document_title: Rosemary's Baby (film)

question_text: who played the lead female role in rosemary's baby

question_tokens: who played the lead female role in rosemary 's baby

text: Rosemary's Baby (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1965 Rosemary Woodhouse (Mia Farrow), a bright but somewhat naive young housewife, and Guy (John Cassavetes), her husband, a struggling actor, move into the Bramford, an opulent but antiquated New York City apartment building. The couple learns from the building's manager, Mr. Nicklas (Elisha Cook, Jr.), that their new residence was previously inhabited by Mrs. Gardenia, an elderly woman who had seemingly gone senile. Mr. Nicklas also discovers a dresser concealing a simple closet which contains nothing except a vacuum cleaner and a stack of folded towels. Their friend Hutch (Maurice Evans) tries to dissuade them from taking the apartment, informing them of some of the Bramford's unsettling history of cannibalism and murder. Undeterred, Rosemary and Guy move into the building.

text: Rosemary meets a young woman, Terry Gionoffrio (Angela Dorian), a recovering drug addict whom an elderly, eccentric couple in the building, the Castevets, took in from the street. As Rosemary admires a pendant necklace the Castevets gave to Terry, she notices its strange smell. Returning home one night, Guy and Rosemary find that Terry has thrown herself to her death from the window of the Castevets' seventh-floor apartment.

text: Rosemary and Guy are quickly befriended by the Castevets, Minnie (Ruth Gordon) and Roman (Sidney Blackmer), whom they'd first met on the street the night of Terry's suicide. Minnie invites the Woodhouses to dinner and they accept. Guy forms a bond with the Castevets. Minnie gives Terry's pendant to Rosemary, telling her it is a good luck charm and the odd smell is from a plant called "tannis root". Later, Guy lands a role in a play when the actor who was originally cast suddenly and inexplicably goes blind. Guy suggests that he and Rosemary have a baby.

text: On the night they plan to conceive, Minnie brings them individual cups of chocolate mousse. Rosemary finds hers has a chalky undertaste and surreptitiously throws it away after a few mouthfuls. Rosemary then passes out and experiences a strange dream in which she is raped by a demonic presence (Clay Tanner) in front of Guy, the Castevets, and other Bramford tenants. When she wakes, she finds scratches on her body. Guy tells her that he raped her while she was unconscious because he did not want to pass up the opportunity for her to conceive.

text: Rosemary learns that she is pregnant and is due on June 28, 1966. She plans to receive obstetric care from Dr. Hill (Charles Grodin), who is recommended to her by her friend Elise (Emmaline Henry). However, the Castevets insist she see their good friend, Dr. Abraham Sapirstein (Ralph Bellamy), who says that Minnie will make Rosemary a daily drink which is more healthful than the usual vitamin pills.

text: For the first three months of her pregnancy, Rosemary suffers severe abdominal pains, loses weight, becomes unusually pale, and craves raw meat and chicken liver. Dr. Sapirstein insists the pain will subside soon, and assures her she has nothing to worry about. When Hutch sees Rosemary's gaunt appearance and hears that she is being fed the mysterious tannis root, he is disturbed enough to do some research. Before he can tell Rosemary his findings, he mysteriously falls into a coma. Rosemary holds a party for some friends, some of whom advise her to have herself checked by Dr. Hill, because the pain she is feeling could be a warning that something is wrong. Rosemary tells Guy her plan to see Dr. Hill, which angers Guy. However, the abdominal pain suddenly disappears. Rosemary's health and appearance also improve quickly, and she and Guy are happy once again.

text: Three months later, Hutch dies. He leaves Rosemary a book about witchcraft and it is delivered to her at his funeral along with the cryptic message: "The name is an anagram". Rosemary deduces that Roman Castevet is really Steven Marcato, the son of a former resident of the Bramford who was accused of being a Satanist. Rosemary suspects her neighbors and Dr. Sapirstein are part of a witch coven with sinister designs for her baby, and that Guy is cooperating with them in exchange for help in advancing his acting career.

text: Rosemary becomes increasingly disturbed and shares her fears and suspicions with Dr. Hill, who, assuming she is delusional, calls Dr. Sapirstein and Guy. They tell her that if she cooperates, neither she nor the baby will be harmed. The two men bring Rosemary home, where she briefly escapes them. Despite Rosemary locking them out, they enter the bedroom. Rosemary goes into labor and is sedated by Dr. Sapirstein. When she wakes, she is told the baby died.

text: In the hall closet, Rosemary discovers a secret door leading into the Castevets' apartment and hears a baby's cries, revealing that her child is alive. She then finds a congregation made up of the building's tenants, as well as Dr. Sapirstein, gathered around her newborn son. When Rosemary pulls back the curtains of the crib, she is horrified and asks what they've done to its eyes. It is remarked upon that the baby, a boy, has "his father's eyes," to which Rosemary protests that the baby's eyes are nothing like those of Guy. It is then explained to Rosemary that Guy is actually not the child's real father; her newborn child, named Adrian, is actually the son of the Devil himself. Roman urges her to become a mother to her son, and assures her that she does not have to join the coven if she does not want to. Guy attempts to calm a horrified Rosemary by explaining to her that they will be generously rewarded with possible wealth and fame in exchange for having produced Satan's offspring, and that they can conceive a second child that will truly be theirs. Rosemary takes no solace in Guy's words, instead spitting in his face. Minnie tells Rosemary that she should be honored to be the "lucky" woman chosen to bear a child for Satan. Initially reluctant, Rosemary ultimately goes to the cradle and gently rocks it, with a small smile on her face.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mia Farrow as Rosemary Woodhouse
John Cassavetes as Guy Woodhouse
Ruth Gordon as Minnie Castevet
Sidney Blackmer as Roman Castevet
Maurice Evans as Hutch
Ralph Bellamy as Dr. Abraham Sapirstein
Charles Grodin as Dr. Hill
Patsy Kelly as Laura-Louise
Angela Dorian as Terry Gionoffrio
Elisha Cook as Mr. Nicklas
Emmaline Henry as Elise Dunstan
Hanna Landy as Grace Cardiff
Philip Leeds as Dr. Shand
Hope Summers as Mrs. Gilmore
D'Urville Martin as Diego
Marianne Gordon as Rosemary's Girlfriend
Wendy Wagner as Rosemary's Girlfriend
Robert Osterloh as Mr. Fountain
Walter Baldwin as Mr. Wees
Tony Curtis as Donald Baumgart (voice)
Clay Tanner as the Devil

text: Production[edit]

text: Script[edit]

text: In Rosemary's Baby: A Retrospective, a featurette on the DVD release of the film, screenwriter/director Roman Polanski, Paramount Pictures executive Robert Evans, and production designer Richard Sylbert reminisce at length about the production. Evans recalled William Castle brought him the galley proofs of the book and asked him to purchase the film rights even before Random House released the publication. The studio head recognized the commercial potential of the project and agreed with the stipulation that Castle, who had a reputation for low-budget horror films, could produce but not direct the film adaptation. He makes a cameo appearance as the man at the phone booth waiting for Mia Farrow to finish her call.

