document_title: Economy of California

question_text: how does california make most of its money

root

text: Economy of California

text: History[edit]

text: California has experienced waves of migration. Once the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848 with Mexico that acquired and paid for the thinly settled future states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico as well as the independent territory of Texas the newly acquired territories underwent rapid and extensive development. In 1847, California was controlled (with much difficulty due to deserters leaving to look for gold) by a U.S. Army-appointed military governor and an inadequate force of a little over 600 troops. After the finding of extensive gold deposits in California the California gold rush started in 1848. Commerce and economic activity in California initially centered around the vastly expanded cities of San Francisco, San Jose and Sacramento as they scrambled to supply the hordes of gold miners. Los Angeles initially remained a sleepy backwater of less than 5,000 residents. Before 1850 government was judged inadequate and poorly run and statehood status was sought to start trying to remedy this problem. Due to the California Gold Rush, by 1850 California had grown to have a non-Indian and non-Californio population (about 7,000 Californios were residing in California in 1850) of over 110,000.[8] Despite a major conflict in the U.S. Congress on the number of slave versus non-slave states, the large, rapid and continuing California population gains and the large amount of gold being exported east gave California enough clout to choose its own extensive boundaries, elect its representatives and senators, write its Constitution, and be admitted to the Union as a free state in 1850 without going through territorial status as required for most other new states.

tag: p

text: Soon after statehood in 1850 the state required and paid through taxes for nearly universal elementary school education. Other private schools were founded and are still doing well. In the 1930s the California was a leader in the high school movement to educate students beyond elementary school. State-subsidized college educations have a long history in California as well as many private elementary, middle, high schools, colleges and universities. There are three public funded higher education systems in the state: the California State University (CSU) (founded 1857), the University of California (UC) system (founded 1868), and the California Community College System (CCCS) founded in 1967. CSU is the largest university system in the United States.[9] CSU has 23 campuses and eight off-campus centers enrolling 437,000 students with 44,000 faculty members and staff,[10] The University of California was founded in 1868 in Berkeley as a state supported university. As of fall 2011, the University of California has 10 campuses, a combined student body of 234,464 students, 18,896 faculty members, 189,116 staff members, and over 1,600,000 living alumni.[11] The California Community College System consisting of 112 community colleges in 72 community college districts in California has over 1,800,000 students. California also has an extensive private college system of over 133 colleges and universities including California Institute of Technology and Stanford University.(See: List of colleges and universities in California)

text: About half the settlers coming to California after 1846 came by the wagon trains on the California Trail (a trip of about 140–160 days). The other half came by sea via paddle steamers going to and from the Isthmus of Panama or Nicaragua (about a 40+ day trip). The building of the Panama Railroad in 1855 made this a much more used route especially for passengers. The other main sailing ship route was going around Cape Horn, about a 120-day (via Clippers) or 200 day trip by regular sailing ship. Nearly all freight to California till 1869 took this long route around South America—shipping by ship has nearly always been relatively slow but cheap. Overland shipping was too difficult and took too long for nearly all cargo. The First Transcontinental Telegraph replaced the Pony Express in 1861 and established the first rapid communication with the east coast. The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed across the future states of Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah and the new states of Nevada (est. 1864) and California in 1869 and cut this trip to about 7 days. This rail link tied California and the rest of the Pacific states firmly into the union and led to much more rapid and profitable commerce between the states. In 1886 the first refrigerated cars on the Southern Pacific Railroad entered operation. The loading of such cars with oranges, at Los Angeles on February 14, 1886, started an economic boom in the citrus industry of Southern California, by making deliveries of perishable fruits and vegetables to the eastern United States possible.[citation needed]

text: Early farming in the state was primarily concentrated near the coast, and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta in the Central Valley. Winter wheat was an early crop that grew well without irrigation if planted in the fall and harvested in the spring. By the 1880s extensive grape fields for producing wine were being planted in many areas in California. Many of the vine stock originally came from France and other parts of Europe. Starting in the late 1880s, Chinese workers and other laborers were used to construct hundreds of miles of levees throughout the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta's waterways in an effort to control flooding, reclaim and preserve flooded land that could be converted into farmland. This area now often grows extensive rice crops. Subsequent irrigation projects have brought many more parts of the Central Valley into productive agriculture use. The Central Valley Project, formed in 1935 to redistribute water from northern California to the Central valley and Southern California helped develop more of the Central Valley. Water for agricultural and municipal purposes was captured in the spring from snow melt in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) and stored for later irrigation use with an extensive system of dams and canals. The even larger California State Water Project was formed in the 1950s, consisting of the California Aqueduct and its ancillary dams. The California Aqueduct, developed at the cost of several billion dollars, helps store and transport water from the Feather River Basin to agricultural and municipal users statewide. The Colorado River Aqueduct delivers water from the Colorado River to the Imperial Valley of California area and since 1905 the Los Angeles Aqueduct delivers water over from the Owens Valley to the city of Los Angeles. One of the state's most acute problems is its appetite for water. In the extensive fields of the Imperial Valley, irrigation is facilitated in part by the All-American Canal—part of the Colorado River Aqueduct project. Cutbacks in federally funded water projects in the 1970s and 80s led many cities to begin buying water from areas with a surplus; but political problems associated with water distribution continue. Ongoing challenges to develop a long-term plan to end surplus water withdrawals from the Colorado led the federal government to stop the release of surplus river water to the state in 2003.

text: Agriculture is one of the prominent elements of the state's economy: California leads the nation in the production of fruits, vegetables, wines and nuts. The state's most valuable crops are cannabis,[12] nuts, grapes, cotton, flowers, and oranges. California produces the major share of U.S. domestic wine. Dairy products contribute the single largest share of farm income. California's farms are highly productive as a result of good soil, a long growing season, the use of modern agricultural methods and extensive irrigation. Irrigation is critical since the long dry summers would not allow most crops to grow here--California Indians had almost no agriculture because of this. Extensive and expensive irrigation systems including furrow "gravity" irrigation, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems have been developed to supply the extensive irrigation needs of California.[13] Illegal immigration to the United States has been traditionally drawn to the state, in part, because corporations face intense pressure to control labor costs by using illegal means to harvest California's extensive crops.

