document_title: IKEA

question_text: when was the first ikea store opened in usa

question_tokens: when was the first ikea store opened in usa

text: IKEA

text: History[edit]

text: This section appears to be slanted towards recent events. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA in 1943 as a mostly mail-order sales business. It began to sell furniture five years later.[26] The first Möbel-IKÉA store was opened in Älmhult, Småland, in 1958 (Möbel means "furniture" in Swedish). The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969). The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974).[27]

text: Amid a high level of success, the company's West German executives accidentally opened a store in Konstanz in 1973 instead of Koblenz.[26] Later that decade, stores opened in other parts of the world, such as Japan (1974), Australia, Canada,[28][29] Hong Kong (1975), and Singapore (1978).[30] IKEA further expanded in the 1980s, opening stores in countries such as France and Spain (1981), Belgium (1984),[31] the United States (1985),[32] the United Kingdom (1987),[33] and Italy (1989).[34] The company later expanded into more countries in the 1990s and 2000s. Germany, with 53 stores, is IKEA's biggest market, followed by the United States, with 48 stores. At the end of the 2009 financial year, the IKEA group operated 267 stores in 25 countries.[35][needs update] The first IKEA store in Latin America opened on 17 February 2010 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.[36][37] As of July 2013, the company's presence in developing countries remains minimal.

text: In December 2014, the world's largest IKEA store at 59,000 m2 (635,070.7 sq ft),[39][40][41][42][38][43][44][45] opened near the KTX Gwangmyeong Station, located at the heart of South Korea's Seoul Capital Area. It opened the world's fourth largest store (and the largest standalone store in the world[46]) in Goyang, Gyeonggi on October 2017 at 52,199 square meters.[47] IKEA plans to open two more stores of such scale in the Seoul Capital Area, along with a store in Daejeon and Busan by 2020.

text: The largest store in the Southern Hemisphere is located in Tempe, Sydney, Australia with an area of 39,000 m2 (420,000 sq ft).[48] The biggest store in North America is located in Montreal, in the province of Quebec, Canada. The store was opened in 1986 in the Ville-St-Laurent area, and was completely renovated and expanded in 2012-2013. Built in 1986, the store's initial area was 22,062 m2 (237,470 sq ft), while the renovated store now measures 43,636 m2 (469,690 sq ft).

text: In March 2013, IKEA opened its first outlet in Qatar, after a delay of several months.[49][50] Like others in the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Doha outlet is operated by the Al-Futtaim Group.[51] In August 2013, the first store in the Baltic States was opened in the Vilnius region of Lithuania. Construction of the 285,243 sq ft (26,000 m2) store commenced in 2011 and the store employs over 200 people.[52] It is the biggest furniture-selling mall in the Baltic states.[53]

text: In 2014, IKEA opened its first warehouse in Croatia, near Zagreb.[54] The warehouse opened its doors on 21 August 2014.[55] The shopping center in Zagreb with an area of 38,000 m2 (410,000 sq ft) is one of the five biggest in Europe and among the 10 biggest IKEA stores in the world.[56][57][58][59]

text: On 26 March 2015,[60] a set of 19 storage buildings holding various film and TV props, owned by Western Studio Services, were demolished in favor of construction of the largest IKEA in the United States.[61] Located in Burbank, California, this store replaced Burbank's existing IKEA located less than a mile away from the new construction site, which was nearly double the size of the existing store (456,000 sq ft).[61] The existing store ceased operations on 4 February 2017,[62] and the grand opening of the new store took place on 8 February 2017.[63]

text: IKEA began constructing its first store in India on 11 August 2016. The 400,000 sq ft store in Hyderabad is being built at a cost of ₹7 billion (US$110 million),[64][65] and is scheduled to open in early 2018. IKEA purchased 610,000 sq ft of land in Bengaluru, Karnataka next to a Namma Metro station where the company plans on opening their third store in India later the same year.[66] The store in Bengaluru will be IKEA's biggest in Asia. The company began construction of its second Indian store at Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra on 18 May 2017 and it is scheduled to open in January 2019. IKEA plans to open 5 stores in the state of Maharashtra and also build a distribution centre in Pune.[67][68] Per Indian regulations, IKEA will have to locally source at least 30% of the products sold at its Indian stores. The company plans to open 25 stores across 8 cities in the country by 2025. It predicts that Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore will be the company's largest markets, while Chennai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat and smaller cities will also receive IKEA stores.[69] On 1 November 2017 IKEA bought 10 acres of land in Gurugram to expand operations in Northern India.[70]

text: On 31 January 2017, IKEA announced that it will open a new store in Latvia. It will be the second store to open in the Baltic states. The store will be located near Riga and is planned to open in August 2018.[71][72]

text: On 10 August 2017, IKEA opened its first store in Serbia and 400th store overall. IKEA invested €70 million, and plans to open a second store in Belgrade in the future.

text: On 16 November 2017, IKEA opened its third store in Malaysia in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. It is the largest store in Southeast Asia, spanning 502,815 sq ft.[73]

text: On 15 March 2018, IKEA opened its second store in Thailand in Bangkok, Thailand. It is now largest store in Southeast Asia instead of Johor Bahru, Malaysia, with the area total of 50,278 sq.m. with 1,900 car park lots and it's also the first store with cashiers are installed all floors .[74][75]

text: IKEA was awarded the Nordic Language Award of 2017 for introducing Scandinavian language and culture to the global audience.[76]

text: Founder Ingvar Kamprad died on 27 January 2018.[77]

text: Store design[edit]

text: Layout[edit]

text: Older IKEA stores are usually blue buildings with yellow accents (also Sweden's national colours) and large minarets. They are often designed in a one-way layout, leading customers counter clockwise along what IKEA calls "the long natural way" designed to encourage the customer to see the store in its entirety (as opposed to a traditional retail store, which allows a customer to go directly to the section where the desired goods and services are displayed). There are often shortcuts to other parts of the showroom. Newer IKEA stores, like the one in Mönchengladbach, Germany, make more use of glass, both for aesthetics and functionality. Skylights are also now common in the self-serve warehouses; natural lighting reduces energy costs, improves worker morale and gives a better impression of the products.

text: The sequence first involves going through the furniture showrooms making note of selected items. The customer then collects a shopping cart and proceeds to an open-shelf "Market Hall" warehouse for smaller items, then visits the self-service furniture warehouse to collect previously noted showroom products in flat pack form. Sometimes, they are directed to collect products from an external warehouse on the same site or at a site nearby after purchase. Finally, customers pay for their products at a cash register.

text: Today, most stores follow the same layout of having the showroom upstairs with the marketplace and self-service warehouse downstairs. Some stores are single level, while others have separate warehouses to allow more stock to be kept on-site. Single-level stores are found predominantly in areas where the cost of land would be less than the cost of building a 2-level store, such as the Saarlouis, Germany and Haparanda, Sweden locations. Some stores have dual-level warehouses with machine-controlled silos to allow large quantities of stock to be accessed throughout the selling day.

text: Most IKEA stores offer an "as-is" area at the end of the warehouse, just before the cash registers. Returned, damaged and formerly showcased products are displayed here and sold with a significant discount, but also with a no-returns policy. Most IKEA stores communicate the IKEA policy on environmental issues in this part of the store. The area, which is painted red, is named according to local customs, in the United Kingdom this is referred to as "Bargain Corner", in Sweden "FYND" (Bargains) and in Denmark, "Rodebutikken" (Rummage boutique).

text: IKEA uses a sales technique called "bulla bulla" in which a bunch of items are purposefully jumbled in bins, to create the impression of volume, and therefore, inexpensiveness.[26][78]

text: Restaurant and food markets[edit]

text: IKEA's own restaurant are all over the world and the taste is cross-cultural.Every store includes a restaurant serving traditional Swedish food, including potatoes with Swedish meatballs.[79][80] In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the usual boiled or mashed potatoes have been replaced with French fries. Besides these Swedish foods, hot dogs and drinks are also sold, along with a few varieties of the local cuisine, and beverages such as lingonberry juice. Also items such as prinsesstårta (princess cake) are sold as desserts. Stores in Israel sell kosher food with a high degree of rabbinical supervision.[81] The kosher restaurants are separated into dairy and meat areas; falafel and non-dairy ice cream are available at the exit. IKEA stores in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates serve chicken shawarma at the exit café as well as beef hot dogs, while in United Kingdom, a Quorn hot dog is available in the exit café.[82] Coffee, soft drinks, and tea refills are free, as like in Sweden within store premises. All of the stores are equipped with Nordic fruit drinks since 2017, replacing Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

text: In many locations, the IKEA restaurants open daily before the rest of the store and serve an inexpensive breakfast.[83][84][85]

text: Every store also has a Swedish Food Market that, until 2011, sold branded Swedish prepared specialist foods, such as meatballs, packages of gravy, lingonberry jam, various biscuits and crackers, and salmon and fish roe spread. Later, IKEA replaced most of the branded foods and extended its product range with the introduction of the IKEA food label. The new label has a variety of items including chocolates, meatballs, jams, pancakes, salmon, along with various drinks.[86] All food products are based on Swedish recipes and traditions.

text: Småland[edit]

text: Every store has a kids play area, named Småland (Swedish for small lands; it is also the Swedish province where Kamprad was born). Parents drop off their children at a gate to the playground, and pick them up after they arrive at another entrance. In some stores, parents are given free pagers by the on-site staff, which the staff can use to summon parents whose children need them earlier than expected; in others, staff summon parents through announcements over the in-store public address system or by calling them on their cellphones.[87]

text: Alternative designs[edit]

text: The vast majority of IKEA stores are located outside of city centers, primarily because of land cost and traffic access. Several smaller store formats have been unsuccessfully tested in the past (the "midi" concept in the early '90s, which was tested in Ottawa and Heerlen with 9,300 m2 (100,000 sq ft), or a "boutique" shop in Manhattan). A new format for a full-size, city centre store was introduced with the opening of the Manchester (United Kingdom) store, situated in Ashton-under-Lyne in 2006. Another store, in Coventry opened in December 2007. The store has seven floors and a different flow from other IKEA stores. IKEA's Southampton store which opened in February 2009 is also in the city centre and built in an urban style similar to the Coventry store. IKEA built these stores in response to UK government restrictions blocking retail establishment outside city centres.[88]

text: In Hong Kong, where shop space is limited and costly, IKEA has opened three outlets in the city, most of which have the one-way layout. They are part of shopping malls, and while being tiny compared to common store design, are huge by Hong Kong standards.

