document_title: President-elect of the United States

question_text: who becomes president if the vice president elect dies

text: President-elect of the United States

text: Constitutional criteria[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, along with the Twelfth and Twentieth Amendments govern the election of the U.S. President. The procedure is also regulated by federal and state laws. Under federal Law, the presidential electors (the members of the Electoral College) must be "appointed, in each state, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, in every fourth year". Thus, all states appoint their electors on the same date, in November, once every four years. However, the manner of appointment of the electors is determined by the law of each State.

text: Currently, in every state, an election by the people is the method employed for the choice of the members of the Electoral College; however, any state remains free to change its manner of appointing its slate of members of the Electoral College, so that the law of a state could, for instance, prescribe election by the state legislature, or even choice by the state's governor, as the manner of appointment of the electors representing the state. In spite of that theoretical possibility, a popular election in each state is the established method of selection of the members of the Electoral College, and given that all the statewide elections happen on the same date, the simultaneous elections resemble a national general election.

text: On the Monday after the second Wednesday in December, the electors of each state meet in their respective state capitals (and the electors of the District of Columbia meet in the federal capital) and in those meetings the electors cast their votes for President and Vice President of the United States.

text: At the conclusion of their meetings, the electors of each state and of the District of Columbia then execute a "certificate of vote" (in several original copies), declaring the vote count in each meeting. To each certificate of vote, a certificate of ascertainment is annexed. Each state's (and the District of Columbia's) certificate of ascertainment is the official document (usually signed by the governor of the state and/or by the state's secretary of state) that declares the names of the electors, certifying their appointment as members of the Electoral College. Given that in all states the electors are currently chosen by popular election, the certificate of ascertainment also declares the results of the popular vote that decided the appointment of the electors. The electors in each state and of the District of Columbia then send the certificates of vote, with the enclosed certificates of ascertainment, to the President of the U.S. Senate.

text: The electoral votes are counted in a joint session of Congress in early January (on January 6 as required by 3 U.S. Code, Chapter 1 or an alternative date set by statute) and if the ballots are accepted without objections, the candidate winning at least 270 electoral votes (a majority of the total number of votes) is announced as having been elected President of the United States by the incumbent Vice President, in their capacity as President of the Senate.

text: Electoral College role[edit]

text: No constitutional provision or federal law requires electors to vote according to the results of their state's popular vote, though some states bind their electors to their pledges by state law. Historically, there have been only a few instances of "faithless electors" casting their ballots for a candidate to whom they were not pledged, and such instances have never resulted in changing the final outcome of a presidential election. The popular vote does not declare the presidency but the Electoral College vote does. Even if the popular vote goes to one candidate, another may win the electoral vote and the presidency, as has happened in 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016.

text: Congressional reports[edit]

text: Two congressional reports found that the president-elect is the eventual winner of the majority of electoral ballots cast in December. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) of the Library of Congress, in its 2004 report "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation,"[2] discussed the question of when candidates who have received a majority of electoral votes become president-elect. The report notes that the constitutional status of the president-elect is disputed:

text: Some commentators doubt whether an official president- and vice president-elect exist prior to the electoral votes being counted and announced by Congress on January 6, maintaining that this is a problematic contingency lacking clear constitutional or statutory direction. Others assert that once a majority of electoral votes has been cast for one ticket, then the recipients of these votes become the president- and vice president-elect, notwithstanding the fact that the electoral votes are not counted and certified until the following January 6.

text: The CRS report quotes the 1933 U.S. House committee report accompanying the Twentieth Amendment as endorsing the latter view:

text: It will be noted that the committee uses the term "president elect" in its generally accepted sense, as meaning the person who has received the majority of electoral votes, or the person who has been chosen by the House of Representatives in the event that the election is thrown into the House. It is immaterial whether or not the votes have been counted, for the person becomes the president-elect as soon as the votes are cast.[3]

text: Both reports make clear that becoming president-elect is contingent upon winning a majority of the electoral votes cast.

text: President-elect succession[edit]

text: Scholars have noted that the national committees of the Democratic and Republican parties have adopted rules for selecting replacement candidates in the event of a nominee's death, either before or after the general election. If the apparent winner of the general election dies before the Electoral College votes in December the electors probably would endorse whatever new nominee their national party selects as a replacement (although they may be prevented from doing so in many states, because those states have laws requiring electors to vote for the person to which they are pledged, and some states invalidate votes that were cast for anyone else). If the apparent winner dies between the College's December vote and its counting in Congress in January, the Twelfth Amendment stipulates that all electoral ballots cast shall be counted, presumably even those for a dead candidate. The U.S. House committee reporting on the proposed Twentieth Amendment said the "Congress would have 'no discretion' [and] 'would declare that the deceased candidate had received a majority of the votes.'"[4]

text: The words president elect appear four times in the Constitution, and they didn’t appear until 1933, when the Twentieth Amendment, which contained a provision addressing the unavailability of the president elect to take the oath of office on Inauguration Day, was ratified.[5] Section 3 provides that if there is no president-elect on January 20, or the president-elect "fails to qualify", the vice president-elect would become acting president on January 20 until there is a qualified president. The section also provides that if the president-elect dies before noon on January 20, the vice president-elect becomes president. In cases where there is no president-elect or vice president-elect, the amendment also gives the Congress the authority to declare an acting president until such time as there is a president or vice president. At this point the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 would apply, with the office of the Presidency going to the speaker of the House of Representatives, followed by the president pro tempore of the Senate and various Cabinet officers.

text: The closest instance of there being no qualified person to take the presidential oath of office on Inauguration Day happened in 1877, when the disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden was decided and certified in Hayes’ favor just three days before the inauguration (then March 4). It might have been a possibility on several other occasions as well. In January 1853, President-elect Franklin Pierce survived a train accident that killed his 11-year-old son. Four years later, President-elect James Buchanan battled a serious illness contracted at the National Hotel in Washington, D.C., as he planned his inauguration. Additionally, on February 15, 1933, just 23 days after the Twentieth Amendment went into effect, President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt survived an assassination attempt in Miami, Florida. The amendment's provision moving inauguration day from March 4, to January 20, would not take effect until 1937, but its three provisions about a president-elect went into effect immediately.[5] If the assassination attempt on Roosevelt had been successful then, pursuant to Section 3 of the amendment, Vice President-elect John Nance Garner would have been sworn in as president on Inauguration Day.

text: Presidential transitions[edit]

text: Recent presidents-elect have assembled transition teams to prepare for a smooth transfer of power following the inauguration. Outgoing presidents have cooperated with the president-elect on important policy matters during the last two months of the president's term to ensure a smooth transition and continuity of operations that have significant national interests. Before the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment in 1933, which moved the start of the presidential term to January, the president-elect did not assume office until March, four months after the popular election.

text: Under the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 (P.L. 88-277),[6] amended by the Presidential Transitions Effectiveness Act of 1998 (P.L. 100-398),[7] the Presidential Transition Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-293),[8][9] and the Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-283),[10] the President-Elect is entitled to request and receive certain privileges from the General Services Administration as he prepares to assume office.

text: Section 3 of the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 was enacted to help smooth transitions between incoming and outgoing presidential administrations. To that end, provisions such as office space, telecommunication services, transition staff members are allotted, upon request, to the President-Elect, though the Act grants the President-elect no official powers and makes no mention of an "Office of the President-Elect."[6]

text: In 2008, President-elect Barack Obama gave numerous speeches and press conferences in front of a placard emblazoned with "Office of the President Elect"[11] and used the same term on his website.[12] British journalist Tony Allen-Mills disputed the office as "a bogus concoction that has no basis in the U.S. Constitution."[13] President-elect Donald Trump did likewise on January 11, 2017.[14]

text: The Presidential Transition Act of 1963[1] further authorizes the Administrator of the General Services Administration to certify, even before the December vote of the Electoral College, the apparent winner of the November general election as the president-elect for the purposes of receiving federal transition funding, office space and communications services prior to the beginning of the new administration on January 20.[15]

text: The president-elect assumes office as the next president of the United States upon the expiration of the term of the previous officeholder at noon on January 20. This procedure has been the subject of many misinterpretations and urban legends, such as the myth of David Rice Atchison's one-day-long presidency, which is predicated upon false assumptions and a logical flaw. Taking the formal oath of office does not affect the automatic accession to and occupation of the office of the presidency, which, in the case of the president, proceeds, ipso facto, from the expiration of the predecessor's term and the immediate start of the new four-year term. The oath of office is necessary so that the president can "enter upon the execution" of their office, but they are already president from the start of their term.[citation needed]

text: The president-elect and vice president-elect receive mandatory protection from the United States Secret Service. Since the 1968 assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, major-party candidates also receive such protection during the election campaign.

text: List of presidents-elect[edit]

text:
Nonpartisan    Federalist    Democratic-Republican   Democratic   Whig    Republican

President–elect
Party
From
To

1
George Washington

Nonpartisan
April 6, 1789[16]
April 30, 1789

2
John Adams

Federalist
December 1796
March 4, 1797

3
Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republican
February 17, 1801[17]
March 4, 1801

4
James Madison
Democratic-Republican
December 1808
March 4, 1809

5
James Monroe
Democratic-Republican
December 1816
March 4, 1817

6
John Quincy Adams
Democratic-Republican
February 9, 1825[17]
March 4, 1825

7
Andrew Jackson

Democratic
December 3, 1828
March 4, 1829

8
Martin Van Buren
Democratic
December 7, 1836
March 4, 1837

9
William Henry Harrison

Whig
December 2, 1840
March 4, 1841

10
James K. Polk

Democratic
December 4, 1844
March 4, 1845

11
Zachary Taylor

Whig
November 7, 1848
March 4, 1849

12
Franklin Pierce

Democratic
November 2, 1852
March 4, 1853

13
James Buchanan
Democratic
November 4, 1856
March 4, 1857

14
Abraham Lincoln

Republican
November 6, 1860
March 4, 1861

15
Ulysses S. Grant
Republican
November 3, 1868
March 4, 1869

16
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican
March 2, 1877
March 4, 1877

17
James A. Garfield
Republican
November 2, 1880
March 4, 1881

18
Grover Cleveland

Democratic
November 4, 1884
March 4, 1885

19
Benjamin Harrison

Republican
November 6, 1888
March 4, 1889

20
Grover Cleveland

Democratic
November 8, 1892
March 4, 1893

21
William McKinley

Republican
November 3, 1896
March 4, 1897

22
William Howard Taft
Republican
November 3, 1908
March 4, 1909

23
Woodrow Wilson

Democratic
November 5, 1912
March 4, 1913

24
Warren G. Harding

Republican
November 2, 1920
March 4, 1921

25
Herbert Hoover
Republican
November 6, 1928
March 4, 1929

26
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democratic
November 8, 1932
March 4, 1933

