document_title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

question_text: who is koba in dawn of the planet of the apes

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ten years after the pandemic of the deadly ALZ-113 virus, or Simian Flu, the worldwide human population has been drastically reduced, with only about one in five hundred genetically immune to the virus. Apes, with genetically enhanced intelligence caused by the same virus, have started to build a civilization of their own. Caesar is the chimpanzee leader of an ape colony in the Muir Woods near San Francisco. Caesar's son Blue Eyes and his friend Ash encounter a man named Carver in the woods, who panics and shoots Ash, wounding him. Carver's party, led by Malcolm, arrive while a number of apes join Blue Eyes and Ash. Caesar orders the humans to leave, and they flee to their community in San Francisco, centered around "the tower", a partially finished skyscraper. Prompted by Koba, a scarred bonobo who holds a grudge against humans for experimental mistreatment, Caesar brings an army of apes to the tower. There, he announces that while the apes do not want war, they will fight to defend their home. He demands that the humans stay in their territory. Malcolm convinces his fellow leader Dreyfus to give him time to take a small team to the forest to reconcile with the apes and gain access to a hydroelectric dam in their territory, which could provide long-term power to the city. Malcolm meets with Caesar, who allows the humans to work on the generator on the condition that they surrender their guns. As Malcolm, his wife Ellie, and son Alexander work, they bond with the apes. Mutual distrust of both sides gradually subsides until Caesar discovers a gun Carver had hidden and orders the humans to leave. He later allows the humans one extra day to work on the dam after Ellie uses medicine to save Caesar's wife, Cornelia.

text: Distrustful of the apes, Dreyfus arms his community using the Fort Point armory. Maintaining his distrust of humans, Koba discovers the armory and later confronts Caesar, accusing him of loving humans more than apes. In response, Caesar severely beats Koba, but refrains from killing him. Koba returns to the armory, where he takes an assault rifle and kills two guards. Returning home, he secretly kills Carver. The generator is repaired, restoring power to the city. During the celebration, Koba sets fire to the apes' home, then, unseen to anyone else, shoots Caesar, who falls from the settlement's main tree. In the subsequent panic, Koba takes charge, implicating Carver in the shooting and convincing the apes to attack the humans. He leads them into San Francisco, where they plunder the armory and charge the tower, with many casualties. The apes breach the building and imprison the humans as Dreyfus flees underground. When Ash refuses Koba's orders to kill unarmed humans, citing Caesar's teachings, Koba kills Ash and imprisons any ape still loyal to Caesar.

text: Malcolm's family finds Caesar barely alive and transport him to his former house in San Francisco. Caesar reveals that Koba shot him, realizing that apes can be as corrupt and violent as humans. When Malcolm sneaks into the settlement to find medical supplies for Caesar, he encounters Blue Eyes, who spares him before learning that his father is still alive. After reconciling with Caesar, Blue Eyes returns to the tower and frees the imprisoned humans and apes. Malcolm leads the apes into the tower, where he finds Dreyfus. He learns that the return of electricity allowed Dreyfus' men to make radio contact with survivors at a military base, who are now coming to fight the apes. Caesar confronts Koba at the top of the tower; as they fight, Dreyfus detonates C-4 charges that destabilize the tower, at the cost of his own life. Koba starts shooting at the apes, but Caesar tackles him off a ledge. While clinging on a metal girder, Koba is rejected as an ape by Caesar and is dropped to his death.

text: Malcolm and Caesar acknowledge their friendship, with Malcolm warning of the approaching human military. Caesar warns that the humans will never forgive the apes for their attack, and convinces Malcolm to leave with his family. The film ends as Caesar stands before a kneeling mass of apes.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Apes[edit]

text:
Andy Serkis as Caesar, a common chimpanzee and the leader of the evolved ape tribe
Toby Kebbell as Koba, a scarred bonobo and Caesar's treacherous lieutenant; previously played by Christopher Gordon in Rise
Judy Greer as Cornelia, a common chimpanzee and Caesar's wife, mother of Blue Eyes and a newborn son; previously played by Devyn Dalton in Rise
Terry Notary as Rocket, a common chimpanzee and Caesar's former rival and enemy turned friend
Karin Konoval as Maurice, a Bornean orangutan and Caesar's friend and advisor
Doc Shaw as Ash, a common chimpanzee, son of Rocket, also Blue Eyes' best friend
Nick Thurston as Blue Eyes, a common chimpanzee and Caesar and Cornelia's first son
Lee Ross as Grey, a common chimpanzee and a follower of Koba

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Jason Clarke as Malcolm, the leader of the small group that forms a strong bond with Caesar and the other apes
Gary Oldman as Dreyfus, the leader of the remaining human survivors
Keri Russell as Ellie, a former nurse at the CDC, and Malcolm's wife
Kodi Smit-McPhee as Alexander, Malcolm's son from a previous marriage
Kirk Acevedo as Carver, a former San Francisco water worker and a member of Malcolm's group
Jocko Sims as Werner, the colony's radio operator
Enrique Murciano as Kemp, a member of Malcolm's group
Keir O'Donnell as Finney, an ally of Dreyfus
Lombardo Boyar as Terry, a guard at the colony's armory
Kevin Rankin as McVeigh, a guard at the colony's armory
Jon Eyez as Foster, a member of Malcolm's group
James Franco (uncredited) as Will Rodman from Rise of the Planet of the Apes, in a cameo via a video from Caesar's childhood

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After the release of Rise of the Planet of the Apes, director Rupert Wyatt commented on possible sequels: "I think we're ending with certain questions, which is quite exciting. To me, I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film, but this is just the beginning."[7] Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise featured several clues as to future sequels: "I hope that we're building a platform for future films. We're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth."[8]

text: In an interview recorded after the release of Rise, Wyatt stated, "We want to grow and evolve, in the films that will [hopefully] come after this, to the '68 original."[9] Wyatt also stated that he wants it to take place eight years after Rise, as a whole new ape generation can be born, and explore the dynamics of Caesar and Koba's relationship.[10] According to screenwriter Rick Jaffa, a version of the spaceship from the 1968 Planet of the Apes under the name Icarus was in Rise as a deliberate hint to a possible sequel.[11]

text: In November 2011, Andy Serkis was the first to be announced as having closed a deal for a sequel to Rise. It was reported to be a "healthy seven-figure deal" for him to reprise his role as Caesar, the ape leader.[12] On May 15, 2012, it was announced Scott Z. Burns had been hired to do rewrites on the original screenplay by Rise writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver.[13] On May 31, 2012, 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.[14]

text: On September 17, 2012, there were reports that director Wyatt was considering leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to make the film properly.[15] On October 1, Cloverfield director Matt Reeves was confirmed as his replacement.[16] Reeves had been working on developing a new Twilight Zone film.[17] On October 18, Mark Bomback, writer of Live Free or Die Hard, was reported to be doing a re-write for Reeves.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In December 2012, after the departure of director Wyatt, James Franco speculated that he would not be returning for the sequel, saying, "Now Rupert's not a part of it so I don't know. My guess is I won't be in it. Nobody's talked to me since Rupert left."[19] Later, Matt Reeves revealed that Franco would be seen in a cameo in the film.[20][21] Freida Pinto, who played primatologist Caroline Aranha in Rise, confirmed that she would not be returning for Dawn.[22] In April 2014, when asked by IGN about the fate of Franco and Pinto's characters, producer Dylan Clark said, "I mean, they’re the ones that died...They were ground zero of the virus."[23]

text: In February 2013, actors Gary Oldman, Jason Clarke, and Kodi Smit-McPhee were cast in lead roles for the sequel, set ten years after the events from the first film.[24][25] In March 2013, actress Keri Russell was cast in a role.[26] That same month, Judy Greer was cast as Cornelia, a female chimp and love interest for Caesar.[27] Toby Kebbell, Enrique Murciano and Kirk Acevedo joined the cast during filming.[citation needed] On May 15, 2013, Jocko Sims was cast in a supporting role of military operative Werner.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began in April 2013 around the town of Campbell River, British Columbia.[29] The location of Vancouver Island was chosen for its similarity to the locations depicted in the film, the forests, and the variety of landscapes.[30] Filming in New Orleans started in May 2013 and continued in July 2013 at various locations such as the former Six Flags park Six Flags New Orleans.[31]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Like Rise, visual effects for Dawn were done by Weta Digital. In addition to the apes, Weta created other digital animals, such as a herd of elk, a grizzly bear, and CG doubles of the live horses. The elk were created using key-frame animation and the digital crowd enhancement software MASSIVE, the bear through key-frame animation, and the horses with a mixture of key-frame animation and motion capture.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino

Released
August 12, 2014

Recorded
2014

Genre
Film score

Length
77:21

Label
Sony Masterworks

Michael Giacchino film scores chronology

Star Trek Into Darkness
(2013)Star Trek Into Darkness2013
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes
(2014)
This Is Where I Leave You
(2014)This Is Where I Leave You2014

text: The film's score was composed by Michael Giacchino. The soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks on July 8, 2014.[32]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Michael Giacchino.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Level Plaguing Field"
2:21