text: Evans admired Polanski's European films and hoped he could convince him to make his American debut with Rosemary's Baby. He knew the director was a ski buff who was anxious to make a film with the sport as its basis, so he sent him the script for Downhill Racer along with the galleys for Rosemary. Polanski read the latter book non-stop through the night and called Evans the following morning to tell him he thought Rosemary was the more interesting project, and would like the opportunity to write as well as direct it.

text: The script was modeled very closely on the original novel and incorporated large sections of the novel's dialogue and details, so much so that nearly every line of dialogue was taken from the novel's text. Author Ira Levin claimed that during a scene in which Guy mentions wanting to buy a particular shirt advertised in The New Yorker, Polanski was unable to find the specific issue with the shirt advertised and phoned Levin for help. Levin, who had assumed while writing that any given issue of The New Yorker would contain an ad for men's shirts, admitted that he had made it up.[3]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Polanski envisioned Rosemary as a robust, full-figured, girl-next-door type, and he wanted Tuesday Weld or his own then-fiancée Sharon Tate for the role. Since the book had not reached bestseller status yet, Evans was unsure the title alone would guarantee an audience for the film, and he felt a bigger name was needed for the lead. Mia Farrow – with only a supporting role in Guns at Batasi (1964) and the then-unreleased A Dandy in Aspic (1968) as her only feature film credits – had an unproven box office track record, but her role as Allison MacKenzie in the popular television series Peyton Place and her unexpected marriage to Frank Sinatra had made her a household name.

text: Patty Duke auditioned for the role of Rosemary Woodhouse but lost out to Mia Farrow.

text: Despite her waif-like appearance (which would ultimately prove beneficial, as Rosemary became more frail as her pregnancy progressed), Polanski agreed to cast her. Her acceptance incensed Sinatra, who had demanded she forgo her career when they wed, and he served her divorce papers via a corporate lawyer in front of the cast and crew midway through filming. In an effort to salvage her relationship, Farrow asked Evans to release her from her contract, but he persuaded her to remain with the project after showing her an hour-long rough cut and assuring her she would receive an Academy Award nomination for her performance. Farrow was not nominated for the award, but stayed with the film, which pleased Evans, Polanski and the entire cast.

text: Robert Redford was the first choice for the role of Guy Woodhouse, but he turned down the offer. Jack Nicholson was considered briefly before Polanski suggested John Cassavetes.

text: Sylbert was a good friend of Garson Kanin, who was married to Ruth Gordon, and he suggested her for the role of Minnie Castevet. He also suggested that the Dakota, an Upper West Side apartment building known for its show business tenants, be used for the Bramford. Its hallways were not as worn and dark as Polanski wanted, but when the building's owners would not allow interior filming, it became a moot point and was used for exterior shots only.

text: Polanski wanted to cast Hollywood old-timers as the coven members but did not know any by name. He drew sketches of how he envisioned each character, and they were used to fill the roles. In every instance, the actor cast strongly resembled Polanski's drawing. They included Ralph Bellamy, Patsy Kelly, Elisha Cook, Jr., Phil Leeds and Hope Summers.

text: When Rosemary calls Donald Baumgart, the actor who goes blind and is replaced by Guy, the voice heard is that of actor Tony Curtis. Farrow, who had not been told who would be reading Baumgart's lines, recognized the voice but could not place it. The slight confusion she displays throughout the call was exactly what Polanski hoped to capture by not revealing Curtis' identity in advance.

text: Filming[edit]

text: When Farrow was reluctant to film a scene that depicted a dazed and preoccupied Rosemary wandering into the middle of a Manhattan street into oncoming traffic, Polanski pointed to her pregnancy padding and reassured her, "no one's going to hit a pregnant woman". The scene was successfully shot with Farrow walking into real traffic and Polanski following, operating the hand-held camera since he was the only one willing to do it.[4]

text: One scene that was shot but later deleted involved Farrow's character attending an Off-Broadway production of The Fantasticks and encountering Joan Crawford and Van Johnson, who were playing themselves.[5]

text: Music[edit]

text: The lullaby played over the intro is the song "Sleep Safe and Warm" and was composed by Krzysztof Komeda and sung by Mia Farrow.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: From contemporary reviews, Renata Adler wrote in The New York Times that "The movie—although it is pleasant—doesn't seem to work on any of its dark or powerful terms. I think this is because it is almost too extremely plausible. The quality of the young people's lives seems the quality of lives that one knows, even to the point of finding old people next door to avoid and lean on. One gets very annoyed that they don't catch on sooner."[6] Variety stated, "Several exhilarating milestones are achieved in Rosemary's Baby, an excellent film version of Ira Levin's diabolical chiller novel. Writer-director Roman Polanski has triumphed in his first US-made pic. The film holds attention without explicit violence or gore... Farrow's performance is outstanding."[7] The Monthly Film Bulletin stated that "After the miscalculations of Cul de Sac and Dance of the Vampires" Polanski had "returned to the rich vein of Repulsion"[8] The review noted that "Polanski shows an increasing ability to evoke menace and sheer terror in familiar routines (cooking and telephoning, particularly)" and Polanski has shown "his transformation of a cleverly calculated thriller into a serious work of art."[8][9]

text: Ruth Gordon won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in this film.

text: Today, the film is widely regarded as a classic; the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie a 99% rating (67 out of 68 reviews), with the site's consensus stating "A frightening tale of satanism and pregnancy that is even more disturbing than it sounds thanks to convincing and committed performances by Mia Farrow and Ruth Gordon".[10]

text: In 2014, Rosemary's Baby was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.[2]

text: Rosemary’s Baby was one of Stanley Kubrick's favorite films, according to his brother-in-law and assistant Jan Harlan.[11]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Following the film's premiere, a string of other films focusing on Satan worshippers and black magic appeared, including The Brotherhood of Satan, Mark of the Devil, Black Noon, and The Blood on Satan's Claw.