27
Dwight D. Eisenhower

Republican
November 4, 1952
January 20, 1953

28
John F. Kennedy

Democratic
November 8, 1960
January 20, 1961

29
Richard Nixon

Republican
November 5, 1968
January 20, 1969

30
Jimmy Carter

Democratic
November 2, 1976
January 20, 1977

31
Ronald Reagan

Republican
November 4, 1980
January 20, 1981

32
George H. W. Bush
Republican
November 8, 1988
January 20, 1989

33
Bill Clinton

Democratic
November 3, 1992
January 20, 1993

34
George W. Bush

Republican
December 13, 2000[18]
January 20, 2001

35
Barack Obama

Democratic
November 4, 2008
January 20, 2009

36
Donald Trump

Republican
November 8, 2016
January 20, 2017

text: Vice President-elect[edit]

text: During the presidential transition period, the president-elect's running mate is known as the Vice President-elect. As with the title President-elect, it applies to the person determined by the GSA Administrator to be the apparent successful candidate for the office of Vice President after the general election.[1]

text: If the Vice President-elect dies or resigns before the meeting of the Electoral College in December, the National Committee of the winning party would, in consultation with the president-elect, choose a new Vice President-elect. If such a vacancy were to occur after the electoral votes had been cast in the states, most authorities maintain that no replacement would be chosen and the new President (after taking office) would nominate a Vice President, per the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution.[19]

text: Before ratification of the 25th Amendment in 1967, the Constitution contained no provision for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency. As a result, when one occurred (and did 16 times), the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration. Since 1967, the Vice Presidency has been vacant twice, and a successor was nominated each time to fill the vacancy in accordance with the 25th Amendment. The first instance was in 1973, when Gerald Ford was nominated by President Richard Nixon to succeed Spiro Agnew, who had resigned. The second came in 1974, when Ford, who had succeeded to the presidency following Nixon's resignation, nominated Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.[20][21] During both vacancies, the nominee was called Vice President-designate, instead of Vice President-elect, as neither had been elected to the office. As a result of these events, the nation has had two more Vice Presidents than it has had Vice President-elects. While he is currently the 48th U.S. Vice President, Mike Pence was the 46th person to be Vice President-elect.


document_title: Jack Russell Terrier

question_text: what's the lifespan of a jack russell terrier

question_tokens: what 's the lifespan of a jack russell terrier

root

text: Jack Russell Terrier

text: History[edit]

text: Sporting parson[edit]

text: The small white fox-working terriers we know today were first bred by the Reverend John Russell, a parson and hunting enthusiast born in 1795,[1] and they can trace their origin to the now extinct English White terrier.[2] Difficulty in differentiating the dog from the creature it was pursuing brought about the need for a mostly white dog,[3] and so in 1819 during his last year of university at Exeter College, Oxford,[4] he purchased a small white and tan terrier female named Trump from a local milkman in the nearby small hamlet of Elsfield[5] or Marston[6]). Trump epitomised his ideal Fox terrier,[7] which, at the time, was a term used for any terrier which was used to bolt foxes out of their burrows.[2] Her colouring was described as "...white, with just a patch of dark tan over each eye and ear; whilst a similar dot, not larger than a penny piece, marks the root of the tail."[8] Davies, a friend of Russell's, wrote: "Trump was such an animal as Russell had only seen in his dreams".[4] She was the basis for a breeding program to develop a terrier with high stamina for the hunt as well as the courage and formation to chase out foxes that had gone to ground.[9] By the 1850s, these dogs were recognised as a distinct breed.[10]

tag: p

text: An important attribute in this dog was a tempered aggressiveness that would provide the necessary drive to pursue and bolt the fox, without resulting in physical harm to the quarry and effectively ending the chase, which was considered unsporting.[11] Russell was said to have prided himself that his terriers never tasted blood.[10] This line of terriers developed by John Russell was well respected for those qualities, and his dogs were often taken on by hunt enthusiasts. It is unlikely, however, that any dogs alive today can be proven to be descendants from Trump, as Russell was forced to sell all his dogs on more than one occasion because of financial difficulty, and had only four aged (and non-breeding) terriers left when he died in 1883.[12]

text: The Fox terrier and Jack Russell terrier type dogs of today are all descended from dogs of that period, although documented pedigrees earlier than 1862 have not been found, although several records remain of documented breeding by John Russell between the 1860s and 1880s. The Fox Terrier Club was formed in 1875 with Russell as one of the founder members; its breed standard was aspiration, and not a description of how the breed appeared then. By the start of the 20th century, the Fox terrier had altered more towards the modern breed, but in some parts of the country the old style of John Russell's terriers remained, and it is from those dogs that the modern Jack Russell type has descended.[4]

text: Many breeds can claim heritage to the early Fox terrier of this period, including the Brazilian terrier, Japanese terrier, Miniature Fox terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat terrier, and Tenterfield terrier.[13]

text: After John Russell[edit]

text: Following Russell's death, the only people who made serious efforts to continue those strains were two men, one in Chislehurst with the surname of East, and another in Cornwall named Archer. East, at one point, had several couples, all of which were descended from one of Russell's dogs. The type aimed for were not as big as the show Fox terrier and were usually less than 15 pounds (6.8 kg).[3]

text: Arthur Blake Heinemann created the first breed standard and, in 1894, he founded the Devon and Somerset Badger Club, the aims of which were to promote badger digging rather than fox hunting, and the breeding of terriers suitable for this purpose. Terriers were acquired from Nicholas Snow of Oare, and they were likely descended from Russell's original dogs, as Russell would probably have hunted at some point with Snow's hunting club and is likely to have provided at least some of their original terriers.[4] By the turn of the 20th century, Russell's name had become associated with this breed of dog.[15]

text: The club was later renamed the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club.[4] Badger digging required a different type of dog than fox hunting, and it is likely that Bull terrier stock was introduced to strengthen the breed, which may have caused the creation of a shorter legged variety of Jack Russell terrier that started to appear around this period. At the same time that a split was appearing between show and working Fox terriers, a further split was occurring between two different types of white terrier, both carrying Jack Russell's name.[3] Heinemann was invited to judge classes for working terriers at Crufts with an aim to bring working terriers back into the show ring and influence those that disregard working qualities in dogs. These classes were continued for several years by various judges, but Charles Cruft dropped the attempt as the classes were never heavily competed. Following Heinemann's death in 1930, the kennel and leadership of the club passed to Annie Harris, but the club itself folded shortly before World War II.[3][4]

text: Post World War II[edit]

text: Following World War II, the requirement for hunting dogs drastically declined, and with it the numbers of Jack Russell terriers. The dogs were increasingly used as family and companion dogs. Further crossbreeding occurred, with Welsh corgis, Chihuahuas, and other smaller breeds of terrier. The offspring of these crosses became known as "Puddin' Dogs", "Shortie Jacks", or "Russell Terriers".[16]

text: The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America was formed in 1976 by Ailsa Crawford, one of the first Jack Russell terrier breeders in the United States. Size ranges for dogs were kept broad, with the ability of working dogs awarded higher than those in conformation shows. An open registry was maintained, with restricted line breeding. Registration for the club is made at adulthood for Jack Russells, rather than at birth, to ensure the breed's qualities remain, given the open registry.[17]

text: Several breed clubs appeared in the United Kingdom during the 1970s to promote the breed, including the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (JRTCGB) and the South East Jack Russell Terrier Club (SEJRTC). The JRTCGB promoted the range of sizes that remain in its standards today, whereas the SEJRTC set a minimum height for dogs at 13 inches (33 cm). While the JRTCGB sought to ensure that the breed's working ability remained through non-recognition with other breed registries, the SEJRTC activity sought recognition with the UK Kennel Club.[18] In 1983, the Parson Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (PJRTCGB) was resurrected to seek Kennel Club recognition for the breed. Although the application was initially rejected, a new standard was created for the PJRTCGB based on the standard of the SEJRTC, and under that standard the breed was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1990 as the Parson Jack Russell terrier.[19] Jack was dropped from the official name in 1999, and the recognised name of the breed became the Parson Russell terrier.[20]

text: In the late 1990s, the American Kennel Club explored the possibility of recognising the Jack Russell terrier.[21] This move was opposed by the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America as they did not want the breed to lose its essential working characteristics.[22] The Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association formed and petitioned the AKC; the breed's admission was granted in 2001. Under the AKC recognised standard, the size of the breed was narrowed from the previous club's standard, and the name of the AKC recognised Jack Russell terrier was changed to Parson Russell terrier,[23] with the Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association renamed to the Parson Russell Terrier Association of America.[21]

text: The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) and the New Zealand Kennel Club (NZCK) are some of national kennel associations that register both the Jack Russell terrier and the Parson Russell terrier;[24] however, the size requirements for the Jack Russell terrier under both those standards would classify a dog as a Russell terrier in the United States.[25] In 2009, there were 1073 Jack Russells registered with the ANKC, compared to 18 for the Parson Russell terrier.[26] Other modern breeds are often mistaken for modern Jack Russell terriers, including their cousin the Parson Russell terrier,[27] the Tenterfield terrier,[28] and the Rat Terrier.[29] Several other modern breeds exist that descended from the early Fox Terrier breed, including the Brazilian Terrier, Japanese Terrier, Miniature Fox Terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat Terrier, and Tenterfield Terrier.[30]

text: Description[edit]

text: Due to their working nature, Jack Russell terriers remain much as they were some 200 years ago.[31] They are sturdy, tough, and tenacious, measuring between 10–15 inches (25–38 cm) at the withers,[32] and weigh 14–18 pounds (6.4–8.2 kg).[16] The body length must be in proportion to the height, and the dog should present a compact, balanced image. Predominantly white in coloration (more than 51%) with black and/or brown and/or tan markings,[32] they exhibit either a smooth, rough or a combination of both which is known as a broken coat. A broken-coated dog may have longer hair on the tail or face than that which is seen on a smooth-coated dog.[33] The skin can sometimes show a pattern of small black or brown spots, referred to as "ticking" that do not carry through to the outer coat.[16] All coat types should be dense double coats that are neither silky (in the case of smooth coats) nor woolly (in the case of rough coats).[16]

text: The head should be of moderate width at the ears, narrowing to the eyes, and slightly flat between the ears. There should be a defined but not overpronounced stop at the end of the muzzle where it meets the head, and a black nose. The jaw should be powerful and well boned with a scissor bite and straight teeth. The eyes are almond shaped and dark coloured and should be full of life and intelligence. Small V-shaped ears of moderate thickness are carried forward on the head.[16] When the dog is alert, the tip of the V should not extend past the outer corner of the eyes. The tail is set high and in the past was docked to approximately five inches in order to provide a sufficient hand-hold for gripping the terrier.[16]