text:
Top publicly traded companies
in California for 2011
according to revenues
with State and U.S. rankings

State

Corporation

US

1

Chevron

3

2

Hewlett-Packard

11

3

McKesson

15

4

Wells Fargo

23

5

Apple

35

6

Intel

56

7

Safeway

60

8

Cisco

62

9

Walt Disney

65

10

Northrop Grumman

72

11

Ingram Micro

75

12

Google

92

13

Oracle

96

14

DirecTV

110

16

Amgen

163

17

Gap

167

18

PG&E

177

19

Health Net

179

20

Edison International

198

21

Qualcomm

222

22

Jacobs Engineering

250

23

Western Digital

251

24

Applied Materials

259

25

URS

267

26

eBay

269

27

Sempra Energy

274

28

Synnex

281

29

Visa

297

30

Gilead Sciences

299

Further information:
List of California companies
Source: Fortune[14]

tag: table

text: California's location along the Pacific coast and its rapidly growing population initially led to the constructions of major seaports at San Francisco in the San Francisco Bay area and inland ports at Sacramento, etc. The first paddle steamer, the SS California, arrived in the port of San Francisco on February 29, 1849, with over 400 passengers trying to get to the gold rush territory. She left New York City October 6, 1848, before the gold discoveries were verified and the gold rush truly stated. Shipment of passengers and freight to Sacramento was accomplished by off-loading the cargoes and passengers onto paddle steamers for transit up the Sacramento River to Sacramento, Stockton, etc. As the population spread out and grew ports were established up and down the California coast with other major ports in Long Beach, Los Angeles and San Diego. The largest U.S. Naval base on the west coast is now in San Diego. (See: Maritime history of California for more information). The state's shipping industry evolved to handle cargoes to and from California to Europe and the eastern United States and help support the growing international trade with South America, Asia and Oceania. During World War II, numerous military bases and various wartime industries were quickly established in the state to support the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic ocean fleets—ships could use the Panama Canal to get from ocean to ocean. California led in the number of merchant ships built at the Kaiser shipyards in Richmond and the Los Angeles areas. Mare Island Naval Shipyard (now closed) in the San Francisco Bay built submarines as well as repaired many of the ships used by the U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet in World War II. The rapidly growing California aircraft industries was greatly expanded. Since then these defense connected industries have largely closed down or moved to cheaper areas in the U.S.

text: With Thomas Edison's invention of the Kinetoscope (early movie camera) in 1894, California would become a leader when "talkies" were introduced in the sound film movie industry. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as film itself, but because of the technical challenges involved, synchronized dialogue was only made practical in the late 1920s with the perfection of the Audion amplifier tube and the introduction of the Vitaphone system. After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927, "talkies" became more and more commonplace. Within a decade, popular widespread production of silent films had ceased. Cheap land, good year-round climate and large natural spaces prompted the growing film industry to begin migrating to Southern California in the early part of the 20th century. The film patent wars of the early 20th century actually led to the spread of film companies across the U.S. Many worked with equipment for which they did not own the patent rights, and thus filming in New York was "dangerous"; it was too close to Edison's company headquarters, and to his agents which the company sent out to seize "illegal" cameras. By 1912, most major film companies had set up movie production facilities in Southern California near or in Los Angeles because of the region's favorable year-round weather and the rapidly growing supply of "talent" both before and behind the cameras.[15] Since the 1920s California continues to be a major U.S. center for motion-picture shows, television shows, cartoons, and related entertainment industries, especially in Hollywood and Burbank areas.

text: Since 1945, manufacturing of electronic equipment, computers, machinery, transportation equipment, and metal products, has increased rapidly while aircraft and naval construction has largely ceased. Stanford University, its affiliates, and graduates played a major role in the development of California's electronics and high-tech industry.[16] From the 1890s, Stanford University's leaders saw its mission as leading the development of the West and shaped the school accordingly. Regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the Stanford area's high-tech firms for the first fifty years of Silicon Valley's development.[17] During the 1940s and 1950s, Frederick Terman, as Stanford's dean of engineering and provost, encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. He is credited with nurturing Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, and other high-tech firms such as Apple Inc., Google, etc. in what would become Silicon Valley that grew up around the Stanford campus. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world, Silicon Valley continues to be a leading hub for high-tech innovation and development, accounting for one-third (1/3) of all of the venture capital investment in the United States.[18] Geographically, Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley, the southern Peninsula, and the southern East Bay. A number of high-tech companies and small low-tech, often low-wage, companies are also located in Southern California.

text: Tourism is also an important part of California's economy. Yosemite National Park was established in 1890, followed by nine other national parks and seashores,[19] as well as various other protected areas across California. Disneyland, established in 1955, and other theme parks draw millions of visitors each year.

text: California also pioneered numerous innovations in retailing during the mid-20th century, particularly fast food restaurants and credit cards. Nationwide fast food chains A&W Restaurants (1919), McDonald's (1940), Taco Bell (1961), and Panda Express (1983) were all founded in California. Visa Inc. (originally BankAmericard) was born from a 1958 experiment by Bank of America in Fresno, while MasterCard (originally Master Charge) was formed as the Interbank Card Association in 1966 by a group of California banks to compete against BankAmericard.

text: If the state were considered separately, it would rank as the sixth largest economy in the world, behind rest of the United States, China, Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that California’s GDP was $2.5 trillion in 2015, up 4.1 percent from a year earlier. (See: [14]).

