document_title: France at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: how many games did france play in world cup

text: France at the FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA World Cup record[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup finals record

Qualifications record

Year

Round

Position

GP

W

D*

L

GF

GA

Squad

GP

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930
Group stage
7th
3
1
0
2
4
3
Squad

—

 1934
Round of 16
9th
1
0
0
1
2
3
Squad

1
1
0
0
6
1
1934

 1938
Quarter-finals
6th
2
1
0
1
4
4
Squad

Qualified as hosts
1938

 1950
Originally did not qualify, then invited, later withdrew

3
0
2
1
4
5
1950

 1954
Group stage
11th
2
1
0
1
3
3
Squad

4
4
0
0
20
4
1954

 1958
Third place
3rd
6
4
0
2
23
15
Squad

4
3
1
0
19
4
1958

 1962
Did not qualify

5
3
0
2
10
4
1962

 1966
Group stage
13th
3
0
1
2
2
5
Squad

6
5
0
1
9
2
1966

 1970
Did not qualify

4
2
0
2
6
4
1970

 1974

4
1
1
2
3
5
1974

 1978
Group stage
12th
3
1
0
2
5
5
Squad

4
2
1
1
7
4
1978

 1982
Fourth place
4th
7
3
2
2
16
12
Squad

8
5
0
3
20
8
1982

 1986
Third place
3rd
7
4
2
1
12
6
Squad

8
5
1
2
15
4
1986

 1990
Did not qualify

8
3
3
2
10
7
1990

 1994

10
6
1
3
17
10
1994

 1998
Champions
1st
7
6
1
0
15
2
Squad

Qualified as hosts
1998

  2002
Group stage
28th
3
0
1
2
0
3
Squad

Qualified as defending champions
2002

 2006
Runners-up
2nd
7
4
3
0
9
3
Squad

10
5
5
0
14
2
2006

 2010
Group stage
29th
3
0
1
2
1
4
Squad

12
7
4
1
20
10
2010

 2014
Quarter-finals
7th
5
3
1
1
10
3
Squad

10
6
2
2
18
8
2014

 2018
Champions
1st
7
6
1
0
14
6
Squad

10
7
2
1
18
6
2018

 2022
To be determined

To be determined
2022

   2026
To be determined

To be determined
2026

Total
15/21
2 Titles
66
34
13*
19
120
77
N/A
111
65
23
23
216
88
Total

text:
showFrance's World Cup record

First Match

 France 4–1 Mexico  (15 July 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)

Biggest Win

 France 7–3 Paraguay  (8 June 1958; Norrköping, Sweden)

Biggest Defeat

 France 2-5 Brazil  (24 June 1958; Solna, Sweden)

Best Result

Champions in 1998 and 2018

Worst Result

Group stage in 1934, 1954, 1966, 1978, 2002 and 2010

text: By match[edit]

text:
Year as

Round

Against

Score

Scorers

 1930
Group 1
 Mexico
4–1
Laurent, Langiller, Maschinot (2)

Group 1
 Argentina
0–1

Group 1
 Chile
0–1

 1934
Round 1
 Austria
2–3 (a.e.t.)
Nicolas, Verriest

 1938
Round 1
 Belgium
3–1
Veinante, Nicolas (2)

Quarter-Final
 Italy
1–3
Heisserer

 1954
Group 1
 Yugoslavia
0–1

Group 1
 Mexico
3–2
Vincent, Cardenas, Kopa

 1958
Group 2
 Paraguay
7–3
Fontaine (3), Piantoni, Wisnieski, Kopa, Vincent

Group 2
 Yugoslavia
2–3
Fontaine (2)

Group 2
 Scotland
2–1
Kopa, Fontaine

Quarter-Final
 Northern Ireland
4–0
Wisnieski, Fontaine (2), Piantoni

Semi-Final
 Brazil
2–5
Fontaine, Piantoni

Third Place Match
 West Germany
6–3
Fontaine (4), Kopa, Douis

 1966
Group 1
 Mexico
1–1
Hausser

Group 1
 Uruguay
1–2
De Bourgoing

Group 1
 England
0–2

 1978
Group 1
 Italy
1–2
Lacombe

Group 1
 Argentina
1–2
Platini

Group 1
 Hungary
3–1
Lopez, Berdoll, Rocheteau

 1982
Group 4
 England
1–3
Soler

Group 4
 Kuwait
4–1
Genghini, Platini, Six, Bossis

Group 4
 Czechoslovakia
1–1
Six

Group D Round 2
 Austria
1–0
Genghini

Group D Round 2
 Northern Ireland
4–1
Giresse (2), Rocheteau (2)

Semi-Final
 West Germany
3–3 (a.e.t.), 4–5 (p.)
Platini, Tresor, Giresse

Third Place Match
 Poland
2–3
Girard, Couriol

 1986
Group C
 Canada
1–0
Papin

Group C
 Soviet Union
1–1
Fernández

Group C
 Hungary
3–0
Stopyra, Tigana, Rocheteau

Round of 16
 Italy
2–0
Platini, Stopyra

Quarter-Final
 Brazil
1–1 (a.e.t.), 4–3 (p.)
Platini

Semi-Final
 West Germany
0–2

Third Place Match
 Belgium
4–2 (a.e.t.)
Ferreri, Papin, Genghini, Amoros

 1998
Group C
 South Africa
3–0
Dugarry, Issa (o.g.), Henry

Group C
 Saudi Arabia
4–0
Henry (2), Trezeguet, Lizarazu

Group C
 Denmark
2–1
Djorkaeff, Petit

Round of 16
 Paraguay
1–0 (a.e.t.)
Blanc

Quarter-Final
 Italy
0–0 (a.e.t.), 4–3 (p.)

