document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by home state

question_text: who was the last us president born in the 19th century

text: Birth places[edit]

text: Twenty-one states claim the distinction of being the birthplace of a president. One president's birth state is in dispute; North and South Carolina (British colonies at the time) both lay claim to Andrew Jackson, who was born in 1767, in the Waxhaw region along their common border. Jackson himself considered South Carolina as his birth state.[1] Born on December 5, 1782, Martin Van Buren was the first president born an American citizen (and not a British subject).[2]

text: The term Virginia dynasty is sometimes used to describe the fact that four of the first five U.S. presidents were from Virginia. The number of presidents born per state, counting Jackson as being from South Carolina, are:

text:
One: Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina
Two: North Carolina, Texas, and Vermont
Four: Massachusetts
Five: New York
Seven: Ohio
Eight: Virginia

text:
Note: Dates of birth sort by month and day     = Colony, pre–1776, rather than state.

Birth
Order
President
Date of birth
Birthplace
State of birth
In office

1
George Washington
02-22February 22, 1732
Westmoreland County
virga !Virginia
01 !(1st) April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797

2
John Adams
10-30 October 30, 1735
Braintree
Massaa !Massachusetts
02 !(2nd) March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801

3
Thomas Jefferson
04-13 April 13, 1743
Shadwell
virgb !Virginia
03 !(3rd) March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809

4
James Madison
03-16 March 16, 1751
Port Conway
virgc !Virginia
04 !(4th) March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817

5
James Monroe
04-28 April 28, 1758
Monroe Hall
virgd !Virginia
05 !(5th) March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825

6
John Quincy Adams
07-11 July 11, 1767
Braintree
Massab !Massachusetts
06 !(6th) March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829

7
Andrew Jackson
03-15 March 15, 1767
Waxhaws Region
Sou !South/North Carolina
07 !(7th) March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837

8
Martin Van Buren
12-05 December 5, 1782
Kinderhook
New York
08 !(8th) March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841

9
William Henry Harrison
02-09 February 9, 1773
Charles City County
virge !Virginia
09 !(9th) March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841

10
John Tyler
03-29 March 29, 1790
Charles City County
virgg !Virginia
10 !(10th) April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845

11
James K. Polk
11-02 November 2, 1795
Pineville
North Carolina
11 !(11th) March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849

12
Zachary Taylor
11-24 November 24, 1784
Barboursville
virgf !Virginia
12 !(12th) March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850

13
Millard Fillmore
01-07 January 7, 1800
Summerhill
New York
13 !(13th) July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853

14
Franklin Pierce
11-23 November 23, 1804
Hillsborough
New Hampshire
14 !(14th) March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857

15
James Buchanan
04-23 April 23, 1791
Cove Gap
Pennsylvania
15 !(15th) March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861

16
Abraham Lincoln
02-12 February 12, 1809
Sinking !Sinking Spring
Kentucky
16 !(16th) March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865

17
Andrew Johnson
12-29 December 29, 1808
Raleigh
North Carolina
17 !(17th) April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869

18
Ulysses S. Grant
04-27 April 27, 1822
Point Pleasant
Ohio
18 !(18th) March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877

19
Rutherford B. Hayes
10-04 October 4, 1822
Delaware
Ohio
19 !(19th) March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881

20
James A. Garfield
11-19 November 19, 1831
Moreland Hills
Ohio
20 !(20th) March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881

21
Chester A. Arthur
10-05 October 5, 1829
Fairfield
Vermont
21 !(21st) September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885

22
Grover Cleveland
03-18 March 18, 1837
Caldwell
New Jersey
22 !(22nd) March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889

23
Benjamin Harrison
08-20 August 20, 1833
North Bend
Ohio
23 !(23rd) March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893

24
Grover Cleveland
03-18 March 18, 1837
Caldwell
New Jersey

24 !(24th) March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897

25
William McKinley
01-29 January 29, 1843
Niles
Ohio
25 !(25th) March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901

26
Theodore Roosevelt
10-27 October 27, 1858
New York City
New York
26 !(26th) September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909

27
William H. Taft
09-15 September 15, 1857
Cincinnati
Ohio
27 !(27th) March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913

28
Woodrow Wilson
12-28 December 28, 1856
Staunton
virgh !Virginia
28 !(28th) March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921

29
Warren G. Harding
11-02 November 2, 1865
Blooming Grove
Ohio
29 !(29th) March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923

30
Calvin Coolidge
07-04 July 4, 1872
Plymouth
Vermont
30 !(30th) August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929

31
Herbert Hoover
08-10 August 10, 1874
West Branch
Iowa
31 !(31st) March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933

32
Franklin D. Roosevelt
01-30 January 30, 1882
Hyde Park
New York
32 !(32nd) March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945

33
Harry S. Truman
05-08 May 8, 1884
Lamar
Missouri
33 !(33rd) April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953

34
Dwight D. Eisenhower
10-14 October 14, 1890
Denison
Texas
34 !(34th) January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961

35
John F. Kennedy
05-29 May 29, 1917
Brookline
Massachusetts
35 !(35th) January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963

36
Lyndon B. Johnson
08-27 August 27, 1908
Stonewall
Texas
36 !(36th) November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969

37
Richard Nixon
01-09 January 9, 1913
Yorba Linda
California
37 !(37th) January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974

38
Gerald Ford
07-14 July 14, 1913
Omaha
Nebraska
38 !(38th) August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977

39
Jimmy Carter
10-01 October 1, 1924
Plains
Georgia
39 !(39th) January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981

40
Ronald Reagan
02-06 February 6, 1911
Tampico
Illinois
40 !(40th) January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989

41
George H. W. Bush
06-12 June 12, 1924
Milton
Massachusetts
41 !(41st) January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993

42
George W. Bush[3]
07-06 July 6, 1946
New Haven
Connecticut
43 !(43rd) January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009

43
Bill Clinton[4]
08-19 August 19, 1946
Hope
Arkansas
42 !(42nd) January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001

44
Barack Obama[5]
08-04 August 4, 1961
Honolulu
Hawaii
44 !(44th) January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017

45
Donald J. Trump
06-14 June 14, 1946
Jamaica, Queens
New York
45 !(45th) January 20, 2017 – Incumbent

text: Presidential birthplace and early childhood historic sites[edit]

text: The birthplaces and early childhood residences of many U.S. presidents have been preserved or replicated. In instances where a physical structure is absent, a monument or roadside marker has been erected to denote the site's historic significance. All sites in the table below are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

text: A dramatic shift in childbirth from home to hospital occurred in the United States in the early 20th century (mid–1920s to 1940).[6] Reflective of this trend, all presidents born after World War II (Bill Clinton and every president since) have been born in a hospital, not a private residence.

text:
President
Image
Historic site

George Washington
01 !
George Washington Birthplace National Monument, Colonial Beach, Virginia

John Adams
02 !
John Adams Birthplace, Quincy, Massachusetts

James Madison
03 !
Belle Grove Plantation, Port Conway, Virginia

James Monroe
04 !
James Monroe Family Home Site, Colonial Beach, Virginia

John Quincy Adams
05 !
John Quincy Adams Birthplace, Quincy, Massachusetts

William Henry Harrison
06 !
Berkeley Plantation, Charles City County, Virginia

John Tyler
07 !
Greenway Plantation, Charles City County, Virginia

James Buchanan
07.5 !
Buchanan's Birthplace State Park, Cove Gap, Pennsylvania

James K. Polk

08 !

President James K. Polk Historic Site, Pineville, North Carolina

Franklin Pierce
08 !
Franklin Pierce Homestead, Hillsborough, New Hampshire

Abraham Lincoln
09 !
Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park, Hodgenville, Kentucky

Ulysses S. Grant
10 !
Grant Birthplace, Point Pleasant, Ohio

Chester A. Arthur
11 !
Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site, Fairfield, Vermont

Grover Cleveland
12 !
Grover Cleveland Birthplace, Caldwell, New Jersey

William McKinley

13 !

McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center, Niles, Ohio

Woodrow Wilson
14 !
Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library, Staunton, Virginia

William Howard Taft
15 !
William Howard Taft National Historic Site, Cincinnati, Ohio

Theodore Roosevelt
16 !
Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site, New York City, New York

Calvin Coolidge
17 !
Calvin Coolidge Homestead District, Plymouth, Vermont

Herbert Hoover
18 !
Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, West Branch, Iowa

Franklin D. Roosevelt
19 !
Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, Hyde Park, New York

Harry S. Truman
20 !
Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site, Lamar, Missouri

Dwight D. Eisenhower
21 !
Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site, Denison, Texas

Lyndon B. Johnson
22 !
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, Stonewall, Texas

Ronald Reagan
23 !
Birthplace of Ronald Reagan, Tampico, Illinois

Richard Nixon
24 !
Birthplace of Richard Nixon, Yorba Linda, California

Gerald R. Ford
25 !
Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens, Omaha, Nebraska

John F. Kennedy
26 !
John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site, Brookline, Massachusetts

Bill Clinton
27 !
President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site, Hope, Arkansas

text: States of primary affiliation[edit]

text: A list of U.S. Presidents including the state with which each was primarily affiliated, due to residence, professional career, and electoral history. This is not necessarily the state in which the president was born. Nineteen Presidents (denoted with an asterisk) primarily resided in states other than their respective birth states, which are listed above.

text:
State
#
Presidents (in order of presidency)

 New York
7
Martin Van Buren (8), Millard Fillmore (13), Chester A. Arthur* (21), Grover Cleveland* (22, 24), Theodore Roosevelt (26), Franklin D. Roosevelt (32), Donald Trump (45)