text: Sectors[edit]

text: In 2002, the U.S government began to use the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) system of classifying economic activities, to better reflect today's economy.[20]

text: Government is California's largest industry, like most states, with about 2.5 million employees. The second largest industry, according to the Census, is Healthcare and Social Assistance.[21]

text: International trade and tourism[edit]

text: California has historically derived significant revenue from international trade and tourism. However, the state's share of America's merchandise export trade has been steadily shrinking since 2000, from 15.4% to 11.1% in 2008.[23] The exports of goods made in California totaled $134 billion in 2007. $48 billion of that total was computers and electronics, followed by transportation, non-electrical machinery, agriculture, and chemicals. California trade and exports translate into high-paying jobs for over one million Californians. According to the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), in 2005, foreign-controlled companies employed 542,600 California workers, the most of any state. Major sources of foreign investment in California in 2005 were Japan, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, France, and Germany. Foreign investment in California was responsible for 4.6 percent of the state's total private-industry employment in 2009.[24] Total direct travel spending in California reached $96.7 billion in 2008, a 0.8% increase over the preceding year.[25] Los Angeles County receives the most tourism in the state.[25]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Agriculture (including fruit, vegetables, dairy, and wine production) is a major California industry, but at 2% of GDP, it makes a minor contribution to the state's overall economy.[clarification needed] Airborne exports of perishable fruits and vegetables amounted to approximately $579 million in 2007.[26] By way of comparison, California exported more agricultural products by air that year than 23 other states did by all modes of transport.[26] California agriculture is dependent on undocumented labor.[27]

text: According to the California Department of Food and Agriculture, "California agriculture is a $42.6 billion dollar industry that generates at least $100 billion in related economic activity."[28] The state’s agricultural sales first exceeded $30 billion in 2004,[29] making it more than twice the size of any other state's agriculture industry.

text: California is the leading dairy state.[30] Milk is California's number one farm commodity.[29] Exports of almonds continued to be the top commodity from California, with a value of $2.83 billion in foreign sales. Dairy and dairy products ranked second to almonds with a California total export value of $1.42 billion, a 24 percent increase over 2010.[31] California's dairy industry generated $47 billion "in economic activity" in 2004 and employed over 400,000 people."[30]

text: California leads the United States in strawberry production; due to its optimal climate and productive soil, the state is the source over 80% of the nation's strawberry harvest.[32]

text: Energy[edit]

text: Oil drilling has played a significant role in the development of the state. There have been major strikes in the Bakersfield, Long Beach, Los Angeles areas and off the California coast.

text: Solar power in California is also a large employer in the state. There are over 43,000[33] Californians working in the solar industry, primarily around the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles, San Diego, and the Central Valley

text: Personal income[edit]

text: Per capita income was $38,956 as of 2006, ranking 11th in the nation, but varies widely by geographic region and profession.[34] The highest income counties in California are Marin County and San Francisco County, which both have per capita personal incomes of over $100,000, and are 2 of the top 12 highest-income counties in the United States. Some coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the U.S., notably in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area.

text: The most expensive and largest housing markets in the U.S. are in the state of California, so there are a number of communities where average housing prices hover between US$1–2 million. Generally, the Central Valley in northern California is the least expensive area, as is the Inland Empire in Southern California, though prices in these regions are still much more expensive than most other areas of the country, to the point that there are also communities in these areas where housing prices average around the $1 million mark. The agricultural central counties have some of the highest poverty rates in the state.

text: Taxes[edit]

text:
[hide]California state and local tax revenue 2011
(in thousands)[35]

Revenue
type

State and
local
revenue
State
revenue
Local
revenue

General revenue from own sources
268,224,2941
142,927,463
125,296,8312

Various taxes
185,218,208
116,695,284
68,522,924

Property taxes
53,506,490
3,207,301
50,299,189

Sales and gross receipts tax
59,179,135
45,147,657
14,031,478

General sales tax
40,101,659
30,996,372
9,105,287

Selective sales tax
19,077,476
14,151,285
4,926,191

Motor fuel tax
5,705,527
5,705,527
(X)

Alcoholic beverage tax
334,178
334,178
(X)

Tobacco products tax
905,245
905,245
(X)

Public utilities
3,974,053
790,501
3,183,552

Other selective sales tax
8,158,473
6,415,834
1,742,639

Individual income tax
50,508,441
50,508,441
(X)

Corporate income tax
9,613,594
9,613,594
(X)

Vehicle license tax
3,131,975
3,090,610
41,365

Other taxes
9,278,573
5,127,681
4,150,892

Charges and misc. general revenue
83,006,086
26,232,179
56,773,907

Current charges
60,339,164
16,701,739
43,637,425

Education K-14
10,168,290
7,258,220
2,910,070

Institutions of higher education
9,104,750
7,252,680
1,852,070

School lunch sales (gross)
426,647
(X)
426,647

Hospital fees
17,007,989
6,542,258
10,465,731

Highway fees
651,115
38,490
612,625

Airport fees
2,498,811
(X)
2,498,811

Parking facilities
435,455
12,261
423,194

Sea and inland port facilities
1,334,929
(X)
1,334,929

Natural resources
2,137,297
1,297,670
839,627

Parks and recreation
1,416,246
96,167
1,320,079

Housing and community development
951,021
487
950,534

Sewerage
6,485,827
(X)
6,485,827

Solid waste management
2,469,196
(X)
2,469,196

Other charges & fees
14,782,988
1,456,186
13,326,802

Miscellaneous general revenue
22,666,922
9,530,440
13,136,482

Interest earnings
6,253,309
2,374,030
3,879,279

Special assessments
1,466,292
(X)
1,466,292

Sale of property
333,326
14,168
319,158

Other general revenue
14,613,995
7,142,242
7,471,753

Utility revenue
25,316,003
2,496,154
22,819,849

Water supply
10,334,952
(X)
10,334,952

Electric power
12,795,350
2,496,154
10,299,196

Gas supply
242,213
(X)
242,213

Transit
1,943,488
(X)
1,943,488

Insurance trust revenue3
149,964,876
120,379,020
29,585,856

Unemployment compensation
17,009,070
17,009,070
(X)

Employee retirement
124,640,863
95,055,007
29,585,856

Workers' compensation
2,077,574
2,077,574
(X)

Other insurance trust revenue
6,237,369
6,237,369
(X)

