document_title: Federal Election Commission

question_text: who is the independent officer that manages federal elections

text: Federal Election Commission

text: Membership[edit]

text: The Commission is made up of six members, who are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate. Each member serves a six-year term, and two seats are subject to appointment every two years.[1] By law, no more than three Commissioners can be members of the same political party, and at least four votes are required for any official Commission action.

text: The chairmanship of the Commission rotates among the members each year, with no member serving as chairman more than once during a six-year term. However, a member may serve as chairman more than once by serving beyond the six-year mark if no successor is appointed; for example, Ellen Weintraub was chairman in both 2003 and 2013.[3]

text: Official duties[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Commission's role is limited to the administration of federal campaign finance laws. It enforces limitations and prohibitions on contributions and expenditures, administers the reporting system for campaign finance disclosure, investigates and prosecutes violations (investigations are typically initiated by complaints from other candidates, parties, watchdog groups, and the public), audits a limited number of campaigns and organizations for compliance, administers the presidential public funding programs for presidential candidates and, until recently, nominating conventions, and defends the statute in challenges to federal election laws and regulations.

text: The FEC also publishes reports filed by Senate, House of Representatives and Presidential campaigns that list how much each campaign has raised and spent, and a list of all donors over $200, along with each donor's home address, employer and job title. This database also goes back to 1980. Private organizations are legally prohibited from using these data to solicit new individual donors (and the FEC authorizes campaigns to include a limited number of "dummy" names as a measure to prevent this), but may use this information to solicit Political Action Committees. The FEC also maintains an active program of public education, directed primarily to explaining the law to the candidates, their campaigns, political parties and other political committees that it regulates.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Campaign finance[edit]

text: Critics of the FEC, including campaign finance reform supporters such as Common Cause and Democracy 21, have complained that it is a classic example of regulatory capture where it serves the interests of the ones it was intended to regulate. The FEC's bipartisan structure, which was established by Congress, renders the agency "toothless." Critics also claim that most FEC penalties for violating election law come well after the actual election in which they were committed. Additionally, some critics claim that the commissioners tend to act as an arm of the "regulated community" of parties, interest groups, and politicians when issuing rulings and writing regulations. Others point out, however, that the commissioners rarely divide evenly along partisan lines, and that the response time problem may be endemic to the enforcement procedures established by Congress. To complete steps necessary to resolve a complaint – including time for defendants to respond to the complaint, time to investigate and engage in legal analysis, and finally, where warranted, prosecution – necessarily takes far longer than the comparatively brief period of a political campaign.

text: First Amendment issues[edit]

text: Critics including former FEC chairman Bradley Smith (law professor) and Stephen M. Hoersting, executive director of the Center for Competitive Politics, criticize the FEC for pursuing overly aggressive enforcement theories that amount to an infringement on the First Amendment right to free speech.[4]

text: Division over the issue became especially prominent during the last several years of the Obama administration. Commissioners deadlocked on several votes over whether to regulate Twitter, Facebook, and other online mediums for political speech, as well as a vote to punish Fox News for the selection criteria it used in a presidential debate.[5][6] Democrats argued for more regulation on the basis that it would protect consumers and encourage more inclusive political speech. Republicans opposed regulation, with former chairman Lee Goodman accusing Democrats of trying to alter the First Amendment by "administrative fiat."[7]

text: Commission size[edit]

text: Critics of the Commission also argue that this structure regularly causes deadlocks on 3-3 votes,[8] but others argue that deadlocks are actually quite rare,[9] and typically based on principle rather than partisanship.[10] Since 2008, 3-3 votes have become more common at the FEC. From 2008 to August 2014, the FEC has had over 200 tie votes, accounting for approximately 14 percent of all votes in enforcement matters.[11]

text: Commissioners[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text:
Name
Position
Party
Appointed by
Sworn in
Term expires

Walther, Steven T.Steven T. Walther
Chairman
Independent
George W. Bush
000000002008-06-27-0000June 27, 2008
000000002009-04-30-0000April 30, 2009
Term expired—serving until replaced