 Ohio
6
William Henry Harrison* (9), Rutherford B. Hayes (19), James A. Garfield (20), William McKinley (25), William Howard Taft (27), Warren G. Harding (29)

 Virginia
5
George Washington (1), Thomas Jefferson (3), James Madison (4), James Monroe (5), John Tyler (10)

 Massachusetts
4
John Adams (2), John Quincy Adams (6), Calvin Coolidge* (30), John F. Kennedy (35)

 California
3
Herbert Hoover* (31), Richard Nixon (37), Ronald Reagan* (40)

 Tennessee
3
Andrew Jackson* (7), James K. Polk* (11), Andrew Johnson* (17)

 Texas
3
Lyndon B. Johnson (36), George H. W. Bush* (41), George W. Bush* (43)

 Illinois
3
Abraham Lincoln* (16), Ulysses S. Grant* (18), Barack Obama* (44)

 Arkansas
1
Bill Clinton (42)

 Georgia
1
Jimmy Carter (39)

 Indiana
1
Benjamin Harrison* (23)

 Kansas
1
Dwight D. Eisenhower* (34)

 Kentucky
1
Zachary Taylor* (12)

 Michigan
1
Gerald Ford* (38)

 Missouri
1
Harry S. Truman (33)

 New Hampshire
1
Franklin Pierce (14)

 New Jersey
1
Woodrow Wilson* (28)

 Pennsylvania
1
James Buchanan (15)


document_title: Ink cartridge

question_text: what type of ink is used in hp inkjet printers

root

text: Ink cartridge

text: Design[edit]

text: Thermal[edit]

text: Most consumer inkjet printers, such as those made by Canon, HP, and Lexmark (but not Epson) use a thermal inkjet; inside each partition of the ink reservoir is a heating element with a tiny metal plate or resistor. In response to a signal given by the printer, a tiny current flows through the metal or resistor making it warm, and the ink in contact with the heated resistor is vaporized into a tiny steam bubble inside the nozzle.[1] As a consequence, an ink droplet is forced out of the cartridge nozzle onto the paper. This process takes a fraction of a millisecond.

tag: p

text: The printing depends on the smooth flow of ink, which can be hindered if the ink begins to dry at the print head, as can happen when an ink level becomes low. Dried ink can be cleaned from a cartridge print head using isopropyl alcohol or water.[2] Isopropyl alcohol will damage the printing head, IPA can dissolve the plastic at the connections and rubber gaskets. Tap water contains contaminants that may clog the print head, so distilled water and a lint-free cloth is recommended.[3]

text: The ink also acts as a coolant to protect the metal-plate heating elements − when the ink supply is depleted, and printing is attempted, the heating elements in thermal cartridges often burn out, permanently damaging the print head. When the ink first begins to run low, the cartridge should be refilled or replaced, to avoid overheating damage to the print head.[4]

text: Piezoelectric[edit]

text: All Epson printers use a piezoelectric crystal in each nozzle instead of a heating element. When current is applied, the crystal changes shape or size, increasing the pressure in the ink channel and thus forcing a droplet of ink from the nozzle.[5] There are two types of crystals used: those that elongate when subjected to electricity or bi-morphs which bend. The ink channels in a piezoelectric ink jet print head can be formed using a variety of techniques, but one common method is lamination of a stack of metal plates, each of which includes precision micro-fabricated features of various shapes (i.e. containing an ink channel, orifice, reservoir and crystal). This cool environment allows use of inks which react badly when heated. For example, roughly 1/1000 of every ink jet is vaporised due to the intense heat, and ink must be designed not the clog the printer with the products of thermal decomposition. It also can make a smaller ink drop in some situations than thermal inkjet schemes.

text: Variants[edit]

text:
Color inkjets use the CMYK color model: cyan, magenta, yellow, and the key, black. Over the years, two distinct forms of black have become available: one that blends readily with other colors for graphical printing, and a near-waterproof variant for text.
Most modern inkjets carry a black cartridge for text, and either a single CMYK combined or a discrete cartridge for each color; while keeping colors separate was initially rare, it has become common in more recent years. Some higher-end inkjets offer cartridges for extra colors.
Some cartridges contain ink specially formulated for printing photographs.
All printer suppliers produce their own type of ink cartridges. Cartridges for different printers may be incompatible — either physically or electrically.
Some manufacturers incorporate the printer's head into the cartridge (examples include HP, Dell, and Lexmark), while others such as Epson keep the print head a part of the printer itself. Both sides make claims regarding their approach leading to lower costs for the consumer.

tag: ul

text: Pricing[edit]

text: Ink cartridges are typically priced at $13 to $75 per ounce ($1,664 to $9,600 per gallon) of ink,[6] meaning that refill cartridges sometimes cost a substantial fraction of the cost of the printer. To save money, many people use compatible ink cartridges from a vendor other than the printer manufacturer. Others use aftermarket inks, refilling their own ink cartridges using a kit that includes bulk ink. The high cost of cartridges has also provided an incentive for counterfeiters to supply cartridges falsely claiming to be made by the original manufacturer.[7] The print cartridge industry lost an estimated $3 billion in 2009 due to this, according to an International Data Corporation estimate.

text: Another alternative involves modifications of an original cartridge allowing use of continuous ink systems with external ink tanks.[8] Some manufacturers, including Canon, have introduced new models featuring in-built continuous ink systems.[9] This was seen as a welcome move by users, especially small business owners who rely on bulk-printing solutions, like Internet cafes and small-scale print shops.[10]

text: Some printer manufacturers set up their cartridges to interact with the printer, preventing operation when the ink level is low, or when the cartridge has been refilled.[11] One researcher with the magazine Which? over-rode such an interlocked system and found that in one case he could print up to 38% more good quality pages, after the chip stated that the cartridge was empty.[11] In the United Kingdom, in 2003, the cost of ink has been the subject of an Office of Fair Trading investigation, as Which? magazine has accused manufacturers of a lack of transparency about the price of ink and called for an industry standard for measuring ink cartridge performance.[11] Which? stated that color HP cartridges cost over seven times more per milliliter than 1985 Dom Perignon.[11]

text: It can sometimes be cheaper to buy a new printer than to replace the set of ink cartridges supplied with the printer. The major printer manufacturers − Hewlett Packard, Lexmark, Dell, Canon, Epson and Brother − use a "razor and blades" [12] business model, often breaking even or losing money selling printers while expecting to make a profit by selling cartridges over the life of the printer. Since much of the printer manufacturers' profits are from ink and toner cartridge sales, some of these companies have taken various actions against aftermarket cartridges.[13]

text: Refills and third party replacements[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Because printer cartridges from the original manufacturer are often expensive, demand exists for cheaper third party options. These include ink sold in bulk, cartridge refill kits, machines in stores that automatically refill cartridges, remanufactured cartridges, and cartridges made by an entity other than the original manufacturer.

text: Consumers can refill ink cartridges themselves with a kit, or they can take the cartridge to a refiller or remanufacturer where ink is pumped back into cartridges made up of components from previously used cartridge products. PC World reports that refilled cartridges have higher failure rates, print fewer pages than new cartridges, and demonstrate more on-page problems like streaking, curling, and color bleed.[14]

text: Another option is for the consumer to purchase "bulk ink" (in pints, quarts, or gallons) and refill the cartridges themselves. This can be extremely cost-effective if the consumer is a heavy user of cartridges, although care is required while refilling to avoid ink stains on hands, clothes, or surroundings. One US pint (437 ml) is sufficient to fill about 15 to 17 large-capacity cartridges (or 34 to 39 per liter of ink).

text: Generally speaking, Canon, Dell, HP, and Lexmark cartridges are not difficult to refill, though some Lexmark cartridges employ a built-in counter chip that can't be reset; Epson cartridges and some newer Brother cartridges also have a built-in counter chip, however it is possible to purchase a chip resetter for these models. Since older Brother cartridges generally lack any chip and consist of merely a sack of ink, they can be readily refilled.

text: Some third party manufacturers have been offering refillable cartridges with an auto reset chip[15] to simplify the refilling process. These refillable cartridges are less harmful to the environment and often easy to further refill.

text: Perhaps the easiest, most trouble-free method of refilling ink cartridges is through the use of a CISS (Continuous Ink Supply System). A CISS consists of a set of cartridges that have tubes connected to them, through which the ink continuously flows from ink reservoirs on the outside of the printer. Instead of refilling the cartridges themselves, the user simply refills the bottles on the outside of the printer. Early CIS systems were composed of OEM cartridges that had been drilled and outfitted with fittings to accept the ink delivery tubes, a set of 'ribbon' tubes, and plastic bottles with holes drilled in the caps for the tubes and the vents. Today's CIS systems are mass-produced in China, often incorporating all ink bottles into one partitioned container. They typically utilize auto-reset chips, which means the cartridges rarely have to be removed from the printer.

