document_title: Atmosphere of Earth

question_text: what is the outermost layer of the atmosphere called

text: Atmosphere of Earth

text: Composition

text: The three major constituents of Earth's atmosphere, are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor).[5] The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases,[6] among which are the greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO2) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution.

text:
Major constituents of dry air, by volume[7]

Gas
Volume(A)

Name
Formula
in ppmv(B)
in %

Nitrogen
N2
780,840
78.084

Oxygen
O2
209,460
20.946

Argon
Ar
9,340
0.9340

Carbon dioxide
CO2
400
0.04[8]

Neon
Ne
18.18
0.001818

Helium
He
5.24
0.000524

Methane
CH4
1.79
0.000179

Not included in above dry atmosphere:

Water vapor(C)
H2O
10–50,000(D)
0.001%–5%(D)

notes:
(A) volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only,
    also see volume (thermodynamics)
(B) ppmv: parts per million by volume
(C) Water vapor is about 0.25% by mass over full atmosphere
(D) Water vapor strongly varies locally[5]

text: The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m (33,000 ft).[9]

text: Structure of the atmosphere

text: Principal layers

text: In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, the atmosphere has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.[10] From highest to lowest, the five main layers are:

text:
Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles)
Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles)[11]
Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles)
Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles)
Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles)[12]

text: Exosphere

text: The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase, which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the solar wind.

text: This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind.

text: The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth.

text: Thermosphere

text: The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi; 1,600,000–3,300,000 ft). The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity.[11] Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase. The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere.

text: The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen, for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3300 ft) between collisions with other molecules.[13] Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin.

text: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However, non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420 km (220 and 260 mi).

text: Mesosphere

text: The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level.

text: Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F; 190 K).[14][15]

text: Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds. These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise. They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon. Lightning-induced discharges known as transient luminous events (TLEs) occasionally form in the mesosphere above tropospheric thunderclouds. The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance. It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet-powered aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft.

text: Stratosphere

text: The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause. This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft).

text: The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level. It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.[16]

text: The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, so the stratosphere lacks the weather-producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest. The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft.

text: Troposphere

text: The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km, although this altitude actually varies from about 9 km (30,000 ft) at the poles to 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator,[12] with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause, a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height.[17][18]

text: Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos, meaning "turn"). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere.[19] The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (18,000 ft) of the troposphere.

text: Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft.

text: Other layers

text: Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties:

text:
The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere.
The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras. During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth.
The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence.[21] This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI, which places it about 20 km (12 mi; 66,000 ft) above the mesopause.

text: The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion. During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330 ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions.

text: The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K)[22] or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K),[23] depending on the reference.[24][25][26]

text: Physical properties

text: Pressure and thickness

text: The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr; 14.6959 psi; 760.00 mmHg). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm). Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×1018 kg (1.135×1019 lb),[28] about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather.

text: If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level, it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km (27,900 ft). It actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) or by a factor of 1/e every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature, molecular composition, solar radiation and gravity into account.

text: In summary, the mass of Earth's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows:[29]

text:
50% is below 5.6 km (18,000 ft).
90% is below 16 km (52,000 ft).
99.99997% is below 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the Kármán line. By international convention, this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts.

text: By comparison, the summit of Mt. Everest is at 8,848 m (29,029 ft); commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km (33,000 ft) and 13 km (43,000 ft) where the thinner air improves fuel economy; weather balloons reach 30.4 km (100,000 ft) and above; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km (354,300 ft).

text: Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur. Meteors begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's ionosphere, important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km.

text: Temperature and speed of sound

text: The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11 km, where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the stratosphere, starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90 km.

text: Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure.

text: Density and mass

text: The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm3). Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law). Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula. More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites.

text: The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5×1015) tonnes or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research, "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480×1018 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5×1015 kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27×1016 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ±0.0003×1018 kg."

text: Optical properties

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun. Earth also emits radiation back into space, but at longer wavelengths that we cannot see. Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere.[31][32]

text: Scattering

text: When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering. If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering, shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset.

text: Absorption

text: Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation. For example, O2 and O3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers. Water (H2O) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it increases the energy of the molecule. This heats the atmosphere, but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation, as discussed below.

text: The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave "windows" of low opacity, allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The optical window runs from around 300 nm (ultraviolet-C) up into the range humans can see, the visible spectrum (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm. There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven-meter waves.

text: Emission

text: Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "black body" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans.

text: Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H2O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations.

text: The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO2 and H2O.

text: Refractive index

text: The refractive index of air is close to, but just greater than 1. Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths. One example is that, under some circumstances, observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth's surface.

text: The refractive index of air depends on temperature, giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large. An example of such effects is the mirage.

text: Circulation

text: Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and the means (with ocean circulation) by which heat is distributed around Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles.

text: Evolution of Earth's atmosphere

text: Earliest atmosphere

text: The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula, primarily hydrogen. There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn), notably water vapor, methane and ammonia.[33]

text: Second atmosphere

text: Outgassing from volcanism, supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids, produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases.[33] A major part of carbon-dioxide emissions dissolved in water and reacted with metals such as calcium and magnesium during weathering of crustal rocks to form carbonates that were deposited as sediments. Water-related sediments have been found that date from as early as 3.8 billion years ago.[34]

text: About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable "second atmosphere". The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere, because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago.[35] How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the "faint young Sun paradox".

text: The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth – with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. In the late Archean Eon an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (see Great Oxygenation Event), which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago. The early basic carbon isotopy (isotope ratio proportions) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current, and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago.

text: Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution. These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion.[36]

text: Third atmosphere

text: The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations.

text: Before this time, any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials, notably iron. Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen. This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. O2 showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15% by the end of the Precambrian.[39] The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon, during the earliest period of which, the Cambrian, oxygen-requiring metazoan life forms began to appear.

text: The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, releasing oxygen. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals. Today's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, which is great enough for this rapid development of animals.[40]

text: Air pollution

text: Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms.[41] Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances.

text: The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming.[42]

text: Images from space

text: On October 19, 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/. The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and show Earth as it rotates during a day.[43]

text:
Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space.

The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere.

Limb view, of Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere.

This image shows the Moon at the centre, with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange-colored troposphere. The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause, which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange- and blue-colored atmosphere. The silvery-blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth's troposphere.

Earth's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969.


document_title: List of awards and nominations received by Amy Winehouse

question_text: what song did amy winehouse won a grammy for

root

text: BRIT Awards[edit]

text: The BRIT Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's (BPI) annual pop music awards. Winehouse received one award from nine nominations, one shared with Mark Ronson and two that are posthumous.

tag: p

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2004
Amy Winehouse
Urban Act
Nominated
[9]

British Female Solo Artist
Nominated

2005
Amy Winehouse
British Female Solo Artist
Nominated

2007
Amy Winehouse
British Female Solo Artist
Won
[11]

Back to Black
British Album
Nominated

2008
"Valerie"
British Single
Nominated
[12]

2013
Amy Winehouse
British Female Solo Artist
Nominated

2016
Amy Winehouse
British Female Solo Artist
Nominated
[13]

tag: table

text: Echo Music Awards[edit]

text: The Echo Music Awards are granted every year in Germany by the Deutsche Phono-Akademie (an association of recording companies). The Echo Award is the successor to the Deutscher Schallplattenpreis (German Record Award). Each year's winner is determined by the previous year's sales. The winners in the pop category are announced in March, the winners in the classical category in October. Winehouse won two awards from three nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2008
Amy Winehouse
Best International Female Artist – Rock/Pop
Nominated
[14]

2009
Amy Winehouse
Best International Female Artist – Rock/Pop
Won
[15]

2009
Back to Black
Album of the Year
Won

text: Elle Style Awards[edit]

text: The Elle Style Awards is an awards ceremony hosted annually by Elle magazine to honor achievement in the fields of style, design, and entertainment. Winehouse received one award from one nomination.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
Amy Winehouse
Best British Music Act
Won
[16]

text: Grammy Awards[edit]

text:
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the record industry. Often considered the highest music honor, the awards were established in 1958.[17] Winehouse received six awards from eight nominations, the last of which was
received posthumously.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2008
Amy Winehouse
Best New Artist
Won
[18]