text: In 2015, IKEA announced that it would be attempting a smaller store design at several locations in Canada. This modified store will feature only a display gallery and small warehouse. One location planned for Kitchener is in the place formerly occupied by a Sears Home store. The warehouses will not keep furniture stocked, and so customers will not be able to drop in to purchase and leave with furniture the same day. Instead, they will purchase the furniture in advance online or in store and order the furniture delivered to one of the new stores, for a greatly reduced rate. IKEA claims that this new model will allow them to expand quickly into new markets rather than spending years opening a full-size store.[89]

text: Products and services[edit]

text: Furniture[edit]

text: Rather than being sold pre-assembled, much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be assembled by the customer. The company claims that this helps reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air; the volume of a bookcase, for example, is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled. This is also more practical for customers using public transport, because flat packs can be more easily carried.

text: IKEA contends that it has been a pioneering force in sustainable approaches to mass consumer culture.[90] Kamprad calls this "democratic design," meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to manufacturing and design (see also environmental design). In response to the explosion of human population and material expectations in the 20th and 21st centuries, the company implements economies of scale, capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of Medium-Density Fiberboard ("MDF"), also called "particle board." It is an engineered wood fibre glued under heat and pressure to create a building material of superior strength which is resistant to warp. IKEA uses cabinet-grade and furniture-grade MDF in all of its MDF products, such as PAX wardrobes and kitchen cupboards. IKEA also uses wood, plastic, and other materials for furniture and other products. The intended result is flexible, adaptable home furnishings, scalable both to smaller homes and dwellings as well as large houses.

text: Not all furniture is stocked at the store level, such as particular sofa colours needing to be shipped from a warehouse to the customer's home (for a delivery charge). The item can also be shipped from the warehouse to the store. Some stores charge an extra fee for this service, but not all.[clarification needed]

text: Notable items of IKEA furniture include the Poäng armchair, the Billy bookcase and the Klippan sofa, all of which have sold by the tens of millions since the late 1970s.[91][92]

text: Product names[edit]

text: IKEA products are identified by one-word (rarely two-word) names. Most of the names are Scandinavian in origin. Although there are some exceptions, most product names are based on a special naming system developed by IKEA.[93] Company founder Kamprad was dyslexic and found that naming the furniture with proper names and words, rather than a product code, made the names easier to remember.[94]

text:
Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookshelves, media storage, doorknobs: Swedish placenames (for example: Klippan)
Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture: Norwegian place names
Dining tables and chairs: Finnish place names
Bookcase ranges: Occupations
Bathroom articles: Scandinavian lakes, rivers and bays
Kitchens: grammatical terms, sometimes also other names
Chairs, desks: men's names
Fabrics, curtains: women's names
Garden furniture: Swedish islands
Carpets: Danish place names
Lighting: terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, measures, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, nautical terms
Bedlinen, bed covers, pillows/cushions: flowers, plants, precious stones
Children's items: mammals, birds, adjectives
Curtain accessories: mathematical and geometrical terms
Kitchen utensils: foreign words, spices, herbs, fish, mushrooms, fruits or berries, functional descriptions
Boxes, wall decoration, pictures and frames, clocks: colloquial expressions, also Swedish place names

text: For example, DUKTIG (meaning: clever, well-behaved) is a line of children's toys, OSLO is a name of a bed, BILLY (a Swedish masculine name) is a popular bookcase, DINERA (meaning: (to) dine) for tableware, KASSETT (meaning: cassette) for media storage. One range of office furniture is named EFFEKTIV (meaning: efficient, effective), SKÄRPT (meaning: sharp or clever) is a line of kitchen knives.

text: A notable exception is the IVAR shelving system, which dates back to the early 1970s. This item is named after the item's designer.

text: Some of IKEA's Swedish product names have amusing or unfortunate connotations in other languages, sometimes resulting in the names being withdrawn in certain countries. Notable examples for English include the "Jerker" computer desk (discontinued several years ago as of 2013), "Fukta" plant spray, "Fartfull" workbench,[95] and "Lyckhem" (meaning bliss). Kitchen legs are called FAKTUM (called AKURUM in the United States). The latest addition is the new "Askholmen" outdoor suite. Similar blunders happen with other multinational companies.[96]

text: Smart home[edit]

text: In 2016 IKEA started a move into the smart home business. The TRÅDFRI smart lighting kit was one of the first ranges signalling this change.[97] IKEA's media team has confirmed that smart home project will be a big move. They have also started a partnership with Philips Hue.[98] The wireless charging furniture, integrating wireless Qi charging into everyday furniture, is another strategy for the smart home business.[99]

text: A collaboration to build Sonos' smart speaker technology into furniture sold by IKEA was announced in December 2017.[100] The first products resulting from the collaboration will launch in 2019.[101]

text: Houses and flats[edit]

text: IKEA has also expanded its product base to include flat-pack houses and apartments, in an effort to cut prices involved in a first-time buyer's home. (This practice is not new; the defunct Canadian retailer Eaton's sold houses in a similar fashion), The IKEA product, named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with Skanska. Now working in the Nordic countries and in the UK, sites confirmed in England include London, Ashton-under-Lyne, Leeds, Gateshead, Warrington and Liverpool.[102]

text: Solar PV systems[edit]

text: At the end of September 2013, the company announced that solar panel packages, so-called "residential kits", for houses will be sold at 17 UK stores by mid-2014. The decision followed a successful pilot project at the Lakeside IKEA store, whereby one photovoltaic system was sold almost every day. The solar CIGS panels are manufactured by Solibro, a German-based subsidiary of the Chinese company Hanergy.[103][104] By the end of 2014, IKEA began to sell Solibro's solar residential kits in the Netherlands and in Switzerland.[105]

text: In November 2015 IKEA ended its contract with Hanergy and in April 2016 started working with Solarcentury[106]

text: IKEA announced in April 2016, that it was doing a second attempt with SolarCity to sell solar panels in the United Kingdom. It allows users to be able to order them online and starting with three stores and by the end of summer available in all United Kingdom stores.[107]

text: Other ventures[edit]

text: IKEA owns and operates the MEGA Family Shopping Centre chain in Russia.

text: On 8 August 2008, IKEA UK launched a virtual mobile phone network called IKEA Family Mobile, which ran on T-Mobile.[108] At launch it was the cheapest pay-as-you-go network in the UK.[109][110] In June 2015 the network announced that its services would cease to operate from 31 August 2015.[111][112]

text: As of 2012, IKEA is in joint venture with TCL to provide Uppleva integrated HDTV and entertainment system product.[113][114]

text: In mid-August 2012, the company announced that it will establish a chain of 100 economy hotels in Europe but, unlike its few existing hotels in Scandinavia, they will not carry the IKEA name, nor will they use IKEA furniture and furnishings – they will be operated by an unnamed international group of hoteliers.[115]

text: In September 2017, IKEA announced they would be acquiring San Francisco-based TaskRabbit. The deal should be completed by the end of October 2017 and TaskRabbit will remain an independent company.[116]

text: Corporate structure[edit]

text: IKEA is owned and operated by a complicated array of not-for-profit and for-profit corporations. The corporate structure is divided into two main parts: operations and franchising.

text: The ownership of Inter IKEA Systems is exceedingly complicated and not publicly known. Inter IKEA Systems is owned by Inter IKEA Holding, a company registered in Luxembourg. The Inter IKEA Holding, in turn, is owned by the Interogo Foundation, based in Liechtenstein.[117][118] In 2016, the INGKA Holding sold its design, manufacturing and logistics subsidiaries to the Inter IKEA Holding.[119]

text: In June 2013, Ingvar Kamprad resigned from the board of Inter IKEA Holding SA and his youngest son Mathias Kamprad replaced Per Ludvigsson as the chairman of the holding company. Following his decision to step down, the 87-year-old founder explained, "I see this as a good time for me to leave the board of Inter IKEA Group. By that we are also taking another step in the generation shift that has been ongoing for some years."[120] After the 2016 company restructure, Inter IKEA Holding SA no longer exists. Mathias Kamprad became board member of the Inter IKEA Group and the Interogo Foundation.[121] Mathias and his two older brothers, who also have leadership roles at IKEA, work on the corporation's overall vision and long-term strategy.[120]

text: In Australia, IKEA is operated by two companies. Stores located on the East Coast including Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria are owned by INGKA Holding. Stores elsewhere in the country including South Australia and Western Australia are owned by Cebas Pty Ltd.[122] Like elsewhere, all stores are operated under a franchise agreement with Inter IKEA Systems.[123]

text: Control by Kamprad[edit]

text: Along with helping IKEA make non-taxable profit, IKEA's complicated corporate structure allowed Kamprad to maintain tight control over the operations of INGKA Holding, and thus the operation of most IKEA stores. The INGKA Foundation's five-person executive committee was chaired by Kamprad. It appoints board of INGKA Holding, approves any changes to INGKA Holding's bylaws, and has the right to preempt new share issues. If a member of the executive committee quits or dies, the other four members appoint his or her replacement.

text: In Kamprad's absence the foundation's bylaws include specific provisions requiring it to continue operating the INGKA Holding group and specifying that shares can be sold only to another foundation with the same objectives as the INGKA Foundation.[117]

text: Financial information[edit]

text: The net profit of IKEA Group (which does not include Inter IKEA systems) in fiscal year 2009 (after paying franchise fees to Inter IKEA systems) was €2.538 billion on sales of €21.846 billion. Because INGKA Holding is owned by the nonprofit INGKA Foundation, none of this profit is taxed. The foundation's nonprofit status also means that the Kamprad family cannot reap these profits directly, but the Kamprads do collect a portion of IKEA sales profits through the franchising relationship between INGKA Holding and Inter IKEA Systems.

text: Inter IKEA Systems collected €631 million of franchise fees in 2004, but reported pre-tax profits of only €225 million in 2004. One of the major pre-tax expenses that Inter IKEA systems reported was €590 million of "other operating charges". IKEA has refused to explain these charges, but Inter IKEA Systems appears to make large payments to I.I. Holding, another Luxembourg-registered group that, according to The Economist, "is almost certain to be controlled by the Kamprad family." I.I. Holding made a profit of €328 million in 2004.

text: In 2004, the Inter IKEA group of companies and I.I. Holding reported combined profits of €553m and paid €19m in taxes, or approximately 3.5 percent.[117] In 2013 the Daily Mail media publication reported that the IKEA subsidiary Swedwood had grown between 20-30% per year since its inception in 1991.[124]

text: The Berne Declaration, a non-profit organisation in Switzerland that promotes corporate responsibility, has formally criticised IKEA for its tax avoidance strategies. In 2007, the Berne Declaration nominated IKEA for one of its Public Eye "awards", which highlight corporate irresponsibility and are announced during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.[125]

text: In a company statement emailed on 14 October 2013, IKEA's full-year sales rose 3.1 percent due in part to growth in Russia and China. IKEA's revenue total rose to US$37.9 billion (27.9 billion euros), with significant growth also recorded in North America.[126]

text: In February 2016, the Greens / EFA group in the European Parliament issued a report entitled IKEA: Flat Pack Tax Avoidance on the tax planning strategies of IKEA and their possible use to avoid tax in several European countries. The report was sent to Pierre Moscovici, the European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs, and Margrethe Vestager, the European Commissioner for Competition, expressing the hope that it would be of use to them in their respective roles "to advance the fight for tax justice in Europe."[18] .[127] Sales jumped 17 per cent to almost €132 million in the 12 months to the end of August 2015 [128]

text: Manufacturing[edit]

text: Although IKEA household products and furniture are designed in Sweden, they are largely manufactured in developing countries to keep costs down. For most of its products, the final assembly is performed by the end-user (consumer).