text: The Jack Russell should always appear balanced and alert.[32] As it is primarily a working terrier, its most important physical characteristic is its chest size, which must not be so large that it prevents the dog from entering and working in burrows.[16] The red fox is the traditional quarry of the Jack Russell terrier, so the working Jack Russell must be small enough to pursue it. Red foxes vary in size, but across the world, they average from 13–17 pounds (5.9–7.7 kg) in weight and have an average chest size of 12–14 inches (30–36 cm) at the widest part.[34]

text: Differences with related breeds[edit]

text: The Jack Russell terrier and Parson Russell terrier breeds are similar, sharing a common origin, but have several marked differences — the most notable being the range of acceptable heights.[35] Other differences in the Parson can include a longer head and larger chest as well as overall a larger body size.[36] The height of a Parson Russell at the withers according to the breed standard is 12–14 inches (30–36 cm) which places it within the range of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America's standard size for a Jack Russell of 10–15 inches (25–38 cm). However, the Parson Russell is a conformation show standard whereas the Jack Russell standard is a more general working standard.[37]

text: The Russell terrier, which is also sometimes called the English Jack Russell terrier or the Short Jack Russell terrier is a generally smaller related breed.[38] Both the breed standards of the American Russell Terrier Club and the English Jack Russell Terrier Club Alliance states that at the withers it should be an ideal height of 8–12 inches (20–30 cm).[39][40] Although sometimes called the English or Irish Jack Russell terrier,[41] this is not the recognised height of Jack Russells in the United Kingdom. According to the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain's breed standard, it is the same size as the standard for Jack Russells in the United States, 10–15 inches (25–38 cm).[42] Compared to the Parson, the Russell terrier should always be longer than tall at the withers, whereas the Parson's points should be of equal distance.[43] The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard for the Jack Russell terrier has this smaller size listed as a requirement.[44] Terrierman Eddie Chapman, who has hunted in Devon for more than 30 years, the same area that John Russell himself hunted, notes that, "I can state categorically that if given the choice, ninety-nine percent of hunt terrier men would buy an under 12" worker, if it was available, over a 14" one."[45]

text: Temperament[edit]

text: Jack Russells are first and foremost a working terrier.[46] Originally bred to bolt foxes from their dens during hunts, they are used on numerous ground-dwelling quarry such as groundhog, badger, and red and grey fox.[47] The working JRT is required to locate quarry in the earth, and then either bolt it or hold it in place until they are dug to.[48] To accomplish this, the dog will not bark but will expect attention to the quarry continuously. Because the preservation of this working ability is of highest importance to most registered JRTCA/JRTCGB breeders, Jack Russells tend to be extremely intelligent, athletic, fearless, and vocal dogs.[9] It is not uncommon for these dogs to become moody or destructive if not properly stimulated and exercised, as they have a tendency to bore easily and will often create their own fun when left alone to entertain themselves.[49]

text: Their high energy and drive make these dogs ideally suited to a number of different dog sports such as flyball or agility.[50] Obedience classes are also recommended to potential owners,[47] as Jack Russells can be stubborn at times and aggressive towards other animals and humans if not properly socialized.[9] Despite their small size, these dogs are not recommended for the condominium or apartment dweller unless the owner is ready to take on the daunting task of providing the dog with the necessary amount of exercise and stimulation. They have a tremendous amount of energy for their size,[49] a fact which can sometimes lead to trouble involving larger animals.[51] They may seem never to tire and will still be energetic after their owner has called it a day. While socialised members of the breed are friendly towards children, they will not tolerate abuse even if it is unintentional.[16]

text: Health[edit]

text: The breed has a reputation for being healthy with a long lifespan.[52][better source needed] Breeders have protected the gene pool, and direct in-line breeding has been prevented. Jack Russells can live from 13 to 16 years given proper care.[41] However, certain lines have been noted for having specific health concerns and, therefore, could occur in any line or generation because of recessive genes. These issues can include hereditary cataracts, ectopia lentis, congenital deafness, patellar luxation, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, and von Willebrand disease.[41]

text: Being a hunt-driven dog, the Jack Russell will usually pursue most creatures that it encounters. This includes the skunk, and the breed is prone to skunk toxic shock syndrome.[53] The chemical in the skunk spray is absorbed by the dog and causes the red blood cells to undergo haemolysis, which can occasionally lead to fatal anaemia and kidney failure. If sprayed underground, it can also cause chemical burning of the cornea. Treatments are available to flush the toxin out of the dog's system.[54]

text: Eye disorders[edit]

text: Lens luxation, also known as ectopia lentis is the most common hereditary disorder in Jack Russell terriers. Even so, this condition is not a common occurrence in the breed. Most frequently appearing in dogs between the ages of 3 and 8 years old, it is where the lens in one or both eyes becomes displaced. There are two types, posterior luxation (where the lens slips to the back of the eye) and anterior luxation (where the lens slips forward). Posterior luxation is the less severe of the two types, as the eye can appear normal although the dog's eyesight will be affected. In anterior luxation, the lens can slip forward and rub against the cornea, damaging it. Anterior luxation also has a high probability of causing glaucoma which can lead to partial or complete blindness. Treatment is available and may include both medical and surgical options. Secondary lens luxation is caused by trauma to the eye and is not hereditary.[55] The condition appears in a number of terrier breeds as well as the Border collie, Brittany and Cardigan Welsh corgi.[56]

text: Cataracts can affect any breed of dog and is the same condition as seen in humans. Here the lens of the eye hardens and is characterised by cloudiness in the eye.[56][57] Cataracts will blur the dog's vision and can lead to permanent blindness if left untreated. While considered mainly a hereditary disease, it can also be caused by diabetes, old age, radiation, eye injury or exposure to high temperatures.[57]

text: Musculoskeletal conditions[edit]

text: Patellar luxation, also known as luxating patella, is a hereditary disorder affecting the knees. It is where the kneecap slips off the groove on which it normally sits. The effects can be temporary with the dog running while holding its hind leg in the air before running on it again once the kneecap slipped back into place as if nothing has happened. Dogs can have a problem with both rear knees, and complications can include arthritis or torn knee ligaments. Severe cases can require surgery.[58] Some are prone to dislocation of the kneecaps, inherited eye diseases, deafness and Legg Perthes—a disease of the hip joints of small dog breeds. Prone to mast cell tumors. Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, also called Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head, is where the ball section of the femur in the hip joint deteriorates following interruption of the blood flow and is the same condition as in humans.[59] In dogs, this causes lameness of the hind-legs, the thigh muscles to atrophy and pain in the joint.[60] It usually occurs between 6–12 months of age and has been documented in a variety of other terrier breeds including the Border terrier, Lakeland terrier, and Wheaten terrier.[59]

text: Well-known Jack Russell terriers[edit]

text: Nipper was a dog born in 1884 who was thought to be a dog of the Jack Russell terrier type.[61] He was the inspiration for the painting Dog looking at and listening to a Phonograph, later renamed to His Master's Voice. The painting was used by a variety of music related companies including The Gramophone Company, EMI, and RCA. Today it remains in use incorporated into the logo for HMV in UK and Europe.[62]

text: A Jack Russell named Bothy made history in 1982 as part of the Transglobe Expedition. Owned by explorers Ranulph and Ginny Fiennes, he became the first dog to travel to both the north and south poles.[63][64] This feat is unlikely to be repeated, as all dogs have been banned from Antarctica by the Antarctic Treaty nations since 1994, due to fears that they could transmit diseases to the native seal population.[65] Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton actually made the trip to the north pole by powered sledges before signalling to the base camp that they had arrived. To celebrate their achievement, a plane was sent out to take the two men champagne, along with Bothy.[66]

text: On 29 April 2007, a Jack Russell named George saved five children at a carnival in New Zealand from an attack by two pit bulls. He was reported to have charged at them and held them at bay long enough for the children to get away. Killed by the pit bulls, he was posthumously awarded the PDSA Gold Medal in 2009, the animal equivalent of the George Cross. A statue has been erected in Manaia, New Zealand in his memory.[67] A former US Marine also donated to George's owner a Purple Heart award he had received for service in Vietnam.[68]

text: On screen and in literature[edit]

text: In the UK, one of the more recognisable canine stars was restaurateur and chef Rick Stein's irrepressible terrier Chalky,[69] who frequently upstaged his owner on his various cookery series.[70] He was unique in having his own line of merchandise, including plushes, tea towels, art prints, art paw prints and two real ales – Chalky's Bite and Chalky's Bark,[71] which won gold in the Quality Drink Awards 2009.[72] Chalky was given a BBC obituary when he died in 2007.[73]

text: Father Moose and son Enzo played the role of Eddie on the long-running TV sitcom Frasier.[69] Eddie belonged to lead character Frasier's father Martin Crane, and constantly "stole the show" with his deadpan antics, receiving more fan mail than any other Frasier character.[74] Moose and Enzo also starred as Skip in the 2000 film My Dog Skip.

text: Wishbone, from the television show of the same name which aired from 1995 to 2001 in the United States, was a Jack Russell terrier.[75] Wishbone's real name was Soccer and was chosen from over a hundred other dogs vying for the part.[18]

text: Actor Gene Hackman's pet in the 1995 movie Crimson Tide was a smooth-coated Jack Russell terrier named "Bear".[76] Max, a Jack Russell terrier, played the role of Milo who is one of Stanley Ipkiss's only friends in the 1994 U.S film The Mask starring Jim Carrey.[77] Max also played the female dog Audrey in the 2000 film Mr. Accident.[69] In the 2009 movie Hotel for Dogs, Friday, one of the main characters is a Jack Russell, played by the dog actor Cosmo.[78] Cosmo went on to appear in the films Paul Blart: Mall Cop and Beginners.[79]

text: Jack Russell: Dog Detective is a series of children's books by authors Darrell and Sally Odgers, and published by Scholastic. It is about the adventures of a Jack Russell terrier named Jack Russell and his gang of friends including Jill Russell, Lord "Red" Setter and Foxie Terrier.[80]

text: Uggie (2002-2015) was an animal actor, appearing in commercials starting in 2005 and most notably cast in Water for Elephants and The Artist, both in 2011.[81] In the same year, based on interest following The Artist, the "Consider Uggie" campaign was launched, which attempted to gain the dog a nomination for an Academy Award.[82] In 2012, Uggie was named Nintendo's first-ever spokesdog.[83]

text: The 1988 Disney film Oliver and Company features Dodger who is also a Jack Russell Terrier.

text: In the long-running book and television series Arthur, the titular character's grandmother has a dog named Killer. In the television series, Killer identifies herself to other dogs as a Jack Russell Terrier.