Notes:
1. Federal Transfers add $75.876 billion to state and local funds.
2. There are $100.310 billion in additional local transfers;
$11.294 billion from the Federal Gov. & $89.016 billion from the state
3. Insurance trusts includes unemployment, workers compensation and retirement accounts

text: California is divided into counties which are legal subdivisions of the state.[36] There are 58 California counties,[37] 480 California cities,[38] and about 3,400 special districts and school districts.[39] Special districts deliver specific public programs and public facilities to constituents, and are defined as "any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries."[40] Much of the government of California is in practice the responsibility of city, county and school governments. All these different governments have their own sources of tax revenue and fees; making a complicated mix of taxes, fees, transfers and responsibilities. Most taxes are collected by the state and then redistributed to the different government branches. Many fees are collected at the city and county level.

text: According to the U.S. Census the federal Internal Revenue Service collected in California in 2012 $292.563 billion. This included federal income & payroll ($193.489 bn), excise ($3.227 bn), corporate income ($37.181 bn), gift $0.288 bn), estate ($2.590 bn), unemployment ($0.838 bn), and trust ($1.091 bn) taxes.[41]

text: State and local tax and fee collections in California (2011) were $268.224 billion plus another $75.875 billion in federal transfers were spent by state and local government agencies.[42]

text: California in 2010, when measured as a percentage of GDP, had the 4th highest tax burden of all the fifty states at 13.4% of the state GDP.[43]

text: The maximum 13.3% state personal income tax rate is the highest in the nation, but only applies to incomes over $1 million.[43] For a married couple the first $15,164 has an income tax rate of 1.0% on taxable income (all income minus allowable deductions). The rate on taxable income between $15,164 and $35,952 is 2.0%; from $35,952 to $56,742 it is 4.0%; from $56,742 to $78,768 it is 6.0%; from $78,768 to $99,548 income has an 8.0% rate. On taxable income from $99,548 to $508,500 the rate is 9.3%. Taxable income from $508,500 to $610,200 the tax is 10.30% (of all income over $508,500). Taxable income from $610,200 to $1,017,000 the tax is 11.30% of all income over $610,200. All income over $1,017,000 has a tax of 13.3%. The standard deduction for a married couple is now $212.00. This means a married couple earning less than $18,182.00 pays no income tax. Rates for single persons are the same but the bracket amounts are halved.[44]

text: The 8.4 percent "average" sales tax assessed by the state and local governments of California is one of the highest in the nation and varies by city and county from a low of 7.5% to 10.0%. Food, prescription drugs and services are exempt from sales tax—about 1/3 of all purchases have sales tax applied to them. Sales taxes are collected by the state who re-allocates them to the various counties, cities, districts etc.. The basic statewide sales and use tax rate is 7.50% and is divided as follows: 6.50% State, 0.75% plus a 0.25% local transportation fund to city or county of place of sale (distributed quarterly). All taxes above 7.5% are so called "District Taxes" which are imposed locally, after an area wide vote, under the Transactions and Use Tax Law. Local, voter approved, sales tax rate increases have resulted in higher sales tax rates in various California locations. Sales taxes imposed for general governmental purposes are subject to simple majority approval. Sales taxes imposed for specific purposes like transportation are subject to two-thirds voter approval.[45]

text: Used cars have a 7.5% to 10.0% sales tax applied to the used car purchase price. This sales tax is applied to all new and used car, planes, boats, etc. purchased even if they are purchased out of state. In addition to having a clear title, a passed smog and emission inspection on the vehicle plus proof of insurance are needed before a car can be registered. New residents to California are required to register their vehicle(s) within 20 days of establishing residency. A department of motor vehicle (DMV) employee will perform a physical inspection of the vehicle and verify the vehicle identification number (VIN) number before you receive a California registration certificate, license plates and correct yearly registration stickers for your vehicle. State and local government vehicles are exempt from paying fees and are issued "exempt" license plates.

text: California vehicle license fees are 0.65% of depreciated vehicle's value. These fees are applied annually. Licenses are renewed in the month the vehicle was originally registered and have a yearly sticker applied to them after paying the registration fee to show fee payment.

text: The 8.84% state corporate income flat tax rate is the highest in the west and one of the highest in the nation. Banks and financials have a 10.84% flat tax applied to their profits. S corporation rate is 1.5% while S corporation bank and financial rate is 3.5%.[46]

text: California property tax rates are ranked 17th highest in the nation[47] having been capped by the Proposition 13 overwhelmingly passed in 1978. Property taxes in California amounted to over $54.0 billion (2011) and are one of the largest taxes in California of which about $12.0 billion of the $54.0 billion collected was for voter approved "extras".[48] The property tax, despite being used primarily to finance local governments, has a significant effect on the state budget. The state's convoluted education finance system attempts to "equalize" school district property tax revenue for K–14 districts by using the states general funds collected mostly from income and sales taxes. The state has changed the laws regarding property tax allocation many times to attempt to limit its extensive education costs.

text: Property in California, when sold, is assessed at 100% of full cash value. Under Proposition 13, the maximum amount of tax on real estate in California is limited to 1.0% plus local voter approved surcharges for "extras". Revenue from these "extra" taxes are used primarily to repay general obligation bonds issued for local infrastructure projects such as school district surcharges for rehabilitation of school facilities or building new buildings. These extras may also include: water districts, sidewalk maintenance, flood control, street lighting, etc.. The state also has statewide property taxes collected and used by the state on privately owned railroad cars and timber. The statewide average property tax is about 1.26% of assessed value but can range from about 1.03% to nearly 2.0% in some cities and counties. Proposition 13 limits property tax assessment increases to 2.0% of previously assessed value or the inflation rate over the previous year, whichever is lower. Because property prices have increased in California faster than 2.0%, on average, older properties are taxed at lower "effective" rates then newly sold properties. This feature was part in the Proposition 13 language to encourage people to stay put in their residences longer—they do. Property taxes were allocated as follows: counties 17%, cities 10%, schools (school districts and community colleges) 54%, and special districts 19%. In 2013 the state legislature abolished special districts. Intangible personal property, personal effects, business inventory property held for resale are exempt from property taxes. A principal residence qualifies for a $7,000 homestead reduction in the taxable value of their property. Property owned by governments, non-profit hospitals, religious institutions, and charitable organizations—are exempt from the 1.0% property tax rate.