text: Swedwood, an IKEA subsidiary, handles production of all of the company's wood-based products, with the largest Swedwood factory located in Southern Poland. According to the subsidiary, over 16,000 employees across 50 sites in 10 countries manufacture the 100 million pieces of furniture that IKEA sells annually. IKEA furniture uses the hardwood alternative particle board and Hultsfred, a factory in southern Sweden, is the company's sole supplier.[124]

text: Labor practices[edit]

text: During the 1980s, IKEA kept its costs down by using production facilities in East Germany. A portion of the workforce at those factories consisted of political prisoners. This fact, revealed in a report by Ernst & Young commissioned by the company, resulted from intermingling of criminals and political dissidents in the state-owned production facilities IKEA contracted with, a practice which was generally known in West Germany. IKEA was one of a number of companies, including West German firms, which benefited from this practice. The investigation resulted from attempts by former political prisoners to obtain compensation. In November 2012, IKEA admitted being aware at the time of the possibility of use of forced labor and failing to exercise sufficient control to identify and avoid it. A summary of the Ernst & Young report was released on 16 November 2012.[129]

text: IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by Working Mothers magazine. It ranked 80 in Fortune's 200 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008, IKEA Canada LP was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. [130]

text: In 2012, IKEA in France was accused by the independent newspaper Le Canard enchaîné and the investigative website Mediapart of spying on its employees and clients by illegally accessing French police records. The head of risk management at IKEA feared his employees were anti-globalists or potential ecoterrorists.[131][132]

text: Environmental performance[edit]

text: After initial environmental issues like the highly publicized formaldehyde scandals in the early 1980s and 1992,[133][134][135] IKEA took a proactive stance on environmental issues and tried to prevent future incidents through a variety of measures.[136] In 1990, IKEA invited Karl-Henrik Robèrt, founder of the Natural Step, to address its board of directors. Robert's system conditions for sustainability provided a strategic approach to improving the company's environmental performance. In 1990, IKEA adopted the Natural Step framework as the basis for its environmental plan.[137] This led to the development of an Environmental Action Plan, which was adopted in 1992. The plan focused on structural change, allowing IKEA to "maximize the impact of resources invested and reduce the energy necessary to address isolated issues."[137] The environmental measures taken include the following:

text:
Replacing polyvinylchloride (PVC) in wallpapers, home textiles, shower curtains, lampshades and furniture—PVC has been eliminated from packaging and is being phased out in electric cables;
minimizing the use of formaldehyde in its products, including textiles;
eliminating acid-curing lacquers;
producing a model of chair (OGLA) made from 100% post-consumer plastic waste;
introducing a series of air-inflatable furniture products into the product line. Such products reduce the use of raw materials for framing and stuffing and reduce transportation weight and volume to about 15% of that of conventional furniture;
reducing the use of chromium for metal surface treatment;
limiting the use of substances such as cadmium, lead, PCB, PCP, and Azo pigments;
using wood from responsibly managed forests that replant and maintain biological diversity;
using only recyclable materials for flat packaging and "pure" (non-mixed) materials for packaging to assist in recycling.[137]
introducing rental bicycles with trailers for customers in Denmark.[138]

text: In 2000 IKEA introduced its code of conduct for suppliers, called the IKEA way of purchasing, shortened as IWAY. Today IWAY is a totally integrated part of IKEA's purchasing model. IWAY covers social, safety and environmental questions. Today IKEA has around 60 IWAY auditors who perform hundreds of supplier audits every year. The main purpose with IWAY is to make sure that the IKEA suppliers follow the law in each country where they are based. Most IKEA suppliers fulfill the law today with exceptions for some special issues, one being excessive working hours in Asia, in countries such as China and India.[citation needed]

text: More recently,[when?] IKEA has stopped providing plastic bags to customers, but offers reusable bags for sale. The IKEA restaurants also only offer reusable plates, knives, forks, spoons, etc. Toilets in some IKEA WC-rooms have been outfitted with dual-function flushers. IKEA has recycling bins for compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), energy saving bulbs and batteries. In 2001 IKEA was one of the first companies to operate its own cross-border goods trains through several countries in Europe.[139]

text: In August 2008, IKEA also announced that it had created IKEA GreenTech, a €50 million venture capital fund. Located in Lund (a university town in Sweden), it will invest in 8–10 companies in the coming five years with focus on solar panels, alternative light sources, product materials, energy efficiency and water saving and purification. The aim is to commercialise green technologies for sale in IKEA stores within 3–4 years.[140][141]

text: To make IKEA a more sustainable company, a product life cycle was created. For the idea stage, products should be flat-packed so that more items can be shipped at once; products should also be easier to dismantle and recycle. Raw materials are used, and since wood and cotton are two of IKEA's most important manufacturing products, the company works with environmentally friendly forests and cotton, whereby the excessive use of chemicals and water is avoided.[142]

text: Manufacturing is third in the life cycle and includes IWAY, IKEA's code of conduct for manufacturers and suppliers that formulates and enforces requirements for working conditions, social and environmental standards, and what suppliers can expect from IKEA in return. Marketing is another part of IKEA's life cycle and a portion of the paper used for its catalogues is sourced from responsibly managed forests. The catalogue is also smaller, so that less paper is required, less waste is produced and more catalogues can be shipped per load.[citation needed]

text: IKEA stores recycle waste and many run on renewable energy with the use of energy-saving bulbs and sensors. All employees are trained in environmental and social responsibility, while public transit is one of the priorities when the location of stores is considered. Also, the coffee and chocolate served at IKEA stores is UTZ Certified.[143]

text: The last stage of the life cycle is the end of life. Most IKEA stores recycle light bulbs and drained batteries, and the company is also exploring the recycling of sofas and other home furnishing products. According to IKEA's 2012 "Sustainability Report", 23% of all wood that the company uses meets the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council, and the report states that IKEA aims to double this percentage by 2017. The report also states that IKEA does not accept illegally logged wood and supports 13 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) projects.[124]

text: On 17 February 2011, IKEA announced its plans to develop a wind farm in Dalarna County, Sweden, furthering its goal of using only renewable energy to fuel its operations.[144] As of June 2012,[needs update] 17 United States IKEA stores are powered by solar panels, with 22 additional installations in progress,[145] and IKEA owns the 165 MW Cameron Wind farm in Cameron County on the South Texas coast[146] and a 42 MW coastal wind farm in Finland.[147]

text: In 2011, the company examined its wood consumption and noticed that almost half of its global pine and spruce consumption was for the fabrication of pallets. The company consequently started a transition to the use of paper pallets and the "Optiledge system".[148] The OptiLedge product is totally recyclable, made from 100% virgin high-impact copolymer polypropylene (PP). The system is a "unit load alternative to the use of a pallet. The system consists of the OptiLedge (usually used in pairs), aligned and strapped to the bottom carton to form a base layer upon which to stack more product. Corner boards are used when strapping to minimize the potential for package compression." The conversion began in Germany and Japan, before its introduction into the rest of Europe and North America.[149] The system has been marketed to other companies, and IKEA has formed the OptiLedge company to manage and sell the product.[150]

text: IKEA has expanded its sustainability plan in the UK to include electric car charge points for customers at all locations by the end of 2013.[151] The effort will include Nissan and Ecotricity and promise to deliver an 80% charge in 30 minutes.[152]

text: In February 2014, IKEA in the UK announced that from 2016 they will only sell energy-efficient LED lightbulbs, lamps and light fixtures. LED lightbulbs use as much as only 15% of the power of a regular incandescent light bulb.[153] IKEA hope to have a 100% clean energy supply in all their firms come the year 2020.[154]

text: Charitable giving[edit]

text: The INGKA Foundation is officially dedicated to promoting "innovations in architecture and interior design."[117] The net worth of the foundation exceeded the net worth of the much better known Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (now the largest private foundation in the world) for a period.[155] However, most of the Group's profit is spent on investment; the foundation expects to spend €45 million on charitable giving in 2010 (compare the Gates Foundation, which made gifts of more than $1.5 billion in 2005.[155])

text: IKEA is involved in several international charitable causes, particularly in partnership with UNICEF, including:

text:
In the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, IKEA Australia agreed to match dollar for dollar co-workers' donations and donated all sales of the IKEA Blue Bag to the cause.
After the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, IKEA gave 500,000 blankets to the relief effort in the region.[156]
IKEA has provided furniture for over 100 "bridge schools" in Liberia.[157]
In the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China, IKEA Beijing sold an alligator toy for 40 yuan (US$5.83, €3.70) with all income going to the children in the earthquake struck area.

text: IKEA also supports American Forests to restore forests and reduce pollution.[158][159]

text: IKEA Social Initiative[edit]

text: In September 2005, IKEA Social Initiative was formed to manage the company's social involvements on a global level. IKEA Social Initiative is headed by Marianne Barner.

text: The main partners of IKEA Social Initiative are UNICEF[160] and Save the Children.[161]

text: On 23 February 2009, at the ECOSOC event in New York, UNICEF announced that IKEA Social Initiative has become the agency's largest corporate partner, with total commitments of more than US$180 million.[162][163]

text: Examples of involvements:

text:
The IKEA Social Initiative contributes €1 to UNICEF and Save the Children from each soft toy sold during the holiday seasons, raising a total of €16.7 million so far.[164] In 2013, an IKEA soft toy, Lufsig, created a storm and sold out in Hong Kong and in Southern China because it had been misnamed in Chinese.[165]
The IKEA Social Initiative provided soft toys to children in Burma after Cyclone Nargis.[166]
Starting in June 2009, for every Sunnan solar-powered lamp sold in IKEA stores worldwide, IKEA Social Initiative will donate one Sunnan with the help of UNICEF.[167]
In September 2011,[168] the IKEA Foundation pledged to donate $62 million to help Somali refugees in Kenya.[26]
According to The Economist, however, IKEA's charitable giving is meager, "barely a rounding error in the foundation's assets."[26]

text: In 2009, Sweden's largest television station, SVT, revealed that IKEA's money—the three per cent collection from each store—does not actually go to a charitable foundation in the Netherlands, as IKEA has said. Inter IKEA is owned by a foundation in Liechtenstein, called Interogo, which has amassed $12 billion, and is controlled by the Kamprad family.[26]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Catalogue[edit]

text: IKEA publishes an annual catalogue, first published in Swedish in 1951.[169] IKEA published 197 million catalogues in 2010, in twenty languages and sixty-one editions.[26] It is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant, consuming 70% of the company's annual marketing budget.[170]

text: The catalogue is distributed both in stores and by mail,[171] with most of it being produced by IKEA Communications AB in IKEA's hometown of Älmhult, Sweden where IKEA operates the largest photo studio in northern Europe at 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft).[172] The catalogue itself is printed on chlorine-free paper of 10–15% post-consumer waste, and prints approximately 175 million copies worldwide annually,[173] more than 3 times as much as the Bible.[174]

text: The 2013 catalogue is smartphone compatible, containing videos and photo galleries that can be accessed via an app by scanning the catalogue's pages, while the 2014 catalog incorporates an augmented reality app that projects an item into a real-time photograph image of the user's room. The augmented reality app also provides an indication of the scale of IKEA objects in relation to the user's living environment.[175]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: In 1994, IKEA ran a commercial in the United States widely thought to be the first to feature a homosexual couple; it aired for several weeks before being pulled after calls for a boycott and a bomb threat directed at IKEA stores.[176] Other IKEA commercials appeal to the wider GLBTQ community, one featuring a transgender woman.[177]

text: In 2002, the inaugural television component of the "Unböring" campaign, titled Lamp, went on to win several awards, including a Grand Clio,[178] Golds at the London International Awards[179] and the ANDY Awards,[180] and the Grand Prix at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival,[181] the most prestigious awards ceremony in the advertising community.