text: Max from the 2016 film The Secret Life of Pets is a Jack Russell Terrier.

text: Patrick McDonnell's comic strip Mutts features a Jack Russell terrier named Earl who is a main character in the comic strip.[84]


document_title: Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics

question_text: when was the first time trinidad and tobago won an olympic medal

text: Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics

text: Medal tables[edit]

text: Medals by Games[edit]

text: GamesGoldSilverBronzeTotal 2012 London1124 2008 Beijing1102 1976 Montreal1001 1964 Tokyo0123 2000 Sydney0112 1948 London0101 1952 Helsinki0022 1996 Atlanta0022 2004 Athens0011 2016 Rio de Janeiro0011 1956 Melbourne0000 1968 Mexico City0000 1972 Munich0000 1980 Moscow0000 1984 Los Angeles0000 1988 Seoul0000 1992 Barcelona0000Totals (17 games)351119

tag: table

text: Medals by sport[edit]

text: SportGoldSilverBronzeTotal Athletics34815 Weightlifting0123 Swimming0011Totals (3 sports)351119

text: List of medalists[edit]

text:
Medal

Name

Games

Sport

Event

 Silver
Rodney Wilkes
 1948 London
 Weightlifting
Men's featherweight

 Bronze
Rodney Wilkes
 1952 Helsinki
 Weightlifting
Men's featherweight

 Bronze
Lennox Kilgour
 1952 Helsinki
 Weightlifting
Men's middle-heavyweight

 Silver
Wendell Mottley
 1964 Tokyo
 Athletics
Men's 400 metres

 Bronze
Edwin Roberts
 1964 Tokyo
 Athletics
Men's 200 metres

 Bronze
Wendell MottleyKent BernardEdwin RobertsEdwin Skinner
 1964 Tokyo
 Athletics
Men's 4 x 400 metres relay

 Gold
Hasely Crawford
 1976 Montreal
 Athletics
Men's 100 metres

 Bronze
Ato Boldon
 1996 Atlanta
 Athletics
Men's 100 metres

 Bronze
Ato Boldon
 1996 Atlanta
 Athletics
Men's 200 metres

 Silver
Ato Boldon
 2000 Sydney
 Athletics
Men's 100 metres

 Bronze
Ato Boldon
 2000 Sydney
 Athletics
Men's 200 metres

 Bronze
George Bovell
 2004 Athens
 Swimming
Men's 200 metre individual medley

 Gold
Keston BledmanMarc BurnsEmmanuel CallenderRichard ThompsonAaron Armstrong
 2008 Beijing
 Athletics
Men's 4 x 100 metres relay

 Silver
Richard Thompson
 2008 Beijing
 Athletics
Men's 100 metres

 Gold
Keshorn Walcott
 2012 London
 Athletics
Men's javelin throw

 Silver
Marc BurnsKeston BledmanEmmanuel CallenderRichard Thompson
 2012 London
 Athletics
Men's 4 x 100 metres relay[1]

 Bronze
Lalonde Gordon
 2012 London
 Athletics
Men's 400 metres

 Bronze
Lalonde GordonJarrin SolomonRenny QuowDeon LendoreMachel CedenioAde Alleyne-Forte
 2012 London
 Athletics
Men's 4 x 400 metres relay

 Bronze
Keshorn Walcott
 2016 Rio de Janeiro
 Athletics
Men's javelin throw

text: 1948 Summer Olympics[edit]

text: The Games of the XIV Olympiad were held in 1948 in London, United Kingdom. This was the first time Trinidad & Tobago was represented in the Olympics. The Trinidad & Tobago Olympic Committee sent nine athletes and officials to represent the nation in three disciplines.

text: Errol Knowles was the Chef de Mission

text: Athletics[edit]

text: Three athletes and one official represented this discipline.

text:
George Lewis- 100 m & 200 m
Manny Ramjohn- 500 m & 1000 m
Wilfred Tull- 800 m & 1500 m
A.E. Browne- Manager/Coach

tag: ul

text: Trinidad & Tobago did not win any medals in 1948 for this discipline.

text: Cycling[edit]

text: One athlete and one official represented this discipline.

text:
Compton Gonsalves- Kilometer Time Trial
Laurie Rogers- Manager/Coach

text: Compton Gonsalves placed 17th in the kilometer time trial with a time of 1 minute and 32 seconds.

text: Weightlifting[edit]

text:
Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

 Trinidad and Tobago

0
1
0
1

text:
Rodney Wilkes- Featherweight
Lionel Seemungal- Manager/Coach

text: Rodney Wilkes won the first medal for Trinidad and Tobago lifting 317.5 kilograms in three lifts.

text: 1952 Summer Olympics[edit]

text: The Games of the XV Olympiad were held in 1952 in Helsinki, Finland. This was the second time Trinidad & Tobago was represented in the Olympics. The Trinidad & Tobago Olympic Committee sent four athletes and officials to represent the nation in one discipline.

text: Errol Knowles was the Chef de Mission

text: Weightlifting[edit]

text:
Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

 Trinidad and Tobago

0
0
2
2

text: Two athletes and one official represented this discipline.

text:
Rodney Wilkes- Featherweight
Lennox Kilgour- Middle Heavy
Freddy Mendes- Coach

text: Both athletes won medals for Trinidad & Tobago. Rodney Wilkes lift 322.5 kilograms and Lennox Kilgour lift 402.5 kilograms.

text: 1956 Summer Olympics[edit]

text: The Games of the XVI Olympiad were held in 1956 in Melbourne, Australia. This was the third time Trinidad & Tobago was represented in the Olympics. The Trinidad & Tobago Olympic Committee sent eight athletes and officials to represent the nation in one discipline.

text: Dr. Roderick Marcano was the Chef de Mission.

text: Athletics[edit]

text: Three athletes represented this discipline.

text:
Mike Agostini - 100 m & 200 m
Joseph Goddard - 100 m & 200 m
Edmund Turton

text: Michael Agostini placed 6th in the 100 m and 4th in the 200 m.

text: Cycling[edit]

text: One athlete represented this discipline.

text: Hilton Mitchell- Match Sprint & Kolo Time Trial

text: Weightlifting[edit]

text:
Lennox Kilgour- Middle Heavy
Rodney Wilkes- Featherweight
Alexander Chapman- Coach

text: Lennox Kilgour placed 6th. Rodney Wilkes placed 4th lifting 330 kilograms.

text: 1960 Summer Olympics[edit]

text: The Games of the XVII Olympiad were held in 1960 in Rome, Italy.

text: In 1958 the West Indies joined together to become a Confederation. Because of this, a West Indian Team was entered in the Olympics. Trinidad and Tobago however contributed four athletes to the team.

text:
Clifton Bertrand- Athletics
Clyde Rimple- Cycling
Richard Bennett- Sailing
David Farfan- Sailing

text: The British West Indies won two bronze medals, none of which were attributed to Trinidad & Tobago.

text: 1964 Summer Olympics[edit]

text: The Games of the XVIII Olympiad were held in 1964 in Tokyo, Japan. This was the fourth time Trinidad & Tobago was represented in the Olympics. The Trinidad & Tobago Olympic Committee sent twenty athletes and officials to represent the nation in four disciplines.

text: Knolly Henderson was the Chef de Mission.

text: Athletics[edit]

text:
Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

 Trinidad and Tobago

0
1
2
3

text: Seven athletes and two official represented this discipline.

text:
Kent Bernard- 4 × 400 m relay
Clifton Bertrand
Wilton Jackson
Wendell Mottley- 400 m & 4 × 400 m relay
Edwin Roberts- 200 m & 4 × 400 m relay
Edwin Skinner- 4 × 400 m relay
E. McDonald Bailey- Coach
Broderick Lynch- Manager

text: Edwin Roberts won bronze in the 200 m in 20.3 seconds. The men’s relay team also won bronze. Wendell Mottley won silver for the 400 m in 45.2 seconds.

text: Cycling[edit]

text: Three athletes and two official represented this discipline.

text:
Ronald Cassidy- Track
Roger Gibbon- Track
Fitzroy Hoyte- Track
Gordon Carew- Coach
Compton Gonsalves- Mechanic

text: Sailing[edit]

text:
Cordell Barrow- Flying Dutchman
Rawle Barrow- Flying Dutchman
Bob Levorsen- Coach

text: The sailing team placed 20th.

text: Weightlifting[edit]

text:
Brandon Bailey- Heavyweight
Hugo Gittens- Lightweight
Alexander Chapman- Coach

text: Hugo Gittens placed 11th in the lightweight class with 367.5 kg (810 lb). Brandon Bailey placed 20th in the heavyweight division.


document_title: Lana Lang

question_text: who was clark kent's high school sweetheart

question_tokens: who was clark kent 's high school sweetheart

text: Lana Lang

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Created by writer Bill Finger and artist John Sikela, the character first appears in Superboy #10 (September/October 1950). Across decades of Superman comics and adaptations into other media, Lana has most consistently been depicted as Superman's teenage romantic interest growing up in Smallville; as an adult, she is a distant friend of Superman in his civilian identity as Clark Kent.

text: Lana is one of many Superman characters with the alliterative initials "LL", the most notable other examples being Superman's primary love interest Lois Lane and nemesis, Lex Luthor. In the Silver Age, she regularly appeared in comic books depicting the adventures of Superman's teenaged self, Superboy, and also appeared as an adult in numerous Superman titles, vying with Lois Lane for his attention. In Modern revisions of DC Comics continuity, she and Clark are shown to have remained friends since their teenage years. The stories varies across different revisions of Superman's origin story. For example, in Superman: Secret Origin, Lana becomes privy to Clark's unusual abilities at an early age and becomes his earliest confidant outside of his parents and the futuristic Legion of Super-Heroes.

text: She has been featured in most other media adaptations of Superboy, typically as a teenager. These portrayals include the Adventures of Superboy television series (played by Stacy Haiduk), and the WB television series Smallville (played by Kristin Kreuk). In Smallville she was teenage Clark Kent's principal romantic interest throughout the show's first seven seasons. She has also appeared in many adaptations of Superman stories, although her role is generally smaller. In Superman: The Movie Lana was played by Diane Sherry. In the 1983 film Superman III, she is played by Annette O'Toole, who would later portray Martha Kent on Smallville.

