document_title: Nissan GT-R

question_text: how much horsepower does a gtr r35 have

question_tokens: how much horsepower does a gtr r35 have

text: Nissan GT-R

text: History[edit]

text: Between 1969 and 1974, and again between 1989 and 2002, Nissan produced a high performance version of its Skyline coupe called the Nissan Skyline GT-R. This car proved to be iconic for Nissan[5][6] and achieved much fame and success on both road and track. The Nissan GT-R, now a standalone model no longer based on the Skyline, has heritage in the Nissan Skyline GT-R.

text: Similar to the later generations of the Skyline GT-R, the GT-R is four-wheel drive with a twin-turbo 6 cylinder engine and has the signature four round tail lights. However, the GT-R is an entirely new model sharing little with its Skyline siblings and is a complete redesign from previous Skylines rather than an incremental evolution; the four-wheel-steering HICAS system has been removed and the former straight-6 RB26DETT engine has been replaced with a new V6 VR38DETT.[7] Because of the GT-R's heritage, the chassis code for the all-new version has been called CBA-R35,[8] or 'R35' for short (where CBA is the prefix for emission standard), carrying on the naming trend from previous Skyline GT-R generations. The GT-R has also retained its Skyline predecessor's nickname Godzilla,[9] given to it by the Australian motoring publication Wheels in its July 1989 edition.

text: Concepts[edit]

text: Only two concept vehicles were displayed at motor shows prior to the unveiling of the production model. The first concept was shown at the Tokyo Motor Show in 2001, to preview what a 21st-century GT-R would look like.[10] At the 2005 Tokyo Motor Show, Nissan unveiled a redesigned concept, the GT-R Proto, stating that the production GT-R would be 80–90% based on this concept.[11]

text: Production[edit]

text: Production model[edit]

text: The production version of the GT-R debuted at the 2007 Tokyo Motor Show, launching in the Japanese market on December 6, 2007. The U.S. official launch was seven months later on July 7, 2008. Universal Nissan in Los Angeles provided a customer with the delivery of a new GT-R, fresh from the production line at 12:01 am, on July 7, 2008. The Canadian launch was also in July 2008. Europe became the third consumer market, where it launched in March 2009. The large disparity in initial marketing between these regional releases is due to Nissan having to build GT-R performance centers where the car is serviced.

text: Design[edit]

text: Nissan chief creative officer, Shirō Nakamura, has likened the new GT-R to the giant robots of the Gundam series.[12] Nakamura stated: "The GT-R is unique because it is not simply a copy of a European-designed Sports car; it had to really reflect Japanese culture."

text: Nissan's American designers sculpted the rear three quarters of the vehicle, while their European designers sculpted the roofline.[12]

text: Polyphony Digital, creators of the Gran Turismo series of motor racing video games, were themselves involved in the development of the GT-R, having been contracted to design the GT-R's multifunction display.[13]

text: Nissan PM platform[edit]

text: As of 2014[update] the GT-R was the only model built on Nissan's Premium Midship (PM) platform,[14] an evolution of the Front Midship (FM) architecture introduced in its 2001 (V35) Skyline. It is a hybrid unibody assembled on ultra-low-tolerance jigs similar to those used in racecar construction. Alcoa aluminum is used for the hood, trunk lid and outer door skins, with die-cast aluminum front shock towers and inner door structures. Outer body panels are stamped using multiple-strike coining process for added rigidity and precision. The chassis is stiffened with a carbon-composite front crossmember/radiator support.

text: Exterior[edit]

text: Nissan developed a 6-stage paint process with double clear coat and chip-resistant paint for use in critical areas of the GT-R chassis. An optional liquid-effect finish employs a hand-polished 8-stage process with product-specific Super Silver metallic paint and three layers of clearcoat.

text: Optional features[edit]

text: The Premium Nissan GT-R has a body-colored rear spoiler whereas the Black Edition has a dry carbon-fiber rear spoiler. Both the Premium and Black Edition GT-R are fitted with high intensity discharge (HID) headlights, automatic on/off headlights, LED daytime running lights, LED taillights and brake lights, dual heated body-color power outside mirrors, power folding outside mirrors, flush-mounted aluminum door handles, four 5" exhaust outlets with polished tips and UV-reducing solar glass.[15]

text: For the 2014 model year, Nissan introduced a limited production Track Edition GT-R which deletes the rear seats (saving 22 lbs over the Black Edition) and adds more aggressive suspension, carbon fiber air inlets, improved brake cooling, a unique front spoiler, and new black and gray leather Recaro front seats.[16]

text: Specifications[edit]

text: The Nissan GT-R is powered by the VR38DETT V6 engine, a 3,799 cc (3.8 L; 231.8 cu in) DOHC V6 with plasma transferred wire arc sprayed cylinder bores.[17] Two parallel Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI) turbochargers provide forced induction.[18] Models manufactured between 2007 and 2010 produce a manufacturer-claimed engine output of 485 PS (357 kW; 478 hp) at 6400 rpm and 434 lb·ft (588 N·m) at 3200–5200 rpm.[19] The engine also meets California Air Resources Board Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) standards.[20] A curb weight of 1,730 or 1,736 kg (3,814 or 3,827 lb) with side curtain airbags is achieved using a jig welded steel chassis with aluminum used for the hood, trunk, and doors.[21] A rear mounted six-speed BorgWarner designed dual clutch semi-automatic transmission built by Aichi Machine Industry[22] is used in conjunction with the ATTESA E-TS system to provide power to all four wheels and along with Nissan's Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC-R) to aid in stability. Three shift modes can also be selected for various conditions.[23] Beginning in 2010, engine power and torque were upgraded to 390 kW (530 PS; 523 hp) at 6400 rpm and 612 N·m (451 lbf·ft) at 3200–6000 rpm respectively. Models produced in 2012 again featured improved engine output (406.5 kW (553 PS; 545 hp) at 6400 rpm and 628 N·m (463 lbf·ft) at 3200–5800 rpm). In the near future, it is speculated that the GT-R might even be available as a hybrid.[24]

text: 2011 facelift[edit]

text: The revised GT-R features an engine with revised mapping, changes to valve timing, larger inlets and a revised exhaust system which boosts rated power to 545 bhp[25] and 612Nm of torque from 3200 to 6000rpm. Changes also include a new more rigid front strut bar made from carbon composite, larger front brake rotors, new lighter and stiffer wheels, and revised Dunlop tires. Cosmetic changes include a new front bumper with integrated LEDs. The front bumper improves cooling to the radiator and front brakes while reducing drag. A new rear diffuser improves downforce and also includes additional rear cooling ducts. The interior was revised to improve the quality. This new version is offered with a new HDD CARWINGS navigation system with enhanced entertainment features and USB port with iPod connectivity. The revised GT-R went on sale in Japan from mid November 2010 and February 2011 in Europe, North America and other regions.[26]

text: SpecV[edit]

text: Nissan introduced the GT-R SpecV on January 7, 2009 at the 2009 Tokyo Auto Salon. This version uses carbon fiber trim inside and out, and has no rear seat.[27] In addition, a new colour was introduced limited to the SpecV, LAC Black Opal.[28]

text: The GT-R SpecV is powered by the standard twin-turbo 3,799 cc (3.8 L; 231.8 cu in) V6 with no increase in horsepower. A new high gear boost controller that allows a temporary increase in boost pressure to the IHI twin turbochargers, now larger than those on the standard GT-R, should deliver more torque in mid to high-range revs. Other mechanical changes include a titanium exhaust, reworked suspension, carbon ceramic brakes, and 20-inch (510 mm) Nismo wheels. Overall weight is decreased by 132 lb (60 kg) over the standard GT-R.[29]

text: Sales began in Japan on February 2, 2009 at seven preselected dealers staffed specially trained mechanics knowledgeable about racing circuit driving. The price was ¥15,750,000 (about US$160,000. The SpecV was also sold in Europe and the Middle East. A total of 109[30] SpecV were built, 77 for Japan, 24 for Europe, 1 for United Kingdom and 7 for Middle East.

text: In Auto Express testing the SpecV posted a 0–60 mph time of 3.20 seconds, pulled 1.12 g on the skidpad and 74.7 mph in the slalom. An earlier tested Corvette ZR1 (2011) resulted in an identical slalom speed but a lower 1.06 g on the skidpad.[31]

text: Black Edition[edit]

text: New 20" RAYS rims and carbon fiber spoiler. Only red with black leather were available for the interior.

text: GT-R NISMO[edit]

text: Nissan introduced a NISMO Edition GT-R for model year 2015. US price increased almost 50% to US$149,990.

text: In the new model power increases to 591 hp and Torque to 481 lb-ft. Top speed remains the same at 196 mph (315.43 km/h) and the gear ratios do not change in the DCT transmission. The fuel tank capacity is 19 US gallons or 16 UK gallons or 72 L.[32] Additional front and rear brake cooling ducts are added, and a full NISMO tuned suspension is installed, including a hollow 17.3mm rear stabilizer bar from the NISMO performance division.

text: Special edition forged alloys by RAYS in 20" size are included. The standard GTR's aluminum trunk lid is swapped out for a full carbon fiber panel, and additional spot welds and adhesive help strengthen the chassis. A front splitter with carbon fiber air ducts up front add to the special NISMO full aerodynamic package, while a large racing style carbon wing finishes off the rear.

text: Inside, the NISMO edition has special seats with black and red color treatment, made with synthetic suede. The instrument binnacle and steering wheel are also covered in synthetic suede. The Bose stereo system does not have active noise control. The gauges have some red color treatment as well. NISMO-specific options are low-gloss matte gray paint and a full titanium exhaust with additional heatsinks. These changes in aggregate reduce weight by 38 lbs which is the reason why it accelerates even faster than before.

text: GT-R NISMO N- Attack[edit]

text: A special edition of the GT-R Nismo which is outfitted after the purchase of the Nismo model. This package includes the parts which the original GT-R Nismo has when racing for the fastest lap time on the Nürburgring track. For Japan, installation is handled by NISMO Omori factory. For North America, the conversion is handled by Stillen.[33]

text:
GT-R NISMO N-Attack

GT-R NISMO N-Attack

text: 2017 facelift[edit]