text: IKEA launched a UK-wide "Home is the Most Important Place in the World" advertising campaign in September 2007 using estate agent signs with the term "Not For Sale" written on them as part of the wider campaign. After the campaign appeared in the Metro newspaper London the business news website www.mad.co.uk remarked that the IKEA campaign had amazing similarities with the marketing activity of UK home refurbishment company Onis living who had launched its own Not For Sale advertising campaign two years prior and was awarded the Interbuild 2006 Construction Marketing Award for best campaign under £25,000.[182][183]

text: A debate ensued between Fraser Patterson, Chief Executive of Onis and Andrew McGuinness, partner at Beattie McGuinness Bungay (BMB), the advertising and PR agency awarded the £12m IKEA account.[184][185] The essence of the debate was that BMB claimed to be unaware of Onis's campaign as Onis was not an advertising agency. Onis's argument was that its advertising could be seen in prominent landmarks throughout London, having been already accredited, showing concern about the impact IKEA's campaign would have on the originality of its own. BMB and IKEA subsequently agreed to provide Onis with a feature page on the IKEA campaign site linking through to Onis's website for a period of 1 year.

text: In 2008, IKEA paired up with the makers of video game The Sims 2 to make a stuff pack called IKEA Home Stuff, featuring many IKEA products. It was released on 24 June 2008 in North America and 26 June 2008 in Europe. It is the second stuff pack with a major brand, the first being The Sims 2 H&M Fashion Stuff.

text: IKEA took over the title sponsorship of Philadelphia's annual Thanksgiving Day parade in 2008, replacing Boscov's, which filed for bankruptcy in August 2008.

text: In November 2008, a subway train decorated in IKEA style was introduced in Novosibirsk, Russia.[186] Four cars were turned into a mobile showroom of the Swedish design. The redesigned train, which features colourful seats and fancy curtains, carried passengers until 6 June 2009.

text: Oyster cards (the ticket-free system for the London Underground) were for given with wallets sponsored by IKEA in 2008-09. IKEA also sponsored the tube map.[187][188]

text: In January 2009, just before the new store opened in Southampton, MV Red Osprey of Red Funnel was re-painted in an entirely yellow and blue livery to celebrate the opening of the new IKEA store in Southampton. This is the first time a Red Funnel ferry has been re-painted out of its own red and white colour scheme. It stayed in these colours for 12 months as part of a deal between Red Funnel and IKEA to provide home delivery services to the Isle of Wight. It was repainted with Red Funnel's red and white livery when the deal ended in January 2010.

text: In March 2010, IKEA developed an event in four important Metro stations in Paris, in which furniture collections are displayed in high-traffic spots, giving potential customers a chance to check out the brand's products. The Metro walls were also filled with prints that showcase IKEA interiors.

text: In September 2010, IKEA launched an advertisement for UK and Ireland called "Happy Inside" which had 100 cats lying on IKEA furniture in the flagship IKEA store in Wembley, London.[189]

text: In April 2011, an advertising campaign was launched aiming at discovering whether men or women are messier in the home. Created by Mother, the campaign will begin with a TV advert shot in front of a live audience, featuring four stand-up comedians, two men and two women, debating which gender is messier. The idea behind the campaign is that domestic clutter leads to arguments, and thus to an unhappy home, a conflict that IKEA wants to show can be avoided with better storage. Viewers will be directed to a new Facebook page for the brand, where they are able to vote on who they believe is messier, and submit evidence using videos and photos through an app created especially for the campaign. Meanwhile, online display banners will allow other users the opportunity to vote, with online adverts promoting IKEA products demonstrating the problems confronting people, and offering solutions.[190]

text: In 2016, in conjunction with Stockholm ad agency Åkestam Holst, IKEA released the "Where Life Happens" video campaign.[191] The series focused on taboo issues like divorce and adoption, and was filmed in a non-traditional 4:3 aspect ratio.[191][192] The campaign won an Epica gold award in Amsterdam.[193]

text: IKEA Family[edit]

text: In common with some other retailers, IKEA launched a loyalty card called "IKEA Family". The card is free of charge and can be used to obtain discounts on certain products found in-store. It is available worldwide. In conjunction with the card, IKEA also publishes and sells a printed quarterly magazine titled IKEA Family Live which supplements the card and catalogue. The magazine is already printed in thirteen languages and an English edition for the United Kingdom was launched in February 2007. It is expected to have a subscription of over 500,000.[194]

text: IKEA Place app[edit]

text: In September 12, 2017, IKEA announced the augmented reality app, IKEA Place, following by Apple's release of its ARkit technology and iOS 11.[195] IKEA Place helps consumers to visualize true to scale IKEA products into real environment.[196]

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Negative media attention[edit]

text: IKEA's goals of sustainability and environmental design in its merchandise have sometimes been at odds with the impact a new IKEA store can have on a community. In particular, the size of proposed IKEA stores has often seen significant opposition from members of such communities. The following are a list of issues which have received negative media attention, both regarding the size of IKEA's stores and other controversies:

text:
In September 2004, when IKEA offered a limited number of free $150 vouchers at the opening of a new store in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, three people were crushed to death in a stampede that followed the store's opening.[197]
IKEA has demolished historic buildings to make room for parking lots, including part of Marcel Breuer's landmark Pirelli Tire Building[198] and the Red Hook graving dock.[199] (At the College Park, Maryland, US, store there is an interactive digital display which tells the history of a tavern which used to exist where the store is currently located.)

text:
In 2007, about ten ancient tombs were destroyed while IKEA built a store in Nanjing, southeastern China. Archaeologists from the Nanjing Museum asked whether the building company could halt work while they collect artifacts, but they did not receive the necessary permission.[200]
In 2004, there was controversy about an Irish law restricting the maximum size of a retail outlet to 6,000 square metres (65,000 sq ft). IKEA's plan to build a much larger store in Dublin caused the law to be put up for debate. The law was changed to remove the size limit for retail outlets selling durable goods in designated areas.[201] The Minister for the Environment was criticised for allegedly changing the law to suit one company and other agencies protested the law change as damaging to small businesses while the government defended its decision stating that the move was a positive one for Irish consumers. IKEA Dublin has since opened on 27 July 2009.[202]
In June 2007 the designated nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party complained about an artist's rendering of IKEA Belfast that included both the Union Flag and the Ulster Banner flag as two of the three flags in front of the store. After being labelled "an upmarket Orange hall" by the party, IKEA assured customers and co-workers that only the Swedish flag would be seen outside the actual store.[203]
In a police investigation (2008) for corruption in Spain, there appears a conversation between a director of IKEA Expansion and an entrepreneur owner of the land selected to locate a store in Alicante. The IKEA director was pleased to meet with the "Spanish mafia"[204]

text: Price discrimination[edit]

text: IKEA has been criticised by Citytv in Canada for charging up to twice as much in their Canadian stores as for the same items sold in their American stores, despite the Canadian dollar reaching parity with the U.S. dollar.[205]

text: Within the days after the launch of the South Korean edition of the official website, complaints arose from a group of consumers on IKEA's pricing policy in the country: the prices of certain products were higher than other countries.[206] On 24 November 2014, Jang Duck-jin, head of the Fair Trade Commission's consumer policy bureau, told the media that the Commission was planning to commission a consumer group to compare IKEA's product prices by country,[207] and on 19 March 2015, the Consumers Union of Korea published a report comparing the prices of 49 IKEA products in South Korea and other countries.[208]

text: Biased branding and advertising accusations[edit]

text:
Former Norwegian prime minister Kjell Magne Bondevik has criticized IKEA for not depicting women assembling furniture in its instruction booklets.[209] IKEA denied this claim in a statement.[210]
A researcher from the University of Copenhagen pointed out that for years, IKEA has named their cheap rugs after Danish places, while the more expensive and luxurious furniture was named after Swedish places. The researcher, Klaus Kjøller, who is well known for tongue-in-cheek statements, accused IKEA of cultural imperialism.[211]
In October 2012, IKEA was criticized for airbrushing women out of pictures in catalogues which were used in Saudi Arabia.[212]
In October 2017, a TV commercial by IKEA showing a mother scolding her daughter for not "bringing home a boyfriend" was criticized by netizens for "sexist" and discrimination against singles and single women in China. IKEA then apologized for "giving the wrong perception".[213]

text: Horsemeat meatballs[edit]

text: In February 2013, IKEA announced it had pulled 17,000 portions of Swedish meatballs containing beef and pork from stores in Europe after testing in the Czech Republic found traces of horsemeat in the product. The company removed the Swedish meatballs from stores' shelves on 25 February 2013, but only made the announcement public after Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet uncovered what happened.[214] In a March 2013 media report, an IKEA representative stated that the corporation had forced Familjen Dafgard, its main meatball supplier, to cease business with eight of its 15 suppliers and would reduce the number of purchasing countries. The discovered horsemeat was traced to a Polish abattoir.[215]

text: Child deaths[edit]

text: In July 2015, IKEA, with the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, through the company's Safer Homes Together advertising campaign, issued a warning in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ireland to customers to secure the Malm chests of drawers and wardrobes firmly to the wall using free kits distributed by the company, after two deaths of young children in the U.S. in February and June 2014 when the furniture pieces tipped over on them. There were three other deaths, from 1989, from other, similar appliance models tipping over, and 14 incidents of Malm chests tipping over, resulting in four injuries. The company sent out free kits on request for customers to anchor the furniture to the wall.[216] In June 2016, after a third toddler died in the U.S., IKEA recalled all Malm dressers as well as several similar models which posed a tipping danger if not secured to the wall with the supplied kit.[217][218] On July 12, 2016, bowing to two weeks of rising pressure in China, IKEA announced that it was extending this recall to that country, which - along with Europe - was initially excluded from the recall.[219] Over 29 million dressers have been recalled.[220][221][222] IKEA has settled wrongful death lawsuits for over $50 million in compensation to the families of the three children who were killed.[223][224]

text: Operation Scandinavica[edit]

text: In 2014, documents were found at the Securitate archives in Bucharest which indicated that IKEA's open purchase of Romanian lumber throughout the 1980s was part of a complex scheme (codenamed "Scandinavica") to fund the Securitate and allow the accumulation of foreign currency: the Romanian lumber company Tehnoforestexport would regularly overcharge IKEA, transfer the overpayments into private Securitate bank accounts, wait for interest to accrue, and then reimburse IKEA the principal. IKEA has denied complicity in Scandinavica, but has begun an internal investigation to learn more.[225]

text: Countries with IKEA presence[edit]

text: IKEA has over 400 stores around the world. Among the countries that have double-digit IKEA stores are Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Qatar.