Hunter, Caroline C.Caroline C. Hunter
Vice Chairman
Republican
000000002008-06-24-0000June 24, 2008
000000002013-04-30-0000April 30, 2013
Term expired—serving until replaced

Petersen, Matthew S.Matthew S. Petersen
Commissioner
Republican
000000002008-06-24-0000June 24, 2008
000000002011-04-30-0000April 30, 2011
Term expired—serving until replaced

Weintraub, Ellen L.Ellen L. Weintraub
Commissioner
Democratic
000000002002-06-06-0000June 6, 2002
000000002007-04-30-0000April 30, 2007
Term expired—serving until replaced

Goodman, Lee E.Lee E. Goodman
Commissioner
Republican
Obama, BarackBarack Obama
000000002013-10-22-0000October 22, 2013
000000002015-04-30-0000April 30, 2015
Term expired—serving until replaced

text: Former[edit]

text:
Joan D. Aikens – April 1975 – September 1998 (reappointed May 1976, December 1981, August 1983 and October 1989).
Thomas B. Curtis – April 1975 – May 1976.
Thomas E. Harris – April 1975 – October 1986 (reappointed May 1976 and June 1979).
Neil O. Staebler – April 1975 – October 1978 (reappointed May 1976).
Vernon W. Thomson – April 1975 – June 1979; January 1981 – December 1981 (reappointed May 1976).
Robert Tiernan – April 1975 – December 1981 (reappointed May 1976).
William L. Springer – May 1976 – February 1979.
John Warren McGarry – October 1978 – August 1998 (reappointed July 1983 and October 1989).
Max L. Friedersdorf – March 1979 – December 1980.
Frank P. Reiche – July 1979 – August 1985.
Lee Ann Elliott – December 1981 – June 2000 (reappointed July 1987 and July 1994).
Danny L. McDonald – December 1981 – January 2006 (reappointed in July 1987, July 1994 and July 2000).
Thomas J. Josefiak – August 1985 – December 1991.
Scott E. Thomas – October 1986 – January 2006 (reappointed in November 1991 and July 1998).
Trevor Potter – November 1991 – October 1995.
Darryl R. Wold – July 1998 – April 2002.
Karl J. Sandstrom – July 1998 – December 2002.
David M. Mason – July 1998 – July 2008.
Bradley A. Smith – May 2000 – August 2005.
Michael E. Toner – March 2002 – March 2007. (by recess appointment on March 29, 2002, confirmed to full term 2003)
Robert D. Lenhard – January 2006 – December 31, 2007. (by recess appointment on January 4, 2006)
Hans A. von Spakovsky – January 2006 – December 31, 2007. (by recess appointment on January 4, 2006)
Cynthia L. Bauerly – June 2008 – confirmed June 24, 2008[12] for a term expiring on April 30, 2011[13] Resigned effective February 1, 2013.
Donald F. McGahn II – June 2008 – September 2013.
Ann Ravel – October 2013 – March 2017.


document_title: Footspeed

question_text: how fast can a human run in km/h

question_tokens: how fast can a human run in km / h

root

text: Footspeed

text: Factors in speed[edit]

text: The key determinant of footspeed in sprinting is the predominance of one distinct type of muscle fibre over another, specifically the ratio of fast-twitch muscles to slow-twitch muscles in a sprinter's physical makeup. Though fast-twitch muscles produce no more energy than slow-twitch muscles when they contract, they do so more rapidly through a process of anaerobic metabolism, though at the cost of inferior efficiency over longer periods of firing.[1] The average human has an almost-equal ratio of fast-twitch to slow-twitch fibers, but top sprinters may have as much as 80% fast-twitch fibers, while top long-distance runners may have only 20%.[1] This ratio is believed to have genetic origins, though some assert that it can be adjusted by muscle training.[2] "Speed camps" and "Speed Training Manuals", which purport to provide fractional increases in maximum footspeed, are popular among budding professional athletes, and some sources estimate that 17% to 19% of speed can be trained.[2]

