document_title: British Masters

question_text: where is the british masters held this year

text: British Masters

text: History[edit]

text: The Dunlop Masters was first held in 1946 and was a continuation of the Dunlop-Metropolitan Tournament which had been held before World War II. Like the Dunlop-Metropolitan, the Dunlop Masters was a 72-hole end-of-season event with a restricted field. The Dunlop-Metropolitan was first played in 1934, the same year as The Masters.

text: During the 1980s the British Masters was one of the most lucrative events on the European Tour with a prize fund that was as high as third among the tournaments on the schedule, but its status, or at least its relative level of prize money, has declined considerably in recent years.

text: The tournament has been played at many different venues; twice in the "Dunlop Masters" era it was held in the Republic of Ireland. When the Quinn Group took over as sponsors in 2006, the event was moved again, this time to the Group owned Belfry.

text: The deal with the Quinn Group ended in 2008, and when attempts to find another sponsor were unsuccessful, the British Masters was removed from the European Tour schedule for 2009.[1]

text: The event returned in 2015, being played at Woburn and hosted by golfer Ian Poulter. The 2016 edition was played at The Grove and hosted by Luke Donald.[2] The 2017 tournament was played at Close House Golf Club and hosted by Lee Westwood. The 2018 tournament was played at Walton Heath Golf Club and hosted by Justin Rose.[3]

text: The 1967 event was notable for providing British television with its first live hole in one, as Tony Jacklin aced the 16th hole at Royal St George's.[4]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Country
Venue
Score
To par
Margin ofvictory
Runner(s)-up
Ref

Sky Sports British Masters

2018
Eddie Pepperell
 England
Walton Heath GC
279
−9
2 strokes
 Alexander Björk

British Masters supported by Sky Sports

2017
Paul Dunne
 Ireland
Close House GC
260
−20
3 strokes
 Rory McIlroy

2016
Alex Norén
 Sweden
The Grove
266
−18
2 strokes
 Bernd Wiesberger

2015
Matthew Fitzpatrick
 England
Woburn G&CC
269
−15
2 strokes
 Søren Kjeldsen Shane Lowry Fabrizio Zanotti

Quinn Insurance British Masters

2009–2014: No tournament

2008
Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño
 Spain
The Belfry
276
−12
Playoff
 Lee Westwood
[5]

Quinn Direct British Masters

2007
Lee Westwood
 England
The Belfry
273
−15
5 strokes
 Ian Poulter
[6]

2006
Johan Edfors
 Sweden
The Belfry
277
−11
1 stroke
 Gary Emerson Stephen Gallacher Jarmo Sandelin
[7]

Daily Telegraph Dunlop Masters

2005
Thomas Bjørn
 Denmark
Forest of Arden H&CC
282
−6
Playoff
 Brian Davis David Howell
[8]

Daily Telegraph Damovo British Masters

2004
Barry Lane
 England
Forest of Arden H&CC
272
−16
3 strokes
 Ángel Cabrera Eduardo Romero
[9]

2003
Greg Owen
 England
Forest of Arden H&CC
274
−14
3 strokes
 Christian Cévaër Ian Poulter
[10]

Victor Chandler British Masters

2002
Justin Rose
 England
Woburn G&CC
269
−19
1 stroke
 Ian Poulter
[11]

2001
Thomas Levet
 France
Woburn G&CC
274
−14
Playoff
 Mathias Grönberg David Howell Robert Karlsson
[12]

2000
Gary Orr
 Scotland
Woburn G&CC
267
−21
2 strokes
 Per-Ulrik Johansson
[13]

1999
Bob May
 United States
Woburn G&CC
269
−19
1 stroke
 Colin Montgomerie
[14]

One 2 One British Masters

1998
Colin Montgomerie
 Scotland
Forest of Arden H&CC
281
−7
1 stroke
 Pierre Fulke Eduardo Romero
[15]

1997
Greg Turner
 New Zealand
Forest of Arden H&CC
275
−13
1 stroke
 Colin Montgomerie
[16]

1996
Robert Allenby
 Australia
Collingtree Park GC
284
−4
Playoff
 Miguel Ángel Martín
[17]

Collingtree British Masters

1995
Sam Torrance
 Scotland
Collingtree Park GC
270
−18
1 stroke
 Michael Campbell

Dunhill British Masters

1994
Ian Woosnam (2)
 Wales
Woburn G&CC
271
−17
4 strokes
 Seve Ballesteros

1993
Peter Baker
 England
Woburn G&CC
266
−22
7 strokes
 Carl Mason
[18]

1992
Christy O'Connor Jnr
 Ireland
Woburn G&CC
270
−18
Playoff
 Tony Johnstone
[19]

1991
Seve Ballesteros (2)
 Spain
Woburn G&CC
275
−13
3 strokes
 Eamonn Darcy David Gilford Tony Johnstone Sam Torrance Keith Waters

