document_title: Sequoia sempervirens

question_text: where can you find redwood trees in california

text: Sequoia sempervirens

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: Scottish botanist David Don described the redwood as the evergreen taxodium (Taxodium sempervirens) in his colleague Aylmer Bourke Lambert's 1824 work A description of the genus Pinus.[7] Austrian botanist Stephan Endlicher erected the genus Sequoia in his 1847 work Synopsis coniferarum, giving the redwood its current binomial name of Sequoia sempervirens.[8] Endlicher probably derived the name Sequoia from the Cherokee name of George Gist, usually spelled Sequoyah, who developed the still-used Cherokee syllabary.[9] The redwood is one of three living species, each in its own genus, in the subfamily Sequoioideae. Molecular studies have shown the three to be each other's closest relatives, generally with the redwood and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) as each other's closest relatives. However, Yang and colleagues in 2010 queried the polyploid state of the redwood and speculate that it may have arisen as an ancient hybrid between ancestors of the giant sequoia and dawn redwood (Metasequoia). Using two different single copy nuclear genes, LFY and NLY, to generate phylogenetic trees, they found that Sequoia was clustered with Metasequoia in the tree generated using the LFY gene, but with Sequoiadendron in the tree generated with the NLY gene. Further analysis strongly supported the hypothesis that Sequoia was the result of a hybridization event involving Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron. Thus, Yang and colleagues hypothesize that the inconsistent relationships among Metasequoia, Sequoia, and Sequoiadendron could be a sign of reticulate evolution (in which two species hybridize and give rise to a third) among the three genera. However, the long evolutionary history of the three genera (the earliest fossil remains being from the Jurassic) make resolving the specifics of when and how Sequoia originated once and for all a difficult matter—especially since it in part depends on an incomplete fossil record.[10]

text: Description[edit]

text: The coast redwood can reach 115 m (377 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of 9 m (30 ft).[11] It has a conical crown, with horizontal to slightly drooping branches. The bark can be very thick, up to 1-foot (30 cm), and quite soft and fibrous, with a bright red-brown color when freshly exposed (hence the name redwood), weathering darker. The root system is composed of shallow, wide-spreading lateral roots.

text: The leaves are variable, being 15–25 mm (0.59–0.98 in) long and flat on young trees and shaded shoots in the lower crown of old trees. On the other hand, they are scale-like, 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long on shoots in full sun in the upper crown of older trees, with a full range of transition between the two extremes. They are dark green above and have two blue-white stomatal bands below. Leaf arrangement is spiral, but the larger shade leaves are twisted at the base to lie in a flat plane for maximum light capture.

text: The species is monoecious, with pollen and seed cones on the same plant. The seed cones are ovoid, 15–32 millimetres (0.59–1.26 in) long, with 15–25 spirally arranged scales; pollination is in late winter with maturation about 8–9 months after. Each cone scale bears three to seven seeds, each seed 3–4 millimetres (0.12–0.16 in) long and 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) broad, with two wings 1 millimetre (0.039 in) wide. The seeds are released when the cone scales dry out and open at maturity. The pollen cones are ovular and 4–6 millimetres (0.16–0.24 in) long.

text: Its genetic makeup is unusual among conifers, being a hexaploid (6n) and possibly allopolyploid (AAAABB).[12] Both the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of the redwood are paternally inherited.[13]

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: Coast redwoods occupy a narrow strip of land approximately 750 km (470 mi) in length and 5–47 mi (8.0–75.6 km) in width along the Pacific coast of North America; the most southerly grove is in Monterey County, California, and the most northerly groves are in extreme southwestern Oregon. The prevailing elevation range is 98–2,460 ft (30–750 m) above sea level, occasionally down to 0 and up to 3,000 ft (about 920 m).[14] They usually grow in the mountains where precipitation from the incoming moisture off the ocean is greater. The tallest and oldest trees are found in deep valleys and gullies, where year-round streams can flow, and fog drip is regular. The trees above the fog layer, above about 2,296 ft (700 m), are shorter and smaller due to the drier, windier, and colder conditions. In addition, Douglas fir, pine, and tanoak often crowd out redwoods at these elevations. Few redwoods grow close to the ocean, due to intense salt spray, sand, and wind. Coalescence of coastal fog accounts for a considerable part of the trees' water needs.[15]

text: The northern boundary of its range is marked by groves on the Chetco River on the western fringe of the Klamath Mountains, near the California-Oregon border. The largest (and tallest) populations are in Redwood National and State Parks (Del Norte and Humboldt Counties) and Humboldt Redwoods State Park (Humboldt County, California), with the majority located in the much larger Humboldt County. The southern boundary of its range is the Los Padres National Forest's Silver Peak Wilderness in the Santa Lucia Mountains of the Big Sur area of Monterey County, California. The southernmost grove is in the Southern Redwood Botanical Area, just north of the national forest's Salmon Creek trailhead.[16] The southernmost grove can be seen from California Highway 1 at the approximate coordinates 35°49'42 N 121°23'14 W.

text: The prehistoric fossil range of the genus is considerably greater, with a subcosmopolitan distribution including Europe and Asia until about 5 million years ago. During the last ice age, perhaps as recently as 10,000 years ago, redwood trees grew as far south as the Los Angeles area (coast redwood bark found in subway excavations and at La Brea tar pits).

text: Ecology[edit]

text: This native area provides a unique environment with heavy seasonal rains up to 100 inches (2,500 mm) annually. Cool coastal air and fog drip keep this forest consistently damp year round. Several factors, including the heavy rainfall, create a soil with fewer nutrients than the trees need, causing them to depend heavily on the entire biotic community of the forest, especially complete recycling of the trees when dead. This forest community includes coast Douglas fir, Pacific madrone, tanoak, western hemlock, and other trees, along with a wide variety of ferns, mosses, mushrooms, and redwood sorrel. Redwood forests provide habitat for a variety of amphibians, bird, mammals, and reptiles. Old-growth redwood stands provide habitat for the federally threatened spotted owl and the California-endangered marbled murrelet.

text: Coast redwoods are resistant to insect attack, fungal infection, and rot. These properties are conferred by concentrations of terpenoids and tannic acid in redwood leaves, roots, bark, and wood.[17] Despite these chemical defenses, redwoods are still subject to insect infestations; none, however, are capable of killing a healthy tree.[17] Redwoods also face predation from mammals: black bears are reported to consume the inner bark of small redwoods, and black-tailed deer are known to eat redwood sprouts.[17]

text: The oldest known coast redwood is about 2,200 years old;[18] many others in the wild exceed 600 years. The numerous claims of older trees are incorrect.[18] Because of their seemingly timeless lifespans, coast redwoods were deemed the "everlasting redwood" at the turn of the century; in Latin, sempervirens means "ever green" or "everlasting". Redwoods must endure various environmental disturbances to attain such great ages. In response to forest fires, the trees have developed various adaptations. The thick, fibrous bark of coast redwoods is extremely fire-resistant; it grows to at least a foot thick and protects mature trees from fire damage.[19][20] In addition, the redwoods contain little flammable pitch or resin.[20] If damaged by fire, a redwood will readily sprout new branches or even an entirely new crown,[19][17] and if the parent tree is killed, new buds will sprout from its base.[17] Fires, moreover, appear to actually benefit redwoods by causing substantial mortality in competing species while having only minor effects on redwood. Burned areas are favorable to the successful germination of redwood seeds.[19] A study published in 2010, the first to compare post-wildfire survival and regeneration of redwood and associated species, concluded fires of all severity increase the relative abundance of redwood and higher-severity fires provide the greatest benefit.[21]

text: Redwoods often grow in areas prone to flooding. Deposits of sediment following floods can form impermeable barriers which suffocate tree roots, and the unstable soil in flooded areas often causes trees to lean to one side, increasing their chance to be toppled over by wind. Immediately after a flood, redwoods grow their existing roots upwards into recently deposited sediment layers.[22] A second root system then develops from adventitious buds on the newly buried trunk and the old root system dies.[22] To counter lean, redwoods will increase wood production on their vulnerable side, creating a supporting buttress.[22] These adaptations create forests of almost exclusively redwood trees in flood-prone regions.[17][22]

text: The height of S. sempervirens is closely tied to fog availability; taller trees become less frequent as fog becomes less frequent.[23] As S. sempervirens’ height increases, transporting water via water potential to the leaves becomes increasingly more difficult due to gravity.[24][25][26] Despite the high rainfall that the region receives (up to 100 cm), the leaves in the upper canopy are perpetually stressed for water.[27][28] This water stress is exacerbated by long droughts in the summer.[29] Water stress is believed to cause the morphological changes in the leaves, stimulating reduced leaf length and increased leaf succulence.[25][30] To supplement their water needs, redwoods utilize frequent summer fog events. Fog water is absorbed through multiple pathways. Leaves directly take in fog from the surrounding air through the epidermal tissue, bypassing the xylem.[31][32] Coast redwoods also absorb water directly through their bark.[33] The uptake of water through leaves and bark repairs and reduces the severity of xylem embolisms,[34][33] which occur when cavitations form in the xylem preventing the transport of water and nutrients.[33] Fog may also collect on redwood leaves, drip to the forest floor, and be absorbed by the tree's roots. This fog drip may form 30% of the total water used by a tree in a year.[29]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Coast redwood reproduces both sexually by seed and asexually by sprouting of buds, layering, or lignotubers. Seed production begins at 10–15 years of age. Cones develop in the winter and mature by fall. In the early stages, the cones look like flowers, and are commonly called "flowers" by professional foresters, although this is not strictly correct. Coast redwoods produce many cones, with redwoods in new forests producing thousands per year.[19] The cones themselves hold 90–150 seeds, but viability of seed are low, typically well below 15% with one estimate of average rates being 3 to 10 percent.[35][19] The low viability may discourage seed predators, which do not want to waste time sorting chaff (empty seeds) from edible seeds. Successful germination often requires a fire or flood, reducing competition for seedlings. The winged seeds are small and light, weighing 3.3–5.0 mg (200–300 seeds/g; 5,600–8,500/ounce). The wings are not effective for wide dispersal, and seeds are dispersed by wind an average of only 60–120 m (200–390 ft) from the parent tree. Seedlings are susceptible to fungal infection and predation by banana slugs, bush rabbits, and nematodes.[17] Most seedlings do not survive their first three years.[19] However, those that become established grow very fast, with young trees known to reach 20 m (66 ft) tall in 20 years.