text: In California gasoline is taxed at $0.719/gallon and diesel at $0.749/gallon—these are the highest gas and diesel taxes in the nation. The state legislature switched its gas taxation system in 2010 so it could re-appropriate some of the gas and diesel tax money from road maintenance to other areas of the state budget which was in deficit.[49] Since they re-purposed much of the state and federal fuel taxes there are now complaints that there is not enough money in the transportation funds to do all the required highway upgrades and maintenance.

text: Cigarette excise taxes in California are $0.87/pack. The federal excise tax on cigarettes is an additional $1.01 making the total excise taxes on a package of cigarettes $1.88/pack. Because excise taxes are "hidden" (not listed separately) the price of the cigarettes plus the excise tax have a 7.5% to 10.0% sales tax added to the purchase price—a tax on a tax.

text: California alcoholic beverage taxes varies by beverage, from 20¢ per gallon of wine or beer to $6.60 per gallon of spirits (over 100 proof).

text: The unemployment insurance rate, paid by the employer, is experienced based and averages about 1.0%-6.0% of the first $7,000 of worker's income—employers with high turnovers pay more. The federal unemployment insurance rate (now) is 6.2% of the first $7,000 of worker's income. The Great Recession resulted in a high unemployment rate, causing California to borrow about $10 billion from the federal government.

text: The Employment Training Tax (ETT) rate for 2014 is 0.1 percent on the first $7,000 per employee per calendar year.

text: The State Disability Insurance (SDI) withholding rate for 2014 is 1.0 percent up to a salary limit of $101,636 income—maximum disability tax for each employee is $1,016.36.[50]

text: Housing[edit]

text: The international boom in housing prices has been most pronounced in California, with the median property price in the state rising to about the half-million dollar mark in April 2005. Orange County, Ventura County and the San Francisco Bay Area have the highest median prices, each approaching $650,000.[51] The least expensive region is the Central Valley, with a median price of $290,000.[51]

text: Various real estate markets in California experienced sharp increases in value in the early 2000s, followed by declines in 2007 and 2008, as a housing bubble burst.

text: However, beginning in 2007 with the credit crunch in the banking system, thousands of homes have been foreclosed statewide, thereby leading to plummeting home prices. As of 2014 California was found to be the most expensive state in which to lease a home.[52]


document_title: SSE Hydro

question_text: how many does the hydro in glasgow hold

question_tokens: how many does the hydro in glasgow hold

text: SSE Hydro

text: Background[edit]

text: The SECC identified the need for a new arena in which sports and other public events could be held. Previously, such events were held in Concert Hall 4, in the SECC main building. However, the SECC audience capacity is limited, seating just over 10,000. Therefore, it is unable to accommodate the high attendance typically associated with large-scale performance events, such as rock concerts and children’s shows. The new SSE Hydro arena is located adjacent to the SEC Centre and the SEC Armadillo and hosts international musical stars, global entertainment and sporting events; with a capacity of 13,000 and aims to attract one million visitors each year.[1]

text:
World's Busiest Arenas – 2017[3]

Venue
2017 Ticket sales for concerts/shows

The O2 Arena, London, England, UK
1,443,232

Madison Square Garden, New York, USA
1,167,544

Manchester Arena, Manchester, England, UK
1,072,079

The SSE Hydro, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
1,028,934

Barclays Center, Brooklyn, USA
936,794

Lanxess Arena, Cologne, Germany
931,394

Arena Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
906,290

Mexico City Arena, Mexico City, Mexico
881,665

The Forum, Inglewood, U.S.
790,728

WiZink Center, Madrid, Spain
784,699

text: Construction[edit]

text: Planning for the SSE Hydro began some time in 2001 as the second redevelopment of the Queens Dock in Glasgow. By 2003, a plan had been unveiled for a £125 million entertainment arena, holding 12,000 seated audience members and 1,000 standing. London-based architects Foster and Partners were appointed as the design team for the Hydro by 2004 with Glasgow-based Elphinsone additionally appointed as the preferred developer for the site. The design of the arena was finally released to the press by 2005, and the SECC gained full planning consent for the arena by 2006. Construction for the arena finally began in February 2011 by construction company Lend Lease. By November 2011, building work for the roof of the arena had begun, which was completed by April 2013. The arena's signature translucent outer cushions were installed in May 2013, along with the seating inside of the arena, marking construction of the arena completed, taking two years to complete.[4]

text: Fire[edit]

text: At approximately 3:20 pm on 8 June 2013,[5] flames were reported to be coming from the domed roof of the partially completed building.[6] Forty fire fighters from the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service attended the blaze.[7] It was determined that the fire was caused by ongoing welding work on the building's roof.[8][9] On 18 June, the venue's operator revealed that despite additional challenges, work on the venue was still on track.[10]

text: Entertainment[edit]

text: Sports[edit]

text: On December 14, 2014 the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award ceremony was held at the venue.[11] During the 2014 Commonwealth Games the SSE Hydro was home to the netball and gymnastic events.[12] On July 18, 2015 the UFC held their inaugural Scottish event UFC Fight Night: Bisping vs. Leites at the Hydro.[13] From October 23 to November 1, 2015 the SSE Hydro hosted the Artistic gymnastics world championships.[14] The SSE Hydro also hosted the first ever episode of Monday Night Raw to take place in Scotland.

text: Politics[edit]

text: The SSE Hydro was host to the largest televised debate seen in Scotland's history, Scotland Decides: The Big, Big Debate, held on September 11, 2014 towards the end of the Scottish independence referendum, 2014 campaign. The Mentorn/BBC Scotland organised debate, in which every secondary school in Scotland was invited to take part, involved around 7,500 first time voters and was broadcast on BBC One during the evening of 11 September 2014[15] and was presented by James Cook.[16]


document_title: Somebody Bigger Than You and I

question_text: who wrote somebody bigger than you and i

text: Somebody Bigger Than You and I

text:
"Somebody Bigger Than You and I"