Back to Black
Album of the Year
Nominated

Best Pop Vocal Album
Won

"Rehab"
Record of the Year
Won

Song of the Year
Won

Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
Won

2012
"Body and Soul" (with Tony Bennett)
Best Pop Duo/Group Performance
Won

2013
"Cherry Wine" (with Nas)
Best Rap/Sung Collaboration
Nominated

text: Note: The documentary film Amy (2015),  won Best Music Film at the 2016 Grammy Awards. This award is credited to the  director Asif Kapadia and the producer James Gay-Rees.[19]

text: Ivor Novello Awards[edit]

text: The Ivor Novello Awards, named after the Cardiff-born entertainer Ivor Novello, are awards for songwriting and composing. The "Ivors" are presented annually in London by the British Academy of Composers and Songwriters, and were first introduced in 1955. Ceremonies take place each May and are sponsored by PRS for Music (previously The Performing Right Society). They are respected worldwide as the major platform for recognizing and rewarding Britain's songwriting and composing talents. The Award itself is a solid bronze sculpture of Euterpe – the muse of lyric poetry. Winehouse received three awards from five nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2004
"Stronger Than Me"
Best Contemporary Song Musically & Lyrically
Won
[8]

2007
"Rehab"
Best Contemporary Song
Won
[20]

2008
"You Know I'm No Good"
Best Song Musically & Lyrically
Nominated
[21][22]

"Love Is a Losing Game"
Won

"Rehab"
Best Selling Song
Nominated

text: Mercury Prize[edit]

text: The Mercury Prize, formerly the Mercury Music Prize and currently known as the Nationwide Mercury Prize for sponsorship reasons, is an annual music prize awarded for the best album from the United Kingdom or Ireland. It was established by BPI and BARD (the British Association of Record Dealers) in 1992 as an alternative to the industry-dominated BRIT Awards. The awards usually take place in September, but nominated albums are announced in July. Nominations are chosen by a selected panel of musicians, music executives, journalists and other figures in the music industry in the UK and Ireland. Winehouse received two nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2004
Frank
Album of the Year
Nominated
[23]

2007
Back to Black
Album of the Year
Nominated
[24]

text: Meteor Music Awards[edit]

text: The Meteor Music Awards are the national music awards of Ireland, held every year since 2001 and promoted by MCD Productions. Winehouse received one award from one nomination.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2008
Amy Winehouse
Best International Female
Won
[25]

text: MOBO Awards[edit]

text: The MOBO Awards (MOBO being an acronym for Music of Black Origin), established in 1995 by Kanya King MBE and Andy Ruffell (former BMX Superstar and DanceStar Awards founder who left after the show peaked in 2001), are held annually in the United Kingdom to recognize artists of any race or nationality performing black music. Winehouse received one award from six nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2004
Amy Winehouse
Best Jazz Act
Nominated
[26]

UK Act of the Year
Nominated

2007
Amy Winehouse
Best UK Female
Won
[27][28]

Best R&B
Nominated

"Rehab"
Best Song
Nominated

"Back to Black"
Best Video
Nominated

text: MOJO Awards[edit]

text: MOJO Awards are awarded by the popular British music magazine, Mojo, published monthly by Bauer. Winehouse received one award from three nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
Amy Winehouse
Best New Act
Nominated
[29][30]

Back to Black
Album of the Year
Nominated

"Rehab"
Song of the Year
Won

text: MTV Europe Music Awards[edit]

text: The MTV Europe Music Awards were established in 1994 by MTV Networks Europe to celebrate the most popular music videos in Europe. Originally an alternative to the American MTV Video Music Awards, the MTV Europe Music Awards is today a popular celebration of what MTV viewers consider the best in music. Most of the awards are voted for by the viewers. The awards are presented annually and broadcast live on MTV Europe, MTV and most of the international MTV channels as well as online. Winehouse received one award from four nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
Back to Black
Album of the Year
Nominated
[31][32]

"Rehab"
Most Addictive Track
Nominated

Amy Winehouse
Artist's Choice
Won

2008
Amy Winehouse
Act of the Year
Nominated
[33]

text: MTV Video Music Awards[edit]

text: The MTV Video Music Awards were established in the end of the summer of 1984 by MTV[34] to celebrate the top music videos of the year. Originally beginning as an alternative to the Grammy Awards, the MTV Video Music Awards is now a respected pop culture awards show in its own right. Normally known as the Best Female Video category, in 2007 the title was briefly changed to Female Artist of the Year. Winehouse received three nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
Amy Winehouse
Female Artist of the Year
Nominated
[35]

Best New Artist
Nominated

"Rehab"
Video of the Year
Nominated

text: MTV Video Music Brazil[edit]

text: The MTV Video Music Brazil (VMB) was established by MTV Brasil in 1995. Amy Winehouse has received from two nominations.

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2007

Amy Winehouse

International Artist

Nominated

2008

Amy Winehouse

International Artist

Nominated

text: mtvU Woodie Awards[edit]

text: mtvU is a division of MTV Networks that broadcasts a 24-hour television channel that is available on more than 750 college and university campuses across the United States. A Viacom-owned channel, mtvU provides an alternative to standard music television for college students, and gives advertisers and music promotion companies access to college-age viewers, a valuable but traditionally difficult-to-reach demographic group.[36] mtvU also has its own annual awards show, the mtvU Woodie Awards, where winners are determined by online voting.[37] Winehouse was nominated once.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
Amy Winehouse
Woodie of the Year
Nominated
[38]

text: NME Awards[edit]

text: The NME Awards are an annual music awards show founded by the music magazine NME. Winehouse received two awards from six nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2008
Amy Winehouse
Best Solo Artist
Nominated
[39]

Villain of the Year
Nominated

Worst Dressed Performer
Won

I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London
Best Music DVD
Nominated

2009
Amy Winehouse
Villain of the Year
Nominated
[40][41]

Worst Dressed
Won

text: NRJ Music Awards[edit]

text: Winehouse was nominated twice.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2008
Amy Winehouse
International Revelation of the Year
Nominated
[42]

Back to Black
International Album of the Year
Nominated

text: Popjustice £20 Music Prize[edit]

text: The Popjustice £20 Music Prize is an annual prize awarded by a panel of judges organized by music Web site Popjustice to the singer(s) of the best British pop single of the past year. To qualify, a single must be by (a) British artist(s) and have been released within the 12 months before the award nominations in July. Winehouse received one award from one nomination.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
"Rehab"
Best British Pop Single of the Year
Won
[43]

text: Premios 40 Principales[edit]

text: Premios 40 Principales is an awards ceremony hosted annually by the Spanish radio channel Los 40 Principales. Winehouse was nominated once.

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2008

Amy Winehouse

Best Non-Spanish International Artist

Nominated

2008

Rehab

Best Non-Spanish International Song

Nominated

text: Q Awards[edit]

text: The Q Awards are the UK's annual music awards run by the music magazine Q to honor musical excellence. Winners are voted by readers of Q online, with others decided by a judging panel.[44] Winehouse received one award from one nomination.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
Back to Black
Best Album
Won
[45]

text: Teen Choice Awards[edit]

text: The Teen Choice Awards is an awards show presented annually by Fox. The program honors the year's biggest achievements in music, movies, sports, and television, as voted on by teenagers aged 13–19.[46] The program usually features a high number of celebrities and musical performers. Winehouse was nominated once.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
Amy Winehouse
Breakout Female Artist
Nominated
[47]

text: Soul Train Music Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2012

Our Day Will Come

Best International Performance

Nominated

text: Urban Music Awards[edit]

text: The Urban Music Awards is a British awards ceremony launched in 2003 to recognize the achievement of urban-based artists, producers, nightclubs, DJ's, radio stations, and record labels.[48] Winehouse received one award from two nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2008
Amy Winehouse
Best Neo-Soul Act
Won
[49]

2009
Amy Winehouse
Best Female
Nominated
[50]

text: Vibe Awards[edit]

text: The Vibe Awards are sponsored annually by Vibe, a monthly magazine launched in 1993 by founder Quincy Jones and funded by Time Inc. The publication predominantly features R&B and hip-hop music artists, actors, and other entertainers. Winehouse was nominated once.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
Amy Winehouse
Breakthrough Artist of the Year
Nominated
[51]

text: Vodafone Live Music Awards[edit]

text: The Vodafone Live Music Awards are awarded annually by mobile telecommunications company Vodafone to celebrate live music.[52] Winehouse received one award from two nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
Amy Winehouse
Best Female
Won
[53]

2008
Amy Winehouse
Best Female
Nominated

text: World Music Awards[edit]

text: The World Music Awards, founded in 1989, is an international awards show that annually honors recording artists based on their worldwide sales figures, which are provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). Winehouse received one award from three nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

Ref.