text: Coast redwoods can also reproduce asexually by layering or sprouting from the root crown, stump, or even fallen branches; if a tree falls over, it will regenerate a row of new trees along the trunk, so many trees naturally grow in a straight line. Sprouts originate from dormant or adventitious buds at or under the surface of the bark. The dormant sprouts are stimulated when the main adult stem gets damaged or starts to die. Many sprouts spontaneously erupt and develop around the circumference of the tree trunk. Within a short period after sprouting, each sprout will develop its own root system, with the dominant sprouts forming a ring of trees around the parent root crown or stump. This ring of trees is called a "fairy ring". Sprouts can achieve heights of 2.3 m (7.5 ft) in a single growing season.

text: Redwoods may also reproduce using burls. A burl is a woody lignotuber that commonly appears on a redwood tree below the soil line, though usually within 3 metres (10 ft) in depth from the soil surface. Coast redwoods develop burls as seedlings from the axils of their cotyledon, a trait that is extremely rare in conifers.[19] When provoked by damage, dormant buds in the burls sprout new shoots and roots. Burls are also capable of sprouting into new trees when detached from the parent tree, though exactly how this happens is yet to be studied. Shoot clones commonly sprout from burls and are often turned into decorative hedges when found in suburbia.

text: Cultivation and uses[edit]

text: Coast redwood is one of the most valuable timber species in the lumbering industry. In California, 899,000 acres (3,640 km2) of redwood forest are logged, virtually all of it second growth.[36] Though many entities have existed in the cutting and management of redwoods, perhaps none has had a more storied role than the Pacific Lumber Company (1863–2008) of Humboldt County, California, where it owned and managed over 200,000 acres (810 km2) of forests, primarily redwood. Coast redwood lumber is highly valued for its beauty, light weight, and resistance to decay. Its lack of resin makes it resistant to fire.

text: P.H. Shaughnessy, Chief Engineer of the San Francisco Fire Department wrote,

text: Because of its impressive resistance to decay, redwood was extensively used for railroad ties and trestles throughout California. Many of the old ties have been recycled for use in gardens as borders, steps, house beams, etc. Redwood burls are used in the production of table tops, veneers, and turned goods.

text: The Yurok people, who occupied the region before European settlement, carried out regular burnings of redwood forests to bolster tanoak populations from which they harvested acorns, to maintain forest openings, and to boost populations of useful plant species such as those for medicine or basketmaking.[17]

text: Extensive logging of redwoods began in the early nineteenth century. The trees were felled by ax and saw onto beds of tree limbs and shrubs to cushion their fall.[17] Stripped of their bark, the logs were transported to mills or waterways by oxen or horse.[17] Loggers then burned the accumulated tree limbs, shrubs, and bark. The repeated fires favored secondary forests of primarily redwoods as redwood seedlings sprout readily in burned areas.[17][37] The introduction of steam engines allowed logs to be dragged through long skid trails to nearby railroads,[17] furthering the reach of loggers beyond the land nearby rivers previously used to transport trees.[37] This method of harvesting, however, disturbed large amounts of soil, producing secondary-growth forests of species other than redwood such as Douglas-fir, grand fir, and western hemlock.[17] After World War II, trucks and tractors gradually replaced steam engines, giving rise to two harvesting approaches: clearcutting and selection harvesting. Clearcutting involved felling all the trees in a particular area and was encouraged by tax law which exempted all standing timber from taxation if 70% of trees in the area were harvested.[17] Selection logging, by contrast, called for the removal 25% to 50% of mature trees in the hopes that the remaining trees would allow for future growth and reseeding.[37] This method, however, encouraged growth of other tree species, converting redwood forests into mixed forests of redwood, grand fir, Sitka spruce, and western hemlock.[37][17] Moreover, the trees left standing were often felled by windthrow; that is, they were often blown over by the wind.

text: The coast redwood is naturalized in New Zealand, notably at Whakarewarewa Forest, Rotorua.[38] Redwood has been grown in New Zealand plantations for over 100 years, and those planted in New Zealand have higher growth rates than those in California, mainly due to even rainfall distribution through the year.[39] Other areas of successful cultivation outside of the native range include Great Britain, Italy, Portugal,[40] Haida Gwaii, middle elevations of Hawaii, Hogsback in South Africa, a small area in central Mexico (Jilotepec), and the southeastern United States from eastern Texas to Maryland. It also does well in the Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia), far north of its northernmost native range in southwestern Oregon. Coast redwood trees were used in a display at Rockefeller Center and then given to Longhouse Reserve in East Hampton, Long Island, New York, and these have now been living there for over twenty years and have survived at 2 °F (−17 °C).[41]

text: This fast-growing tree can be grown as an ornamental specimen in those large parks and gardens that can accommodate its massive size. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[42]

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Trees over 200 feet (60 m) are common, and many are over 300 ft (90 m). The current tallest tree is the Hyperion tree, measuring 379.3 ft (115.61 m).[18] The tree was discovered in Redwood National Park during the summer of 2006 by Chris Atkins and Michael Taylor, and is thought to be the world's tallest living organism. The previous record holder was the Stratosphere Giant in Humboldt Redwoods State Park at 370.2 ft (112.84 m) (as measured in 2004). Until it fell in March 1991, the "Dyerville Giant" was the record holder. It, too, stood in Humboldt Redwoods State Park and was 372 ft (113.4 m) high and estimated to be 1,600 years old. This fallen giant has been preserved in the park.

text: Forty-one measured living trees are more than 360 ft (109.7 m) tall,[43] and 178 are more than 350 ft (106.7 m) tall.[43] Preliminary LiDAR data indicate hundreds of additional trees are in excess of 350 ft (106.7 m), which were previously unknown.[44] It is interesting to note that, as of 2016, no living specimen of other tree species exceeds 100 m (328.1 ft). Numerous historic reports exist of Redwood trees 350 to 400 feet high, a tree reportedly 375 feet (114.3 m) in length was felled in Sonoma County by the Murphy Brothers saw mill in the 1870s[45] another claimed to be 380 ft (115.8 m) was cut down in 1914,[46] and one tree was even reported to be 424 ft (129.2 m) was felled in November 1886 by the Elk River Mill and Lumber Co. in Humboldt County, yielding 79,736 marketable board feet from 21 cuts.[47][48][49] However, these accounts and many others must be viewed with some skepticism as limited evidence corroborates the measurements, and exaggerated claims were not uncommon in the lumber industry.

text: Although coast redwoods are the tallest known living trees, historical accounts of taller Australian mountain ash and Douglas fir trees exist – sometimes exceeding 400 ft (122 m). Like most of the redwoods, these giants fell victim to widespread commercial logging in the 19th and 20th centuries and the tallest existing specimens of each are much shorter than the tallest redwoods. A Douglas fir that fell in 1924 in Mineral, Washington was determined to have been about 1020 years old, 393 ft (119.8 m) high, and 15.4 ft (4.69 m) in diameter by two highly respected forest scientists.[50] Another Douglas fir cut down in 1902 at Lynn Valley on the north shore of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia was reported to have measured 415 ft (126.5 m) in height and 14.3 ft (4.36 m) in diameter, although these measurements are somewhat less certain.[51] Other accounts claim felled Douglas firs were as tall as 465 feet (141.7 m).[52][53][54][55]

text: These accounts aside, fairly solid evidence indicates that coast redwoods were the world's largest trees before logging, with numerous historical specimens reportedly over 400 ft (122 m).[56] The theoretical maximum potential height of coast redwoods is thought to be limited to between 400 and 425 ft (121.9 and 129.5 m), as evapotranspiration is insufficient to transport water to leaves beyond this range.[24] Further studies have indicated this cap is eased by fog, which is prevalent in these trees' natural environment.[57]

text: The largest known living coast redwood used to be "Iluvatar", with an estimated single trunk volume of 37,500 cu ft (1,060 m3), but more giant redwoods were discovered in 2014, including Grogan's Fault, with 38,299 cu ft (1,084.5 m3). Lost Monarch has been reported as the largest in the past, but its main trunk is 36,500 cu ft (1,030 m3).