1990
Mark James
 England
Woburn G&CC
270
−18
2 strokes
 David Feherty

1989
Nick Faldo
 England
Woburn G&CC
267
−21
4 strokes
 Ronan Rafferty

1988
Sandy Lyle
 Scotland
Woburn G&CC
273
−15
2 strokes
 Nick Faldo Mark McNulty

1987
Mark McNulty
 Zimbabwe
Woburn G&CC
274
−14
1 stroke
 Ian Woosnam
[20]

1986
Seve Ballesteros
 Spain
Woburn G&CC
275
−13
2 strokes
 Gordon Brand, Jnr

1985
Lee Trevino
 United States
Woburn G&CC
278
−10
3 strokes
 Rodger Davis

Silk Cut Masters

1984
No tournament

1983
Ian Woosnam
 Wales
St. Pierre G&CC
269
−15
3 strokes
 Bernard Gallacher

Dunlop Masters

1982
Greg Norman (2)
 Australia
St. Pierre G&CC
267
−17
8 strokes
 Bernhard Langer

1981
Greg Norman
 Australia
Woburn G&CC
273
−15
4 strokes
 Graham Marsh

1980
Bernhard Langer
 West Germany
St. Pierre G&CC
270
−14
5 strokes
 Brian Barnes

1979
Graham Marsh
 Australia
Woburn G&CC
283
−5
1 stroke
 Isao Aoki Neil Coles

1978
Tommy Horton
 England
St. Pierre G&CC
279
−5
1 stroke
 Dale Hayes Graham Marsh Brian Waites

1977
Guy Hunt
 England
Lindrick GC
291
+7
Playoff
 Brian Barnes
[21]

1976
Baldovino Dassù
 Italy
St. Pierre G&CC
271
−13
1 stroke
 Hubert Green

1975
Bernard Gallacher (2)
 Scotland
Ganton GC
289
+5
2 strokes
 Dale Hayes

1974
Bernard Gallacher
 Scotland
St. Pierre G&CC
282
−2
Playoff
 Gary Player
[22]

1973
Tony Jacklin
 England
St. Pierre G&CC
272
−12
7 strokes
 Bob Charles

1972
Bob Charles
 New Zealand
Northumberland GC
277
−11
2 strokes
 Tony Jacklin

text:
Year
Winner
Country
Venue
Score
Margin ofvictory
Runner(s)-up
Ref

1971
Maurice Bembridge
 England
St. Pierre G&CC
273 (−11)
2 strokes
 Peter Oosterhuis
[23]

1970
Brian Huggett
 Wales
Royal Lytham & St Annes GC
293 (+9)
5 strokes
 David Graham
[24]

1969
Cobie Legrange
 South Africa
Little Aston GC
281
3 strokes
 Peter Butler
[25]

1968
Peter Thomson (2)
 Australia
Sunningdale GC
274
5 strokes
 Dave Thomas
[26]

1967
Tony Jacklin
 England
Royal St George's GC
274
3 strokes
 Neil Coles
[27]

1966
Neil Coles
 England
Lindrick GC
278
1 stroke
 Christy O'Connor Snr Peter Thomson
[28]

1965
Bernard Hunt (2)
 England
Portmarnock GC
283
1 stroke
 Peter Thomson
[29]

1964
Cobie Legrange
 South Africa
Royal Birkdale GC
288
1 stroke
 Max Faulkner Ralph Moffitt
[30][31]

1963
Bernard Hunt
 England
Little Aston GC
282
4-hole playoff(3 strokes)
 Ralph Moffitt
[32]

1962
Dai Rees
 Wales
Wentworth Club
278
2 strokes
 Ralph Moffitt Peter Thomson
[33]

1961
Peter Thomson
 Australia
Royal Porthcawl GC
284
8 strokes
 Christy O'Connor Snr
[34]

1960
Jimmy Hitchcock
 England
Sunningdale GC
275
2 strokes
 Max Faulkner John Jacobs Bobby Locke
[35]

1959
Christy O'Connor Snr (2)
 Ireland
Portmarnock GC
276
4 strokes
 Joe Carr (am) Norman Drew
[36]

1958
Harry Weetman (2)
 England
Little Aston GC
276
4 strokes
 Bobby Locke
[37]

1957
Eric Brown
 Scotland
Notts GC (Hollinwell)
275
3 strokes
 Peter Alliss
[38]

1956
Christy O'Connor Snr
 Ireland
Prestwick GC
277
1 stroke
 Eric Brown
[39]

1955
Harry Bradshaw (2)
 Ireland
Little Aston GC
277
4 strokes
 Henry Cotton
[40]

1954
Bobby Locke (2)
 South Africa
Prince's GC
291
3 strokes
 Harry Bradshaw
[41]

1953
Harry Bradshaw
 Ireland
Sunningdale GC
272
3 strokes
 Max Faulkner
[42]

1952
Harry Weetman
 England
Mere GC
281
4 strokes
 Arthur Lees
[43]

1951
Max Faulkner
 England
Wentworth Club
281
4 strokes
 Reg Horne
[44]

1950
Dai Rees
 Wales
Hoylake
281
4 strokes
 Charlie Ward
[45]

1949
Charlie Ward
 England
St Andrews
290
36-hole playoff(1 stroke)
 John Burton
[46][47]

1948
Norman Von Nida
 Australia
Sunningdale GC
272
2 strokes
 Fred Daly
[48]

1947
Arthur Lees
 England
Little Aston GC
283
36-hole playoff(4 strokes)
 Norman Von Nida
[49][50]

1946
Jimmy Adams
 Scotland
Stoneham GC
286
Tie

[4][51]

Bobby Locke
 South Africa

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: 2 wins: Seve Ballesteros, Harry Bradshaw, Bernard Gallacher, Bernard Hunt, Tony Jacklin, Cobie Legrange, Bobby Locke, Greg Norman, Christy O'Connor Snr, Dai Rees, Peter Thomson, Harry Weetman, Ian Woosnam


document_title: County statistics of the United States

question_text: which state has the most counties in it

question_tokens: which state has the most counties in it

root

text: County statistics of the United States

text: Count[edit]

text: Lists of counties and county equivalents by number per political division:

tag: p

text:
Count
State
Notes

254
Texas

159
Georgia

133
Virginia
including 38 independent cities

120
Kentucky

115
Missouri
including 1 independent city

105
Kansas

102
Illinois

100
North Carolina

99
Iowa

95
Tennessee

93
Nebraska

92
Indiana

88
Ohio

87
Minnesota

83
Michigan

82
Mississippi

77
Oklahoma

75
Arkansas

72
Wisconsin

67
Alabama

67
Florida

67
Pennsylvania

66
South Dakota

64
Colorado

64
Louisiana
consisting in whole of parishes

62
New York

58
California

56
Montana

55
West Virginia

53
North Dakota

46
South Carolina

44
Idaho

39
Washington

36
Oregon

33
New Mexico

29
Alaska
consisting of 18 organized boroughs and, in its Unorganized Borough, of 11 designated census areas

29
Utah

24
Maryland
including 1 independent city

23
Wyoming

21
New Jersey

17
Nevada
including 1 independent city

16
Maine

15
Arizona

14
Massachusetts

14
Vermont

10
New Hampshire

8
Connecticut

5
Hawaii

5
Rhode Island
Counties in Rhode Island have no governmental functions; local government is provided by eight cities and thirty-one towns

3
Delaware

1
District of Columbia
considered both a state-equivalent and a county equivalent for statistical purposes[1]

tag: table

text:
Total: 3,142 (3,007 counties and 135 county equivalents)
Average county equivalents per state (not including D.C.): 62.84

tag: ul

text: Population[edit]

text: Nationwide population extremes[edit]

text: These rankings include county equivalents.

text:
Largest population counties nationwide
(2016 Estimate)[2]

Rank
County
Population

1
Los Angeles County, California
10,137,915

2
Cook County, Illinois
5,203,499

3
Harris County, Texas
4,589,928

4
Maricopa County, Arizona
4,242,997

5
San Diego County, California
3,317,749

6
Orange County, California
3,172,532

7
Miami-Dade County, Florida
2,712,945

8
Kings County, New York
2,629,150

9
Dallas County, Texas
2,574,984

10
Riverside County, California
2,387,741

Smallest population counties nationwide
(2016 Estimate)[2]

Rank
County
Population

1
Kalawao County, Hawaii
88

2
Loving County, Texas
113

3
King County, Texas
289

4
Kenedy County, Texas
404

5
Arthur County, Nebraska
469

6
Blaine County, Nebraska
484

7
Petroleum County, Montana
489

8
McPherson County, Nebraska
493

9
Loup County, Nebraska
591

10
Yakutat Borough, Alaska
601

text: Population per state[edit]

text:
Most and least populous counties per state (2010 Census)[3]