document_title: List of quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts

question_text: who has the most superbowl rings as qb

question_tokens: who has the most superbowl rings as qb

root

text: Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts[edit]

text:
Hall of Famers
Active Player
*Player is not yet eligible for hall of fame

tag: table

text:
Starts
Player
Record
Team(s), Super Bowls
Win %
Ref,

8
Tom Brady
5–3
New England Patriots – XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLII, XLVI, XLIX, LI, LII
62.5%
[1]

5
John Elway
2–3
Denver Broncos – XXI, XXII, XXIV, XXXII, XXXIII
40%
[2]

4
Terry Bradshaw
4–0
Pittsburgh Steelers – IX, X, XIII, XIV
100%
[3]

Joe Montana
4–0
San Francisco 49ers – XVI, XIX, XXIII, XXIV
100%
[4]

Roger Staubach
2–2
Dallas Cowboys – VI, X, XII, XIII
50%
[5]

Peyton Manning*
2–2
Indianapolis Colts – XLI, XLIV; Denver Broncos – XLVIII, 50
50%
[6]

Jim Kelly
0–4
Buffalo Bills – XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII
0%
[7]

3
Troy Aikman
3–0
Dallas Cowboys – XXVII, XXVIII, XXX
100%
[8]

Bob Griese
2–1
Miami Dolphins – VI, VII, VIII
67%
[9]

Ben Roethlisberger
2–1
Pittsburgh Steelers – XL, XLIII, XLV
67%
[10]

Kurt Warner
1–2
St. Louis Rams – XXXIV, XXXVI; Arizona Cardinals – XLIII
33%
[11]

Fran Tarkenton
0–3
Minnesota Vikings – VIII, IX, XI
0%
[12]

2
Bart Starr
2–0
Green Bay Packers – I, II
100%
[13]

Jim Plunkett
2–0
Oakland/L.A. Raiders – XV, XVIII
100%
[14]

Eli Manning
2–0
New York Giants – XLII, XLVI
100%
[15]

Len Dawson
1–1
Kansas City Chiefs – I, IV
50%
[16]

Joe Theismann
1–1
Washington Redskins – XVII, XVIII
50%
[17]

Brett Favre
1–1
Green Bay Packers – XXXI, XXXII
50%
[18]

Russell Wilson
1–1
Seattle Seahawks – XLVIII, XLIX
50%
[19]

Craig Morton
0–2
Dallas Cowboys – V; Denver Broncos – XII
0%
[20]

text:
BOLD indicates game won
Starr was also 3–1 in NFL Championship games (1960, 1961,1962, 1965) before the NFL and AFL met in the first Super Bowl.
Dawson was also 1–0 in AFL Championship games (1962) before the NFL and AFL met in the first Super Bowl.
There have also been three instances of quarterbacks facing off multiple times in the Super Bowl. Staubach and Bradshaw, Aikman and Kelly, and Brady and Eli Manning all faced each other twice. In each case the same quarterback (Bradshaw, Aikman and Manning) won both matchups.[21]

tag: ul

text: Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl wins[edit]

text: Super Bowl wins are often used to determine the greatness of a quarterback.[22] Of the eligible players, only Jim Plunkett has won multiple Super Bowls and not been inducted into the Hall of Fame. Peyton Manning is the only quarterback to have won Super Bowls for two NFL teams. The following NFL quarterbacks have won multiple Super Bowls as starters.

tag: p

text:
Hall of Famers
Active Player

text:
Wins
Player
Super Bowls
Team

5
Tom Brady
XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, LI
New England Patriots

4
Terry Bradshaw
IX, X, XIII, XIV
Pittsburgh Steelers

Joe Montana
XVI, XIX, XXIII, XXIV
San Francisco 49ers

3
Troy Aikman
XXVII, XXVIII, XXX
Dallas Cowboys

2
Bart Starr
I, II
Green Bay Packers

Bob Griese
VII, VIII
Miami Dolphins

Roger Staubach
VI, XII
Dallas Cowboys

Jim Plunkett
XV, XVIII
Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders

John Elway
XXXII, XXXIII
Denver Broncos

Ben Roethlisberger
XL, XLIII
Pittsburgh Steelers

Eli Manning
XLII, XLVI
New York Giants

Peyton Manning
XLI, 50
Indianapolis Colts; Denver Broncos

text: Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl losses[edit]

text: The following NFL quarterbacks have lost multiple Super Bowls as starters.

text:
Hall of Famers
Active Player

text:
Losses
Player
Super Bowls
Team

4
Jim Kelly
XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII
Buffalo Bills

3
Tom Brady
XLII, XLVI, LII
New England Patriots

Fran Tarkenton
VIII, IX, XI
Minnesota Vikings

John Elway
XXI, XXII, XXIV
Denver Broncos

2
Craig Morton
V; XII
Dallas Cowboys; Denver Broncos

Roger Staubach
X, XIII
Dallas Cowboys

Kurt Warner
XXXVI; XLIII
St. Louis Rams; Arizona Cardinals

Peyton Manning
XLIV; XLVIII
Indianapolis Colts; Denver Broncos

text: Winning and losing quarterbacks[edit]

text:
Hall of Famers
Active Player

text:
Season
Winning QB
Team
College
Losing QB
Team
College

1966
Bart Starr
Green Bay Packers
Alabama
Len Dawson
Kansas City Chiefs
Purdue

1967
Bart Starr
Green Bay Packers
Alabama
Daryle Lamonica
Oakland Raiders
Notre Dame

1968
Joe Namath
New York Jets
Alabama
Earl Morrall
Baltimore Colts
Michigan State

1969
Len Dawson
Kansas City Chiefs
Purdue
Joe Kapp
Minnesota Vikings
California

1970
Johnny Unitas
Baltimore Colts
Louisville
Craig Morton
Dallas Cowboys
California

1971
Roger Staubach
Dallas Cowboys
Navy
Bob Griese
Miami Dolphins
Purdue

1972
Bob Griese
Miami Dolphins
Purdue
Billy Kilmer
Washington Redskins
UCLA

1973
Bob Griese
Miami Dolphins
Purdue
Fran Tarkenton
Minnesota Vikings
Georgia

1974
Terry Bradshaw
Pittsburgh Steelers
Louisiana Tech
Fran Tarkenton
Minnesota Vikings
Georgia

1975
Terry Bradshaw
Pittsburgh Steelers
Louisiana Tech
Roger Staubach
Dallas Cowboys
Navy

1976
Ken Stabler
Oakland Raiders
Alabama
Fran Tarkenton
Minnesota Vikings
Georgia

1977
Roger Staubach
Dallas Cowboys
Navy
Craig Morton
Denver Broncos
California

1978
Terry Bradshaw
Pittsburgh Steelers
Louisiana Tech
Roger Staubach
Dallas Cowboys
Navy

1979
Terry Bradshaw
Pittsburgh Steelers
Louisiana Tech
Vince Ferragamo
Los Angeles Rams
Nebraska

1980
Jim Plunkett
Oakland Raiders
Stanford
Ron Jaworski
Philadelphia Eagles
Youngstown State

1981
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Notre Dame
Ken Anderson
Cincinnati Bengals
Augustana (IL)

1982
Joe Theismann
Washington Redskins
Notre Dame
David Woodley
Miami Dolphins
LSU

1983
Jim Plunkett
Los Angeles Raiders
Stanford
Joe Theismann
Washington Redskins
Notre Dame

1984
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Notre Dame
Dan Marino
Miami Dolphins
Pittsburgh

1985
Jim McMahon
Chicago Bears
BYU
Tony Eason
New England Patriots
Illinois

1986
Phil Simms
New York Giants
Morehead State
John Elway
Denver Broncos
Stanford

1987
Doug Williams
Washington Redskins
Grambling State
John Elway
Denver Broncos
Stanford

1988
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Notre Dame
Boomer Esiason
Cincinnati Bengals
Maryland

1989
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Notre Dame
John Elway
Denver Broncos
Stanford

1990
Jeff Hostetler
New York Giants
West Virginia
Jim Kelly
Buffalo Bills
Miami (FL)

1991
Mark Rypien
Washington Redskins
Washington State
Jim Kelly
Buffalo Bills
Miami (FL)

1992
Troy Aikman
Dallas Cowboys
UCLA
Jim Kelly
Buffalo Bills
Miami (FL)

1993
Troy Aikman
Dallas Cowboys
UCLA
Jim Kelly
Buffalo Bills
Miami (FL)

1994
Steve Young
San Francisco 49ers
BYU
Stan Humphries
San Diego Chargers
Northeast Louisiana[a]

1995
Troy Aikman
Dallas Cowboys
UCLA
Neil O'Donnell
Pittsburgh Steelers
Maryland

1996
Brett Favre
Green Bay Packers
Southern Miss
Drew Bledsoe
New England Patriots
Washington State

1997
John Elway
Denver Broncos
Stanford
Brett Favre
Green Bay Packers
Southern Miss

1998
John Elway
Denver Broncos
Stanford
Chris Chandler
Atlanta Falcons
Washington

1999
Kurt Warner
St. Louis Rams
Northern Iowa
Steve McNair
Tennessee Titans
Alcorn State

2000
Trent Dilfer
Baltimore Ravens
Fresno State
Kerry Collins
New York Giants
Penn State

2001
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan
Kurt Warner
St. Louis Rams
Northern Iowa

2002
Brad Johnson
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Florida State
Rich Gannon
Oakland Raiders
Delaware

2003
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan
Jake Delhomme
Carolina Panthers
Louisiana–Lafayette

2004
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan
Donovan McNabb
Philadelphia Eagles
Syracuse