text: About 230 albino redwoods (mutant individuals that cannot manufacture chlorophyll) are known to exist,[58][59] reaching heights of up to 20 m (66 ft).[60] These trees survive as parasites, obtaining food by grafting their root systems with those of normal trees. While similar mutations occur sporadically in other conifers, no cases are known of such individuals surviving to maturity in any other conifer species.[citation needed]. Recent research news reports that albino redwoods can store higher concentrations of toxic metals, going so far as comparing them to organs or "waste dumps".[61][62] Some obvious speculation in the news reports has been expertly countered.[63]

text: Largest trees[edit]

text: Some volumes are based on additional stems. Extra stems can have a point of origin above ground from the main trunk, or be basal and emerge separately from soil level. For Lost Monarch, some writers included 6,000 ft3 worth of large basal sprouts, referred to by Dr. Robert Van Pelt as "separate trees".[64] The largest single coast redwood tree published is "Grogan's Fault". More were found, but remain undisclosed. One apparently surpasses General Sherman's (Giant Sequoia) 1321 American Forest big tree registry champion points by 40 points or more.[6] These are 12 of the largest coast redwoods by total wood volume in the main trunk, or trunk and stems combined, as of 2009 - 2016.[65] In 2014, a new trend emerged where new redwood discovery photos are not all being released.[6]

text:
Rank
Name
Volume
Height
Diameter
Location
Note

1
Grogan's Fault or Spartan
41,324 cu ft (1,170.2 m3) [66] for the main bole
309.2 ft (94.2 m)[66]
27.38 ft (8.35 m)[66]
RNP [67]
Volume does not include reiterations and is the largest published for this species. Retains 1359 AF points. Discoverers broke with tradition, not nominating to the national big tree registry. Discovered 2014.[66][68] This has two names. [66]

2
Melkor (Fusion Giant)
39,100 cu ft (1,110 m3)
349 ft (106.4 m)
22.4 ft (6.83 m)
RNP
Includes reiterations. Main trunk (fused): 33,500 cu ft (950 m3) [6]

3
Iluvatar
37,500 cu ft (1,060 m3)
300 ft (91.4 m)
20.5 ft (6.25 m)
PCRSP
Significant volume in 100+ reiterated stems.[64] Main trunk: 32,890 cu ft (931 m3)[6]

4
Del Norte Titan
37,200 cu ft (1,050 m3)
307 ft (93.6 m)
23.7 ft (7.22 m)
JSRSP
Significant volume in 43 reiterated stems.[64] Main trunk: 33,670 cu ft (953 m3).[6]

5
Lost Monarch
36,500 cu ft (1,030 m3)
321 ft (97.8 m)
26.0 ft (7.92 m)
JSRSP
The largest sprouts to the side of the base were added to arrive at 42,500 cu ft (1,200 m3), but the sprouts have been referred to as separate trees.[64] Main trunk: 34,914 cu ft (988.7 m3). Listed as species champion with 1291 AF points.

6
El Viejo Del Norte
35,400 cu ft (1,000 m3)
324 ft (98.8 m)
23.0 ft (7.01 m)
JSRSP
Single-stem. Has the second largest bole after Grogan's Fault

7
Howland Hill Giant
33,580 cu ft (951 m3)
330 ft (100.6 m)
19.8 ft (6.04 m)
JSRSP
Fused double stem.[6]

8
Sir Isaac Newton
33,192 cu ft (939.9 m3)
299 ft (91.1 m)
22.5 ft (6.86 m)
PCRSP
Single-stem. Huge burl adds small percentage

9
Terex Titan
32,384 cu ft (917.0 m3)
270 ft (82.3 m)
21.3 ft (6.49 m)
PCRSP
Single-stem. Includes small cave in base

10
Adventure Tree
32,140 cu ft (910 m3)
334 ft (101.8 m)
16.5 ft (5.03 m)
PCRSP
Single-stem. Includes four small caves in upper trunk

11
Bull Creek Giant
31,144 cu ft (881.9 m3)
339 ft (103.3 m)
22.3 ft (6.80 m)
HRSP
Single-stem

12
ARCo Giant
30,699 cu ft (869.3 m3)
262 ft (79.9 m)
22.5 ft (6.86 m)
RNP
Single-stem. Named after Arcata Redwood Company

text: Diameter stated is as measured at 1.4 m (about 4.5 ft) above average ground level (diameter at breast height). Details of the precise locations of all above trees have not been announced to the general public for fear of publicity causing damage to the trees and the surrounding ecology. The order of largest and tallest can change at any time due to new discoveries, loss of stem and foliage, growth, and new measurements. One of the better known internet databases for large conifers is the Gymnosperm Database,[18] but its data can be different from other resources due to differences in standards.

text: Tallest trees[edit]

text: Tallest redwoods may be measured every year, but newest data is published without identifying what measurement goes with what name. The specific names of tallest trees may remain unknown indefinitely after 2010. It has been revealed that Redwood National Park does not hold all three of the tallest trees. Specific locations and definite knowledge is kept confidentially among a handful of professional tree researchers and discoverers.[69] The list below is based on conifers.org maintained by Dr. Chris Earl, and may be the last bona fide update by a verifiable expert where both names and heights were listed together.[67]

text:
Rank
Name
Height
Diameter
Location
Note

1
Hyperion
115.85 m (380.09 ft)
15.2 ft (4.63 m)
RNP

2
Helios
114.95 m (377.13 ft)
16.0 ft (4.88 m)
RNP

3
Icarus
113.14 m (371.19 ft)
12.4 ft (3.78 m)
RNP

4
Stratosphere Giant
113.52 m (372.44 ft)
17.0 ft (5.18 m)
HRSP

5
National Geographic
112.71 m (369.78 ft)
14.4 ft (4.39 m)
HRSP

8
Orion
112.63 m (369.52 ft)
14.2 ft (4.33 m)
RNP

6
Federation Giant
112.62 m (369.49 ft)
14.8 ft (4.51 m)
HRSP

5
Paradox
112.51 m (369.13 ft)
12.8 ft (3.90 m)
HRSP

7
Mendocino
112.32 m (368.50 ft)
13.7 ft (4.18 m)
MWSP

9
Millenium
111.92 m (367.19 ft)
8.9 ft (2.71 m)
HRSP

10
Apex
111.83 m (366.90 ft)
10.7 ft (3.26 m)
HRSP

text: Diameter stated is as measured at 1.4 m (about 4.5 ft) above average ground level (at breast height). Details of the precise locations for most tallest trees were not announced to the general public for fear of causing damage to the trees and the surrounding ecology. The tallest coast redwood easily accessible to the public is the Founders Tree in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, standing over 346 ft tall. A taller coast redwood is also accessible to the public in Tall Trees Grove of Redwood National Park.

text: Other notable examples[edit]

text:
The Navigation (or Blossom Rock) trees were two especially tall sequoias located in the Oakland Hills used as a navigation aid by sailors to avoid the treacherous Blossom Rock near Yerba Buena Island.[70]
One of the largest redwood stumps ever found (31 ft. diameter) is in the Oakland Hills in the Roberts Regional Recreation Area section of Redwood Regional Park. Only a single old-growth redwood (the Grandfather) remains from the original forest.[71][72][73]
A 29.2-foot diameter redwood was found somewhere in Redwood National Park in 2015. The tree exceeds the diameter of the widest known giant sequoia and possibly vies as the oldest living coast redwood.[6][74]
Crannell Creek Giant was documented to have at least 61,500 cu ft trunk volume - about 17% larger than the current biggest tree. It was felled around 1945.[18][75]


document_title: Lin Beifong

question_text: who is lin's father in legend of korra

question_tokens: who is lin 's father in legend of korra

root

text: Lin Beifong

text: Character overview[edit]

text: Lin Beifong is the chief of Police of Republic City and the daughter of Toph Beifong, who once held the same position. Like her mother, Lin is able to both manipulate the classical element of earth, which is known as earthbending and its sub-ability to manipulate metal, which is termed metalbending. Like Toph, Lin also has the ability to sense movements around her through mechanoreception. She learned these techniques under the hard tutelage of her mother. Despite the fact that her mother was friends with the previous Avatar, Lin initially was decidedly antagonistic towards Avatar Korra, at one time interrogating the lead character.[1] However, throughout the course of the series’ run she warmed up to Korra.

tag: p

text: Lin has a longstanding friendship with Tenzin, who is a son of Aang and Katara. At one point the two characters were romantically involved.[2] Tenzin offered Lin comfort and a higher level of trust was reached between the two. However, their romantic relationship ended, partially because Tenzin wanted children while Lin did not and partially because of Lin's abrasive nature.[3] Tenzin ultimately married, while Lin remained unmarried.

text: Much like her mother, Lin’s personality is described as tough, uncompromising and blunt. Unlike Toph however, Lin can also be characterized as bitter, which primarily stemmed from her strained relationship with both her mother and her half-sister, Suyin Beifong. In the latter half of the series run, Lin reconciled with the two characters, becoming less resentful as the series progressed.