State
Least populous
Population
Most populous
Population

Alabama
Greene
9,045
Jefferson
658,466

Alaska
Yakutat
662
Anchorage
291,826

Arizona
Greenlee
8,437
Maricopa
3,817,117

Arkansas
Calhoun
5,368
Pulaski
382,748

California
Alpine
1,175
Los Angeles
9,818,605

Colorado
San Juan
699
Denver
693,060

Connecticut
Windham
118,428
Fairfield
916,829

Delaware
Kent
162,310
New Castle
538,479

Florida
Liberty
8,365
Miami-Dade
2,496,435

Georgia
Taliaferro
1,717
Fulton
1,010,562

Hawaii
Kalawao
88
Honolulu
953,207

Idaho
Clark
982
Ada
392,365

Illinois
Hardin
4,320
Cook
5,194,675

Indiana
Ohio
6,128
Marion
903,393

Iowa
Adams
4,029
Polk
430,640

Kansas
Greeley
1,247
Johnson
544,179

Kentucky
Robertson
2,282
Jefferson
741,096

Louisiana
Tensas
5,252
East Baton Rouge
440,171

Maine
Piscataquis
17,535
Cumberland
281,674

Maryland
Kent
20,197
Montgomery
971,777

Massachusetts
Nantucket
10,172
Middlesex
1,503,085

Michigan
Keweenaw
2,156
Wayne
1,820,584

Minnesota
Traverse
3,558
Hennepin
1,152,425

Mississippi
Issaquena
1,406
Hinds
245,285

Missouri
Worth
2,171
St. Louis
998,954

Montana
Petroleum
494
Yellowstone
147,972

Nebraska
Arthur
460
Douglas
517,110

Nevada
Esmeralda
783
Clark
1,951,269

New Hampshire
Coos
33,055
Hillsborough
400,721

New Jersey
Salem
66,083
Bergen
905,116

New Mexico
Harding
695
Bernalillo
662,564

New York
Hamilton
4,836
Kings
2,504,700

North Carolina
Tyrrell
4,407
Mecklenburg
919,628

North Dakota
Slope
727
Cass
149,778

Ohio
Vinton
13,435
Cuyahoga
1,280,122

Oklahoma
Cimarron
2,475
Oklahoma
718,633

Oregon
Wheeler
1,441
Multnomah
735,334

Pennsylvania
Cameron
5,085
Philadelphia
1,526,006

Rhode Island
Bristol
49,875
Providence
626,667

South Carolina
McCormick
10,233
Greenville
451,225

South Dakota
Jones
1,006
Minnehaha
169,468

Tennessee
Pickett
5,077
Shelby
927,644

Texas
Loving
82
Harris
4,092,459

Utah
Daggett
1,059
Salt Lake
1,029,655

Vermont
Essex
6,306
Chittenden
156,545

Virginia
Highland
2,321
Fairfax
1,081,726

Washington
Garfield
2,266
King
1,931,249

West Virginia
Wirt
5,717
Kanawha
193,063

Wisconsin
Menominee
4,232
Milwaukee
947,735

Wyoming
Niobrara
2,484
Laramie
91,738

text: Area[edit]

text: Nationwide land area extremes[edit]

text: The following tables exclude county equivalents. The largest counties and county equivalents are organized boroughs and the census areas of Alaska with the top two being Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area (145,504.79 sq mi or 376,855.7 km2) and North Slope Borough (88,695.41 sq mi or 229,720.1 km2). The smallest counties and county equivalents are the independent cities of Virginia with the extreme being Falls Church (2.00 sq mi or 5.2 km2).[3]

text: If independent cities are included, Falls Church becomes the smallest county in the state, and in fact the smallest county-level political subdivision in the United States, at 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2).

text:
Largest counties by land area nationwide[3]

Rank
County
Land area
(sq mi)
Land area
(km2)

1
San Bernardino County, California
20,056.94
51,947.24

2
Coconino County, Arizona
18,618.89
48,222.70

3
Nye County, Nevada
18,181.92
47,090.96

4
Elko County, Nevada
17,169.83
44,469.66

5
Mohave County, Arizona
13,311.08
34,475.54

6
Apache County, Arizona
11,197.52
29,001.44

7
Lincoln County, Nevada
10,633.20
27,539.86

8
Sweetwater County, Wyoming
10,426.65
27,004.90

9
Inyo County, California
10,180.88
26,368.36

10
Harney County, Oregon
10,133.17
26,244.79

text:
Smallest counties by land area nationwide[3]

Rank
County
Land area
(sq mi)
Land area
(km2)

1
Kalawao County, Hawaii
11.99
31.05

2
New York County, New York
22.83
59.13

3
Bristol County, Rhode Island
24.16
62.57

4
Arlington County, Virginia
25.97
67.26

5
Broomfield County, Colorado
33.03
85.55

6
Bronx County, New York
42.10
109.04

7
Nantucket County, Massachusetts
44.97
116.47

8
Hudson County, New Jersey
46.19
119.63

9
San Francisco County, California
46.87
121.39

10
Suffolk County, Massachusetts
58.15
150.61

text: Smallest, largest and average area per state[edit]

text: This list excludes Alaskan Census Areas, but includes other county equivalents. The North Slope Borough is the largest independently incorporated county equivalent. The Unorganized Borough is substantially larger, but is an extension of the State of Alaska government and not independently incorporated.A[›]

text:
Smallest, largest and average land areas for counties by state[4]

State
Avg. county land area, sq. mi. (km2)
Smallest county
Area, sq. mi. (km2)
Largest county
area, sq. mi. (km2)

All States
997.6 (2,584)
Falls Church County, Virginia
2.0 (5.2)
North Slope Borough, Alaska
88,695.4 (229,720)

Alaska
8,545.7 (22,133)
Skagway Municipality
452.3 (1,171)
North Slope Borough
88,695.4 (229,720)

Arizona
7,572.9 (19,614)
Santa Cruz County
1,236.9 (3,204)
Coconino County
18,618.8 (48,222)

Nevada
6,457.7 (16,725)
City of Carson City
144.6 (375)
Nye County
18,181.9 (47,091)

Wyoming
4,221.4 (10,933)
Hot Springs County
2,004.0 (5,190)
Sweetwater County
10,426.6 (27,005)

New Mexico
3,675.7 (9,520)
Los Alamos County
109.1 (283)
Catron County
6,923.6 (17,932)

Utah
2,833.4 (7,338)
Davis County
298.7 (774)
San Juan County
7,819.9 (20,253)

California
2,685.8 (6,956)
San Francisco County
46.8 (121)
San Bernardino County
20,056.9 (51,947)

Oregon
2,666.3 (6,906)
Multnomah County
431.3 (1,117)
Harney County
10,133.1 (26,245)

Montana
2,599.0 (6,731)
Silver Bow County
718.4 (1,861)
Beaverhead County
5,541.6 (14,353)

Maine
1,927.7 (4,993)
Sagadahoc County
253.6 (657)
Aroostook County
6,671.3 (17,279)

Idaho
1,878.3 (4,865)
Payette County
406.8 (1,054)
Idaho County
8,477.3 (21,956)

Washington
1,704.0 (4,413)
San Juan County
173.9 (450)
Okanogan County
5,267.9 (13,644)

Colorado
1,619.4 (4,194)
Broomfield County
33.0 (85)
Las Animas County
4,772.6 (12,361)

North Dakota
1,301.9 (3,372)
Eddy County
630.1 (1,632)
McKenzie County
2,760.3 (7,149)

Hawaii
1,284.5 (3,327)
Kalawao County
11.9 (31)
Hawaii County
4,028.4 (10,434)

South Dakota
1,148.7 (2,975)
Clay County
412.1 (1,067)
Meade County
3,470.9 (8,990)

Texas
1,028.5 (2,664)
Rockwall County
127.0 (329)
Brewster County
6,183.7 (16,016)

Minnesota
915.2 (2,370)
Ramsey County
152.2 (394)
St. Louis County
6,247.4 (16,181)

New Hampshire
895.3 (2,319)
Strafford County
368.9 (955)
Coos County
1,794.6 (4,648)

Oklahoma
890.8 (2,307)
Marshall County
371.0 (961)
Osage County
2,246.3 (5,818)

Nebraska
826.1 (2,140)
Sarpy County
238.9 (619)
Cherry County
5,960.4 (15,437)

Florida
800.4 (2,073)
Union County
243.5 (631)
Collier County
1,998.3 (5,176)

Kansas
778.7 (2,017)
Wyandotte County
151.6 (393)
Butler County
1,429.8 (3,703)