Semi-Final
 Croatia
2–1
Thuram (2)

Final
 Brazil
3–0
Zidane (2), Petit

 2002
Group A
 Senegal
0–1

Group A
 Uruguay
0–0

Group A
 Denmark
0–2

 2006
Group G
  Switzerland
0–0

Group G
 South Korea
1–1
Henry

Group G
 Togo
2–0
Vieira, Henry

Round of 16
 Spain
3–1
Ribéry, Vieira, Zidane

Quarter-Final
 Brazil
1–0
Henry

Semi-Final
 Portugal
1–0
Zidane

Final
 Italy
1–1 (a.e.t.), 3–5 (p.)
Zidane

 2010
Group A
 Uruguay
0–0

Group A
 Mexico
0–2

Group A
 South Africa
1–2
Malouda

 2014
Group E
 Honduras
3–0
Benzema (2), Valladares (o.g.)

Group E
  Switzerland
5–2
Giroud, Matuidi, Valbuena, Benzema, Sissoko

Group E
 Ecuador
0–0

Round of 16
 Nigeria
2–0
Pogba, Yobo (o.g.)

Quarter-Final
 Germany
0–1

 2018
Group C
 Australia
2–1
Griezmann, Behich (o.g.)

Group C
 Peru
1–0
Mbappé

Group C
 Denmark
0–0

Round of 16
 Argentina
4–3
Griezmann, Pavard, Mbappé (2)

Quarter-Final
 Uruguay
2–0
Varane, Griezmann

Semi-Final
 Belgium
1–0
Umtiti

Final
 Croatia
4–2
Mandžukić (o.g.), Griezmann, Pogba, Mbappé

text: France at the 1998 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Head coach: Aimé Jacquet

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Club

1

1GK

Bernard Lama

 (1963-04-07)7 April 1963 (aged 35)

37

 Paris Saint Germain

2

2DF

Vincent Candela

 (1973-10-24)24 October 1973 (aged 24)

10

 Roma

3

2DF

Bixente Lizarazu

 (1969-12-09)9 December 1969 (aged 28)

32

 Bayern Munich

4

3MF

Patrick Vieira

 (1976-06-23)23 June 1976 (aged 21)

7

 Arsenal

5

2DF

Laurent Blanc

 (1965-11-19)19 November 1965 (aged 32)

68

 Marseille

6

4FW

Youri Djorkaeff

 (1968-03-09)9 March 1968 (aged 30)

37

 Internazionale

7

3MF

Didier Deschamps (c)

 (1968-10-15)15 October 1968 (aged 29)

69

 Juventus

8

2DF

Marcel Desailly

 (1968-09-07)7 September 1968 (aged 29)

41

 Milan

9

4FW

Stéphane Guivarc'h

 (1970-09-06)6 September 1970 (aged 27)

6

 Auxerre

10

3MF

Zinedine Zidane

 (1972-06-23)23 June 1972 (aged 25)

33

 Juventus

11

3MF

Robert Pires

 (1973-10-29)29 October 1973 (aged 24)

13

 Metz

12

4FW

Thierry Henry

 (1977-08-17)17 August 1977 (aged 20)

3

 Monaco

13

3MF

Bernard Diomède

 (1974-01-23)23 January 1974 (aged 24)

6

 Auxerre

14

3MF

Alain Boghossian

 (1970-10-27)27 October 1970 (aged 27)

6

 Sampdoria

15

2DF

Lilian Thuram

 (1972-01-01)1 January 1972 (aged 26)

32

 Parma

16

1GK

Fabien Barthez

 (1971-06-28)28 June 1971 (aged 26)

12

 Monaco

17

3MF

Emmanuel Petit

 (1970-09-22)22 September 1970 (aged 27)

17

 Arsenal

18

2DF

Frank Lebœuf

 (1968-01-22)22 January 1968 (aged 30)

13

 Chelsea

19

3MF

Christian Karembeu

 (1970-12-03)3 December 1970 (aged 27)

31

 Real Madrid

20

4FW

David Trezeguet

 (1977-10-15)15 October 1977 (aged 20)

4

 Monaco

21

4FW

Christophe Dugarry

 (1972-03-24)24 March 1972 (aged 26)

23

 Marseille

22

1GK

Lionel Charbonnier

 (1966-10-25)25 October 1966 (aged 31)

1

 Auxerre

text: France vs South Africa[edit]

text:
France 3–0 South Africa
Dugarry  36'Issa  77' (o.g.)Henry  90+2'
Report

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

CB
5
Laurent Blanc

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

CM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)
 53'

CM
17
Emmanuel Petit
 28'
 73'

RW
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 84'

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane
 75'

LW
12
Thierry Henry

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 26'

Substitutions:

FW
21
Christophe Dugarry

 26'

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 73'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 84'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Hans Vonk

DF
3
David Nyathi

DF
4
Willem Jackson
 39'

DF
5
Mark Fish

DF
19
Lucas Radebe (c)

DF
21
Pierre Issa

MF
7
Quinton Fortune

MF
10
John Moshoeu

FW
6
Phil Masinga

FW
12
Brendan Augustine

 56'

FW
17
Benni McCarthy

 89'

Substitutions:

MF
11
Helman Mkhalele

 56'

FW
9
Shaun Bartlett

 89'

Manager:

Philippe Troussier

text:
Assistant referees:
Arnaldo Pinto (Brazil)
Merere Gonzales (Trinidad and Tobago)
Fourth official:
Mario Sánchez Yanten (Chile)

text: France vs Saudi Arabia[edit]

text:
France 4–0 Saudi Arabia
Henry  37', 78'Trezeguet  68'Lizarazu  85'
Report

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

DF
3
Bixente Lizarazu
 50'

DF
5
Laurent Blanc
 36'

DF
8
Marcel Desailly

DF
15
Lilian Thuram

MF
7
Didier Deschamps (c)

MF
10
Zinedine Zidane
 71'

MF
13
Bernard Diomède

 58'

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 79'