text: Creation and conception[edit]

text: While her mother was known during announcements for the series and established at the start of the series, the identity of her father was not revealed initially.[4] Lin Beifong's character design was inspired by Han Young Ja, a longtime friend and colleague of Konietzko and DiMartino.[5] Elements of her design also came from Marlene Dietrich as the creators wanted her "to have a tough and natural beauty" and her appearance was collaborated on by both Joaquim Dos Santos and series co-creator Michael DiMartino which DiMartino found to be "a fun process."[6]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: The Legend of Korra[edit]

text: Book One: Air[edit]

text: Lin spent the vast majority of Season One in Republic City. When Lin first met Korra, she made it clear that she held no favors for Korra. She interrogated the Avatar and when Tenzin arrived, Lin agreed to drop the charges against Korra, though made it clear that she wanted the Avatar "out of [her] city".[1] Lin initially held a grudge against Tenzin over their breakup several years earlier, but agreed to “bury the hatchet” in their effort to secure a sporting event from a terrorist group, the Equalists. Despite maximum-level security, the Equalists were able to disrupt the event, overwhelming the police forces. Lin, with the help of Korra, was able to repel the terrorist group, though they were unable to capture the organization’s leader, Amon.[7] Korra had earned Lin’s respect and trust in the process. After the Equalist attack, Lin received negative press for failing to capture Amon. Lin would lead an investigation that uncovered that industrialist Hiroshi Sato, Asami Sato’s father, involvement with the Equalists.  In an ensuing battle pitting Lin, Korra, Tenzin and members of the police force against the terrorist organization, a number of police officers were captured by the Equalists. The trio was able to avoid capture, but Lin elected to tender her resignation. When Tenzin encouraged her to not give up, Lin shared that she intended to capture Amon “outside of the law”.[8] Later, with Tenzin needing to attend a council meeting, Lin watched over Tenzin’s wife and children on Air Temple Island. Shortly, the Equalists invaded the island, incapacitating Lin in the process. Ironically, Lin was rescued by three of Tenzin’s kids, Jinora, Ikki, and Meelo, who easily defeated the invaders. Upon Tenzin’s return to the island, noticing that more Equalist airships were heading to Republic City Tenzin decided to take his family and flee Republic City on Tenzin’s sky bison, Oogi. Lin accompanied the family. However, when it became apparent that Oogi would not outpace the airships, Lin made the decision to abandon Oogi and attack the fleet in midair in an effort to ensure the family’s escape. In an impressive display of midair metalbending, Lin single-handedly destroyed a number of airships before she was captured by the terrorist organization, allowing Tenzin and his family to at least temporarily escape capture. Lin would lose her bending at the hands of Amon, who had the ability to take away bending, but would have it later restored by Korra.[9][10]

text: Book Two: Spirits[edit]

text: In Season Two, Lin returned to Republic City, reinstated as Chief of Police. Impressed by Mako’s outstanding work in busting local gangs, Lin hired Mako as an officer.[11] Six months later, Lin and the Republic City Police force would investigate the bombing of the Southern Water Tribe Cultural Center. When Korra and Mako initially broke up (over issues related to the bombing) at the city police station, Lin, finding an overturned table, demanded to know what happened. Mako stated that he had broken up with the Avatar. Amused, she commented that he got off easy compared to her break up with Tenzin.[12] A few days later, Lin traveled to Mako's apartment to investigate incriminating evidence in connection with the bombing of the cultural center. Mako adamantly denied any involvement in the bombing. However, when money and explosives were found in the apartment, she had Mako arrested.[13] Lin and her fellow officers later provided security at the pro-bending arena during the premiere screening of a film starring Bolin. When Varrick, who bankrolled the motion picture, was outed as the mastermind of not only the attempted kidnapping of President Raiko at the event, but also the bombing of the cultural center, Lin promptly arrested him and freed Mako. Lin promoted Mako to detective, noting that the officer was the first to suspect Varrick behind the bombings.[14]

text: Book Three: Change[edit]

text: In Season Three, Lin spent a significant amount of time outside Republic City. After helping Korra free captive airbenders in the Earth Kingdom capital of Ba Sing Se, Lin would join Team Avatar (Korra, Asami, Bolin and Mako) in searching for one more reported airbender in the Earth Kingdom city of Zaofu.[15] When Lin arrived in Zaofu, she elected to stay on the ship instructing Team Avatar to not reveal her presence. However Lin's presence was detected and Suyin, matriarch of Zaofu, met Lin on the ship. Suyin revealed to Team Avatar that she was Lin’s sister, upon which Lin reminded her that she was her half-sister. Suyin shared that Lin’s niece, Opal, was the airbender. At an ensuing dinner, Lin made a number of snide remarks to many of Suyin statements. Before the argument escalated they were interrupted by Varrick, who was out of prison and resided in Zaofu. Later that night, Opal and Korra visited Lin in her room. In an attempt to reconcile the two sisters, Opal shared with Lin that she wanted her to be a part of the family. Lin responded with a cold "get out". Opal ran out of the room in tears. In response to Lin’s behavior, Korra angrily told Lin that the police chief would always be a lonely and bitter woman before storming out of the room. Lin cried in her room alone.[16] The next morning, Lin took up Suyin’s trusted advisor Aiwei advice to visit the city's acupuncturist to deal with her stress. During the ensuing sessions, which involved reaching into her buried memories, she revisited her checkered past with Suyin. Lin flashed back to her attempt to arrest Suyin and her subsequent scarring accidentally caused by Suyin. Upon awakening from her final session, she disregarded the doctor's suggestion to rest, deciding instead to confront Suyin. An enraged Lin started yet another argument with Suyin. The argument quickly escalated and when Suyin told Lin that she was a bitter, selfish woman and that Tenzin was right to leave her, Lin attacked, setting off a full-blown fracas between the siblings. When an angry Opal finally broke up the fight, demanding to know why two sisters would want to hurt each other, Lin passed out from exhaustion, sleeping for the next sixteen hours. Upon waking up, Lin was well-rested and was in a substantially more positive mood. She apologized to Opal for her behavior, explaining she was not comfortable speaking about personal matters. She advised Opal to train with the other airbenders away from home, which Opal ultimately did. Lin also reconciled with Suyin.[17] Later, Lin would be involved in a large-scale clash with the Red Lotus, an anarchist group. During the battle she and Suyin fought P'Li, a formidable foe and combustion-bender. P’li had the rare ability to generate fire from her forehead, causing explosions. Lin relayed to her sister that when she drew P'Li's fire, Suyin was to incapacitate her. Suyin objected, but Lin told her sibling she loved her before unilaterally initiating the plan. The police chief was hit by a blast from P’Li, nearly falling over a cliff. In one of the series’ more graphic moments, as P’Li was preparing to knock Lin off the cliff with a blast, Suyin quickly metalbent her plate of armor around the combustion bender’s head. This caused P'Li's explosion to blow up in her face, instantly killing her. While the fatal explosion was not shown on-screen, P’Li’s demise was apparent.[18][19]

text: Book Four: Balance[edit]

text: In Season Four, set three years after the conclusion of Season Three, Lin would spend the majority of her time at Republic City. However, she did make one excursion outside the city, to save Suyin and many members of her family, who were imprisoned by the Earth Kingdom dictator, Kuvira. When the world leaders decided to not attack Kuvira, Lin immediately sought out Opal. Eventually the two allowed Bolin to join their mission, flying on Opal’s sky bison, Juicy.[20] Once the trio arrived at Zaofu, they encountered Toph, whom Lin addressed as "chief". After Bolin, through his stint as a soldier of Kuvira’s army, was able to inform them the location of the nearest “reeducation camp”, the quartet left for the camp on Juicy. During dinner, Lin made a number of sarcastic comments towards her mother. When Bolin asked Toph who Lin's father was, her mother casually answered that it was a man named Kanto, who she characterized as a “nice man”. Sensing her daughter’s "enraged breathing" Toph told Lin to say whatever was on her mind. Lin angrily replied that growing up without a father and never seeing or even discussing him was unacceptable to her. Lin declared that after the rescue, she wanted nothing to do with her mother. Toph solemnly stated that if that made Lin happy, she would accept her decision. The four would eventually successfully free Suyin and all the incarcerated members of her family. They would also rescue Varrick’s longtime assistant Zhu Li. Lin and her mother would eventually reconcile with the latter stating that she was proud of both her and Suyin. Subsequently, Zhu Li informed Lin that Kuvira planned to invade Republic City in two weeks.[21] Lin played a large role in the battle of Republic City. She along with Korra, Mako, Bolin, Tenzin, Bumi, Jinora, Ikki, Meelo, Opal and other airbenders battled a 25-story mecha suit, operated by Kuvira.[22] She was part of the incursion team that successfully entered Kuvira's machine. Once inside, Lin and Suyin inflicted major damage. They rendered the suit’s primary weapon, a large cannon mounted on its right arm, useless. When Kuvira ripped the now functionless arm off and violently tossed it away, Lin and Suyin were trapped in the appendage. The two were knocked unconscious by the resulting impact with the ground but would later regain consciousness. When Kuvira finally surrendered, Lin arrested the despot and led her away. Shortly after she and many others attended the wedding and reception party of Varrick and Zhu Li, Lin smiling as the newlyweds kissed.[23]

text: Graphic novel trilogy[edit]

text: In part one, Lin is focused on taking down the triads with her triads task force. Lin, along with her task force, break up a fight between the Triple Threats and the Creeping Crystals. Two-Toed Ping is arrested and Lin and Mako then interrogate him and are able to find out the name of the new Triple Threats leader, Tokuga.