tag: p

text: Though good running form is useful in increasing speed, fast and slow runners have been shown to move their legs at nearly the same rate – it is the force exerted by the leg on the ground that separates fast sprinters from slow.[3] Top short-distance runners exert as much as four times their body weight in pressure on the running surface. For this reason, muscle mass in the legs, relative to total body weight, is a key factor in maximizing footspeed.[3]

text: Limits of speed[edit]

text: The record was 44.72 km/h (27.8 mph), seen during the final 100 meters sprint of the World Championships in Berlin on 16 August 2009 by Usain Bolt.[4] (Bolt's average speed over the course of this race was 37.58 km/h or 23.35 mph.)[5] Maximum human sprint speed is strikingly slower than that of many animals. Compared to other land animals, humans are exceptionally capable of endurance, but incapable of great speed.[6] For example, cheetahs can attain short bursts of speed well over 100 km/h (62 mph),[7] the American quarter horse has topped 88 km/h (55 mph),[8] greyhounds can reach 70 km/h (43 mph), and the Mongolian wild ass has been measured at 64 km/h (40 mph).[9] Even the domestic cat may reach 48 km/h (30 mph).[9]


document_title: For a Few Dollars More

question_text: where was the movie for a few dollars more made

text: For a Few Dollars More

text: Plot[edit]

text: The man many call Manco (Eastwood) is a bounty killer who makes a living collecting rewards issued for wanted outlaws, a profession shared by a former member of the army named Colonel Douglas Mortimer (Van Cleef). Eventually, the two learn that a ruthless psychopath named "El Indio" (Volonte) was broken out of prison by his gang, slaughtering all but one of his jailers. While murdering the family of the man who captured him, Indio carries a musical pocketwatch that was a memento of his youth, using it to time the duel. Flashbacks reveal that he had taken the watch from a young woman (Rosemary Dexter), who had shot herself as he was raping her after having murdered her husband. The incident has haunted Indio, and he smokes an addictive drug to cloud his memory.

text: Indio plans to rob the Bank of El Paso, which has a disguised safe containing "almost a million dollars". Manco arrives in the town and becomes aware of Mortimer, who had arrived earlier. He sees Mortimer deliberately insult the hunchback Wild (Kinski), who is reconnoitering the bank. Manco confronts Mortimer after the two have studied each other, and they decide to work together as neither intends to back down. Mortimer persuades Manco to join Indio's gang and "get him between two fires". Manco achieves this by freeing a friend of Indio from prison despite Indio's suspicions.

text: Indio sends Manco and three others to rob the bank in nearby Santa Cruz. Manco guns down the three bandits and sends a false telegraphic alarm to rouse the El Paso sheriff and his posse, who ride to Santa Cruz. The gang blast the wall at the rear of the El Paso bank and steal the safe, but are unable to open it. Groggy (Luigi Pistilli) is angry when Manco is the only one to return from Santa Cruz, but Indio accepts Manco's version of events thanks to Mortimer having given Manco a convincing wound. Manco manages to convince the gang to ride to the small border town of Agua Caliente rather than travel through Rio Bravo. Mortimer, who anticipated Manco would deviate from their planned ambush, is already there. Wild recognises Mortimer, forcing a showdown that results in the hunchback's death before Mortimer offers his services to Indio to crack open the safe without using explosives. Indio locks the money in a strongbox and says that the loot will be divided after a month.

text: Manco and Mortimer break into the strongbox and hide the money, only to be caught immediately afterwards and beaten up. Mortimer has secured the strongbox lock, however, and Indio believes that the money is still there. Later that night, Indio has his lieutenant Niño (Mario Brega) kill the guard stationed to guard Manco and Mortimer with a knife belonging to Cuchillo (Aldo Sambrell). Once Niño frees the prisoners, Indio reveals that he knew they are bounty hunters and executes Cuchillo to make it appear he betrayed the gang, while sending his men after Manco and Mortimer in hopes they would all kill each other so that he can split the money just between  Niño and himself. But Groggy realizes the scheme and forces Indio to open the strong box after killing Niño, only for the two to find the money not there. Eventually, after he and Manco kill the bandits, Mortimer calls out Indio while revealing his full name. Mortimer shoots Groggy as he runs for cover, but is disarmed by Indio who plays the pocketwatch while challenging the bounty hunter to regain his weapon and kill him when the music ends. But as the music ends, the same tune begins from an identical pocketwatch which Manco had pilfered from Mortimer. Manco gives his own gunbelt and pistol to Mortimer, saying: "Now we start". The music plays to completion and Mortimer shoots first, killing Indio.