FW
21
Christophe Dugarry

 30'

Substitutions:

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 30'

MF
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 58'

MF
11
Robert Pires

 79'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Mohamed Al-Deayea

DF
2
Mohammed Al-Jahani
 7'
 76'

DF
3
Mohammed Al-Khilaiwi
 19'

DF
4
Abdullah Zubromawi

DF
13
Hussein Sulaimani

MF
6
Fuad Amin (c)

MF
7
Ibrahim Al-Shahrani

MF
16
Khamis Al-Owairan

MF
20
Hamzah Saleh

FW
9
Sami Al-Jaber
 82'

FW
10
Saeed Al-Owairan

 33'

Substitutions:

MF
12
Ibrahim Al-Harbi

 33'
 65'

MF
14
Khalid Al-Muwallid

 65'

DF
17
Ahmed Dokhi

 76'

Manager:

Carlos Alberto Parreira

text:
Assistant referees:
Reynaldo Salinas (Honduras)
Luis Torres Zúñiga (Costa Rica)
Fourth official:
Alberto Tejada Noriega (Peru)

text: France vs Denmark[edit]

text:
France 2–1 Denmark
Djorkaeff  12' (pen.)Petit  56'
Report
M. Laudrup  42' (pen.)

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

DF
2
Vincent Candela

DF
8
Marcel Desailly (c)

DF
18
Franck Leboeuf

MF
4
Patrick Vieira
 62'

MF
6
Youri Djorkaeff

MF
11
Robert Pires

 71'

MF
13
Bernard Diomède
 53'

MF
17
Emmanuel Petit

 64'

MF
19
Christian Karembeu

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 85'

Substitutions:

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 64'

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 71'

FW
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 85'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Peter Schmeichel

DF
2
Michael Schjønberg

DF
3
Marc Rieper

DF
4
Jes Høgh

DF
5
Jan Heintze

DF
6
Thomas Helveg

DF
13
Jacob Laursen

 46'

MF
7
Allan Nielsen

MF
10
Michael Laudrup (c)

MF
21
Martin Jørgensen

 54'

FW
11
Brian Laudrup

 75'

Substitutions:

DF
12
Søren Colding
 65'
 46'

FW
19
Ebbe Sand

 54'

MF
15
Stig Tøfting
 78'
 75'

Manager:

Bo Johansson

text:
Assistant referees:
Nimal Wickeramatunge (Sri Lanka)
Emanuel Zammit (Malta)
Fourth official:
Vítor Melo Pereira (Portugal)

text: Round of 16 France vs Paraguay[edit]

text:
France 1–0 (a.e.t.) Paraguay
Blanc  114'
Report

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
Laurent Blanc

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

CM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)

CM
17
Emmanuel Petit

 69'

RW
13
Bernard Diomède

 76'

LW
6
Youri Djorkaeff

CF
20
David Trezeguet

CF
12
Thierry Henry

 64'

Substitutes:

MF
11
Robert Pires

 64'

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 69'

FW
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 76'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
José Luis Chilavert (c)
 19'

RB
2
Francisco Arce
 84'

CB
4
Carlos Gamarra

CB
5
Celso Ayala

LB
11
Pedro Sarabia

CM
10
Roberto Acuña

CM
16
Julio César Enciso
 32'

CM
13
Carlos Humberto Paredes

 74'

AM
21
Jorge Luis Campos

 55'

AM
15
Miguel Ángel Benítez
 23'

CF
9
José Cardozo

 91'

Substitutes:

MF
7
Julio César Yegros

 55'

DF
20
Denis Caniza

 74'

MF
8
Aristides Rojas

 91'

Manager:

Paulo César Carpegiani

text:
Assistant referees:
Nimal Wickeramatunge (Sri Lanka)
Lencie Fred (Vanuatu)
Fourth official:
Esse Baharmast (United States)

text: Quarter-Final Italy vs France[edit]

text:
Italy 0–0 (a.e.t.) France

Report

Penalties
R. Baggio Albertini Costacurta Vieri Di Biagio
3 – 4
 Zidane Lizarazu Trezeguet Henry Blanc

text:
GK
12
Gianluca Pagliuca

RB
2
Giuseppe Bergomi
 28'

CB
4
Fabio Cannavaro

CB
5
Alessandro Costacurta
 113'

LB
3
Paolo Maldini (c)

CM
11
Dino Baggio

 52'

CM
14
Luigi Di Biagio

RW
17
Francesco Moriero

LW
7
Gianluca Pessotto

 90'

SS
10
Alessandro Del Piero
 26'
 67'

CF
21
Christian Vieri

Substitutes:

MF
9
Demetrio Albertini

 52'

FW
18
Roberto Baggio

 67'

MF
15
Angelo Di Livio

 90'

Manager:

Cesare Maldini

GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
Laurent Blanc

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

DM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)
 62'

RM
19
Christian Karembeu

 65'

LM
17
Emanuel Petit

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane

SS
6
Youri Djorkaeff

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h
 53'
 65'

Substitutes:

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 65'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 65'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

text:
Assistant referees:
 Mark Warren (England)
 Nicolae Grigorescu (Romania)
Fourth official:
Said Belqola (Morocco)

text: Semi-Final France vs Croatia[edit]

text:
France 2–1 Croatia
Thuram  47', 70'
Report
Šuker  46'

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
Laurent Blanc
 76'

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

DM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)

RM
19
Christian Karembeu

 31'

LM
17
Emmanuel Petit

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane

SS
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 77'

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 68'

Substitutes:

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 31'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 68'

DF
18
Frank Leboeuf

 77'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Dražen Ladić

RB
20
Dario Šimić
 88'

CB
6
Slaven Bilić

CB
4
Igor Štimac

LB
17
Robert Jarni

DM
14
Zvonimir Soldo

RM
7
Aljoša Asanović
 45'