text: The scene in which Rosemary is raped by Satan was ranked #23 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments.[citation needed]

text: Thirty years after he wrote Rosemary's Baby, Ira Levin wrote Son of Rosemary, a sequel which he dedicated to the film's star, Mia Farrow. Reaction to the book was mixed, but it made the best seller lists nationwide.[citation needed]

text: R&B artist SZA included clips of the movie on her mixtape S in the songs "TERROR.DOME" and "KISMET".

text: Sequel and remake[edit]

text: In the 1976 television film Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby, Patty Duke starred as Rosemary Woodhouse and Ruth Gordon reprised her role of Minnie Castevet. The film introduced an adult Andrew/Adrian attempting to earn his place as the Antichrist. It was disliked as a sequel by critics and viewers, and its reputation deteriorated over the years.

text: A remake of Rosemary's Baby was briefly considered in 2008. The intended producers were Michael Bay, Andrew Form, and Brad Fuller.[12] The remake fell through later that same year.[13]

text: In January 2014, NBC made a four-hour Rosemary's Baby miniseries with Zoe Saldana as Rosemary. The miniseries was filmed in Paris under the direction of Agnieszka Holland.[14]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress (Ruth Gordon, winner)
Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (nominee)

text:
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture (Gordon, winner)
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama (Farrow, nominee)
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay (nominee)
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (nominee)

text:
BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Mia Farrow, nominee)
Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (nominee)
Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Drama (nominee)
David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress (Mia Farrow, winner)
David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Director (winner)
Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay (nominee)
French Syndicate of Cinema Critics Award for Best Foreign Film (winner)
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor (Sidney Blackmer, winner)
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress (Gordon, winner)

text: American Film Institute Lists

text: AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills - #9


document_title: Duke (surname)

question_text: where does the last name dukes come from

root

text: Duke (surname)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The first is that the surname Duke and its variant, Dukes, are both derived from the various Middle English words duc, duk, and douc, which all came from the Old French word "duc." This ultimately stemmed from the Latin dux, meaning "leader," and is a derivative of ducere, "to lead." The surname was evidently acquired by someone who was looked upon as a leader, not denoting one of noble birth since many captains or military leaders were titled landholders who would have taken their last names from their estates. The surname Dukes translates literally as "Duke's son."[3]

tag: p

text: Alternatively, it has been suggested by scholars that the surname is simply a shortened form of Marmaduke, which is from the Irish Maelmaedoc, meaning 'servant of Maedoc.' St Maedoc was a Christian missionary in 7th Century Wales and Ireland. As a Plantation surname, it can be found primarily in east Ulster and has been Gaelicised as Diúc.[4]

text: References date back to the late Twelfth century, with Herbert le Duc, a member of the Knights Templar, using the Gallicized version of the name. From 1190–1191, Roger le Duc was Sheriff of London, and three generations of his family succeeded him in this office. The Pipe rolls for Berkshire refer to Adam Duke in the year 1198, and in 1214 one Henry Dukes is recorded in the Curia Regis rolls for Warwickshire.[2]

text: Dukes[edit]

text:
Dukes

Family name

Meaning
derived from Son or Descendant of Duke, meaning Leader

Region of origin
England

Related names
Duke, Dukeson

Footnotes: Frequency Comparisons:[5]

tag: table

text: Dukes is a patronymic form of the surname Duke that originated in medieval England, of Anglo-Norman origin.[6] The meaning is derived from son or descendant of Duke, which was originally recorded le Duc, a term used to mean "leader" before it became associated with a specific rank of the nobility.[6] It is an uncommon name; the 2000 United States Census showed it to be the 1,577th most popular surname,[7] while the United Kingdom Census of that same year showed it to be the 1,749th most popular.[1]

text: Earliest usage[edit]

text: The earliest recorded uses of the surname include:

text: Family motto[edit]

text: The Duke family uses the motto Gradatim vincimus which translates as "We conquer by degrees." The Dukes family motto is Constanter, meaning "With constancy." [10][better source needed]

text: History[edit]

text: Records indicate nameholders came to England during and in the decades following the Norman Conquest, but its usage became more common in the reign of Richard I and especially in the time of King John. In Queen Elizabeth’s long reign the surname often appeared among the rolls of her ennobled subjects who were prominently mentioned in the annals of her time.

text: Duke families were also found very early in Ireland. According to O’Hart’s Irish Pedigrees, Vol. II, some were residing in County Westmeath in the Fifteenth century. The will of one William Duke, of Kyllenagh, Kildare, recorded 1551, is found in the records at Dublin. After this early date the family name appears with more or less variation in form, and with increasing frequency upon the pages of the Irish Public Records. Hanna, in his Scotch-Irish Families of Ulster, estimates that there were in 1890 within the province of Ulster 268 persons bearing the name Duke.

text: Thus the Dukes were one of the ancient families of England and of Ireland. They are among the earliest recorded by Burke in his pedigrees of the nobility and of the landed gentry. The first mention made of them by this authority was the aforementioned Roger le Duc, sheriff of London. The names of Duke and Dukes have been well-established in the Americas, with one of the earliest arrivals to New England being one Captain Edward Duke in 1634. Humphrey Dukes sailed to Barbados with his wife and servants in 1630.