text: Laser toner or inkjet cartridges sold as remanufactured are cartridges that have been reassembled with parts already in production, and refilled with new ink. Many third party newly manufactured cartridges exist, these are named compatible cartridges and refer to any cartridge that is not made by the original manufacturer of the printer. Inkjet cartridges sold as "compatible" are typically newly manufactured cartridges. Compatible and OEM cartridges can be remanufactured and refilled. Inkjet cartridges sold as "remanufactured" are cartridges that have been used at least once by a consumer and then refilled by a third party.[16]

text: The legality of this industry was brought to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in the case of Lexmark Int'l v. Static Control Components. The Court ruled that reverse-engineering the handshaking procedure to enable compatibility did not violate the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.[17] The Supreme Court of the United States also ruled in May 2017 in Impression Products v. Lexmark that companies cannot use patent law to block reuse of products protected by patent once the product is sold, which in the case of ink cartridges, allows the sale of refurbished cartridges both within the United States and overseas.[18]

text: HP has fiercely defended its printing interests from the refill industry, including filing patent complaints and false advertising lawsuits which allege that inferior ink is not properly differentiated from the original HP ink.[19]

text: Environmental impact[edit]

text: This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Facts[edit]

text: The list below outlines a few facts about toner/ink cartridges and the impact they have on the environment.[20]

text:
Each year over 350 million cartridges are thrown out to landfills.
By the year 2012, 500 million laser cartridges and 1.8 billion ink cartridges had been dumped in landfills.
Cartridges can take up to 425 to 1000 years to decompose.
Every ink cartridge becomes 3.5 pounds of solid waste.[21]

text: New laws[edit]

text: Many programs have been implemented in the United States and Europe[22] to encourage the recycling of ink cartridges. New York has implemented a recycling law for businesses and consumers regarding toner and ink cartridges.[23] In California the Public Contract Code (PCC) section 12156[24] encourages businesses to purchase recycled ink and toner cartridges. In the UK, large compatible cartridge manufacturers have implemented recycling programmes in order to receive back empty cartridges for refilling of HP, Lexmark, Dell, etc. cartridges, as no compatible version is readily available.


document_title: Judiciary of Texas

question_text: traditionally in texas judges initially obtain their positions by

text: Judiciary of Texas

text: History and perception[edit]

text: In the 19th century, Texas had a reputation for arbitrary "frontier justice"; in one notorious example highlighted by Stanford legal historian Lawrence M. Friedman, its appellate courts upheld a conviction of "guily" (where the t was omitted) in 1879 but reversed a conviction of "guity" (where the l was omitted) in 1886.[2][3] The latter decision actually attempted to distinguish the earlier one by trying to explain why the letter l was more important than the letter t. The poor quality of Texas justice has been attributed to the state's shortage of proper law schools and law libraries, as well as the traditional preference of Texans for "'self-help' justice as practiced in the courts of 'Judge Winchester' or 'Judge Lynch.'"[4]

text: Courts[edit]

text: Texas is the only state besides Oklahoma to have a bifurcated appellate system at the highest level.[5] The Texas Supreme Court hears appeals involving civil matters, and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals hears appeals involving criminal matters.[5] Sometimes, the dividing line is murky, especially with respect to jurisdiction in mandamus and habeas corpus cases. See, e.g. Justice Willet's dissent in In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d 360 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding).[6] Unlike its counterpart in Oklahoma, the Texas Supreme Court is not really supreme when it comes to a jurisdictional ping-pong or tug-of-war between the two high courts because both are co-equal.

text: Article V, Section 1, states:

text: [t]he judicial power of this State shall be vested in one Supreme Court, in one Court of Criminal Appeals, in Courts of Appeals, in District Courts, in County Courts, in Commissioners Courts, in Courts of Justices of the Peace, and in such other courts as may be provided by law. The Legislature may establish such other courts as it may deem necessary and prescribe the jurisdiction and organization thereof, and may conform the jurisdiction of the district and other inferior courts thereto.

text: As such, the Texas Legislature has created additional courts to address caseload pressures driven by population growth in different areas of the state. District courts are (usually) consecutively numbered regardless of whether they are specialize to handle criminal, civil, or family matters (though in some counties, Criminal District Courts have separate numbering systems, an example being Dallas County which has seven such courts numbered 1 through 11[7]). The highest numbers indicate that the court was created recently, but the number alone provides no clue as to location of the new court and the appellate district within which it is located. As such, a comprehensive list of Dallas courts can be found to include 60 courts in Dallas. [8]

text: Further sections of Article V spell out the basic requirements for each court's jurisdiction and for its officers.

text: Supreme Court[edit]

text: The Texas Supreme Court hears appeals involving civil matters and does not hear any appeals involving criminal matters except when the defendant is a juvenile. Under Texas law, juvenile proceedings (even those involving criminal activity) are considered civil matters; thus, the Texas Supreme Court hears such appeals, but it defers to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in matters where the Texas Penal Code must be interpreted. The Supreme Court also maintains responsibility for attorney licensing and discipline.

text: Court of Criminal Appeals[edit]

text: The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals hears appeals on criminal cases excluding those involving juvenile proceedings. Cases in which the death penalty was imposed are directly and automatically appealed to this court, bypassing the intermediate Courts of Appeals, which hear both civil and criminal cases.

text: Courts of Appeals[edit]

text: Texas has 14 Courts of Appeals, which have intermediate appellate jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases. However, death penalty cases are automatically appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals and bypass this level.

text: There are a total of 80 justices among the 14 Courts; each court has between three and 13 justices as set by statute. All cases are heard by a three-justice panel unless a hearing en banc is ordered (except where a particular court has only three justices assigned to it, in which instance all cases are automatically heard en banc; an example is the 12th Court of Appeals). The Texas Legislature determines which counties are assigned to a court, and has shifted counties between courts to balance the docket.

text: In an oddity, two of the fourteen courts are located in Houston (the 1st and 14th Courts), both having concurrent jurisdiction over the same ten counties, the largest being Harris County. Parties who want to appeal a case from any of these counties are required to state in their notice of appeal that they wish to appeal to either the first or the fourteenth court of appeals, and then have to wait and see to which one of the two they are assigned randomly. They will quickly receive a notice from the designated court advising them that they have not yet paid the required $195 filing fee to prosecute the appeal, and that their appeal may be dismissed if they do not do so within 20 days. See TEX. R. APP. P. 5 (requiring payment of fees at time of filing, unless excused). This is standard form letter that is sent even though nobody knows which court they going to end up in when they filed the notice of appeal. The notice must be filed in the trial court, but the payment has to be made in the court of appeals.

text: An even more bizarre situation occurs in East and North Texas, where the 6th Court has four counties – Gregg, Rusk, Upshur, and Wood – which overlap with the 12th Court, and also has Hunt County overlapping with the 5th Court.

text: District Courts[edit]

text: The Texas district courts are the trial courts of general jurisdiction.

text: The district court has exclusive jurisdiction on felony cases, cases involving title to land, and election contest cases. It shares jurisdiction with the county courts, and in some case justice of the peace courts, for civil cases (its lowest limit for hearing a case is a mere $200 in controversy, while JP courts can hear cases up to $10,000). Family law jurisdiction varies depending on the existence of a county court-at-law; in some counties, the district courts share jurisdiction over divorces, child custody and support matters, adoptions and child welfare cases with county courts at law. Also, probate jurisdiction varies depending on the existence of a statutory probate court in the county. In some larger counties, such as Harris County, the district courts are specialized, some hearing family matters, others hearing criminal cases, and a third set hearing non-family civil cases.

text: In more rural areas, as many as five counties share a district court; urban counties, on the other hand, have multiple district courts, which in some cases specialize in civil, criminal, family law or juvenile matters.

text: One of the most unusual features of Texas trial courts, including district courts, is the tradition of having only one judge per trial court. Instead of adding more departments to existing courts in response to population growth, Texas adds more courts. The result is that a typical Texas urban courthouse is home to many single-judge trial courts, each of which is legally organized as a separate court with its own unique name and number. This contrasts sharply with the prevailing tradition in the federal judiciary and the courts of virtually all U.S. states, in which a trial court can have multiple judges sitting in separate departments and all of which have authority to act in the name of the same trial court. While Texas law provides for certain specific circumstances in which a judge of one trial court can act for an absent judge of another trial court in the same jurisdiction, it is not as flexible as simply treating all trial judges as members of the same court (and in turn occasionally results in another basis for appeal).

text: This tradition dates back to the hurried enactment of the Constitution of the Republic of Texas in 1836 by the newborn Republic. Section 2 of Article IV provided for "not less than three nor more than eight" judicial districts, and that "a judge" would be appointed for each district. Similar clauses implying one judge per court appeared in all subsequent constitutions. For example, Section 7 of Article V of the 1876 state constitution provided for 26 judicial districts, and that "a judge" would be elected for each district. This issue was finally remedied by a constitutional amendment in 1985, but the tradition of one judge per trial court was by then thoroughly entrenched.

text: Probate Courts[edit]

text: In another unique twist, the Constitution grants the Legislature the authority to determine which court handles probate matters. Thus, in ten of the 15 largest counties (specifically, the counties of Bexar, Collin, Dallas, Denton, El Paso, Galveston, Harris, Hidalgo, Tarrant, and Travis) the Legislature has established one or more Statutory Probate Courts. These specialized courts handle matters of probate, guardianship, trust, and mental health. In some counties, the statutory probate courts also hear condemnation cases. There are no jurisdictional monetary limits on the types of lawsuits that a statutory probate court may hear. As such, their jurisdiction at times overlaps that of the district court.

text: Constitutional County Courts[edit]

text: Not to be confused with County Courts at Law, which are created by statute, there is a County Court for each of the 254 counties in Texas. The Texas Constitution states that "[t]here shall be established in each county in this State a County Court ..." Sections 15 through 17 of Article V, as well as Chapters 25 and 26 of the Texas Government Code, outline the duties of these Courts and their officers.

text: The county court has exclusive jurisdiction over "Class A" and "Class B" misdemeanors (these offenses can involve jail time), concurrent jurisdiction over civil cases where the amount in controversy is moderately sized, and appellate jurisdiction over JP and municipal court cases (for municipal court cases, this may involve a trial de novo if the lower court is not a "court of record").