text: Abilities[edit]

text: Heightened senses[edit]

text: By grounding herself barefoot, Lin can "see" and "feel" even the most minute seismic vibrations in the earth, be it the presence of trees or the march of ants several meters away. Lin has acquired an acute sense of hearing, enabling her to recognize people by their voices, discern a person's physical appearance by sound, and overhear distant conversations;[24] and sense falsehood via the individual's subtle breathing patterns, heartbeat, and physical reactions.[25]

text: Earthbending[edit]

text: Lin is highly skilled in Earthbending which utilizes chinese martial arts techniques of Hóng Quán and Chu Gar Nán Pài Tángláng.[26][27][28][29][30] The series' creators consulted a professional martial artist in the design of the show's fighting style.[31] Earthbending represents the element of substance,[32] and is categorized as the most diverse and enduring of the "four bending arts".[33] Earthbending is the geokinetic ability to manipulate earth, rock, sand, lava, and metals in all their various forms. Earthbending utilizes neutral jing, which involves waiting and listening for the right moment to act decisively. Earthbending involves enduring attacks until the right opportunity to counterattack reveals itself, emphasizes "heavily rooted stances and strong blows that evoke the mass and power of earth", and demands precise stepping footwork to maintain constant contact with the ground. Earthbending parallels Five Animals movements. Earthbending is at its strongest when the feet or hand are in direct contact with the ground, enabling earthbenders to transfer their kinetic energies into their bending for fast and powerful moves. This reliance on direct contact with the earth is a literal Achilles' heel; separating earthbenders from any contact with the earth renders them ineffective.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviewer David Levesley called Lin one of the series' "standout characters" and one of the show's "many examples of well-written women".[34] Reviewer Alyssia Rosenberg thought Lin was a "real standout" of the first season for her character arc, feeling it embodied a "small trend" of "female action stars" sacrificing themselves. She compared the scene where Lin lost her bending abilities to Amon to that of a scene in the film Sucker-Punch and praised the soundtrack for being "a powerful representation of the sudden absence that has made Lin much of who she is."[35] Robert Kuang felt that out of the major characters, Lin remained "the most intriguing", which Kuang attributed to her limited screentime and parentage.[36] Before the reveal of Kanto, the character's father was a source of great intrigue for a number of fans of the show. A few theorized that Sokka or perhaps Amon was character's father.[37]  Reviewer Michael Mammano viewed Lin's outburst at her mother during the fourth season as being "emotional" and akin to that of an angry child.[38] Reviewer, Oliver Sava praised the depiction of the "icy" relationship between the character and her mother, noting that it better explained how Lin became "the rigid, chilly person she is today."[39] TV.com felt Lin was similar to Varrick, a character introduced later in the show's run, for starting out on "one-note" but later becoming "layered" and wrote that it made sense that Lin would 'finally patch things up with" Toph after ending her estrangement with her sister Suyin.[40]

text: However, the character and her arc did draw some measure of criticism from media and fans. Reviewer Gina Luttrell characterized Lin as "psychotic" for relating to Korra after the latter violently expressed her outrage with Mako during their initial break-up.[41] Additionally, the mother-daughter reunion between Lin and Toph was characterized as "rushed" by reviewer Joey Sack. Sack suggested that the creators needed another episode to fully "flesh out" the conflict between the longstanding two characters.[42] Zach Blumenfeld of Paste felt that Lin did not bring something new to the "tough cop" archetype, but commended her story arc for "beautifully" portraying the loneliness that a career woman can face. Overall, Blumenfeld ranked Lin as the 14th best character from the Avatar franchise.[43]


document_title: Nil Darpan

question_text: who had translated the bengali play neel darpan into english

text: Nil Darpan

text: Critical summary[edit]

text: The play was received with mixed results upon its release. The play was translated by Reverend J.Long for which he was sentenced to prison and charged with sedition.[2]

text: "I PRESENT" The Indigo Planting Mirror "to the Indigo Planters' hands; now, let every one of them, having observed his face, erase the freckle of the stain of selfishness from his forehead, and, in its stead, place on it the sandal powder of beneficence, then shall I think my labour success".

text: It was evident from this wish that it is a piece meant to raise a voice among the elite intellectuals of Kolkata so that the farmers revolt will be integrated with the urban thinkers. Unlike the Sepoy Revolt, the Indigo revolt is effectively a revolt integrating the whole population of Bengalis with no distance kept between the several classes of society, which can be attributed to the effort by Mitra and Rev. James Long and Michael Madhusudan Dutt.

text: Indian literature has a long-standing tradition of drama writing. Almost for a millennium the only form of literature other than odes was drama. The distinction of the genre of Sanskrit Drama by the luminaries like Kalidasa were strong enough to keep the millions absorbed for centuries. But it was coming at a dwan by the mid 1800 in Bengal where the Bengal Renaissance say the rise in western education and ideas, and therefore the styles of new forms of literature were seeping in.[3] For example, Ram Narayan Tarkaratna (1823–1885) had already left the Sanskrit tradition and started writing about social realism.[3] The drama is markedly different from the earlier dramas of that period, notably the first modern drama written in Bengali by Ram Narayan still had the old sadhu bhasa the artificial Sanskritised dialect of modern Bengali as the writing medium.

text: The characters in the drama are the villagers and the indigo planters who got the money and the law in their hand.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Gokul Chunder Basu, a rich farmer. (গোলক চন্দ্র বসু, একজন সম্পন্ন চাষি)
Nobin Madhab, son of Gokul Chunder Basu. (নবীন মাধব, গোলক বসুর বড় ছেলে)
Bindu Madhab, son of Gokul Chunder Basu. (বিন্দু মাধব, গোলক বসুর ছোট ছেলে)
Sadhu Churn, a neighbouring Ryot. (সাধু চরণ, গোলকের প্রতিবেশি রাইয়ত)
Ray Churn, Sadhu's brother. (রাই চরণ, সাধু চরণের ছোট ভাই)
Gopi Nath, The Dewan. (গোপীনাথ, নীলকরের দেওয়ান)
Torap, A heroic figure.(তোরাপ, একজন প্রতিবাদী চরিত্র)
Indigo Planters. (নীলকর) :
J. J. Wood. (জে জে ঊড, প্রধান নীলকর)
P. P. Rose J. (পি পি রোজ, উডের ছেলে)
The Ajiving or Land measurer. (জমির পরিমাপকারী)
Amin Khalasi, a Tent-pitcher. (আমিন খালাসী, নীল সংগ্রাহক)
Tadagir Native Superintendent of Indigo Cultivation.
Magistrate, Amla, Attorney, Deputy Inspector, pundit, Keeper of the Gaol, Doctor, a Cow-keeper, a Native Doctor, Four Boys, a Latyal or Club-man, and a Herdsman.

tag: ul

text:
Sabitri Wife of Gokul Chunder. (সাবিত্রী, গোলক বসুর স্ত্রী)
Soirindri,  Wife of Nobin. (সৈরিন্দ্রী, নবীন মাধবের স্ত্রী)
Saralota Wife of Bindu Madhab. (সরলতা, বিন্দু মাধবের স্ত্রী)
Reboti Wife of Sadhu Churn. (রেবতী, সাধু চরণের স্ত্রী)
Khetromani Daughter of Sadhu & Reboti. (ক্ষেত্রমনি, সাধুচরণ ও রেবতীর মেয়ে)
Aduri Maid-servant in Gokul Chunder's house. (আদুরি, গোলকের বাড়ির কাজের মেয়ে)
Podi Moyrani A Sweetmeat Maker. (পদী ময়রানী, বিনোদনকারিনী, রোগ সাহেবের সহচরী)

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The legacy of black humor in the play is well shared by contemporary dramatists like Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Girish Chandra Ghosh and Ardhendu Sekhar Mustafi. It was also important in development of the Chalit Bhasa, or colloquial dialect, which is free of the Sanskrit influenced Sadhu bhasa.

text: The trial of Nil Durpan[edit]

text: The proceedings of the trial of Reverend Mr. James Long first appeared in the second Edition (India) of the English version of the play, Nil Durpan (transcribed as Neel Darpan or Nil Darpan). It included all the relevant documents and comments of the Indian and British Newspapers. It was published in 1903 by Messers A. N. ANDINI and Co., Calcutta. Mr. Kumud Bihari Bose compiled it under the title: The Trial of the Rev. James Long and the Drama of Nil Durpan with "Indigo Planters and all about them" as a sub title.[4] The play, Nil Durpan, dealt with the upheaval between the Indigo planters and Indian Rioters in different parts of Bengal, Bihar and U.P. This conflict gave rise to the rift and division between the different classes of the society and between the different sections of the Government as well.

text: Background of the trial of the play Nil Darpan[edit]

text: James Long believed that the British mercantile community and even the Government unjustly and oppressively treated the Indigo cultivators. His view concurred with Dinabandhu Mitra who expressed his sentiments in a play entitled Nil Darpan (the original Bengali play was written by him) and published anonymously from Dhaka in 1860. Mitra sent Long a copy of the play as early as 1861. Long brought it to the notice of W. S Seton-Karr, Secretary to the Governor of Bengal and ex-President of the Indigo Commission. Seton-Karr, sensing its importance, mentioned Nil Durpan in conversation with the Lieutenant Governor, Grant.Grant expressed a wish to see a translation of it and print a few copies to be circulated privately amongst friends. After the discussion, Seton-Karr asked Long to arrange for a translation of the play in English. Michael Madhusudan Dutta translated it under the supervision of Long. Long as the editor cut out some coarse passages and wrote a short prefatory note for the play. When the translation was complete, Seton-Karr ordered printing of five hundred copies in lieu of Grant's wish of a few copies. Then Long sent the translated manuscripts to Clement Henry Manuel, the proprietor of the Calcutta Printing and Publishing Press to print five hundred copies and the cost came to around Rs.300. It was published in April or May 1861. Unknown to the Lieutenant Governor, Long began sending out the copies in official Government envelopes that had the heading: "on her Majesty's Service".[5] The translation revealed the nature of the oppression against the indigo planters. It naturally offended the establishment of the play so much that a razing propaganda was started by the Anglo-Indian Press against the publisher and the translator. One of the leading newspapers named The Englishmen and some indigo planters instituted a libel suit against Long and the printer- C. H. Manuel. The words mentioned in Long's Introduction to the play stated that what was presented in it was "plain but true". This was subsequently used by the planters in their prosecution of Long for publishing defamatory statements.

