of The Independent has noted, "The Braveheart phenomenon, a Hollywood-inspired rise in Scottish nationalism, has been linked to a rise in anti-English prejudice".[57]


document_title: A.C. Moore

question_text: what does the ac in ac moore stand for

question_tokens: what does the ac in ac moore stand for

text: A.C. Moore

text:
A.C. Moore

Type

Subsidiary

Industry
Retail

Founded
1985

Headquarters
Berlin, New Jersey, U.S.

Products
Arts & Crafts, Scrapbooking, Home Decor

Parent
Sbar's (2011–present)

Website
www.acmoore.com

text: A.C. Moore is an American arts and crafts retail chain with 141 locations in the eastern United States, with its corporate headquarters located in Berlin, New Jersey.[1] AC Moore sells a variety of arts and crafts products, including scrapbooking, beading, knitting, rubber stamping, home decor items, floral items, Kid's Crafts, paints, framing, greenery and seasonal items. A.C. Moore was founded as a single arts and crafts store by Jack Parker in 1985 in Moorestown, New Jersey. The store went public in 1997. In October 2007, A.C. Moore opened its online store www.acmoore.com. Since the launch of the online store, as of September 2012, A.C Moore has grown to 141 stores, which are located along the U.S. east coast from Maine to Florida. In 2011, A.C. Moore was acquired for $41 million by Sbar's, an art supply distributor.[2]


document_title: Josh Stewart

question_text: who is jj's husband on criminal minds

question_tokens: who is jj 's husband on criminal minds

text: Josh Stewart

text: Early life[edit]

text: Stewart was born in Diana, West Virginia,[2] the son of Margie and Charles Regnall Stewart. His father was a high school physical education teacher as well as a former pastor of the First Baptist Church in Webster Springs and Holly River Baptist Church, and is now pastor at the Redeeming Grace Baptist Church in Webster Springs. His mother is a sixth grade teacher at Webster Springs Elementary.[3] Stewart first attended West Virginia Wesleyan College, then transferred to West Virginia University, where he studied business.[4] After graduating from WVU, he moved to New York to pursue acting.[5]

text: Acting career[edit]

text: Early career[edit]

text: Stewart got his start doing local theater at the Landmark Theatre in Sutton, West Virginia, and eventually moved to New York City to study at the T. Schreiber studios.[2] He was a company member of the 13th Street Repertory Theatre. He continued his theater in Los Angeles, performing in Light Bulb and Beacon alongside Robert Forster and Brooke Shields.[2]

text: Stewart appeared as an extra in The WB series Dawson's Creek episode "To Green, With Love". In 2003 he filmed a pilot for a Western for ABC entitled Then Came Jones.[6] In the pilot he played the character of Bill Jenkins.

text: Stewart later appeared as Sean Cleary the CSI episode "Bad to the Bone", which aired on April 1, 2004. That same year, he also appeared in a commercial for Levi's 501 Original jeans.[7] Stewart currently has a recurring role in Criminal Minds as Detective William LaMontagne, Jr., SSA Jennifer "JJ" Jareau's boyfriend and later, husband.

text: Starring television roles[edit]

text: Stewart got his break when he was cast as Brendan Finney in the final season of the NBC series Third Watch.[8] As Finney, he played the son of IAB captain Cathal "CT" Finney.

text: After Third Watch was cancelled, Stewart started filming a movie entitled Lenexa, 1 Mile (released on DVD as Full Count), alongside William Baldwin, Michael Beach, Jennifer Hall, Timothy Ryan Hensel, Chris Klein, Austin Nichols, Jason Ritter, Michael Rooker, and Paul Wesley.[9] This was also the directing debut of Jason Wiles.[10] After filming wrapped, Stewart began filming a new television series starring Courteney Cox Arquette entitled Dirt, for the FX Network, where he played the character of Holt McLaren.[2] On June 8, 2008, Cox Arquette announced that Dirt had been cancelled.[11] During the 2010-2011 season, he appeared as Joshua in ABC's No Ordinary Family.