2.
"Look Who’s Stalking"
2:35

3.
"The Great Ape Processional"
4:34

4.
"Past Their Primates"
1:57

5.
"Close Encounters of the Furred Kind"
4:38

6.
"Monkey to the City"
1:16

7.
"The Lost City of Chimpanzee"
3:46

8.
"Along Simian Lines"
5:04

9.
"Caesar No Evil, Hear No Evil"
2:27

10.
"Monkey See, Monkey Coup"
5:12

11.
"Gorilla Warfare"
7:37

12.
"The Apes of Wrath"
4:28

13.
"Gibbon Take"
2:55

14.
"Aped Crusaders"
3:26

15.
"How Bonobo Can You Go"
5:42

16.
"Enough Monkeying Around"
3:35

17.
"Primates for Life"
5:42

18.
"Planet of the End Credits"
8:56

19.
"Ain’t That a Stinger (Written By Griffin Giacchino)"
1:10

text: Release[edit]

text: On May 31, 2012, Fox announced that Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was scheduled for release on May 23, 2014.[14] It was announced on June 20, 2013 that the release date for Dawn was being pushed back two months to July 18, 2014.[33] On December 10, 2013, the film was pushed up one week to July 11, 2014.[34] The film premiered at the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco, California on June 26, 2014.[35] The film closed the 36th Moscow International Film Festival on June 28.[36]

text: In Hungary, the largest cinema chain called Cinema City could not agree with the film's distributor, InterCom, and as a result it opened on July 17, 2014 on 45 screens, significantly fewer than similar big-budget productions.[37] However, the film still managed to top the weekend box office chart of the country beating Transformers: Age of Extinction, which had been leading the chart for three weeks (on 105 screens distributed by UIP Duna).[38]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A viral marketing campaign for the film launched in July 2013 included a "simian flu" website[39] and mock PSA videos.[40] 20th Century Fox and Vice Media's Motherboard released three short films online in July 2014 which document the ten-year gap between the events of Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.[41] A novel titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes: Firestorm which is also set between the events of the first two films was published in May 2014 by Titan Books.[42] A partnership with 20th Century Fox and Ndemic Creations saw mobile/PC game Plague Inc. get a Dawn of the Planet of the Apes-themed update on July 10, 2014. It allows players to create and customize a simian flu virus to infect the world and eradicate humanity whilst helping apes survive.[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was a success at the box office with many critics calling it "the summer’s best popcorn film",[44] and Deadline.com commented saying it is "a franchise that will keep going and going, unless they screw it up".[45] The film grossed $208,545,589 in the USA & Canada, and $500,290,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $708,835,589.[6] Calculating in all expenses and revenues, Deadline.com estimated that the film made a net profit of $182.18 million.[46] It had a worldwide opening of $103.3 million which was the 11th-highest of 2014.[47] Worldwide it is the highest-grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise[48] and the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2014.[49]

text: In the United States and Canada, the film is the highest-grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise, unadjusted for inflation[48] and the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2014.[50] It opened on July 11, 2014 across 3,967 theaters and topped the box office on its opening day earning $27.7 million (including previews).[51] During its traditional three-opening, the film debuted at number one earning $72.6 million, which was 33% higher than its predecessor. Box Office Mojo pointed out that the film's good word of mouth as well as its predecessors', its darker tone, attachment of new characters and the first film's way of ending were all determining factors in the film's strong opening.[52] It remained at the summit for two consecutive weekends in North America despite facing competition with The Purge: Anarchy in its second week.[53][54]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes earned $31.3 million during its opening weekend internationally from 4,913 screens in 26 markets where it opened at No. 1 in 14 of those. International opening weekend tallies of more than $5 million were witnessed in the UK ($14.88 million), Mexico ($12.94 million), South Korea ($11.5 million), Russia ($9.99 million), Brazil with ($9.2 million) and Australia ($6.6 million).[55][56] The film topped the box office outside North America for two non-consecutive weekends.[56][57]

text: The film became a massive financial success in China where it opened with $47 million on its opening weekend there. The robust debut helped the film top the international charts for the first time dethroning Guardians of the Galaxy and aided the film in passing $400 million internationally and $600 million globally.[58] Fox reported that the sequel's debut in China was one of the best in history for a Western title, save for Iron Man 3, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers: Age of Extinction at that time.[59] After playing for a month in theaters, it passed $100 million on its fourth weekend and became the fourth Hollywood film of the year to achieve such a milestone.[60] In total, it went on to make $107.4 million there, of which the studio received $26.8 million profit.[45]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes received critical acclaim upon release.[61][62][63] On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a score of 90% based on 285 reviews with a rating average of 7.9/10. The website's consensus reads: "With intelligence and emotional resonance to match its stunning special effects, Dawn of the Planet of the Apes expands on its predecessor with an exciting and ambitious burst of sci-fi achievement."[64] On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, the film has a "generally favorable" rating score of 79 out of 100 based on 48 reviews.[65]

text: Guy Lodge of Variety said, "An altogether smashing sequel to 2011's better-than-expected Rise of the Planet of the Apes, this vivid, violent extension of humanoid ape Caesar's troubled quest for independence bests its predecessor in nearly every technical and conceptual department, with incoming helmer Matt Reeves conducting the proceedings with more assertive genre elan than Rise journeyman Rupert Wyatt."[66] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the film "manages to do at least three things exceptionally well that are hard enough to pull off individually: Maintain a simmering level of tension without let-up for two hours, seriously improve on a very good first entry in a franchise and produce a powerful humanistic statement using a significantly simian cast of characters. In the annals of sequels, Dawn is to Rise of the Planet of the Apes what The Empire Strikes Back was to Star Wars—it's that much better."[67] Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph said, "There's evident patience and intelligence to the filmmaking all over, as well as an engagement with genuine ideas about diplomacy, deterrence, law and leadership. However often it risks monkey-mad silliness, it's impressively un-stupid."[68] Drew McWeeny of HitFix awarded the film "A+" and said "Dawn is not just a good genre movie or a good summer movie. It's a great science-fiction film, full-stop, and one of the year's very best movies so far."[69]

text: Ty Burr of the Boston Globe wrote that "in bearing, speech, and agonized expressiveness, Serkis's Caesar conveys the conflicts of a king with almost Shakespearean grandeur."[70] A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film for being able to balance out the action sequences and special effects with strong storytelling, writing that "Dawn is more than a bunch of occasionally thrilling action sequences, emotional gut punches and throwaway jokes arranged in predictable sequence. It is technically impressive and viscerally exciting, for sure, but it also gives you a lot to think, and even to care, about."[71]

text: Less favorable reviews included Andrew O'Hehir at Salon.com who wrote, "Here's a rule that has gradually become clear to me: Any film that begins with one of those fake-news montages, where snippets of genuine CNN footage are stitched together to concoct a feeling of semi-urgency around its hackneyed apocalypse, already sucks even before it gets started. This one makes a dutiful attempt to struggle back from that suckage, but it all ends in yelling."[72]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray, and DVD on December 2, 2014.[73] According to Nielsen VideoScan, it subsequently became the best-selling home video release for the week.[74]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Third film[edit]

text: After seeing his cut of Dawn, 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series. On January 6, 2014, Fox announced Reeves to direct as well as co-write along with Bomback, with a planned July 2016 release. Peter Chernin, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver will produce.[75] In January 2015, Fox delayed the release to July 14, 2017.[76][77] On May 14, 2015, the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes.[78] In August 2015, Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria was cast as one of the humans in the film.[79] In September 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film's antagonist, and that Chavarria's role was small.[80] In October 2015, The Wrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film, retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes.[81]


document_title: History of Newfoundland and Labrador

question_text: who founded a fishing expedition in newfoundland after claiming the area

question_tokens: who founded a fishing expedition in newfoundland after claiming the area

root

text: History of Newfoundland and Labrador

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: Human habitation in Newfoundland and Labrador can be traced back about 9000 years to the people of the Maritime Archaic Tradition.[1] They were gradually displaced by people of the Dorset Culture the L'nu, or Mi'kmaq and finally by the Innu and Inuit in Labrador and the Beothuks on the island.[2]

tag: p

text: Colony of Newfoundland[edit]

text: Exploration[edit]

text: The first European contact with North America was that of the medieval Norse sailing from Greenland. For several years after 1000 AD they lived in a village on the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula, known today as L'Anse aux Meadows.[3] Remnants and artifacts of the occupation can still be seen at L'Anse aux Meadows, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The island was inhabited by the Beothuks and later the Mi'kmaq.

text: From the late 15th Century, European explorers like John Cabot, João Fernandes Lavrador, Gaspar Corte-Real, Jacques Cartier and others began exploration.

text: John Cabot (1450–1499), commissioned by King Henry VII of England, landed on the North East coast of North America in 1497. The exact location of his landing is unknown but the 500th anniversary of his landing was commemorated in Bonavista, Newfoundland. The 1497 voyage has generated much debate among historians, with various points in Newfoundland, and Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, most often identified as the likely landing place.

text: European fishing expeditions[edit]

text: Fishing vessels with Basque, English, Portuguese, French and Spanish crews started to make seasonal expeditions .

text: Basque vessels had been fishing cod shoals off Newfoundland's coasts since the beginning of the 16th century, and their crews used the natural harbour at Placentia. French fishers also began to use the area.

text: A settlement was founded at Placentia at some point during the early 16th Century. The 1563 will of a Basque seaman, Domingo de Luca, at an archive in Spain in which asks in 1563 “that my body be buried in this port of Plazençia in the place where those who die here are usually buried.” It is believed to be the oldest original civil document written in Canada

text: English colony[edit]

text: Sir Humphrey Gilbert, provided with letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I, landed in St John's in August 1583, and formally took possession of the island.[4][5]

text: From 1616, English Proprietary Governors were also appointed, to establish colonial settlements on the island. John Guy was governor of the first settlement at Cuper's Cove. Other settlements were Bristol's Hope, Renews, New Cambriol, South Falkland and Avalon which became a province in 1623. The first governor given jurisdiction over all of Newfoundland was Sir David Kirke in 1638.