text: Counsel (acting on Long's advice) named Long as the one responsible as Long had given Manuel a copy of the play for publication.

text: The planters filed for only nominal damages even as they had decided to prosecute Long for libel in a criminal suit.

text: Friday, 19 July 1861 was fixed as the first date for the trial and it lasted from then to 24 July, at the Calcutta Supreme Court. It was regarded as the first of the "state trial of India under the Empire". Mr. Peterson and Mr. Cowie were prosecuted. Mr. Eglinton and Mr. Newmarch appeared on behalf of the defendant. Sir Mordunt Wells presided as the Judge.

text: It is true that it becomes difficult to censor any literary work when it becomes so available in the public domain. That is why it became very urgent to find out the list of people who had the books after its printing. The issue of finding out the list was the concern for the first day of trial on 19 July 1861. The list given in at the trial contained the number of copies that had been issued was said to be two hundred and two.

text: The agenda for the days of 20 to 24 July was to justify the two counts brought against James Long. The first count referred to a libel or the supposed libel against the two leading newspapers named the Englishman and Hurkaru published from the city of Kolkata. These two papers were alluded to in the preface of the play, Nil Durpan:

text: The Editors of two daily newspapers are filling their columns with your praises; and whatever other people may think, you never enjoy pleasure from it, since you know fully the reason of their so doing. What surprising power of attraction silver has! The detestable Judas gave the great preacher of the Christian religion, Jesus and others, into the hands of Odious Pilate for the sake of thirty rupees; what wonder then, if the proprietors of two newspapers, becoming enslaved by the hope of gaining one thousand rupees, throw the poor helpless of this land into the terrible grasp of your mouths.[6] Being aggrieved, Mr. Brett, the managing proprietor and formerly joint editor of the Englishman, brought a criminal prosecution against James Long. He claimed that the implied meanings of the allusions were defamatory because the extract symbolises, they wrote for reward from the indigo planters and not otherwise.

text: The second count which concerned the interests of the society at large was the alleged libel against that portion of the community called as the indigo planters of Lower Bengal.

text: Sir Mordunt Wells accused Long of slandering the European women in the Nil Durpan the question of shame was brought up through the episode of a woman riding on horseback with Magistrate of Zillah through the village)as well as injuring the reputation of every European in the country by calling Planter or Civilian or Soldier.The fictitious characters named Mr. Wood and Mr. Rose in the play represent the indigo planters. This also became a reason for attacking Long.

text: Bibliography[edit]

text:
Dinabandhu Mitra: Nil Durpan or the Indigo Planting Mirror, translated by Michael Madhusudan Dutt, edited by Sudhi Pradhan and Sailesh Sen Gupta (Calcutta: Paschimbanga Natya Academy, 1997)
Geoffrey A. Oddie, chapter Eight, The Aftermath: Nil Durpan, Trial and Imprisonment, Missionaries, Rebellion and Proto-Nationalism: James Long of Bengal 1814–87 (London: Routledge, 1999)
Nurul Hossain Choudhury, "James Rev. Long", Banglapedia.


document_title: Suicide Squad (film)

question_text: who played as the joker in suicide squad

text: Suicide Squad (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the aftermath of Superman's death,[N 1] intelligence officer Amanda Waller convinces Washington D.C. officials to allow her to assemble Task Force X, a team of dangerous criminals imprisoned at Belle Reve Special Security Barracks. The team consists of elite hitman Floyd Lawton, former psychiatrist Harleen Quinzel, pyrokinetic ex-gangster Chato Santana, opportunistic thief Digger Harkness, genetic mutant Waylon Jones, and specialized assassin Christopher Weiss. They are placed under command of Colonel Rick Flag to be used as disposable assets in high-risk missions for the United States government. Each member has a nanite bomb implanted in their neck, designed to detonate should any member rebel or try to escape.

text: One of Waller's intended recruits is Flag's girlfriend Dr. June Moone, an archaeologist possessed by a demonic witch known as the "Enchantress". She quickly turns on Waller, deciding to eradicate humankind with a mystical weapon for imprisoning her. She besieges Midway City by transforming its populace into a horde of monsters, and summons her brother Incubus to assist her. Waller then deploys the squad to extract a high-profile mark from Midway, which is reported to be under a terrorist attack. Joining them is Katana, a Japanese swordswoman.

text: Harley's homicidal lover Joker finds out about her predicament and tortures Belle Reve security officer Griggs into leading him to the facility where the nanite bombs are made. There, he blackmails Dr. Van Criss into disabling Harley's bomb. Upon arrival, the squad's helicopter is shot down, forcing them to proceed on foot to their target. Boomerang inaccurately convinces Slipknot that the bombs are a ruse to keep them in check, who attempts to escape and is killed. Meanwhile, the squad is ambushed by Enchantress' minions. They eventually fight their way through to a safe house, where they learn that their mark is Waller herself, who is attempting to cover up her involvement in Enchantress' siege.

text: The squad escorts Waller to the rooftop for extraction, but the arriving helicopter has been hijacked by the Joker and his men, who open fire on the squad. Harley's bomb is disarmed by Dr. Van Criss, leaving Flag unable to execute her and allows her to climb aboard the helicopter. Waller's men subsequently shoot down the helicopter, and Harley falls out while the Joker is presumed dead, after which Harley rejoins the squad. Alerted to Waller's whereabouts, Enchantress' minions arrive and kidnap her. Deadshot finds Waller's confidential files and learns the truth about Enchantress, Flag then being forced to confess the truth. This causes the squad members to abandon him. With Waller compromised, Flag relieves the squad of the mission but chooses to continue. Realizing they have an opportunity to prove themselves, they soon rejoin him and locate Enchantress at a partially-flooded subway station. Killer Croc and a group of Navy SEALs, led by Lieutenant GQ Edwards, go underwater to plant a bomb underneath Incubus. El Diablo embraces his abilities and distracts Incubus long enough for the bomb to detonate underneath, killing them both as well as Edwards.

text: The remaining squad members battle Enchantress together but are ultimately defeated. Enchantress offers to fulfill their deepest desires in exchange for their allegiance, and Harley feigns interest in order to get close enough to cut out Enchantress' heart. Killer Croc then throws explosives into Enchantress' weapon and Deadshot shoots them, destroying the device. Flag takes Enchantress' heart and crushes it, finally freeing June from the curse. Waller, still alive, emerges, and the squad members are returned to Belle Reve with ten years off their sentences. All but Captain Boomerang are allowed special privileges. The Joker, alive and unscathed, breaks into the penitentiary and rescues Harley. In a mid-credits scene, Waller meets with Bruce Wayne, who agrees to protect her from the backlash against her role in Enchantress' rampage in exchange for access to the government's files on the expanding metahuman community while telling her to shut down Task Force X or else he and his "friends" will do it.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Will Smith as Floyd Lawton / Deadshot:[4]

text: Jared Leto as The Joker:

text: Margot Robbie as Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn:[11]

text: Joel Kinnaman as Rick Flag:[14]

text: Viola Davis as Amanda Waller:[16]

text: Jai Courtney as George "Digger" Harkness / Captain Boomerang:[19]

text: Jay Hernandez as Chato Santana / El Diablo:[15][18]

text: Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Waylon Jones / Killer Croc:

text: Cara Delevingne as June Moone / Enchantress:

text: Karen Fukuhara as Tatsu Yamashiro / Katana:

text: Ike Barinholtz as Griggs:[22]

text: Scott Eastwood as Lieutenant GQ Edwards:[22]

text: Adam Beach as Christopher Weiss / Slipknot:[24] A mercenary specializing in tactical grappling and scaling.

text: Additionally, Ben Affleck appears as Bruce Wayne / Batman, and Ezra Miller appears as Barry Allen / Flash, reprising their roles from Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in cameo roles; while Jason Momoa makes a brief photographic appearance as Arthur Curry / Aquaman.[25][26][27] Alain Chanoine portrays Incubus, the brother of Enchantress, who possesses the body of a businessman in Midway City.[28] Jim Parrack appears as Jonny Frost, and Common appears as Monster T, the Joker's henchmen.[18][29] David Harbour portrays government official Dexter Tolliver, Alex Meraz portrays Navy SEAL Gomez, and Matt Baram portrays Dr. Van Criss, a scientist at Wayne Enterprises' branch Van Criss Laboratories.[30][31][22] Shailyn Pierre-Dixon plays Zoe Lawton, Deadshot's daughter, and Corina Calderon plays Grace Santana, Diablo's wife.[32][33] David Ayer, writer and director of the film, makes a cameo appearance as a Belle Reve officer.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The film was announced in 2009 with Dan Lin as producer, Stephen Gilchrist as co-producer and Justin Marks as the screenwriter.[34] David Ayer signed on to direct and write the film in September 2014.[35][36] He later described the film to Empire Online as  "Dirty Dozen with supervillains".[37] Ayer had six weeks to write the screenplay, given the release date was already set.[38]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In October 2014, Warner Bros. had initially offered Ryan Gosling, Tom Hardy, Margot Robbie, and Will Smith roles in the film.[39] In November, TheWrap revealed that Jared Leto was in talks for the role of Joker, which Gosling was originally sought for.[40] The main cast was announced by Warner Brothers in December 2014 with Smith, Hardy, Leto, Robbie, Jai Courtney, and Cara Delevingne as Deadshot, Rick Flag, Joker, Harley Quinn, Captain Boomerang, and Enchantress, respectively.[41] The studio was also considering Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, and Oprah Winfrey for the role of Amanda Waller.[42] Following the announcement of the cast, comic book writer John Ostrander (creator of the modern incarnation of the Suicide Squad) talked with Comic Book Resources about the casting, saying, "I have no problem with the casting... what I am really impressed by with all of the casting is that they are getting some very good actors to play these parts."[43]