text: Some noteworthy people of the Duke name[edit]

text:
Annie Duke (born 1965), American poker player
Basil W. Duke, Confederate general
Benjamin Newton Duke, (1855-1929) American tobacco philanthropist
Bill Duke (born 1943), African-American actor and director
Charles Moss Duke, Jr. (born 1935), American astronaut
David Duke (born 1950), American politician and white-nationalist activist
David Duke, (born 1978), Scottish footballer
Donald Duke, former governor of Nigeria
Doris Duke (1912–1993), American philanthropist
Doris Duke, African-American soul singer
Edmund Duke (1563–1590), English Catholic martyr
Geoff Duke, English champion road racer
George Duke (1946–2013), African-American musician
George Duke (footballer) (1920–1988), English footballer
Henry Duke, 1st Baron Merrivale, Judge and Chief Secretary for Ireland 1916-18
James A. Duke (born 1929), American botanist
James Buchanan Duke (1856–1925), American entrepreneur and philanthropist
James "Red" Duke (1928–2015), American surgeon
Jas H. Duke (1939–1992), Australian writer
Jessamyn Duke (born 1986), American mixed martial artist
John Woods Duke (1899–1984), American composer and pianist
Ken Duke (born 1969), American golfer
Lynne Duke (1956–2013), American journalist and writer
Matt Duke, English footballer
Mike Duke, American business executive
Norm Duke, American bowler
Patty Duke (1946-2016), American actor
P. J. Duke, (1925–1950) former Cavan Gaelic Footballer
Raoul Duke, alter-ego to Hunter S. Thompson, used as both a character and a pen name
Robert Duke, songwriter pseudonym of Joe Meek
Robin Duke, Canadian actress and comedian
Steve Duke, American saxophonist
Vernon Duke, Russian composer and songwriter
Washington Duke (1820–1905), American entrepreneur
Wesley Duke, former American football player
William Duke, Scottish lieutenant governor of Bengal
Zach Duke, American baseball player

tag: ul

text:
Bo and Luke Duke, the good ol' boys of Hazzard County
Daisy Duke
Edmund Duke (StarCraft)
Fred J. Dukes, Marvel Comics supervillain
Jesse Duke
Tommy Dukes, an intellectual character in D.H. Lawrence's 1928 novel Lady Chatterley's Lover
Oliver Dukes, the primary antagonist in Maurice Walsh's 1950 novel Trouble in the Glen and 1954 film adaptation

text: Some noteworthy people of the Dukes name[edit]

text:
Chad Dukes (American football), former NFL and Arena Football player
Derrick Dukes, African-American wrestler
Elijah Dukes, African-American baseball player
Gordon Dukes (1888–1966), American track and field athlete
Harry Dukes (1912–1988), English footballer
Jamie Dukes, former professional football player and NFL Network analyst
Mike Dukes (1936–2008), American football player
Tom Dukes, former American baseball player
Walter Dukes (1930–2001), African-American basketball player

text:
Ben Dukes, American independent Country music singer
David Dukes (1945–2000), American stage and TV actor
Joanna Dukes, English actress
Kevin Dukes, American guitarist
Rob Dukes, lead singer for American metal band Exodus
Carol Muske-Dukes, American author and poet
Daragh Dukes, musician and producer of Irish rock band Headgear

text:
Leopold Dukes (1810–1891), Hungarian historian of Jewish literature
Ashley Dukes (1885–1959), English playwright

text: Cuthbert Dukes (1890–1977), English pathologist

text:
Alan Dukes (born 1945), Irish politician
Bill J. Dukes, American politician

text:
Sir Paul Dukes (1889–1967), English journalist and MI6 officer
Chad Dukes (radio personality), co-host of the Big O and Dukes Show
Ramsey Dukes, pseudonym of occultist Lionel Snell


document_title: Area code 757

question_text: where is area code 757 located in usa

question_tokens: where is area code 757 located in usa

text: Area code 757

text: The North American telephone area code 757 is a NANPA telephone area code covering the southeast corner of Virginia. It was established July 1, 1996, as a split from area code 804.

text: The region within its service area includes the following:

text:
The vast majority of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, encompassing:

The Virginia Peninsula, including Newport News, Hampton, and Williamsburg, and
South Hampton Roads, including Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Chesapeake, Portsmouth, Franklin, and Suffolk.

The Eastern Shore of Virginia, the Virginia portion of the Delmarva Peninsula.

text: Before the implementation of number pooling, 757 was projected to run out of numbers as early as 2002. A plan was developed that would have allowed an overlay in the Hampton Roads metro area leaving all of the Eastern Shore in 757; however, this plan was never implemented and the area code is not projected to reach full capacity until sometime in 2025 or so.[1]


document_title: Minecraft: Story Mode

question_text: when will minecraft story mode season 2 be released on android

text: Minecraft: Story Mode

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Minecraft: Story Mode is a episodic interactive comedy-drama point-and-click graphic adventure video game. Similar to Telltale Games's other games, it was released as a number of episodes. Players can collect items, solve puzzles, and talk to non-player characters through conversation trees to learn about the story and determine what to do next. Like other ones of Telltale Games's games, decisions that the player makes will impact events in both the current episode and later episodes.[16] However, unlike Telltale Games's previous games, which tend to carry more mature or emotional overtones (including the death of major characters), Minecraft: Story Mode is intended to be a family-friendly title. As such, the decisions are intended to be pivotal and emotional, but not involve mature imagery or themes.[16] Elements of crafting and building, central to Minecraft, were included in the gameplay.[16][17] The game includes combat and other action sequences, carried out through both quick time events, similarly to Telltale Games's other episodic games, and more arcade-like controls, such as steering around debris on a road.[17][18]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Setting[edit]

text: Minecraft: Story Mode takes place in an interpretation of the world of Minecraft. The main character, Jesse, is a passionate newbie Minecraft player who sets out on a journey with their friends within the world of Minecraft to find The Order of the Stone (Gabriel, Ellegaard, Magnus, Soren) – four legendary adventurers who saved the Minecraft world.[19] The game includes settings that are normally difficult to access from within Minecraft, including the Nether, The End,[19] and the Far Lands.[citation needed]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The player can customize Jesse, including choice of gender and skin tone. Jesse is voiced by Patton Oswalt if male and by Catherine Taber if female.[20] Other characters within the Minecraft world include the humans Petra (voiced by Ashley Johnson)[17] Axel (Brian Posehn), Olivia (Martha Plimpton), Lukas (Scott Porter), Maya, Ivy, Fangirl (GK Bowes), Owen (Owen Hill), Gill (Phil LaMarr), Aiden, Otis (Matthew Mercer), Ivor Sigge (Paul Reubens), Usher (Jason 'jtop' Topolski), Fanboy (Billy West), Lydia (Lydia Winters), the Announcer (Erin Yvette), Jesse's pet pig Reuben (Dee Bradley Baker) and the four Order of the Stone members: Gabriel the Warrior (Dave Fennoy), Magnus the Rogue (Corey Feldman), Ellegaard the Redstone Engineer (Grey Griffin), and Soren the Architect (John Hodgman). Stauffer said that the human characters as a whole represent the different types of gamers who play Minecraft.[19] Billy West narrates the story.[21][22][23]

text: Plot[edit]

text: This is a broad overview of the plot. Certain decisions made by the player will alter details of specific events.