text: Mortimer takes Indio's watch and Manco remarks on Mortimer's resemblance to the woman in the photographs. Mortimer reveals himself as her brother. His revenge complete, Mortimer declines his share of the bounty and leaves. Manco tosses the bodies of Indio and his men into a wagon, finally adding Groggy's body after killing him, and rides off, pausing to recover the stolen money from its hiding place.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Clint Eastwood as Manco
Lee Van Cleef as Colonel Douglas Mortimer
Gian Maria Volontè as El Indio
Mario Brega as Niño
Luigi Pistilli as Groggy
Aldo Sambrell as Cuchillo
Klaus Kinski as Wild
Benito Stefanelli as Hughie
Panos Papadopulos as Sancho Perez
Robert Camardiel as Tucumcari station clerk
Josef Egger as Old Prophet
Tomás Blanco as Tucumcari sheriff
Lorenzo Robledo as Tomaso, Indio's Traitor
Dante Maggio as Carpenter in cell with El Indio
Werner Abrolat as Slim, Member of Indio's Gang
Joseph Bradley as El Paso Tavern Keeper
Frank Braña as Blackie, Member of Indio's Gang
José Canalejas as Chico, Member of Indio's Gang
Rosemary Dexter as Mortimer's Sister
Fernando Di Leo as Cigar Smoking Card Player
Eduardo García as Member of Indio's Gang
Jesús Guzmán as Carpetbagger on Train
Peter Lee Lawrence as Mortimer's Brother-in-Law
Sergio Leone as Whistling Bounty Hunter
Antonio Molino Rojo as Frisco, Member of Indio's Gang
Ricardo Palacios as Tucumcari Saloon Keeper
Carlo Simi as El Paso Bank Manager

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After the box-office success of A Fistful of Dollars in Italy, director Sergio Leone and his new producer, Alberto Grimaldi, wanted to begin production of a sequel, but they needed to get Clint Eastwood to agree to star in it. Eastwood was not ready to commit to a second film when he had not even seen the first. Quickly, the filmmakers rushed an Italian-language print (a U.S. version did not yet exist) of Per un pugno di dollari to him. The star then gathered a group of friends for a debut screening at CBS Production Center and, not knowing what to expect, tried to keep expectations low by downplaying the film. As the reels unspooled, however, Eastwood's concerns proved to be unfounded. The audience may not have understood Italian, but in terms of style and action, the film spoke volumes. "Everybody enjoyed it just as much as if it had been in English", Eastwood recalled. Soon, he was on the phone with the filmmakers' representative: "Yeah, I'll work for that director again", he said. Charles Bronson was again approached for a starring role but he passed, citing that the sequel's script was like the first film.[9] Instead, Lee Van Cleef accepted the role. Eastwood received $50,000 for returning in the sequel, while Van Cleef received $17,000.[1]

text: Screenwriter Luciano Vincenzoni wrote the film in nine days.[10] However, Leone was dissatisfied with some of the script's dialogue, and hired Sergio Donati to work as an uncredited script doctor.[11]

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was shot in Almería, Spain, with interiors done at Rome's Cinecittà Studios.[1] The production designer Carlo Simi built the town of "El Paso" in the Almería desert:[12] it still exists, as the tourist attraction Mini Hollywood.[13] The town of Agua Caliente, where Indio and his gang flee after the bank robbery, is Albaricoques, a small "pueblo blanco" on the Níjar plain.