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Silver Age and Bronze Age[edit]

text: Earth-One version[edit]

text: In the original Superboy stories, Lana was the girl who lived next door to the Kent family in Smallville, and was a romantic interest of Superboy. In the Silver Age stories, Lana often behaved like a younger version of Lois Lane, spending much of her time trying to prove that Superboy and Clark Kent were one and the same.[1]

text: At one point, Lana once rescued an insect-like alien trapped by a fallen tree in Smallville. In gratitude, the alien gave her a "bio-genetic" ring which allowed Lana to gain insect (and insect-like, such as arachnids) characteristics. Lana created a yellow honeybee-like costume and mask, and took the name "Insect Queen", under which identity Lana had several adventures.[2]

text: Lana also had various adventures with Superboy, and several with the futuristic superhero team the Legion of Super-Heroes.[3] Also appearing in some Silver Age stories was Lana's uncle, Professor Potter, an eccentric inventor.[4]

text: After Clark and Lana graduated from high school, Lana went to college, and eventually became a television reporter for Metropolis TV station WMET-TV.[5] As an adult, Lana became a rival to Lois Lane for Superman's affection in various 1960s stories, often appearing in the title Superman's Girlfriend, Lois Lane.

text: During the 1970s and early 1980s, Lana became an anchorwoman for WGBS-TV's evening news in Metropolis, as a co-anchor to Clark Kent.[6] Her attraction to Superman during this time had also died off, leaving Superman to Lois Lane. Lana later became romantically linked to the alien super-hero Vartox.[7] Eventually, she and Clark Kent became romantically involved in stories prior to the Crisis on Infinite Earths.

text: Earth-Two version[edit]

text: In the early 1980s, with the use of the multiverse system DC had in place, Lana Lang was also shown in several stories to have had an Earth-Two counterpart (Earth-Two at the time the home of the Justice Society of America and DC's Golden Age versions of its characters, versus its mainstream universe of "Earth-One"). The Earth-Two Lana Lang was introduced in Superman Family #203. In this story, Lana Lang joins the Daily Star as a television critic. On Earth-two Lana's father left Smallville and move to Metropolis as a young man, so Clark did not know Lana in his youth.

text: Later, she became an Insect Queen like her Earth-One counterpart; in this case, Lana had received a mystic amulet from her archaeologist father, said amulet having been created to allow a Pharaoh to control and divert the locust hordes that threatened ancient Egypt. Unfortunately, the charm associated with the amulet was set to be energized by the sound of approaching insect wings; by unfortunate coincidence, the sound of Superman's super-speed flying was similar enough to activate the spell. Lana was thus compelled to create a Chitinous golden-brown costume (woven by silkworms under her control) and adopt a villainous alter ego, the Insect Queen. After an initial clash with Superman, the Insect Queen fell under the mental influence of Superman's enemy, the Ultra-Humanite, who kept her under the spell's compulsion and prevented her from reverting to normal. Earth-Two's Superman was able to locate an antidote to the spell, which Lois Lane used to remove the compulsion (Superman Family #213), letting Lana break free of Ultra's influence and making her able to use the amulet's power at her own discretion. The Earth-2 Insect Queen would later use her abilities to aid Superman in times of need. This version of Lana Lang was retconned out of existence after the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths.

text: Modern Age[edit]

text: After the 1985-1986 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths was written, various aspects of Lana's history were retconned, starting with comics writer John Byrne's miniseries The Man of Steel, which was designed to rewrite Superman's origin from scratch. In the post-Crisis version of events, Lana was a childhood friend of Clark, with a certain degree of romantic tension in the air as Lana had long pined after Clark, who had loved her only platonically in return.

text: After they graduated from high school Clark took Lana on a private walk, saying that he had to tell her something important, which Lana honestly expected to be a marriage proposal. He then divulged to her that he had superpowers, displayed by flying her around the world, before explaining that he felt he had to leave Smallville to help humanity as a whole. Kissing her goodbye "like a brother," Lana was left in considerable shock, not only over the revelation of Clark's superpowers, but also over the final realization that he held no reciprocal romantic feelings towards her, leaving Lana heartbroken and alone. When Lana finally aired her grievance with him years later (The Man of Steel #6), Clark felt very badly over how he had hurt her.

text: When Clark appeared in public as Superman some years later, the lonely and depressed Lana deduced his true identity and became something of a stalker, to the extent that Lex Luthor noticed the frequency with which she appeared in the vicinity of the hero and actually had her tortured in an attempt to gain whatever inside knowledge of Superman she might have.[volume & issue needed] However, Lana bravely kept Clark's identity a secret and upon his rescuing her their relationship became more healthy once again, albeit still at a distance. This stalking proved to be caused by a long-term conspiracy of the Oan-created androids, the Manhunters, from whose control Lana and the rest of Smallville's children born around the same time as her were eventually freed. Unlike the pre-Crisis Earth-One continuity, Lana did not go on to have a journalistic career or compete with Lois for Superman's affections, nor play a significant role in Clark's life in Metropolis.

text: Lana's relationship with Clark is again altered in 2003's Superman: Birthright limited series by Mark Waid, which again revises Superman's origins. This storyline, which takes some inspiration from the TV show Smallville (such as the appearance of Ma and Pa Kent), also shows Clark and Lana to have had a mutual romantic relationship during their youth. At the start of the storyline, Lana has already left Smallville prior to Clark's return from his world journey. Upon his arrival home, Clark is told that Lana left some time prior and has not been heard from since. Following this storyline, there is never again any mention of her history regarding Clark or Superman.

text: Lana's "Birthright" history has been yet again re-made following the events of the Infinite Crisis, which has revived Clark's pre-Crisis Superboy alter-ego. In this new history, Lana's romantic relationship with Clark was often interrupted by her two obnoxious brothers (which she lacked in previous versions). The full extent of her history and her connection to Superboy/Clark has not been fully disclosed. Again, her previous history has not been mentioned since this revision.

text: Years later, the post-Crisis Lana eventually married Pete Ross.[volume & issue needed] The two settled into a quiet life in Smallville, where they had a son they named after their mutual friend, Clark, after Lana asked Clark to save the baby's life when a car accident caused him to be born eight weeks premature; although Clark's efforts to take him to receive care were interrupted by the attack of the Brainiac-controlled Doomsday, Brainiac's subsequent attempts to use the baby's DNA to create a new body for himself brought the baby to full term.[volume & issue needed] Pete began a career in politics that got him elected to the Senate.[volume & issue needed] In 2000, Senator Ross became Lex Luthor's vice presidential running mate in Luthor's bid to become President, and after the two won, Lana moved to Washington, D.C. Eventually, Luthor was forced from his office, and Pete Ross became President (and Lana the First Lady). As she and Pete began to drift apart, Lana began to subtly attempt to regain Clark's affections, much to the anger of his (now) wife Lois Lane. Pete and Lana briefly reunited after Superman saved them from being killed by the villainous Ruin.[8]

text: In Superman #654, Perry White reported that Lana had become CEO of Lexcorp following the ousting of founder Lex Luthor. In Superman/Batman #49, it is revealed that she sold Kryptonite to the government to prevent Lexcorp from going under, and had caches of Kryptonite placed all over the planet, as a last-ditch defense if Superman should ever go rogue. When Superman and Batman come to remove the Kryptonite, Lana refuses to hand it over, and pushes a button which turns the caches into "dirty bombs" which spread Kryptonite molecules through the entire planet, forcing all Kryptonians to vacate. However, Toyman uses special nanobots to remove all of the Kryptonite molecules, undoing the damage. Superman meets with Lana again, with Lana telling him she was left with no choice. Superman responds by telling her that, while he does sometimes wonder what things would have been like if he had married her rather than Lois, there is a reason he is with Lois instead of her, Lois would never have pushed the button. After Superman flies off, someone is shown watching Lana crying on a screen, saying to her "you did perfect". In Superman/Batman #63 suggests that this was Gorilla Grodd, when Batman mentions that "Grodd finally finished what he started when he controlled Lana all those years ago." However, this scenario is later revealed to be a simulation created in the Batcomputer.

text: She later tries to help Superman, facing the time-traveling strongman Atlas, by sending the Luthor Squad. This act activates a dormant program inside the Lexcorp mainframes, an holographic version of Luthor. The holographic copy of Luthor informs Lana that by helping Superman she has violated the Lexcorp standard contract of employment ("very, very fine print"), that forbids Lexcorp employers to use Lexcorp resources for helping Kryptonians, under the penalty of termination. Lana is given five minutes to leave the building, or she will be shot to death.[9]

text: In 2008, new Supergirl writer Sterling Gates told Newsarama: "We're integrating Supergirl's book more into the Superman universe, and that includes having a supporting cast that overlaps with that world. I'm very interested in tying her back in to Metropolis and making sure that her world is a part of the Superman universe. Cat Grant will be a regular supporting cast member, as will Lana Lang."[10]

text: Lana takes it upon herself to reach out to Supergirl. She offers her advice and friendship. Around the same time, Perry White has been actively pursuing Lana to take over the Business section of the Daily Planet, a position which Lana was afraid to accept, following her bad experience with Lexcorp. Eventually, Lana and Supergirl decide together that Lana will accept the position, and that Supergirl will take on the secret identity of Linda Lang, niece of Lana Lang. Lana now lives in Metropolis with Supergirl, and is working as the editor of the Business section of the Daily Planet.

text: She briefly returns to Smallville to attend Jonathan Kent's funeral. However, unable to muster enough resolve to patch up things with Clark, Lana leaves before giving him her condolences.[11]

text: While attending a student journalism award ceremony with Jimmy Olsen and Cat Grant, Lana suddenly collapses, with blood pouring out her nose.;[12] She receives a call from her doctor telling her that he has "bad news" for her.[13] Following another collapse, Lana is taken to hospital and operated on. She apparently dies on the operating table, but her body is later encased in a cocoon by black insect-like creatures, which then starts to crack open.[14] The hospital is soon engulfed by a gigantic cocoon-like structure, and a number of workers as well as the Science Police and the Guardian are taken hostage by an army of giant insects. Supergirl is soon captured and awakens bound and gagged at the feet of Lana, who is now possessed by the Insect Queen. The Queen reveals to Supergirl that during her last encounter with Lana, she injected her with a portion of her DNA and has been slowly taking control of her body for the past year, with the ultimate goal of capturing a Kryptonian to use as a template for an army of hybird insects. Supergirl breaks free and is able to expel the Queen from Lana's body with help from Kryptonian technology, and Lana returns to her normal state. While recovering, Lana is visited by Supergirl, who tells her she can no longer be a part of her family due to her lies about her condition.[15] Lana and "Linda" have since reconciled and are currently living in the Hammersmith tower building in Metropolis.[16]

text: The New 52[edit]

text: In September 2011, DC Comics rebooted the DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Lana was a childhood friend of Clark and has been privy to Clark's unusual abilities from an early age.[17] They also shared mutual romantic feelings for each other during their youth, and would have gone to the Senior Prom together if that had not been the night that Clark's parents died.[18] Lana eventually left Clark behind in Smallville to make her own mark on the world, but not before reassuring him that she would always love him.[19] In the present day continuity, Lana works as an electrical engineer on various projects around the world. It is hinted that adult Clark still harbours romantic feelings for Lana.[20]

text: In The New 52: Futures End, Lang was among the countless Earth 2 refugees who escaped the destruction of their home world by Darkseid and his Parademon army, and relocated to Prime Earth. Ending up working in the Cadmus Island subbasement under King Faraday, Lana was able to conceal her meta-human biology from everyone, except Cole Cash. Lana and Cole eventually escaped the island together, but were then forced to visit the Earth Registration Authority, where it was reported that Cole Cash had died nine years prior, forcing him to re-register under the legal name "Cole Lang"- Lana's husband and an Earth-2 native. Shortly afterwards, Lana adopted Susan Lang, formerly Fifty Sue, a superpowered little girl she had met on Cadmus island.