text: Season 1 (2015-16)[edit]

text: The Order of the Stone (Episode 1)[edit]

text: Young builder Jesse, his friends Olivia and Axel, and their pet pig Reuben go to the Endercon building competition, which they lose every year to a rival team called the Ocelots. Despite this, they manage to build an impressive contraption (determined by the player), which Ocelot member Aiden jealously sabotages, scaring off Reuben. Jesse goes after Reuben, and the two are saved from mobs by their friend Petra, who convinces Jesse to help her with a business deal: selling a Wither skull for a diamond.

text: Back at the competition (which the group either wins or loses, depending on whether Jesse let his friends help them search for Reuben) the deal goes bad when Ivor, the man Petra sells the skull to, rips her off and flees. Jesse and Petra, joined by Axel, Olivia and the sympathetic Ocelot leader, Lukas, follow Ivor into an underground laboratory. There, they discover him making a Wither, an incredibly dangerous creature, but are unable to stop him. The creature attacks the event and targets Gabriel, a member of the legendary Order of the Stone, whom Ivor seems to know. Ivor loses control of the Wither, which, with the power of the special 'command block' implanted in the Wither's chest, transforms into an advanced, more horrific version of itself, called 'The Wither Storm'. It then destroys the town, forcing the group to escape into Gabriel's fortress, where Gabriel sends Jesse's group to find Order members Magnus and Ellegaard, and gives them an amulet to guide them. They head into the dangerous Nether, leaving Petra and Gabriel behind in the process (one of them being sucked into the Wither Storm, depending on your choices).

text: In the Nether, Jesse's group finds a train track left by the Order, and goes to the Overworld, where the group decides to bunk for the night. Axel has an unexplained bitterness towards Lukas, and Jesse must choose who he will side with. The next morning, the group arrives at the Order Fortress, where they discover that Ivor had actually been a member of the Order, but had been inexplicably kicked out. They later find a contraption that, when hooked up to the amulet, shows on a map the current locations of the members of the Order. Lukas decides to stay and fortify the fortress, and asks that one of the four stay with him. The player then has a choice: to go with Axel to get Magnus, or with Olivia to get Ellegaard. As Jesse and Axel/Olivia prepare to leave, the Wither Storm approaches.

text: Assembly Required (Episode 2)[edit]

text: Jesse and Axel/Olivia head to Boom Town/Redstonia to recruit Magnus/Ellegaard to help them. After successfully getting Magnus/Ellegaard to join them (with different mishaps), they return to the temple to discover that Olivia/Axel (whoever didn't accompany Jesse) has subsequently retrieved Ellegaard/Magnus (whichever one Jesse did not personally find), and are now reunited with either Petra or Gabriel (depending on who Jesse saved before entering the Nether). Returning to the machine, they discover that it now shows the location of the last, long thought lost member, Soren, as well as Ivor, who is heading towards him. Ellegaard reveals that she and Soren had been building a "Formidi Bomb" (an incredibly powerful explosive), and proposes this as a solution to the problem of the Wither Storm. The group leaves to find Soren and his secret lab. There, Jesse, Lukas and Reuben find a massive herd of endermen. Magnus and Ellegaard (who clearly don't get along well) depart in two different directions to find the "F-Bomb". Jesse and Petra/Gabriel follow Jesse, while Lukas, Olivia and Axel follow the others. As they walk, Petra/Gabriel reveals to Jesse that, despite his saving him/her, they have "Wither Sickness", which gets worse by the minute. Eventually, they confront Ivor, but he taunts them, saying that the Order will be unable to do anything to stop him, then escapes.

text: The Last Place You Look (Episode 3)[edit]

text: The group is trapped (Ivor's doing in the prior episode). They manage to escape, but end up in the foreboding End. There, they spot Soren and follow him into his massive house, where Jesse finds him researching the dangerous Endermen. Jesse convinces Soren to help destroy the Wither Storm using the incredibly powerful Formidi Bomb, just as the Wither Storm attacks. They return to the surface, where they reunite with Magnus and Ellegaard. Soren asks for a volunteer to set off the Formidi-Bomb, reminding them that the bomb will go off seconds after being made. This task falls on Jesse's shoulders. Accepting either Magnus or Ellegaard's armor, Jesse constructs and uses the Formidi-Bomb, and survives, but Magnus/Ellegaard (whoever gave Jesse the armor) is killed by an attack from the Wither Storm. The Formidi-Bomb destroys the Wither Storm, freeing the citizens it ate, including a now amnesiac Gabriel or Petra. Unfortunately, due to the bomb not reaching the Command Block keeping it alive, the Wither Storm reforms, having split apart to make three Wither Storms, forcing everyone to flee.

text: A Block and a Hard Place (Episode 4)[edit]

text: The group is forced to flee the new Storms. They then encounter Ivor, who wants to fix his mistake and offers a solution: using a book of enchantments he has at his house in the Far Lands that can enchant a weapon so powerful it can destroy the command block. The group (possibly Axel, Lukas and the sick member) goes to Ivor's house, where they learn that the story of the Ender Dragon battle that made the Order famous wasn't entirely true: Soren just used the Command Block to glitch the Ender Dragon out of existence. Ivor left the Order in disgust and summoned the Wither Storm to show the world who the Order really are: liars and frauds.

text: Despite this shocking truth, Jesse constructs the weapon which, with the unwitting help of the Endermen, they use to enter the Wither Storm and destroy the Command Block, though Reuben is fatally wounded in the process and dies shortly after. As the world praises the new heroes, Jesse convinces Gabriel, who now cured (same with Petra), to either tell the truth about the Order's past or continue keeping it a secret. Either way, Jesse and their friends are then made the famous New Order of the Stone.

text: Order Up! (Episode 5)[edit]

text: Sometime later, the New Order goes, on a tip from Ivor, to a temple where they discover a mysterious enchanted flint and steel. Outside the temple, they're accosted by Aiden, who usurped Lukas as the new leader of the Ocelots (now going by the "Blaze Rods") and is bitter towards the fame the New Order has attained, though they manage to chase him and his lackeys away. Back in town, the group shows their found loot to Ivor, who reveals the enchanted flint and steel to be the key to the Eversource, a source of unlimited building power. Returning to the temple, Jesse, Petra, Lukas and Ivor find a portal, which Jesse activates with the flint and steel. Unfortunately, the Blaze Rods surprise them and enter the portal first.