LM
13
Mario Stanić
 75'
 89'

AM
10
Zvonimir Boban (c)

 66'

SS
19
Goran Vlaović

CF
9
Davor Šuker

Substitutes:

FW
11
Silvio Marić

 66'

MF
8
Robert Prosinečki

 89'

Manager:

Miroslav Blažević

text:
Assistant referees:
 Fernando Tresaco Gracia (Spain)
 Jorge Díaz Gálvez (Chile)
Fourth official:
Epifanio González Chávez (Paraguay)

text: Final[edit]

text: The 1998 final was held on 12 July at the Stade de France, Saint-Denis. France defeated holders Brazil 3–0, with two goals from Zinedine Zidane and a stoppage time strike from Emmanuel Petit. The win gave France their first World Cup title, becoming the sixth national team after Uruguay, Italy, England, West Germany and Argentina to win the tournament on their home soil. They also inflicted the heaviest defeat on Brazil since 1930.[7]

text:
The pre-match build up was dominated by the omission of Brazilian striker Ronaldo from the starting lineup only to be reinstated 45 minutes before kick-off.[8] He managed to create the first open chance for Brazil in the 22nd minute, dribbling past defender Thuram before sending a cross out on the left side that goalkeeper Fabien Barthez struggled to hold onto. France however took the lead in the 27th minute after Brazilian defender Roberto Carlos conceded a corner which Zidane scored with a header from the right.[9]
Three minutes before half-time, Zidane scored his second goal of the match, similarly another header from a corner, this time from the left side. The tournament hosts went down to ten men in the 68th minute as Marcel Desailly was sent off for a second bookable offence. Brazil reacted to this by making an attacking substitution and although they applied pressure France sealed the win with a third goal: substitute Patrick Vieira set up his club teammate Petit in a counterattack to shoot low past goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel.[10]

text: French president Jacques Chirac was in attendance to congratulate and commiserate the winners and runners-up respectively after the match.[11] Several days after the victory, winning manager Aimé Jacquet announced his resignation from the French team with immediate effect.[12][13][14]

text:
Brazil 0–3 France

Report
Zidane  27', 45+1'Petit  90+3'

text:
Brazil

France

text:
GK
1
Claudio Taffarel

RB
2
Cafu

CB
3
Aldair

CB
4
Júnior Baiano
 33'

LB
6
Roberto Carlos

CM
5
César Sampaio

 73'

CM
8
Dunga (c)

AM
10
Rivaldo

AM
18
Leonardo

 46'

CF
20
Bebeto

CF
9
Ronaldo

Substitutes:

MF
19
Denílson

 46'

FW
21
Edmundo

 73'

Manager:

Mário Zagallo

GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
8
Marcel Desailly
 48', 68'

CB
18
Frank Leboeuf

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

DM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)
 39'

CM
17
Emmanuel Petit

CM
19
Christian Karembeu
 56'
 57'

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane

AM
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 74'

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 66'

Substitutes:

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 57'

FW
21
Christophe Dugarry

 66'

MF
4
Patrick Vieira

 74'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

text:
Man of the match
 Zinedine Zidane (France)
Officials
Linesmen:
Mark Warren (England)
Achmat Salie (South Africa)
Fourth official: Rahman Al Zaid (Saudi Arabia)

Match rules
90 minutes
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level
Three substitutions permitted

text: Record players[edit]

text: Goalkeeper Fabien Barthez also shares the FIFA World Cup record for most matches without conceding a goal, which he achieved ten times. The only other player to have reached that number is England's Peter Shilton.

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1

Fabien Barthez
17
1998, 2002 and 2006

Thierry Henry
17
1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010

3
Lilian Thuram
16
1998, 2002 and 2006

4
Maxime Bossis
15
1978, 1982 and 1986

5

Michel Platini
14
1978, 1982 and 1986

Hugo Lloris
14
2010, 2014 and 2018

7

Manuel Amoros
12
1982 and 1986

Alain Giresse
12
1982 and 1986

Jean Tigana
12
1982 and 1986

David Trezeguet
12
1998, 2002 and 2006

Patrick Vieira
12
1998, 2002 and 2006

Zinedine Zidane
12
1998, 2002 and 2006

Olivier Giroud
12
2014 and 2018

Antoine Griezmann
12
2014 and 2018

Raphaël Varane
12
2014 and 2018

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Just Fontaine scored all his 13 World Cup goals in 1958, where France reached third place. This makes him record holder for most goals scored in a single FIFA World Cup. At the time, it also made him the most successful World Cup scorer of all time until the record was broken by West Germany's Gerd Müller in the World Cup final of 1974.

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Just Fontaine
13
1958

2
Thierry Henry
6
1998 (3) and 2006 (3)

3

Michel Platini
5
1978 (1), 1982 (2) and 1986 (2)

Zinedine Zidane
5
1998 (2) and 2006 (3)

5

Raymond Kopa
4
1958

Dominique Rocheteau
4
1978 (1), 1982 (2) and 1986 (1)

Antoine Griezmann
4
2018

Kylian Mbappé
4
2018

9

Jean Nicolas
3
1934 (1) and 1938 (2)