text: County court judges are not required to be licensed attorneys. Due to this, defendants in counties which only have the traditional constitutional county court may ask to have their cases transferred to that county's district court for trial if the district judge consents [1]. However, defendants in counties with the county court at law structure do not have this option, as the county court at law judges are required to have law degrees.

text: Section 15 states that the County Court shall be a "court of record". Section 16 states that the County Court "has jurisdiction as provided by law"; Section 17 states that the County Court shall hold terms as provided by law and that County Court juries shall consist of six persons, but in civil cases a jury shall not be empaneled unless one of the parties demands it and pays a jury fee or files an affidavit stating that it is unable to do so.

text: Since the county judge is also responsible for presiding over the Commissioners Court (the main executive and legislative body of the county), in 94 counties the Texas Legislature has established county courts at law to relieve the county judge of judicial duties. The first multi-county statutory county court (composed of Fisher, Mitchell, and Nolan counties) was created in 2013. In most counties with courts at law, the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the constitutional county court has been transferred to the county courts at law. Unlike the county judge, judges of the county courts of law are required to be attorneys. The county courts at law may hear both civil and criminal matters, or hear them separately, depending on how the Legislature has structured them (Dallas, Denton, El Paso, Harris, and Tarrant counties have "county criminal courts" or "county criminal courts at law" that hear only criminal cases).

text: Statutory County Courts at Law[edit]

text: Statutory County Courts at Law, not to be confused with Constitutional County Courts, generally have broader jurisdiction than constitutional county courts. Statutory County Courts can generally entertain lawsuits in which the amount in controversy is over $500 but not over $200,000. [9] However, unlike constitutional county courts, the jurisdiction of Statutory County Courts can vary from county to county. For example, in Dallas County, Statutory County Courts have jurisdiction nearly as broad as that of District Courts. [10] In Travis County, the amount in controversy for matters the Statutory County Court can entertain ranges from $500 to $250,000. [11] There is no clear policy reason for the varying jurisdictions of the Statutory County Courts.

text: Municipal Courts[edit]

text: Under the authority granted it by Section 1 of Article V, the Legislature has allowed for the creation of municipal courts in each incorporated city in Texas, by voter approval creating such court. Chapters 29 and 30 of the Texas Government Code outline the duties of these Courts and their officers.

text: Municipal courts in Texas come into contact with more defendants than all other Texas courts combined. The subject matter of municipal courts relates to crimes relating to public safety and quality of life issues. In recent years, municipal courts and justice court in Texas have become the primary venue for acts of misconduct committed by children.

text: Within the city limits, these courts have shared jurisdiction with the JP courts on Class C criminal misdemeanor cases, and have exclusive jurisdiction on cases involving city ordinances. Municipal courts have limited civil jurisdiction over public matters relating to public safety (e.g., dangerous dog determinations). Confusion surrounding a municipal court's civil jurisdiction is complicated that if a municipal court is a "court of record," the Legislature has authorized municipalities to adopt ordinances that give municipal courts concurrent jurisdiction over substandard building cases with county and/or district courts. The matter of civil jurisdiction has been further confused by the advent of civil penalties for conduct that can be prosecuted as a Class C misdemeanor (e.g. certain parking violations, red light camera violations).

text: As a general rule, the municipal courts are not "courts of record" (i.e., no court reporter recorded and transcribed the proceedings), and thus an appeal to the county level would require a whole new trial (i.e., a trial de novo). This proved to be a loophole for some defendants in traffic cases, who betted on the officer not being able to attend, and thus having the case dismissed. Furthermore, the de novo trials crowded the dockets of already busy county courts at law. Many major cities—such as those in Austin, El Paso, Houston, Dallas and San Antonio—have chosen to convert their municipal courts to courts of record (this also requires voter approval) to close this loophole.

text: Municipal court cases are generally appealed to the county court level, but cannot be appealed beyond that level unless the fine is more than $100 or a constitutional matter is asserted.

text: Justice of the Peace Courts[edit]

text: The lowest court level in Texas is the Justice of the Peace Court (also called Justice Court or JP Court). Each county has at least one JP Court.[12] Sections 18 and 19 of Article V, as well as Chapters 27 and 28 of the Texas Government Code, outline the duties of these Courts and their officers.

text: Section 19 sets forth the minimum jurisdiction of the JP court:

text:
Original jurisdiction in "criminal matters of misdemeanor cases punishable by fine only" (called "Class C" misdemeanor cases under the Texas Penal Code),
Exclusive jurisdiction in "civil matters where the amount in controversy is $200 or less", and
"Such other jurisdiction as may be provided by law". Under this provision, the Legislature has raised the top limit on civil matters to $10,000 and assigned the JP courts, among others, the right to hear cases involving eviction as well as cases involving foreclosure and liens against personal property where the amount falls within the (revised) JP Court's jurisdiction. In addition, marriage licenses are obtained through JP offices, and JP's are also legally permitted to perform marriage ceremonies.

text: JP cases are appealed to the county court level where the case results in a trial de novo. In criminal cases, cases beginning in justice court cannot be appealed beyond the county level court unless the fine is more than $100 or a constitutional matter is asserted.

text: Under Section 18, the number of JP's (and associated constables; each county has as many constables as JP's) is dependent on the size of the county:

text:
For counties with populations less than 18,000 (as determined by the census), the entire county shall be one JP precinct, unless the Commissioners' Court determines that more are needed, in which case the court can divide the county into no more than four JP precincts.
For counties with populations at least 18,000 but less than 50,000, the number of JP precincts shall be no less than two nor more than eight.
For counties with populations 50,000 or greater, the number of JP precincts shall be no less than four nor more than eight.
In any county with population less than 150,000, if any precinct contains a city with 18,000 or more population, that precinct shall have two JP's.
In any county with population 150,000 or greater, each JP precinct may have more than one JP.
Special provisions apply to Chambers and Randall counties (must have no fewer than two nor more than six precincts) and to Mills, Reagan, and Roberts (the Constable office is abolished, with the Sheriff's office performing all duties).

text: Administration[edit]

text: The Texas Supreme Court has constitutional responsibility for the efficient administration of the judicial system and possesses the authority to make rules of administration applicable to the courts[13] in addition to promulgation and amend rules governing procedure in trial and appellate courts, and rules of evidence.[14] The chief justice of the Supreme Court, presiding judge of the Court of Criminal Appeals, chief justices of each of the 14 courts of appeals, and judges of each of the trial courts are generally responsible for the administration of their respective courts.[13]

text: There is a local administrative district judge in each county, as well as a local administrative statutory county court judge in each county that has a statutory county court.[13] In counties with two or more district courts, a local administrative district judge is elected by the district judges in the county for a term not to exceed two years; in counties with two or more statutory county courts, a local administrative statutory county court judge is elected by the statutory county court judges for a term not to exceed two years.[15] The local administrative judge is charged with implementing the local rules of administration, supervising the expeditious movement of court caseloads, and other administrative duties.[16]

text: eFileTexas.gov is the official electronic court filing (e-filing) system.[17] Each county maintains (or does not maintain) their own docket management and retrieval systems,[18] similar to PACER for the federal government. There is no longer an officially published reporter. West's Texas Cases (a Texas-specific version of the South Western Reporter) includes reported opinions of the Supreme Court, the Court of Criminal Appeals, and the Courts of Appeals.[19][20] The Texas Reports includes Supreme Court opinions until July 1962, and the Texas Criminal Reports includes Court of Criminal Appeals opinions until November 1962.[20] There is no systematic reporting of decisions of trial courts.[19] Court opinions can generally be freely accessed on the web from the various courts' websites, with appellate opinions generally being available from 1997–2002 onwards.[21]

text: In 2014 the Texas Court of Appeals's web sites were updated and migrated to new web addresses (with automatic forwarding from the old URLs). Each court's website allows for case and opinion searches using various types of input in addition to cause number, such as party name, attorney name, attorney bar number, file date/date range, and full-text search using key words. All current opinion are now released as pdf documents, rather than html, and thus standardized, although different courts use different templates and citation/footnoting styles, which makes for some degree of variation in appearance. Additionally, courts of appeals are now also making procedural orders, briefs, and motions available online.

text: The Texas Judicial Council is the primary policy-making body for the judiciary.[22] It is responsible for studying and recommending changes to improve the administration of justice.[23] The Administrative Director of the Office of Court Administration serves as Executive Director for the Council.

text: The Texas Office of Court Administration provides information and research, technology services, budgetary and legal support, and other administrative assistance to a variety of judicial branch entities and courts, under the supervision of the Supreme Court of Texas and the Chief Justice.[22] The office is led by an Administrative Director appointed by the Supreme Court and reporting to the Chief Justice.

text: The State Bar of Texas (the Texas Bar) is an agency of the judiciary under the administrative control of the Texas Supreme Court. The Texas Bar is responsible for assisting the Texas Supreme Court in overseeing all attorneys licensed to practice law in Texas.

text: Officers[edit]

text: Judges[edit]

text: Judges are elected in partisan elections.[5][24] Trial judges are elected for 4 years, and appeals court judges are elected for 6 years.[5] The Governor may fill vacancies until the next election, and judges traditionally leave office before their last term is completed.[5] Judges may be removed by voters in retention elections, by trial by jury, or by legislative address or impeachment if state judges.[25] Some incumbent judges/justices who seek reelection are defeated in primary elections, others in general elections. The chances of election-driver turnover on district and appellate benches is affected by the nature of the concurrent elections (presidential or mid-term) and by partisan tides, at least in the more competitive counties and appellate districts, e.g. Dallas and Harris County/Houston (county-level) and San Antonio (appellate district level).