text: Fishing[edit]

text: Explorers soon realized that the waters around Newfoundland had the best fishing in the North Atlantic.[6] By 1620, 300 fishing boats worked the Grand Bank, employing some 10,000 sailors; many were French or Basques from Spain. They dried and salted the cod on the coast and sold it to Spain and Portugal. Heavy investment by Sir George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, in the 1620s in wharves, warehouses, and fishing stations failed to pay off. French raids hurt the business, and the weather was terrible, so he redirected his attention to his other colony in Maryland.[7] After Calvert left small-scale entrepreneurs such as Sir David Kirke made good use of the facilities. Kirke became the first governor in 1639.[8] A triangular trade with New England, the West Indies, and Europe gave Newfoundland an important economic role. By the 1670s there were 1700 permanent residents and another 4500 in the summer months.[9]

text: Newfoundland cod formed one leg of a triangular trade that sent cod to Spain and the Mediterranean, and wine, fruit, olive oil, and cork to England. Dutch ships were especially active 1620–1660 in what was called the "sack trade." A ship of 250 tons could earn 14% profit on the Newfoundland to Spain leg, and about the same on goods it then took from Spain to England. The Atlantic was stormy and risky; the risk was spread mostly by selling shares.[10]

text: Before 1700 the "admiral" system provided the government.[11] The first captain arriving in a particular bay was in charge of allocating suitable shoreline sites for curing fish. The system faded away after 1700. Fishing-boat captains competed to arrive first from Europe in an attempt to become the admiral; soon merchants left crewmen behind at the prime shoreline locations to lay claim to the sites. This led to "bye-boat" fishing: local, small-boat crews fished certain areas in the summer, claimed a strip of land as their own, and sold their catches to the migratory fishers. Bye-boat fishing thus became dominant, giving the island a semi-permanent population, and proved more profitable than migratory fishing.[12]

text: The fishing admirals system ended in 1729, when the Royal Navy sent in its officers to govern during the fishing season.

text: International conflicts and agreements[edit]

text: In 1655, France appointed a governor at Plaisance, as Placentia was known in French, thus starting the French colonization of Newfoundland.[13] In 1697, during the devastating Avalon Peninsula Campaign, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville almost claimed the English settlements for New France. However, the French failed to defend their conquest of the English portion of the island. The French colonization period lasted until the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession. France ceded its claims to Newfoundland to the British (as well as its claims to the shores of Hudson Bay). In addition, the French possessions in Acadia were also yielded to Britain. Afterward, under the supervision of the last French governor, the French population of Plaisance moved to Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island), part of Acadia which remained then under French control.

text: In the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), France acknowledged British ownership of the island. However, in the Seven Years' War (1756–63), control of Newfoundland became a major source of conflict between Britain, France and Spain who all pressed for a share in the valuable fishery there. Britain's victories around the globe led William Pitt to insist that nobody other than Britain should have access to Newfoundland. The Battle of Signal Hill was fought in Newfoundland in 1762, when a French force landed and tried to occupy the island, only to be repulsed by the British. In 1796 a Franco-Spanish expedition succeeded in raiding the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador.

text: By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), French fishermen were given the right to land and cure fish on the "French Shore" on the western coast. They had a permanent base on nearby St. Pierre and Miquelon islands; the French gave up their rights in 1904. In 1783, the British signed the Treaty of Paris with the United States that gave American fishermen similar rights along the coast. These rights were reaffirmed by treaties in 1818, 1854 and 1871 and confirmed by arbitration in 1910.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: By the 1850s new formed local banks became a source of credit, replacing the haphazard system of credit from local merchants. Prosperity brought immigration, especially Catholics from Ireland who soon comprised 40% of the residents.

text: Newfoundland received a colonial assembly in 1832, which was and still is referred to as the House of Assembly, after a fight led by reformers William Carson, Patrick Morris and John Kent.

text: William Carson (1770–1843) was a Scottish-born physician who came to the island in 1808. He called for the replacement of the system of arbitrary rule by naval commanders, seeking instead to have a resident governor and an elective legislature. Carson's systematic agitation helped win London's recognition of Newfoundland as a colony (1824) and the grant of elective house (1832). Carson was the reform leader in the House of Assembly (1834–1843, speaker 1837–1841). He served on the Executive Council (1842–1843).[15]

text: This was changed back after some agitation in 1848 to two separate chambers. After this, a movement for responsible government began. Canada and Nova Scotia obtained "responsible" government in 1848 (whereby the assembly had the final word, not the royal governor), and Newfoundland followed in 1855. Self-government was now a reality.[16]

text: The Liberal Party, based on the Irish Catholic vote, alternated with the Conservatives, with its base among the merchant class and Protestants.[17] With a prosperous population of 120,000, Newfoundlanders decided to pass in 1869 on joining the new confederation of Canada.

text: Small scale seasonal farming became widespread, and mines began to exploit abundant reserves of lead, copper, zinc, iron, and coal. Railways were opened in the 1880s, with the link from St. John's to Port aux Basques open in 1898. In 1895 Newfoundland again rejected the possibility of joining Canada.[18]

text: Population history[edit]

text: The capital of St John's, doubled from 15,000 in 1835, to 29,594 in 1901. The religious census of 1901 reported: Roman Catholics, 76,000; Church of England, 73,000; Methodists, 61,000; Presbyterians, 1,200; Congregationalists, 1,000; Salvationists, 6,600; Moravians, Baptists and others, 1,600.[19]

text: From the 1770s to the 1880s Moravian missionaries, Hudson's Bay Company agents, and other pioneer settlers along central Labrador's coastline learned to adapt to its rocky terrain, brutal winters, and its thin soil and scant sunshine. To maintain good health, to avoid the monotony of dried, salted, and tinned foods, and to reduce reliance on expensive imported food, they created gardens, and succeeded after much experimentation in growing hardy vegetables and even some fragile crops.[20]

text: Dominion of Newfoundland[edit]

text: In 1861 the Protestant governor dismissed the Catholic Liberals from office and the ensuing election was marked by riot and disorder with both bishop Edward Feild of Newfoundland and Catholic bishop Thomas Mullock taking partisan stances. The Protestants narrowly elected Hugh Hoyles as the Conservative Prime Minister. Hoyles suddenly reversed his long record of militant Protestant activism and worked to defuse tensions. He shared patronage and power with the Catholics; all jobs and patronage were split between the various religious bodies on a per capita basis. This 'denominational compromise' was further extended to education when all religious schools were put on the basis which the Catholics had enjoyed since the 1840s. Alone in North America Newfoundland had a state funded system of denominational schools. The compromise worked and politics ceased to be about religion and became concerned with purely political and economic issues.[21]

text: By the 1890s St John's was no longer regarded in England as akin to Belfast, and Blackwood's Magazine was using developments there as an argument for Home Rule for Ireland. Newfoundland rejected confederation with Canada in the 1869 general election.[21]

text: As part of the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale of 1904, France abandoned the `French Shore', or the west coast of the island, to which it had had rights since the Peace of Utrecht of 1713. Possession of Labrador was disputed by Quebec and Newfoundland until 1927, when the British privy council demarcated the western boundary, enlarged Labrador's land area, and confirmed Newfoundland's title to it.

text: Newfoundland remained a colony until acquiring dominion status on 26 September 1907, along with New Zealand. It successfully negotiated a trade agreement with the United States but the British government blocked it after objections from Canada. The Dominion of Newfoundland reached its golden age under Prime Minister Sir Robert Bond of the Liberal Party.[22]

text: Schools[edit]

text: The school system was denominational until the 1990s, with each church receiving grants in proportion to numerical strength. The budget for 1905 was $196,000, which covered 783 elementary schools and academies with 35,204 students. About 25% of the population, chiefly the older folk, were illiterate.[19][23]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Cod[edit]

text: Cod, supplemented by herring and lobster, was the economic mainstay until the late 20th century. Around 1900 the average annual export of dried cod-fish over a term of years was about 120,000,000 kilograms, with a value five and six million dollars. The cod were caught on the shores of the island, along the Labrador coast and especially on "the Banks." These Banks stretch for about 300 m. in a south-east direction towards the centre of the North Atlantic; depths range from 15 to 80 fathoms (25–150 meters). In 1901, 28% of the labor force were engaged in the catching and curing of fish, compared to 31% in 1857. They used 1550 small boats, with a tonnage of 54,500. The cod were taken by the hook-and-line, the seine, the cod-net or gill-net, the cod-trap and the bultow; Brazil and Spain were the largest customers.[19]

text: Whales and fur seals[edit]

text: Whale hunting became an important industry around 1900. At first slow whales were caught by men hurling harpoons from small open boats. Mechanization copied from Norway brought in cannon-fired harpoons, strong cables, and steam winches mounted on maneuverable, steam-powered catcher boats. They made possible the targeting of large and fast-swimming whale species that were taken to shore-based stations for processing. The invention of the harpoon cannon in the 1860s and the westward expansion of the Scandinavian industry that resulted from the rapid depletion of their local stocks resulted in the emergence of the modern whaling industry in off Newfoundland and Labrador. The industry was highly cyclical, with well-defined catch peaks in 1903–05, 1925–30, 1945–51, and 1966–72, after which world-wide bans shut it down.[24]

text: Seal hunting off the coast of Labrador, for the fur, became a small specialty in the late 18th century. It began with nets and traps, which gave way to the versatility of sail-driven ships around 1800. Sailing ships gave way to the greater range, power, and reliability of steam-driven vessels after 1863.[25][26]

text: Farming and lumbering[edit]

text: Small-scale farming provided vegetables, wool, milk and meat for many fishing families. In 1901, 85,000 acres (34,398 ha) were under cultivation, producing chiefly hay, oats, potatoes, turnips and cabbages. Sheep grazing was common.