text: DC Rebirth[edit]

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2017)

text: In 2016, DC Comics started a company wide crossover event titled Rebirth. Lana was discovered under a memorial for Superman by a pre-Flashpoint Clark Kent, where she revealed that she had made a promise to move Clark's remains next to his family's in Smallville, Kansas. The Pre-Flashpoint Clark had her take him to the Fortress of Solitude to see if he could revive Superman as he had assumed, but realized that he couldn't. He then took Lana to Smallville and helped her to re-bury Superman's remains.

text: It is subsequently revealed that, apparently due to their presence at the death of the New 52 Clark Kent, Lana and Lois have acquired powers, each calling themselves 'Superwoman', with Lois demonstrating Superman's traditional powers while Lana manifests a form similar to the more recent 'Superman Red', able to absorb and generate multiple forms of energy. Although she initially planned to operate in secret, after Lois is turned to stone, Lana has begun taking on a more active role as Superwoman.

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Batman: The Dark Knight Returns[edit]

text: In Frank Miller's classic miniseries Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, Lana is an overweight, middle-aged woman, and The Daily Planet's managing editor. Over the course of the story, she becomes Batman's most outspoken supporter, appearing in a series of TV debates in which she and others argue over his methods and influence.

text: Generations[edit]

text: In the first volume of 'Superman & Batman: Generations' Lana has become immortal, gained metahuman abilities and lived hundreds of years into the future, due to her constant exposure to magics and biochemicals. She has joined Superman in space as his wife, after searching for him for centuries and agrees to work with him and Batman to police the far, wild corners of known space.[21]

text: JLA: The Nail[edit]

text: In JLA: The Nail, Lana is a doctor at a research facility dedicated to studying metahumans in the belief that they are alien invaders, although she secretly helps smuggle various heroes out of the facility to hide with the Kents (who in this reality never found Kal-El's ship).

text: Multiversity: Mastermen[edit]

text: In the seventh installment of the DC Multiverse-spanning series, Multiversity Mastermen. Lana appears as Lena in the story, on an alternate Earth where Kal-L's rocket landed in Sudetenland, in Nazi Germany's pre-war empire in 1938. Reverse-engineering Kal-L's spacecraft enables the Nazis to achieve world domination and win the Second World War. On this Earth the United States falls in April 1956, Sixty years later, Lena is Overman's consort, but their relationship is cold and loveless. She is concerned and angered about the loss of her acquired youth, chide him for mourning Overgirl, dismissing her as a mere clone, and is nervous about Freedom Fighters terrorism. She was attending a performance of 'The Ring Trilogy' in New Bayreuth, when New Reichman's Eagle's Nest space station impacted and destroyed Metropolis, killing millions. In the New 52 DC Multiverse it is Earth 10.

text: Superman: Red Son[edit]

text: In Superman: Red Son by Mark Millar, Lana is re-imagined as Lana Lazarenko. Lana grew up in the Ukraine along with the young Superman after his escape vessel landed there while he was an infant. She becomes a tour guide in a Superman museum and occasionally accompanied Superman to public events in the sixties. This continuity is now known as Earth-30 in the current New 52 DC Multiverse. Lana Lazarenko's ultimate fate is uncertain, as she does not appear in the final segment of that graphic novel, set in 2001.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: Animated[edit]

text:
Beginning in 1966, Lana appeared in The Adventures of Superboy segments that were featured in the animated series The New Adventures of Superman, The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and The Batman/Superman Hour. She was voiced by Janet Waldo in all three seasons.
Lana also appeared in the Superman 1988 animated voiced by Russi Taylor as a young girl and by Liz Georges as a teenager.

text:
The pilot episode of Superman: The Animated Series followed the "post-Crisis" comics, with Lana being the first person Clark confided in about his superpowers. The young Lana was voiced by Kelley Schmidt, and the adult version by Joely Fisher. She mentioned she had a crush on him since the age of three. Lana, as an adult, first appears in "My Girl", as a famous fashion designer who already knows Superman's secret identity. Lana's relationship with Lex Luthor breaks off after she tries to pass information on to Clark about Luthor's plots. She later appears in "Obsession" and a cameo in the ending of the episode "The Late Mr. Kent", providing a cover story for Clark's reappearance after he was presumed dead after an attempt on his life.
Lana appears in a cameo in Justice League the episode "Hereafter." She is seen at Superman's funeral. In the episode "For the Man Who Has Everything" Superman is put into a dream-like state by Mongul. In this dreamworld, Superman is living on Krypton with a wife (the physical appearance of Superman's wife suggest a combination of both Lois and Lana, as the character has the voice and appearance of Lois but with red hair, and the character being listed as Loana) and has a son named Van-El, along with Superman's father Jor-El. Dana Delany, who voices Lois Lane in Superman: The Animated Series and Justice League voices Superman's wife in this episode.
Lana makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "The Battle of the Superheroes!", an episode that pays tribute to a number of Silver Age Superman stories. In a scene that directly homages the cover to Superman's Girlfriend Lois Lane #26, Lana and a Red Kryptonite-infected Superman are shown relaxing together on a beach while a stunned Lois watches them in horror.

text: Live-action[edit]

text:
In the failed 1961 TV pilot The Adventures of Superboy, Lana Lang made her first live-action appearance, portrayed by Bunny Henning, alongside Johnny Rockwell as Superboy.
In the late 1980s-early 1990s Superboy television series, Lana was played by Stacy Haiduk. In this version, she was a lifelong friend of Clark, who accompanied him to Shuster University (named after Superman's co-creator) and later the Bureau for Extra-Normal Matters, where she and Clark investigated all of the unusual incidents that took place in Capitol City, Florida.
Lana made one appearance in a 1996 episode of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, where she was played by Emily Procter. The Season 3 episode, "Tempus, Anyone?", is set in a parallel universe, where Clark and Lois have never met each other, as Lois vanished on an investigation in the Congo, before Clark arrived in Metropolis (this is later implied to because of a predestination paradox, as the alternate Clark is later seen planning to go to the Congo with H. G. Wells, their words suggesting that they intend to rescue the alternate Lois). In this reality, a blonde Lana is engaged to Clark, and she encourages him to keep his abilities secret, warning him that he'll be locked up and sent to a government laboratory if people find out about his superpowers. Lana ends the relationship after the mainstream universe Lois persuades this world's Clark to become Superman and battle the villain Tempus. Though the mainstream universe's Lana never appeared, dialogue between Lois and Clark suggest that the latter broke up with Lana during high school on good terms, but they remain in touch as friends. It's also implied that Lana, like her parallel universe counterpart, knew of Clark's secrets.

text: In the 2000s television series Smallville, Lana, played by Kristin Kreuk, is again the love interest of the young Clark Kent. In a marked contrast to the redhead Lana Lang who appears in the Superman comic books, Kreuk is a brunette. Lana is said to be descended on her mother's side from a French witch, Countess Marguerite Isobel Theroux, whose vengeful spirit returns to possess her in a story line taking up much of season 4, and also a great niece of Louise McCallum, the first love of Clark's biological father, Jor-El.[22] In Smallville, Lana and Clark's relationship is depicted (at least initially) as the complete reverse of the post-Crisis version, whereby it was Clark who likes Lana without the other really knowing. This initial scenario also incorporated elements of the 1978 movie continuity by introducing the character of Whitney Fordman, Lana's quarterback boyfriend and Clark's antagonist at the beginning of the series. Following Whitney's departure at the end of the first season, their relationship varied over the next few years, Clark occasionally attempting to date Lana before his fears over her reaction to his secret caused him to retreat, these fears made even worse since he blames himself for the death of Lana's parents in the same meteor shower that brought him to Smallville. Although the two begin dating at the end of Season Four after Clark's powers are taken from him by Jor-El as punishment for disobeying him, he begins to draw back after he regains his abilities because he is afraid of hurting her if they are intimate. Although he reveals his secret in the mid-season finale of Season Five, he turns back time and erases this confession when Lana is killed in an accident, subsequently breaking up with her after his father's death. Lana goes on to date and marry Lex Luthor after discovering that she is apparently pregnant, the two divorce when Lana learns that Lex faked her pregnancy to get her to marry him, Lana once again dating Clark after he admits his secret to her. Although they are involved for most of Season Seven, Lana's attempts to take down Lex while spying on him without Clark's knowledge, along with such factors as her spending a few weeks involved with Clark's Phantom Zone duplicate without realizing the difference and being attacked and sent into a coma by Brainiac, culminate in Lana leaving Clark at the end of the season. Lana returns to Smallville (her character only appeared in five episodes in Season Eight) to attend Chloe Sullivan and Jimmy Olsen's wedding, and also to acquire a special nanotechnology suit developed by Lex Luthor, giving her superpowers matching Clark's. Unfortunately, one of Lana's new powers gives her the ability to drain energy from kryptonite, resulting in her suit constantly giving out its deadly radiation after she absorbs some of it. Clark is thus weakened when he gets close to her. Lex Luthor, in a last attempt at revenge, threatens to blow up the entire Daily Planet building with kryptonite explosives. Lana and Clark share a kiss before they decide that she has to absorb the kryptonite from the bomb, leaving the nanites embedded on her skin apparently permanently irradiated. Later at the barn, Clark attempts to kiss Lana again and as he does, green veins crawl up his face, showing that he is dying from the close exposure to kryptonite. Lana breaks off the kiss, not being able to stand the pain she is causing him. She runs off in tears and Clark is left on the floor. In the series finale when a dying Tess Mercer erases a resurrected Lex Luthor's memories Lana is seen in flashbacks as one of the many people Lex will never remember. Lana makes an appearance in the ninth issue of television series' comic book continuation, Smallville Season Eleven, watching Clark and Bart Allen from afar at the coast of Cameroon.[23] Lana officially returns in Smallville Season Eleven Special #2, where she uses her abilities in Africa to help children from people who would exploit them. However, after a battle with John Corben, the nanites embedded on her skin are absorbed by Corben's kryptonite heart, rendering her powerless once more.[24] She remains dedicated to her cause and mission, but vows to change her tactics.[24]

text: Film[edit]

text: Animated[edit]

text:
In All Star Superman, Superman briefly mentions a good friend named Lana (presumably Lana Lang) while writing down his final journal entry.
Lana Lang appears in Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, voiced by Paget Brewster. She appears as a commentator while also revealed as editor of the Daily Planet on a show called "Point vs Point".