2007
Amy Winehouse
World's Best-Selling New Artist
Nominated
[54]

World's Best-Selling Pop/Rock Female Artist
Nominated

2008
Amy Winehouse
Best Selling Pop/Rock Female
Won

text: Other recognitions[edit]

text:
2006 – Frank is included in Robert Dimery's book, 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die[10]
2007 – Greatest Britons honored Winehouse with a Musical Achievement award[55]
2007 – Winehouse won the South Bank Show Award for Best Pop[56]
2008 – Entertainment Weekly's 100 Best Albums of the Last 25 Years included Back to Black  at # 9[57]
2009 – Guinness World Records recognized Winehouse as having the Most Grammy Awards Won by a British Female Act[58]
2009 – Winehouse's performance at the 2008 Grammy Awards was nominated as "the U.K.'s most important creative business moment of 2008"[59]
2009 – NME ranked Back to Black #27 on their list of the "100 Greatest Albums of the Decade"[60]

tag: ul


document_title: Cornwall Council

question_text: when did cornwall council became a unitary authority

text: Cornwall Council

text: Establishment of the unitary authority[edit]

text:
Before April 2009, Cornwall was administered as a non-metropolitan county by the Cornwall County Council with
six districts, Caradon, Carrick, Kerrier, North Cornwall, Penwith, and Restormel (a borough).

text: The Council of the Isles of Scilly was and still remains a separate unitary authority.

text: On 5 December 2007, the Government confirmed that Cornwall was one of five councils that would move to unitary status.[3] This was enacted by statutory instrument as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England,[4] The changes took effect on 1 April 2009. On that date the six districts and Cornwall County Council were abolished and were replaced by Cornwall Council.

text: Number of councillors[edit]

text: Currently (2017,) the council has 123 councillors, the independent Local Government Boundary Commission for England is proposing that Cornwall Council should have 87 councillors in future.[5]

text: Logo controversy[edit]

text: The original proposals for a new logo and motto for Cornwall's new unitary authority were met with widespread criticism from the general public with demands that the old logo and motto be kept.[6][7][8][9] On 29 January 2009, the Cornwall Council Implementation Executive decided to revert to using the former County Council logo with just a change in name from "Cornwall County Council" to "Cornwall Council".[10]

text: In March 2009, the leader of Cornwall County Council David Whalley announced he would be standing down as a councillor, complaining of personal attacks against him.[11]

text: The current logo features a Cornish chough and the 15 Cornish golden bezants on a black field as used in the arms of the Duchy of Cornwall.[10]

text: Name[edit]

text: On the creation of the new unitary authority it was decided that the name of the new council would be Cornwall Council (Konsel Kernow).[citation needed]

text: Devolution[edit]

text: The campaign for Cornish devolution began in 2000 with the founding of the Cornish Constitutional Convention, a cross-party, cross-sector association that campaigns for devolution to Cornwall.[12] In 2009, Liberal Democrat MP Dan Rogerson introduced a bill in parliament seeking to take power from Whitehall and regional quangos and pass it to the new Cornwall Council, with the intention of transforming the new council into an assembly along the lines of National Assembly for Wales.[13] In November 2010, British Prime Minister David Cameron suggested in comments to the local press that his government would "devolve a lot of power to Cornwall - that will go to the Cornish unitary authority."[14] In 2011, the then Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg said he would meet a cross party group, including the six Cornish MPs, to look at whether more powers could be devolved to Cornwall.[15] The subsequent Localism Act 2011 was expected to achieve this but it proved incapable. However, the Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016 is intended to devolve some powers to Cornwall Council, helping to bring social and care services together, and giving control over bus services and local investment.[16]

text: Cultural services[edit]

text: Among the services provided by the council is a public library service which consists of a main library in Truro and smaller libraries in towns and some villages throughout Cornwall. There are also the following special libraries: Cornwall Learning Library, Cornish Studies Library, the Education Library Service, and the Performing Arts Library, as well as a mobile library service based at Threemilestone.[17]

text: Cultural projects[edit]

text: Cornwall Council is promoting ten cultural projects as part of a five-year culture strategy. One project is the development of a National Theatre of Cornwall, a collaboration of the Hall for Cornwall, Kneehigh Theatre, Eden Project and Wildworks. Cornwall Council has based its idea on the successful National Theatres of Scotland and Wales.[18]

text: Another of the projects is the proposed creation of a National Library of Cornwall to resolve inadequacies with the current storage of archives.[19] It is hoped that this will bring some important documents concerning Cornish history back to Cornwall as well as providing better public access to those records already held. Cornwall Council is also involved in the project to build a Stadium for Cornwall.

text: Cornish ethnic and national identity[edit]

text: Cornwall Council backs the campaign for the Cornish to be recognised as a National Minority in the UK. The council's then chief executive Kevin Lavery wrote a letter to the Government in 2010, writing, "Cornwall Council firmly believes that the UK Government should recognise the Cornish as a national minority under the terms of the Framework Convention." Adding that, "Cornwall Council believes that the Government's current restricted interpretation is discriminatory against the Cornish and contradicts the support it gives to Cornish culture and identity through its own departments."[20] Cornwall Council's support was officially reaffirmed as council policy in 2011 with the publication of the Cornish National Minority Report 2, signed and endorsed by the then leaders of every political grouping on the council.[21] The council took an active role in the promotion of the options for registering Cornish ethnicity and national identity on the 2011 UK Census.[22] The Cornish people were finally recognised as a National Minority by the British Government on 24 April 2014 and incorporated into the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities giving the Cornish the same status as the United Kingdom's other Celtic peoples, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish.[23]

text: International relations[edit]

text: Since 2008 Cornwall Council and the former county council, together with Cornwall Enterprise, and Cornwall Sustainable Energy Partnership, have been involved with a Protocol of Cooperation between Cornwall and the Conseil général du Finistère in Brittany. The protocol aims to allow the two regions to work more closely on topics of common interest and engage in a knowledge exchange with the possibility of jointly applying for European funding.[24] Cornwall is also a member of the Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions, a partnership of European regions, which aims to promote and highlight the value of these regions to Europe. Cornwall comes under the Atlantic Arc Commission sub-division of 30 regions, which has been used to advertise the potential of renewable energy off the Cornish coast to Europe.[25][26]

text: A scheme arising from these partnerships is MERiFIC (Marine Energy in Far Peripheral and Island Communities) which seeks to advance the adoption of marine energy across the two regions, including the Isles of Scilly.[27] The project has received £4 million of European funding that will be spent in Cornwall and Brittany.[28]

text: Cornwall County Council organised an event in Brussels in 2008 to promote various aspects of Cornwall, including the Cornish language, food and drink and showcasing Cornwall's design industry. This was part of the Celtic Connections programme of events put together by the Celtic regions as a showcase for culture in Europe.[29]

text: Various fact finding missions have been organised by councillors to study how other regions and small nations of Europe govern themselves successfully. Independent councillor, Bert Biscoe, organised a fact finding mission to Guernsey in 2011 to see if the island's system of government could be adapted to work in Cornwall.[30]

text: Since 2010 Cornwall Council has been a full observer member of the British–Irish Council due to the Cornish language falling under the BIC's areas of work.[31]

text: Economic projects[edit]

text: Cornwall Council, in partnership with the Eden Project, is bidding to have the world's first Green Investment Bank based in Cornwall. The Council is also working with the NHS and Eden to tackle fuel poverty by creating a Cornwall Together co-op which will buy electricity at lower-than-market prices.[32] No further progress has been made on this since it was originally mooted.

text: Cornwall Council are servicing nearly 30 long term lender option borrower option loans (LOBOs) totalling £394 million. The council is locked into some of the deals until the year 2078, paying interest at more than double the current market rate.[33]

text: Composition[edit]

text: The composition of Cornwall Council following changes after the 2017 election is:

text:
Party

Councillors[34]