text: In 1901, the 200 saw-mills employed 2400 workers with an output of $480,000. The rope-walk in St John's produced rope and line valued at $300,000 annually. Other factories were of negligible importance before the 1940s.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Sir Robert Bond (1857–1927) was a Newfoundland nationalist who insisted upon the colony's equality of status with Canada, and opposed joining the confederation.[27] Bond promoted the completion of a railway across the island (started in 1881) because it would open access to valuable minerals and timber and reduce the almost total dependence on the cod fisheries. He advocated closer economic ties with the United States, and distrusted London for ignoring the island's viewpoint on the controversial issue of allowing French fisherman to process lobsters on the French Coast, and for blocking a trade deal with the U.S. Bond became Liberal Party leader in 1899 and premier in 1900. In 1904 he helped negotiate the end of all French fishing rights, and was reelected in a landslide. His efforts to restrict the rights of American fishermen failed. His party was badly defeated in 1909 and Bond proved an ineffective opposition leader.[28] Bond formed a coalition with the new Fishermen's Protective Union (FPU), led by William Coaker (1871–1938). Founded in 1908, the FPU worked to increase the incomes of fishermen by breaking the merchants' monopoly on the purchase and export of fish and the retailing of supplies, and tried to revitalize the fishery through state intervention. At its peak, it had more than 21,000 members in 206 councils across the island; more than half of Newfoundland's fishers. It appealed to Protestants, and was opposed by Catholics. The FPU morphed into a political party in 1912, the Fisherman's Union party.[29]

text: In 1909 Bond was succeeded as premier by Edward Morris (1859–1935), a prominent Catholic and founder of the new People's Party. Morris began a grandiose program of building branch railways, and adeptly handled the arbitration at the Hague tribunal on American fishing rights. He introduced old-age pensions, and increased investment in education and rural infrastructure. In the prosperous and peaceful year of 1913 he was reelected. As a result of a wartime crisis over conscription, and the decline of his popularity due to accusations of wartime profiteering and conflict of interest, Morris set up an all-party war government in 1917 to oversee the duration of the war. He retired in 1917, moved to London, and was given a peerage as first Baron Morris, the only Newfoundlander ever so honored.[30]

text: World War[edit]

text: The First World War was supported with near unanimity in Newfoundland. Recruiting was brisk, with 6,240 men joining the Newfoundland Regiment for overseas duty, 1,966 joining the Royal Navy, 491 joined the Forestry Corps (which did lumberjack work at home), plus another 3,300 men joined Canadian units, and 40 women became war nurses. Without convening the legislature, Premier Morris and the royal governor, Sir Walter Davidson created the Newfoundland Patriotic Association, a non-partisan body involving both citizens and politicians, to supervise the war effort until 1917. With inflation soaring and corruption rampant, with prohibition of liquor in effect and fears of conscription apparent, the Association gave way to an all-party National Government. The conscription issue was not as intense as in Canada, but it weakened the Fisherman's Union party, as its leaders supported conscription and most members opposed it. The Fisherman's party then merged into the Liberal-Unionist Party and faded away as an independent force.[31]

text: During the great Battle of the Somme in France in 1916, the British assaulted the German trenches near Beaumont Hamel. The 800-man Royal Newfoundland Regiment attacked as part of a British brigade. Most of the Newfoundlanders were killed or wounded without anyone in the regiment having fired a shot. The state, church, and press romanticized the sacrifice Newfoundlanders had made in the war effort through ceremonies, war literature, and memorials, the most important of which was the Beaumont Hamel Memorial Park, which opened in France in 1925. The story of the heroic sacrifice of the regiment in 1916 served as a cultural inspiration.[32]

text: In 1919, the FPU joined with the Liberal Party of Newfoundland led by Richard Squires to form the Liberal Reform Party. The Liberal-Union coalition won 24 of 36 seats in the 1919 general election with half of the coalition's seats being won by Union candidates.[33]

text: The 1920 Education Act set up a Department of Education, to oversee all state schools, including teacher training and certification. It provided for four grades of certificated teachers. There was also a category of other "ungraded" teachers, who were unqualified and employed on a temporary basis.[34]

text: International capital was increasingly attracted by the island's natural resources. A Canadian firm opened iron mines in 1895 on Bell Island in Conception Bay. Paper mills were built at Grand Falls by the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company, a British firm, in 1909. British entrepreneurs set up a paper mill at Corner Brook in 1925 while the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company opened a lead-zinc mine on the Buchans River in 1927. In 1927, Britain awarded the vast, almost uninhabited hinterland of Labrador to Newfoundland rather than to Canada, adding potentially valuable new forest, hydroelectric, and mineral resources.

text: Politically the years from 1916 to 1925 were turbulent, as six successive governments failed, widespread corruption was uncovered, and the postwar boom ended in economic stagnation. Labour unions were active, as Joey Smallwood (1900–1991) founded the Newfoundland Federation of Labour in the early 1920s.[35]

text: Crisis of 1930s[edit]

text: Newfoundland's economic crash in the Great Depression, coupled with a profound distrust of politicians, led to the abandonment of self-government. Newfoundland remains the only nation that ever voluntarily relinquished democracy.[36]

text: Economic collapse[edit]

text: Newfoundland's economy collapsed in the Great Depression, as prices plunged for fish, its main export. The population was 290,000, and the people and merchants were out of money. Since there was relatively little subsistence farming, people depended heavily on the meager supply of government relief, and as much emergency help with their friends, neighbors, and relatives could spare.[37] There were no reports of starvation, but malnutrition was widespread.[38]

text: The depression was hard on both the fishermen and merchants in Battle Harbour, Labrador, and they almost came to blows. The Baine, Johnston firm had to cut winter credit, whereupon poorer fishermen threatened the company with violence. Government relief payments were too scanty.[39]

text: Political collapse[edit]

text: The government was broke. It had borrowed heavily to construct and maintain a trans-island railway and to finance the country's regiment in the World War. By 1933, the public debt was over $100 million compared to a nominal national income of about $30 million. Interest payments on the debt absorbed 63% of government revenue and the budget deficit was $3.5 million or over 10 percent of the island's GDP. There was no more credit; a short-lived plan to sell Labrador to Canada fell through. The Richard Squires government was ineffective and when Squires was arrested for bribery in 1932 he fell from power.[40]

text: A royal commission under Lord Amulree examined the causes of the financial disaster and concluded:

text: The twelve years 1920–1932, during none of which was the budget balanced, were characterized by an outflow of public funds on a scale as ruinous as it was unprecedented, fostered by a continuous stream of willing lenders. A new era of industrial expansion, easy money, and profitable contact with the American continent was looked for and was deemed in part to have arrived. In the prevailing optimism, the resources of the Exchequer were believed to be limitless. The public debt of the island, accumulated over a century, was in twelve years more than doubled; its assets dissipated by improvident administration; the people misled into the acceptance of false standards; and the country sunk in waste and extravagance. The onset of the world depression found the island with no reserves, its primary industry neglected and its credit exhausted. At the first wind of adversity, its elaborate pretensions collapsed like a house of cards. The glowing visions of a new Utopia were dispelled with cruel suddenness by the cold realities of national insolvency, and today a disillusioned and bewildered people, deprived in many parts of the country of all hopes of earning a livelihood, are haunted by the grim specters of pauperism and starvation.[41]

text: In return for British financial assistance, the newly elected government of Frederick Alderdice agreed to the appointment by London of a three-member royal commission, including British, Canadian, and Newfoundland nominees. The Newfoundland Royal Commission, chaired by Lord Amulree, recommended that Britain "assume general responsibility" for Newfoundland's finances. Newfoundland would give up self-government in favour of administration by an appointed governor and a six-member appointed Commission of Government, having both executive and legislative authority. The solution was designed to provide "a rest from politics" and a government free of corruption. The legislature accepted the deal, formalized when the British Parliament passed the Newfoundland Act, 1933. In 1934, the Commission of Government took control; its six appointed commissioners, who administered the country without elections.[42] It lasted until 1949.[43] "On 16 February 1934, Premier Alderdice signed the papers that surrendered Newfoundland's dominion status," reports historian Sean Cadigan.[44]

text: Second World War[edit]

text: In 1940 Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt agreed to an exchange of American destroyers for access to British naval bases in the Atlantic, including Newfoundland. The result was sudden prosperity as American money flooded the island, where 25% of the people had recently been on relief. Some 20,000 men were employed in building military bases. The local and British governments persuaded the United States to keep wages low so as to not destroy the labor force for fishing, logging and other local industries, but the cost of living—already higher than in Canada or the United States—rose 58% between 1938 and 1945.[45] Even more influential was the sudden impact of a large modern American population on a traditional society. American ideas regarding food, hygiene (and indoor plumbing), entertainment, clothing, living standards and pay scales swept the island.[46] As during World War I, Newfoundland became vital to the Battle of the Atlantic. Each month dozens of naval ships protecting convoys stopped at St. John's.[47]

text: Postwar[edit]

text: America retained and expanded its Newfoundland bases after the war, because the island was on the shortest Great Circle air route between the Soviet Union and the East Coast of the United States, and Soviet bombers carrying nuclear weapons was the largest threat to American cities. Its five large American bases—four Air Force and one Navy—were important to Newfoundland's economy, and many Americans intermarried with native residents.[47]

text: Fears of a permanent American presence in Newfoundland caused the Canadian government to attempt to persuade the island to join the Canadian Confederation.[48] This was not primarily due to economic reasons. In the 1940s Newfoundland was Canada's eighth-largest trading partner. The island primarily traded with Britain and the United States, especially the "Boston states" of New England. Canada saw some value in Newfoundland's fisheries, raw materials, Labrador's hydroelectric potential, and 300,000 people of English and Irish descent, and expected that its location would remain important to trans-Atlantic aviation.[47]