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text: Performance[edit]

text: Nissan states the GT-R can reach a top speed of 193 mph (311 km/h),[34] Motor Trend recorded a top speed of 195.0 mph (313.8 km/h).[35] In tests the original production model was shown to be capable of achieving 0-60 mph (97 km/h) times as low as 2.7 seconds using "launch control." Owners expressed concern that duplicating the times achieved in these tests would void their factory warranty. Nissan's chief vehicle engineer Kazutoshi Mizuno has indicated that he has never used the term "launch control", which refers to the act of turning off vehicle dynamic control (VDC) and launching the car at around 4500 rpm.[36] However, Nissan's director of product planning John Wiener stated in an interview with Jay Leno that "we (Nissan) actually offer a 'launch mode'".[37] The GT-R user's manual states that turning off the VDC is only meant for escaping low-traction situations such as mud or snow. Nissan has re-programmed the 2010 model year GT-R to reduce the engine speed at launch to around 3,000-3,500 rpm with VDC enabled, which is meant to improve acceleration times. The new programming was also installed on old 2009 vehicles still in Nissan's inventory, and is available for existing 2009 vehicles.[38] The updated GT-R now has a launch mode called "R-Mode Start". The system allows a maximum of 4 consecutive hard launches before locking itself out, after which it can be unlocked by driving normally for 1.5 miles. The increased engine output of later models combined with the "R-Mode Start" has lowered the 0-60 mph (97 km/h) time to 2.7 seconds.[39] Motor Trend achieved a standing quarter-mile time of 11.6 s at 120.0 mph (193.1 km/h).[40] Autocar achieved a 0-100 mph (160 km/h) time of 8.5 seconds.[41]

text: With a manufacturer claimed lap time of 7:26.7 on the base model's Dunlop tires[42] and previously 7:29 min on standard Japanese market tires, the GT-R is currently one of the fastest handbuilt cars to lap the Nürburgring Nordschleife circuit.[43][44] Porsche, not necessarily a rival car manufacturer, has claimed Nissan overstated the GT-R's performance in September 2008.[45][46] Porsche, unusually, claims to have conducted a test of a factory stock, European market GT-R and achieved a slower time (of 7:54), apparently implying that the car isn't as fast around this public road as Nissan claims and/or that their driver isn't as talented as Nissans. Nissan disputed the former and implied the later claim in October 2008.[47][48]

text: The German magazine sport auto achieved a time of 7:50 on the Nürburgring with a car supplied to them by Nissan during an initial short test in 2007,[49] while testing by Drivers Republic of a GT-R and GT2 in stock form resulted in times of 7:55 for the GT-R and 7:49 for the GT2 respectively.[50] Both tests were conducted in partially damp conditions and by automotive journalists rather than professional track drivers. In 2009, in a full "super test" sport auto achieved a time of 7:38 minutes on the Nürburgring with a standard GT-R driven by Horst von Saurma,[51] identical to a later "super test" Corvette ZR1 time.[52] In a first test with the facelifted GTR model, 'sport auto' recorded a lap time of 7:34 on the Nürburgring with a standard GT-R driven by Horst von Saurma.[53]

text: In October 2012, the GT-R once again held a new Nürburgring lap time.[54] It broke its old record with a new time of 7:18, setting it the 9th fastest ever production car at Nürburgring.[55][56]

text: Comparison tests[edit]

text: The GT-R has frequently featured in head to head track comparisons against competing vehicles conducted by the automotive press. Fifth Gear tested the GT-R along with the Mitsubishi Evo FQ 400 in their short autototest agility track and their larger test track. The GT-R was a second quicker than the Evo in terms of speed {0-60} but the Evo proved to handle better than the GT-R on the autotest track. On the larger track the GT-R was 3 seconds a lap quicker than the Evo FQ 400. Autocar performed several head to head comparisons involving the GT-R and competing vehicles. In the first, against the Porsche 911 GT3 and BMW M3, the GT-R was declared to be faster around the test track.[57] A second test on the Isle of Man on a 4.5 km closed public road, featured with the Audi R8, Lotus Elise, and Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4. The GT-R's time of 1:56.69 was behind the Gallardo's 1:55.99 time, however, because the GT-R was Japanese-spec, its top speed was limited to 112 mph, which led the journalists to believe it could have performed better.[58] In CAR Magazine's test with the 911 Turbo, BMW M3, and Audi R8 at Rockingham the GT-R was the fastest.[59] Evo tested the GT-R alongside the 911 GT3 at the Bedford Autodrome circuit, the GT-R ran a 1:21.7 lap time compared to GT3's 1:22.6 time.[60] In a Fifth Gear test with the 911 Turbo, Bruno Senna was able to achieve faster lap times in the GT-R.[61] Car and Driver compared the GT-R on Reno-Fernley Raceway with the 911 Turbo and BMW M3, the GT-R's lap time of 1:26.7 made it the fastest on the track.[62] Road & Track was able to achieve quick lap times with the car on Buttonwillow Raceway, clocking in at 1:56.9 which was over 5 seconds faster than the Chevrolet Corvette C6 Z06 and 911 Turbo.[63][64] In an Edmunds.com 6-way test on the Streets of Willow and an improvised mountain road, the GT-R posted faster times than the Audi R8 and Porsche 911 Carrera.[65] Auto Bild compared the GT-R with the 911 Turbo and V10 Audi R8 at Contidrome, the GT-R's time of 1:30.95 placed it ahead of both the Porsche 911 (1:31.75) and the Audi R8 (1:32.11).[66]

text: In another Autocar comparison with the PDK 911 Turbo (997.2) and V10 Audi R8 on the Castle Combe Circuit the GT-R's laptime of 1:14.6, was faster than the 911's time of 1:14.9 and the R8's 1:15.5 lap time.[67] In December, Auto, Motor und Sport published a comparison between the GT-R, PDK 911 Turbo (997.2) and the Audi R8 V10. Around the 'small' Hockenheimring circuit, the GT-R achieved a time of 1:12.0 against the 911's 1:11.5 and the Audi's 1:12.3.[68] The sport auto magazine had tested the GT-R on the 'small' Hockenheimring circuit and had recorded a lap time of 1:10.7 during the full "supertest".[69] In July 2009, CAR Magazine published a comparison of the revised 911 GT3 (997.2) and the GT-R at the Nurburgring. A time of 7:49 was achieved for the GT3 and 7:51 for the GT-R.[70] It should be noted that these times are not directly comparable to previous Nurburgring tests, as they included a section of track near the pits normally excluded from timing. At Spring Mountain Motorsports Ranch Road and Track managed a 1:20.9 lap time compared to the ZR1's time of 1:20.1 and the 911 Turbo's (997.2) time of 1:21.3.[71] In another Motor Trend comparison at the Streets of Willow, driver Randy Pobst's laptime of 1:20.25 in the facelifted GT-R was slightly faster than the competing Corvette Z06 equipped with optional carbon ceramic brake rotors.[72]

text: On Willow Springs International Motorsports Park, Edmunds.com was able to achieve lap times of 1:25.09 with the 2009 GT-R compared to the Corvette ZR1's time of 1:23.87.[73] On the Las Vegas Motor Speedway infield road course, Motor Trend was able to achieve lap times with the GT-R that were almost as fast as the Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano and 911 GT2 and 1.2 seconds slower than a Corvette ZR1.[74] The pre-2011 GT-R currently holds a lap time of 1:19.7 around the Top Gear Test Track, with the Facelifted GT-R holding a time of 1:17.8, equaling the Pagani Zonda F Clubsport, beating the Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 by 2.6 seconds(Damp Lap For ZR1), and being the fastest Japanese car to lap the track.[75][76] On Top Gear Australia's test track the GT-R posted a lap time of 1:07.06, putting it in second place 0.14 seconds behind the 997 GT2.

text: Motorsport[edit]

text: Super GT[edit]

text: Nismo, the motorsport arm of Nissan, entered the Nissan GT-R in the Super GT race series in the GT500 class for the 2008 season, replacing the Nissan 350Z.[77]

text: The GT500 version of the car has a completely different drivetrain compared to the production car. The race car is upgraded to a VK45DE 4.5-litre naturally aspirated[78] V8 instead of the twinturbo V6 VR38DETT. It uses a 6 speed sequential manual gearbox and a RWD layout from its predecessor, the 350Z race car.[79]

text: A prototype was spotted testing around the Suzuka Circuit as well as Fuji Speedway in Japan.[80][81] The car went on to win the opening race of the 2008 Super GT season at Suzuka scoring a one-two finish for Nissan.[82] The dominant performances in the opening race has led to all GT-Rs being applied a 50 kg weight penalty in addition to the race weight penalty under the Special Adjustment of Performance under the Super GT regulations.[83] In race two, the GT-R repeated their 1–2 result in Suzuka despite the race winning car of team Nismo carrying a 100 kg weight penalty making it only the 3rd team in JGTC/Super GT history to do so. The last time this feat was achieved was 10 years ago by Nismo Skyline GT-R racing under the same number 23.[84] Despite the weight handicap, it did in fact become the champion in this 2008 season through the Xanavi Nismo GT-R driven by Satoshi Motoyama and Benoit Treluyer, as well as winning 8 out of 9 races driven by 4 different teams using GT-Rs.

text: The GT500 version scored 4 victories in the 2009 Japanese SUPER GT Series GT 500 class.