Roger Piantoni
3
1958

Alain Giresse
3
1982

Karim Benzema
3
2014


document_title: History of the internal combustion engine

question_text: who invented the first internal combustion engine car

root

text: Prior to 1860[edit]

text:
202 BCE–220 CE: The earliest hand-operated cranks appeared in China during the Han Dynasty.[1]
3rd century CE: Evidence of a crank and connecting rod mechanism dates to the Hierapolis sawmill in Asia Minor (Turkey), then part of the Roman Empire.
6th century: Several sawmills use a crank and connecting rod mechanism in Asia Minor and Syria, then part of the Byzantine Empire.
9th century: The crank appears in the mid-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in their Book of Ingenious Devices.[2]
1206: Al-Jazari invented an early crankshaft,[3][4] which he incorporated with a crank-connecting rod mechanism in his twin-cylinder pump. Like the modern crankshaft, Al-Jazari's mechanism consisted of a wheel setting several crank pins into motion, with the wheel's motion being circular and the pins moving back-and-forth in a straight line.[3] The crankshaft described by al-Jazari[3][4] transforms continuous rotary motion into a linear reciprocating motion.
17th century: Samuel Morland experiments with using gunpowder to drive water pumps.
17th century: Christiaan Huygens designs gunpowder to drive water pumps, to supply 3000 cubic meters of water/day for the Versailles palace gardens, essentially creating the first idea of a rudimentary internal combustion piston engine.
1780s: Alessandro Volta built a toy electric pistol[5] in which an electric spark exploded a mixture of air and hydrogen, firing a cork from the end of the gun.
1791: John Barber receives British patent #1833 for A Method for Rising Inflammable Air for the Purposes of Producing Motion and Facilitating Metallurgical Operations. In it he describes a turbine.
1794: Robert Street built a compressionless engine. He was also the first to use liquid fuel in an internal combustion engine.[6]
1794: Thomas Mead patents a gas engine.[7]
1798: John Stevens builds the first double-acting, crankshaft-using internal combustion engine.
1801: Philippe LeBon D'Humberstein comes up with the use of compression in a two-stroke engine.
1807: Nicéphore Niépce installed his "moss, coal-dust and resin" fueled Pyréolophore internal combustion engine in a boat and powered up the river Saône in France. A patent was subsequently granted by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte on 20 July 1807.
1807: Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an internal combustion engine powered by a hydrogen and oxygen mixture, and ignited by electric spark. (See 1780s: Alessandro Volta above.)[8]
1823: Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially, the gas vacuum engine. The design used atmospheric pressure, and was demonstrated in a carriage and a boat, and in 1830 commercially to pump water to the upper level of the Croydon Canal.
1824: French physicist Sadi Carnot established the thermodynamic theory of idealized heat engines.
1826 April 1: American Samuel Morey received a patent for a compressionless "Gas or Vapor Engine."[9] This is also the first recorded example of a carburetor.
1833: Lemuel Wellman Wright, UK patent no. 6525, table-type gas engine. Double-acting gas engine, first record of water-jacketed cylinder.[10]
1838: A patent was granted to William Barnett, UK patent no. 7615 April 1838. According to Dugald Clerk, this was the first recorded use of in-cylinder compression.[11]
1853–1857: Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci invented and patented an engine using the free-piston principle in an atmospheric two cycle engine.[12][13]
1856: in Florence at Fonderia del Pignone (now Nuovo Pignone, later a subsidiary of General Electric), Pietro Benini realized a working prototype of the Italian engine supplying 5 HP. In subsequent years he developed more powerful engines—with one or two pistons—which served as steady power sources, replacing steam engines.
1857: Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci describe the principles of the free piston engine where the vacuum after the explosion allows atmospheric pressure to deliver the power stroke (British patent no. 1625).

tag: ul

tag: p

text:
1860: Belgian Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir (1822–1900) produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine similar in appearance to a horizontal double-acting steam engine, with cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, and flywheel in which the gas essentially took the place of the steam. This was the first internal combustion engine to be produced in numbers.
1861: Nikolaus Otto builds a copy of the Lenoir engine.
1862: Nikolaus Otto attempts the construction of the compressed charge four cycle engine, and fails.
1862: The earliest confirmed patent of the 4-cycle engine, by Alphonse Beau de Rochas.  This was principle only, there was NO engine built to prove the concept.
1862: The German Nikolaus Otto begins to manufacture a no compression gas Lenoir engine with a free piston.[14]
1864: Nikolaus Otto, patented in England and other countries his first atmospheric gas engine. Otto was the first to build and sell this type of compressionless  engine designed with an indirect-acting free-piston, whose great efficiency won the support of Eugen Langen and then most of the market, which at that time was mainly for small stationary engines fueled by lighting gas.  Eugen Langen collaborated with Otto in the design and they began to manufacture it in 1864.[15]
1865: Pierre Hugon started production of the Hugon engine, similar to the Lenoir engine, but with better economy, and more reliable flame ignition.
1867: Otto and Langen exhibited their free piston engine at the Paris Exhibition in 1867, and they won the greatest award. It had less than half the gas consumption of the Lenoir or Hugon engines.
1870: In Vienna, Siegfried Marcus put the first mobile gasoline and the first modern internal combustion engine on a handcart.
1872: In America George Brayton invented Brayton's Ready Motor and went into commercial production, this used constant pressure combustion, and was the first commercial liquid fuelled internal combustion engine.
1876: Nikolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-stroke engine.[16]  The German courts, however, did not hold his patent to cover all in-cylinder compression engines or even the four-stroke cycle, and after this decision, in-cylinder compression became universal.
1878: Dugald Clerk designed the first two-stroke engine with in-cylinder compression.  He patented it in England in 1881.
1879: Karl Benz, working independently, was granted a patent for his reliable two-stroke, internal combustion engine, gas engine.
1882: James Atkinson invented the Atkinson cycle engine. Atkinson's engine had one power phase per revolution together with different intake and expansion volumes, potentially making it more efficient than the Otto cycle, but certainly avoiding Otto's patent.
1884: British engineer Edward Butler constructed the first petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine. Butler invented the spark plug, ignition magneto, coil ignition and spray jet carburetor, and was the first to use the word petrol.[17]
1885: German engineer Gottlieb Daimler received a German patent for a supercharger [18]
1885/1886 Karl Benz designed and built his own four-stroke engine that was used in his automobile, which was developed in 1885, patented in 1886, and became the first automobile in series production.
1887: Gustaf de Laval introduces the de Laval nozzle
1889: Félix Millet begins development of the first vehicle to be powered by a rotary engine in transportation history.
1891: Herbert Akroyd Stuart built his oil engine, leasing rights to Hornsby of England to build them. They built the first cold-start compression-ignition engines. In 1892, they installed the first ones in a water pumping station. In the same year, an experimental higher-pressure version produced self-sustaining ignition through compression alone.
1892: Rudolf Diesel developed the first compressed charge, compression ignition engine .[19]
1893 February 23: Rudolf Diesel received a patent for his compression ignition (diesel) engine.
1896: Karl Benz invented the boxer engine, also known as the horizontally opposed engine, or the flat engine, in which the corresponding pistons reach top dead center at the same time, thus balancing each other in momentum.
1897: Robert Bosch was the first to adapt a magneto ignition to a vehicle engine.
1898: Fay Oliver Farwell designs the prototype of the line of Adams-Farwell automobiles, all to be powered with three or five cylinder rotary internal combustion engines.
1900: Rudolf Diesel demonstrated the diesel engine in the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World's Fair) using peanut oil fuel (see biodiesel).[20]
1900: Wilhelm Maybach designed an engine built at Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft—following the specifications of Emil Jellinek—who required the engine to be named Daimler-Mercedes after his daughter. In 1902 automobiles with that engine were put into production by DMG.[21][22]
1903: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins a series of theoretical papers discussing the use of rocketry to reach outer space. A major point in his work is liquid fueled rockets.
1903: Ægidius Elling builds a gas turbine using a centrifugal compressor which runs under its own power.  By most definitions, this is the first working gas turbine.
1905: Alfred Buchi patents the turbocharger and starts producing the first examples.
1903–1906: The team of Armengaud and Lemale in France build a complete gas turbine engine. It uses three separate compressors driven by a single turbine. Limits on the turbine temperatures allow for only a 3:1 compression ratio, and the turbine is not based on a Parsons-like "fan", but a Pelton wheel-like arrangement. The engine is so inefficient, at about 3% thermal efficiency, that the work is abandoned.
1908: New Zealand inventor Ernest Godward started a motorcycle business in Invercargill and fitted the imported bikes with his own invention–a petrol economiser. His economisers worked as well in cars as they did in motorcycles.
1908: Hans Holzwarth starts work on extensive research on an "explosive cycle" gas turbine,[23] based on the Otto cycle. This design burns fuel at a constant volume and is somewhat more efficient.  By 1927, when the work ended, he has reached about 13% thermal efficiency.
1908: René Lorin patents a design for the ramjet engine.
1916: Auguste Rateau suggests using exhaust-powered compressors to improve high-altitude performance, the first example of the turbocharger.