Alabama
767.4 (1,988)
Etowah County
534.9 (1,385)
Baldwin County
1,589.7 (4,117)

New York
760.1 (1,969)
New York County
22.8 (59)
St. Lawrence County
2,680.3 (6,942)

Wisconsin
752.2 (1,948)
Pepin County
231.9 (601)
Marathon County
1,544.9 (4,001)

Arkansas
693.8 (1,797)
Lafayette County
528.2 (1,368)
Union County
1,039.2 (2,692)

Michigan
681.2 (1,764)
Benzie County
319.7 (828)
Marquette County
1,808.4 (4,684)

Louisiana
675.1 (1,749)
Orleans Parish
169.4 (439)
Vernon Parish
1,327.9 (3,439)

Pennsylvania
667.8 (1,730)
Montour County
130.2 (337)
Lycoming County
1,228.5 (3,182)

Vermont
658.3 (1,705)
Grand Isle County
81.8 (212)
Windsor County
969.3 (2,510)

South Carolina
653.5 (1,693)
McCormick County
359.1 (930)
Horry County
1,133.9 (2,937)

Delaware
649.5 (1,682)
New Castle County
426.2 (1,104)
Sussex County
936.0 (2,424)

Connecticut
605.3 (1,568)
Middlesex County
369.3 (956)
Litchfield County
920.5 (2,384)

Missouri
597.8 (1,548)
City of St. Louis
61.9 (160)
Texas County
1,177.2 (3,049)

Mississippi
572.2 (1,482)
Alcorn County
400.0 (1,036)
Yazoo County
922.9 (2,390)

Iowa
564.2 (1,461)
Dickinson County
380.6 (986)
Kossuth County
972.7 (2,519)

Massachusetts
557.1 (1,443)
Nantucket County
44.9 (116)
Worcester County
1,510.7 (3,913)

Illinois
544.3 (1,410)
Putnam County
160.1 (415)
McLean County
1,183.3 (3,065)

North Carolina
486.2 (1,259)
Chowan County
172.4 (447)
Robeson County
949.2 (2,458)

Ohio
464.3 (1,203)
Lake County
227.4 (589)
Ashtabula County
701.9 (1,818)

West Virginia
437.1 (1,132)
Hancock County
82.6 (214)
Randolph County
1,039.6 (2,693)

Tennessee
434.1 (1,124)
Trousdale County
114.1 (296)
Shelby County
763.1 (1,976)

Maryland
404.5 (1,048)
City of Baltimore
80.9 (210)
Frederick County
660.2 (1,710)

Indiana
389.4 (1,009)
Ohio County
86.1 (223)
Allen County
657.3 (1,702)

Georgia
361.7 (937)
Clarke County
119.2 (309)
Ware County
892.4 (2,311)

New Jersey
350.2 (907)
Hudson County
46.1 (119)
Burlington County
798.5 (2,068)

Kentucky
329.1 (852)
Robertson County
99.9 (259)
Pike County
786.8 (2,038)

Virginia
294.7 (763)
City of Falls Church
2.0 (5.2)
Pittsylvania County
968.9 (2,509)

Rhode Island
206.8 (536)
Bristol County
24.1 (62)
Providence County
409.5 (1,061)

text: Population density[edit]

text: Most densely populated[edit]

text: Data presented below is based on U.S. Census department data from 2010.[4] Calculations are made by dividing the population by the land area. All county equivalents are included.

text:
Rank
County name
Pop/mile2
Pop/km2

1
New York County, New York
69,468
26,822

2
Kings County, New York
35,369
13,656

3
Bronx County, New York
32,903
12,704

4
Queens County, New York
20,554
7,936

5
San Francisco County, California
17,179
6,633

6
Hudson County, New Jersey
13,732
5,302

7
Suffolk County, Massachusetts
12,417
4,794

8
Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania
11,379
4,394

9
Washington, District of Columbia
9,857
3,806

10
Alexandria, Virginia
9,314
3,596

11
Richmond County, New York
8,030
3,101

12
Arlington County, Virginia
7,994
3,086

13
City of Baltimore, Maryland
7,672
2,962

14
Essex County, New Jersey
6,212
2,398

15
Falls Church, Virginia
6,170
2,382

16
Manassas Park, Virginia
5,633
2,175

17
Cook County, Illinois
5,495
2,122

18
Union County, New Jersey
5,216
2,014

19
Saint Louis County, Missouri
5,157
1,991

20
Nassau County, New York
4,705
1,817

21
Norfolk, Virginia
4,486
1,732

22
Charlottesville, Virginia
4,242
1,638

23
Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
3,926
1,516

24
Denver County, Colorado
3,923
1,515

25
Bergen County, New Jersey
3,884
1,500

26
Manassas County, Virginia
3,828
1,478

27
Orange County, California
3,808
1,470

28
Fairfax City, Virginia
3,617
1,396

29
Richmond, Virginia
3,415
1,318

30
Pinellas County, Florida
3,348
1,292

31
Ramsey County, Minnesota
3,342
1,290

32
Delaware County, Pennsylvania
3,039
1,173

33
Wayne County, Michigan
2,974
1,148

34
Portsmouth, Virginia
2,839
1,096

35
Winchester, Virginia
2,838
1,096

36
Lexington, Virginia
2,820
1,089

37
Harrisonburg, Virginia
2,808
1,084

38
Cuyahoga County, Ohio
2,800
1,081

39
DuPage County, Illinois
2,800
1,081

40
Fairfax County, Virginia
2,767
1,068

41
Dallas County, Texas
2,718
1,049

42
Passaic County, New Jersey
2,715
1,048

43
Hampton, Virginia
2,674
1,032

44
Newport News, Virginia
2,634
1,017

45
Middlesex County, New Jersey
2,622
1,012

46
DeKalb County, Georgia
2,586
998

47
Los Angeles County, California
2,420
934

48
Harris County, Texas
2,402
928

49
Fredericksburg, Virginia
2,326
898

50
Camden County, New Jersey
2,322
896

text: Least densely populated[edit]

text: This list generated by dividing the population by the land area. All county equivalents are included. The list is dominated by just a few states: Alaska, Montana, and Texas together comprise about two-thirds of the entries. The Unorganized Borough is not included here as a unit, but its census areas (non-governmental entities) are. If the census areas were removed from the list, the Unorganized Borough would rank fourteenth with a density of 0.38 per square mile (0.15/km2).

text:
Counties with lowest population densities[4]