text: In 2010 the VK45DE 4.5 litre engine was replaced by a newly developed 3.4 litre engine (VRH34A).[85]

text: It also is the 2011 and 2012 Champion. Team Mola GT-R with drivers Ronnie Quintarelli and Masataka Yanagida got back to back championships in both Team and Driver in the Super GT500.[86]

text: In 2014, the Super GT regulations were aligned with those of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, and so the V8 engine was replaced with a 2.0 liter, 4-cylinder turbo engine.[87]

text: FIA GT/GT1 World Championship[edit]

text: On February 27, 2009, Nismo announced a partnership with British racing team Gigawave Motorsports to enter a GT-R in four races in the 2009 FIA GT Championship season. The entry did not compete for championship points, but was used by Nismo to refine the performance of the GT-R for future customer teams to use the car in the planned FIA GT1 World Championship in 2010. Nismo driver Michael Krumm and Gigawave driver Darren Turner will co-drive the GT1 GT-R.[88]

text: The Sumo Power GT-R won the 2010 RAC Tourist Trophy at Silverstone Circuit as part of the FIA GT1 World Championship on May 2, 2010.

text: The 2011 season saw Swiss Racing Team switch to Lamborghini which left Sumo Power running four GT-Rs, two under the Sumo Power GT name and two under JR Motorsports. JR Motorsports with the drivers Michael Krumm and Lucas Luhr won the Drivers Championship for the 2011 season, gaining 3 wins and 1 pole position in 10 races.

text: GT-R Nismo GT1[edit]

text: Designed and produced specifically to compete in the FIA GT1 World Championship, the GT-R NISMO GT1 is based on the road-going version of the Nissan GT-R and was the only car to have ever been constructed implicitly to the GT1 technical regulations. The GT-R NISMO GT1 is powered by a NISMO race-prepped VK56DE, a naturally aspirated V8 engine that displaces 5,552 cc. It measures 80.3 inches in width, 186.2 inches in length, and has a wheelbase of 109.4 inches.[89]

text:
Displacement: DOHC naturally aspirated V8 front mid-engine 5,552 cc (5.6 L; 338.8 cu in)
Horsepower: 600 PS (440 kW; 590 hp) (capped – GT1 regulations)
Valves Per Cylinder: 4
Torque: 479.35 lb·ft (649.91 N·m)
Drivetrain: RWD
Curb weight: 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) (as GT1 regulations)
Transmission: Ricardo 6-speed transaxle, sequential shift lever, 5.5" carbon triple-plate clutch
Suspension: Adjustable suspension with double wishbones front and multi-link rear
Brakes: Brembo 6-piston calipers with carbon discs and pads
Tires: Front and rear Michelin 31/71-18 (GT1 controlled specification)

text: GT-R Nismo GT3[edit]

text: The GT-R Nismo GT3 is powered by the VR38DETT, a twin-turbocharged V6 engine that displaces 3,799 cc. It measures 80.15 inches in width, 188.19 inches in length, and has a wheelbase of 109.45 inches.[90]

text:
Displacement: DOHC twin-turbo V6 front mid-engine 3,799 cc (3.8 L; 231.8 cu in)
Horsepower: 600 [608.3PS] [447 kW]at 6500 rpm
Valves Per Cylinder: 4
Torque: 510 lb·ft (690 N·m) at 5000 rpm
Drivetrain: Premium Midship RWD
Curb weight: 1,300 kg (2,900 lb)
Brakes: Front: 6-piston caliper Rear: 4-piston caliper
Drag coefficient: 0.26
Transmission: Six-speed sequential racing transmission in transaxle configuration with multi-disc limited-slip differential and traction control
Suspension: Adjustable suspension with double wishbones front and multi-link rear
Extras: Semi-automatic paddle-shift
Tires: Front: 330/710-18, Rear: 330/710-18
MSRP: JPY For Japan, Asia, North/South America ¥39,800,000 Japanese Yen (without tax). Manufactured on demand.
Top speed: 218 mph (350 kph)

text: Other categories[edit]

text: A production-based GT-R made its world motorsport debut in Australia's Targa Tasmania tarmac rally in April 2008,[91] however it sustained damage early in the event and did not complete the rally.[92] Later in 2008 a GT-R won the Competition Modern class in the Targa West[93] before returning to Targa Tasmania in 2009 to take the outright win in the Modern class.[94] In 2009 Nissan's GT-R won the One Lap of America competition.[95] In 2010 the GT-R finished 2nd over all in the One Lap of America competition.

text: During the 2010 SCCA World Challenge season, a pair of GT class GT-Rs were campaigned by Brass Monkey Racing and driven by Steve Ott and Tony Rivera.[96]

text: On June 4, 2010, Nismo announced a Club Track Edition[97] GT-R available via its Nissan supported Omori aftermarket factory. This domestic market trim is a non-street legal, race ready variant equipped with a 6-point roll cage and upgraded with Nismo race package developed through its Tokachi endurance racer program.

text: On June 25 and 26, 2011, the No. 71 Schulze Motorsport Nissan GT-R took part in the 24 Hours of Nürburgring 2011 driven by Michael Schulze, Tobias Schulze, Kazunori Yamauchi and Yasuyoshi Yamamoto. The car finished the race in 36th place overall, achieving a victory in the SP 8T class after overcoming several technical problems.[citation needed] It was the first time a Nissan GT-R took part in the 24 Hours of Nürburgring. In the following year, Nissan participated the SP8T class with 2 Club Track Edition GT-Rs as works team, which driven by Team Nissan and Team GT Academy, both cars completed the race in 99th and 30th in overall respectively – through they are the only entries in SP-8T class that year.

text: On July 7, 2011, a Nissan GT-R was spotted testing at the Ciudad del Motor de Aragón for a possible FIA GT3 European Championship entry. Not much is known about the car currently: the car appears similar to the GT1 car, but it is likely the internals will be far different due to GT3's much lower power restrictions.[98]

text: A GT-R won the 2015 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour driven by Katsumasa Chiyo, Wolfgang Reip and Florian Strauss. The NISMO team returned to the Mount Panorama Circuit for the 2016 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour where after qualifying a disappointing 13th, Chiyo, Strauss and Nissan Australia's Rick Kelly finished in second place, only 1.3 seconds behind the race winning McLaren 650S GT3 from Tekno Autosports. The NISMO Athlete Global Team led the most number of laps in the race having led for 107 of the 297 laps run.[99]

text: Aftermarket tuning[edit]

text: Despite early concerns about the difficulty of modifying the Nissan GT-R, many aftermarket tuning parts are now available. The previously reported "untuneable" ECU has since been hacked by several tuning houses.

text: COBB Tuning was the first company to access the GT-R's encrypted ECU.[100] With their AccessPORT anyone can reprogram both the engine and transmission control units with off the shelf or custom maps. Mine's also has limited control of the ECU, and others (MCR,[101] HKS, and Top Secret) have bypassed the unit. They have been seen testing modified GT-Rs with the former two having conducted tests at the Tsukuba Circuit.[102][103]

text: Ecutek tuning on the other hand was the first company to manipulate and change shift points on the GTR in the TCM (Transmission Control Module) on automatic mode. This can be done at will by the driver. Ecutek also allows the driver to adjust launch control on the fly available with a wrap around boost gauge that can read over 20 PSI.[104] Like COBB Tuning, Ecutek currently offers engine tuning on the ECU and TCM with different launch control software from LC1 up to LC5. Ecutek's RACEROM offers in addition Valet Mode, Per-Cylinder Fueling, RaceRom Launch Control, Speed Density, Map Switching, Enhanced Targeted Boost Control, Upshift boostspike prevention, Per-gear boost control limit, per-gear rev limits, RACEROM Boost control, MAF Left-Right Swap for Custom Intercoolers, Large Fuel Injector Support and Visual Knock Warning.[105] On January 16, 2013, Ecutek also became the first company to construct and offer Flex Fuel hardware and software capability for all Nissan GTRs. This fuel kit requires the Ecutek specific TCM. The kit provides changes in the cold start cranking compensation, changes to the maximum target boost, changes in the ignition timing, changes to target airflow, changes in cam timing, and changes in the fuel economy gauge reading all based solely on ethanol content in the gas tank.[106]

text: Japan based tuner Mine's has created the VR38DETT super response engine which uses lightened engine internals like titanium rods, lightened pistons and many other components that allows the engine to rev-up fast. The Mine's GT-R has always been one of the most sought after GT-Rs in the world for its highly responsive driving feel with the right amount of power at 800 PS (588 kW; 789 hp).[107][108]

text: In a review by Motor Trend editor Scott Kanemura, it was revealed that the GPS system fitted to the GT-R would remove the 180-kilometer per hour (112 mph) speed limiter when the car arrives at a race track, but only on tracks approved by Nissan. Aftermarket ECUs have been developed to bypass the speed limiter, in addition to stand-alone speed-limiter defeaters. The GPS check will not be implemented in American models.[109]

text: In August 2008, Nissan's official motorsport and tuning arm Nismo announced the "Club Sport" tuning package for the GT-R . The package, which is also fitted to the SpecV,[110] includes Bilstein Damptronic compatible dampers, 20" forged aluminum wheels from RAYS Engineering, Bridgestone run-flat tires, Recaro carbon fiber-shelled bucket seats, a titanium exhaust, and a revised rear diffuser with an added cooling duct.[111] The package is supported by a warranty and saves over 20 kg (44 lb).

text: AMS Performance, based in West Chicago, Illinois, has set record power levels and performance numbers for the GT-R. Their Alpha Omega GT-R puts down between 1700–1750 whp and boasts 0–60 times of 1.7 seconds according to their staff on their official Facebook page. In June 2013, Omega set multiple world records at the WannaGoFast 1/2 Mile Shootout at Built Field Airport in Monee, Illinois which included: 214.04 mph in a standing 1/2 mile; 60–130 mph in 3 seconds; 0–100 mph in 4.4 seconds; 0–200 mph in 11.87 seconds.[112] In July 2013, AMS regained their world record (previously held by John Shepherd's AMS/Switzer GT-R for a brief time) when Omega ran 8.259 at 185.18 mph. A few days later, OMEGA broke into the 7s when it ran a 7.98 at 186.14 mph, currently making it the quickest and fastest GT-R in the world, as well as the first GT-R to reach the 9's, 8's, and 7's.[112] During the evening of the 7 second pass Omega broke a couple of other records. Omega bested its previous 60–130 mph time with a staggering 2.67 seconds.[112] Omega also broke the 100–150 mph record which was previously held by an Underground Racing TT Gallardo (2.58 seconds) with an astounding 2.45 seconds.[112] The AMS Performance Alpha Omega package functions more as a shop/research and development vehicle which is the reason why it is not available to the general public. However, anybody can purchase the Alpha 6, Alpha 9, Alpha 10, Alpha 12, Alpha 14 and Alpha 16 packages; each respectively with approximately 600, 900, 1000, 1200, 1,400 and 1,600 wheel horsepower when installed and tuned.