text:
1920: William Joseph Stern reports to the Royal Air Force that there is no future for the turbine engine in aircraft. He bases his argument on the extremely low efficiency of existing compressor designs.  Due to Stern's eminence, his paper is so convincing there is little official interest in gas turbine engines anywhere, although this does not last long.
1921: Maxime Guillaume patents the axial-flow gas turbine engine. It uses multiple stages in both the compressor and turbine, combined with a single very large combustion chamber.
1923: Edgar Buckingham at the United States National Bureau of Standards publishes a report on jets, coming to the same conclusion as W.J. Stern, that the turbine engine is not efficient enough. In particular he notes that a jet would use five times as much fuel as a piston engine.[24]
1925: The Hesselman engine is introduced by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman represented the first use of direct gasoline injection on a spark-ignition engine.[25][26]
1925: Wilhelm Pape patents a constant-volume engine design.
1926: Alan Arnold Griffith publishes his groundbreaking paper Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design, changing the low confidence in jet engines. In it he demonstrates that existing compressors are "flying stalled", and that major improvements can be made by redesigning the blades from a flat profile into an airfoil, going on to mathematically demonstrate that a practical engine is definitely possible and showing how to build a turboprop.
1926: Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket
1927: Aurel Stodola publishes his "Steam and Gas Turbines"—basic reference for jet propulsion engineers in the US.
1927: A testbed single-shaft turbo-compressor based on Griffith's blade design is tested at the Royal Aircraft Establishment.
1929: Frank Whittle's thesis on jet engines is published
1930: Schmidt patents a pulse-jet engine in Germany.
1935: Hans von Ohain creates plans for a turbojet engine and convinces Ernst Heinkel to develop a working model. Along with a single mechanic von Ohain develops the worlds first turbojet on a test stand.
1936: French engineer René Leduc, having independently rediscovered René Lorin's design, successfully demonstrates the world's first operating ramjet.
1937: The first successful run of Sir Frank Whittle's gas turbine for jet propulsion.
March, 1937:  The Heinkel HeS 1 experimental hydrogen fueled centrifugal jet engine is tested at Hirth.
27 August 1939:  Flight of the world's first turbojet power aircraft. Hans von Ohain's Heinkel He 178 V1 pioneer turbojet aircraft prototype makes its first flight, powered by an He S 3 von Ohain engine.
15 May 1941: The Gloster E.28/39 becomes the first British jet-engined aircraft to fly, using a Power Jets W.1 turbojet designed by Frank Whittle and others.
1942: Max Bentele discovers in Germany that turbine blades can break if vibrations are in its resonance range, a phenomenon already known in the US from the steam turbine experience.
18 July 1942: The Messerschmitt Me 262 first jet engine flight
1946: Samuel Baylin develops the Baylin Engine a three cycle internal combustion engine with rotary pistons.  A crude but complex example of the future Wankel engine.[27]
1951: Engineers for The Texas Company—i.e. now Chevron—developed a four stroke engine with a fuel injector that employed what was called the Texaco Combustion Process, which unlike normal four stroke gasoline engines which used a separate valve for the intake of the air-gasoline mixture, with the T.C.P. engine the intake valve with a built in special shroud delivers the air to the cylinder in a tornado type fashion and then the fuel is injected and ignited by a spark plug.  The inventors  claimed their engine could burn on almost any petroleum based fuel of any octane and even some alcohol based fuels—e.g. kerosene, benzine, motor oil, tractor oil, etc.—without the pre-combustion knock and the complete burning of the fuel injected into the cylinder. While development was well advanced by 1950, there are no records of the T.C.P. engine being used commercially.[28]
1950s: Development begins by US firms of the Free-piston engine concept which is a crankless internal combustion engine.[29]
1954: Felix Wankel's first working prototype DKM 54 of the Wankel engine