Song by Mahalia Jackson

from the album I Believe

Released
1960 (1960)

Genre
gospel music

text:
"Somebody Bigger Than You and I"

Song by Elvis Presley

from the album How Great Thou Art

Released
February 27, 1967 (1967-02-27)

Genre
gospel music

text: Somebody Bigger Than You and I is a song written by Johnny Lange, Hy Heath and Sonny Burke. It is known as a gospel standard.

text: Notable recordings[edit]

text:
Mahalia Jackson – I Believe (1960)
Elvis Presley – How Great Thou Art (1967)
Dionne Warwick – Magic of Believing (1968)[1]
Whitney Houston (featuring Bobby Brown, Faith Evans, Johnny Gill, Monica and Ralph Tresvant) – The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album (1996)
Marion Williams
The Caravans Featuring Josephine Howard
Dorothy Love Coates & The Original Gospel Harmonettes Featuring Cleopatra Kennedy
Marco T. - Great Spanish version in 2003

tag: ul


document_title: List of oldest living people

question_text: who is the oldest person living today 2018

text: List of oldest living people

text: This is a list of the 100 oldest people who have been verified to be alive within the last one year and whose death has not been reported by a reliable source. It is estimated that there are between 150 and 600 living people who have reached the age of 110.[1][2] The true number is uncertain as not all supercentenarians are known to researchers at a given time and some claims cannot be validated or are fraudulent.[1]

text: Upon the death of Violet Brown of Jamaica on 15 September 2017, Nabi Tajima of Japan became the world's oldest living person.[3]

text: 100 oldest living people

text:
No.
Name
Sex
Birth date
Age as of 19 April 2018
Place of residence

1
Nabi Tajima[4]
F
4 August 1900
7004429920000000000♠117 years, 258 days
Japan

2
Ida Troupe[5]
F
25 December 1900
7004428490000000000♠117 years, 115 days
Jamaica

3
Maria Emilia Quesada[6][7]
F
5 January 1901
7004428380000000000♠117 years, 104 days
Cuba

4
Chiyo Miyako[4]
F
2 May 1901
7004427210000000000♠116 years, 352 days
Japan

5
Dorrisile Dervis[8]
F
25 December 1901
7004424840000000000♠116 years, 115 days
United States[a]

6
Giuseppina Projetto[4]
F
30 May 1902
7004423280000000000♠115 years, 324 days
Italy

7
Tava Colo[9]
F
22 December 1902
7004421220000000000♠115 years, 118 days
France (Réunion)

8
Kane Tanaka[4]
F
2 January 1903
7004421110000000000♠115 years, 107 days
Japan

9
Maria Giuseppa Robucci[4]
F
20 March 1903
7004420340000000000♠115 years, 30 days
Italy

10
Iso Nakamura[4]
F
23 April 1903
7004420000000000000♠114 years, 361 days
Japan

11
Shimoe Akiyama[4]
F
19 May 1903
7004419740000000000♠114 years, 335 days
Japan

12
Delphine Gibson[4]
F
17 August 1903
7004418840000000000♠114 years, 245 days
United States

13
Magdalena Oliver Gabarro[10]
F
31 October 1903
7004418090000000000♠114 years, 170 days
Spain

14
Lucile Randon[4]
F
11 February 1904
7004417060000000000♠114 years, 67 days
France

15
Shin Matsushita[4]
F
30 March 1904
7004416580000000000♠114 years, 20 days
Japan

16
Tane Yonekura[4]
F
2 May 1904
7004416250000000000♠113 years, 352 days
Japan

17
Anonymous of Fukuoka[11]
F
4 May 1904
113 years, 350 days
Japan

18
Gabrielle des Robert[12]
F
4 June 1904
113 years, 319 days
France

19
Bessie Camm[4]
F
20 June 1904
7004415760000000000♠113 years, 303 days
United Kingdom

20
Hisa Arai[4]
F
10 September 1904
7004414940000000000♠113 years, 221 days
Japan

21
Lessie Brown[4]
F
22 September 1904
7004414820000000000♠113 years, 209 days
United States

22
Olive Boar[4]
F
29 September 1904
7004414750000000000♠113 years, 202 days
United Kingdom

23
Jeanne Bot[4]
F
14 January 1905
7004413680000000000♠113 years, 95 days
France

24
Shigeyo Nakachi[4]
F
1 February 1905
7004413500000000000♠113 years, 77 days
Japan

25
Mine Suzuki[4]
F
26 March 1905
7004412970000000000♠113 years, 24 days
Japan

26
Kame Ganeko[4]
F
10 April 1905
7004412820000000000♠113 years, 9 days
Japan

27
Ellen Gibb[4]
F
26 April 1905
7004412660000000000♠112 years, 358 days
Canada

28
Clara Anderson[4]
F
2 July 1905
7004411990000000000♠112 years, 291 days
United States

29
Anonymous of Kyoto[4]
F
16 July 1905
7004411850000000000♠112 years, 277 days
Japan

30
Geertje Kuijntjes[4]
F
19 July 1905
7004411820000000000♠112 years, 274 days
Netherlands

31
Masazō Nonaka[4]
M
25 July 1905
7004411760000000000♠112 years, 268 days
Japan

32
Osugi Sogo[4]
F
13 August 1905
7004411570000000000♠112 years, 249 days
Japan

33
Hester Ford[4]
F
15 August 1905
7004411550000000000♠112 years, 247 days
United States

34
Iris Westman[4]
F
28 August 1905
7004411420000000000♠112 years, 234 days
United States

35
Tsukimi Kishi[4]
F
31 August 1905
7004411390000000000♠112 years, 231 days
Japan

36
Maria Veiga Amado[13]
F
9 October 1905
7004411000000000000♠112 years, 192 days
Cape Verde

37
Mariannina Genovese[4]
F
15 October 1905
7004410940000000000♠112 years, 186 days
Italy

Gustav Gerneth[14]
M
15 October 1905
7004410940000000000♠112 years, 186 days
Germany[b]