text: In 2013, during a training day of a Russian drag racing event, Unlim 500, a 1700 hp MK.1 GTR tuned by Switzer (called Goliath R1K-X) made a new record of top speed and standing mile trap speed, reaching the finish line at 402.23 km/h (249.9 mp/h), breaking the previous record of 386 km/h made by an AMS/Turbo Drive 1550 hp Alpha 12+ GTR, which still holds the standing mile world record of 22.086 s at 385.43 km/h.

text: The Nissan GT-R played a main role in Fast & Furious 6.[113] The car in the widely successful movie has modified bumpers, new vented hood, modified fenders, side sills, carbon doors, carbon roof, and carbon spoilers. In February 2016, using the GT-R NISMO, Masato Kawabata set a new world record for the fastest 90-degree drift at approximately 320 km/h in the Fujairah International Airport.

text: On the 13th of August 2014, Mike Newman broke the record for the 'fastest speed for a car driven blindfolded' in a Nissan GT-R modified by Litchfield Motors (UK).[114]

text: Awards and recognition[edit]

text:
Year
Award and Recognition

2007
Top Gear Awards – Sports car of the Year[115]

2008
Autocar – Drivers Car of the Year.[116]

2008
Evo Magazine – Car of the Year[117]

2008
Japan's Most Advanced Technology Award[118]

2008
Popular Mechanics – Automotive Excellence Awards 2008 (Design)[119]

2009
Automobile Magazine – Automobile of the Year[120]

2009
MotorWeek – Driver's Choice Awards 2009– Best Performance Car

2009
Edmunds.com – Edmunds' Inside Line Editors' Most Wanted Awards: Instant Classic[121]

2009
Motor Trend – Motor Trend Car of the Year[122]

2009
Popular Science – Auto Tech Grand Award Winner[123]

2009
International Car of the Year[124]

2009
World Performance Car[125]

2009
Targa Tasmania Modern Champion

2009
Targa West Challenge Modern Champion[126]

2009
Targa West Competition Modern Champion[127]

2009
Guinness world records – Fastest 0–60 mph acceleration by a four-seater production car[128]

2010
Redline Time Attack Modified AWD Champion[129]

2010
Targa West Challenge Modern Champion[130]

2010
Targa West Competition Modern Champion[131]

2010
Yahoo – Listed as having one of the best resale values of any sports car.[132]

2011
Targa Tasmania Modern Champion

2011
Targa West Competition Modern Champion[130]

2011
Motor Magazine Performance Car Cup Winner[133]

2013
Targa Adelaide – Modern Champion

text: Sales[edit]

text:
Calendar Year
US

2008
1,730[citation needed]

2009
1,534[citation needed]

2010
877[citation needed]

2011
1,294[citation needed]

2012
1,188[citation needed]

2013
1,237[citation needed]

2014
1,436[citation needed]

2015
1,105[citation needed]

text: Statistics by US model year (manufacturer claimed)[edit]

text:
US Model Year
Horsepower
Torque (lb-ft)
0–60 MPH
1/4 Mile
Nurburgring Lap Time

2009
480
430
3.5
11.9
7:26.70

2010
485
430
3.3
11.8
NA

2011
485
434
3.2
11.6
7.24.22

2012
530
448
2.8
11.2
NA

2013
545
463
2.7
11.0
7:18.06

2014
545
463
2.7
11.0
NA

2015[134]
545
463
2.7
11.0
NA

2015 Nismo
600
481[135]
2.7
11.0
7:08.679

2016
545
463
2.7
N/A
NA

2017
565
467
TBD
N/A
TBD


document_title: Revenge of the Pink Panther

question_text: where was revenge of the pink panther filmed

root

text: Revenge of the Pink Panther

text: Plot[edit]

text: Philippe Douvier (Robert Webber), a major businessman and secretly the head of the French Connection, is suspected by his New York Mafia drug trading partners of weak leadership and improperly conducting his criminal affairs. To demonstrate otherwise, Douvier's aide Guy Algo (Tony Beckley) suggests a show of force with the murder of the famous Chief Inspector Jacques Clouseau (Peter Sellers).

tag: p

text: Unfortunately for Douvier, his first attempt at bombing Clouseau fails, and the subsequent attempt by Chinese martial artist 'Mr. Chong' (an uncredited appearance by the founder of American Kenpo, Ed Parker) is thwarted when Clouseau successfully fights him off (believing him to be Clouseau's valet Cato (Burt Kwouk), who has orders to keep his employer alert with random attacks). Douvier tries again by posing as an informant to lure Clouseau into a trap, but the Chief Inspector's car and clothes are stolen by transvestite criminal Claude Russo (Sue Lloyd), who is unknowingly killed by Douvier's men instead. Subsequently, Douvier and the French public believe Clouseau is dead; as a result of this assumption, Clouseau's ex-boss, former Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus (Herbert Lom), is restored to sanity and is released from the lunatic asylum to perform the investigation (despite being seemingly disintegrated in the previous film).

text: In Russo's clothes and insisting on his true identity, Clouseau is taken to the asylum himself but escapes into Dreyfus' room, who faints from the shock of seeing Clouseau alive. Clouseau manages to disguise himself as Dreyfus and is driven home by François (André Maranne). At home, Clouseau finds Cato, who, despite having turned Clouseau's apartment into a Chinese-themed brothel, is relieved to see he survived and the two plan revenge on the sponsor of Clouseau's assassination. Meanwhile, Dreyfus is assigned to read a eulogy at Clouseau's funeral by the police chief's wife, on pain of his own discharge. At the cemetery, Clouseau attends the burial disguised as a priest and then surreptitiously reveals himself to Dreyfus, who recognizes him, faints, and falls into the grave. Clouseau escapes.

text: Meanwhile, due to his unfaithfulness, Douvier's wife threatens him with divorce. Needing her respectability, Douvier tells his secretary and paramour Simone LeGree (Dyan Cannon) that their relationship is over, to which Simone reacts angrily. Fearing that she will reveal his crimes, Douvier gives orders to have Simone killed at her nightclub, but having been told by an informant (Alfie Bass) of the possibility of trouble there, Clouseau and Cato inadvertently manage to save her. At Simone's flat, Clouseau reveals his identity, prompting her to reveal that Douvier ordered Clouseau's assassination. Finally, she tells him of the Douvier's plan to meet the New York Mafia godfather Julio Scallini (Paul Stewart) in Hong Kong for the Gannet Transaction - a $50,000,000 heroin sale.

text: After evading their pursuers, Clouseau, Cato, and Simone follow Douvier to Hong Kong in disguise, unaware that the now suspicious Dreyfus has followed them. There, Clouseau impersonates Scallini while Simone distracts the real one, but the plan goes awry when one of Scallini's men spots Douvier leaving their hotel with a stranger and Clouseau exposes his own disguise during the Gannet Transaction. In the confusion, Dreyfus, intent on killing Clouseau chases him into a firework warehouse, accidentally activating all the fireworks inside.

text: After the events that occurred in Hong Kong, Douvier and Scallini are arrested. Clouseau is awarded for their arrest by the President of France, and he and Simone spend an evening together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Peter Sellers as Chief Inspector Jacques Clouseau
Dyan Cannon as Simone Legree
Herbert Lom as Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus
Robert Webber as Philippe Douvier
Burt Kwouk as Cato Fong
Tony Beckley as Guy Algo
Robert Loggia as Al Marchione
Paul Stewart as Julio Scallini
André Maranne as Sgt. François Chevalier
Graham Stark as Prof. Auguste Balls
Alfie Bass as Fernet
Sue Lloyd as Claude Russo
Douglas Wilmer as Police Commissioner
Ferdy Mayne as Dr. Paul Laprone
Valerie Leon as Tanya
Ed Parker as Mr. Chong (uncredited)
Adrienne Corri as Therese Douvier
Henry McGee as Officer Bardot
Andrew Sachs as Hercule Poirot
Julian Orchard as Hospital Clerk
John Bluthal as Guard at Cemetery
Rita Webb as Woman at Window
Ragbir Sraan as Arab Sheikh

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: When United Artists spent three months on previews and continuous editing of the previous Pink Panther movie The Pink Panther Strikes Again (according to Daily Variety in 1976), Edwards decided he would try to salvage any humorous material remaining. He suggested that Revenge of the Pink Panther should primarily be made up of this footage and that he would write and shoot new footage around it with Sellers and company. Sellers balked at this and insisted that Revenge feature all new footage. Sellers' contract for Revenge gave him story approval, which is why that film carries a story credit for Edwards that none of the previous films had.

text: The opening animated titles in the film were designed by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises, who had been involved with the series since the animated titles of the original 1963 film, The Pink Panther.[2] It was the first time since Inspector Clouseau in 1968 that DePatie-Freleng animated the opening titles of a Pink Panther film (Return and Strikes Again having been done by Richard Williams' Studio).[3]

text: The film was partly filmed in The Excelsior hotel in Hong Kong. [4]

text: This is Graham Stark's first stint as Professor Auguste Balls. He portrays him once more in Son of the Pink Panther (1993).[5]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Variety wrote, "Revenge of the Pink Panther isn't the best of the continuing film series, but Blake Edwards and Peter Sellers on a slow day are still well ahead of most other comedic filmmakers."[6] Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times "If you have the Clouzot habit, as I have, there's very little that Mr. Edwards and Mr. Sellers could do that would make you find the movie disappointing."[7]

text: Cancelled sequel[edit]

text: Romance of the Pink Panther was a Pink Panther film that Sellers was working on—and willing to make without Edwards—before Sellers' fatal heart attack in July 1980.[8] UA considered recasting the role before convincing Blake Edwards to return to the series. Edwards chose to replace Clouseau with a new character rather than replace Sellers as Clouseau and to utilize outtakes from The Pink Panther Strikes Again to set up a transitional film (Trail of the Pink Panther) with new linking footage shot on the set of the new film (Curse of the Pink Panther).[9]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Composed by Henry Mancini in his fifth Pink Panther, its theme music and much of the soundtrack draw heavily from the disco trends of the late 1970s. The "Pink Panther Theme" itself was reworked to include a more dancy bassline, electric piano and guitar solo.