text: In 2017, Stewart starred as Solotov on the second season of the USA Network thriller drama Shooter.[12]

text: On February 26, 2018, it was announced that Stewart will join as a series regular in the second season of Netflix's The Punisher.[13]

text: Feature films[edit]

text: Stewart made his mainstream feature film debut in 2008's Curious Case of Benjamin Button playing the character of Benjamin's crewmate, Pleasant Curtis. Also that year, he appeared in The Haunting of Molly Hartley in the role of Mary Hartley's teacher, Mr. Draper. In 2009, he had his first feature film starring role, in the horror movie The Collector, playing the part of Arkin, a man attempting to rob a house to make enough money to pay off his wife's debts to loan sharks. In 2010, he starred, alongside Jamie-Lynn Sigler in the movie Beneath the Dark, (originally titled Wake)[14] inspired by the novel The Shining.[15] He appeared in Christopher Nolan's final film in his Batman Saga, The Dark Knight Rises as Bane's right-hand man, Barsad.[16][17][18] He appeared as the main protagonist in the 2012 webisodes, The Walking Dead: Cold Storage, which are based on the popular television show The Walking Dead. In 2013, Josh finished filming his directorial debut, The Hunted, in which he also stars. Stewart reunited in 2014 with Director Christopher Nolan as the voice of CASE in the sci-fi epic Interstellar. The same year Stewart was cast in the Disney film The Finest Hours.[18]

text: Directorial debut[edit]

text: Josh recently completed filming his directorial and writing debut, The Hunted. He co-produced the film along with The Collector producers Brett Forbes and Patrick Rizzotti. The 'found footage' film revolves around Jake (Stewart) and Stevie (Ronnie Gene Blevins) who want their own TV show. In an attempt to grab the media's attention, both Jake and Stevie head to the dense, secluded woods in West Virginia, armed with only their bows and a camera, to find the biggest guy they can. However, as the sun sets over the mountains, they soon realise they are not alone in the woods and something supernatural is hunting them instead. The film screened at TIFF[19] and eOne Films have since picked up the North American distribution rights.[citation needed]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Stewart has two children with Deanna Brigidi: daughter Ryan Justine (born 2008) and son River Jacob (born 2010).

text: On February 27, 2012, Stewart went into cardiac arrest after contracting salmonella. His wife performed CPR for several minutes. Stewart now has an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in his chest.[20][21]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Film

Year
Film
Role
Notes

2006
Lenexa, 1 Mile
T.J. Ketting

2007
The Death and Life of Bobby Z
Monk

Jekyll
Tommy

2008
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
Pleasant Curtis

The Haunting of Molly Hartley
Mr. Draper

2009
The Collector
Arkin

Law Abiding Citizen
Rupert Ames

2010
Beneath the Dark
Paul

2012
The Dark Knight Rises
Barsad

The Collection
Arkin

2013
Event 15
Sergeant Oldsman

The Hunted
Jake

2014
Transcendence
Paul

Interstellar
CASE (voice)

2016
Discarnate
Casey Blackburn

The Finest Hours
Tchuda Southerland

Cold Moon
Nathan Redfield

The Neighbor
John

2018
Insidious: The Last Key
Gerald Rainier

text:
Television

Year
Film
Role
Notes

2000
Dawson's Creek
Extra
Episode: "To Green, With Love"

2003
Then Came Jones
Bill Jenkins
Pilot, not picked up

CSI
Sean Cleary
Episode: "Bad to the Bone

2004–05
Third Watch
Officer Brendan Finney
Main role (season 6), 20 episodes

2007–08
Dirt
Holt McLaren
Main role, 20 episodes

2007–present
Criminal Minds
Det. William LaMontagne Jr.
Recurring role, 11 episodes

2008
Raising the Bar
Dan Denton
Episode: "Hang Time"

ER
Daniel
Episode: "Under Pressure"

2009
CSI: Miami
Colin Astor
Episode: "Smoke Gets in Your CSI's"

Southland
Vid Holmes
Episode: "Unknown Trouble"

The Mentalist
Harlan McAdoo
Episode: "The Scarlett Letter"