2017 election

Current

Conservative

46

46

Liberal Democrat

38

37

Independent

30

31

Labour

5

4

Mebyon Kernow

4

4

Independent Standalone

0

1

Total

123

123

text: Cabinet[edit]

text: The cabinet consists of Adam Paynter, the Council Leader, and nine other cabinet members. It consists of 5 Independents and 5 Liberal Democrats.[35]

text:
Party

Cabinet Member

Portfolio

Liberal Democrat

Adam Paynter

Council Leader

Independent

Julian German

Deputy Council Leader and Cabinet Member for Resources

Independent

Mike Eathorne-Gibbons

Customers

Liberal Democrat

Edwina Hannaford

Neighbourhoods

Liberal Democrat

Sue James

Environment and Public Protection

Independent

Bob Egerton

Planning and Economy

Independent

Sally Hawken

Children and Wellbeing

Liberal Democrat

Rob Rotchell

Adults

Independent

Andrew Mitchell

Homes

Liberal Democrat

Geoff Brown

Transport

text: Elections and changes[edit]

text: 2009 Cornwall Council elections[edit]

text: Elections for the new unitary Cornwall Council were held on 4 June 2009 and there were 123 members elected, replacing the previous 82 councillors on Cornwall County Council and the 249 on the six district councils.[36] The outgoing Cornwall County Council had 48 Liberal Democrat members, nine Conservatives, five Labour, one from the small Liberal Party with the remaining 19 seats held by Independent candidates. Mebyon Kernow had no county councillors, but nine district councillors, before the two-tier system was abolished.[37]

text: The Lib Dems lost overall control of Cornwall Council to 'no overall control' - this means that no single party has overall control of the new council despite the Conservatives have the largest number of councillors, however they do not have enough for a majority control.[38] The cabinet of the council was therefore formed as a coalition between the Conservatives and the Independent bloc.[39] The Conservatives received 34% of the vote (50 seats), followed by the Liberal Democrats on 28% (38 seats), the Independents on 23% (32 seats) and Mebyon Kernow on 4% (3 seats). The turnout was 41%. Labour, the Green Party, UKIP and the BNP failed to secure any seats in Cornwall.[40]

text: By-elections and defections, 2009 to 2013[edit]

text: In August 2010, Councillor Neil Plummer of Stithians left the Independent group and joined Mebyon Kernow.[41] He later left Mebyon Kernow and stood for re-election as an independent.

text: In June 2011 Liskeard North councillor Jan Powell defected from the Conservatives to join the Liberal Democrats.[42]

text: In May 2012 two Liberal Democrat councillors left the Liberal Democrat group to join the Independent Group. Chris Pascoe, the councillor for Threemilestone and Gloweth, resigned in protest over the national actions of the Liberal Democrat party and the introduction of the "pasty tax".[43]  Graham Walker, councillor for St Austell Bethel, defected in protest over the coalition government's education policies.[44]

text: In September 2012 another Liberal Democrat councillor resigned from the party. Tamsin Williams, the member for Penzance Central, defected to Mebyon Kernow, having previously been a member of it in the 1990s. She was the second member to defect to Mebyon Kernow since 2009, and her change of allegiance came after "bad decisions made by the London parties."[45] During the same month of September 2012, one Independent councillor, Lisa Dolley, left the council's Independent Group to become an ungrouped independent.

text: In March 2013 Conservative cabinet member for Looe East, Armand Toms, defected to the Independents over the party's decision to freeze Council Tax rather than increase it.[46]

text: A total of 5 by-elections were held to Cornwall Council in the 2009-2013 term of office. They are illustrated in the table below.

text:
By-election

Date

Incumbent

Party

Winner

Party

Cause

St Keverne and Meneage

20 September 2012

Pam Lyne

Independent

Walter Sanger[47]

Conservative

Death

Wendron

24 November 2011

Mike Clayton

Independent

Loveday Jenkin[48]

Mebyon Kernow

Resignation

Bude North and Stratton

27 October 2011

Nathan Bale

Liberal Democrat

David Parsons

Liberal Democrat

Resignation

Camborne North

13 January 2011

Bill Jenkin

Conservative

Jude Robinson[49]

Labour

Resignation

St Austell Bay

26 November 2009

Richard Stewart

Conservative

John Oxenham[50]

Liberal Democrat

Resignation

text: 2013 Cornwall Council elections[edit]

text: The Conservatives lost 18 seats, meaning they were no longer the largest group in the Council. A new coalition was formed, between the Independents and the Liberal Democrats.

text: By-elections and defections, 2013 to 2017[edit]

text: In February 2016, the Independent councillor for Redruth North, Lisa Dolley, who had been Deputy Leader of the Independent group on the council, defected to the Liberal Democrats.[51] She later left the Liberal Democrats and designated herself as a standalone independent in December of that year.

text: In September 2016 Paul White, the Conservative councillor for Camborne Roskear, left the Conservative group and designated himself as a standalone independent.[52]

text: In December 2016 Hanna Toms, the Labour councillor for Falmouth Penwerris, was expelled from the Labour group after pleading guilty to two counts of benefits fraud before Truro Magistrates Court. She continued to sit as a standalone independent.[53]

text: Later in December 2016 Jon Stoneman, the Conservative councillor for Camborne Trelowarren, left the Conservative group and designated himself as a standalone independent.[54]

text: A total of 14 by-elections were held to Cornwall Council in the 2013-2017 term of office. They are illustrated in the table below.

text:
By-election

Date

Incumbent

Party

Winner

Party

Cause

Four Lanes

1 September 2016

Derek Elliot

UKIP

Nathan Billings[55]

Liberal Democrat

Resignation[56]

Newlyn and Goonhavern

28 July 2016

Lisa Shuttlewood

Conservative

Maggie Vale[57]

Liberal Democrat

Resignation

St Teath and St Breward

14 July 2016

John Lugg

Independent

Dominic Fairman[58]

Liberal Democrat

Resignation

Newquay Trevligas

14 July 2016

Mark Hicks

UKIP

Paul Summers[59]

Liberal Democrat

Resignation

Menheniot

14 April 2016

Bernie Ellis

Conservative

Phil Seeva[60]

Conservative

Death

Wadebridge West

14 April 2016

Scott Mann

Conservative

Karen McHugh[61]

Liberal Democrat

Resignation due to being elected as an MP at the 2015 General Election[62]

Launceston Central

14 January 2016

Alex Folkes

Liberal Democrat

Gemma Massey[63]

Liberal Democrat

Resignation due to mental ill health[64]

Camborne Pendarves

20 August 2015

Harry Blakeley

UKIP

John Herd[65]

Conservative

Resignation[66]

Constantine, Mawnan and Budock

7 May 2015

Neil Hatton

Conservative

John Bastin[67]

Conservative

Resignation[68]

Camborne Treswithian

7 May 2015

Viv Lewis

UKIP

Jude Robinson[69]

Labour

Resignation[70]

Mevagissey

6 November 2014

Michael Bunney

Labour

James Mustoe[71]

Conservative

Resignation[72]

Mabe, Perranarworthal and St Gluvias

17 July 2014

Michael Keogh

UKIP

Reginald Williams[73]

Conservative

Resignation[74]

Illogan

10 July 2014

Terry Wilkins

Conservative

David Ekinsmyth[75]

Liberal Democrat

Resignation as a result of his falsely claiming to have an MBE.[76]

Wadebridge East

5 September 2013

Collin Brewer

Independent

Steve Knightley[77]

Liberal Democrat

Resignation following a motion of censure[78]

text: 2017 Cornwall Council elections[edit]

text: The Cornwall Council elections were held on the 4th May 2017. The Conservatives increased their seat tally to win a plurality of seats, but the Liberal Democrat/Independent coalition continued with a reduced majority.

text: By-elections and defections, 2017 to 2021[edit]

text: The May 2017 election in the Bodmin St Petroc ward was delayed following the death of Liberal Democrat candidate Steve Rogerson and was held on 8 June, remaining vacant in the interim.[79] The subsequent election was won by Liberal Democrat Leigh Frost.[80] A by-election was held in the Falmouth Smithick division on 1 February 2018 following the death of Labour councillor and former Falmouth and Camborne MP Candy Atherton.[81][82] The by-election was won by  Labour's Jayne Kirkham.[83] Grenville and Stratton councillor, Paula Dolphin, resigned from the Liberal Democrats on 20 February 2018, continuing to sit as a standalone Independent.[84] On 1 March 2018 the leader of the Labour group on the council and councillor for Penzance East, Tim Dwelly, resigned from the party, citing internal disputes within the party, particularly in association with Momentum. He will now sit with the Independent group.[85]

text: Council history[edit]

text: Cornwall County Council was established in 1889 and abolished on 31 March 2009. It was succeeded by the unitary authority, Cornwall Council, which incorporated the previous Cornish district councils as well. The Isles of Scilly remained a separate unitary authority.

text: Party control[edit]

text: The following table shows party control of the Cornwall Council and its predecessor Cornwall County Council, following each election since 1973.

text:
Year

Control

1973

Independent

1977

Independent

1981

Independent

1985

No overall control

1989

No overall control

1993

Liberal Democrat

1997

No overall control

2001

No overall control

2005

Liberal Democrat

2009

No overall control

2013

No overall control

2017

No overall control

text: Notable members[edit]

text:
Joseph Trewavas VC (1835–1905)
Sir Edward Bolitho, Chairman 1941 to 1952[86]
Sir John Carew Pole, 12th Baronet, Chairman 1952 to 1963.[87]
Dick Cole, leader of Mebyon Kernow

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ County council gained unitary authority functions.