document_title: United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.

question_text: what year did the supreme court rule that the studios had to sell their studios

text: Background[edit]

text: The legal issues originated in the silent era, when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating film companies for potential violations under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.

text: The major film studios owned the theaters where their motion pictures were shown, either in partnerships or outright and complete. Thus specific theater chains showed only the films produced by the studio that owned them. The studios created the films, had the writers, directors, producers and actors on staff ("under contract" as it was called), owned the film processing and laboratories, created the prints and distributed them through the theaters that they owned: In other words, the studios were vertically integrated, creating a de facto oligopoly. By 1945, the studios owned either partially or outright 17% of the theaters in the country, accounting for 45% of the film-rental revenue.

text: Ultimately, this issue of the studios' allegedly illegal trade practices led to all the major movie studios being sued in 1938 by the U.S. Department of Justice.[1] As the largest studio, Paramount was the primary defendant, but all of the other Big Five (Loew's (MGM), Warner Bros., 20th Century Fox, RKO Pictures) and Little Three (Universal Studios, Columbia Pictures, United Artists) were named, as well as numerous subsidiaries and executives from each company.[2] Separate cases were also filed against large independent chains, including the 148-theater Schine.[3]

text: The federal government's case was settled with a consent decree in 1940,[4][5] which allowed the government to reinstate the lawsuit if, by November 1943, it had not seen a satisfactory level of compliance. Among other requirements, the consent decree included the following conditions:

text:
The Big Five studios could no longer block-book short film subjects along with feature films (known as one-shot, or full force, block booking);
The Big Five studios could continue to block-book features, but the block size would be limited to five films;
Blind buying (buying of films by theater districts without seeing films beforehand) would now be outlawed and replaced with "trade showing," special screenings every two weeks at which representatives of all 31 theater districts in the United States could see films before they decided to book a film; and
The creation of an administration board to enforce these requirements.

tag: ol

text: The studios did not fully implement the consent decree, and in 1942 with Allied Theatre Owners proposed an alternate "Unity Plan". They proposed booking larger blocks of theatres with the caveat of allowing theaters to reject films.[6] This led to the formation of the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers (SIMPP),[6] which also filed a lawsuit against Paramount Detroit Theaters, the first major lawsuit of producers against exhibitors. The government declined the Unity proposal and reinstated the 1943 lawsuit.[7] The case went to trial on October 8, 1945, one month and six days after the end of World War II.[1] The case was decided in favor of the studios, and the government immediately appealed.

text: The case reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1948; their verdict went against the movie studios, forcing all of them to divest themselves of their movie theater chains.[8] This, coupled with the advent of television and the attendant drop in movie ticket sales, brought about a severe slump in the movie business, a slump that would not be reversed until 1972, with the release of The Godfather, the first modern blockbuster.

text: The Paramount decision is a bedrock of corporate antitrust law, and as such is cited in most cases where issues of vertical integration play a prominent role in restricting fair trade.

text: Decision[edit]

text: The Court ruled 7-1 in the government's favor, affirming much of the consent decree (Justice Robert H. Jackson took no part in the proceedings). William O. Douglas delivered the Court's opinion, with Felix Frankfurter dissenting in part, arguing the Court should have left all of the decree intact but its arbitration provisions.[8]

text: Douglas[edit]

text: Douglas's opinion reiterated the facts and history of the case and reviewed the District Court's opinion, agreeing that its conclusion was "incontestable".[8] He considered five different trade practices addressed by the consent decree:

text:
Clearances and runs, under which movies were scheduled so they would only be showing at particular theatres at any given time, to avoid competing with another theater's showing;
Pooling agreements, the joint ownership of theaters by two nominally competitive studios;
Formula deals, master agreements, and franchises: arrangements by which an exhibitor or distributor allocated profits among theaters that had shown a particular film, and awarded exclusive rights to independent theatres, sometimes without competitive bidding;
Block booking, the studios' practice of requiring theaters to take an entire slate of its films, sometimes without even seeing them, sometimes before the films had even been produced ("blind bidding"), and
Discrimination against smaller, independent theaters in favor of larger chains.

text: Douglas let stand the District Court's sevenfold test for when a clearance agreement was a restraint of trade, as he agreed they had a legitimate purpose. Pooling agreements and joint ownership, he agreed, were "bald efforts to substitute monopoly for competition ... Clearer restraints of trade are difficult to imagine."[8]:149 He allowed, however, that courts could consider how an interest in an exhibitor was acquired and sent some other issues back to the District Court for further inquiry and resolution. He set aside the lower court findings on franchises so that they might be reconsidered from the perspective of allowing competitive bidding. On the block booking question, he rejected the studios' argument that it was necessary to profit from their copyrights: "The copyright law, like the patent statutes, makes reward to the owner a secondary consideration".[8]:158 The prohibitions on discrimination he let stand entirely.

text: Frankfurter[edit]

text: Frankfurter took exception to the extent to which his brethren had agreed with the studios that the District Court had not adequately explored the underlying facts in affirming the consent decree. He pointed to another recent Court decision, International Salt Co. v. United States that lower courts are the proper place for such findings of fact, to be deferred to by higher courts. Also, he reminded the Court that the District Court had spent fifteen months considering the case and reviewed almost 4,000 pages of documentary evidence: "I cannot bring myself to conclude that the product of such a painstaking process of adjudication as to a decree appropriate for such a complicated situation as this record discloses was an abuse of discretion."[8]:180 He would have modified the District Court decision only to permit the use of arbitration to resolve disputes.

text: Consequences[edit]

text: Movie studios previously charged low rents to exhibitors because they were owned by the studio. When the studios were forced to sell their theaters, the result was higher rental rates charged to exhibitors (rising from an average of approximately 35% to its current level of approximately 50%), so the studios could recoup their expenses.[citation needed] The inability to block-book an entire year's worth of movies caused studios to be more selective in the movies they made, resulting in higher production costs and dramatically fewer movies made. This caused studios to further raise the rates they charged theaters, since the volume of movies fell.[citation needed]

text: The court orders forcing the separation of motion picture production and exhibition companies are commonly referred to as the Paramount Decrees. Paramount Pictures Inc. was forced to split into two companies: the film company Paramount Pictures Corp. and the theater chain (United Paramount Theaters) which merged in 1953 with the American Broadcasting Company.[citation needed]

text: Consequences of the decision include:[citation needed]

text:
More independent producers and studios to produce their film product free of major studio interference.
The beginning of the end of the old Hollywood studio system and its golden age.
The weakening of the (Hays) Production Code, since it saw the rise of independent and "art house" theaters which showed foreign or independent films made outside of its jurisdiction.

text: Following the decision, and with the rise of television, the major studios felt that the loss of their exclusive theatre arrangements would reduce the opportunity to re-release product from their film libraries. Paramount, for example, sold its pre-1950 sound feature film library to MCA, which created EMKA (today Universal Television) to manage this library. Other studios, such as 20th Century Fox or Warner Bros., also sold or leased their classic back catalogs to other companies. By contrast, Walt Disney believed his film library was much more valuable than RKO had estimated it to be; in 1953, he formed a holding company that held rights to work he did prior to 1953 as well as distributed new material from his studio—that company became its own in-house distribution unit, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The growth of television in subsequent years has resulted in these supposedly "worthless" films earning billions of dollars in rentals from television stations and networks.[citation needed]


document_title: Fresh water

question_text: where is the majority of earth's fresh water found

question_tokens: where is the majority of earth 's fresh water found

text: Fresh water

text: Definitions[edit]

text: Numerical definition[edit]

text: Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[1]

text:
Part of a series on

Water salinity

Salinity levels

Fresh water (< 0.05%)
Brackish water (0.05–3%)
Saline water (3–5%)
Brine (> 5%)

Bodies of water

Seawater • Salt lake • Hypersaline lake • Salt pan • Brine pool • Bodies by salinity

v
t
e

tag: table

text: Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[2] or 3000 ppm.[3]

text: Systems[edit]

text: Fresh water habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic, or running-water systems; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.

text: The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.

text: In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.

text: In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.

text: Water distribution[edit]

text: Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.[5][6] Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.[7] In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts.

text: Aquatic organisms[edit]

text: Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.

text: Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[8] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[9] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[10]

text: Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.

text: Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs, and others.

text: Problems[edit]

text: Limited resource[edit]

text: Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.

text: Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.[11]

text: The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.[12] Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.[13]

text: Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability (or water scarcity). Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain.[14]

text: Minimum streamflow[edit]

text: An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.[15] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems.

text: Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.

text: Water pollution[edit]

text: Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[16] Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.

text: Human uses[edit]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water,[17] this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems.

text: In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.[17] With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.[18]

text: Examples[edit]

text: With one in eight people in the world not having access to safe water[19] it is important to use this resource in a prudent manner. Making the best use of water on a local basis probably provides the best solution. Local communities need to plan their use of fresh water and should be made aware of how certain crops and animals use water.

text: As a guide the following tables provide some indicators.

text: Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) [20]

text:
Activity
Minimum, litres / day
Range / day

Drinking Water
5
2–5

Sanitation Services
20
20–75

Bathing
15
5–70

Cooking and Kitchen
10
10–50

text: Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock [21]

text:
Animal
Average / day
Range / day

Dairy cow
76 L (20 US gal)
57 to 95 L (15 to 25 US gal)