text: 1980 to present[edit]

text:
1986: Benz Gmbh[30] files for patent protection for a form of Scotch yoke engine and begins development of same.  Development subsequently abandoned.
1996: Ford Motor Company files patent for compact turbine engine.[31]
2004: Hyper-X first scramjet to maintain altitude
2004: Toyota Motor Corp files for patent protection for new form of Scotch yoke engine.[32]

text: Engine starting[edit]

text: Early internal combustion engines were started by hand cranking.  Various types of starter motor were later developed.  These included:

text:
An auxiliary petrol engine for starting a larger petrol or diesel engine. The Hucks starter is an example
Cartridge starters, such as the Coffman engine starter, which used a device like a blank shotgun cartridge. These were popular for aircraft engines
Pneumatic starters
Hydraulic starters
Electric starters

text: Electric starters are now almost universal for small and medium-sized engines, while pneumatic starters are used for large engines.

text: Modern vs. historical piston engines[edit]

text: The first piston engines did not have compression, but ran on an air-fuel mixture sucked or blown in during the first part of the intake stroke. The most significant distinction between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs is the use of compression of the fuel charge prior to combustion.

text: The problem of ignition of fuel was handled in early engines with an open flame and a sliding gate.  To obtain a faster engine speed Daimler adopted a Hot Tube ignition which allowed 600 rpm immediately in his 1883 horizontal cylinder engine and very soon after over 900 rpm.  Most of the engines of that time could not exceed 200 rpm due to their ignition and induction systems.[33]

text: The first practical engine, Lenoir's, ran on illuminating gas (coal gas).  It wasn't until 1883, that Daimler created an engine that ran on liquid petroleum, a fuel called Ligroin which has a chemical makeup of Hexane-N.  The fuel is also known as petroleum naptha.

text: Otto's first engines were push engines which produced a push through the entire stroke (like a Diesel).  Daimler's engines produced a rapid pulse, more suitable for mobile engine use.


document_title: Lion (2016 film)

question_text: where does the movie lion get its name

question_tokens: where does the movie lion get its name

text: Lion (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1986, Saroo, a five-year-old boy lives with his elder brother Guddu, his mother and his younger sister in Khandwa, India. Guddu and Saroo steal coal from freight trains to trade for milk and food. One day, Saroo follows his brother to a job and they arrive at a nearby train station, where Saroo decides to stay back and take a nap. Guddu tries to wake him up, but Saroo is too tired. When Guddu does not return, Saroo searches for him and boards a train presuming Guddu is aboard. He falls asleep again in one of the compartments, and wakes up to find the train in motion. After several days, it arrives in faraway Calcutta, where he does not understand the local Bengali language. He stands at a ticket counter and tries to obtain a ticket home, but the attendant does not recognise the name of his village, which Saroo says is "Ginestlay".[4] He spends the night in the station with some streetchildren, but is then woken up and forced to run when a group of men try to kidnap them.

text: Saroo continues to wander around the city before coming across Noor, a seemingly friendly woman who brings him back to her apartment. She tells Saroo that a man, Rama, will help him find his way home. Saroo runs away, sensing that Noor and Rama may have sinister intentions, and escapes Noor when she chases after him. After two months of living near the Howrah Bridge, Saroo is taken to the police by a young man. Unable to trace his family, they put him in an orphanage. Three months later, Saroo is introduced to Mrs. Sood, who tells him she has placed an advertisement about him in several local newspapers, but no one has responded. She then tells him that an Australian couple is interested in adopting him. She begins to teach Saroo English and he moves to Hobart, Tasmania in 1987, under the care of Sue and John Brierley, where he slowly starts to settle in. A year later, they adopt another boy, Mantosh, who has trouble adjusting to his new home and suffers from rage and self-harm.

text: Twenty years later, Saroo, now a young man, moves to Melbourne to study hotel management. He starts a relationship with Lucy, an American student. During a meal with some Indian friends at their home, he comes across jalebi, a delicacy he remembers from his childhood. He confides that he is adopted, and his friends suggest he use Google Earth to search for his hometown in India. Saroo begins his search, but over time disconnects from Lucy, overwhelmed by the thought of emotions his family must have gone through when he was missing.

text: Saroo visits Sue, whose health is deteriorating, and learns that she is not infertile, but had chosen to help others in need through adoption, believing that there were already too many people on Earth. Saroo spends a long time searching fruitlessly for his hometown. One evening, while scanning Google Earth, he notices the rock formations where his mother worked, and then finds the area where he lived: the Ganesh Talai neighborhood of the Khandwa district. He finally tells his adoptive mother about his search, and she fully supports his efforts.