tag: ol


document_title: WKRP in Cincinnati

question_text: who sang the opening theme song for wkrp in cincinnati

text: WKRP in Cincinnati

text: Premise[edit]

text: The station's new program director, Andy Travis, tries to turn around struggling radio station WKRP by switching its format from dated easy listening music to rock and roll, despite the well-meaning efforts of the mostly incompetent staff: bumbling station manager Arthur Carlson, greasy sales manager Herb Tarlek, and clueless news director Les Nessman. To help bolster ratings, Travis hires a new disc jockey, New Orleans native Gordon Sims (who takes on the on-air persona of Venus Flytrap); and allows spaced-out former major market DJ Dr. Johnny Fever, already doing mornings in the easy listening format as John Caravella, to be himself. Rounding out the cast are super receptionist Jennifer Marlowe and enthusiastic junior employee Bailey Quarters. Lurking in the background and making an occasional appearance is ruthless business tycoon Lillian Carlson, the station's owner and the mother of Arthur Carlson.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main ensemble[edit]

text:
Andy Travis (Gary Sandy). For the most part, program director Andy Travis serves as the straight man for the eccentric staff of the station he has been hired to run. Before coming to WKRP, he had an unblemished record of turning around failing radio stations, but meets his match in his wacky staff members, of whom he becomes reluctantly fond. The show's opening theme song is about Andy and his decision to settle down in Cincinnati. In the season 4 episode "The Creation of Venus," Andy echoes the opening theme lyrics in talking about his past ("Got kinda tired of packing and unpacking, town to town, up and down the dial"). Andy usually wears very tight jeans, something to which Jennifer Marlowe alludes, much to Andy's surprise, in the season 2 episode "Most Improved Station".
Arthur Carlson (Gordon Jump), occasionally called the "Big Guy", is the middle-aged general manager, whose main qualification for the job is that his mother, a business tycoon, is the station's owner. His bumbling, indecisive management style is one of the main reasons the station is unprofitable, although he is a principled, kind, decent and sometimes surprisingly wise man. It is revealed in at least two episodes Carlson was an officer in the United States Marine Corps during WWII, and saw combat in the Pacific Theater. Despite this, Carlson is deathly afraid of his strong-willed mother. Mr. Carlson has far more interest in fishing than he does in the radio station, often trying to prevent people from coming to see him about business. (Coincidentally, Gordon Jump in real life was born and raised in Dayton, just 55 miles north of Cincinnati.)
Dr. Johnny Fever (Howard Hesseman) is a burned-out veteran disc jockey from Los Angeles who came to WKRP after being fired from a major station there when he said "booger" on the air. After WKRP changes its format from Beautiful Music to Rock, Johnny is initially uncertain he can handle the format, but when Andy gives him permission to say "booger" on the air, Johnny is empowered and quickly adapts to the format, triumphantly saying on the air, "..I almost forgot, fellow babies:  BOOGER!". in the season 4 episode "Three Days of the Condo", always broke Johnny surprisingly receives a $24,000 out of court settlement from that Los Angeles radio station for wrongful dismissal. Cynical and neurotic, and an occasional insomniac who consumes large amounts of coffee, Johnny is usually in one sort of trouble or another. He has no money sense, with many of those problems due to his debt load. His real name is John R. Caravella, but Fever has used other monikers on the air, mostly to conform to whatever station format he found himself in; most of these nicknames are printed on his custom-made coffee cup that he keeps at the station.  This role is possibly Howard Hesseman's signature role as an actor (as he had briefly been an actual disc jockey at one point).
Les Nessman (Richard Sanders), the fastidious, bow-tied news reporter, approaches his job with absurd seriousness, despite being almost totally incompetent (a fact to which he is completely oblivious). For instance, he mispronounces golfer Chi-Chi Rodríguez's name as "Chy Chy Rod-ri-gweeze". The signature sign-off to his newscasts is "This is Les Nessman, may the good news be yours". His best friend is fellow employee Herb Tarlek, the two of them referring to themselves and Mr. Carlson as "the suits" compared to "the dungarees" (as Andy and Johnny consistently wear jeans at the station). When he gets excited especially about something associated to his job, he emits a childlike sounding "ooh" and grins broadly. As a running gag, Nessman wears a bandage in a different spot each episode. It is suggested these bandages are the result of repeated attacks by Phil, Nessman's monstrous dog (who is never seen but is heard growling in another room in Nessman's apartment). During taping of the pilot, Richard Sanders bumped his head on a studio light and had to wear a bandage to cover the cut. From then on, Sanders decided the character would always wear a bandage. Other gags are Nessman's fixation on anything associated to agriculture, especially hogs, as news (he winning several "Buckeye Newshawk" awards for reporting on tap-root vegetable production in the tri-state area and northern West Virginia, with his most prized award, the coveted "Silver Sow", specifically for hog reporting), and putting masking tape on the floor around his desk which represent the "walls" of his non-existent office. Johnny Fever ribs him with wordplay by describing WKRP on the air as "the station with more music and Less Nessman."
Jennifer Marlowe (Loni Anderson) (full name Jennifer Elizabeth Marlowe) is the station's gorgeous blonde receptionist and highest-paid employee. Despite people's assumptions she is merely "eye candy" for the station, Jennifer is informed, wise, and able to handle practically any situation, no matter how absurd, with aplomb. She herself sees her main job responsibility as deflecting any business calls (in person or over the telephone) for Mr. Carlson, who she often says is dead when people ask for him. Although very aware of her sex appeal, with various wealthy, powerful men at her beck and call, she is friendly and good-hearted with the station staff. She is very strict about the limits of her job duties: she doesn't type letters (though she is in fact an expert typist), and neither makes coffee nor brings any to the office staff.
Herb Tarlek (Frank Bonner) is the boorish, tasteless and vain sales manager at WKRP, who is sometimes referred to as "Little Guy" to Mr. Carlson's "Big Guy".  He often wears loud plaid suits, with his belt matching his white shoes. He is unable to land the big accounts but is effective in selling air time, usually for comically trivial products such as "Red Wigglers — the Cadillac of worms!" Although a married man with children, he persistently pursues Jennifer, who has absolutely no interest in him. While Herb is portrayed as buffoonish most of the time, he occasionally shows a sympathetic side. One of Herb's catch phrases is "no problemo". Herb is based on radio executive Clarke Brown.[4][5] Bert Parks appears in one episode as Tarlek's father, Herb Tarlek, Sr., Jr. who does not fall far off Sr.'s tree.
Venus Flytrap (Tim Reid), the soulful, funky evening DJ runs his show with a smooth-talking persona and mood lighting in the studio. With the station usually empty during his nighttime shift, Venus often sneaks women into the station and into the control booth for dates, he always stating that they work for him in some professional white collared capacity if he ever gets caught. His real name, Gordon Sims, is almost never used, and he maintains an aura of mystery. In an early episode it is revealed Gordon Sims is a Vietnam veteran who is wanted for desertion from the US Army. In later episodes Venus's backstory is elaborated upon and it is revealed that after deserting the army he spent several years as a high-school teacher in New Orleans while working part-time as a radio personality. In spite of the fact that he is a night time DJ and Johnny Fever works the early morning shift, the two are often seen together and become good friends as the series progresses, with Venus taking the job in part due to his admiration for Johnny as a DJ.
Bailey Quarters (Jan Smithers), the young ingénue of the radio station, is originally in charge of billing and station traffic. However, having graduated from journalism school with some training in editing, and intent on becoming a broadcast executive, she is later given additional duties as an on-air news reporter, in which she proves more capable than Les Nessman. As the series progressed she overcame her shyness by developing self-confidence. Beginning with the second season two-part episode "For Love or Money", she occasionally becomes linked romantically with Johnny Fever. The dynamic between Jennifer and Bailey has been likened to that between Ginger and Mary Ann on Gilligan's Island. Jan Smithers was one of the few WKRP cast members who was the first choice for the role she played, with Gordon Jump being the other.[2] Creator Hugh Wilson said that despite Smithers' lack of experience (she had never done a situation comedy before), she was perfect for the character of Bailey as he had conceived her: "Other actresses read better for the part," Wilson recalled, "but they were playing shy. Jan was shy."[2]