text: Pursuing them, the group ends up in a sky dimension, where they have to build a bridge with dirt. They come to Sky City, a metropolis island in the clouds, where building is strictly regulated by the town's stern Founder. Unluckily for the group, Aiden gets to the Founder first and tricks her into turning the whole town against the Order. Though Ivor and Lukas are captured, Petra is saved by Milo, a barman and the leader of an underground resistance called Build Club (Jesse's decisions choose who he goes with). They are quickly reunited, and soon find the Eversource, revealed to be a chicken which lays spawn eggs.

text: The group is then attacked by the Founder and Aiden, only for him to betray her and knock her, Jesse and possibly Lukas over the side. They land safely on land below, which is surprising to the Founder, as she thought there was nothing but an abyss. She and Jesse (Lukas will sit this out, feeling weak from fighting Aiden in the palace) build a tower back to Sky City, which is now overrun with monsters Aiden summoned from spawn eggs laid by the Eversource chicken. Though Jesse defeats Aiden and his crownies, the city is lost and the remaining townsfolk get into a waterfall and flow safely down to the land below. After deciding what to do with Aiden and the Eversource and how the new government should be run, Jesse and the group use a portal they and the Founder discovered while building the tower to return home, only to find themselves in a corridor filled with portals.

text: A Portal to Mystery (Episode 6)[edit]

text: After entering one of the portals, Jesse, Lukas, Petra and Ivor end up in a world very similar to their own, except there are two moons, and everything appears swampy. After reading an invitation and escaping a massive horde of zombies, they end up in the mansion of other invitees, who end up to be five well-known Minecraft YouTubers: CaptainSparklez, StampyCat, DanTDM, LDShadowLady and StacyPlays, as well as two other fictional ones: TorqueDawg and Cassie Rose. They are revealed to be just as oblivious to this place as the New Order, since portraits of the Youtubers and the Order somehow appeared in the house. While meeting Sparklez and TorqueDawg, all lights go out and TorqueDawg is mysteriously killed by a trap with poisoned arrows .

text: Through a series of investigation, causing the death trap of CaptainSparklez, right after his announcement of the fact that the murderer (who referred to him/herself as the 'White Pumpkin') was killing them off for the enchanted flint and steel (such as the one as Jesse has), as well as the death of Lizzie/Dan, the majority of the Youtubers point the evidence at Lukas, but Petra and Jesse fiercely disagree. The two, along with Stampy, (who then reveals that he had an enchanted flint and steel), prove that Cassie Rose was the White Pumpkin, who then accidentally sets off one of her own traps and dies. Jesse, Petra, Ivor, and Lukas peacefully depart with the remaining Youtubers. The New Order walks over to an unlit portal frame, and attempt to use the flint and steel on it, and open another portal back to their home.

text: Though the flint and steel had the power to send them back to their world, it is revealed that the portal was a trap from Rose, who was not dead. While she threatens them with Endermites, Jesse is able to defeat her with his sword and his own collection of Ender pearls and leaves her to be eaten by the Endermites, while Jesse and his friends return through the real portal, although it is unknown whether they return home or not.

text: Access Denied (Episode 7)[edit]

text: Back in the portal hallway, Petra, who is bitter towards Jesse for leading to nowhere in multiple worlds and portals, flees into a redstone portal, concluding that redstone meant "smart people". Jesse, Lukas and Ivor, having no choice, follow her into the portal.

text: Upon arrival, they are taken hostage by a population of players controlled with redstone chips by the psychopathy artificial intelligence computer screen PAMA (Prototype: Autonomous Management Agent), who was created by redstone user Harper but, against Harper's will, controlled the population in order to "make them useful". Wanting to invade Jesse's territory and world, PAMA questions him and takes over Petra and Lukas, allowing it to see what they know. Jesse and Ivor escape PAMA with the help of Harper, who shows them her laboratory, where she reveals that she is an "old builder". They are soon attacked by PAMA controlled monsters, alongside the mind controlled Lukas and Petra. Through a stroke of luck, Jesse manages to destroy the redstone chips controlling some spiders, and either Lukas or Petra.

text: Harper is captured by whoever Jesse didn't free by orders of PAMA, and Harper tells Jesse to find the 'headset'. Eventually, after solving Harper's puzzle, Jesse finds the headset, and wears it. It allows Jesse to take control over and migrate into PAMA-controlled mobs. Eventually finding Harper being captured by PAMA, Jesse is able to free her, only for her to be recaptured, but finds out from her that PAMA's internal redstone heart is supposed to be destroyed. Using one of Ivor's potions, Jesse is able to break into PAMA but is engaged in a fight with either Lukas or Petra before destroying PAMA's heart. After the townspeople are freed from PAMA's possession, they discover that Harper had created PAMA, and immediately hate her for it. Harper accompanies the group to the portal hallway, where she unlocks a stairway with the redstone heart leading to where the 'Old Builders' live, who might be able to help them find their way home, via a "Portal Atlas".

text: A Journey's End? (Episode 8)[edit]

text: Arriving at the Old Builder's village, the five accidentally interrupt a game of spleef hosted by the Old Builders; Hadrian, Mevia and Otto. Lukas and either Ivor or Petra (whoever Jesse doesn't choose to help) are seemingly killed, but respawn to be sent to the Nether mines, where other losers of the Old Builder's games are sent. Jesse strikes a deal with Hadrian: if Jesse wins the games, they get the Portal Atlas and go home. In the village, Harper explains to Jesse that Hadrian and Mevia began to force players from other worlds to play the games - they would only be free if they won the games, which was virtually rigged.

text: After freeing Lukas and his other companion from the mines, Jesse successfully completes the second game, despite Hadrian sending the green team to eliminate Jesse. Ivor/Petra (whoever Jesse saved) are killed, but quickly respawn. Harper convinces sympathetic Old Builder Otto to help Jesse. Hadrian reveals to Jesse that he kept Olivia and Axel captive using the Atlas, and makes another deal: If Jesse loses the games, Olivia, Axel, Petra, Lukas, Ivor and Reuben (Hadrian confused the latter with the EnderCon Usher) can go free while Jesse stays imprisoned. Otherwise, everyone stays imprisoned.