2005
Ben Roethlisberger
Pittsburgh Steelers
Miami (OH)
Matt Hasselbeck
Seattle Seahawks
Boston College

2006
Peyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts
Tennessee
Rex Grossman
Chicago Bears
Florida

2007
Eli Manning
New York Giants
Ole Miss
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan

2008
Ben Roethlisberger
Pittsburgh Steelers
Miami (OH)
Kurt Warner
Arizona Cardinals
Northern Iowa

2009
Drew Brees
New Orleans Saints
Purdue
Peyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts
Tennessee

2010
Aaron Rodgers
Green Bay Packers
California
Ben Roethlisberger
Pittsburgh Steelers
Miami (OH)

2011
Eli Manning
New York Giants
Ole Miss
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan

2012
Joe Flacco
Baltimore Ravens
Delaware
Colin Kaepernick
San Francisco 49ers
Nevada

2013
Russell Wilson
Seattle Seahawks
Wisconsin
Peyton Manning
Denver Broncos
Tennessee

2014
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan
Russell Wilson
Seattle Seahawks
Wisconsin

2015
Peyton Manning
Denver Broncos
Tennessee
Cam Newton
Carolina Panthers
Auburn

2016
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan
Matt Ryan
Atlanta Falcons
Boston College

2017
Nick Foles
Philadelphia Eagles
Arizona
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan

text: Jump up ^ Now known as Louisiana–Monroe.

tag: ol


document_title: Airway resistance

question_text: where does the greatest resistance to airflow occur

text: Airway resistance

text: Definition[edit]

text: Analogously to Ohm's Law:

text: Where:

text: So:

text: Where:

text:
R

A
W

{\displaystyle R_{AW}}

 = Airway Resistance

Δ

P

{\displaystyle {\Delta }P}

 = Pressure Difference driving airflow

P

A
T
M

{\displaystyle P_{ATM}}

 = Atmospheric Pressure

P

A

{\displaystyle P_{A}}

 = Alveolar Pressure

V
˙

{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}

 = Volumetric Airflow (not minute ventilation which, confusingly, may be represented by the same symbol)

text:
N.B. PA and

V
˙

{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}

 change constantly during the respiratory cycle.

text: Determinants of airway resistance[edit]

text: There are several important determinants of airway resistance including:

text:
The diameter of the airways
Whether airflow is laminar or turbulent

text: Hagen–Poiseuille equation[edit]

text: In fluid dynamics, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in a fluid flowing through a long cylindrical pipe. The assumptions of the equation are that the flow is laminar viscous and incompressible and the flow is through a constant circular cross-section that is substantially longer than its diameter. The equation is also known as the Hagen–Poiseuille law, Poiseuille law and Poiseuille equation.

text: Where:

text:
Δ
P

{\displaystyle \Delta P}

 = Pressure difference between the ends of the pipe

l

{\displaystyle l}

 = Length of pipe

η

{\displaystyle \eta }

 = the dynamic viscosity

V
˙

{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}

 = the volumetric flow rate (Q is usually used in fluid dynamics, however in respiratory physiology it denotes cardiac output)

r

{\displaystyle r}

 = the radius of the pipe

text:
Dividing both sides by

V
˙

{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}

 and given the above definition shows:-

text: While the assumptions of the Hagen–Poiseuille equation are not strictly true of the respiratory tract it serves to show that, because of the fourth power, relatively small changes in the radius of the airways causes large changes in airway resistance.

text: An individual small airway has much greater resistance than a large airway, however there are many more small airways than large ones. Therefore, resistance is greatest at the bronchi of intermediate size, in between the fourth and eighth bifurcation.[1]

text: Laminar flow versus turbulent flow[edit]

text: Where air is flowing in a laminar manner it has less resistance than when it is flowing in a turbulent manner. If flow becomes turbulent, and the pressure difference is increased to maintain flow, this response itself increases resistance. This means that a large increase in pressure difference is required to maintain flow if it becomes turbulent.

text: Whether flow is laminar or turbulent is complicated, however generally flow within a pipe will be laminar as long as the Reynolds number is less than 2300.[2]

text: where:

text:
R
e

{\displaystyle Re}

 is the Reynolds number

d

{\displaystyle d}

 is the diameter of the pipe.

v

{\displaystyle {\mathbf {\mathrm {v} } }}

 is the mean velocity.

μ

{\displaystyle {\mu }}

 is the dynamic viscosity.

ρ

{\displaystyle {\rho }\,}

 is the density.

text: This shows that larger airways are more prone to turbulent flow than smaller airways. In cases of upper airway obstruction the development of turbulent flow is a very important mechanism of increased airway resistance, this can be treated by administering Heliox which is much less dense than air and consequently more conductive to laminar flow.

text: Changes in airway resistance[edit]

text: Airway resistance is not constant. As shown above airway resistance is markedly affected by changes in the diameter of the airways, therefore diseases affecting the respiratory tract can increase airway resistance. Airway resistance can change over time, for example, in asthma during an attack the airways constrict causing an increase in airway resistance. Airway resistance can also vary between inspiration and expiration, for example, in emphysema there is destruction of the elastic tissue of the lungs which help hold the small airways open, therefore during expiration, particularly forced expiration, these airways may collapse causing increased airway resistance.

text: Derived parameters[edit]

text: Airway conductance (GAW)[edit]

text: This is simply the mathematical inverse of airway resistance.

text: Specific airway resistance (sRaw)[3][4][edit]

text: Also called volumic airway resistance. Due to the elastic nature of the tissue that supports the small airways airway resistance changes with lung volume. It is not practically possible to measure airway resistance at a set absolute lung volume, therefore specific airway resistance attempts to correct for differences in lung volume at which different measurements of airway resistance were made.

text: Specific airway resistance is often measured at FRC, in which case:

text: Specific airway conductance (sGaw)[3][edit]

text: Also called volumic airway conductance. Similarly to specific airway resistance, specific airway conductance attempts to correct for differences in lung volume.

text: Specific airway conductance is often measured at FRC, in which case:


document_title: French fries

question_text: what kind of fat is in french fries

question_tokens: what kind of fat is in french fries

text: French fries

text: Preparation

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: French fries are prepared by first cutting the potato--peeled or unpeeled--into even strips, which are then wiped off or soaked in cold water to remove the surface starch, and thoroughly dried.[4][5] They may then be fried in one or two stages. Chefs generally agree that the two-bath technique produces better results.[4][6][7] Potatoes fresh out of the ground can have too high a water content - resulting in soggy fries - so preference is for those that have been stored for a while.[8]

text:
In the two-stage or two-bath method, the first bath, sometimes called blanching, is in hot fat (around 160 °C / 320 °F) to cook them through. This step can be done in advance.[4] Then they are more briefly fried in very hot fat (190 °C / 375 °F) to crisp the exterior. They are then placed in a colander or on a cloth to drain, salted, and served. The exact times of the two baths depend on the size of the potatoes. For example, for 2–3 mm strips, the first bath takes about 3 minutes, and the second bath takes only seconds.[4]
One can cook french fries using several techniques. Deep frying submerges food in hot fat, most commonly oil. Vacuum fryers are suitable to process low-quality potatoes with higher sugar levels than normal, as they frequently have to be processed in spring and early summer before the potatoes from the new harvest become available. In the UK, a Chip pan is a deep-sided cooking pan used for deep-frying. Chip pans are named for their traditional use in frying chips.

text: Most French fries are produced from frozen potatoes which have been blanched or at least air-dried industrially.[9] Most chains that sell fresh cut fries use the Idaho Russet Burbank variety of potatoes. It has been the standard for French fries in the United States.[8] The usual fat for making French fries is vegetable oil. In the past, beef suet was recommended as superior,[4] with vegetable shortening as an alternative. In fact, McDonald's used a mixture of 93% beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil until 1990, when they switched to vegetable oil with beef flavoring.[10][11] Starting in the 1960s, more fast food restaurants have been using frozen French fries.[8]

text: Etymology

text: Thomas Jefferson had "potatoes served in the French manner" at a White House dinner in 1802.[12][13] The expression "French fried potatoes" first occurred in print in English in the 1856 work Cookery for Maids of All Work by E. Warren: "French Fried Potatoes. – Cut new potatoes in thin slices, put them in boiling fat, and a little salt; fry both sides of a light golden brown colour; drain."[14] This account referred to thin, shallow-fried slices of potato (French cut) – it is not clear where or when the now familiar deep-fried batons or fingers of potato were first prepared. In the early 20th century, the term "French fried" was being used in the sense of "deep-fried" for foods like onion rings or chicken.[15][16]

text: By country

text: Belgium and the Netherlands

text: The French and Belgians have an ongoing dispute about where fries were invented, with both countries claiming ownership.[17] From the Belgian standpoint the popularity of the term "French fries" is explained as a "French gastronomic hegemony" into which the cuisine of Belgium was assimilated because of a lack of understanding coupled with a shared language and geographic proximity of the countries.[17]

text:
Belgian journalist Jo Gérard claims that a 1781 family manuscript recounts that potatoes were deep-fried prior to 1680 in the Meuse valley, in what was then the Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium): "The inhabitants of Namur, Andenne, and Dinant had the custom of fishing in the Meuse for small fish and frying, especially among the poor, but when the river was frozen and fishing became hazardous, they cut potatoes in the form of small fish and put them in a fryer like those here."[18][19]
Gérard has not produced the manuscript that supports this claim due to the fact that it is unrelated to the later history of the French fry, as the potato did not arrive in the region until around 1735. Also, given 18th century economic conditions: "It is absolutely unthinkable that a peasant could have dedicated large quantities of fat for cooking potatoes. At most they were sautéed in a pan...".[20]

text: At least one source says that "French fries" for deep-fried potato batons was also introduced when American, Canadian, and British soldiers arrived in Belgium during World War I. The Belgians had previously been catering to the British soldiers' love of chips and continued to serve them to the other troops when they took over the western end of the front.[21] The Belgians served them, and since French was the language of the Belgian Army, the name "French" was associated with the food. However, other sources disagree. [18] Since a Frenchman (Parmentier) first made the potato popular, it is not surprising that the first reference to fried potatoes appears to come from France: in 1775, investigators there found fried potatoes in a dish. Through the nineteenth century, fried potatoes became common enough that songs and engravings took the “Fried Potato Vendor” as a popular subject. But at first these were cut in rounds. In 1865, Gogué, in France, wrote to cut them either round or “in long and squared pieces”; in 1870, Cauderlier, in Belgium, also offered both options. Given the lag between practice and print, one cannot say that the five years’ difference is significant; the most likely hypothesis is that the practice grew up spontaneously and spread across both countries.[22] Some other sources refer to the old-English verb to french, meaning to cut lengthwise, as the origin of the name. At that time, the term "French fries" was growing in popularity – the term was already used in the United States as early as 1899 – although it isn't clear whether this referred to batons (chips) or slices of potato e.g. in an item in Good Housekeeping which specifically references "Kitchen Economy in France": "The perfection of French fries is due chiefly to the fact that plenty of fat is used".[23]

text:
"Pommes frites" or just "frites" (French), "frieten" (Flemish) or "patat" (Dutch) became the national snack and a substantial part of several national dishes, such as Moules-frites or Steak-frites.[24]
Fries are very popular in Belgium, where they are known as frieten (in Dutch) or frites (in French), and the Netherlands, where among the working classes they are known as patat in the north and, in the south, friet.[25] In Belgium, fries are sold in shops called friteries (French), frietkot/frituur (Dutch), or Fritüre/Frittüre (German). They are served with a large variety of Belgian sauces and eaten either on their own or with other snacks. Traditionally fries are served in a cornet de frites (French), patatzak[26]/frietzak/fritzak (Dutch/Flemish), or Frittentüte (German), a white cardboard cone, then wrapped in paper, with a spoonful of sauce (often mayonnaise) on top.