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Lillian Carlson (Sylvia Sidney in the series pilot, Carol Bruce afterward) is Arthur Carlson's ruthless, domineering mother - often referred to as Mother Carlson or Mama Carlson - and the owner of WKRP. An extremely successful and rich businesswoman, her only regret is that her approach to parenting (the "What doesn't kill you, makes you stronger" school of child-rearing) backfired as her son ended up indecisive, weak-willed and afraid of her. As a display of her cutthroat attitude, she has a painting hanging above her fireplace in her living room of two pairs of dangling legs of dead people just hanged. In the series' final episode, it is revealed she had always intended WKRP to lose money (for the tax write-off), which explains why she allows the incompetent employees to continue working at the station. The only one who is regularly able to get the better of her is her sarcastic butler, Hirsch.
Carmen Carlson (Allyn Ann McLerie) is Mr. Carlson's sweet-natured wife. The two met in college, he being her chosen date to a "bring a loser" dance at the sorority she was pledging, something he was unaware of until their twenty-five year college reunion as they never did go to the dance and she never did pledge that sorority. Though happily married, they are so anxious to avoid hurting each other's feelings that they rarely tell each other what they really think. They have a son, Arthur Carlson, Jr. (Sparky Marcus appearing in one episode), whom they've sent off to military school. During the second season Carmen has a surprise pregnancy and during the third season gives birth to a daughter, Melanie.
Hirsch (Ian Wolfe) is Mother Carlson's "houseboy." He is well into his eighties, but is energetic and seems unfazed by any new circumstances. Hirsch regularly expresses his dislike for his employer in otherwise charming and polite exchanges. His coffee is terrible, unless there is a guest, in which case he prepares it with care.
Lucille Tarlek (Edie McClurg) is Herb's devoted nasal-voiced wife, who, deep down, knows that he chases after Jennifer. Lucille is perhaps the one woman who does see Herb's charms. Herb and Lucille have an adolescent daughter and son, Bunny and Herb III (Stacy Heather Tolkin and N.P. Schoch, who appear in two and one episode respectively).
Three other DJs at the station are mentioned, but (with one exception) never seen. Moss Steiger has the graveyard shift after Venus and is mentioned as having attempted suicide at least twice; he eventually dies in The New WKRP in Cincinnati. Rex Erhardt (who was seen in the fourth-season episode "Rumors", and played by Sam Anderson) hosts a program after Dr. Johnny Fever's morning show; and Dean the Dream has the afternoon drive slot. Another DJ, Doug Winner (Philip Charles MacKenzie), is hired and fired in the same episode ("Johnny Comes Back").
Series writer Bill Dial infrequently shows up as Buckey Dornster, WKRP's station engineer.
Longtime actor William Woodson (though not credited) served as the announcer of the series (imploring the audience to stay tuned for the tag scene, in the episodes that had one) and did various voice-over roles during the run, including the pre-recorded announcer of the intro/outro to Les's newscasts, and the narrator of the trial results in the first-season episode "Hold Up".

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Timeslots and success[edit]

text: WKRP in Cincinnati debuted in 1978 in CBS’s Monday 8 p.m. timeslot, competing against ABC’s Welcome Back, Kotter and NBC’s top 20 show, Little House on the Prairie. Initially receiving poor ratings, WKRP was put on hiatus after only eight episodes, even though they included some of the most famous of the series, including "Turkeys Away". But owing to good reviews and positive fan reaction, especially from disc jockeys, who immediately hailed it as the first show that realistically portrayed the radio business, CBS decided to bring WKRP back without any cast changes.

text: WKRP was given a new timeslot, one of the best on the network, following M*A*S*H. This allowed creator Hugh Wilson to move away from farcical radio-based stories, which is what CBS mostly wanted at the beginning, and start telling stories that, while not necessarily serious, were more low-key and character-based.  To allow the ensemble cast to mingle more, the set was expanded.  A previously unseen communal office area ("the bullpen") was added to accommodate scenes with the entire cast.

text: Partway through the second season, the show was moved back to its original earlier time. CBS executives wanted to free up the prized post-M*A*S*H slot for House Calls (with former M*A*S*H star Wayne Rogers). They also felt that the rock and roll music and the sex appeal of Loni Anderson were better-suited to the earlier slot, which at that time was thought of as mostly aimed at young people. The mid-season timeslot change didn't affect the show's success; WKRP finished at #22 in the ratings for its second year. For the next two seasons, however, the writers and producers often had to fight CBS over what kind of content was appropriate for a show in the so-called family hour.

text: Starting from the second season, CBS moved WKRP around repeatedly. WKRP lost nearly 2.5 million viewers on average for each of four time slot changes in the 1979–80 season.[6]

text: After the fourth season, the network decided not to renew the show. The final first-run episode of WKRP aired on April 21, 1982, and ranked #7 in the weekly Nielsen ratings. The episode ended on a cliffhanger, because when it was produced, cast and crew had expected the series to be renewed. Prior to the broadcast, however, the series had already been cancelled.  (Lou Grant, another MTM series with relatively high ratings, was also cancelled by CBS in 1982.)

text: Production[edit]

text: WKRP was videotaped in Hollywood before a live studio audience at KTLA's Goldenwest Videotape Division, later moving to the CBS Studio Center lot in Studio City.[7]

text: Fact vs. fiction[edit]

text: "Real" WKRP people[edit]

text: While Andy Travis received his name and some personality elements from a cousin of creator Hugh Wilson,[8] he was based primarily on innovative program director Mikel Herrington,[9] who also was the inspiration for the character Jeff Dugan in the 1978 film FM, written by Ezra Sacks who had worked at KMET.[10][11] Dr. Johnny Fever was based on a DJ named "Skinny" Bobby Harper at WQXI/790 in Atlanta, Georgia (in 1968).[12] WKRP writer Bill Dial worked with Harper at WQXI, which is considered Dial's inspiration for the show.[12] Coincidentally, Harper had previously worked at Cincinnati AM Top 40 powerhouse WSAI in 1964, before moving to 11 other stations, including seven in Atlanta.[12] In 1997, Bobby Harper told WSB's Condace Pressley, "He went on record as pointing out which ones, including myself, that he based the characters on. [That recognition] was a nice little thing. You know? That was nice. I appreciated that." [12]

text: Transmission tower[edit]

text: Although the show aired on CBS, the self-supporting transmission tower seen at the beginning of WKRP in Cincinnati actually belongs to Cincinnati's NBC affiliate, WLWT.[13]  The tower is still standing, and is one of three self-supporting TV towers in Cincinnati.

text: Studios and offices[edit]

text: In the show, WKRP's offices and studios are in the Osgood R. Flimm Building, an art deco office building. When mentioned, the exact floor varies: in Season 1's episode "Les on a Ledge", WKRP is on the 9th floor, but in season 4's episode "Fire", it is on the 14th; the entranceway door is shown as 1412. The building shown during the show's opening credits is actually the Cincinnati Enquirer Building at 617 Vine Street in downtown Cincinnati.[14]

text: A recent WKRP Cincinnati TV station[edit]

text: In 2008, an unrelated independent television station in Cincinnati, WBQC-LD, took advantage of local nostalgia for the sitcom, promoting its conversion to digital broadcasting by rebranding as "WKRP-TV Cincinnati".[15]

text: WKRP Moves to North Carolina[edit]

text: There is a radio station operating under the call letters WKRP that serves the Raleigh, North Carolina market; it operates at 101.9 FM, and is a community radio station that first aired in 2015.

text: Music[edit]

text: Musical themes[edit]

text: WKRP had two musical themes, one opening and the other closing the show.

text: The opening theme, a soft rock/pop number called "WKRP In Cincinnati Main Theme," was composed by Tom Wells, with lyrics by series creator Hugh Wilson, and was performed by Steve Carlisle.[16][17][18] An urban legend circulated at the time that Richard Sanders (who had comparable vocal characteristics to Carlisle) had recorded the song. Wilson stated in the commentary for the first season's DVD set that this was simply not true. (Sanders would later "sing" the lyrics in a promo spot on VH1 for The New WKRP in Cincinnati, which parodied the U2 song, "Numb.")

text:
A full-length version of the original theme song was released in 1979 on a 45 rpm vinyl single on the MCA Records label. It peaked at 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1981[19] and at 29 on the Adult Contemporary chart in 1982.[20]
The lyrics refer to the life of character Andy Travis, who actually casually recites part of the lyrics as dialogue in one episode, The Creation of Venus.  (The lyrics could also be construed to refer to on-air DJs Dr. Johnny Fever or Venus Flytrap.)

text: The closing theme, "WKRP In Cincinnati End Credits," was a hard rock number composed and performed by Jim Ellis, an Atlanta musician who recorded some of the incidental music for the show. According to people who attended the recording sessions, Ellis didn't yet have lyrics for the closing theme, so he improvised a semi-comprehensible story about a bartender to give an idea of how the finished theme would sound. Wilson decided to use the words anyway, since he felt that it would be funny to use lyrics that were deliberate gibberish, as a satire on the incomprehensibility of many rock songs.[21] Because CBS always had an announcer talking over the closing credits, Wilson knew that no one would hear the closing theme lyrics. In one pop-cultural nod to the closing theme, a character performs the song in the film Ready to Rumble. The closing theme is also played at the end of the syndicated morning radio show The John Boy and Billy Big Show.