Rank
County name
Pop/mile2
Pop/km2

1
Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska
0.03
0.01

2
Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
0.06
0.02

3
Yakutat Borough, Alaska
0.08
0.03

4
North Slope Borough, Alaska
0.10
0.04

5
Loving County, Texas
0.12
0.04

6
Denali Borough, Alaska
0.14
0.05

7
Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska
0.21
0.08

8
Esmeralda County, Nevada
0.21
0.08

9
Garfield County, Montana
0.25
0.10

10
Dillingham Census Area, Alaska
0.26
0.10

11
Valdez-Cordova Census Area, Alaska
0.28
0.10

12
Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska
0.28
0.11

13
Kenedy County, Texas
0.28
0.11

14
Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Alaska
0.28
0.11

15
Petroleum County, Montana
0.29
0.11

16
King County, Texas
0.31
0.12

17
Harding County, New Mexico
0.32
0.12

18
Carter County, Montana
0.34
0.13

19
Nome Census Area, Alaska
0.41
0.16

20
Terrell County, Texas
0.41
0.16

21
Bethel Census Area, Alaska
0.41
0.16

22
Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska
0.43
0.16

23
Aleutians East Borough, Alaska
0.45
0.17

24
Harding County, South Dakota
0.47
0.18

25
Eureka County, Nevada
0.47
0.18

26
Lincoln County, Nevada
0.50
0.19

27
Powder River County, Montana
0.52
0.20

28
Catron County, New Mexico
0.53
0.20

29
Clark County, Idaho
0.55
0.21

30
Slope County, North Dakota
0.59
0.23

31
McMullen County, Texas
0.62
0.24

32
McPherson County, Nebraska
0.62
0.24

33
Culberson County, Texas
0.62
0.24

34
Sioux County, Nebraska
0.63
0.24

35
Arthur County, Nebraska
0.64
0.24

36
McCone County, Montana
0.65
0.25

37
Blaine County, Nebraska
0.67
0.26

38
Prairie County, Montana
0.67
0.26

39
Billings County, North Dakota
0.68
0.26

40
Borden County, Texas
0.71
0.27

41
Harney County, Oregon
0.73
0.28

42
Treasure County, Montana
0.73
0.28

43
Golden Valley County, Montana
0.75
0.29

44
Hinsdale County, Colorado
0.75
0.29

45
Hudspeth County, Texas
0.76
0.29

46
Meagher County, Montana
0.79
0.30

47
Kiowa County, Colorado
0.79
0.30

48
Grant County, Nebraska
0.79
0.30

49
Mineral County, Colorado
0.81
0.31

50
Phillips County, Montana
0.82
0.31

text: Population density per state[edit]

text: Data presented below is based on U.S. Census Bureau data from 2010.[4] Calculations are made by dividing the population by the land area. All county equivalents are included.

text: Excluding the census areas of Alaska, Lake and Peninsula Borough is the least densely populated county equivalent with 0.069/sq mi (0.027/km2).

text:
State
Least densely populated county
Population density
Most densely populated county
Population density

Alabama
Wilcox County
13.13/sq mi (5.07/km2)
Jefferson County
592.53/sq mi (228.78/km2)

Alaska
Lake and Peninsula Borough
0.06/sq mi (0.023/km2)
Anchorage Municipality
171.19/sq mi (66.10/km2)

Arizona
La Paz County
4.55/sq mi (1.76/km2)
Maricopa County
414.89/sq mi (160.19/km2)

Arkansas
Calhoun County
8.53/sq mi (3.29/km2)
Pulaski County
503.77/sq mi (194.51/km2)

California
Alpine County
1.59/sq mi (0.61/km2)
San Francisco County
17,179.15/sq mi (6,632.91/km2)

Colorado
Hinsdale County
0.75/sq mi (0.29/km2)
Denver County
3,922.59/sq mi (1,514.52/km2)

Connecticut
Litchfield County
206.31/sq mi (79.66/km2)
Fairfield County
1,467.18/sq mi (566.48/km2)

Delaware
Sussex County
210.60/sq mi (81.31/km2)
New Castle County
1,263.18/sq mi (487.72/km2)

District of Columbia
9,857.20/sq mi (3,805.89/km2)

9,857.20/sq mi (3,805.89/km2)

Florida
Liberty County
10.01/sq mi (3.86/km2)
Pinellas County
3,347.50/sq mi (1,292.48/km2)

Georgia
Clinch County
8.49/sq mi (3.28/km2)
DeKalb County
2,585.72/sq mi (998.35/km2)

Hawaii
Kalawao County
7.50/sq mi (2.90/km2)
Honolulu County
1,586.71/sq mi (612.63/km2)

Idaho
Clark County
0.55/sq mi (0.21/km2)
Ada County
372.76/sq mi (143.92/km2)

Illinois
Pope County
12.12/sq mi (4.68/km2)
Cook County
5,495.11/sq mi (2,121.67/km2)

Indiana
Benton County
21.78/sq mi (8.41/km2)
Marion County
2,279.57/sq mi (880.15/km2)

Iowa
Adams County
9.51/sq mi (3.67/km2)
Polk County
750.51/sq mi (289.77/km2)

Kansas
Greeley County
1.60/sq mi (0.62/km2)
Johnson County
1,149.57/sq mi (443.85/km2)

Kentucky
Hickman County
20.23/sq mi (7.81/km2)
Jefferson County
1,948.11/sq mi (752.17/km2)

Louisiana
Cameron Parish
5.32/sq mi (2.05/km2)
Orleans Parish
2,029.41/sq mi (783.56/km2)

Maine
Piscataquis County
4.42/sq mi (1.71/km2)
Cumberland County
337.23/sq mi (130.21/km2)

Maryland
Garrett County
46.51/sq mi (17.96/km2)
City of Baltimore
7,671.51/sq mi (2,961.99/km2)

Massachusetts
Franklin County
102.05/sq mi (39.40/km2)
Suffolk County
12,416.78/sq mi (4,794.15/km2)

Michigan
Keweenaw County
3.99/sq mi (1.54/km2)
Wayne County
2,974.42/sq mi (1,148.43/km2)

Minnesota
Lake of the Woods County
3.11/sq mi (1.20/km2)
Ramsey County
3,341.64/sq mi (1,290.21/km2)

Mississippi
Issaquena County
3.40/sq mi (1.31/km2)
DeSoto County
338.66/sq mi (130.76/km2)

Missouri
Worth County
8.14/sq mi (3.14/km2)
St. Louis County
5,157.48/sq mi (1,991.31/km2)

Montana
Garfield County
0.25/sq mi (0.097/km2)
Yellowstone County
56.19/sq mi (21.70/km2)

Nebraska
McPherson County
0.63/sq mi (0.24/km2)
Douglas County
1,574.37/sq mi (607.87/km2)

Nevada
Esmeralda County
0.21/sq mi (0.081/km2)
Carson City
382.09/sq mi (147.53/km2)

New Hampshire
Coos County
18.41/sq mi (7.11/km2)
Hillsborough County
457.37/sq mi (176.59/km2)

New Jersey
Salem County
199.10/sq mi (76.87/km2)
Hudson County
13,731.61/sq mi (5,301.80/km2)

New Mexico
Harding County
0.32/sq mi (0.12/km2)
Bernalillo County
570.76/sq mi (220.37/km2)

New York
Hamilton County
2.81/sq mi (1.08/km2)
New York County
69,468.42/sq mi (26,821.91/km2)

North Carolina
Hyde County
9.48/sq mi (3.66/km2)
Mecklenburg County
1,755.54/sq mi (677.82/km2)

North Dakota
Billings County
0.68/sq mi (0.26/km2)
Cass County
84.86/sq mi (32.76/km2)

Ohio
Monroe County
32.12/sq mi (12.40/km2)
Cuyahoga County
2,799.95/sq mi (1,081.07/km2)

Oklahoma
Cimarron County
1.34/sq mi (0.52/km2)
Tulsa County
1,058.14/sq mi (408.55/km2)

Oregon
Harney County
0.73/sq mi (0.28/km2)
Multnomah County
1,704.93/sq mi (658.28/km2)

Pennsylvania
Cameron County
12.83/sq mi (4.95/km2)
Philadelphia County
11,379.49/sq mi (4,393.65/km2)

Rhode Island
Washington County
385.67/sq mi (148.91/km2)
Bristol County
2,064.00/sq mi (796.91/km2)