text: Friteries and other fast food establishments tend to offer a number of different sauces for the fries and meats. In addition to ketchup and mayonnaise, popular options include:[27] aioli, sauce andalouse, sauce Americaine, Bicky Dressing (Gele Bicky-sauce), curry mayonnaise, mammoet-sauce, peanut sauce, samurai-sauce, sauce "Pickles", pepper-sauce, tartar sauce, zigeuner sauce, and à la zingara.

text: Spain

text: In Spain, fried potatoes are called patatas fritas or papas fritas. Another common form, involving larger irregular cuts, is patatas bravas. The potatoes are cut into big chunks, partially boiled and then fried. They are usually seasoned with a spicy tomato sauce, and the dish is one of the most preferred tapas by Spaniards.[28] Fries may have been invented in Spain, the first European country in which the potato appeared from the New World colonies, and assume fries' first appearance to have been as an accompaniment to fish dishes in Galicia,[29] from which it spread to the rest of the country and then further away, to the "Spanish Netherlands", which became Belgium more than a century later. Professor Paul Ilegems, curator of the Frietmuseum in Bruges, Belgium, believes that Saint Teresa of Ávila of Spain cooked the first French fries, and refers also to the tradition of frying in Mediterranean cuisine as evidence.[19][30]

text: France

text: In France and other French-speaking countries, fried potatoes are formally pommes de terre frites, but more commonly pommes frites, patates frites, or simply frites. The words aiguillettes ("needle-ettes") or allumettes ("matchsticks") are used when the French fries are very small and thin. One enduring origin story holds that French fries were invented by street vendors on the Pont Neuf bridge in Paris in 1789, just before the outbreak of the French Revolution.[31] However, a reference exists in France from 1775 to "a few pieces of fried potato" and to "fried potatoes".[32]

text:
Eating potatoes for sustenance was promoted in France by Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, but he did not mention fried potatoes in particular. Many Americans attribute the dish to France and offer as evidence a notation by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson: "Pommes de terre frites à cru, en petites tranches" ("Potatoes deep-fried while raw, in small slices") in a manuscript in Thomas Jefferson's hand (circa 1801–1809) and the recipe almost certainly comes from his French chef, Honoré Julien.[12]
In addition, from 1813[33] on, recipes for what can be described as "French fries" occur in popular American cookbooks. By the late 1850s, a cookbook was published that used the term French fried potatoes.[34]
The thick-cut fries are called Pommes Pont-Neuf[4] or simply pommes frites (about 10 mm); thinner variants are pommes allumettes (matchstick potatoes; about 7 mm), and pommes paille (potato straws; 3–4 mm). (Roughly 0.4, 0.3 and 0.15 inch respectively.) Pommes gaufrettes are waffle fries. A popular dish in France is steak-frites, which is steak accompanied by thin French fries.

text: Canada

text: The town of Florenceville-Bristol, New Brunswick, headquarters of McCain Foods, calls itself "the French fry capital of the world" and also hosts a museum about potatoes called "Potato World".[35] It is also one of the world's largest manufacturers of frozen French fries and other potato specialties.[36]

text: Frites are the main ingredient in the Canadian/Québécois dish known (in both Canadian English and French) as poutine; a dish consisting of fried potatoes covered with cheese curds and brown gravy. Poutine has a growing number of variations but is generally considered to have been developed in rural Québec sometime in the 1950s, although precisely where in the province it first appeared is a matter of contention.[37][38][39] Canada is also responsible for providing 22% of China's French fries.[40][41]

text: Germany, Austria and Switzerland

text: French fries migrated to the German-speaking countries during the 19th century. In Germany, where they are usually known by the French words pommes frites, or only Pommes or Fritten (derived from the French words but pronounced as German words). They are often served with mayonnaise, and are a popular walking snack offered by Schnellimbiss ("quick bite") kiosks.[42] Since the advent of Currywurst in the 1950s, a paper tray of sausage (bratwurst or bockwurst) anointed with curry ketchup, laced with additional curry powder and a side of french fries, has become an immensely popular fast food meal.[43]

text: United Kingdom and Ireland

text: The standard deep-fried cut potatoes in the United Kingdom are called chips, and are cut into pieces between 10 and 15 mm (0.39 and 0.59 in) wide. They are occasionally made from unpeeled potatoes (skins showing). British chips are not the same thing as potato chips (an American term); those are called "crisps" in Britain. In the UK, chips are part of the popular, and now international, fast food dish fish and chips.

text: The first chips fried in the UK were sold by Mrs. 'Granny' Duce in one of the West Riding towns in 1854.[44] A blue plaque in Oldham marks the origin of the fish-and-chip shop, and thus the start of the fast food industry in Britain.[45] In Scotland, chips were first sold in Dundee: "in the 1870s, that glory of British gastronomy – the chip – was first sold by Belgian immigrant Edward De Gernier in the city's Greenmarket".[46] In Ireland the first chip shop was "opened by Giuseppe Cervi", an Italian immigrant, "who arrived there in the 1880s".[47] It is estimated that in the UK, 80% of households buy frozen chips each year.[48]

text: United States

text:
Although French fries were a popular dish in most British Commonwealth countries, the "thin style" French fries have been popularized worldwide in large part by the large American fast food chains such as McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's.[49]
In the United States, the J. R. Simplot Company is credited with successfully commercializing French fries in frozen form during the 1940s. Subsequently, in 1967, Ray Kroc of McDonald's contracted the Simplot company to supply them with frozen fries, replacing fresh-cut potatoes. In 2004, 29% of the United States' potato crop was used to make frozen fries – 90% consumed by the food services sector and 10% by retail.[50] The United States is also known for supplying China with most of their French fries as 70% of China's French fries are imported.[51].[41]

text: Pre-made French fries have been available for home cooking since the 1960s, having been pre-fried (or sometimes baked), frozen and placed in a sealed plastic bag.[52] Some varieties of French fries that appeared later have been battered and breaded, and many fast food chains in the U.S. dust the potatoes with kashi, dextrin, and other flavor coatings for crispier fries with particular tastes.[53] French fries are one of the most popular dishes in the United States, commonly being served as a side dish to entrees and being seen in fast food restaurants. The average American eats around 30 pounds of French fries a year.[54][55]

text: Variants

text: French fries come in multiple variations. A partial list, in alphabetical order:

text:
Carne asada fries – fries covered with carne asada, guacamole, sour cream and cheese
Cheese fries (UK – cheesy chips) – fries covered with cheese
Chile fries – (not to be confused with chili fries) fries topped with green chile peppers, common in the US state of New Mexico
Chili fries – (not to be confused with chile fries) fries covered with chili con carne
Chili cheese fries – fries covered with chili and cheese
Chorrillana – a Chilean dish consisting of a plate of french fries topped with different types of sliced meat, sausages and other ingredients.
Crinkle-cut fries – also known as "wavy fries", they're cut in a corrugated, ridged fashion[56]
Curly fries – characterized by their spring-like shape, cut from whole potatoes using a specialized spiral slicer.[56]
Curry chips – fries covered in curry sauce, a popular item served by chip shops in Ireland
French fry sandwich[57] – such as the chip butty and the Mitraillette
Oven fries – fries that are cooked in the oven as a final step in the preparation (having been coated with oil during preparation at the factory), often sold frozen
Potato wedges – Thick-cut fries[56] with the skin
Poutine – a dish consisting of fries topped with cheese curds and light brown gravy and principally associated with the Canadian province of Québec
Shoestring fries – thin-cut fries[56]
Steak fries – thick-cut fries[56] In France, when served with steak, Steak frites
Sweet potato fries – fries made with sweet potatoes instead of traditional white potatoes
Tornado fries – spiral-cut potatoes that are placed on a skewer and then deep fried[56]
Waffle fries – lattice-shaped fries[56] obtained by quarter-turning the potato before each next slide over a grater and deep-frying just once

text:
Chili fries

Chili cheese fries

Crinkle-cut fries

Curly fries

Curry chips

Shoestring fries with blue cheese dressing

Sweet potato fries

text: Accompaniments

text: Fries tend to be served with a variety of accompaniments, such as salt and vinegar (malt, balsamic or white), pepper, Cajun seasoning, grated cheese, melted cheese, mushy peas, heated curry sauce, curry ketchup (mildly spiced mix of the former), hot sauce, relish, mustard, mayonnaise, bearnaise sauce, tartar sauce, chili, tzatziki, feta cheese, garlic sauce, fry sauce, butter, sour cream, ranch dressing, barbecue sauce, gravy, honey, aioli, brown sauce, ketchup, lemon juice, piccalilli, pickled cucumber, pickled gherkins, pickled onions or pickled eggs.[58]

text: Health aspects

text: French fries primarily contain carbohydrates (mostly in the form of starch) and protein from the potato, and fat absorbed during the deep-frying process. Salt, which contains sodium is almost always applied as a surface seasoning. For example, a large serving of French fries at McDonald's in the United States is 154 grams. The 510 calories come from 66 g of carbohydrates, 24 g of fat, 7 g of protein and 350 mg of sodium.[59]

text: Experts have criticized French fries for being very unhealthy. According to Jonathan Bonnet, MD, in a TIME magazine article, "fries are nutritionally unrecognizable from a spud" because they "involve frying, salting, and removing one of the healthiest parts of the potato: the skin, where many of the nutrients and fiber are found."[60] Kristin Kirkpatrick, RD, calls French fries "...an extremely starchy vegetable dipped in a fryer that then loads on the unhealthy fat, and what you have left is a food that has no nutritional redeeming value in it at all."[60] David Katz, MD states that "French fries are often the super-fatty side dish to a burger—and both are often used as vehicles for things like sugar-laced ketchup and fatty mayo."[60]