2010
Ghost Whisperer
Robert Wharton
Episode: "Living Nightmare"

2010–11
No Ordinary Family
Joshua
Recurring role, 14 episodes

2012
Grimm
Bill
Episode: "The Bottle Imp"

The Walking Dead: Cold Storage
Chase
Web series, 4 episodes

2016
Lewis and Clark
Reuben Field
Pre-production, television miniseries

2017–present
Shooter
Solotov
Recurring role

TBA
The Punisher
John Pilgrim
Main role; (Season 2)


document_title: Edward Shames

question_text: who played ed shames in band of brothers

text: Edward Shames

text: Early life[edit]

text: Shames was born in Virginia Beach, Virginia, the son of David and Sadie Shames. His father died when he was five.[1]

text: Military Service[edit]

text: World War II[edit]

text: Shames read about and applied for duty with the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. In August 1942, Shames was called to active duty. He was sent to Toccoa, Georgia for training, starting as a private in Item Company, 3rd Battalion of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment.[1]

text: In England, Shames was promoted to Operations Sergeant.[2] Prior to the paratroopers making their jump on D-Day, he built the sand tables the airborne unit used in planning the airdrop into Normandy.

text: Shames made his first combat jump into Normandy on D-Day as part of Operation Overlord. On 13 June 1944, he received a battlefield commission to second lieutenant, although the formal commission was completed in England.[3] He was the first NCO in the Third Battalion to receive such a commission in Normandy.[4] He was transferred to Easy Company and took charge of its third platoon.

text: Shames fought with Easy Company in Operation Market Garden and volunteered for Operation Pegasus led by Frederick Heyliger.[5] He was wounded once in his left leg during the campaigns.[3] He then fought with the rest of E Company in the Battle of the Bulge in Bastogne. In Foy, Shames and Paul Rogers knocked out a German tank with a bazooka.[6] In Germany, he saw some of the concentration camps in which the Germans imprisoned Europe's Jews and was deeply affected, because he is Jewish.[3]

text: Post-war[edit]

text: After World War II, he served in the United States Army Reserve and retired as a colonel.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Shames was portrayed in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Joseph May.


document_title: Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)

question_text: how to become a professor in new zealand

text: Overview in Australia[edit]

text: The system of academic titles and ranks in Australia is classified to a common five levels, A-E, although the titles of these levels may differ between institutions. These are:

text:
Level A - Tutor/Associate Lecturer/Research Associate
Level B - Lecturer/Research Fellow
Level C - Senior Lecturer/Senior Research Fellow
Level D - Associate Professor/Reader
Level E - Professor

text: These levels correspond to salary levels set by the Australian government's Higher education Academic Salaries Award (2002).[1] There has been a significant increase in academics at level D and E (Associate professor and professor) in recent years. The number of academics at these levels increased by 70% from 1996 to 2008.

text: In order to receive the title of professor, the applicant must pass each university's minimum standards statements and promotion policies, which are derived from the Higher education Academic Salaries award. Three key attributes are examined: recognition, distinction and leadership. Leadership in research is arguably the most important. Some universities also expect leadership in developing the curriculum and in the teaching and management of staff and students.

text: The difference between professor and associate professor is that there is less of an imperative to demonstrate leadership qualities for the title of associate professor. Still, in order to receive the title, it is required that the applicant has made an 'outstanding contribution' and that the applicant is usually recognised at a national or international level.[2][3]

text: In some universities, the title of professor and associate professor can also be conferred with appointment to a senior management position without the need for an extensive academic record or a research higher degree.

text: Adjunct and conjoint professor are honorary titles bestowed upon a person to formally recognise that person's non-employment 'special relationship' with the university.

text: Emeritus professor is a title bestowed upon a retired person who has rendered distinguished service to the university. They have nearly always held the title of professor at the university. Half the universities in one study specified that the person needed to have served at least 10 years at the university. Some universities have other titles such as Emeritus Educator and Emeritus Scholar. Once the Emeritus Professor title is bestowed, the title is normally for life, though it can be repealed for failing to abide by university regulations.[4] [5]

text: Teaching and research positions[edit]

text: Academic positions in Australia and New Zealand can be either continuing (permanent) or fixed-term (contract) appointments. Continuing appointments at the lecturer level and above are similar to the permanent academic posts found in the United Kingdom, and generally involve a 3-5 year probationary period. Between 2009 and 2015, the University of Western Australia (UWA) used titles more aligned with North American academic titles, but reverted to standard Australian academic titles in 2015.[6]

text:
Level
Title
Award salary range (AU)
Notes

E
Professor
$175,000 and above
Equivalent to chair professor in most Asian and North American universities and to a professor of a discipline in British universities. In Australia and NZ, the number of academics at Level E is approximately 10 percent of the total number of academic staff.[7] This rank is only given to those who have demonstrated outstanding competence and academic leadership in research, teaching, and service as well as achieving international recognition of their scholarship.