text: District court judges are required to be licensed attorneys. In addition to judicial powers, district judges also have administrative duties as well. District judges may remove county officials [2], officials of a general-law municipality [3], and municipal court judges [4] under certain circumstances. Also, they appoint and supervise the county auditor, oversee the operations of the adult and juvenile probation offices, and are granted "supervisory" jurisdiction over the county commissioners court.

text: County judges do not need to be lawyers, and most are not.[26] Sections 15 through 17 of Article V, as well as Chapters 25 and 26 of the Texas Government Code, outline the duties of County Court officers. Section 15 states that the county judge shall be "well informed in the law of the State", "a conservator of the peace", and shall be elected for a four-year term. The county judge is also responsible for presiding over the Commissioners Court (the main executive and legislative body of the county). County court at law judges are required to be lawyers.[26]

text: In one of the odd provisions of the Texas Government Code, there is no requirement that a municipal judge be an attorney if the municipal court is not a court of record (Chapter 29, Section 29.004), but the municipal judge must be a licensed attorney with at least two years experience in practicing Texas law if the municipal court is a court of record (Chapter 30, Section 30.00006). The Code provides for differing requirements for municipal judges in certain cities, such as:

text:
Lubbock (five years experience, Section 30.00044)
El Paso (provides for a presiding judge to be paid 20% above the other judges, Section 30.00128)
San Antonio (must be have resided in the city for three years prior to appointment, Section 30.00224)
Wichita Falls (need not be a resident of the city when appointed but must be a resident during his tenure, Section 30.00304),
Sweetwater (need only be a licensed attorney in good standing, Section 30.00464)
Lewisville ("shall devote as much time to the office as it requires", Section 30.01326)
Houston ("may only be removed under Article V, Section 1-a, of the Texas Constitution", Section 30.00674)
Bullard (the requirement for being a licensed attorney does not apply, Section 30.01482)
Westlake and Trophy Club (both cities are located in Tarrant and Denton counties; for Westlake criminal appeals are taken to the Tarrant County Courts at Law, while for Trophy Club criminal appeals are taken to the Denton County Courts at Law, Sections 30.01781 and 30.01811)

text: The thirteen-member Texas State Commission on Judicial Conduct hears complaints against judges, and may censure, reprimand, or recommend removal by the Supreme Court.[27][25] It very rarely punishes judges;[27] out of more than 1,110 complaints it resolved in fiscal year 2009, only 70 disciplinary actions were taken.[25][28]

text: Justices of the Peace[edit]

text: There is no requirement that the JP be an attorney.[29] However, the Texas Government Code requires a JP to attend an 80-hour course involving the performance of JP duties within one year after initial election, and a 20-hour course every year thereafter. In addition, the JP is an ex officio notary public.

text: Magistrates[edit]

text: A "magistrate" can be any judge or JP and can set bonds, arraign defendants, issue search and arrest warrants, and conduct criminal bond forfeiture hearings.[29] Five counties (Bexar, Dallas, Lubbock, Tarrant, and Travis) have district court magistrates who are appointed by district court judges and do not conduct trials.[30]

text: Prosecutors[edit]

text: There are several prosecution offices: district attorneys, county attorneys, criminal district attorneys, and city attorneys.[31] District attorneys prosecute criminal cases in district courts and serve one or more counties in which they are elected for four-year terms.[32] County attorneys prosecute misdemeanor criminal cases and serve a single county in which they are elected for four-year terms.[33] Criminal district attorneys prosecute both felony and misdemeanor criminal cases and serve a single county in which they are elected for four-year terms.[12] City attorneys prosecute criminal cases in municipal courts.[12] If a county has only a district attorney or county attorney, this official prosecutes all criminal cases within the county.[34]


document_title: My Fair Lady (film)

question_text: who played freddy eynsford hill in my fair lady

text: My Fair Lady (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Edwardian London, Professor Henry Higgins (Rex Harrison), a scholar of phonetics, believes that the accent and tone of one's voice determines a person's prospects in society. In Covent Garden one evening, he boasts to a new acquaintance, Colonel Hugh Pickering (Wilfrid Hyde-White), himself an expert in phonetics, that he could teach any person to speak in a way that he could pass them off as a duke or duchess at an embassy ball. Higgins selects as an example a young flower seller, Eliza Doolittle (Audrey Hepburn), who has a strong Cockney accent. Eliza's ambition is to work in a flower shop, but her thick accent makes her unsuitable. Having come from India to meet Higgins, Pickering is invited to stay with the professor. The following morning, Eliza shows up at Higgins' home, seeking lessons. Pickering is intrigued and offers to cover all expenses if the experiment should be successful.

text: Eliza's father, Alfred P. Doolittle (Stanley Holloway), a dustman, shows up three days later, ostensibly to protect his daughter's virtue, but in reality simply to extract some money from Higgins, and is bought off with £5. Higgins is impressed by the man's honesty, his natural gift for language, and especially his brazen lack of morals. Higgins recommends Alfred to a wealthy American who is interested in morality. Eliza goes through many forms of speech training, such as speaking with marbles in her mouth, enduring Higgins' harsh approach to teaching and his treatment of her personally. She makes little progress, but just as she, Higgins, and Pickering are about to give up, Eliza finally "gets it"; she instantly begins to speak with an impeccable upper class accent.

text: As a test, Higgins takes her to Ascot Racecourse, where she makes a good impression initially, only to shock everyone by a sudden lapse into vulgar Cockney while cheering on a horse. Higgins, who dislikes the pretentiousness of the upper class, partly conceals a grin behind his hand. He next has Eliza pose as a mysterious lady at an embassy ball where she dances with a foreign prince. At the ball is Zoltan Karpathy (Theodore Bikel), a Hungarian phonetics expert trained by Higgins. After a brief conversation with Eliza, he certifies that she is not only Hungarian, but of royal blood, declaring her to be a Princess.

text: After all the effort she has put in, however, Eliza's actions are barely acknowledged, with all the praise going to Higgins. This, and his callous treatment towards her afterwards, especially his indifference to her future, causes her to throw Higgins' slippers at him, and to walk out on him, leaving him mystified by her ingratitude. Accompanied by Freddy Eynsford-Hill (Jeremy Brett), a young man she met at Ascot and who is charmed by her, Eliza makes an attempt to return to her old life, but finds that she no longer fits in. She meets her father, who has been left a large fortune by the wealthy American to whom Higgins had recommended him, and is resigned to marrying Eliza's stepmother. Alfred feels that Higgins has ruined him, since he is now bound by morals and responsibility. Eliza kindly refuses an invitation to the wedding and eventually ends up visiting Higgins' mother (Gladys Cooper), who is outraged at her son's behaviour.

text: The next day, Higgins finds Eliza gone and searches for her, eventually finding her at his mother's house. Higgins attempts to talk Eliza into coming back to him. He becomes angered when Eliza announces that she is going to marry Freddy and become Karpathy's assistant. He makes his way home, stubbornly predicting that she will come crawling back. However, he comes to the realization that he has "grown accustomed to her face." Henry returns to his study to lament his loneliness. As he listens to Eliza's recorded voice, she reappears in the doorway behind him, turning off the recording and saying in her old Cockney accent, "I washed my hands and face before I come I did." Higgins looks surprised then pleased before asking for his slippers once more as Eliza smiles on behind him, leaving the audience to decide what happens next.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle

Marni Nixon as Eliza's singing voice (uncredited)

Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins
Stanley Holloway as Alfred P. Doolittle
Wilfrid Hyde-White as Colonel Hugh Pickering
Gladys Cooper as Mrs. Higgins
Jeremy Brett as Freddy Eynsford-Hill

Bill Shirley as Freddy's singing voice (uncredited)

Theodore Bikel as Zoltan Karpathy
Mona Washbourne as Mrs. Pearce, Higgins' housekeeper
Isobel Elsom as Mrs. Eynsford-Hill
John Holland as the Butler

text: Uncredited Cast

text:
Henry Daniell as the British Ambassador (in his last film role)
Baroness Rothschild as the Queen of Transylvania
Buddy Bryant as Prince Gregor of Transylvania
Charles Fredericks as the King in Eliza's fantasy
Lillian Kemble-Cooper as female Ambassador (in yellow dress) at Ball
Queenie Leonard as Cockney bystander
Moyna MacGill as Lady Boxington
Alan Napier as gentleman escorting Eliza to the Queen
Betty Blythe as Lady at Ball
Marjorie Bennett as Cockney with pipe

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Overture" – played by orchestra.
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White and Audrey Hepburn.
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" – performed by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and chorus.
"An Ordinary Man" – performed by Rex Harrison.
"With a Little Bit of Luck" – performed by Stanley Holloway, John Alderson, John McLiam, and chorus.
"Just You Wait" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (partially dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Charles Fredericks.
"Servants Chorus" – sung by Mona Washbourne and chorus.
"The Rain in Spain" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White, and Audrey Hepburn (partially dubbed by Marni Nixon).
"I Could Have Danced All Night" – performed by Audrey Hepburn (mostly dubbed by Marni Nixon), Mona Washbourne and chorus.
"Ascot Gavotte" – sung by chorus.
"Ascot Gavotte (Reprise)" – sung by chorus.
"On the Street Where You Live" – sung by Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Intermission" – played by orchestra.
"Transylvanian March" – played by orchestra.
"Embassy Waltz" – played by orchestra.
"You Did It" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White, and chorus.
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" – sung by Audrey Hepburn.
"On the Street Where You Live" (reprise) – sung by Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Show Me" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly" (reprise) – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and chorus.
"Get Me to the Church on Time" – performed by Stanley Holloway, John Alderson, John McLiam, and chorus.
"A Hymn to Him (Why Can't A Woman Be More Like a Man?)" – performed by Rex Harrison and Wilfrid Hyde-White.
"Without You" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Rex Harrison.
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" – performed by Rex Harrison.
"Finale" – played by orchestra.