South Carolina
Allendale County
25.53/sq mi (9.86/km2)
Greenville County
574.72/sq mi (221.90/km2)

South Dakota
Harding County
0.47/sq mi (0.18/km2)
Minnehaha County
209.95/sq mi (81.06/km2)

Tennessee
Perry County
19.08/sq mi (7.37/km2)
Davidson County
1,243.33/sq mi (480.05/km2)

Texas
Loving County
0.12/sq mi (0.046/km2)
Dallas County
2,718.00/sq mi (1,049.43/km2)

Utah
Garfield County
0.99/sq mi (0.38/km2)
Salt Lake County
1,387.14/sq mi (535.58/km2)

Vermont
Essex County
9.50/sq mi (3.67/km2)
Chittenden County
291.74/sq mi (112.64/km2)

Virginia
Highland County
5.59/sq mi (2.16/km2)
Alexandria County
9,314.30/sq mi (3,596.27/km2)

Washington
Garfield County
3.18/sq mi (1.23/km2)
King County
912.87/sq mi (352.46/km2)

West Virginia
Pocahontas County
9.27/sq mi (3.58/km2)
Ohio County
419.98/sq mi (162.16/km2)

Wisconsin
Iron County
7.80/sq mi (3.01/km2)
Milwaukee County
3,925.95/sq mi (1,515.82/km2)

Wyoming
Niobrara County
0.94/sq mi (0.36/km2)
Laramie County
34.15/sq mi (13.19/km2)


document_title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

question_text: grey's anatomy who was on the plane crash

question_tokens: grey 's anatomy who was on the plane crash

text: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: Plot[edit]

text: After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins' femur is broken and sticking through the skin, Sloan has serious internal injuries; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under a piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they cannot save her, so Sloan holds her hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching.

text: Lexie's death devastates Meredith, who is still desperately trying to find her husband. Eventually, she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can. Meanwhile, back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors. Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents, which Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), and Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) are dreading. Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center, and he and Kepner share a moment. Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George) and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) decide to get married, even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles. After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd), the chief of surgery, fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died. As the episode ends, Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise. The residents, finally excited to celebrate at Webber's dinner, are left waiting for their stranded friends. The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out. In the closing monologue, Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series.

text: Production[edit]

text:
"It was so hard. It was physically and emotionally challenging because you're constantly at extremely high stakes. The physicality for Cristina, she had to do a lot of things with one arm, and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe. You're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way. And it's like we've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital. But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating; you cannot beat location work. I've done very little greenscreen work, but it's just a pooper. I don't care how much you blow that fan on my face, there's not a helicopter coming at me. It's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is, but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing, you're freezing."
— Oh's impressions on shooting in the mountains[1]

tag: div

text: The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn.[2] Featured music included The Paper Kites' "Featherstone" and Feist's 'Graveyard".[3] Filming took place in Big Bear Lake, California, a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd's fishing trip.[4] Commenting on the filming conditions, Leigh said: "It would rain and be sunny and hot. I never died before [on camera]. That sounds funny saying that. I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung. Everybody was very accommodating — the crew, cast. And I opted to stay underneath [the wreckage] for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out."[5]

text: In regard to the episode, Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write, largely because of the death of a main character. She compared it to writing the season six finale, by explaining that the former was "more painful" to write.[6] After the episode aired, Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale, adding: "I did not enjoy it. It made me sick and it made me sad."[7] Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh, whose character died after the plane crash, by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie, after extensive discussion. Speaking of Raver's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM, Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal, but declined.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The episode received mixed reviews among television critics, and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings. "Flight" was originally broadcast on May 17, 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people,[8] a 16.5% (1.62 million) increase from the previous episode "Migration", which garnered 9.82 million viewers.[9] In terms of viewership, "Flight" ranked fourth for the night, behind the season finales of Fox's American Idol, and CBS's Person of Interest and The Mentalist.[8] In terms of Grey's Anatomy's other season finales, the episode was the show's second least-viewed finale, just behind the seventh season's, which garnered 9.89 million viewers.[10] The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership, but its 4.1/11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9:00 Eastern time-slot and second for the night, registering the show as Thursday's No. 1 drama, for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18–49 demographic. Its rating lost to American Idol, but beat out CBS's The Big Bang Theory, Person of Interest, and The Mentalist.[8] In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night, it was an increase from the previous episode, which netted a 3.5/10 rating/share in the 18–49 demographic.[9] The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year's finale, which attained a 3.6/9 rating/share in the 18–49 demographic.[10]

text: Poptimal's Tanya Lane wrote, "Wow…just wow. Grey's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale." While she appreciated the "realism and authenticity that Grey's is known for", she found the episode was "almost too much" as it was "extremely gory and difficult to watch, initially because of the grisly wounds" but later because of the "heavy and emotional things that transpired". She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead.[11] Digital Spy's Ben Lee found Leigh's and Dane's performances "phenomenal" and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane. He described the moment the two actors shared as "truly poignant". To him, Lexie's death felt like a finale, which was thus too early. As for what was happening in Seattle Grace, he thought it was "a bit pointless" and "uninteresting" except Altman's departure, which he deemed "the most significant moment at the hospital".[12] Entertainment Weekly's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie's death: "It was an intense death. I mean, how awful was it to watch one of Grey’s longest-running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I don't love that Lexie was the one to die. Could it have been someone less important somehow? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner. And you probably just don't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan, right?" Stransky also complained about Robbins' screams at the beginning of the episode, but enjoyed Bailey's story.[13]

text: In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year, Lexie's death was voted the "Top Tissue Moment",[14] while Robbins' injured leg and Shepherd's mangled hand were voted the "Most Disturbing Image".[15] The ending of the episode was also considered as the "Best Ending to an Otherwise So-So Season".[16] Lexie's death was also nominated under the "Best (Presumed) Death" category,[17] while the plane crash's aftermath was nominated as the "Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger",[18] and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for "Biggest Regret That I Didn't See It, I Just Heard or Read About It".[19] Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012.[20] In TVLine's review of 2012, Lexie's death was runner-up for "Biggest Tearjerker".[21] The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes.[22]


document_title: Bye, Felicia

question_text: where is the saying bye felicia come from

text: Bye, Felicia

text: The phrase "Bye, Felicia" (actually spelled "Felisha" in the cast listing of Friday) came from the American stoner buddy crime comedy film Friday (1995). According to Ice Cube, who starred in the film and co-wrote its script, "Bye, Felicia" is "the phrase 'to get anyone out of your face'".[1]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: The saying gained popularity and continues to be used, even by people who have never seen the film. In 2009, it entered the lexicon of RuPaul's Drag Race, an American reality competition television series produced by World of Wonder for Logo. However, People said "even that wouldn't necessarily account for the phrase extending beyond the cultures that would watch either Friday, Drag Race or both. (Seriously, just look how often people use it on Twitter.)"[1] Furthermore, the magazine said of the phrase, "So when your square friend uses it, take a little bit of pleasure in knowing they're referencing a stoner comedy – or a drag reality show referencing a stoner comedy – even if they have no idea."[1]

text: In 2014, VH1 began airing a television show called Bye Felicia, and American R&B-pop singer Jordin Sparks released a mixtape titled #ByeFelicia.[1][2] According to Google Trends, the phrase reached its highest usage in mid-2015.[1]


document_title: Landlocked country

question_text: what are the landlocked countries in south america

text: Landlocked country

text: Significance[edit]