text: Music licensing[edit]

text: The show's use of Blondie's "Heart of Glass" was widely credited with helping the song become a major U.S. hit, and the band's record label Chrysalis Records presented the producers with a gold record award for the album Parallel Lines, on which the song appeared. This gold record can be seen hanging on the wall in the "bullpen" where Les, Herb, and Bailey worked in many of the episodes in the second, third, and fourth seasons.

text: The songs were often tied into the plot of the episode, and some pieces of music were even used as running gags. For example, the doorbell to Jennifer's penthouse apartment played "Fly Me to the Moon" (which was later replaced by "Beautiful Dreamer" due to copyright reasons).

text: Music licensing deals cut at the time of production were for a limited number of years.[22] Hugh Wilson commented that WKRP was videotaped instead of filmed because when the show was originally produced, a loophole in music licensing deals reduced fees for using songs in videotaped programs. The loophole was intended to accommodate variety shows.[23][24] When the show initially went in syndication shortly after its 1982 cancellation, the original music remained intact because the licensing deals were still active at the time.[25] Once the licenses expired, later syndicated versions of the show did not feature the music as first broadcast, but rather generic "sound-alikes" by studio musicians to avoid paying additional royalties. In some cases (when the music was playing in the background of a dialogue scene), some of the characters' lines had to be redubbed by sound-alike actors. This was evident in all prints of the show issued since the early 1990s, which included its late 1990s run on Nick at Nite.[22][25]

text: The expense of procuring licenses for the original music in the series delayed any release of a DVD set for years.[26] When it finally was released, much of the music was replaced by generic substitutes. Some scenes were shortened or cut entirely, and voiceovers were used to avoid using unlicensed musical content.[27] However, some scenes that were originally edited out for television (and therefore never seen before) were added back into the episodes to give viewers the back story which further explained a later scene.

text: Home media[edit]

text:
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the first season of WKRP on DVD in Region 1 in April 2007.  However, due to heavy music replacement, sales of the set were poor, and Fox released no further seasons. In
May 2014, Shout! Factory acquired rights to the series for DVD release.[28] Shout! had planned to include all of the copyrighted music that originally aired on the show,[29] but was only able to obtain rights for 111 of the original musical artists. A disclaimer later stated, "In a few cases, it was simply impossible to get the rights."[30] Fans of the show compiled lists documenting that the re-release featured approximately 85% of the series' original soundtrack.[31][32][33][34]

text: The complete series became available online on October 2014.[35] In March 2015 Shout! released individual sets for Seasons 1 & 2.[36] Season 3 was released in July 2015[37] and the final season was released in November 2015.[38]

text:
DVD Season

Ep #

Release date

Season 1

22

March 17, 2015

Season 2

24

March 17, 2015

Season 3

22

July 14, 2015

Season 4

22

November 10, 2015

Complete Series

90

October 28, 2014


document_title: List of the most common U.S. county name etymologies

question_text: how many jefferson counties are there in the us

text: Washington County (31 counties)[edit]

text: All of the Washington Counties in the United States are named for George Washington, first President of the United States.

text:
Washington County, Alabama
Washington County, Arkansas
Washington County, Colorado
Washington County, Florida
Washington County, Georgia
Washington County, Idaho
Washington County, Illinois
Washington County, Indiana
Washington County, Iowa
Washington County, Kansas
Washington County, Kentucky
Washington County, Maine
Washington County, Maryland
Washington County, Minnesota
Washington County, Mississippi
Washington County, Missouri
Washington County, Nebraska
Washington County, New York
Washington County, North Carolina
Washington County, Ohio
Washington County, Oklahoma
Washington County, Oregon
Washington County, Pennsylvania
Washington County, Rhode Island
Washington County, Tennessee
Washington County, Texas
Washington County, Utah
Washington County, Vermont
Washington County, Virginia
Washington County, Wisconsin
Washington Parish, Louisiana

text: Jefferson County (26 counties)[edit]

text: Twenty three of the twenty six Jefferson Counties in the United States are directly named for Thomas Jefferson, the third President, and the remaining three are indirectly named for him.

text:
Jefferson County, Alabama
Jefferson County, Arkansas
Jefferson County, Colorado: named for the Territory of Jefferson, which extralegally governed the area before the United States Congress established the Colorado Territory, the territory in turn was named for Thomas Jefferson
Jefferson County, Florida
Jefferson County, Georgia
Jefferson County, Idaho
Jefferson County, Illinois
Jefferson County, Indiana
Jefferson County, Iowa
Jefferson County, Kansas
Jefferson County, Kentucky
Jefferson County, Mississippi
Jefferson County, Missouri
Jefferson County, Montana: named for the Jefferson River, in turn named for Thomas Jefferson
Jefferson County, Nebraska
Jefferson County, New York
Jefferson County, Ohio
Jefferson County, Oklahoma
Jefferson County, Oregon: named for Mount Jefferson on the county's western boundary, in turn named for Thomas Jefferson
Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
Jefferson County, Tennessee
Jefferson County, Texas
Jefferson County, Washington
Jefferson County, West Virginia
Jefferson County, Wisconsin
Jefferson Parish, Louisiana

text: Franklin County (25 counties)[edit]

text: Twenty three of the twenty five Franklin Counties in the United States are named for Benjamin Franklin, the famous Founding Father, printer, scientist, philosopher, and diplomat.

text:
Franklin County, Alabama
Franklin County, Arkansas
Franklin County, Florida
Franklin County, Georgia
Franklin County, Idaho: named for Franklin, Idaho, the first town in the state, in turn named for Franklin Richards, an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Franklin County, Illinois
Franklin County, Indiana
Franklin County, Iowa
Franklin County, Kansas
Franklin County, Kentucky
Franklin County, Maine
Franklin County, Massachusetts
Franklin County, Mississippi
Franklin County, Missouri
Franklin County, Nebraska
Franklin County, New York
Franklin County, North Carolina
Franklin County, Ohio
Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Franklin County, Tennessee
Franklin County, Texas: probably named for Benjamin Cromwell Franklin, an early judge and legislator in Texas[1]
Franklin County, Vermont
Franklin County, Virginia
Franklin County, Washington
Franklin Parish, Louisiana

text: Jackson County (24 counties)[edit]

text: Twenty one of the twenty four Jackson Counties in the United States are named for Andrew Jackson, the seventh President.

text:
Jackson County, Alabama
Jackson County, Arkansas
Jackson County, Colorado
Jackson County, Florida
Jackson County, Georgia: named for James Jackson, the 23rd governor of Georgia
Jackson County, Illinois
Jackson County, Indiana
Jackson County, Iowa
Jackson County, Kansas
Jackson County, Kentucky
Jackson County, Michigan
Jackson County, Minnesota: named for Henry Jackson, a member of the first Minnesota Territory legislature
Jackson County, Mississippi
Jackson County, Missouri
Jackson County, North Carolina
Jackson County, Ohio
Jackson County, Oklahoma: named for Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson, the famous Confederate general
Jackson County, Oregon
Jackson County, South Dakota
Jackson County, Tennessee
Jackson County, Texas
Jackson County, West Virginia
Jackson County, Wisconsin
Jackson Parish, Louisiana

text: Lincoln County (24 counties)[edit]

text: Sixteen (possibly seventeen) of the twenty four Lincoln Counties in the United States are named for Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President; five other Lincoln counties are named for Benjamin Lincoln, a leading general in the American Revolutionary War and distant relative of Abraham.

text:
Lincoln County, Arkansas
Lincoln County, Colorado
Lincoln County, Georgia: named for Benjamin Lincoln
Lincoln County, Idaho
Lincoln County, Kansas
Lincoln County, Kentucky: named for Benjamin Lincoln
Lincoln County, Maine: named for the city of Lincoln, England
Lincoln County, Minnesota
Lincoln County, Mississippi
Lincoln County, Missouri: named for Benjamin Lincoln
Lincoln County, Montana: possibly named for Abraham Lincoln[citation needed]
Lincoln County, Nebraska
Lincoln County, Nevada
Lincoln County, New Mexico
Lincoln County, North Carolina: named for Benjamin Lincoln
Lincoln County, Oklahoma
Lincoln County, Oregon
Lincoln County, South Dakota: named for Lincoln County, Maine
Lincoln County, Tennessee: named for Benjamin Lincoln
Lincoln County, Washington
Lincoln County, West Virginia
Lincoln County, Wisconsin
Lincoln County, Wyoming
Lincoln Parish, Louisiana

text: Madison County (20 counties)[edit]

text: Eighteen of the twenty Madison Counties in the United States are named for James Madison, the fourth President, and one of the two exceptions is indirectly named for him.