text: Canada's primary interest, however, was from the fear that an independent Newfoundland would join the United States due to their economic and military ties. With Newfoundland, the United States would block the Gulf of St. Lawrence and leave only about 500 km of Nova Scotia coastline open to the Atlantic. Because America already bordered Canada on the south and controlled all but about 600 km of British Columbia's western boundary, Canada would be almost surrounded on three sides. Both Britain and Canada wished to prevent this.[47] Newfoundlanders had regained their prosperity and their self-confidence, but were uncertain whether they should be an independent nation with close ties to the United States, or become part of Canada.[49]

text: Referendum[edit]

text: As soon as prosperity returned during the war, agitation began to end the Commission.[50] Newfoundland, with a population of 313,000 (plus 5,200 in Labrador), seemed too small to be independent.[51] Joey Smallwood was a well-known radio personality, writer, organizer, and nationalist who long had criticized British rule. In 1945 London announced that a Newfoundland National Convention would be elected to advise on what constitutional choices should to be voted on by referendum. Union with the United States was a possibility, but Britain rejected the option and offered instead two options, return to dominion status or continuation of the unpopular Commission.[52] Canada cooperated with Britain to ensure that the option of closer ties with America was not on the referendum.[47]

text: Canada issued an invitation to join it on generous financial terms. Smallwood was elected to the convention where he became the leading proponent of confederation with Canada, insisting, "Today we are more disposed to feel that our very manhood, our very creation by God, entitles us to standards of life no lower than our brothers on the mainland."[53] Displaying a mastery of propaganda technique, courage and ruthlessness, he succeeded in having the Canada option on the referendum.[54] His main opponents were Peter John Cashin and Chesley Crosbie. Cashin, a former finance minister, led the Responsible Government League, warning against cheap Canadian imports and the high Canadian income tax. Crosbie, a leader of the fishing industry, led the Party for Economic Union with the United States, seeking responsible government first, to be followed by closer ties with the United States, which could be a major source of capital.[55]

text: Smallwood's side was victorious in a referendum and a runoff in June–July 1948, as the choice of joining Canada defeated becoming an independent dominion by 77,869 to or 52.3%. A strong rural vote in favor of Canada exceeded the pro-independence vote in St. John's. The Irish Catholics in the city desired independence in order to protect their parochial schools, leading to a Protestant backlash in rural areas.[56] The promise of cash family allowances from Canada proved decisive.

text:
Official flower
Purple pitcher plant

Official tree
Black spruce

Official bird
Atlantic puffin

Official animal
Caribou

Official mineral
Labradorite

Official dog
Newfoundland &
Labrador Retriever

Provincial flag

Provincial anthem
"Ode to Newfoundland"

Provincial holiday
24 June, Discovery Day

Patron saint
St. John the Baptist

Official tartan

Great seal

Official logo

tag: table

text: Not everyone was satisfied with the results, however. Cashin, an outspoken anti-Confederate, questioned the validity of the votes. He claimed that it was the 'unholy union between London and Ottawa' that brought about confederation.

text: Province of Newfoundland and Labrador[edit]

text: After ICBMs replaced the bomber threat in the late 1950s, the American Air Force bases closed by the early 1960s and Naval Station Argentia in the 1980s.[47] In 1959, a local controversy arose when the provincial government pressured the Moravian Church to abandon its mission station at Hebron, Labrador, resulting in the relocation southward of the area's Inuit population, who had lived there since the mission was established in 1831.

text: Labrador[edit]

text: Considerable attention was paid to the infrastructure for Labrador, especially building railway systems to transport the minerals and raw materials from Labrador to Quebec, and an electricity grid. In the 1960s, the province developed the Churchill Falls hydro-electric facility in order to sell electricity to the United States. An agreement with Quebec was required to secure permission to transport the electricity across Quebec territory. Quebec drove a hard bargain with Newfoundland, resulting in a 75-year deal that Newfoundlanders now believe to be unfair to the province because of the low and unchangeable rate that it receives for the electricity.

text: Although the first geological studies were undertaken in 1892, iron mining did not begin until the 1950s. By 1990, the Quebec-Labrador area had become an important supplier of iron ore to the United States.

text: Fishing[edit]

text: When Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949, it relinquished jurisdiction over its fisheries to Ottawa; the Supreme Court ruled in 1983 that the federal government also has jurisdiction over offshore oil drilling.

text: After 1945, the fishing economy was transformed from a predominantly labor-intensive inshore, household-based, saltfish-producing enterprise into an industrialized economy dominated by vertically integrated frozen fish companies. These efficient companies needed fewer workers, so about 300 fishing villages, or outports, were abandoned by their residents between 1954 and 1975 as part of a Canadian government-sponsored program known as the Resettlement. Some areas lost 20% of their population, and enrollment in schools dropped even more.

text: In the 1960s some 2 billion pounds of cod were harvested annually from the Grand Bank off Newfoundland, the world's largest source of fish. Then disaster hit. The northern cod practically vanished—they were reduced to 1% of their historic spawning biomass. In 1992, the cod fishery was shut down by the Canadian government; cod fishing as a way of life came to an end for 19,000 workers after a 500-year history as a main industry.[57][58]

text: The fishing crisis of the 1990s saw the already precarious economic base of the many towns further eroded. The situation was made worse by both federal and provincial pursuit of programs of economic liberalization that sought to limit the role of the state in economic and social affairs. As the effects of the crisis were felt, and established state supports were weakened, tourism was embraced by a growing body of local development and heritage organizations as a way of restoring the shattered economic base of many communities. Limited, short-term funding for some tourism-related projects was provided mostly from government programs, largely as a means of politically managing the structural adjustment that was being pursued.[59]

text: Politics[edit]

text: Neary (1980) identifies three postwar political eras, each marked by a dramatic opening event. A first period began with confederation, with Smallwood in power. A second period of politics started with the Progressive Conservative victory in the federal general election of 1957. A third period began with the sweeping Conservative victory in Newfoundland in the federal election of 1968. There was a common theme in each era, involving the continuing decline of the traditional, stable, subsistence, outport economy by the forces of urbanism and industrialism.[60]

text: Smallwood[edit]

text: Politics was dominated by the Liberal Party, led by Premier Smallwood, from confederation until 1972.[61] His main program was economic growth, and creating new jobs to encourage young people to stay in Newfoundland. Smallwood made major efforts to modernize the fishing industry,[62] to create a new energy industry, and to attract factories. He vigorously promoted economic development through the Economic Development Plan of 1951, championed the welfare state (paid for by Ottawa), and attracted favorable attention across Canada. He emphasized modernisation of education and transportation in order to attract outsiders, such as German industrialists, because the local economic elite would not invest in industrial development. Smallwood dropped his youthful socialism and collaborated with bankers, and became hostile to the militant unions that sponsored numerous strikes. His efforts to promote industrialization were partially successful, with great success primarily in hydroelectricity, iron mining, and paper mills.[63][64]

text: Smallwood upgraded the small Memorial University College in St John's, founded in 1925, to Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) in 1949, with free tuition and a cash stipend for students. By the 21st century it displayed strengths in engineering, business, geology, and medicine to become one of the leading comprehensive universities in Canada. With over 17,000 students, it became the largest university in Atlantic Canada. MUN's four main campuses are today served by more than 900 faculty and 2,300 staff members.[65]

text: Smallwood's style was autocratic and highly personalized, as he totally controlled his party. Meanwhile, the demoralized anti-confederates became the provincial wing of the Progressive Conservative Party.[61] An extension of the Trans-Canada Highway became the first paved road across the island in 1966. That year Smallwood's government heavily advertised a "Come Home" program to attract as tourists Newfoundland expatriates, such as war brides in the United States and those who had left for work. The goal was to demonstrate the changes during the Smallwood era in the province's economy and infrastructure.[66]

text: Conservatives[edit]

text: In 1972, the Smallwood government was replaced by the Progressive Conservative administration of Frank Moores. In 1979, Brian Peckford, another Progressive Conservative, became Premier. During this time, Newfoundland was involved in a dispute with the federal government for control of offshore oil resources. In the end, the dispute was decided by compromise.[67]

text: Since 1989[edit]

text: In 1989, Clyde Wells and the Liberal Party returned to power ending 17 years of Conservative government.

text: In 1992, the federal government declared a moratorium on the Atlantic cod fishery, because of severely declining catches in the late 1980s. The consequences of this decision reverberated throughout the provincial economy of Newfoundland in the 1990s, particularly as once-vibrant rural communities faced a sudden exodus. The economic impact of the closure of the Atlantic cod fishery on Newfoundland has been compared to the effect of closing every manufacturing plant in Ontario. The cod fishery which had provided Newfoundlanders on the south and east coasts with a livelihood for over 200 years was gone, although the federal government helped fishermen and fish plant workers make the adjustment with a multibillion-dollar program named "The Atlantic Groundfish Strategy" (TAGS).

text: In the late 1980s, the federal government, along with its Crown corporation Petro-Canada and other private sector petroleum exploration companies, committed to developing the oil and gas resources of the Hibernia oil field on the northeast portion of the Grand Banks. Throughout the mid-1990s, thousands of Newfoundlanders were employed on offshore exploration platforms, as well as in the construction of the Hibernia Gravity Base Structure (GBS) and Hibernia topsides.