Cow-calf pair
57 L (15 US gal)
8 to 76 L (2 to 20 US gal)

Yearling cattle
38 L (10 US gal)
23 to 53 L (6 to 14 US gal)

Horse
38 L (10 US gal)
30 to 53 L (8 to 14 US gal)

Sheep
8 L (2 US gal)
8 to 11 L (2 to 3 US gal)

text: Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs [22]

text:
Crop
Crop water needs mm / total growing period

Sugar Cane
1500–2500

Banana
1200–2200

Citrus
900–1200

Potato
500–700

Tomato
400–800

Barley/Oats/Wheat
450–650

Cabbage
350–500

Onions
350–550

Pea
350–500


document_title: Welcome to the Jungle (2013 film)

question_text: where was welcome to the jungle movie filmed

text: Welcome to the Jungle (2013 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: An office team go on a two-day team-building seminar on a wilderness island. The group includes Chris, a meek office worker and Eagle Scout; Phil, a manipulative bully who steals his ideas; Lisa, an HR manager and Chris' love interest; and Jared, a sarcastic slacker. However, when the pilot is found dead and their ex-marine guide is mauled by a tiger, the office workers must fend for themselves.

text: Phil tries to assume leadership, but the group votes for Chris. Phil immediately wants to sacrifice Javier so they can eat him. He finds some coffee and adds a hallucinogenic herb that induces an orgy among some of the coworkers. They split into two teams. Phil feeds his team more psychedelic herbs and sets himself up as God. Chris` team finds an abandoned building with supplies. The guide shows up and they find out he's really not much use. Chris' team is captured by Phil's group, and Chris beats Phil by pretending to be a better God. A ship rescues the workers, except Phil who is left behind. Chris gets Phil's job, but quits, taking Lisa with him.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jean-Claude Van Damme as Storm Rothchild
Adam Brody as Chris
Megan Boone as Lisa
Rob Huebel as Phil
Kristen Schaal as Brenda
Dennis Haysbert as Mr. Crawford
Kristopher Van Varenberg as Brett
Bianca Bree as Ashley
Eric Edelstein as Jared
Robert Peters as Dale
Aaron Takahashi as Troy
Brian Tester as Senior Naval Officer
Stephanie Lopez as Stephanie
Mark Sherman as Sailor Bob
Michael J. Morris as Michael
Zev Glassenberg as Luther The Intern

text: Production[edit]

text: Shooting took place in Puerto Rico in early 2012.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, review aggregator, reports that 25% of eight surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.3/10.[5] Metacritic rated it 25/100 based on seven reviews.[6] John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "A decent cast is stranded on a desert island with a script best suited for campfire kindling".[7] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film is not funny or clever enough to work as a satire or farce, though it is unclear for which the film was aiming.[8] Steven Rea of the Philadelphia Inquirer rated it 1.5/4 stars and called it a "bumble-headed throwaway".[9]


document_title: The Wash

question_text: who lost the crown jewels in the wash

question_tokens: who lost the crown jewels in the wash

text: The Wash

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Wash is a large indentation in the coastline of Eastern England that separates the curved coast of East Anglia from Lincolnshire. It is a large bay with three roughly straight sides meeting at right angles, each about 15 miles (25 km) in length. The eastern coast of the Wash is entirely within Norfolk, and extends from a point a little north of Hunstanton in the north to the mouth of the River Great Ouse at King's Lynn in the south. The opposing coast, which is roughly parallel to the east coast, runs from Gibraltar Point to the mouth of the River Welland, all within Lincolnshire. The southern coast runs roughly north-west to south-east, connecting these two river mouths and is punctuated by the mouth of a third river, the River Nene.

text: Inland from the Wash the land is flat, low-lying and often marshy: these are the Fens of Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Norfolk.

text: Owing to deposits of sediment and land reclamation, the coastline of the Wash has altered markedly within historical times; several towns once on the coast of the Wash (notably King's Lynn) are now some distance inland. Much of the Wash itself is very shallow, with several large sandbanks, such as Breast Sand, Bulldog Sand, Roger Sand and Old South Sand, which are exposed at low tide, especially along the south coast. For this reason, navigation in the Wash can be hazardous.[11]

text: Two commercial shipping lane channels lead inland from The Wash, the River Nene leading to Sutton Bridge Docks in Lincolnshire and further inland to the Port of Wisbech in Cambridgeshire, and the River Great Ouse leading to King's Lynn Docks in Norfolk. Both shipping lanes have their own maritime pilot stations to guide and navigate incoming and outgoing cargo ships in The Wash.

text: A re-survey of the coastline of The Wash carried out by The Ordnance Survey in 2011 revealed an estimated additional 3,000 acres (12 km2) on the coastline of The Wash had been created by accretion since the previous surveys carried out between 1960 and 1980.

text: Water temperature[edit]

text: The Wash varies enormously in water temperature throughout the year. Winter temperatures are brought near freezing from the cold North Sea flows. Summer water temperatures can reach 20–23 °C (68–73 °F) after prolonged high ambient air temperature and sun. This effect, which typically happens in the shallow areas around beaches, and often only in pockets of water, is exaggerated by the large sheltered tidal reach.

text: Wash River[edit]

text: At the end of the latest glaciation, and while the sea level remained lower than it is today, the rivers Witham, Welland, Glen, Nene and Great Ouse joined into a large river.

text: The deep valley of the Wash was formed, not by the interglacial river, but by ice of the Wolstonian and Devensian stages flowing southwards up the slope represented by the modern coast and forming tunnel valleys of which the Silver Pit is one of many. It was this process which gave the Silver Pit its depth and narrowness. When the tunnel valley was free of ice and seawater, it was occupied by the river. This kept it free of sediment, unlike most of the tunnel valleys. Since the sea flooded it, the valley seems to have been kept open by tidal action. During the Ipswichian Stage, though the Wash River probably flowed by way of the site of the Silver Pit, the tunnel valley will not have been formed at this stage as its alignment seems inconsistent.

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: The Wash  is made up of very extensive salt marshes, major intertidal banks of sand and mud, shallow waters and deep channels. The seawall at Freiston has been breached in three places to increase the saltmarsh area, to provide an extra habitat for birds, particularly waders, and also as a natural flood prevention measure. The extensive creeks in the salt marsh, and the vegetation that grows there, helps dissipate wave energy thus improving the protection afforded to land behind the saltmarsh. This last aspect is an example of the recently developing exploration of the possibilities of sustainable coastal management by adopting soft engineering techniques. The same scheme includes new brackish lagoon habitat.

text: On the eastern side of the Wash, one finds low chalk cliffs with their famous stratum of red chalk, at Hunstanton, and gravel pits (lagoons) at Snettisham RSPB reserve, which are an important roost for waders at high tide. This SPA borders onto the North Norfolk Coast Special Protection Area.

text: To the north-west, the Wash extends to Gibraltar Point, another Special Protection Area.

text: The partially confined nature of the Wash habitats, combined with the ample tidal flows, allows shellfish to breed, especially shrimp, cockles and mussels. Some water birds such as oystercatchers feed on shellfish. It is also an important breeding area for common tern, and a feeding area for marsh harriers. Migrating birds, such as geese, duck and wading birds, come to the Wash in huge numbers to spend the winter, with an average total of around 400,000 birds present at any one time.[12] It has been estimated that about two million birds a year use the Wash for feeding and roosting during their annual migrations.

text: The Wash is recognised as being internationally important for 17 species of bird. These include pink-footed goose, dark-bellied brent goose, shelduck, pintail, oystercatcher, ringed plover, grey plover, golden plover, lapwing, knot, sanderling, dunlin, black-tailed godwit, bar-tailed godwit, curlew, redshank and turnstone.[12]

text: History[edit]

text: In Roman Britain, embankments were built around the Wash's margins to protect agricultural land from flooding. However, they fell into disrepair after the Roman withdrawal in the year 407.

text: Before the 12th century, when drainage and embankment efforts led by monks began to separate the land from the estuarine mudflats, the Wash was the tidal part of The Fens that extended as far as Cambridge and Peterborough.

text: From 865 to sometime around 1066, the Wash was used by the Vikings as a major route to invade East Anglia and Middle England, with Danes establishing themselves in Cambridge in 875.

text: The local people put up fierce resistance against the Normans for some time after the 1066 Conquest.

text: Documents before the 16th century referred to the Wash as Metaris Æstuarium ("The Reaping/Mowing/Cutting-Off Estuary"), the name given to it by Ptolemy in Roman times; it is still in occasional use. In the mid-16th century, when large-scale drainage and coastal reclamation works, led by Dutch engineers, began in and around the Wash, documents began to refer to "Waashe" or "Wysche" but only for the tidal parts of the rivers Welland and Nene. During the 17th century, however, "The Washes" came to describe "a very large arme" of the "German Ocean" (the North Sea).

text: Drainage and reclamation works around the Wash continued until the 1970s, with large areas of salt marsh progressively enclosed by banks and converted to agricultural land so that the Wash is now surrounded by artificial sea defences on all three landward sides.

text: In the 1970s, two large circular banks were built in the Terrington Marsh area of the Wash, as part of an abortive attempt to turn the entire estuary into a fresh water reservoir. The plan failed, not least because the banks were built using mud dredged from the salt marsh, which then salinated stored fresh water.

text: Hanse league[edit]

text: From 13th century the market town and seaport of Bishop's Lynn became the first member trading depot (kontor) of the Hanseatic League of ports in the Kingdom of England. During the 14th century,  Bishop’s Lynn ranked as the most important port in England, when sea trade with Europe was dominated by the Hanseatic League. The town still retains two former medieval Hanseatic League warehouses — Hanse House built in 1475 and Marriott's Warehouse.