text: Historically, being landlocked has been disadvantageous to a country's development. It cuts a nation off from important sea resources such as fishing, and impedes or prevents direct access to seaborne trade, a crucial component of economic and social advance. As such, coastal regions tended to be wealthier and more heavily populated than inland ones. Paul Collier in his book The Bottom Billion argues that being landlocked in a poor geographic neighborhood is one of four major development "traps" by which a country can be held back. In general, he found that when a neighboring country experiences better growth, it tends to spill over into favorable development for the country itself. For landlocked countries, the effect is particularly strong, as they are limited in their trading activity with the rest of the world. He states, "If you are coastal, you serve the world; if you are landlocked, you serve your neighbors."[3] Others have argued that being landlocked may actually be a blessing as it creates a "natural tariff barrier" which protects the country from cheap imports. In some instances, this has led to more robust local food systems.[4][5]

text: Landlocked developing countries have significantly higher costs of international cargo transportation compared to coastal developing countries (in Asia the ratio is 3:1).[6]

text: Efforts to avoid being landlocked[edit]

text: Countries thus have made particular efforts to avoid being landlocked, by acquiring land that reaches the sea:

text:
As result of a 2005 territorial exchange with Ukraine, Moldova received a 600 m-long bank of the Danube River (which is an international waterway), subsequently building its Port of Giurgiulești there.
The International Congo Society, which owned the territory now constituting the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was awarded a narrow piece of land cutting through Angola to connect it to the sea by the Conference of Berlin in 1885.
The Republic of Ragusa once gave the town of Neum to the Ottoman Empire because it did not want to have a land border with Venice; this small municipality was inherited by Bosnia and Herzegovina and now provides limited sea access, splitting the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast in two. Since Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new country, railways and ports have not been built for its need. There is no freight port along its short coastline at Neum, making it effectively landlocked, although there are plans to change this. Instead the port of Ploče in Croatia is used.
After World War I, in the Treaty of Versailles, a part of Germany designated "the Polish corridor" was given to the new Second Polish Republic, for access to the Baltic Sea. This gave Poland a short coastline, but without a large harbour. This was also the pretext for making Danzig (now Gdańsk) with its harbour the Free City of Danzig, to which Poland was given free access. However, the Germans placed obstacles to this free access, especially when it came to military material. In response, the small fishing harbour of Gdynia was soon greatly enlarged.
Until the dissolution of Austria–Hungary in 1918 at the end of World War I, Austrians, Hungarians and that empire's other nationalities had served in that country's navy, but since then, Austria and Hungary have both been landlocked countries.

text: Trade agreements[edit]

text: Countries can make agreements on getting free transport of goods through neighbour countries:

text:
The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to offer Czechoslovakia a lease for 99 years of parts of the ports in Hamburg and Stettin, allowing Czechoslovakia sea trade via the Elbe and Oder rivers. Stettin was annexed by Poland after World War II, but Hamburg continued the contract so that part of the port (now called Moldauhafen) may still be used for sea trade by a successor of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic.
The Danube is an international waterway, and thus landlocked Austria, Hungary, Moldova, Serbia, and Slovakia have secure access to the Black Sea (the same access is given to inland parts of Germany and Croatia, though Germany and Croatia are not landlocked). However, oceangoing ships cannot use the Danube, so cargo must be transloaded anyway, and many overseas imports into Austria and Hungary use land transport from Atlantic and Mediterranean ports. A similar situation exists for the Rhine river where Switzerland has boat access, but not oceangoing ships. Luxembourg has such through the Moselle, but Liechtenstein has no boat access, even though it is located along the Rhine, as the Rhine is not navigable that far upstream.
The Mekong is an international waterway so that landlocked Laos has access to the South China Sea (since Laos became independent from French Indochina). However, it is not navigable due to the Khone Phapheng Falls.
Free ports allow transshipment to short-distance ships or river vessels.
The TIR Treaty allows sealed road transport without customs checks and charges, mostly in Europe.

text: Political repercussions[edit]

text: Losing access to the sea is generally a great blow to a nation, politically, militarily, and economically. The following are examples of countries becoming landlocked.

text:
The independence of Eritrea, brought about by successful separatist movements, has caused Ethiopia to become landlocked.
Montenegro's decision to abandon the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro caused the federal unit of Serbia to become a landlocked independent state.
Bolivia lost its coastline to Chile in the War of the Pacific and accepted it in treaties signed in 1884 and 1904. The last treaty gives port storage facilities and special treatment for the transit of goods from and to Bolivia through Chilean ports and territory. Peru and Argentina have also given special treatment for the transit of goods. A fluvial Bolivian Navy, which did not exist at the time of the War of the Pacific, was created later and both train and operates in Lake Titicaca and rivers. The Bolivian people annually celebrate a patriotic "Dia del Mar" (Day of the Sea) to remember its territorial loss, which included both the coastal city of Antofagasta and what has proven to be one of the most significant and lucrative copper deposits in the world. Early in the 21st century, the selection of the route of gas pipes from Bolivia to the sea fueled popular uprisings, as people were against the option of laying the pipes through Chilean territory.
Austria and Hungary also lost their access to the sea as a consequence of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) and the Treaty of Trianon (1920) respectively. Previously, although Croatia had a limited constitutional autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary, the City of Fiume/Rijeka on the Croatian coast was governed directly from Budapest by an appointed governor as a corpus separatum, to provide Hungary with its only international port in the periods 1779–1813, 1822–1848 and 1868–1918.
By 1801, the Nizam's dominion of Hyderabad State assumed the shape it is now remembered for: that of a landlocked princely state with territories in central Deccan, bounded on all sides by British India, whereas 150 years earlier it had had a considerable coastline on the Bay of Bengal which was annexed by the British.[7]
It is possible that one of the causes of the Paraguayan War was Paraguay's lack of direct ocean access (although this is disputed; see the linked article).
When the Entente Powers divided the former Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Sèvres at the close of World War I, Armenia was promised part of the Trebizond vilayet (roughly corresponding to the modern Trabzon and Rize provinces in Turkey). This would have given Armenia access to the Black Sea. However, the Sèvres treaty collapsed with the Turkish War of Independence and was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne, which firmly established Turkish rule over the area.
In 2011, South Sudan broke off from Sudan, causing the former to become landlocked. There still remains conflict over the oil fields in South Sudan between the two countries.

text: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea now gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea without taxation of traffic through transit states. The United Nations has a programme of action to assist landlocked developing countries,[8] and the current responsible Undersecretary-General is Anwarul Karim Chowdhury.

text: Some countries have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in its early history, Russia's only ports were on the Arctic Ocean and frozen shut for much of the year. The wish to gain control of a warm-water port was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay (and Bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean by the Paraguay and Parana rivers.

text: Several countries have coastlines on landlocked seas, such as the Caspian and the Dead. Since these seas are in effect lakes without access to wider seaborne trade, countries such as Kazakhstan are still considered landlocked. Although the Caspian Sea is connected to the Black Sea via the man-made Volga–Don Canal, large oceangoing ships are unable to traverse it.

text: By degree[edit]

text: Landlocked countries may be bordered by a single country having access to the high seas, two or more such countries, or be surrounded by other landlocked countries, making a country doubly landlocked.

text: Landlocked by a single country[edit]

text: Three countries are landlocked by a single country (enclaved countries) :

text:
Lesotho, a state surrounded by South Africa.
 San Marino, a state surrounded by Italy.
  Vatican City, a state forming part of Rome, thus surrounded by Italy.