text: In 1996, the former federal minister of fisheries, Brian Tobin, was successful in winning the leadership of the provincial Liberal Party following the retirement of premier Clyde Wells. Tobin rode the waves of economic good fortune as the downtrodden provincial economy was undergoing a fundamental shift, largely as a result of the oil and gas industry's financial stimulus, although the effects of this were mainly felt only in communities on the Avalon Peninsula.

text: Good fortune also fell on Tobin following the discovery of a world class nickel deposit at Voisey's Bay, Labrador. Tobin committed to negotiating a better royalty deal for the province with private sector mining interests than previous governments had done with the Churchill Falls hydroelectric development deal in the 1970s. Following Tobin's return to federal politics in 2000, the provincial Liberal Party devolved into internal battling for the leadership, leaving its new leader, Roger Grimes, in a weakened position as premier.

text: The pressure of the oil and gas industry to explore offshore in Atlantic Canada saw Newfoundland and Nova Scotia submit to a federal arbitration to decide on a disputed offshore boundary between the two provinces in the Laurentian Basin. The 2003 settlement rewrote an existing boundary in Newfoundland's favour, opening this area up to energy exploration.

text: In 2003, the federal government declared a moratorium on the last remaining cod fishery in Atlantic Canada, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. While Newfoundland was again the most directly affected province by this decision, communities on Quebec's North Shore and in other parts of Atlantic Canada also faced difficulties. Premier Grimes, facing a pending election that fall, used the Gulf cod decision and perceived federal bias against the province as a catalyst to try to rally citizens around his administration. Grimes called for a review of the Act of Union by which the province had become a part of Canada. On 2 July 2003, the findings of the Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our Place in Canada, which Grimes had created in 2002, were released. It noted the following stressors in the relationship between the province and Canada:

text:
the huge impact of the destruction of resources of cod
development of hydroelectricity resources of Labrador by Quebec, primarily to their benefit
chronically high unemployment
lowest per-capita income in Canada
the highest tax rates
the highest emigration

tag: ul

text: The report called for the following:

text:
more collaborative federalism
an action team to deal with the fishery
collaboration between Canada, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador on the development of the Gull Island hydro site
revision of the Atlantic Accord so that offshore oil and gas reserves primarily benefit the province
immediate and realistic negotiations on joint management of the fishery

text: In October 2003, the Liberals lost the provincial election to the Progressive Conservative Party, led by Danny Williams.

text: Quarrels with Ottawa[edit]

text: In 2004, Premier Williams has argued that Prime Minister Paul Martin had not held up his promises for a new deal on the "Atlantic Accord". The issue is the royalties from oil: currently, 70 cents on each royalty dollar are sent back to the federal government through reductions in payments by the federal government with respect to its "equalization program". The province wants 100% of the royalties to allow the province to pull itself out of poverty on a long-term basis.

text: Toward the end of 2004, Williams ordered the Canadian flag to be removed from all provincial buildings as a protest against federal policies, and asked for municipal councils to consider doing the same. The issue, dubbed the "Flag Flap" in the media, sparked debate across the province and the rest of Canada. The flags went back up in January 2005 after much controversy nationwide and Paul Martin stating that he would not negotiate with the province if the flags were not flying. At the end of January, the federal government signed a deal to allow 100% of oil revenues to go to the province, resulting in an extra $2 billion over eight years for the province. However, this agreement has led other provinces such as Ontario and Quebec to try to negotiate their own special deals as they too claim that the federal government is taking advantage of them financially.

text: As of 2005[update], 4 of the 10 amendments to the Constitution of Canada since the 1982 patriation have been concerned with Canada's tenth province.

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Starting in the 1990s tourism was promoted by many local development, heritage and archaeological organisations as a way of restoring the economic base of many outports and villages. Limited, short-term funding for some tourism-related projects came from government programs designed to maintain morale and find a new economic role.[59]

text: Issues of identity[edit]

text: Nationalist sentiment in the 21st century has become a powerful force in Newfoundland politics and culture, layered on top of a traditional culture deeply embedded in the outports.[68] Gregory (2004) sees it as a development of the late 20th century, for in the 1940s it was not strong enough to stop confederation with Canada, and the people in the cities adopted a Canadian identity in the 1950s and 1960s.[69]

text: A Newfoundland identity was first articulated in the 1840s, embodied in a distinction between English-born and native-born Newfoundland residents. The relative absence of a strong sense of belonging to an independent country was the underlying reason for Joey Smallwood's referendum victory. Most islanders were descendants of immigrants from either Ireland or the West Country. It took centuries for them to view themselves as Newfoundlanders first and foremost. Gregory (2004) tried to date the transition from old (European) to new (Newfoundland) in the outport communities using vernacular song texts. Use of three collections of Newfoundland songs[70] demonstrates how by 1930 or so a Newfoundland song culture had replaced earlier cultural traditions. These songs suggest that the island was still a cultural mosaic; some outports were completely Irish, others were West Country, and in a few ethnically mixed communities, including St. John's, there was an emergent, home-grown, patriotic song culture. Cultural nationalism was still a minority tradition in the Newfoundland of 1930. After joining Canada in 1949, Newfoundland culture underwent a significant transformation, notably in the cultural revival of the 1970s, which extolled the virtues of the people before they were hit with efficiency, centralization, and modernity. Thus the "Ode to Newfoundland" is sung with as much gusto in the taverns of Fort McMurray and Calgary in Alberta, or Toronto, as on the island itself.[71]

text: Traditional Newfoundland heritage enjoyed a renaissance in the arts and crafts. Celebrations of outport life have been combined with a long-standing sense of victimization, offering a parade of historical scapegoats from the fishing admirals to powerful merchants used to explain relative backwardness and failure. Atlantic Canadians increasingly share an angle of vision derived in large part from the unpleasant fact that, compared to the mainland, the Atlantic region is both economically poor and politically weak, and growing more so. Nevertheless, Atlantic Canadians have so far rejected political union.[72]

text: Wayne Johnston's prize-winning novel The Colony of Unrequited Dreams (1999) develops insights into the unique identity of the islanders and challenges prevailing misconceptions about the area among both residents and outsiders. The protagonist of the book is premier Joey Smallwood, with focus on his advocacy of confederation with Canada. Chafe (2003) sees the novel in terms of postcolonial literature with its attendant themes of displacement, identity, and history. Chafe explores Johnston's use of the phrase "scuttlework of empire" and its many interpretations of the often troubled relationship between the British Empire and Newfoundland settlers.[73][74]


document_title: Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018

question_text: who is the republican running for governor in georgia

text: Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018

text: Republican primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Nominated[edit]

text: Brian Kemp, Secretary of State of Georgia[1]

text: Eliminated in runoff[edit]

text: Casey Cagle, Lieutenant Governor of Georgia[2]

text: Eliminated in primary[edit]

text:
Hunter Hill, former State Senator[3]
Clay Tippins, consulting firm executive and retired Navy SEAL[4]
Michael Williams, State Senator[5]

text: Withdrew[edit]

text: Marc Alan Urbach, journalist, former teacher and write-in candidate for President of the United States in 2016[6][7]

text: Declined[edit]

text:
Nick Ayers, political strategist[8][9]
Burt Jones, State Senator[10][11]
Josh McKoon, State Senator (running for Secretary of State)[12][13]
David Perdue, U.S. Senator[14][10][15]
Sonny Perdue, United States Secretary of Agriculture and former Governor[16][14][10]
Tom Price, former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services[17][14]
David Ralston, Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives[18][19]
Lynn Westmoreland, former U.S. Representative[20][10][21]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showCasey Cagle

Governors
Nathan Deal, Governor of Georgia[22]
U.S. Senators
Saxby Chambliss (former)[23]
U.S. Representatives
Phil Gingrey (former)[23]
Jack Kingston (former)[23]
Lindsay Thomas (former)[24]
Lynn Westmoreland (former)[25]
State Senators
John Albers, State Senator[26]
Lee Anderson, State Senator[23]
Brandon Beach, State Senator[23]
C. Ellis Black, State Senator[24]
Matt Brass, State Senator[23]
Dean Burke, State Senator[23]
Mike Dugan, State Senator[23]
Frank Ginn, State Senator[23]
Steve Gooch, State Senator[27]
Tyler Harper, State Senator[23]
Jack Hill, State Senator[24]
Chuck Hufstetler, State Senator[28]
Burt Jones, State Senator[23]
John Kennedy, State Senator[23]
Greg Kirk, State Senator[23]
Kay Kirkpatrick, State Senator[23]
P.K. Martin, State Senator[23]
Fran Millar, State Senator[23]
Butch Miller, State Senator[23]
Jeff Mullis, State Senator[28]
Jesse Stone, State Senator[24]
Larry Walker III, State Senator[23]
Ben Watson, State Senator[24]
John Wilkinson, State Senator[23]
Renee Unterman, State Senator[23]
Tim Golden, former State Senator[24]
Jack Murphy, former State Senator[27]
State Representatives
John Deffenbaugh, State Representative[28]
Dewayne Hill, State Representative[28]
Marc Morris, State Representative[27]
Ron Stephens, State Representative[24]
Individuals
Steve Forbes[29]
Organizations
National Rifle Association[30]

text:
showHunter Hill

U.S. Senators
Ted Cruz, United States Senator from Texas[31]
State Representatives
Michael Caldwell, State Representative[32]
Wes Cantrell, State Representative[33]
U.S. Reps
Barry Loudermilk, (GA-11)

text:
showClay Tippins

State Representatives
Allen Peake, State Representative[34]

text:
showMichael Williams

Individuals
Duane Chapman, better known as "Dog the Bounty Hunter"[35]
Darrell C. Scott, co-founder, National Diversity Coalition for Trump[36]
Roger Stone, political consultant and Donald Trump advisor[37]

text: First round[edit]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

CaseyCagle

HunterHill

BrianKemp

ClayTippins

MichaelWilliams

Other

Undecided

Opinion Savvy

May 15–16, 2018

515

± 4.3%

31%

14%

20%

12%

5%

4%

15%

SurveyUSA

May 10–15, 2018

558

± 5.1%

35%

10%

17%

8%

3%

–

27%

University of Georgia

April 19–26, 2018

507

± 4.4%

41%

9%

10%

4%

3%

1%[38]