text: Live action[edit]

text:
In Richard Donner's Superman in 1978, Lana Lang had a brief appearance in a scene at Smallville High. She was shown to be a cheerleader at the school with a fairly obvious crush on Clark, even though her current boyfriend was a football player named Brad. She was portrayed by Diane Sherry.
In the 1983 movie Superman III, Lana was played by Annette O'Toole. In an interview for the documentary Look Up In The Sky: The Amazing Story of Superman, O'Toole states that the producers of Smallville (where she plays Clark's own adoptive mother, Martha Kent) were not aware that she had appeared in Superman III until after she was cast in the TV series. In Superman III, Lana is a divorcee with a son named Ricky. Lana's former boyfriend Brad, a former jock and Clark's childhood bully, is now a security guard and is still vying for her attention, even though she despises him.

text: DC Extended Universe[edit]

text:
Jadin Gould portrayed a young Lana Lang in Zack Snyder's Man of Steel in 2013. In the film, Lana, along with many other students, is saved by Clark after their school bus falls into a lake.
Emily Peterson portrayed Lana Lang in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. She makes a cameo appearance at Clark Kent's funeral after Superman had died saving Metropolis from Doomsday and expresses her condolences to Martha Kent and Lois Lane.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Lana appears in the DC Universe Online video game, voiced by Lorrie Singer.


question_text: who did virginia cavaliers lose to this year

text: Previous season[edit]

text: The Cavaliers finished the 2016–17 season 23–11, and 11–7 in ACC play to tie Duke for fifth place. They defeated Pittsburgh in the second round of the ACC Tournament to advance to the quarterfinals where they lost to Notre Dame. The Wahoos received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as the No. 5 seed in the East region. There they defeated No. 12 UNC Wilmington in the First Round before losing in the Second Round to No. 4 Florida.

text: Offseason[edit]

text: Departures[edit]

text:
Name
Number
Pos.
Height
Weight
Year
Hometown
Reason for departure

Marial Shayok
4
G
6'5"
196
Junior
Ottawa, ON
Transferred to Iowa State

Jeff Jones
24
F
6'6"
213
Senior
Charlottesville, VA
Walk-on; graduated

Jarred Reuter
31
F
6'7"
243
Sophomore
Marion, MA
Transferred to George Mason

London Perrantes
32
G
6'2"
197
Senior
Los Angeles, CA
Graduated

Darius Thompson
51
G
6'4"
196
RS Junior
Murfreesboro, TN
Graduate transferred to Western Kentucky

text: Incoming transfers[edit]

text:
Name
Number
Pos.
Height
Weight
Year
Hometown
Previous School

Nigel Johnson
23
G
6'1"
190
RS Senior
Ashburn, VA
Transferred from Rutgers. Will be eligible to play immediately since Johnson graduated from Rutgers.

text: 2017 recruiting class[edit]

text:
US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes

Name
Hometown
High school / college
Height
Weight
Commit date

Marco Anthony
#44 SG
San Antonio, TX
Holmes High School
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
200 lb (91 kg)
Jul 18, 2016

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports:    ESPN:   ESPN grade: 79

Francesco Badocchi
SF
Milan, Italy
Bishop Miege (KS)
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
185 lb (84 kg)
Apr 30, 2017

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports:    ESPN: N/A   ESPN grade: NR

Overall recruiting rankings:

Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.

Sources:

"Virginia 2017 Basketball Commitments". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2017 Virginia Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2016 Player Commits". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2017 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

"Virginia 2017 Basketball Commitments". 247sports.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

text: 2018 recruiting class[edit]

text:
[show]US college sports recruiting information for 2018 recruits

Name
Hometown
High school / college
Height
Weight
Commit date

Kody Stattmann
SG
Cairns, Queensland, Austalia
St. Augustine's College
6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
N/A
Aug 28, 2017

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports:    ESPN: N/A   ESPN grade: NR

Kihei Clark
PG
Woodland Hills, CA
Taft High School
5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
N/A
Oct 2, 2017

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals: N/A   247Sports:    ESPN: N/A   ESPN grade: NR

Overall recruiting rankings:

Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.

Sources:

"Virginia 2018 Basketball Commitments". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2018 Virginia Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2016 Player Commits". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2018 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

"Virginia 2018 Basketball Commitments". 247sports.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

text: Roster[edit]

text:
2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team

Players
Coaches

Pos.
#
Name
Height
Weight
Year
Previous school
Hometown

1.5 !G
0
Hall, DevonDevon Hall (C)
77 !6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
211 lb (96 kg)
4.5 !RS Sr
Cape Henry Collegiate School
Virginia Beach, Virginia

3.5 !F
1
Badocchi, FrancescoFrancesco Badocchi
79 !6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
185 lb (84 kg)
1.0 !Fr
Bishop Miege HS
Milan, Italy

1.5 !G
2
Bartley, JusticeJustice Bartley
77 !6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
212 lb (96 kg)
3.0 !Jr
Montrose Christian School
Lilburn, Georgia

1.5 !G
5
Guy, KyleKyle Guy
74 !6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
175 lb (79 kg)
2.0 !So
Lawrence Central HS
Indianapolis, Indiana

1.5 !G
10
Gross Jr., TrevonTrevon Gross Jr.
75 !6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
202 lb (92 kg)
3.0 !Jr
St. Benedict's Prep School
Jackson, New Jersey

1.5 !G
11
Jerome, TyTy Jerome
77 !6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
200 lb (91 kg)
2.0 !So
Iona Preparatory School
New Rochelle, New York

3.5 !F
12
Hunter, DeAndreDeAndre Hunter
79 !6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
222 lb (101 kg)
1.5 !RS Fr
Friends' Central School
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

3.5 !F
21
Wilkins, IsaiahIsaiah Wilkins (C)
79 !6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
227 lb (103 kg)
4.0 !Sr
Greater Atlanta Christian
Atlanta, Georgia

1.5 !G
23
Johnson, NigelNigel Johnson
73 !6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
182 lb (83 kg)
4.5 !RS Sr
Riverdale Baptist School
Rutgers
Ashburn, Virginia

1.5 !G
24
Anthony, MarcoMarco Anthony
76 !6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
228 lb (103 kg)
1.0 !Fr
Holmes HS
San Antonio, Texas

3.5 !F
25
Diakite, MamadiMamadi Diakite
81 !6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
228 lb (103 kg)
2.5 !RS So
Blue Ridge School
Conakry, Guinea

3.5 !F
30
Huff, JayJay Huff
85 !7 ft 1 in (2.16 m)
230 lb (104 kg)
1.5 !RS Fr
Voyager Academy
Durham, North Carolina

5.0 !C
33
Salt, JackJack Salt (C)
82 !6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
250 lb (113 kg)
3.5 !RS Jr
Westlake Boys HS
Auckland, New Zealand

3.5 !F
45
Katstra, AustinAustin Katstra (W)
78 !6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
214 lb (97 kg)
1.0 !Fr
Albemarle HS
Charlottesville, Virginia

Head coach

Tony Bennett (Green Bay)

Assistant coach(es)

Ron Sanchez (SUNY-Oneonta)
Jason Williford (Virginia)
Brad Soderberg (UW–Stevens Point)

Strength and conditioning coach(es)

Mike Curtis (Virginia)

Athletic trainer(s)

Ethan Saliba (Kansas)

Legend

(C) Team captain
(S) Suspended
(I) Ineligible
(W) Walk-on

 Injured
 Current redshirt

Roster

text: Depth chart[edit]

text:
Pos.
Starting 5
Bench 1
Bench 2

F/C
Jack Salt
Mamadi Diakite

F
Isaiah Wilkins
Jay Huff

G/F
Devon Hall
DeAndre Hunter
Austin Katstra

G
Kyle Guy
Marco Anthony
Justice Bartley

PG
Ty Jerome
Nigel Johnson
Trevon Gross, Jr.

text: Schedule and results[edit]

text:
Date
time, TV
Rank#
Opponent#
Result
Record
High points
High rebounds
High assists
Site (attendance)
city, state

Non-Conference Regular Season

Nov 10, 2017*
7:00 pm, ACCN Extra

UNC Greensboro
W 60–48
1–0
 16 – Guy
 8 – Wilkins
 3 – Guy
John Paul Jones Arena (13,855)
Charlottesville, VA

Nov 13, 2017*
7:00 pm, ACCN Extra

Austin Peay
NIT Season Tip-Off Campus-Site Game
W 93–49
2–0
 19 – Hall
 8 – Wilkins
 4 – Anthony
John Paul Jones Arena (12,995)
Charlottesville, VA

Nov 17, 2017*
4:00 pm, CBSSN

at VCU
W 76–67
3–0
 29 – Guy
 8 – Wilkins
 7 – Jerome
Siegel Center (7,637)
Richmond, VA

Nov 19, 2017*
1:00 pm, RSN

Monmouth
NIT Season Tip-Off Campus-Site Game
W 73–53
4–0
 23 – Hunter
 8 – Hunter
 3 – Tied
John Paul Jones Arena (13,472)
Charlottesville, VA

Nov 23, 2017*
4:00 pm, ESPNU

vs. Vanderbilt
NIT Season Tip-Off Semifinals
W 68–42
5–0
 18 – Guy
 5 – Diakite
 4 – 3 Tied
Barclays Center
Brooklyn, NY

Nov 24, 2017*
7:30 pm, ESPNU

vs. Rhode Island
NIT Season Tip-Off Championship
W 70–55
6–0
 19 – Wilkins
 8 – Salt
 3 – Tied
Barclays Center
Brooklyn, NY

Nov 27, 2017*
9:00 pm, ESPN2
No. 18
Wisconsin
ACC–Big Ten Challenge
W 49–37
7–0
 17 – Guy
 10 – Wilkins
 2 – Tied
John Paul Jones Arena (13,911)
Charlottesville, VA

Dec 2, 2017*
12:00 pm, ACCN Extra
No. 18
Lehigh
W 75–54
8–0
 21 – Guy
 6 – Wilkins
 8 – Johnson
John Paul Jones Arena (13,594)
Charlottesville, VA