39
Lucille Treccase[4]
F
18 October 1905
7004410910000000000♠112 years, 183 days
United States

40
Kura Bingo[4]
F
20 October 1905
7004410890000000000♠112 years, 181 days
Japan

41
Diega Cammalleri[4]
F
23 October 1905
7004410860000000000♠112 years, 178 days
Italy

42
Kimi Asanuma[4]
F
3 November 1905
7004410750000000000♠112 years, 167 days
Japan

Mina Kitagawa[4]
F
3 November 1905
7004410750000000000♠112 years, 167 days
Japan

44
Misao Uemura[4]
F
7 November 1905
7004410710000000000♠112 years, 163 days
Japan

45
Maggie Kidd[15]
F
8 December 1905
7004410400000000000♠112 years, 132 days
United States

46
Isabel Castaño Restrepo[16]
F
11 January 1906
7004410060000000000♠112 years, 98 days
United States[c]

47
Guerina Amedei[4]
F
31 January 1906
7004409860000000000♠112 years, 78 days
Italy

48
Margaret Vivian[17]
F
25 February 1906
7004409610000000000♠112 years, 53 days
Australia[d]

49
Therese Fenners[18]
F
8 March 1906
7004409500000000000♠112 years, 42 days
Germany

50
Anna Benericetti-Cimatti[4]
F
22 March 1906
7004409360000000000♠112 years, 28 days
Italy

51
Richard Arvin Overton[19]
M
11 May 1906
7004408860000000000♠111 years, 343 days
United States

52
Doris Farrar[20]
F
6 June 1906
7004408600000000000♠111 years, 317 days
United States

53
Tekla Juniewicz[21]
F
10 June 1906
7004408560000000000♠111 years, 313 days
Poland[e]

54
Laura Wright[22]
F
15 June 1906
7004408510000000000♠111 years, 308 days
United States

55
Mazie Ford[23]
F
28 June 1906
7004408380000000000♠111 years, 295 days
United States

56
Reatha Robinson[24]
F
17 July 1906
7004408190000000000♠111 years, 276 days
United States

Marie-Louise Taterode[25]
F
17 July 1906
7004408190000000000♠111 years, 276 days
France

58
Minnie Whicker[26]
F
24 July 1906
7004408120000000000♠111 years, 269 days
United States

59
Mathilde Mange[27]
F
10 August 1906
7004407950000000000♠111 years, 252 days
Germany

60
Elisabeth Tränkner[28]
F
11 August 1906
7004407940000000000♠111 years, 251 days
Germany

61
Kiku Aoyama[29]
F
4 September 1906
7004407700000000000♠111 years, 227 days
Japan

62
Josefa Santos González[30]
F
7 September 1906
7004407670000000000♠111 years, 224 days
Spain

63
Grace Jones[31]
F
16 September 1906
7004407580000000000♠111 years, 215 days
United Kingdom

64
Helen White[32]
F
21 September 1906
7004407530000000000♠111 years, 210 days
United States

65
Louise Schaaf[33]
F
16 October 1906
7004407280000000000♠111 years, 185 days
United States[f]

66
Natsu Kotsuka[34]
F
18 October 1906
7004407260000000000♠111 years, 183 days
Japan

67
Valentine Ligny[35]
F
22 October 1906
7004407220000000000♠111 years, 179 days
France

Carmela Velardi[36]
F
22 October 1906
7004407220000000000♠111 years, 179 days
Italy

69
Seki Inagaki[29]
F
4 November 1906
7004407090000000000♠111 years, 166 days
Japan

70
Lydia Smuda[37]
F
6 November 1906
7004407070000000000♠111 years, 164 days
Germany

71
Beulah Meloche[38]
F
23 November 1906
7004406900000000000♠111 years, 147 days
United States

72
Anna Mehlberg[39]
F
2 December 1906
7004406810000000000♠111 years, 138 days
Germany

73
Ichi Hatta[40]
F
6 December 1906
7004406770000000000♠111 years, 134 days
Japan

74
Adma Tura[41]
F
25 December 1906
7004406580000000000♠111 years, 115 days
France[g]

75
Tsunahei Ogawa[40]
M
9 January 1907
7004406430000000000♠111 years, 100 days
Japan

76
Kaoru Ueda[42]
F
10 January 1907
7004406420000000000♠111 years, 99 days
Japan

77
Hildegard Lange[43]
F
12 January 1907
7004406400000000000♠111 years, 97 days
Germany

78
Tari Chiba[44]
F
19 January 1907
7004406330000000000♠111 years, 90 days
Japan

79
Miriam Moore[45]
F
28 January 1907
7004406240000000000♠111 years, 81 days
United States

80
Ellen Goodwill[46]
F
2 February 1907
7004406190000000000♠111 years, 76 days
United States

81
Sumie Yabune[47]
F
5 February 1907
7004406160000000000♠111 years, 73 days
Japan

82
Rosalie Esposito[48]
F
11 February 1907
7004406100000000000♠111 years, 67 days
United States

83
Kameo Oya[49]
M
12 February 1907
7004406090000000000♠111 years, 66 days
Japan

84
Thelma McLeod[50]
F
13 February 1907
7004406080000000000♠111 years, 65 days
Australia

85
Christine Hoscheid[51]
F
16 February 1907
7004406050000000000♠111 years, 62 days
Germany

86
Lillian Cox[52]
F
22 February 1907
7004405990000000000♠111 years, 56 days
United States

87
Sanae Uchiyama[40]
F
27 February 1907
7004405940000000000♠111 years, 51 days
Japan

88
Maria Branyas Morera[53]
F
4 March 1907
7004405890000000000♠111 years, 46 days
Spain[h]

89
Rosena Hankerson[54]
F
16 March 1907
7004405770000000000♠111 years, 34 days
United States

90
Icie Clark[55]
F
19 March 1907
7004405740000000000♠111 years, 31 days
United States

91
Tame Yamaguchi[56]
F
20 March 1907
7004405730000000000♠111 years, 30 days
Japan

92
Harue Nobira[57]
F
28 March 1907
7004405650000000000♠111 years, 22 days
Japan

93
Shivakumara Swami[58]
M
1 April 1907
7004405610000000000♠111 years, 18 days
India

Helen Turner[59]
F
1 April 1907
7004405610000000000♠111 years, 18 days
United States