33%

Meeting Street Research (R-Citizens for Georgia’s Future)

March 1 and 3–4, 2018

500

± 4.4%

38%

10%

10%

3%

2%

3%[39]

35%

Clarion Research (R-Hill)

March 2–3, 2018

547

± 4.5%

48%

21%

15%

8%

7%

–

–

Mason-Dixon

February 20–23, 2018

500

± 4.5%

27%

11%

13%

12%

5%

1%[40]

31%

Meeting Street Research (R-Citizens for Georgia’s Future)

February 6–7, 2018

500

± 4.4%

31%

7%

12%

5%

2%

3%

40%

The Wickers Group (R-Kemp)

October 21–24, 2017

400

± 4.5%

34%

1%

13%

0%

1%

–

48%

Landmark/Rosetta Stone

October 16–17, 2017

800

± 3.5%

35%

9%

7%

1%

4%

–

44%

McLaughlin & Associates (R-Cagle)

September 28 – October 1, 2017

600

± 4.0%

41%

4%

12%

2%

3%

–

39%

text: Results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[41][42]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Casey Cagle

236,987

38.95

Republican

Brian Kemp

155,189

25.51

Republican

Hunter Hill

111,464

18.32

Republican

Clay Tippins

74,182

12.19

Republican

Michael Williams

29,619

4.87

Republican

Eddie Hayes

939

0.15

Total votes

608,380

100

text: Runoff[edit]

text: Casey Cagle and Brian Kemp advanced to a runoff on July 24 since neither candidate amassed over 50% of the vote in the May 22 primary.[43] On July 18, President Trump tweeted his support for Kemp, and Vice President Pence traveled to Georgia to campaign with him on July 20.[44]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

CaseyCagle

BrianKemp

Undecided

Trafalgar Group (R)

July 21–22, 2018

1,177

± 2.7%

41%

59%

0%

SurveyUSA

July 15–19, 2018

688

± 4.7%

34%

40%

26%

Opinion Savvy

July 17–18, 2018

466

± 4.5%

37%

55%

8%

University of Georgia

July 5–12, 2018

769

± 3.5%

41%

44%

15%

Public Opinion Strategies (R-Kemp)

June 26–28, 2018

500

± 4.0%

45%

45%

–

Cygnal

June 26–27, 2018

812

± 3.4%

44%

43%

14%

Rosetta Stone

June 7, 2018

400

± 4.9%

48%

41%

12%

McLaughlin & Associates (R-Cagle)

May 29–31, 2018

500

± 4.5%

52%

42%

5%

Public Opinion Strategies (R-Kemp)

May 29–31, 2018

600

± 4.0%

46%

45%

9%

text: Debates[edit]

text: Complete video of debate, July 6 2018.

text: Results[edit]

text: Brian Kemp easily won the runoff by nearly 40 points despite the latest polls having him up by no more than 18. Cagle won only two counties, Monroe and Stephens.[45]

text:
Republican primary runoff results[46]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Brian Kemp

408,595

69.45

Republican

Casey Cagle

179,712

30.55

Total votes

588,307

100.0

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Nominated[edit]

text: Stacey Abrams, former State Representative and former Minority Leader of the Georgia House of Representatives[47]

text: Eliminated in primary[edit]

text: Stacey Evans, former State Representative[48]

text: Declined[edit]

text:
John Barrow, former U.S. Representative (running for Secretary of State)[49][14][10][50]
Jason Carter, former State Senator, nominee for Governor in 2014 and grandson of former President Jimmy Carter[14][51]
Kasim Reed, former Mayor of Atlanta[52][53][54]
Teresa Tomlinson, Mayor of Columbus[55][56]
Sally Yates, former U.S. Deputy Attorney General[57][58][59][60]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showStacey Abrams

Federal politicians
Cory Booker, U.S. Senator (D-NJ)[61]
Kamala Harris, U.S. Senator (D-CA)[62]
Hank Johnson, U.S Representative (D-GA)
John Lewis, U.S. Representative (D-GA) and prominent civil rights movement leader[63]
Bernie Sanders, U.S. Senator (I-VT)[64]
David Scott, U.S Representative (D-GA)[65]
Statewide and local politicians
Kimberly Alexander, State Representative[66]
Tonya Anderson, State Senator[66]
Debra Bazemore, State Representative[66]
Sharon Beasley-Teague, State Representative[66]
Karen Bennett, State Representative[66]
Darrel Bush Ealum, State Representative[66]
Rhonda Burnough, State Representative[66]
Park Cannon, State Representative[66]
Gail Davenport, State Senator[66]
Pam Dickerson, State Representative[66]
Gloria Frazier, State Representative[66]
Carl Gilliard, State Representative[66]
J. Craig Gordon, State Representative[66]
Ed Harbison, State Senator[66]
Carolyn Hugley, State Representative[66]
Brenda Lopez, State Representative[66]
Pedro Marin, State Representative[66]
Dewey McClain, State Representative[66]
Howard Mosby, State Representative[66]
Nan Orrock, State Senator[66]
Miriam Paris, State Representative[66]
Sam Park, State Representative[66]
Dexter Sharper, State Representative[66]
Pam Stephenson, State Representative[66]
Al Williams, State Representative[66]
Andrew Gillum, Mayor of Tallahassee, Florida; candidate for Governor in 2018[67]
Individuals
Hillary Rodham Clinton, 2016 Democratic nominee for president, former Secretary of State, former Senator from New York, former First Lady of the United States[68]
Wendy Davis, former Texas State Senator and nominee for Governor in Texas in 2014[69]
Valerie Jarrett, former Director of the Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs[70]
Jason Kander, former Missouri Secretary of State and nominee for U.S Senate in Missouri in 2016[71]
Rev. Joseph Lowery, prominent civil movement leader and United Methodist Church minister[72]
Nina Turner, president of Our Revolution and former Ohio State Senator[73]
Labor unions
American Federation of Government Employees District 5[74]
Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL–CIO[75]
Georgia Association of Educators[76]
Georgia State AFL-CIO[77][78]
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 613[75]
International Union of Operating Engineers Local 926[75]
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 77[79]
Southeast Council of Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union[80]
Organizations
Americans for Responsible Solutions/GiffordsPAC[81]
Democracy for America[82]
EMILY's List[83]
Higher Heights for America[84]
Let America Vote[85]
Mijentes, a digital and grassroots group for Latino and Chicano movement building and organizing[86]
Moveon.org[87]
NARAL Pro-Choice America[88]
Our Revolution[89]
Planned Parenthood Action Fund[90]
The Working Families Party[91]
Websites and newspapers
Daily Kos[92]

text:
showStacey Evans

Federal politicians
Max Cleland, former U.S. Senator (D-GA)[93]
Buddy Darden, former U.S. Representative[48]
Statewide Politicians
Roy Barnes, former Governor[94]
State Legislators
LaDawn Blackett Jones, former State Representative[95]
Roger Bruce, State Representative[96]
David Dreyer, State Representative[96]
Virgil Fludd, former State Representative[96]
Vincent Fort, former State Senator[97]
Spencer Frye, State Representative[96]
Sheila Jones, State Representative[96]
Dar'shun Kendrick, State Representative[96]
Ronnie Mabra, former State Representative[48]
Elena Parent, State Senator[96]
Michael Rhett, State Senator[96]
Michael Smith, State Representative[96]
Erica Thomas, State Representative[96]
Keisha Waites, State Representative[96]
Earnest "Coach" Williams, State Representative[96]
Local politicians
Sherry Boston, DeKalb County District Attorney[98]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

StaceyAbrams

StaceyEvans

Undecided

Opinion Savvy

May 15–16, 2018

522

± 4.3%

58%

19%

23%

SurveyUSA

May 10–15, 2018

475

± 6.2%

43%

24%

33%

20-20 Insight (D-Evans)

May 9–15, 2018

433

± 5.4%

42%

34%

25%

University of Georgia

April 12–18, 2018

473

± 4.5%

33%

15%

52%

Mason-Dixon

February 20–23, 2018

500

± 4.5%

29%

17%

54%

text: Results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results[99]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Democratic

Stacey Abrams

424,305

76.44

Democratic

Stacey Evans

130,784

23.56

Total votes

555,089

100.0

text: Libertarian primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text: Ted Metz, Chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia[100]

text: Withdrew[edit]

text: Doug Craig, former Chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia[101][10][102]

text: General election[edit]

text: Predictions[edit]

text:
Source

Ranking

As of

The Cook Political Report[103]

Lean R

August 15, 2018

Rothenberg Political Report[104]

Likely R

June 1, 2018

Sabato's Crystal Ball[105]

Lean R

August 16, 2018

Daily Kos[106]

Lean R

August 13, 2018

RealClearPolitics[107]

Toss-Up

August 1, 2018

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showStacey Abrams (D)