text: The next day, on the third task, Jesse eventually convinces the other teams to cooperate and rebel against Hadrian and Mevia by all winning. Otto accepts this victory, but Hadrian and Mevia trap him and most players, and kill Jesse, and the player respawns in the respawn area, where Emily, leader of the green team, Olivia, Axel, Petra, Lukas, Harper, and Ivor have stolen items for Jesse to defeat the Old Builders. The plan is successful, and they eventually receive the Atlas from Otto. Back in the Portal Hallway, Otto plans to work on making the games fun again. Harper and Emily either return home, stay in the games, or leave with the Order (Jesse's suggestion), and the Order of the Stone return home. There, after Jesse shows Axel and Olivia their cool new artifacts (the Flint and Steel, the Eversource Crown, the White Pumpkin Head, the Redstone Heart, and the Atlas). Ivor takes the enchanted flint and steel and the Atlas, in which Jesse either decides to go after him or trust him with their new treasure.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text: Hero in Residence (Episode 1)[edit]

text: Lukas narrates a novel about Jesse and their friends' adventures and their popularity. As he finishes, Jesse, Axel, and Olivia provide feedback for the novel. Along with Radar, Jesse's new assistant, the five leave the Order's palace to prepare for Founding Day celebrations throughout the world. Radar stays with Jesse to help with various tasks in Beacontown. Afterwards, Jesse heads to the mines to meet Petra, who has been sent to find a mysterious creature by Stella, the leader of a rivaling city, "Champion City", who has Petra's golden sword.

text: In the mines, Jesse and Petra fight off zombies, then race through the mine shaft to find the creature, which turns out to be a llama named Lluna. They capture the llama, and also find a strange gauntlet on top of a pyramid that whispers Jesse's name. The pyramid collapses and reveals a bottomless pit. They close off the pit and escape. Back on the surface, Jesse leaves a warning sign, and they head to Champion City to take the llama to Stella. The two meet Stella and give the llama back to her. Stella informs Petra that the "adventure" was a scam and doesn't return the sword. The two decide to steal the sword back. Once they reach Stella's treasure room, they find that the sword is missing. Stella shows up, accepts defeat after inadvertently revealing she's a fan of Jesse, and gives the sword back.

text: As they head back to Beacontown, the bottomless pit blows open and spews out charged creepers. They fight them off before sealing it again. They head straight to Beacontown to meet Jack, a former treasure hunter. Jack talks to Jesse about the gauntlet, and introduces them to Nurm, Jack's map-maker. The four get some armor from the Order's palace, and head to an ocean temple. As they travel, Jack informs them how the ocean monument is run by "the Admin", a being of infinite power. They suit up in water helmets, and swim to the ocean monument. Jesse completes a door frame, and frees Vos, Jack's old friend. Jack is surprised that Vos is alive, and the five reach the main part of the temple. They find the two structure blocks, and pick one. After fighting off stone guards, including the Admin, the five then escape back to Beacontown. The group close the pit with the structure block, and celebrate Founding Day. As the celebration starts, the Admin goes after Jesse, vowing to demolish them. While Lukas is at his house finishing his novel, he sees the Admin approaching Beacontown, he suits of and rides off to help Jesse.

text: Giant Consequences (Episode 2)[edit]

text: The Admin meets Jesse at Beacontown, and the two fight, damaging Beacontown in the process, He uses a giant clock to turn day into night so that monsters would invade the city. The Admin also swallows the structure block. Just as The Admin is about to swallow Jesse whole, Lukas distracts him with a bow to the eye, and saves Jesse. Jesse then realizes that the symbol on The Admin's head was the same symbol shown on the back of the Prismarine Golems at the ocean temple, and Jesse realizes that destroying the symbol is the only way of destroying the Admin. Jesse takes Lukas' horse, climbs up the Admin, and kills it, dropping a giant clock, which Jesse uses to make the sun come up.

text: In the aftermath, Jesse and others are doing all they can to rebuild Beacontown, Jesse gives Radar the title of "Clockmaster", which basically involves watching a giant clock all day. Jesse then meets up with Jack and Vos, who unintentionally spill that they are about to go on a new adventure with Nurm and Petra. Suddenly, Jesse and Petra see snowflakes falling in Beacontown, and one of them ends up melting inside the gauntlet, revealing the Admin to be a snowman. The snowman then gives Jesse a challenge: Beacontown will remain dark and surrounded by hostile mobs until Jesse reclaims the giant clock, which the snowman says is "at the tippy top of my awesome, fantastic, super-deadly icy palace of despair". Jesse and the others fight off numerous monsters and zombies, and the group (consisting of Jesse, Petra, Lukas, Radar, Jack, and Vos) head toward the ice palace. On the way to the ice palace, the group encounter Lluna and Stella, once again talking about their "rivalry". The group ignore her, and she eventually tags along with them in order to "keep an eye on them".

text: At the ice palace, the snowman drops the group into the pit, and Jesse can choose whether to go with Lukas or Petra in order to find the clock. The group eventually end up in a roller-coaster-like maze, and meet the snowman once more, giving the group several challenges, such as a shooting gallery, parkour, and a fight with a giant snow golem. Nonetheless, the Admin insists that only one person is supposed to win, and throws Radar/Jack into another challenge, with Vos randomly disappearing. The group then mine their way out with a diamond pickaxe and face numerous Snow Endercreepers. Jesse can then choose whether Petra or Jack should get the clock, and whether Stella should come along or leave her be. Petra/Jack makes it up to the clock and destroys it, turning the world back to normal time. Jack insists on finding Vos, and the group help Jack find him. Suddenly, it is revealed that Vos was actually the Admin the entire time as the real Vos died years ago, and he is convinced on partnering up by Stella. The Admin then transports the gauntlet to whoever destroyed the clock & proceeds to teleport Jesse to a jailhouse.