text: King John and his jewels[edit]

text: King John of England is said to have lost some of his jewels at the Wash in 1216.[13] According to contemporary reports, John travelled from Spalding, Lincolnshire, to Bishop's Lynn, Norfolk, but he was taken ill and decided to return. While he took the longer route by way of Wisbech, he sent his baggage train along the causeway and ford across the mouth of the Wellstream. This route was usable only at low tide; the horse-drawn wagons moved too slowly for the incoming tide, and many were lost.[14] However, scholars cannot agree on whether the king's jewels were actually inside the baggage train,[15] and there is evidence that his regalia were intact after the journey.[16]

text: The location of the accident is supposed to be somewhere near Sutton Bridge, on the River Nene. The name of the river changed as a result of redirection of the Great Ouse in the 17th century, and Bishop's Lynn became King's Lynn as a result of King Henry VIII's rearrangement of the Church of England.

text: There is also a suspicion that John left his jewels in Lynn as security for a loan and arranged for their "loss". That looks likely to be apocryphal. However that may be, he stayed the following night, 12–13 October 1216, at Swineshead Abbey, moved on to Newark-on-Trent and died of his illness on 19 October.[17]

text: Air weapons training range[edit]

text: A Ministry of Defence weapons Range Danger Area is also located along a small region of The Wash coastline, reserved for Royal Air Force, Army Air Corps and NATO-allied bombing and air weapons training—RAF Holbeach, active since 1926, was historically originally part of the former RAF Sutton Bridge station. Another air weapons training range located on The Wash—RAF Wainfleet, operating since 1938, was decommissioned in 2010.

text: Local traditions[edit]

text: Sailing from out of the South Lincolnshire Fens into the Wash (especially with respect to shell-fishing) is traditionally known locally as "going down below". Although still used today, the origin of the phrase is unknown and it is generally an oral tradition without documentary evidence for it.[18]

text: Landmark[edit]

text: St Botolph's Church of the Parish of Boston (nicknamed the Boston Stump) is a Lincolnshire landmark that on clear days can be seen from the Norfolk side of the Wash. The Outer Trial Bank, a remnant of a 1970s government experiment, lies approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) off the Lincolnshire coast near the River Nene.

text: Proposed racetrack[edit]

text: In 1934 a proposal was made with the support of Malcolm Campbell, the famous racing driver and world speed record holder, to build a 15-mile-long (24 km) racetrack on reclaimed land from Boston to Gibraltar Point, near Skegness. The race track would have also been used as a road to the resort of Skegness when there was no racing. There was also to be a long lake for boat racing inside the track loop. In the financial climate of the 1930s, amid the Great Depression, the project did not proceed.


document_title: George of the Jungle (film)

question_text: who plays ursula in george of the jungle

text: George of the Jungle (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In an animated sequence, a plane flying through the fictional Bukuvu region in the heart of Africa crashes. A child on board the plane disappears into the jungle, eventually growing up to be George.

text: Ursula Stanhope, a San Francisco heiress, tours Uganda with local guide Kwame and a trio of porters Kip, N'Dugo, and Baleto. Ursula is joined by her fiancé, Lyle Van De Groot, who tracked her down with help from two poachers Max and Thor. Lyle intends on whisking Ursula home to marry her, but his pompous buffoonery irritates the porters, particularly when he nearly kills one by shaking a rope bridge. Kwame tells Ursula of the legend of the "White Ape", said to be a superhuman primate who rules the local jungle.

text: The next day, Lyle tries to drag Ursula away but they are attacked by a lion. Lyle tries to flee but knocks himself out. Ursula is rescued by the legendary White Ape, revealed to be George, who is childlike and has a habit of crashing into trees when swinging on vines.

text: George takes Ursula to his treehouse home, where she meets his extensive family of apes, including an intelligent talking gorilla named Ape. George also has an African elephant named Shep who he treats like a dog, a toco toucan named Tookie who provides gossip, and Little Monkey, an emotional capuchin monkey. Meanwhile, Lyle, Max, Thor, and the porters search for Ursula. George befriends Ursula, teaching her how to swing on vines, and tries to woo her following Ape's advice to do so in the manner that a gorilla would. When this fails, he then charms her with a dance around a campfire.

text: Lyle, Max, and Thor discover George's treehouse, and Lyle accidentally shoots George with a firearm he mistook for a novelty lighter. While Lyle is arrested, Ursula flies George back to San Francisco to get him medical treatment. George explores the city and rescues a paraglider on the Bay Bridge. Ursula, uninterested in marrying Lyle, admits the truth to her parents, but her overbearing mother Beatrice objects, wanting her to marry the wealthy Lyle. At a party, Beatrice takes George aside and tells him to give up Ursula for her own sake or else she would turn George into a eunuch. In Africa, Max and Thor capture Ape with the intention of using him to make money. Tookie is sent to retrieve George, and they return to rescue Ape. Ursula realizes she loves George and departs to follow him with her father Arthur's blessing.

text: Ape tricks the poachers into circling the jungle and returning to the treehouse where George confronts them. Ursula and George's animal family aid him in defeating the poachers. However, Lyle appears, having escaped jail, joined a cult, and is now a wedding minister, intending on forcing Ursula into marriage and has George captured by mercenaries. George escapes with help from his ape friends, and pursues Ursula and Lyle down river rapids, successfully rescuing Ursula by performing the "biggest swing in jungle history". Lyle enters a dark cave, believing Ursula is still in the life raft, and ends up being forced to fall in love with a female gorilla. After professing their love to each other, George and Ursula wed in Africa, later have a son named George Jr, who they present to the animals from atop Pride Rock.

text: In a post-credits scene, Ape reveals he has become a famous entertainer in Las Vegas, using Max and Thor as stunt men.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brendan Fraser as George, a young man who was raised in the jungle like Tarzan and frequently crashes into trees while swinging on vines.[2]
Leslie Mann as Ursula Stanhope, a wealthy heiress.
Thomas Haden Church as Lyle van de Groot, Ursula's wealthy fiancé.
Richard Roundtree as Kwame, Ursula's jungle guide.
Greg Cruttwell and Abraham Benrubi as Max and Thor, 2 poachers and trackers who work for Lyle.
John Bennett Perry as Arthur Stanhope, Ursula's father.
Holland Taylor as Beatrice Stanhope, Ursula's mother.
Kelly Miller as Betsy, Ursula's friend.
Abdoulaye N'Gom as Kip, Ursula's friend and an African tour guide.
Michael Chinyamurindi as N'Dugo, Ursula's friend and another African tour guide.
Lydell M. Cheshier as Baleto, Ursula's friend and the third African tour guide.
Crystal the Monkey as monkey.

text: Voices[edit]

text:
John Cleese as Ape, a well-educated, talking gorilla who is George’s best friend.
Keith Scott as Narrator.
Frank Welker as Lion, Little Monkey, Shep, Tooki Tooki Bird, and Gorilla sound effects

text: Gorilla suit performers[edit]

text:
Nameer Ed-Kadi – Ape (body)
Tom Fisher
Jody St. Michael
Philip Tan
Lief Tilden
Robert Tygner – Ape (facial puppetry)

text: Animals[edit]

text: In the opening animated sequence, various animals swing on vines with young George, his "dog" Shep (actually an elephant), fetches a crocodile instead of a log, and a wildebeest falls in love with a bushman wearing a wildebeest mask.

text: In the live action film, a whole host of animals are seen. George fights with a lion, accidentally swings on a snake instead of a vine, rides an elephant, talks to a bird, and lives with various monkeys and apes.

text: The lion, elephant, and bird scenes were all filmed with a mix of real animals, puppetry (especially for the lion fight), and CGI (to show the elephant acting like a dog). The scenes with the orangutan, a chimpanzee, and the capuchin monkeys were filmed with live animals, but some computer work was used in a scene wherein the little monkey imitates George.

text: The large gorillas who live with George were all costumed actors or animatronic figures with the gorilla suits provided by Jim Henson's Creature Shop.

text: In the "Pride Rock" scene, when George presents his son to the animals, CGI work is again used.[3]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Track #2, the Johnny Clegg song "Dela", also features the first few bars of the original George of the Jungle theme song (movie version only).

text:
"George of the Jungle" (Sheldon Allman, Stanley Worth) – 2:53 – Presidents of the United States of America
"Dela (I Know Why the Dog Howls at the Moon)" (Johnny Clegg) – 4:16 – Johnny Clegg & Savuka
"Wipe Out" (Jim Fuller, Berryhill, Patrick Connolly, Ron Wilson) – 2:39 – The Surfaris
"The Man on the Flying Trapeze" (Traditional) – 0:57 – Roger Freeland, Jon Joyce, Steve Lively, Gary Stockdale
"My Way" (Paul Anka, Jacques Revaux, Claude François, Gilles Thibault) – 1:11 – John Cleese
"Aba Daba Honeymoon" (Walter Donovan, Arthur Fields) – 1:55 – Karen Harper
"George of the Jungle" (Allman, Worth) – 1:03 – "Weird Al" Yankovic
"Go Ape [The Dance Mix]" (Michael Becker) – 3:25 – Michael Becker
"Jungle Band" (Michael Becker) – 3:18 – Carl Graves
"George to the Rescue" – 1:11
"Rumble in the Jungle" – 3:15
"The Little Monkey" – 2:23
"George of the Jungle [Main Title Movie Mix]" (Marc Shaiman) – 2:20

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2014)

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 56% based on 52 reviews with an average rating of 5.3/10. The consensus states: "George of the Jungle is faithful to its source material—which, unfortunately, makes it a less-than-compelling feature film". Roger Ebert awarded the movie three out of four stars, praising the film as "good-natured" and complimenting the cast's comedic performances.[4]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The movie debuted at No. 2 at the box office behind Men in Black, and eventually went on to become a box office success, grossing $174.4 million worldwide.[5]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: The movie was followed by a direct-to-video sequel, George of the Jungle 2, which picks up five years after the original. Most of the major characters are re-cast using different actors, although Keith Scott, Thomas Haden Church and John Cleese reprise their roles from the original.