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: The head of CBS, William S. Paley, put up the money for the original Broadway production in exchange for the rights to the cast album (through Columbia Records). When Warner bought the film rights in February 1962 for the then-unprecedented sum of $5 million, it was agreed that the rights to the film would revert to CBS seven years following release.[4]

text: Order of musical numbers[edit]

text: The order of the songs in the show was followed faithfully, except for "With a Little Bit of Luck". The song is listed as being the third musical number in the play; in the film it is the fourth. Onstage, the song is split into two parts sung in two different scenes. Part of the song is sung by Doolittle and his cronies just after Eliza gives him part of her earnings, immediately before she makes the decision to go to Higgins's house to ask for speech lessons. The second half of the song is sung by Doolittle just after he discovers that Eliza is now living with Higgins. In the film, the entire song is sung in one scene that takes place just after Higgins has sung "I'm an Ordinary Man". However, the song does have a dialogue scene (Doolittle's conversation with Eliza's landlady) between verses.

text: The instrumental "Busker Sequence", which opens the play immediately after the Overture, is the only musical number from the play omitted in the film version. However, there are several measures from this piece that can be heard as we see Eliza in the rain, making her way through the cars and carriages in Covent Garden.

text: All of the songs in the film were performed near complete; however, there were some verse omissions, as there sometimes are in film versions of Broadway musicals. For example, in the song "With a Little Bit of Luck", the verse "He does not have a Tuppence in his pocket", which was sung with a chorus, was omitted, due to space and its length. The original verse in "Show Me" was used instead.

text: The stanzas of "You Did It" that came after Higgins says "she is a Princess" were originally written for the Broadway version, but Harrison hated the lyrics, and refused to perform the song unless and until those lyrics were omitted, which they were in most Broadway versions. However, Cukor insisted that the omitted lyrics be restored for the film version or he would not direct at all, causing Harrison to oblige. The omitted lyrics end with the words "Hungarian Rhapsody" followed by the servants shouting "Bravo" three times, to the strains of Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody" before the servants sing "Congratulations, Professor Higgins".[5]

text: Dubbing[edit]

text: Hepburn's singing was judged inadequate, and she was dubbed by Marni Nixon,[6] who sang all songs except "Just You Wait", where Hepburn's voice was left undubbed during the harsh-toned chorus of the song and Nixon sang the melodic bridge section. Some of Hepburn's original vocal performances for the film were released in the 1990s, affording audiences an opportunity to judge whether the dubbing was necessary. Less well known is the dubbing of Jeremy Brett's songs (as Freddy) by Bill Shirley.[7]

text: Harrison declined to pre-record his musical numbers for the film, explaining that he had never talked his way through the songs the same way twice and thus could not convincingly lip-sync to a playback during filming (as musical stars had, according to Jack L. Warner, been doing for years. "We even dubbed Rin-Tin-Tin"[8]). George Groves decided to use a wireless microphone, the first such use during filming of a motion picture.[9] The sound department earned an Academy Award for its efforts.

text: Intermission[edit]

text: One of the few differences in structure between the stage version and the film is the placement of the intermission. In the stage play, the intermission comes after the embassy ball where Eliza dances with Karpathy. In the film, the intermission comes before the ball, as Eliza, Higgins, and Pickering are seen departing for the embassy.

text: Art direction[edit]

text: Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins won an Academy Award for Best Production Design for art direction of the film. Beaton's inspiration for the library in Higgins' home, where much of the action takes place, was a room at the Château de Groussay, Montfort-l'Amaury, in France, which had been decorated opulently by its owner Carlos de Beistegui.[citation needed] Hats were created by Parisian milliner Paulette[fr] at Beaton's request.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Original Columbia Records LP

All tracks played by the Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra conducted by André Previn. Between brackets the singers.

"Overture"
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?" (Rex Harrison, Audrey Hepburn, Wilfrid Hyde-White)
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" (Marni Nixon (for Hepburn))
"I'm an Ordinary Man" (Harrison)
"With a Little Bit of Luck" (Stanley Holloway)
"Just You Wait" (Hepburn, Nixon)
"The Rain in Spain" (Harrison, Hepburn, Nixon, Wilfrid Hyde-White)
"I Could Have Danced All Night" (Nixon)
"Ascot Gavotte"
"On the Street Where You Live" (Bill Shirley (for Jeremy Brett))
"You Did It" (Harrison, Hyde-White) (without the choir "Congratulations")
"Show Me" (Nixon, Shirley)
"Get Me to the Church on Time" (Holloway)
"A Hymn to Him (Why Can't a Woman Be More Like a Man?)" (Harrison, Hyde-White)
"Without You" (Nixon, Harrison)
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" (Harrison)

Previously unreleased on LP, included on the CD

"The Flower Market"
"Servants' Chorus"
"Ascot Gavotte (Reprise)"
"Intermission"
"The Transylvanian March"
"The Embassy Waltz"
"You Did It" (Harrison, Hyde-White) (with the servant's final choir "Congratulations")
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" (Hepburn and/or Nixon (for Audrey Hepburn))
"On the Street Where You Live (Reprise)" (Shirley)
"The Flowermarket" (containing the reprise of "Wouldn't It Be Loverly?") (Nixon)
"End Titles"
"Exit Music"

text: Reception[edit]

text: With a production budget of $17 million, My Fair Lady was the most expensive film shot in the United States up to that time.[10] The film was re-released in 1971 and earned North American rentals of $2 million. It was re-released again in 1994 after a thorough restoration.[11]

text: My Fair Lady currently holds a 96% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The general consensus states: "George Cukor's elegant, colorful adaptation of the beloved stage play is elevated to new heights thanks to winning performances by Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison."[12] Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, and, in 2006, he put it on his "Great Movies" list, praising Hepburn's performance, and calling the film "the best and most unlikely of musicals."[13]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards: 1964[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won eight Oscars:[3][14]

text:
Academy Award for Best Picture – Jack L. Warner
Academy Award for Directing – George Cukor
Academy Award for Best Actor – Rex Harrison
Academy Award for Best Cinematography – Harry Stradling
Academy Award for Sound – George R. Groves, Warner Brothers Studio
Academy Award for Best Adaptation or Treatment Score – André Previn
Academy Award for Best Art Direction – Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins
Academy Award for Costume Design – Cecil Beaton
Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay – Alan Jay Lerner - Nominated
Academy Award for Film Editing – William Ziegler - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor – Stanley Holloway - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress – Gladys Cooper - Nominated

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won three Golden Globes:

text:
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture – George Cukor
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy – Rex Harrison

text: BAFTA Awards[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won the BAFTA Award for Best Film from any source

text: Restoration[edit]

text: The film was restored in 1994 by James C. Katz and Robert A. Harris, who had restored Spartacus three years earlier. The restoration was commissioned and financed by CBS, to which the film rights reverted from Warner Bros. in 1971.[15] CBS would later hire Harris to lend his expertise to a new 4K restoration of the film for a 2015 Blu-ray release, working from 8K scans of the original camera negative and other surviving 65mm elements.[16]

text: Planned remake[edit]

text: A new film of the musical was planned in 2008 with a screenplay by Emma Thompson but the project did not materialize. Keira Knightley, Carey Mulligan, and Colin Firth were among those in consideration for the lead roles.[17][18][19]


document_title: Daenerys Targaryen

question_text: what are the 3 dragons called in game of thrones

text: Daenerys Targaryen

text: Character description[edit]

text: Daenerys Targaryen is the daughter of King Aerys II Targaryen (also referred to as "The Mad King") and his sister-wife Queen Rhaella, and is one of the last survivors of House Targaryen.[6][7] She serves as the third-person narrator of thirty-one chapters throughout A Game of Thrones, A Clash of Kings, A Storm of Swords, and A Dance with Dragons. She is the only monarch or claimant to a throne given point of view chapters in the novels.[8] Thirteen years before the events of the series (sixteen in the television series), after her father and eldest brother Rhaegar were killed during Robert's Rebellion, Daenerys was born in the midst of a great storm, earning her the nickname "Stormborn". Rhaella died in childbirth and Daenerys was whisked away to Braavos with her older brother Viserys by the Master of Arms of the Red Keep, Ser Willem Darry. Darry died when Daenerys was five and she and Viserys spent the following years wandering the Free Cities.[6] By the beginning of A Game of Thrones, Daenerys has been a guest of Illyrio Mopatis in Pentos for half a year.

text: Storylines[edit]

text: A Game of Thrones[edit]

text: In A Game of Thrones (1996), Daenerys is sold off by her brother Viserys and Illyrio Mopatis to marry Khal Drogo, a Dothraki warlord, in exchange for an army for Viserys.[6] At that time, Daenerys befriends Jorah Mormont, an exiled Westerosi knight, and is given three petrified dragon eggs as a wedding gift. Though initially terrified of Drogo, the marriage turns out to be a happy one, and Daenerys grew to love him and began to take to Dothraki customs, finding strength and determination for the first time. This leads her to stand up to Viserys's attempts to bully her into coercing Drogo. After Drogo kills Viserys by pouring molten gold atop his head for threatening his wife, Daenerys sees herself as the heir to the Targaryen dynasty, and responsible for reclaiming the throne for her family. Shortly thereafter, Drogo is wounded in a fight, and the cut festers. With Drogo ill, his warriors mutiny and abandon him. In desperation, Daenerys recruits an enslaved Lhazareen priestess, Mirri Maz Duur, to save Drogo with blood magic. However, despite being saved by Daenerys from being raped by the tribe's warriors, the priestess betrays her trust, and the magic ritual leads to the stillbirth of Daenerys's unborn child and leaves Drogo in a catatonic state. Daenerys does not want her husband to suffer any longer, and euthanizes him with a pillow. She burns the priestess in Drogo's funeral pyre and climbs into the flame with her three dragon eggs. When the pyre dies out the following morning, Daenerys emerges alive and unburnt from the ashes with three hatched dragons.