text: Post-production[edit]

text: As all of the film's footage was shot MOS (i.e. without recording sound at time of shooting), Eastwood and Van Cleef returned to Italy where they dubbed over their dialogue, and sound effects were added.[14] Although it is explicitly stated in the movie that the Colonel Mortimer character is originally from the Carolinas, Van Cleef opted to perform his dialogue using his native New Jersey accent rather than a Southern accent.[15]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score was composed by Ennio Morricone, who had previously collaborated with director Leone on A Fistful of Dollars. Under Leone's explicit direction, Morricone began writing the score before production had started, as Leone often shot to the music on set.[16] The music is notable for its blend of diegetic and non-diegetic moments through a recurring motif that originates from the identical pocket watches belonging to El Indio and Colonel Mortimer.[17] "The music that the watch makes transfers your thought to a different place," said Morricone. "The character itself comes out through the watch but in a different situation every time it appears."[18]

text:
For a Few Dollars MoreSoundtrack album by Ennio MorriconeReleased
1965 (Original album)Genre
SoundtrackLabel
RCA ItalianaEnnio Morricone chronology

Se non avessi più te(1965)

For a Few Dollars More(1965)

Idoli controluce(1966)

tag: table

text: A soundtrack album was originally released in Italy by RCA Italiana.[19] In the United States, Hugo Montenegro released a cover version as did Billy Strange and Leroy Holmes who released a cover version of the soundtrack album with the original American poster art. Maurizio Graf sang a vocal "Occhio Per Occhio"/"Eye For An Eye" to the music of the cue "Sixty Seconds to What" track that did not appear in the film but was released as a tie-in 45rpm record.

text: All tracks written by Ennio Morricone.

text: Track listingNo.TitleLength1."La Resa Dei Conti"3:062."Osservatori Osservati"2:013."Il Vizio Di Uccidere"2:244."Il Colpo"2:215."Addio Colonnello"1:446."Per Qualche Dollaro In Più"2:507."Poker D'Assi"1:158."Carillon"1:10

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: For a Few Dollars More was released in Italy in December 1965 as Per Qualche Dollaro in Più.[20] In the United States, the film debuted on 10 May 1967, four months after the release of A Fistful of Dollars, grossing $5 million.[20]

text: At the time of its Italian release, the film proved to be even more commercially successful than its predecessor.[21] By 1967, the film became the highest-grossing film of any nationality in the history of Italian cinema.[22]

text: It was the seventh most popular movie at the French box office in 1966, after La Grande Vadrouille, Dr Zhivago, Is Paris Burning?, A Fistful of Dollars and Lost Command and A Man and a Woman.[23]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: It initially received mediocre reviews from critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said, "The fact that this film is constructed to endorse the exercise of murderers, to emphasize killer bravado and generate glee in frantic manifestations of death is, to my mind, a sharp indictment of it as so-called entertainment in this day."[24] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times described the film as "one great old Western cliché after another" and that the film "is composed of situations and not plots."[25]

text: The film has since grown in popularity, while also gaining more positive feedback from contemporary critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 94% approval rating with an average rating of 7.8/10 based on 33 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "With Clint Eastwood in the lead, Ennio Morricone on the score, and Sergio Leone's stylish direction, For a Few Dollars More earns its recognition as a genre classic."[26]

text: In a retrospective review of the Dollars Trilogy, Paul Martinovic of Den of Geek said, "For A Few Dollars More is often overlooked in the trilogy, awkwardly sandwiched between both the original film and the best-known, but it's a stunning film in its own right."[27] Paolo Sardinas of MovieWeb said, "Eastwood gives it his all and turns in another iconic performance along with scene stealer Lee Van Cleef, who helps make For a Few Dollars More twice as good as its predecessor."[28]

text: British journalist Kim Newman has pointed out that the film changed the way bounty hunters were viewed by audiences. It moved them away from a "profession to be ashamed of", one with a "(ranking) lower than a card sharp on the Western scale of worthwhile citizens", to one of heroic respectability.[29][30]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Lando Buzzanca parodied the film in For a Few Dollars Less (1966).[20]


document_title: Trevi Fountain

question_text: where does the water in the trevi fountain come from

text: Trevi Fountain

text: History before 1629[edit]