text: In January 2015, Davis expressed interest in playing Amanda Waller during an interview, saying "I'm fascinated by her (Waller)."[17] Meanwhile, Tom Hardy had to drop out as Rick Flag because of scheduling issues with his film The Revenant.[44] Jake Gyllenhaal was then given an offer to replace Hardy as Flag, but he declined.[45] The studio was then looking at Joel Edgerton, Jon Bernthal, and Joel Kinnaman to play the role.[46][47][48] In February, Jay Hernandez joined the cast and Kinnaman was also confirmed to play Flag.[49] At the 87th Academy Awards, Davis confirmed that she had been cast as Amanda Waller.[50] In March 2015, boxer Raymond Olubawale was reported to have an unspecified role in the film,[51] and Scott Eastwood announced that he had been cast.[52] Later that month, it was confirmed that Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje and Karen Fukuhara had been cast as Killer Croc and Katana, respectively.[20] Adam Beach, Ike Barinholtz, and Jim Parrack were added to the cast in April 2015.[22] In January 2016, Ben Affleck was confirmed to reprise his role as Batman from Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[25]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on April 13, 2015.[53][54] On April 26 and 27, filming was to take place at the Hy's Steakhouse.[55] A "snowstorm" scene was filmed on April 29 on the Adelaide St. and in Ching Lane.[56] On May 5, a few major scenes were filmed in downtown Toronto next to Yonge and Dundas Square.[57] Principal photography wrapped in August 2015 after additional filming took place in Chicago, Illinois.[58][59] Additional filming ensued in 2016 following Warner's desire to make a more lighthearted and comedic tone akin to the trailers, especially as Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice was criticized for being too somber; it was reported the reshoots cost as much as $22 million (more than the typical $6–10 million that additional filming costs).[60] It was also confirmed that Zack Snyder filmed a scene with the Flash while shooting Justice League in London, while Ayer was in post-production on Suicide Squad.[61] Ayer confirmed that the film was completed on June 24, 2016.[62] Despite the involvement of multiple editors in the process, only John Gilroy is named in the main credit sequence.[38] It was later revealed that many of Jared Leto's scenes were omitted from the final cut.[63][64] An interview with Leto revealed that he was upset over the removal of his work.[65][66]

text: Music[edit]

text: Academy Award-winning composer Steven Price, who previously worked with Ayer on Fury, composed the score for Suicide Squad.[67] Suicide Squad: Original Motion Picture Score was announced for a release date of August 8, 2016.[68] A soundtrack album for the film, titled Suicide Squad: The Album, was announced in June 2016, and released on August 5, 2016.[69] The album's first single, "Heathens" by Twenty One Pilots, was released on June 20, 2016.[70] A music video for the song, set in a prison and featuring footage from the film, was released on June 21.[71] "Sucker for Pain" was released as the second single on June 24.[70] The album's third single, "Purple Lamborghini" by Skrillex and Rick Ross, was released on July 22.[72] "Gangsta" by Kehlani; "Standing in the Rain" by Action Bronson, Mark Ronson, and Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys; "Medieval Warfare" by Grimes; and a cover of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" performed by Panic! at the Disco were released as four promotional singles on August 2, August 3, and August 4, 2016 respectively, with "Medieval Warfare" and "Bohemian Rhapsody" being released on the same day.[73]

text: Release[edit]

text: Suicide Squad premiered at the Beacon Theatre in New York City on August 1, 2016. The subsequent London premiere took place on August 3, 2016.[74] It was theatrically released in the United States and in the UK on August 5, 2016, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D.[75]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Suicide Squad held a panel at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International, with stars Smith, Robbie, Courtney, Davis, and Kinnaman amongst those who appeared. A trailer intended to be exclusive to the event premiered, but was leaked online, with Warner Bros. responding by stating they would not release an official version.[76] However, the following day, Warner Bros. released an official version, stating: "Warner Bros. Pictures and our anti-piracy team have worked tirelessly over the last 48 hours to contain the Suicide Squad footage that was pirated from Hall H on Saturday. We have been unable to achieve that goal. Today we will release the same footage that has been illegally circulating on the web, in the form it was created and high quality with which it was intended to be enjoyed. We regret this decision as it was our intention to keep the footage as a unique experience for the Comic-Con crowd, but we cannot continue to allow the film to be represented by the poor quality of the pirated footage stolen from our presentation."[77]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Suicide Squad was released on Digital HD on November 15, 2016, and on Blu-ray, 4K Ultra-HD Blu-Ray, Blu-Ray 3D, and DVD on December 13, 2016. An extended cut of the film is included in the home entertainment release, containing roughly thirteen minutes of footage absent from the theatrical version.[78][79][80]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Suicide Squad was a box office success,[81] grossing $325.1 million in the United States and Canada and $421.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $746.8 million, against a production budget of $175 million ($325 million including advertising and promotion costs).[3][82][83] Suicide Squad was highly anticipated by audiences worldwide, despite the negative critical reception and lower-than-expected box office performance of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in March.[2] It recorded a worldwide opening of $267.1 million from 59 countries and IMAX global debut of $18.2 million, both set new records for the month of August.[84] That is also the second-best debut worldwide for a DC property after Dawn of Justice  ($422.5 million) and the seventh best for a superhero title.[85] The Hollywood Reporter highlighted that Dawn of Justice had an advantage of receiving a coveted day-and-date release with China, while Suicide Squad did not secure a release date in the country.[86] Forbes pointed out that had the film secured a release in China, it may well have matched or topped the $773 million total of Guardians of the Galaxy and the $782 million gross of Deadpool.[81] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $158.45 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the 10th most profitable release of 2016.[87]

text: North America[edit]

text: Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were being continuously revised upwards starting from $100 million to as high as $150 million.[88][89][90][91][92] The film opened across 4,255 theaters, the widest for the month of August. Of that, 382 theaters were in IMAX, over 490 large-format screens locations, 270+ drive-ins, 180+ D-Box locations and over 200 dine-in/luxury theaters.[93] It opened Friday, August 5, 2016, on about 11,000 screens and earned $65.1 million, marking the biggest August opening and single day, and the third biggest opening day gross of 2016. Of that, $5.8 million came from IMAX theaters, also a new August record.[94] This includes $20.5 million it earned from Thursday previews, which began at 6:00 pm, setting the record for biggest-ever preview of August and the second biggest for a non-sequel film (behind Man of Steel). IMAX comprised $2.4 million (12%) of that figure.[95][96] Much like Batman v Superman and The Dark Knight Rises, however, the film saw a steep Friday-to-Saturday decline, grossing $38.8 million (a drop of 41%).[85][97] In total, it earned $133.7 million in its opening weekend, setting records for the month of August (previously held by Guardians of the Galaxy) and for Will Smith's career (I Am Legend).[85] It is also the second-biggest debut for a non-sequel, behind The Hunger Games ($152 million), the fourth biggest of the year and the fifth biggest for Warner Bros.[85][97] IMAX made up $11 million of the opening numbers from 382 theaters, $200,000 shy of breaking Guardians of the Galaxy' record. Nevertheless, it did beat Guardians of the Galaxy' $7.6 million in terms of premium large format screens which comprised $13 million. For Cinemark XD screens, which made $3.2 million, the sixth-highest opening.[85]

text: The opening numbers helped Warner Bros. push past the $1 billion mark in North America for the sixteenth year in a row. The film also helped the total weekend tickets sales to an unprecedented $221.3 million in August. Previously, August has not exceeded $200 million at the box office in a single weekend in North America.[85][98][99] Suicide Squad scored a massive debut primarily on the backs of the under-35 set which made up 76% of the opening weekend.[100] Audiences were also diverse, with African-Americans making up 41% of the patrons.[100]

text: Following its record breaking opening weekend, it posted the biggest August Monday gross with $13.1 million, a drop of 56.5% from its Sunday gross. This broke Guardians of the Galaxy's previous record of $11.7 million,[101][102] and also the biggest August Tuesday with $14.3 million, up 9% from its Monday take.[103] The film has earned the biggest Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday and Tuesday in August history.[104] It made $179.1 million in its first week of release, the fourth biggest of the year.[105] Despite earning $13.4 million on its second Friday, the film dropped 79%, slightly less than Batman v Superman's 81% drop.[106] Following a first-place finish in its first weekend of release, the film faced a steep decline of 67.2% in its second weekend, earning an estimated $43.8 million to score the biggest August second weekend gross. It also passed the $200 million mark in ten days and was able to hold the top spot for the second time in a row despite competition from the comedy Sausage Party.[107] However, the drop is among one of the biggest decline for a studio superhero film, and for Warner Bros. which The Hollywood Reporter called it "deja vu all over again" after Batman v Superman tumbled 69% in its second weekend earlier in the year. The second weekend decline is the second biggest in summer history, behind Warcraft's historic 70% drop in June of the same year. The site also highlighted possible reasons for the significantly steep drop: dismal reviews, general apathy among moviegoers, altering movie-going habits and competition.[108][109]