text:
Madison County, Alabama
Madison County, Arkansas
Madison County, Florida
Madison County, Georgia
Madison County, Idaho
Madison County, Illinois
Madison County, Indiana
Madison County, Iowa
Madison County, Kentucky
Madison County, Mississippi
Madison County, Missouri
Madison County, Montana: named for the Madison River, named in turn for James Madison
Madison County, Nebraska: probably named for Madison, Wisconsin, where most of the new county's settlers were from[citation needed]
Madison County, New York
Madison County, North Carolina
Madison County, Ohio
Madison County, Tennessee
Madison County, Texas
Madison County, Virginia
Madison Parish, Louisiana

text: Clay County (18 counties)[edit]

text: Fifteen of the eighteen Clay Counties in the United States are named for Henry Clay, the Kentucky statesman. Two of the exceptions, including one in Kentucky, are named for members of Henry Clay's family.

text:
Clay County, Alabama
Clay County, Arkansas: named for John Clayton, a member of the Arkansas Senate
Clay County, Florida
Clay County, Georgia
Clay County, Illinois
Clay County, Indiana
Clay County, Iowa: named for Henry Clay's son, Henry Clay, Jr., a general who died during the Mexican–American War
Clay County, Kansas
Clay County, Kentucky: named for Henry Clay's cousin, Green Clay, a general in the War of 1812
Clay County, Minnesota
Clay County, Mississippi
Clay County, Missouri
Clay County, Nebraska
Clay County, North Carolina
Clay County, South Dakota
Clay County, Tennessee
Clay County, Texas
Clay County, West Virginia

text: Greene County and variants (17 counties)[edit]

text: All Greene Counties in the United States are named after Nathanael Greene, a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

text:
Greene County, Alabama
Greene County, Arkansas
Greene County, Georgia
Greene County, Illinois
Greene County, Indiana
Greene County, Iowa
Greene County, Mississippi
Greene County, Missouri
Greene County, New York
Greene County, North Carolina
Greene County, Ohio
Greene County, Pennsylvania
Greene County, Tennessee
Greene County, Virginia

text: Two Green Counties, despite the difference in spelling, are also named after the aforementioned Nathanael Greene.

text:
Green County, Kentucky
Green County, Wisconsin

text: One other county may have been named after Greene, although there is evidence that it was instead named for Richard Grenville, leader of the settlement on Roanoke Island.

text: Greensville County, Virginia

text: Montgomery County (18 counties)[edit]

text: Most (at least 13 out of 18) Montgomery Counties in the United States are named after Richard Montgomery, a major general in the Continental Army killed in the 1775 Battle of Quebec.

text:
Montgomery County, Alabama (This county was not named for Richard Montgomery, but for another general, Lemuel P. Montgomery; oddly, the city of Montgomery, Alabama in it was named for Richard Montgomery.)
Montgomery County, Arkansas - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, Georgia - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, Illinois - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, Indiana - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, Iowa - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, Kansas - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, Kentucky - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, Maryland - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, Mississippi (Possibly for Richard Montgomery. Possibly for Montgomery County, Tennessee, from which an early settler came.)[original research?]
Montgomery County, Missouri - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, New York - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, North Carolina - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, Ohio - eponym verified[clarification needed]
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania (there is some question as to whether this one was named for Richard Montgomery. It seems to be the case, but it is uncertain.)
Montgomery County, Tennessee (This county was not named for Richard Montgomery, but for John Montgomery, a local settler)
Montgomery County, Texas (This county was named after the town of Montgomery, Texas which in turn was named after Montgomery County, Alabama.)
Montgomery County, Virginia - eponym verified[clarification needed]

text: Union County (18 counties)[edit]

text:
Union County, Arkansas: Named for the statement in the citizen's petition for a new county that the citizens of the area they were petitioning "in the spirit of Union and Unity."
Union County, Florida: Named to honor the concept of unity.
Union County, Georgia: Named as a compromise between Whigs, who wanted to name the new county after Henry Clay, and Democrats, who wanted to name it after Andrew Jackson.
Union County, Illinois
Union County, Indiana
Union County, Iowa
Union County, Kentucky
Union County, Mississippi
Union County, New Jersey
Union County, New Mexico
Union County, North Carolina
Union County, Ohio: Named because it is a union of portions of Delaware, Franklin, Logan, and Madison counties.
Union County, Oregon
Union County, Pennsylvania
Union County, South Carolina
Union County, South Dakota
Union County, Tennessee
Union Parish, Louisiana

text: Fayette and Lafayette counties (17 counties)[edit]

text: Despite the difference in name, all of these counties (including one Louisiana parish) are named after the same individual—Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, a French general who played a major role in the American Revolutionary War.

text:
Fayette County, Alabama
Fayette County, Georgia
Fayette County, Illinois
Fayette County, Indiana
Fayette County, Iowa
Fayette County, Kentucky (coterminous with the city of Lexington)
Fayette County, Ohio
Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Fayette County, Tennessee
Fayette County, Texas
Fayette County, West Virginia
Lafayette County, Arkansas
Lafayette County, Florida
Lafayette County, Mississippi
Lafayette County, Missouri
Lafayette County, Wisconsin
Lafayette Parish, Louisiana


document_title: Office of War Mobilization

question_text: main function of the office of war mobilization during ww2

text: Office of War Mobilization

text: The Office of War Mobilization (OWM) was an independent agency of the United States government formed during World War II to coordinate all government agencies involved in the war effort. It was formed on May 27, 1943 by Executive Order 9347.[1]

text: It was headed by James F. Byrnes, a former U.S. Senator and Supreme Court Justice. Byrnes had previously been head of the Office of Economic Stabilization, which controlled prices and taxes. The OWM supervised the OES, and also the War Production Board and other agencies. It was re-titled the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion on October 3, 1944.

text: Byrnes' authority as head of the OWM was so far-reaching, he was dubbed the "assistant President".


document_title: Troy: Fall of a City

question_text: who plays paris in troy fall of a city

question_tokens: who plays paris in troy fall of a city

text: Troy: Fall of a City

text: Premise[edit]

text: The story of the 10 year siege of Troy by the Greeks is told after the young prince of Troy, Paris, has an affair with Helen of Troy, the wife of the Greek king.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Louis Hunter as Paris[3]
Bella Dayne as Helen of Troy[3]
David Threlfall as Priam[3]
Frances O'Connor as Hecuba[3]
Tom Weston-Jones as Hector[3]
Joseph Mawle as Odysseus[3]
Chloe Pirrie as Andromache[3]
Johnny Harris as Agamemnon[3]
David Gyasi as Achilles[3]
Jonas Armstrong as Menelaus[3]
Alfred Enoch as Aeneas[3]
Aimee-Ffion Edwards as Cassandra[3]
Hakeem Kae-Kazim as Zeus[4]
Chris Fisher as Deiphobus[5]
Christiaan Schoombie as Troilus[5]
Alex Lanipekun as Pandarus[5]
Jonathan Pienaar as Litos[5]
David Avery as Xanthias
Lex King as Aphrodite
Amy Louise Wilson as Briseis
Inge Beckmann as Hera
Shamilla Miller as Athena
Diarmaid Murtagh as Hermes
Thando Hopa as Artemis
Nina Milner as Penthesilea[6]
Grace Hogg-Robinson as Hermione
Jovan Muthray as Kaidas

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was filmed in Cape Town and consists of eight episodes.[7] It is written by David Farr, Nancy Harris, Mika Watkins, and Joe Barton, and directed by Owen Harris and Mark Brozel.[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions)1"Black Blood"Owen HarrisDavid Farr17 February 2018 (2018-02-17)3.2 Million[8]
2"Conditions"Owen HarrisDavid Farr24 February 2018 (2018-02-24)N/A
3"Siege"Owen HarrisNancy Harris3 March 2018 (2018-03-03)N/A
4"Spoils of War"Mark BrozelMika Watkins10 March 2018 (2018-03-10)1.6 Million
5"Hunted"Mark BrozelDavid Farr17 March 2018 (2018-03-17)N/A
6"Battle on the Beach"Mark BrozelJoe Barton24 March 2018 (2018-03-24)N/A
7"Twelve Days"John StricklandDavid Farr31 March 2018 (2018-03-31)N/A
8"Offering"John StricklandDavid Farr7 April 2018 (2018-04-07)N/A

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 71% based on 12 reviews, and an average rating of 5.67/10.[9]