text: Frying french fries in beef tallow, lard, or other animal fats adds saturated fat to the diet. Replacing animal fats with tropical vegetable oils, such as palm oil, simply substitutes one saturated fat for another. For many years partially hydrogenated vegetable oils were used as a means of avoiding cholesterol and reducing saturated fatty acid content, but in time the trans fat content of these oils was perceived as contributing to cardiovascular disease.[61] Starting in 2008, many restaurant chains and manufacturers of pre-cooked frozen French fries for home reheating phased out trans fat containing vegetable oils.[62][63]

text: French fries contain some of the highest levels of acrylamides of any foodstuff, and experts have raised concerns about the effects of acrylamides on human health.[64][65] According to the American Cancer Society, it is not clear as of  2013[update] whether acrylamide consumption affects people's risk of getting cancer.[64] A meta-analysis indicated that dietary acrylamide is not related to the risk of most common cancers, but could not exclude a modest association for kidney, endometrial or  ovarian cancers.[65] A lower-fat method for producing a French fry-like product is to coat "Frenched" or wedge potatoes in oil and spices/flavoring before baking them. The temperature will be lower compared to deep frying, and which also reduces acrylamide formation.[66]

text: Legal issues

text: In June 2004, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), with the advisement of a federal district judge from Beaumont, Texas, classified batter-coated French fries as a vegetable under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act. This was primarily for trade reasons; French fries do not meet the standard to be listed as a processed food.[67][68] This classification, referred to as the "French fry rule", was upheld in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit case Fleming Companies, Inc. v. USDA.[69][70]

text: In the United States, in 2002, the McDonald's Corporation agreed to donate to Hindus and other groups to settle lawsuits filed against the chain for mislabeling French fries and hash browns as vegetarian because beef extract was added in their production.[11]


document_title: List of countries by minimum driving age

question_text: at what age can you drive in dubai

question_tokens: at what age can you drive in dubai

text: Africa[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Algeria
18

 Cameroon
16[citation needed]

 Ethiopia
18[1]

 Egypt
18[2]

 Ghana
18[3]

 Kenya
16[4]

 Lesotho
18[5]

 Libya
18[citation needed]

 Mali
18[citation needed]

 Mauritania
18[citation needed]

 Mauritius
15 (autocycles), 17 (motorcycles), 18 (cars)[6]

 Mayotte
18[citation needed]

 Morocco
18[7][8]

 Mozambique
18[citation needed]

 Namibia
18[9]

 Niger
23[10]

 Nigeria
18[citation needed]

 Réunion (France)
18[citation needed]

 Senegal
18[citation needed]

 South Africa
17
The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a license for all motor vehicles under 3500 kg. 17 years old may allow one to obtain a learners license, to drive while supervised by an already licensed driver who has had their license for more than a year. Yet to obtain an actual drivers license, the age is 18 years old.[11]

 Swaziland
18[5]

 Tanzania
18[12]

 Tunisia
18[13]

 Zambia
16[14]

 Zimbabwe
16[15]

text: Americas[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Canada
16 in most provinces
14 in Alberta

See also: Driving licence in Canada

 Mexico
15 (with parental supervision), 16 (with parental agreement), 18[16]

 United States
14 – 16 (for permit)
14, 3 months – 16 (for license)
varies between states

See also: Driver's license in the United States

text: Central America[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Costa Rica
18[citation needed]

 El Salvador
15[citation needed]

 Guatemala
16 (with parental agreement), 18[citation needed]

 Honduras
18[citation needed]

 Panama
18[17]

text: South America[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Argentina
17
21 is the minimum age to drive a truck, bus or emergency vehicle. 16 is the minimum age to drive a moped (without passengers)[18]

 Bolivia
18[19]

 Brazil
18[20]
Drivers have to be previously licensed in cat. 'B' for at least one year before applying for a professional license. 'C' category are usually for load trucks, 'D' for buses and trucks and 'E' for articulated vehicles.

 Chile
17 (with parental approval), 18,[21] 20 (professional license)[22]

 Colombia
16[23]

 Ecuador
18[24]

 French Guiana
18[citation needed]

 Guyana
17[25]

 Paraguay
18[citation needed]

 Peru
18[26]

 Suriname
18[citation needed]

 Uruguay
18[27]

 Venezuela
18[28]

text: Caribbean[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Anguilla
18[29]

 Bahamas
17[30]

 Cuba
18[31]

 Dominican Republic
16)[citation needed]

 Guadeloupe
18[citation needed]

 Jamaica
18[citation needed]

 Martinique
18[citation needed]

 Netherlands Antilles
18[32]

 Puerto Rico
16 (with learner's permit)[33]

 Saint Barthélemy
18[citation needed]

 Saint Martin
18[citation needed]

 Trinidad and Tobago
17[citation needed]

 St. Kitts and Nevis
17(for permit)[34], 18 (for license)[35]

 US Virgin Islands
16 (with learner's permit), 18[36]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Middle East[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Bahrain
18[37]

 Iran
18[38]

 Iraq
16 for motorcycles
18 for cars[citation needed]

 Israel
16y for motorcycles
16y9months for cars[39]

 Jordan
18[40]

 Kuwait
18[41]

 Lebanon
18[citation needed]

 Oman
18[42]

 Palestine
18[43]

 Qatar
18[44]

 Saudi Arabia
18 for cars
16 for motorcycles
17 for temporary permit for cars
Women were prohibited from driving until September 2017.[45]

 Syria
18[46]

 United Arab Emirates
18[citation needed]

 Yemen
18[47]

text: South Asia[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Afghanistan
18[48]

 Bangladesh
18[49]

 India
16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc
18 for geared bikes, cars and commercial vehicles
20 for heavy vehicles[50]

   Nepal
18[citation needed]

 Pakistan
18[51]

 Sri Lanka
18[52]

text: East Asia[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 China
18[53]

 Hong Kong
18[54]
Special Administrative Region of China

 Japan
16 (motorcycles under 400cc)
18 (Ordinary/Semi-Medium vehicle and motorcycles over 401cc)[55]

See also: Driving licence in Japan

 Macau
18[56]
Special Administrative Region of China

 South Korea
18 for motorbikes over 125cc
16 for personal use vehicles including motorbikes under 125cc
19 for commercial license

See also: Driving license in South Korea

 Taiwan
18[57]

text: Southeast Asia[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Brunei
18[58]

 Burma
18[citation needed]

 Cambodia
18[59]

 Indonesia
17[60][61]

 Laos
18[62]

 Malaysia
16 (Motorcycles/B2, B), 17 (Light Vehicles/D), 21 (Commercial Vehicles/E)[63]

 Philippines
17 (Student Permit); 18 (non-professional & professional driver’s license)[64]

 Singapore
18[65]

 Thailand
15 (Motorcycles), 18 (Cars)[66][better source needed]

 Vietnam
18[67]

text: Europe[edit]

text: European driving licence area[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Austria
18 for cars
15 for mopeds[68]
(17 with special training)

 Belgium
18[69]

See also: Driving licence in Belgium

 Bulgaria
18[citation needed]

 Croatia
18[70]

 Cyprus
18

See also: Driving licence in Cyprus

 Czech Republic
18[citation needed]

 Denmark
17 for cars[71]
15 for mopeds
The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18.

 Estonia
16[72]
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.[72] Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Finland
18 for cars
15 for mopeds and micro cars[citation needed]

See also: Driving licence in Finland

 France
18[73]
Driving age for cars is 15[73] with supervision. Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Germany
17[citation needed]
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.[74]

 Gibraltar
17[75]

 Greece
18[citation needed]

 Hungary
17[citation needed]

 Iceland
16[76][77]
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 17.

 Ireland
17[78][79][80]
16 for work vehicles, tractors etc. and mopeds <45 km/h

 Italy
17[81]
17 with supervision of a person under 65 years in possession of full A1/B1 licence.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Latvia
18[citation needed]

 Liechtenstein
18[citation needed]

 Lithuania
18[citation needed]

 Luxembourg
17[citation needed]
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Malta
18[82]

 Netherlands
17 for cars
16 for mopeds and tractors[83]

See also: Driving licence in the Netherlands
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Driving lessons available at 16½.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Norway
18 for cars
16 for mopeds and light motorcycles

See also: Driving licence in Norway

 Poland
18[citation needed]

 Portugal
18 (cars)
16 (motorcycles)[citation needed]

 Romania
18[citation needed]

 Slovakia
17[citation needed]
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Slovenia
16 for cars and motorcycles[citation needed]
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Spain
18[citation needed]

 Sweden
16 for cars
15 for mopeds and tractors

See also: Driving licence in Sweden
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

  Switzerland
18<Cars>14<mopeds and tractors>[84]

 United Kingdom
17 (cars)
16 (mopeds and tractors) [85]

See also: Driving licence in the United Kingdom

text: Rest of Europe[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Albania
18[citation needed]

 Andorra
18[86]

 Armenia
18[87]

 Azerbaijan
18[88]

 Belarus
18[89]
16 - mopeds (AM), <125cc/11 kW motorcycles (A1);
17 - <80 kW wheeled tractors and self-propelled machines (A) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors, SPMs and bulldozers (C);
18 - all kinds of motorcycles (A), cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses (B), trucks with light trailers (C), all kinds of wheeled tractors (B), SPMs (D), special vehicles (E) and <1m3 excavators (F);
21 - buses for more than 8 passengers(D), cars, trucks and buses with heavy trailers (BE, CE, DE), trams (F) and trolleybuses(I).[90]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
18[91]

 Georgia
17[92]

 Guernsey
17[93]

 Isle of Man
16[94]

 Jersey
17[95]

 Kosovo
17[96]

 Macedonia
18 (16 with parental supervision)[97]

 Moldova
18[98]

 Monaco
18[99]

 Montenegro
18[100]

 Northern Cyprus
18

See also: Driving licence in Northern Cyprus

 Russia
18 (16 for motorcycles)[101]

 San Marino
18[102]

 Serbia
18 (17 with adult supervision)[103]

 Turkey
18 (cars)
16 (mopeds and light-motorcycles)[104]

 Ukraine
18[105][106]

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 American Samoa
16[107]

 Australia
15y9months

See also: Driving licence in Australia
Learner drivers may drive, under qualified supervision, from 15 years and 9 months in the Australian Capital Territory and 16 years in all other states and the Northern Territory.

 Fiji
17[108][109]

 Guam
16[110]

 Marshall Islands
18[111]

 New Zealand
16

See also: Driving licence in New Zealand
The minimum age to obtain a car or motorcycle learner licence which allows driving under supervision is 16. The minimum possible age to obtain a full licence, without any supervision or conditions, is 17½ years if a driver completes an advanced driving course.[112] Without an advanced driving course, the minimum age is 18, the same as a heavy vehicle licence.[113]

 Northern Mariana Islands
15y6months[114]

 Papua New Guinea
18[citation needed]

 Tonga
18[115]