Former U.S. Executive Branch officials
Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States and 76th Governor of Georgia[108]
Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States and former U.S. Senator (D-IL)[109]
Joe Biden, 47th Vice President of the United States and former U.S. Senator (D-DE)[110]
Federal politicians
Doug Jones, U.S. Senator (D-AL)[111]
Cory Booker, U.S. Senator (D-NJ)[61]
Kamala Harris, U.S. Senator (D-CA)[62]
Hank Johnson, U.S Representative (D-GA)
John Lewis, U.S. Representative (D-GA) and prominent civil rights movement leader[63]
Bernie Sanders, U.S. Senator (I-VT)[64]
David Scott, U.S Representative (D-GA)[65]
Tom Perriello, former U.S. Representative (D-VA)[112]
Statewide and local politicians
Kimberly Alexander, State Representative[66]
Tonya Anderson, State Senator[66]
Jason Carter, former State Senator and nominee for Governor in 2014[113]
Roy Barnes, former Governor of Georgia[114]
Debra Bazemore, State Representative[66]
Sharon Beasley-Teague, State Representative[66]
Karen Bennett, State Representative[66]
Darrel Bush Ealum, State Representative[66]
Rhonda Burnough, State Representative[66]
Park Cannon, State Representative[66]
Gail Davenport, State Senator[66]
Pam Dickerson, State Representative[66]
Gloria Frazier, State Representative[66]
Carl Gilliard, State Representative[66]
J. Craig Gordon, State Representative[66]
Ed Harbison, State Senator[66]
Carolyn Hugley, State Representative[66]
Keisha Lance Bottoms, Mayor of Atlanta[115]
Brenda Lopez, State Representative[66]
Pedro Marin, State Representative[66]
Dewey McClain, State Representative[66]
Howard Mosby, State Representative[66]
Nan Orrock, State Senator[66]
Miriam Paris, State Representative[66]
Sam Park, State Representative[66]
Dexter Sharper, State Representative[66]
Pam Stephenson, State Representative[66]
Al Williams, State Representative[66]
Individuals
John Carlos, former Olympic athlete[116]
Hillary Rodham Clinton, 2016 Democratic nominee for President of the United States, 67th Secretary of State, former Senator from New York, former First Lady of the United States[117]
Wendy Davis, former Texas State Senator and nominee for Governor in Texas in 2014[69]
Joshua DuBois, political commentator[118]
Justin Fairfax, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia[119]
Andrew Gillum, Mayor of Tallahassee, Florida; candidate for Governor in 2018[67]
Valerie Jarrett, former Director of the Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs[70]
Jason Kander, former Missouri Secretary of State and nominee for U.S Senate in Missouri in 2016[71]
John Legend, singer-songwriter[116]
Rev. Joseph Lowery, prominent civil movement leader and United Methodist Church minister[72]
Terry McAuliffe, Former Governor of Virginia
Tom Perez, Chair of the DNC[120]
Kelly Rowland, singer[116]
Kendrick Sampson, actor[116]
Holland Taylor, actress[121]
Nina Turner, president of Our Revolution and former Ohio State Senator[73]
Carl Weathers, actor[116]
Labor unions
American Federation of Government Employees District 5[74]
Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL–CIO[75]
Georgia Association of Educators[76]
Georgia State AFL-CIO[77][78]
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 613[75]
International Union of Operating Engineers Local 926[75]
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 77[79]
Southeast Council of Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union[80]
Organizations
Americans for Responsible Solutions/GiffordsPAC[81]
Black Economic Alliance[122]
Democracy for America[123]
EMILY's List[83]
Higher Heights for America[84]
Human Rights Campaign[124]
Let America Vote[85]
Mijentes, a digital and grassroots group for Latino and Chicano movement building and organizing[86]
Moveon.org[87]
NARAL Pro-Choice America[88]
Our Revolution[89]
Planned Parenthood Action Fund[90]
The Working Families Party[91]
Websites and newspapers
Daily Kos[92]

text:
showBrian Kemp (R)

U.S. Executive Branch officials
Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States[125]
Mike Pence, 48th Vice President of the United States[126][127]
Randy Evans, U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg[128]
U.S. Senators
David Perdue, (R-GA)[129]
Johnny Isakson, (R-GA)
U.S Representatives
Newt Gingrich, former U.S. Representative (GA-6), former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives[130]
Jody Hice, U.S. Representative (GA-10)[131]
Bob Barr, former U.S. Representative (GA-7)[132]
Karen Handel, U.S. Representative (GA-6), former Georgia Secretary of State[133]
Barry Loudermilk, U.S. Representative (GA-11)[134]
State politicians
Nathan Deal, Governor of Georgia[135]
Casey Cagle, Lieutenant Governor of Georgia and former gubernatorial candidate[136]
Hunter Hill, former State Senator and former candidate for Governor[137]
Clay Tippins, retired Navy SEAL and former gubernatorial candidate,[138]
Ralph Hudgens, Georgia Insurance Commissioner[132]
David Clark, State Representative[139]
Nancy Jester, DeKalb County Commissioner[140]
Jan Jones, State Representative, Speaker pro tempore of the Georgia House of Representatives[141]
Susan Holmes, State Representative[142]
Wes Cantrell, State Representative[143]
Sam Teasley, State Representative[144]
Vic Reynolds, Cobb County district attorney[145]
Rick Austin, mayor of Demorest[146]
Ames Barnett, mayor of Washington[146]
Dan Curry, mayor of Loganville[146]
Bill Darsey, mayor of Lakeland[146]
Steve Edwards, mayor of Sugar Hill[146]
Steve Fry, mayor of Williamson[146]
John Gayle, mayor of Valdosta[146]
John Harley, mayor of Centerville[146]
Charles Ivey, mayor of Watkinsville[146]
Jan Jones, mayor of Sasser[146]
David Earl Keith, mayor of Jesup[146]
Ken Lee, mayor of Rincon[146]
Lamar Lee, mayor of Walnut Grove[146]
Lee Moore, mayor of Franklin Springs[146]
Peggy Murphy, mayor of Alma[146]
Roy Plott, mayor of Jefferson[146]
Johnny Pritchett, mayor of Bishop[146]
Michael Richbourg, mayor of Nashville[146]
Jefferson Riley, mayor of Mansfield[146]
Stephen Tingen, mayor of Gray[146]
Patricia Wheeler, mayor of Stone Mountain[146]
Mike Young, mayor of McRae-Helena[146]
Jeff Reese, mayor of Villa Rica[147]
Keith Brady, mayor of Newnan[147]
JD Stallings, mayor of Thomaston[147]
Walter Rocker, mayor of Eatonton[147]
Kenneth Turner, mayor of Gordon[147]
Organizations
GeorgiaCarry.org[148]
Georgia Hunting and Fishing Federation[149]
Individuals
Erick Erickson, former member of the Macon City Council and conservative radio host and blogger[150]
Vince Dooley, former University of Georgia head football coach and athletic director[151]
Ralph Reed, former chairman of the Georgia Republican Party, candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia and Christian activist[152]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

BrianKemp (R)

StaceyAbrams (D)

Undecided

Gravis Marketing

July 27–29, 2018

650

± 3.8%

44%

46%

10%

SurveyUSA

July 15–19, 2018

1,199

± 4.3%

46%

44%

10%

Garin-Hart-Yang (D-Abrams)

May 23–25, 2018

601

± 4.0%

40%

49%

–

Mason-Dixon

February 20–23, 2018

625

± 4.0%

37%

40%

23%

text:
show
Hypothetical polling

with Casey Cagle

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

CaseyCagle (R)

StaceyAbrams (D)

Undecided

SurveyUSA

July 15–19, 2018

1,199

± 4.3%

45%

43%

12%

Garin-Hart-Yang (D-Abrams)

May 23–25, 2018

601

± 4.0%

43%

48%

–

SurveyUSA

May 10–15, 2018

2,339

± 3.5%

46%

41%

14%

Mason-Dixon

February 20–23, 2018

625

± 4.0%

45%

39%

16%

with Clay Tippins

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

ClayTippins (R)

StaceyAbrams (D)

Undecided

Mason-Dixon

February 20–23, 2018

625

± 4.0%

40%

41%

19%

with Hunter Hill

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

HunterHill (R)

StaceyAbrams (D)

Undecided

Mason-Dixon

February 20–23, 2018

625

± 4.0%

37%

43%

20%

with Stacey Evans

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

CaseyCagle (R)

StaceyEvans (D)

Undecided

SurveyUSA

May 10–15, 2018

2,339

± 3.5%

45%

41%

13%

Mason-Dixon

February 20–23, 2018

625

± 4.0%

47%

38%

15%

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

BrianKemp (R)

StaceyEvans (D)

Undecided

Mason-Dixon

February 20–23, 2018

625

± 4.0%

42%

39%

19%

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

ClayTippins (R)

StaceyEvans (D)

Undecided

Mason-Dixon

February 20–23, 2018

625

± 4.0%

41%

38%

21%

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

HunterHill (R)

StaceyEvans (D)

Undecided

Mason-Dixon

February 20–23, 2018

625

± 4.0%

35%

36%

29%

with Casey Cagle

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

CaseyCagle (R)

JasonCarter (D)

Undecided

Public Policy Polling

May 27–30, 2016

724

± 3.6%

40%

39%

21%

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

CaseyCagle (R)

KasimReed (D)

Undecided

Public Policy Polling

May 27–30, 2016

724

± 3.6%

46%

33%

21%

with Brian Kemp

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

BrianKemp (R)

JasonCarter (D)

Undecided

Public Policy Polling

May 27–30, 2016

724

± 3.6%

38%

40%

22%

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

BrianKemp (R)

KasimReed (D)

Undecided

Public Policy Polling

May 27–30, 2016

724

± 3.6%

43%

33%

24%

text: Results[edit]

text:
Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Republican

Brian Kemp

Libertarian

Ted Metz

Independent

Larry Odom

Democratic

Stacey Abrams

Majority

Turnout