text: After three weeks of holding the top spot, it was overtaken by Don't Breathe on its fourth weekend.[110] It maintained the second spot in its fifth weekend and registered its best hold with a -20% decline while also passing the $300 million threshold[111][112] on its thirty-second day of release.[113] It remained in the top ten for eight weekends until falling off in its ninth weekend.[114]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, Suicide Squad secured a release in approximately 62 countries.[115] It was released in 57 countries (70% of the marketplace) in conjuncture with its North American debut, including France, South Korea, Australia, Russia and the CIS, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Republic of  Ireland, Spain and Mexico beginning from Wednesday, August 3. According to trackings, the film was projected to have an opening anywhere between $85 million to $120 million, which would be a new August international debut record.[116][117] Deadline Hollywood pointed out that although the film is a lesser known property, similar to Guardians of the Galaxy, stars such as Will Smith are better known internationally, which could potentially aid the film's performance.[116] It opened Wednesday, August 3, 2016, in 7 countries, earning $8.1 million.[118] It opened in 50 more countries on August 4 and 5, earning $53.8 million for a three-day total of $64.6 million from 57 countries.[118] Through Sunday, August 7, it delivered a five-day opening of $133.3 million from 57 countries on 17,630 screens, nearly double the previous August record held by Guardians of the Galaxy. It also set IMAX opening record with $7 million.[119] It added $58.7 million on its second weekend, a drop of 57% on 15,600 screens in 62 territories.[120] After two straight wins, it was overtaken by the animated The Secret Life of Pets in its third weekend.[121]

text: It recorded the biggest opening day of all time for Warner Bros. in Russia ($3.9 million), the biggest August opening day in the United Kingdom ($6.2 million), Brazil ($3 million), South Korea ($2.9 million, also the second biggest Warner Bros. opening day), France ($2.7 million), Sweden ($564,000) and Holland ($517,000, also the biggest opening of the year).[118] Mexico and Spain opened with $3.9 million and $1.4 million respectively.[118] In terms of opening weekend, the film recorded the biggest Warner Bros. opening of all time in Russia ($11.4 million). In Brazil, despite playing amidst the 2016 Summer Olympics, it managed to open with $11.75 million, marking the biggest August opening weekend of all time, the biggest Will Smith opening, and the fourth biggest opening for a superhero film. Its opening numbers alone made it the second biggest film for the studio there.[119] In South Korea, although the film was off to a strong start, however, it was eventually overtaken by The Last Princess and Operation Chromite debuting at No. 3. It made $10.8 million in five days (Wednesday to Sunday).[119][122] The U.K. and Ireland posted the biggest opening market for the film with £11.25 million ($14.8 million) from 573 theaters.[citation needed] Discounting previews, it delivered the third-biggest UK opening of the year, behind Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (£14.62 million) and Captain America: Civil War (£14.47 million). It also became the first new released film of August since 2014 to debut above £3 million.[119][123] Elsewhere, it scored the biggest August opening in Australia ($10.5 million), Mexico ($10.4 million) and Argentina ($2.5 million), while in Spain, it recorded the biggest DC opening with $3.4 million, where it was behind The Secret Life of Pets for the weekend and France a $7.9 million opening.[119] It opened in first place in India for a non-local film with $1.8 million from 462 screens, despite facing competition from Jason Bourne ($1.1 million from 1,027 screens) which also opened on the same weekend. Despite the later film occupying twice the screen number of the former, Suicide Squad managed to take the top spot.[124] Italy opened with an estimated $2.2 million in two days, that's the biggest opening for Smith there.[120] It opened in first place in Germany with $6.9 million.[121] It opened in Japan – the film's last market – on September 9 where it debuted with $3.8 million.[125] It finished in second spot (and first among new releases) behind local anime Your Name. With such a robust opening, Variety projected that the film would end its run there around $20 million.[126] It has so far grossed $9.4 million there.[115]

text: In terms of total earnings, its biggest market outside of North America is the UK ($43.3 million), followed by Brazil ($35.1 million) and Mexico ($27.1 million).[125] In two weeks, it became the second-highest-grossing Warner Bros. film of all time in Brazil behind Dawn of Justice.[127]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Suicide Squad received negative reviews from critics.[129][130] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 28% based on 341 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 4.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Suicide Squad boasts a talented cast and a little more humor than previous DCEU efforts, but they aren't enough to save the disappointing end result from a muddled plot, thinly written characters, and choppy directing."[131] On Metacritic, the film has a normalized score of 40 out of 100, based on 53 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[132] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 73% overall positive score.[60]

text: Rolling Stone's Peter Travers wrote, "DC Comics tries something different with Suicide Squad, an all-star collection of crime fighting villains—and the result is anything but super."[133] Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair said, "Suicide Squad is just bad. It's ugly and boring, a toxic combination that means the film's highly fetishized violence doesn't even have the exciting tingle of the wicked or the taboo."[134] Writing for The Wall Street Journal, Joe Morgenstern heavily criticized the film saying, "In a word, Suicide Squad is trash. In two words, it's ugly trash." He further said, it "amounts to an all-out attack on the whole idea of entertainment," and called the film a product of "shameless pandering".[135]

text: Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film B− saying, "Suicide Squad kicks off with fizzy, punk-rock ferocity before turning flat and spiraling into familiar formulas," and called Jared Leto's "scene-stealing" Joker "wasted" and "stranded in the periphery". He concluded by saying, "For DC, Suicide Squad is a small step forward. But it could have been a giant leap."[136] IGN gave the film 5.9/10, saying: "Suicide Squad is a decidedly different flavor than Batman v Superman. It goes for subversive, funny and stylish, and it succeeds wildly during the first act. But then the movie turns into something predictable and unexciting."[137] Drew McWeeny from HitFix gave it a positive review, writing "Suicide Squad is not the darkest mainstream superhero comic book movie ever made, nor is it even the darkest live-action film featuring Batman ever made. However, it is gleefully nihilistic, and it takes a different approach to what has become a fairly familiar story form at this point, right at the moment when it feels like superhero movies either have to evolve or die."[138] Brian Truitt from USA Today wrote, "Compared to its ilk, Suicide Squad is an excellently quirky, proudly raised middle finger to the staid superhero-movie establishment."[139]

text: Jared Leto and Margot Robbie's performances as the Joker and Harley Quinn, respectively, were better received, with many critics eager to see more of the characters in future films.[129][136][140][141][142] In January 2017, David Ayer later said he wished he had done certain things differently in the film including story elements, as well as giving more screen time to the Joker.[128]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Suicide Squad was nominated for various awards, winning several. The film was nominated for three Grammy Awards as well as one Critics' Choice Movie Awards (winning one), seven People's Choice Awards (winning one) and received multiple Teen Choice Awards nominations, including "Choice AnTEENcipated Movie", "Choice Movie Actor: AnTEENcipated" for Will Smith and Scott Eastwood, and "Choice Movie Actress: AnTEENcipated" for Margot Robbie and Cara Delevingne.[143] It won in both the former and latter categories.[144] The film won an Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling at 89th Academy Awards, making it the first film in the DC Extended Universe to win an Academy Award.[145]

text: Sequel and spin-offs[edit]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In March 2016, it was announced that Warner Bros. would bring Ayer and Smith back for a sequel, to be shot in 2017.[146][147] The following month, Ayer expressed an interest in making the sequel R-rated.[148] Fukuhara has stated that she wants to explore Katana's backstory in the sequel,[149] and Courtney has expressed his hopes of reprising his role.[150] In February 2017, it was reported that the studio had a shortlist of potential directors for the sequel, including Mel Gibson.[151][152] In March of that same year, Adam Cozad was hired as screenwriter for the film.[153] In July, Jaume Collet-Serra was named as the studio's first choice to helm the sequel after Gibson dropped out, with production scheduled for mid-2018; Zak Penn had also submitted a story treatment and a new script was being written.[154] That same month, the film was titled Suicide Squad 2 at the San Diego Comic-Con.[155] Leto was confirmed to reprise his role as the Joker in the film.[156]

text: In September 2017, it was announced Gavin O'Connor had signed on as writer and director for the film.[157][158] On June 7, 2018, Todd Stashwick announced that he would be co-writing the film with O'Connor.[159][160] In August 2018 it was announced production had been put on hold to allow O'Connor and Smith to work on other projects, and would likely begin filming in late 2019.[161] However, it was announced in October 2018 that the sequel is now being written by Guardians of the Galaxy director James Gunn, who is also in talks to direct.[162][163]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: In addition, it was later announced in September 2016 that Warner Bros. was planning a film focusing on Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn, with Robbie serving as executive producer and Christina Hodson serving as the screenwriter for the film.[164][165][166] In December 2016, it was announced that Ayer will return to the franchise as director and producer of Gotham City Sirens, a film based on the comic book team of the same name, consisting of Harley Quinn, Selina Kyle / Catwoman and Pamela Isley / Poison Ivy. In December 2016, it was also reported that the studio is developing a film focusing on Floyd Lawton / Deadshot, which will star Smith.[167] In August 2017, another film focusing on the Joker and Harley Quinn entered development with Glenn Ficarra and John Requa in final negotiations to be the co-writer/co-director team handling the project.[168]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2016 film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.

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