document_title: Serjeant-at-arms

question_text: who carrie the mace into the debating chamber

text: Serjeant-at-arms

text: Origins[edit]

text: The term "sergeant" can be given two main definitions; the first being a military rank and the other a governmental role. Whereas technically the two roles were not mutually exclusive, they were very different in roles and duties. The soldier sergeant was a man of what would now be thought of as the 'middle class', fulfilling a slightly junior role to the knight in the medieval hierarchy. Sergeants could fight either as heavy to light cavalry, or as well-trained professional infantry, either spearmen or crossbowmen. Most notable medieval mercenaries fell into the 'sergeant' class, such as Flemish crossbowmen and spearmen, who were seen as reliable quality troops. The sergeant class were deemed to be 'worth half of a knight' in military value. The office originated in medieval England to serve the sovereign in a police role, much like a bailiff in more recent times. Indeed, the sergeants-at-arms constitute the oldest royal bodyguard in England, dating from the time of King Richard I (around 1189) as a formed body. The title "sergeant-at-arms" appears during the crusades during the reign of King Philip II of France in 1192.[3]

text: The sergeant-at-arms was a personal attendant upon the king, especially charged with arresting those suspected of treason. Richard I had 24 with him on the Crusades. They were formed into a 20-strong Corps of Sergeants-at-Arms by King Edward I in 1278, as a mounted close escort.[4] In 1399 King Richard II limited the corps to thirty sergeants, and King Charles II had sixteen. The number was reduced to eight in 1685 and since then it has gradually declined.

text: The original responsibilities of the sergeant-at-arms included "collecting loans and, impressing men and ships, serving on local administration and in all sorts of ways interfering with local administration and justice."[5] Around 1415, the British House of Commons received its first sergeant-at-arms.[6] From that time onwards the sergeant has been a royal appointment, the sergeant being one of the Sovereign's Sergeants-at-Arms. The House of Lords has a similar officer.

text: The formal role of a sergeant-at-arms in modern legislative bodies is to keep order during meetings, and, if necessary, forcibly remove any members or guests who are overly rowdy or disruptive. A sergeant-at-arms may thus be a retired soldier, police officer, or other official with experience in security. The Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons has general charge of certain administrative and custodial functions, as well as security within the chamber of the House.

text: Specific countries[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The Australian House of Representatives operates under the Westminster parliamentary system. The Serjeant-at-Arms is a career officer of the Department of the House of Representatives. The ceremonial duties are as the custodian of the Mace, the symbol of the authority of the Crown and the Houses, and as the messenger for formal messages from the House to the Senate.[5] The Serjeant has the authority to remove disorderly people, by force if necessary, from the House or the public or press galleries on the instructions of the Speaker.[5] The administrative duties of the Serjeant include allocation of office accommodation, furniture and fittings for Members' offices, coordination of car transport for Members, mail and courier services for the House, security for the House and arrangements for school visits. Once a meeting has started in a House the Serjeant will usually stand at the door to keep authority and make sure no one else comes in or out.

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: The Serjeant-at-Arms is the senior official of the National Parliament (Jatio Sangshad) who is responsible for maintaining order during sessions and to maintain security and protocol at Parliament under the guidance of Speaker. Presently, Commodore M. Ashraful Haq, a naval officer, is appointed as Serjeant-at-Arms.[7]

text: Canada[edit]

text: The Sergeant-at-Arms is the senior official of the Canadian House of Commons. In this role, the sergeant-at-arms is responsible for the building services and security of the House of Commons, and is appointed by the Governor General acting on the advice of the Federal cabinet.[8] The Sergeant-at-Arms carries the mace, the symbol of the authority of the Crown, in the daily parade into the House of Commons chamber.

text: Provincial legislative assemblies, houses of assembly, national assemblies, and provincial parliaments (the nomenclature for legislatures varying between provinces) also employ sergeants-at-arms.

text: Although the position has become mostly ceremonial, during the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa, the then Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons, Kevin M. Vickers, assisted RCMP officers in engaging the gunman. Reports show that Sergeant-at-Arms Kevin Vickers alongside RCMP Constable Curtis Barrett, shot and killed the gunman who had gained access to the Centre Block of the Canadian Parliament buildings.[9] René Jalbert, Sergeant-at-Arms of the National Assembly of Quebec, is also known for his role in ending Denis Lortie's killing spree in the Parliament Building on 8 May 1984 by constituting himself hostage and negotiating with the shooter for four hours.[10]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The New Zealand House of Representatives operates under the Westminster parliamentary system.

text: The current Serjeant-at-Arms is Steve Streefkerk, a permanent Officer of the House supported by the Chamber and Meeting Support Team.

text: The Serjeant-at-Arms controls Officials and members staff coming to the House, and the surrounding areas such as the lobbies and the members lounge.[11] There is involvement at Select Committees where the Chairman seeks assistance to maintain good order. The Serjeant-at-Arms sits in the debating chamber opposite the Speaker at the visitors door for each House sitting session to ensure that security is effective, good order is maintained, administers the Members Attendance Register and takes instructions from the Speaker Rt Hon David Carter MP, or the other Presiding Officers - Deputy Speaker or two Assistant Speakers, when they are presiding.

text: The Chamber & Meeting Support Officers control all access to the House, and attend to the needs of the MP's, and officials when the House is undertaking its business.

text: The Gallery operation for visitors / strangers is controlled by the Parliamentary Service Security Service, but the Speaker and the Serjeant-at-Arms have the overall authority as defined in Standing Orders.

text: The Clerk of the New Zealand House of Representatives is Mr David Martin Wilson. The Clerk-Assistant (House Services) is Suze Jones.

text: Past Serjeants-at-Arms in recent times have been Group Captain Manson, Wing Commander Bob McKay, Ms Ipi Cross, Ms Carol Rankin, Mr Donald Cameron, Mr Fred Hutton and Mr Brent Smith.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The Serjeant-at-Arms is a member of the parliamentary staff who acts as the official guardian of the mace, a decorated rod which is the symbol of the authority of the Parliament of South Africa. The mace must be in position in the National Assembly Chamber during a plenary sitting.

text: The Serjeant-at-Arms is also responsible for maintaining the attendance register of the Members in the House. S/he must also maintain order in the House and remove people from the House as ordered by the Speaker.[12]

text: According to the National Assembly Rules, "the Serjeant-at-Arms shall remove, or cause to be removed, any stranger from any part of a Chamber which has been set apart for members only, and also any stranger who, having been admitted into any other part of the Chamber, misconducts himself or herself or does not withdraw when strangers are ordered to withdraw."[13]

text: The Serjeant-at-Arms is attired in a black tailcoat, waistcoat, starched white shirt, bow tie, and white gloves. The current Serjeant-at-Arms is Regina Mhlomi, who succeeded Godfrey Cleinwerck. [14] The Usher of the Black Rod is Vincent Shabalala whose duty it is to escort the presiding officers of the National Council of Provinces into its Chamber.[15]

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: The Parliament of Sri Lanka was established in the form of the Westminster parliamentary system. The Serjeant-at-Arms second most important permanent officer in the Parliament, who heads his own department, the Department of the Serjeant-at-Arms. The Serjeant-at-Arms is appointed by the Secretary General of Parliament and is responsible for all ceremonial occasions as the master of ceremonies in Parliament, preservation of order, custody of the Mace, security, admission of visitors, allocation of accommodation within the House and supervision of galleries.[16]

text: Responsible for security, by tradition he is the only officer authorized to carry a weapon inside the Parliament building and is assisted by the Parliament Police Division.[16] Admission of visitors to the precincts of Parliament is controlled by the Serjeant-at-Arms.

text: Ronnie Abeysinghe was the longest serving Serjeant-at-arms in the history of Sri Lanka. He held the position from 1970 to 1996.[17]

text: The current Serjeant-at-Arms is Anil P. Samarasekara.[17]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Parliament[edit]

text: The Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons is responsible for security matters concerning the House of Commons. The Serjeant, whilst in the Commons overseeing proceedings, can also escort MPs out of the chamber by order of the Speaker of the House. The post dates back to 1415, and has often been held by retired military or police figures (though in recent years those from a civil service background have been appointed). The current Serjeant-at-Arms is Kamal El-Hajji (appointed in December 2015); he was previously the head of Front of House and VIP Relations at the Ministry of Justice from 2010.

text: The equivalent officer for the House of Lords is the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod; there was formerly a separate Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Lords, but the two appointments were merged in 1971 (since when the mace has routinely been carried by Black Rod's deputy, the Yeoman Usher).

text: The Royal Household[edit]

text: In addition to the above-mentioned officers there are other Serjeants-at-Arms who attend the Sovereign on State occasions, a remnant of the body established by Richard I (though today their role is purely ceremonial). Usually, members of the Royal Household who serve as Serjeants-at-Arms have had the office bestowed on them as a mark of distinction for long and meritorious service.[18]

text: Insignia[edit]

text: The Mace serves as a symbol of royal and parliamentary authority. Ten maces are kept in the Jewel House at the Tower of London in addition to those kept by the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Lord Chancellor. As well as carrying their Maces, on State occasions each Serjeant-at-Arms wears a Collar of esses as a symbol of his or her office.

text: United States[edit]

text: The two houses of the United States Congress maintain the position of sergeant-at-arms. The sergeants are charged with the maintenance of order on the floor of the chamber (in the House, he may "display" the mace in front of an unruly member as an admonition to behave); they serve with the Architect of the Capitol on the commission that oversees the United States Capitol Police and security for the Congress, and they serve a variety of other functional and ceremonial roles.[19][20]

text: Other bodies[edit]

text: Other bodies—from state and local legislative houses (city councils, county legislatures and the like) to civic and social organizations—have created posts of sergeants-at-arms, primarily to enforce order at the direction of the chair and to assist in practical details of organizing meetings.[21][22][23] Other duties may include the greeting of visitors or providing security.[24][25] The sergeant-at-arms may be in charge of the organization's property.[24]

text: In large organizations, the sergeant-at-arms may have assistants.[26]

text: A law enforcement officer may serve in the role of sergeant-at-arms or it may be a paid (or unpaid), permanent position in the organization.[26][27]