D
Associate Professor
$149,000 - $188,000
Equivalent to professor in most Asian countries and in North American universities.[8] Equivalent to reader in Britain. Academics appointed to Level D are developing a very strong international profile and have demonstrated sustained high competence in both teaching and research.

C
Senior Lecturer
$112,000 - $140,000
Equivalent to associate professor in North American universities (though without any particular implications in terms of tenure). Normally, academic staff demonstrating sustained competence in research and teaching are promoted to this rank after 4 to 6 years of service at the rank of lecturer. Most appointments at this level are 'continuing', the equivalent of North American tenure, although some temporary appointees at Level B on longer contracts may achieve promotion to Level C during their employment.

B
Lecturer
$92,000 - $118,000
Equivalent to assistant professor in North American universities (though without implication of tenure status – appointments at this level can be strictly temporary, or entirely permanent). This is the usual entry level appointment for new full-time academics, be they permanent or on temporary contract. Appointment at Level B typically requires the candidate to possess a PhD. It is possible for a lecturer in Australia and New Zealand to be on a permanent contract and complete their probation while remaining at Level B, thus attaining the equivalent of tenure.

A
Associate Lecturer
$64,000 - $92,000
Appointments at this level are usually for new academics. Some positions at Level A are occupied by those with extensive industry experience relevant to teaching and research but who do not possess a PhD. Postdoctoral fellowships are also typically awarded at this level.

text: Salaries determined by the minimum and maximum salaries within each letter category offered to staff at the University of Queensland, Melbourne University, and University of Western Australia.

text: Research only positions[edit]

text:
Professor - senior principal research fellow (level E)
Associate professor - principal research fellow (level D)
Senior research fellow (level C)
Research fellow (level B)
Research associate (level A)

text: The Australian public service or government organisations also employ a large number of academics or researchers. Different organisations have their own established title systems (e.g., principal scientist, senior officer etc.). However, it is the level rather than the title that determines the equivalent academic rank. With Commonwealth Scientific & Industry Research Organisation (CSIRO), levels for Research Scientists and Research Engineers are as follows:[9]

text:
Level 4 (Postdoctoral Fellow), equivalent to academic level A or postdoctoral researcher;
Level 5 (Research Scientist), equivalent to academic level B;
Level 6 (Senior Research Scientist), equivalent to academic level C;
Level 7 (Principal Research Scientist), equivalent to academic level D;
Level 8 (Senior Principal Research Scientist), equivalent to academic level E;
Level 9 (CSIRO Fellow).

text: Most state governments use similar levels, but may use different titles. CSIRO uses the same levels but different titles for other functional roles, including Research Management, Research Projects and Research Consulting. These roles are less directly analogous to academic positions, though Research Management roles at levels 7 and 8 could be equated to Associate Dean and Dean roles at universities.

text: The Western Australian state government introduced a specified calling system in 2008. Within this system,

text:
SC-level 1, equivalent to postdoctoral fellow or associate lecturer;
SC-level 2, equivalent to lecturer or research scientist;
SC-level 3, equivalent to senior lecturer or senior scientist;
SC-level 4, equivalent to associate professor;
SC-level 5, equivalent to professor;
SC-level 6, chief.

text: Administrative ranks[edit]

text:
Visitor (titular)
Chancellor (titular)
Deputy chancellor / pro-chancellor (titular)
Vice-chancellor
Provost
Deputy vice-chancellor
Pro-vice-chancellor (could be the faculty dean)
Registrar (education) (there is not necessarily such a position)
Faculty dean (normally professor)
Faculty deputy dean; associate dean (normally professor, associate professor or reader)
Head of school and Head of Department (normally professor, associate professor, or reader)
Program director (normally senior lecturer or above)
Course coordinator (lecturer and above)