text: A Clash of Kings[edit]

text: Leading the remnants of Drogo's khalasar through the Red Waste, Daenerys arrives in the city of Qarth. There she begins appealing to the rulers of the city for aid in reclaiming the Iron Throne, and meets little success. She eventually accepts an invitation from a group of warlocks to discover her future. At the warlocks temple, the House of the Undying, Daenerys drinks a magical potion, and enters the temple. Inside, she sees several visions and manages to resist the temptations. When she enters the final hall and meets the really Undyings, she is told prophecies about her destiny as the "child of three" who will experience "three fires must you light", "three mounts must you ride" and "three treasons will you know", as well as being the "daughter of death", the "slayer of lies" and the "bride of fire". When the Undyings attack her and intend to hold her prisoner, her dragon Drogon kills the Undying Ones and burns down the whole temple, allowing Daenerys to escape. Before departing Qarth, Daenerys is nearly assassinated with a venomous manticore but is saved by Arstan Whitebeard, who is sent by Illyrio Morpatis along with the eunuch ex-gladiator called Strong Belwas and three ships as a gift to take Daenerys back to Pentos.

text: A Storm of Swords[edit]

text: Seeking an army, Daenerys sails to Astapor in Slaver's Bay to purchase an army of 'Unsullied' slave soldiers, in exchange for a dragon; but she betrays the slavers and uses the Unsullied to sack the city. She later conquers the city of Yunkai and gains the service of Daario Naharis, who commands a large mercenary company. As she marches on Meereen, she learns that one of her companions is actually Barristan Selmy, a knight of Robert the Usurper's Kingsguard, and that Jorah had spied on her earlier. Disgusted, she sends the pair on a suicide mission to capture Meereen. When the mission is successful, Barristan asks to be forgiven for his deception; but Jorah refuses to ask forgiveness, so Daenerys banishes him. Unwilling to abandon the slaves she freed, fearing they would return to bondage, Dany decides to stay in Meereen.

text: A Dance with Dragons[edit]

text: Throughout A Dance with Dragons (2011), Daenerys struggles to maintain order in the city in the face of growing unrest as well as the chaos she left behind in the other cities she conquered. Furthermore, Yunkai has rebelled and is gathering forces to besiege Meereen. When Drogon kills a child, Daenerys feels compelled to chain her dragons Rhaegal and Viserion, but Drogon escapes. Her advisers suggest she marry Hizdahr zo Loraq to bring peace and she agrees, but also takes Daario as a lover. Hizdahr successfully negotiates an end to the violence, so she marries him. At her wedding feast, the blood and noise of the fighting pits attract Drogon, who is immediately attacked; Daenerys's attempt to control her dragon fails initially but she eventually flies off with him. After several days in Drogon's lair, she falls ill after eating some berries and begins to hallucinate. She is later found by Khal Jhaqo, formerly a captain of her Khalasar who betrayed her late husband.

text: Family tree of House Targaryen[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Descendants of Maekar Targaryen

Maekar
221–233[a]

Dyanna
Dayne[b]

Daenora[b]

Aerion
"Brightflame"[c]

Daeron
"The Drunken"[c]

Kierra of
Tyrosh[b]

Aemon[d]

Aegon V
"The Unlikely"
233–259[a]

Betha
"Black Betha"
Blackwood[b]

Rhae[b]

Daella[b]

Maegor[b]

Vaella
"The Simple"[b]

Duncan[b]

Jenny of
Oldstones[b]

Jaehaerys II
259–262[a]

Shaera[b]

Daeron[b]

Rhaelle[b]

Ormund
Baratheon[b]

Aerys II
"The Mad King"
262–283[a]

Rhaella[a]

Steffon
Baratheon[b]

Cassana
Estermont[b]

Rhaegar[a]

Elia
Martell[a]

Shaena
(stillborn)[e]

Daeron[e]

stillborn
child[e]

Aegon[e]

Jaehaerys[e]

Viserys[a]

Drogo[f]

Daenerys[a]

Hizdahr
zo Loraq[g]

Rhaenys[a]

Aegon[a]

Rhaego
(stillborn)[h][i]

Notes:

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Appendix: The Old Dynasty: House Targaryen". A Game of Thrones. ISBN 978-0-553-89784-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). "Appendix: Targaryen Lineage". The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (1998). "The Hedge Knight". Legends. p. 500. ISBN 978-1-429-96657-3.
Jump up ^ Martin. "The Hedge Knight". Legends. p. 504.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). "The Targaryen Kings: Aerys II". The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.
Jump up ^ Martin. "Chapter 11: Daenerys". A Game of Thrones.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2011). "Chapter 43: Daenerys". A Dance with Dragons. p. 633. ISBN 978-0-553-90565-6.
Jump up ^ Martin. "Chapter 46: Daenerys". A Game of Thrones.
Jump up ^ Martin. "Chapter 68: Daenerys". A Game of Thrones.

text: TV adaptation[edit]

text: Casting and development[edit]

text: Martin said that the character was aged in the television series because of child pornography regulations.[9] The role of Daenerys was originally played by Tamzin Merchant in the pilot, but the first episode was re-shot with Emilia Clarke.[10] Clarke, in reflection of the character's evolution in the television series, stated: "Throughout the season she’s had an insane transformation from someone who barely even spoke and timidly did everything her brother said into a mother of dragons and a queen of armies and a killer of slave masters. She’s a very Joan of Arc-style character."[11] Clarke said she accepts acting nude if "a nude scene forwards a story or is shot in a way that adds insight into characters".[12] She added that "sometimes explicit scenes are required and make sense for the characters/story, as they do in Westeros" and that she can discuss with a director how to make a gratuitously nude scene more subtle.[12] Clarke, however, has used a body double in past cameo appearances, particularly Rosie Mac in season 5.[12]

text: In October 2014, Clarke and several other key cast members, all contracted for six seasons of the series, renegotiated their deals to include a potential seventh season and salary increases for seasons five, six, and seven.[13][14] The Hollywood Reporter called the raises "huge", noting that the deal would make the performers "among the highest-paid actors on cable TV".[13] Deadline Hollywood put the number for season five at "close to $300,000 an episode" for each actor,[14] and The Hollywood Reporter wrote in June 2016 that the performers would each be paid "upward of $500,000 per episode" for seasons seven and the potential eight.[15] In 2017, Clarke became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned £2 million per episode for the show.[16][17]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Daenerys Targaryen is the exiled princess of the Targaryen dynasty. Also called "Stormborn", she and her brother Viserys were smuggled to Essos during the end of Robert's Rebellion. For most of her life, she has been under the care of Viserys, whom she fears, as he is abusive to her whenever she displeases him.

text: Viserys marries Daenerys to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo in exchange for his military support in an invasion of Westeros, making Daenerys a Khaleesi, a queen of the Dothraki. During the wedding, exiled knight Ser Jorah Mormont pledges his loyalty to Daenerys, and her benefactor Ilyrio Mopatis gifts her three petrified dragon eggs. Daenerys is at first afraid of her new husband, but after learning the Dothraki language, she begins to understand him and genuinely falls in love with him after learning Drogo is a smart leader and a kind man. After embracing the Dothraki culture, she becomes stronger and rebels against her brother. She later becomes pregnant with Drogo's son, who is prophesied by the Dothraki to be the "Stallion Who Mounts the World". Viserys grows jealous of Daenerys's popularity and becomes infuriated with Drogo's lack of urgency in launching an invasion, prompting him to threaten to cut Daenerys's unborn son from her womb. Drogo responds by killing Viserys with molten gold, to which Daenerys declares that he was no dragon, because fire cannot kill a dragon.

text: After an unsuccessful assassination attempt on behalf of Robert Baratheon, Drogo vows to Daenerys that he will conquer the Seven Kingdoms for her and their unborn son. However, during their journey Drogo becomes comatose due to an infected wound incurred during a fight with one of his men. Daenerys is forced to seek the help of healer Mirri Maz Duur to save his life using blood magic. Mirri tricks Daenerys by using her unborn son's life as a sacrifice to heal Drogo but leave him in a permanent catatonic state, forcing Daenerys to end her husband's life. Daenerys punishes Mirri by having her tied to Drogo's funeral pyre. She also lays the three dragon eggs onto Drogo's body and steps into the fire herself. At daybreak, after the fire is burned down, Daenerys emerges with three baby dragons, whom she names Drogon, Rhaegal, and Viserion.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Daenerys and the remnants of Drogo's khalasar wander the Red Waste before being accepted into the city of Qarth. She is hosted by merchant Xaro Xhoan Daxos, a member of Qarth's ruling council the Thirteen. Daenerys tries to appeal to the Thirteen to support her invasion of Westeros, without success. She returns to Xaro's manse to find half of her men and servants killed and her dragons gone. Meeting with the Thirteen again to ask for their help in retrieving her dragons, the warlock Pyat Pree claims responsibility and declares that her dragons are being kept in his temple, the House of the Undying. Daenerys travels to the temple, but Pree's magic separates her from Jorah and leaves her chained with her dragon. Daenerys orders her dragons to immolate Pree. Daenerys then confronts Xaro, who had conspired with Pree and Daenerys's servant Doreah to seize control of Qarth. Daenerys has Xaro and Doreah sealed in Xaro's vault, and has her remaining loyalists raid his manse, using the funds to buy a ship.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Daenerys travels to Astapor, a city in Slaver's Bay. As she arrives, the warlocks of Qarth attempt to assassinate her, but are thwarted by Ser Barristan Selmy, who was Kingsguard to Aerys Targaryen; Daenerys accepts him into her service. Daenerys negotiates with Astapori slaver Kraznys mo Nakloz to purchase an army of Unsullied, elite eunuch soldiers, in exchange for Drogon, also obtaining the services of Kraznys's translator Missandei. Upon the completion of the transaction, she has Drogon burn Kraznys alive and orders the Unsullied to sack the city, kill Astapor's masters and free its slaves. Daenerys and her army then march on the neighbouring slave city of Yunkai, who hire the sellsword company the Second Sons to defend the city. The commanders of the Second Sons order their lieutenant, Daario Naharis, to kill Daenerys; however, he is smitten by her beauty and instead brings her the heads of his superiors, pledging the Second Sons' allegiance. Daario, Jorah, and the Unsullied commander Grey Worm infiltrate Yunkai, opening the gates for the Targaryen army to conquer the city. Daenerys is received by Yunkai's freed slaves, who hail her as their "mhysa" (mother).