text: Saroo returns to his hometown, where he has an emotional reunion with his biological mother and sister, but learns that Guddu is dead. Guddu was killed by a train the same night that they went to the station as children. Saroo's mother never gave up hope and believed that one day her missing son would return, and never moved away from the village. The film ends with captions about the real Saroo's return to India in February 2012. Photos of the real Australian family are shown, as well as a video of Saroo and Sue meeting his biological mother in India, who deeply appreciates Sue's care for her son. Saroo later learned that he had been mispronouncing his own name, which was actually Sheru, a diminutive for Sher (Hindi: शेर, Persian: شیر), a Hindi word[5] of Persian origin[6] meaning "lion".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dev Patel as older Saroo Brierley
Sunny Pawar as younger Saroo Brierley
Rooney Mara as Lucy, Saroo's girlfriend
Nicole Kidman as Sue Brierley, Saroo's adoptive mother
David Wenham as John Brierley, Saroo's adoptive father
Abhishek Bharate as Guddu Khan, Saroo's biological brother
Divian Ladwa as Mantosh Brierley, Saroo's adoptive brother
Keshav Jadhav as Young Mantosh
Priyanka Bose as Kamla Munshi, Saroo's biological mother
Deepti Naval as Saroj Sood, founder of the Indian Society for Sponsorship and Adoption (ISSA)
Tannishtha Chatterjee as Noor
Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Rama
Benjamin Rigby as Waiter
Riddhi Sen as Café Man, responsible for bringing Saroo to the authorities
Kaushik Sen as Police Officer
Rita Boy as Amita, Saroo's friend at the orphanage
Pallavi Sharda as Prama, Saroo's college friend
Sachin Joab as Bharat, Saroo's college friend
Arka Das as Sami, Saroo's college friend
Emilie Cocquerel as Annika, Saroo's college friend

text: Production[edit]

text: This Australian film[7] is based on Saroo Brierley's memoir A Long Way Home.

text: While writing the screenplay, Screenwriter Luke Davies acknowledged the challenges of adapting a book that is primarily about an online search. He said:

text: It was finding the right balance of the big cinema "no-no", which is that screens on screens is not good. Yet we felt very strongly that our situation was quite different from the usual procedural crime drama TV model, where there are a whole bunch of actors that are crammed with exposition-heavy dialogue pointing at computer screens. We felt that we were a million miles away from that. The relationship with the technology was instigated by a purely and deeply emotional drive and desire to make it to the end of the myth – to find wholeness with the reunification with the lost mother and to find out who you are.[8]

text: In October 2014, Dev Patel and Nicole Kidman were cast in the film for the lead roles, although they were nominated in supporting categories.[9] In January 2015, Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Priyanka Bose, Tannishtha Chatterjee, and Deepti Naval joined the cast.[10] In April 2015, Rooney Mara, David Wenham, and Divian Ladwa also joined the cast.[11] Pallavi Sharda also joined the film's cast to play Saroo's friend.[12] Hauschka and Dustin O'Halloran composed the film's score.[13]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began in January 2015 in Kolkata, India.[10] In mid-April, filming moved to Australia, in Melbourne and then to several locations in Tasmania, including Hobart.[14] Kidman filmed her scenes in Australia.[11][15]

text: Music[edit]

text: Dustin O'Halloran and Hauschka teamed up to write the score for the film.

text: Sia wrote the song "Never Give Up" for the film which also includes the song "The Sun, The Sand And The Sea" from noted songwriter Jimmy Radcliffe and "Urvasi Urvasi" by the Indian music composer A R Rahman.[16][17]

text: The film includes songs from artists such as Hercules and Love Affair ("Blind"), Mondo Rock ("State of the Heart"), Enigma ("The Rivers of Belief") and Picturetone Pete ("The Sun the Sand and the Sea").

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 2016.[18][19][20] It served as the opening night film at the Zurich Film Festival on 22 September 2016.[21] It also screened at the London Film Festival on 12 October 2016,[22] and at the Hamptons International Film Festival on 7 and 8 October 2016.[23]

text: The film was released in the United States on 25 November 2016,[24] in Australia on 19 January 2017,[25] and in the United Kingdom on 20 January 2017.[26]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Lion was made available on Digital HD on 28 March 2017, and was then followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on 11 April 2017.[27][28] The film debuted at No. 10 on the Top 20 NPD VideoScan chart.[29]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Lion grossed $51.7 million in the United States and Canada and $88.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $140.1 million, against a production budget of $12 million.[3] On the weekend lasting from 17–19 March 2017, Lion crossed the $50 million mark at the North American box-office, becoming the fifth 2016 film among the Academy Award for Best Picture nominees to surpass this threshold.[30]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Lion received generally positive reviews, with the performances of Patel and Kidman being praised.[31][32] On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 86% based on 209 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 7.3/10. The critical consensus reads, "Lion's undeniably uplifting story and talented cast make it a moving journey that transcends the typical cliches of its genre."[33] On Metacritic the film has a normalized score of 69 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[34]

text: Brian Truitt of USA Today wrote: "The finale is manipulative in every way, squeezing out the emotions of the audience. But Lion's well-plotted narrative and thoughtful characters suck you in so much that the journey there is totally worth it".[35] Novelist and critic Salman Rushdie thought highly of the film stating that while he often lacked interest in films nominated for an Oscar, this year he rooted for Lion, believing that "I would like it to win in every category it’s nominated for and in most of the categories it isn’t nominated for as well." Noting that he wept "unstoppably" while viewing the film, Rushdie said that he is "frequently suspicious of Western films set in contemporary India, and so one of the things that most impressed me about Lion was the authenticity and truth and unsparing realism of its Indian first half. Every moment of the little boy’s journey rings true – not an instant of exoticism – and as a result his plight touches us all. Greig Fraser’s cinematography portrays the beauty of the country, both honestly and exquisitely [...] Dev Patel and Nicole Kidman, in the film’s Australian second half, give wonderful performances too."[36]

text: Some critics mentioned that parts of the film move along at a slow pace. For example, Anthony Lane of The New Yorker wrote: "... based on a true story; though wrenching, there is barely enough of it to fill the dramatic space, and the second half is a slow and muted affair after the Dickensian punch of the first."[37]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: While Lion received six Oscar nominations at the 89th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Patel), Best Supporting Actress (Kidman) and Best Adapted Screenplay, it did not win in any of the categories. It did win two BAFTA Awards, however, for Best Supporting Actor (Patel) and Best Adapted Screenplay.