Dec 5, 2017*
7:00 pm, ESPNU
No. 15
at No. 18 West Virginia
L 61–68
8–1
 19 – Hall
 5 – Wilkins
 6 – Hall
WVU Coliseum (12,816)
Morgantown, WV

Dec 16, 2017*
2:00 pm, ACCN Extra
No. 16
Davidson
W 80–60
9–1
 22 – Johnson
 8 – Wilkins
 5 – Hall
John Paul Jones Arena (13,910)
Charlottesville, VA

Dec 19, 2017*
7:00 pm, ACCN Extra
No. 13
Savannah State
W 78–47
10–1
 17 – Jerome
 7 – Wilkins
 5 – Johnson
John Paul Jones Arena (13,597)
Charlottesville, VA

Dec 22, 2017*
7:00 pm, ACCN Extra
No. 13
Hampton
W 82–48
11–1
 15 – Guy
 9 – Wilkins
 4 – Johnson
John Paul Jones Arena (13,328)
Charlottesville, VA

ACC Regular Season

Dec 30, 2017
2:00 pm, RSN
No. 9
Boston College
W 59–58
12–1
(1–0)
 31 – Jerome
 14 – Wilkins
 3 – Hall
John Paul Jones Arena (14,538)
Charlottesville, VA

Jan 3, 2018
9:00 pm, ACCN
No. 8
at Virginia Tech
Commonwealth Clash
W 78–52
13–1
(2–0)
 14 – Hunter
 7 – Tied
 5 – Jerome
Cassell Coliseum (5,945)
Blacksburg, VA

Jan 6, 2018
1:00 pm, ESPN
No. 8
No. 12 North Carolina
W 61–49
14–1
(3–0)
 16 – Hall
 7 – Hunter
 7 – Hall
John Paul Jones Arena (14,401)
Charlottesville, VA

Jan 9, 2018
8:00 pm, ACCN
No. 3
Syracuse
W 68–61
15–1
(4–0)
 22 – Guy
 9 – Wilkins
 8 – Hall
John Paul Jones Arena (13,625)
Charlottesville, VA

Jan 14, 2018
6:00 pm, ESPNU
No. 3
NC State
W 68–51
16–1
(5–0)
 25 – Hall
 6 – Wilkins
 6 – Jerome
John Paul Jones Arena (14,317)
Charlottesville, VA

Jan 18, 2018
8:00 pm, ACCN
No. 2
at Georgia Tech
W 64–48
17–1
(6–0)
 17 – Hunter
 7 – Hunter
 5 – Jerome
McCamish Pavilion (8,600)
Atlanta, GA

Jan 21, 2018
6:00 pm, ESPNU
No. 2
at Wake Forest
W 59–49
18–1
(7–0)
 17 – Guy
 7 – Hall
 4 – Guy
LJVM Coliseum (10,014)
Winston-Salem, NC

Jan 23, 2018
7:00 pm, RSN
No. 2
No. 18 Clemson
W 61–36
19–1
(8–0)
 14 – Hall
 5 – Tied
 3 – Jerome
John Paul Jones Arena (14,149)
Charlottesville, VA

Jan 27, 2018
2:00 pm, CBS
No. 2
at No. 4 Duke
W 65–63
20–1
(9–0)
 17 – Guy
 8 – Hall
 7 – Jerome
Cameron Indoor Stadium (9,314)
Durham, NC

Jan 31, 2018
7:00 pm, ESPN2
No. 2
Louisville
W 74–64
21–1
(10–0)
 22 – Guy
 10 – Wilkins
 9 – Jerome
John Paul Jones Arena (14,310)
Charlottesville, VA

Feb 3, 2018
4:00 pm, ACCN
No. 2
at Syracuse
W 59–44
22–1
(11–0)
 15 – Hunter
 6 – Wilkins
 6 – Jerome
Carrier Dome (27,083)
Syracuse, NY

Feb 7, 2018
7:00 pm, RSN
No. 2
at Florida State
W 59–55
23–1
(12–0)
 17 – Hall
 6 – Diakite
 3 – Hall
Donald L. Tucker Civic Center (10,657)
Tallahassee, FL

Feb 10, 2018
6:15 pm, ESPN
No. 2
Virginia Tech
Commonwealth Clash/College Gameday
L 60–61 OT
23–2
(12–1)
 16 – Hall
 8 – Jerome
 4 – Jerome
John Paul Jones Arena (14,593)
Charlottesville, VA

Feb 13, 2018
9:00 pm, ESPN
No. 1
at Miami (FL)
W 59–50
24–2
(13–1)
 22 – Hunter
 7 – Salt
 7 – Jerome
Watsco Center (7,333)
Coral Gables, FL

Feb 21, 2018
7:00 pm, ESPN2
No. 1
Georgia Tech
W 65–54
25–2
(14–1)
 18 – Jerome
 6 – Salt
 5 – Jerome
John Paul Jones Arena (13,873)
Charlottesville, VA

Feb 24, 2018
4:00 pm, ESPNU
No. 1
at Pittsburgh
W 66–37
26–2
(15–1)
 14 – Hunter
 10 – Hunter
 4 – Hall
Peterson Events Center (6,534)
Pittsburgh, PA

Mar 1, 2018
8:00 pm, ACCN
No. 1
at Louisville
W 67–66
27–2
(16–1)
 21 – Jerome
 9 – Hall
 4 – Hall
KFC Yum! Center (19,413)
Louisville, KY

Mar 3, 2018
4:00 pm, ACCN
No. 1
Notre Dame
W 62–57
28–2
(17–1)
 17 – Hall
 6 – Tied
 6 – Hall
John Paul Jones Arena (14,205)
Charlottesville, VA

ACC Tournament

Mar 8, 2018
12:00 pm, ESPN/ACCN
(1) No. 1
vs. (9) Louisville
Quarterfinals
W 75–58
29–2
 19 – Guy
 7 – Guy
 5 – Hall
Barclays Center (17,732)
Brooklyn, NY

Mar 9, 2018
7:00 pm, ESPN/ACCN
(1) No. 1
vs. (4) No. 19 Clemson
Semifinals
W 64–58
30–2
 15 – Guy
 8 – Salt
 10 – Jerome
Barclays Center (18,157)
Brooklyn, NY

Mar 10, 2018
8:30 pm, ESPN/ACCN
(1) No. 1
vs. (6) No. 12 North Carolina
Championship game
W 71–63
31–2
 16 – Guy
 6 – Jerome
 6 – Jerome
Barclays Center (18,157)
Brooklyn, NY

NCAA Tournament

Mar 16, 2018*
9:20 pm, TNT
(1 S) No. 1
vs. (16 S) UMBC
First Round
L 54–74
31–3
 15 – Tied
 5 – Wilkins
 2 – Jerome
Spectrum Center (17,943)
Charlotte, NC

*Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. S=South region.
All times are in Eastern Time.

text: Rankings[edit]

text:
Ranking movements
Legend: ██ Increase in ranking. ██ Decrease in ranking.
NR = Not ranked. RV = Received votes. ( ) = First place votes.

Week

Poll
Pre
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Final

AP
RV
RV
RV
18
15
16
13
9
8
3
2 (1)
2 (1)
2 (1)
2 (17)
2 (16)
1 (42)
1 (48)
1 (65)
1 (65)
Not released

Coaches
RV
RV^
25
15
12
16
14
9
8
3
2
2
2 (8)
2 (8)
3 (5)
2 (3)
1 (17)
1 (32)
1 (32)
5

text:
*AP does not release post-NCAA tournament rankings.
Coaches did not release a Week 2 poll at the same time the AP did.


document_title: State of Emergency in India

question_text: what is the maximum period of state emergency in india

text: State of Emergency in India

text: National emergency under article 352[edit]

text: National emergency can be declared on the basis of external aggression or armed rebellion in the whole of India or a part of its territory. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (China war), 1971 (Pakistan war), and 1975 (declared by Indira Gandhi). The President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister. Such a proclamation must be laid before both houses of Parliament, and the state of emergency expires after one month unless approved within that time by both houses sitting and voting separately. However, if the Lok Sabha (the lower house) is not in session when the state of emergency is declared, and the Rajya Sabha approves of the state of emergency, the deadline for the Lok Sabha is extended until thirty days after that house convenes. According to Article 352(6),[1] approval by each house requires a special majority: those in favour of the motion must be two thirds of those present and voting, and amount to a majority of the entire membership of that house. A Parliamentary resolution extends the state of emergency for up to six months, and it can be extended indefinitely by further resolutions in six-monthly increments.

text: During a national emergency, many Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended. The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. By contrast, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended according to the original Constitution. In January 1977, during the emergency declared controversially by Indira Gandhi, the government decided to suspend even the Right to Life and Personal Liberty by dispensing with Habeas corpus. Justice Hans Raj Khanna defended the Right to Life and asked: "Life is also mentioned in Article 21 and would Government argument extend to it also?". The Attorney General observed: "Even if life was taken away illegally, courts are helpless".[2]

text: A national emergency modifies the federal system of government to a unitary one by granting Parliament the power to make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws). Also, all state money bills are referred to the Parliament for its approval.

text: During an emergency, the term of the Lok Sabha can be successively extended by intervals of up to one year, but not beyond six months after the state of emergency has been revoked.

text: State Emergency Under Article 356[edit]

text: A state emergency is declared on failure of constitutional machinery in a state. Every state in India except two states, Chhattisgarh and Telangana has been under a state of emergency at some point of time or the other. The state of emergency is commonly known as 'President's Rule'.[citation needed]

text: If the President is satisfied, based on the report of the Governor of the concerned state or from other sources, that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions in the Constitution, he may declare an emergency in the state. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of two months.

text: It is imposed for an initial period of six months and can last for a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. The 42nd amendment act of 1976 extended the initial time duration of state emergency from 6 months to 1 year. Subsequently, 44th CAA 1978 restored the 1-year period back to 6 months. Originally, the maximum period of operation of state emergency was 3 years. This 3-year period was divided into 1 year of ordinary period and 2 years of extra ordinary period for which certain conditions are to be fulfilled. Therefore, from now on after every 1 year Parliament needs to approve the same. If the emergency has to be extended for more than three years, it can only be done by a constitutional amendment, as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir.

text: During such an emergency, the President can take over the entire work of the executive, and the Governor administers the state in the name of the President. the Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list (see National emergency for explanation). All money bills have to be referred to the Parliament for approval. In this occasion ministers of state legislature do not perform actions in state.

text: Financial Emergency Under Article 360[edit]

text: If the President is satisfied that there is an economic situation in which the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, he or she can declare financial emergency. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months. It has never been declared. Such a situation had arisen but was avoided by putting the gold assets of India as collateral for foreign credit.

text: In case of a financial emergency, the President can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for his approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters; but fundamental rights cannot be suspended.