95
Merle Phillips[60]
F
2 April 1907
7004405600000000000♠111 years, 17 days
United States

96
Nora Ettori[61]
F
5 April 1907
7004405570000000000♠111 years, 14 days
Italy[i]

97
Adelaida Gonzalez Hernandez[62]
F
13 April 1907
7004405490000000000♠111 years, 6 days
Spain

98
Sumire Hishikawa[63]
F
21 April 1907
7004405410000000000♠110 years, 363 days
Japan

99
Sixta Tulia Aguinaga de Posada[64]
F
22 April 1907
7004405400000000000♠110 years, 362 days
United States[j]

100
Fusa Tatsumi[65][better source needed]
F
25 April 1907
7004405370000000000♠110 years, 359 days
Japan

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Dervis was born in Haiti.
Jump up ^ Gerneth was born in Stettin, then part of the German Empire; it is now named Szczecin and located in Poland.
Jump up ^ Castaño Restrepo was born in Colombia.
Jump up ^ Vivian was born in the United Kingdom.
Jump up ^ Juniewicz was born in Lviv, Austria-Hungary. It is now located in Ukraine.
Jump up ^ Schaaf was born in the German Empire, which is today Germany.
Jump up ^ Tura was born in Kaytouli, then part of the Ottoman Empire. It is now located in Lebanon.
Jump up ^ Morera was born in San Francisco, California, United States
Jump up ^ Ettori was born in São Paulo, Brazil
Jump up ^ Posada was born in Colombia.

tag: ol


document_title: Premier League Golden Boot

question_text: who won the golden boot in premier league this season

text: Premier League Golden Boot

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Key

Player (X)
Name of the player and number of times they had won the award at that point (if more than one)

Games
The number of Premier League games played by the winner that season[B]

Rate
The winner's goals-to-games ratio that season

Indicates multiple award winners in the same season

Indicates player also won the European Golden Shoe in the same season

§
Denotes the club were Premier League champions in the same season

text:
Premier League Golden Boot winners

Season
Player
Nationality
Club
Goals
Games[C]
Rate
Ref(s)

1992–93
Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
 England
Tottenham Hotspur[D]
22
41
0.54
[8]

1993–94
Cole, AndyAndy Cole
 England
Newcastle United
34
40
0.85
[8]

1994–95
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers§
34
42
0.81
[8][21]

1995–96
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer (2)
 England
Blackburn Rovers
31
35
0.89
[8][21]

1996–97
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer (3)
 England
Newcastle United
25
31
0.81
[8][21]

1997–98
Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
 England
Blackburn Rovers
18
35
0.51
[8]

1997–98
Dublin, DionDion Dublin
 England
Coventry City
18
36
0.50
[8][22]

1997–98
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Liverpool
18
36
0.50
[8]

1998–99
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen (2)
 England
Liverpool
18
30
0.60
[8]

1998–99
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
Manchester United§
18
33
0.55
[23]

1998–99
Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
 Netherlands
Leeds United
18
36
0.50
[8]

1999–2000
Phillips, KevinKevin Phillips
 England
Sunderland
30
36
0.83
[10][24]

2000–01
Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink (2)
 Netherlands
Chelsea
23
35
0.66
[25]

2001–02
Henry 1 !Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal§
24
33
0.73
[23]

2002–03
Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United§
25
34
0.74
[26]

2003–04
Henry 2 !Henry, ThierryThierry Henry (2)
 France
Arsenal§
30
37
0.81
[12][23]

2004–05
Henry 3 !Henry, ThierryThierry Henry (3)
 France
Arsenal
25
32
0.78
[12]

2005–06
Henry 4 !Henry, ThierryThierry Henry (4)
 France
Arsenal
27
32
0.84
[8]

2006–07
Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea
20
36
0.56
[27]

2007–08
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
Manchester United§
31
34
0.91[E]
[3][11]

2008–09
Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
 France
Chelsea
19
36
0.53
[29]

2009–10
Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba (2)
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea§
29
32
0.91[E]
[30]

2010–11
Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
 Argentina
Manchester City
20
31
0.65
[31]

2010–11
Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
 Bulgaria
Manchester United§
20
32
0.63
[31]

2011–12
Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Arsenal
30
38[F]
0.79
[33]

2012–13
Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie (2)
 Netherlands
Manchester United§
26
38
0.68
[5]

2013–14
Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool
31
33
0.94
[34]

2014–15
Aguero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City
26
31
0.84
[35]

2015–16
Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
25
38
0.65
[36]

2016–17
Kane, HarryHarry Kane (2)
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
29
30
0.97
[37]

text: Awards won by nationality[edit]

text:
Country
Total

 England
7001120000000000000♠12

 Netherlands
7000500000000000000♠5

 France
7000500000000000000♠5

 Argentina
7000200000000000000♠2

 Ivory Coast
7000200000000000000♠2

 Trinidad and Tobago
7000100000000000000♠1

 Portugal
7000100000000000000♠1

 Bulgaria
7000100000000000000♠1

 Uruguay
7000100000000000000♠1

text: Awards won by club[edit]

text:
Club
Total

Arsenal
7000500000000000000♠5

Manchester United
7000500000000000000♠5

Chelsea
7000400000000000000♠4

Blackburn Rovers
7000300000000000000♠3

Liverpool
7000300000000000000♠3

Tottenham Hotspur
7000300000000000000♠3

Manchester City
7000200000000000000♠2

Newcastle United
7000200000000000000♠2

Coventry City
7000100000000000000♠1

Leeds United
7000100000000000000♠1

Sunderland
7000100000000000000♠1