text: The fountain at the junction of three roads (tre vie)[2] marks the terminal point[3] of the "modern" Acqua Vergine, the revived Aqua Virgo, one of the aqueducts that supplied water to ancient Rome. In 19 BC, supposedly with the help of a virgin, Roman technicians located a source of pure water some 13 km (8.1 mi) from the city. (This scene is presented on the present fountain's façade.) However, the eventual indirect route of the aqueduct made its length some 22 km (14 mi). This Aqua Virgo led the water into the Baths of Agrippa. It served Rome for more than 400 years.[4]

text: Commission, construction, and design[edit]

text: In 1629 Pope Urban VIII, finding the earlier fountain insufficiently dramatic, asked Gian Lorenzo Bernini to sketch possible renovations, but the project was abandoned when the pope died. Though Bernini's project was never constructed, there are many Bernini touches in the fountain as it exists today. An early, influential model by Pietro da Cortona, preserved in the Albertina, Vienna, also exists, as do various early 18th century sketches, most unsigned, as well as a project attributed to Nicola Michetti[5] one attributed to Ferdinando Fuga[6] and a French design by Edme Bouchardon.[7]

text: Competitions had become the rage during the Baroque era to design buildings, fountains and even the Spanish Steps. In 1730 Pope Clement XII organized a contest in which Nicola Salvi initially lost to Alessandro Galilei – but due to the outcry in Rome over the fact that a Florentine won, Salvi was awarded the commission anyway.[8] Work began in 1732 and the fountain was completed in 1762, long after Salvi's death, when Pietro Bracci's Oceanus (god of all water) was set in the central niche.

text: Salvi died in 1751 with his work half finished, but he had made sure a stubborn barber's unsightly sign would not spoil the ensemble, hiding it behind a sculpted vase, called by Romans the asso di coppe, the "Ace of Cups".

text: The Trevi Fountain was finished in 1762 by Giuseppe Pannini, who substituted the present allegories for planned sculptures of Agrippa and "Trivia", the Roman virgin. It was officially opened and inaugurated on May 22 by Pope Clement XIII.

text: The majority of the piece is made from Travertine stone, quarried near Tivoli, about 35 kilometres (22 miles) east of Rome.[9]

text: Restoration[edit]

text: The fountain was refurbished in 1998; the stonework was scrubbed and all cracks and other areas of deterioration were repaired by skilled artisans and the fountain was equipped with recirculating pumps.

text: In January 2013, it was announced that the Italian fashion company Fendi would sponsor a 20-month, 2.2-million-euro restoration of the fountain; it was to be the most thorough restoration in the fountain's history.[10]

text: Restoration work began in June 2014 and was completed in November 2015. The fountain was reopened with an official ceremony on the evening of November 3, 2015. The restoration included the installation of more than 100 LED lights to improve the nighttime illumination of the fountain. [11] [12] [13]

text: Iconography[edit]

text: The backdrop for the fountain is the Palazzo Poli, given a new façade with a giant order of Corinthian pilasters that link the two main stories. Taming of the waters is the theme of the gigantic scheme that tumbles forward, mixing water and rockwork, and filling the small square. Tritons guide Oceanus' shell chariot, taming hippocamps.

text: In the centre a robustly-modelled triumphal arch is superimposed on the palazzo façade. The centre niche or exedra framing Oceanus has free-standing columns for maximal light and shade. In the niches flanking Oceanus, Abundance spills water from her urn and Salubrity holds a cup from which a snake drinks. Above, bas reliefs illustrate the Roman origin of the aqueducts.

text: The tritons and horses provide symmetrical balance, with the maximum contrast in their mood and poses[citation needed] (by 1730, rococo was already in full bloom in France and Germany).

text: Coin throwing[edit]

text: Coins are purportedly meant to be thrown using the right hand over the left shoulder. This was the theme of 1954's Three Coins in the Fountain and the Academy Award-winning song by that name which introduced the picture.

text: An estimated 3,000 Euros are thrown into the fountain each day.[14] In 2016, an estimated US $1.5 million was thrown into the fountain.[15] The money has been used to subsidise a supermarket for Rome's needy;[14] however, there are regular attempts to steal coins from the fountain although it is illegal to do so.[14][16][17]

text: Trivia[edit]

text: In 1973, Italian National Postal Service dedicated a postage stamp to the Trevi Fountain.[citation needed]