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Daenerys marches on the last city in Slaver's Bay, Meereen, and seizes control of the city by instigating a slave revolt. She decides to execute 163 Meereenese masters as "justice" for 163 slave children crucified on the road to Meereen. After becoming aware that her council in Astapor has been overthrown and that Yunkai has reverted to slavery, Daenerys decides to stay in Meereen to practice ruling. She also begins a sexual relationship with Daario. After discovering that Jorah was previously spying on her on House Baratheon's behalf, she is enraged and orders him exiled from the city. Daenerys is later horrified to discover that Drogon has killed a farmer's child; although Drogon is unable to be captured, she has Rhaegal and Viserion locked up in Meereen's catacombs.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Daenerys faces a new threat to her rule in the form of the Sons of the Harpy, a resistance movement made of agitated former masters. Her popularity with the freedmen also begins to wane after she publicly executes one of her councillors, Mossador, for killing a captive Son. After the Sons kill Ser Barristan, Daenerys decides that she will attempt to restore peace by reopening Meereen's fighting pits and taking the Meereenese noble Hizdhar zo Loraq as her husband. While attending a gladiator demonstration, she is confronted by Jorah, who has brought her the fugitive Tyrion Lannister to appease her. Daenerys accepts Tyrion onto her council, but orders Jorah exiled again.

text: At the reopening of the fighting pits, Jorah saves Daenerys's life by killing a Son of the Harpy trying to assassinate her. The Sons then launch a massive attack, killing Hizdhar and many other Meereenese noblemen and freedmen. As the Sons corner Daenerys and her councillors, Drogon appears and kills or scares off most of the Sons. As the Unsullied begin to overwhelm the Sons, some begin throwing spears at Drogon, prompting Daenerys to climb onto his back and order him to fly away. Drogon eventually leaves her in the Dothraki Sea, where she is captured by a khalasar.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: Daenerys is taken to Khal Moro, the leader of the Dothraki horde. Learning that she is the widow of Khal Drogo, Moro tells her she must live out her days among the widows of the Dosh Khaleen in Vaes Dothrak. Once there, Daenerys is told that she is to be judged by the khals for defying tradition and going out into the world following Drogo's death. During the meeting with the khals, Daenerys declares that only she has enough ambition to lead the Dothraki; when the outraged khals threaten to gang-rape her, Daenerys sets fire to the temple, killing everyone inside but emerging unscathed. Awed, the Dothraki accept her as their Khaleesi. After discovering that Jorah, who had followed her to Vaes Dothrak with Daario, is infected with the terminal disease greyscale, Daenerys orders him to find a cure and return to her services, before marching on Meereen with Drogon, Daario and the Dothraki.

text: Daenerys returns to Meereen to find it under siege by the joint fleets of Yunkai, Astapor, and Volantis, who have reneged on an agreement with Tyrion to free their slaves and are trying to reclaim the city. Daenerys deploys all three of her dragons, burning most of the slaver fleet and seizing the ships that survive. The slavers agree to surrender. Soon after, Theon and Yara Greyjoy arrive to offer the Iron Fleet in exchange for Daenerys giving the Iron Islands their independence and installing Yara as queen of the Iron Islands over their uncle Euron, who had been planning to marry Daenerys (and likely kill her as soon as possible). Daenerys agrees to Theon and Yara's alliance. Varys, meanwhile, secures the support of Ellaria Sand and Olenna Tyrell, who have lost family members to the Lannisters and want vengeance. Daenerys leaves Daario and the Second Sons in Meereen to keep the peace, and sets sail for Westeros at last.[18]

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Daenerys arrives at the island fortress of Dragonstone, the ancient Targaryen stronghold once held by the late Stannis Baratheon, and finds it abandoned. She sends the Unsullied to take Casterly Rock, and her Greyjoy fleet, along with ships from Dorne, to blockade King's Landing. The Lannister forces, however, have left Casterly Rock and seized Highgarden and its wealth, and Euron Greyjoy overcomes Yara Greyjoy's ships. In an effort to gain allies, Daenerys summons the newly named King in the North, Jon Snow, to pledge his fealty to her. Jon refuses, insisting that the White Walkers and their wight army present a more immediate threat than the Lannisters. Receiving word of Highgarden's fall, Daenerys leads Drogon and the Dothraki to decimate the Lannister caravan. Drogon is injured by a ballista designed specifically to wound dragons, but Daenerys is victorious. The remaining forces submit to her after she commands the dragon to roast a resistant Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive.

text: Jon and a cured Jorah lead an expedition beyond the Wall to capture a wight, which they will use to convince Cersei Lannister, the self-declared Queen of Westeros, that the threat is real. They are saved from the army of the dead by Daenerys and her dragons, but the Night King kills Viserion with an ice spear. A distraught Daenerys vows to Jon that she will help fight the White Walkers, and Jon accepts her as his queen. The pair and their retainers bring a wight to King's Landing to convince Cersei of the threat beyond the Wall. Cersei ultimately agrees to a truce, and to aid in the fight against the undead army, while secretly plotting to betray them. Jon and Daenerys finally succumb to their growing attraction and fall into bed together, neither aware that Jon is her nephew, a fact recently uncovered by Jon's friend Sam and brother Bran. Neither of them are aware that the Night King has revived Viserion as wight, and breaches the Wall with dragonfire.

text: Reception[edit]

text: General[edit]

text: Daenerys is one of the most popular characters of the book series.[3] The New York Times called Daenerys, together with Tyrion Lannister and Jon Snow, one of Martin's "finest creations".[2] Rolling Stone ranked Daenerys Targaryen at No. 1 on a list of "Top 40 Game of Thrones Characters", calling her story a "non-stop confrontation with complex ideas about sex, war, gender, race, politics and morality".[19] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe called her scenes "mesmerizing".[20] Salon's Andrew Leonard, in his review of A Dance with Dragons, called Daenerys one of the series' three strongest characters, and bemoaned her lack of inclusion in A Feast for Crows.[5] The website Mashable recognized her as one of the five most popular characters on the series,[21] while The Daily Beast referred to her as the "closest thing the series has to a protagonist".[22]

text: Emilia Clarke's performance has garnered critical acclaim. Her acting, as she closed Daenerys's arc initiated in the first episode from a frightened girl to an empowered woman, was praised. Gilbert said that "Clarke doesn't have a lot of emotional variety to work with as Daenerys, aside from fierce determination, and yet she is riveting."[20] In his review for "A Golden Crown," Todd VanDerWerff for The A.V. Club commented on the difficulty of adapting such an evolution from page to screen, but concluded that "Clarke [...] more than seal[s] the deal here.[23] IGN's Matt Fowler also praised Clarke and noted that Daenerys's choice to watch Viserys die was "powerful" and an important shift in her character.[24] Time's reviewer James Poniewozik complimented Daenerys's storyline,[25] while other reviewers complimented Clarke's acting.[26][27] Clarke's performance, and the character's final scene, in "Baelor" was praised,[28] and the final scene of the season received widespread acclaim.

text: Kate Arthur of the website BuzzFeed criticized the character's story line in the television show's second season, stating that she was too "weak-seeming". However, Arthur praised the character's "purpose coupled with humanity and even some humor" during the third season, opining that Clarke was "eating the screen alive as a result".[29] Nate Hopper of Esquire magazine, when speaking of the television series, argued that the character did not face enough conflict, characterizing her conquering of cities as "cut and dry", stating that "She needs to be emancipated from her own easy, comfortable, mundane victory."[30]

text: Recognition and awards[edit]

text: From the beginning, Clarke's performance has been praised by critics. She received an EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama in 2011,[31] as well as a Scream Award for Breakout Performance by a Female. She also earned a Gracie Allen Award for Outstanding Female Rising Star in a Drama Series or Special in 2012,[32] and a SFX Award for Best Actress in 2013.[33]

text: Clarke received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2013, 2015, and 2016.[34][35][36] She was also nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the role in 2013 and 2016.[37][38] Other nominations include the Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series in 2012,[39] the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2013, the People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress in 2014, 2016 and 2017,[40][41] the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television in 2015,[42] the Gold Derby TV Award for Best Drama Supporting Actress in 2013 and 2014,[43][44] and the MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Actor In A Show in 2017.[45] IGN also nominated Clarke for Best TV Actress in 2011.[46]

text: Notes[edit]