text: Landlocked by two countries[edit]

text: Seven landlocked countries are surrounded by only two mutually bordering neighbors (semi-enclaved countries):

text:
Andorra (between France and Spain)
 Bhutan (between India and China)
 Liechtenstein (one of the "doubly landlocked" countries, between Switzerland and Austria)
 Moldova (between Ukraine and Romania)
 Mongolia (between Russia and China)
   Nepal (between India and China)
 Swaziland (between South Africa and Mozambique)

text: To this group could be added two de facto states with no or limited international recognition:

text:
South Ossetia (between Russia and Georgia)
 Transnistria (between Ukraine and Moldova)

text: Doubly landlocked[edit]

text: A country is "doubly landlocked" or "double-landlocked" when it is surrounded entirely by one or more landlocked countries (requiring the crossing of at least two national borders to reach a coastline).[9][10]

text:
Liechtenstein in Central Europe, surrounded by Switzerland and Austria.[11]
 Uzbekistan in Central Asia, surrounded by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.[12]

text: There were no doubly landlocked countries in recent times from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I. Liechtenstein bordered the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which had an Adriatic coastline, and Uzbekistan was then part of the Russian Empire, which had both ocean and sea access.

text: With the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918 and creation of an independent, landlocked Austria, Liechtenstein became the sole doubly landlocked country until 1938. In the Nazi Anschluss that year Austria was absorbed into the Third Reich, which possessed a border on the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. After World War II, Austria regained its independence and Liechtenstein once again became doubly landlocked.

text: Uzbekistan, which had been absorbed by the new Soviet Union upon the toppling of the Russian throne in 1917, gained its independence with the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in 1991 and became the second doubly landlocked country.

text: However, Uzbekistan's doubly landlocked status depends on the Caspian Sea's status dispute: some countries, especially Iran and Turkmenistan, claim that the Caspian Sea should be considered as a real sea (mainly because this way they would have larger oil and gas fields), which would make Uzbekistan only a simple landlocked country because its neighbours Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have access to the Caspian Sea.

text: List of landlocked countries and territories[edit]

text:
Country
Area (km2)
Population
Cluster
Surrounding countries
Count

 Afghanistan
652,230
33,369,945
Central Asia
Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, Pakistan
6

 Andorra
468
84,082
(none)
France, Spain
2

 Armenia[e]
29,743
3,254,300
Caucasia
Iran, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan
4

 Austria
83,871
8,572,895
Central Europe
Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland
8

 Azerbaijan[a]
86,600
8,997,401
Caucasia
Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Turkey
4

 Belarus
207,600
9,484,300
(none)
Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Latvia
5

 Bhutan
38,394
691,141
(none)
India, China
2

 Bolivia
1,098,581
10,907,778
South America
Peru, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay
5

 Botswana
582,000
1,990,876
Southern Africa
Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa
4

 Burkina Faso
274,222
15,746,232
Central Africa
Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast
6

 Burundi
27,834
10,557,259
Central Africa
Rwanda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo
3

 Central African Republic
622,984
4,422,000
Central Africa
Chad, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, South Sudan
6

 Chad
1,284,000
13,670,084
Central Africa
Libya, Niger, Sudan, Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon
6

 Czech Republic
78,867
10,674,947
Central Europe
Austria, Germany, Poland, Slovakia
4

 Ethiopia
1,104,300
101,853,268
Central Africa
Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan
6

 Hungary
93,028
10,005,000
Central Europe
Austria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine
7

 Kazakhstan[a]
2,724,900
16,372,000
Central Asia
China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
5

 Kosovo[c]
10,908
1,804,838
Central Europe
Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia
4

 Kyrgyzstan
199,951
5,482,000
Central Asia
China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
4

 Laos
236,800
6,320,000
(none)
Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand
5

 Lesotho[d]
30,355
2,067,000
(none)
South Africa
1

 Liechtenstein
160
35,789
Central Europe
Switzerland, Austria
2

 Luxembourg
2,586
502,202
(none)
Belgium, Germany, France
3

 Macedonia (F.Y.R.O.M.)
25,713
2,114,550
Central Europe
Kosovo, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania
5

 Malawi
118,484
15,028,757
Southern Africa
Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique
3

 Mali
1,240,192
14,517,176
Central Africa
Algeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania
7

 Moldova
33,846
3,559,500
(Eastern Europe)
Romania, Ukraine
2

 Mongolia
1,566,500
2,892,876
(none)
China, Russia
2

 Artsakh[c]
11,458
146,600
Caucasia
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran
3

 Nepal
147,181
26,494,504
(none)
China, India
2

 Niger
1,267,000
15,306,252
Central Africa
Libya, Chad, Nigeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Algeria
7

 Paraguay
406,752
6,349,000
South America
Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia
3

 Rwanda
26,338
10,746,311
Central Africa
Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
4

 San Marino[d]
61
31,716
(none)
Italy
1

 Serbia
88,361
7,306,677
Central Europe
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania (via Kosovo and Metohija[c])
8

 Slovakia
49,035
5,429,763
Central Europe
Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine, Hungary
5

 South Ossetia[c]
3,900
72,000
(none)
Georgia, Russia
2

 South Sudan
619,745
8,260,490
Central Africa
Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic
6

 Swaziland
17,364
1,185,000
(none)
Mozambique, South Africa
2

 Switzerland
41,284
7,785,600
Central Europe
France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, Italy
5

 Tajikistan
143,100
7,349,145
Central Asia
Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, China
4

 Transnistria[c]
4,163
505,153
(Eastern Europe)
Moldova, Ukraine
2

 Turkmenistan[a]
488,100
5,110,000
Central Asia
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran
4

 Uganda
241,038
40,322,768
Central Africa
Kenya, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania
5

 Uzbekistan
449,100
32,606,007
Central Asia
Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan
5

 Vatican City[d]
0.44
826
(none)
Italy
1

 West Bank[b][c]
5,655
2,862,485
(none)
Israel, Jordan
2

 Zambia
752,612
12,935,000
Southern Africa
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Angola
8

 Zimbabwe
390,757
12,521,000
Southern Africa
South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique
4

Total
14,776,228
475,818,737

Percentage of World
11.4%
6.9%

text: They can be grouped in contiguous groups as follows:[13]

text:
Central Asian cluster (6): Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Central European cluster (9): Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kosovo (partially recognized), Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia and Switzerland
West, Central and East African cluster (10): Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda
South African cluster (4): Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Caucasian cluster (3): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Artsakh (unrecognized)
South American cluster (2): Bolivia, Paraguay

text: If Transnistria is included then Moldova and Transnistria form their own cluster, listed in parentheses in the table.

text: If it were not for the 40 km of coastline at Muanda, DR Congo would join the two African clusters into one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world. Also, the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea. Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too, being separated from Kazakhstan by only 30 km, across Russian or Chinese territory.

text: There are the following "single" landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country):

text:
Africa (2): Lesotho, Swaziland
Asia (5): Bhutan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, West Bank (partially recognized)
Europe (6): Andorra, Belarus, Luxembourg, Moldova (if Transnistria is excluded), San Marino, and the State of the Vatican City
Caucasus (1): South Ossetia (partially recognized)

text: If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20. If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia, then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on the status of the three transcontinental countries, Asia has between 9 and 15, while South America has only 2. North America and Australia are the only continents with no landlocked countries (not including Antarctica, which has no countries).