text: Jailhouse Block (Episode 3)[edit]

text: Jesse arrives at the "Sunshine Institute", an underground prison where the Admin likes to keep people that he detests & their loved ones as prisoners, as well as people meant to act as guards. Jesse immediately tries to escape with help from Jack/Petra (who was not chosen as a champion) where they discover that the prison is in the middle of a labyrinth filled with dangerous monsters. They are immediately apprehended and sent back to the prison. Jesse meets the Warden, a former "Guest" (prisoner) that was promoted, who proceeds to torture Radar in order to coerce Jesse into becoming an "Associate" (Guard), which Jesse can either accept this new role or refuse it. If he accepts the role he will be an Associate, but if not the Warden will break Radar's glasses and give him a black-eye. They also discover that Stella is also an Associate of the deeper floor. After hearing of an attempted escape from Prisoner X, they discover that they need her help in order for them to get out of there.

text: As an Associate/Guest, Jesse will find another Guest's secret stash, a Mooshroom. Once the Warden finds out, he will ask Jesse to shear the mushrooms from the Mooshroom to change it back to a regular cow promising a promotion to the lower depths if he obeys. If he shears the cow, Jesse will be promoted to an associate in the lower depths (Jack/Petra, Nurm & Radar will cause trouble to be demoted to follow you), but upon refusal, Jesse and his friends will be demoted to the lower depths as guests. Once in the lower levels, Jesse asks assistance from Stella to make a lever to open Prisoner X's cell. You can either promise to help her escape as well or not. After successfully opening the gate to Prisoner X's cell, the Admin shows up, fires the Warden, and forces Jesse a Jack/Petra (whoever became the champion in the previous episode) to fight to the death, but they instead cooperate to try and attack the Admin. Annoyed by this he abandons the Sunshine Institute. Before leaving, however, the Admin comes up with a new plan to impersonate Jesse and take over his perfect life in Beacontown and proceeds to take Stella with him.

text: They proceed to Prisoner X's isolated cell, which is rigged to explode if no one is standing on at least one stone pressure plate, which means that either Nurm or Lluna (Stella's llama) need to be left behind so that they can escape. After their escape they learn that Prisoner X, whose real name is Xara, is a former Admin. They were told that Xara and another Admin named Fred fought Romeo (the Admin's real name) for control of the world, but Fred was killed and Xara's powers were taken away.

text: After fighting through the monster-filled labyrinth, Jesse decides to choose to help Xara when she ditches him, or to leave her to fend for herself. Whatever the player choose they will meet up with her at the base of a Diamond Tower. Xara explains that there is a passageway beneath the tower and they need to dig into the bedrock to escape, she also explains that the secret to rid Romeo of his abilities also lies there as well. They enter the passageway, but the audience sees that there is a giant Enderman in the passageway. Romeo, in Jesse's form, proceeds to give the Order of the Stone's Amulet to an armored assailant to try and hunt down Jesse and his friends.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
5
October 13, 2015 (2015-10-13)
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)

3
June 7, 2016 (2016-06-07)
September 13, 2016 (2016-09-13)

2
5
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)
TBA

text: Season 1 (2015-16)[edit]

text: The main Minecraft: Story Mode game was separated into five episodes for Season 1, released in one month intervals. Three additional episodes were later released.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

Main

1
1
"The Order of the Stone"
Dennis Lenart and Graham Ross
Michael Choung and Laura Jacqmin
October 13, 2015 (2015-10-13)[1]

While at Endercon, Jesse, Olivia, Axel, Reuben, Petra, and Lukas instantly face a creature named the Wither Storm, a world-threatening monster. It is up to Jesse and his/her friends to reassemble the Order of the Stone, a group of adventurers and so-called slayers of the Ender Dragon.

2
2
"Assembly Required"
Jason Latino
Joshua Rubin, Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams
October 27, 2015 (2015-10-27)[2]

Jesse and his/her friends must recruit Magnus/Ellegaard and find Soren, the final member of the Order of the Stone.

3
3
"The Last Place You Look"
Jonathan Stauder
Michael Choung, Laura Jacqmin, Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams
November 24, 2015 (2015-11-24)[3]

Trapped at Soren's fortress, Jesse and his/her friends must find Soren to build the Formidi-Bomb, which might destroy the Wither Storm.

4
4
"A Block and a Hard Place"
Graham Ross and Rebekah Gamin Arcovitch
Brad Kane and Laura Jacqmin
December 22, 2015 (2015-12-22)[4]

After the Formidi-Bomb failed to destroy the witherstorm when the command block is still there, Jesse and his/her friends must go on a long journey to the Far Lands, to find Ivor's laboratory and use his help to not only destroy the Wither Storm, but the Command Block.

5
5
"Order Up!"
Jonathan Stauder
Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)[5]

Jesse, Petra, Lukas, and Ivor find a mysterious portal and wind themselves up in a strange place called Sky City. After being framed, Jesse and his/her friends must clear their names and stop an old enemy from destroying an innocent world.

Downloaded content

6
6
"A Portal to Mystery"
Sean Manning
Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams
June 7, 2016 (2016-06-07)[6]

Jesse and his/her friends end up in a room full of portals and must find a portal leading to the overworld. The episode features five well-known YouTube players of Minecraft, as their avatars in the game: Joseph Garrett, Stacy Hinojosa, Dan Middleton, Lizzie Dwyer, and Jordan Maron.

7
7
"Access Denied"
Rebekah Gamin Arcovitch and Jason Pyke
Luke McMullen and Eric Stirpe
July 26, 2016 (2016-07-26)[7]

Continuing their portal journey in search of home, Jesse and crew land in a world entirely controlled by PAMA - a sinister "thinking machine" determined to command everyone and everything with red stone mind control "chips" in pursuit of optimal usefulness and efficiency. Forced on the run to avoid capture and assimilation, you'll need to work with a new ally to defeat the corrupted computer and free the population it has enslaved.

8
8
"A Journey's End?"
Vahram Antonian
Eric Stirpe, Yale Hannon, and Erica Harrell
September 13, 2016 (2016-09-13)[8]

Jesse, Petra, Lukas, and Ivor try to find The Atlas, which can supposedly find their way home. They meet The Old Builders who turned out to be a group of people who have many tricks up their sleeves, But still manage to help them find their way home, and along the way, they make a new friend, Em.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text: In July 2017, the first trailer was released for season 2 revealing a release date of July 11.[24]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

9
1
"Hero in Residence"
Jonathan Stauder
Eric Stirpe
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)[15]

As old friends and new responsibilities pull Jesse in different directions, the discovery of a strange Prismarine Gauntlet leads our hero into a whole new world of mystery and danger.

10
2
"Giant Consequences"
Jonathan Stauder
Eric Stirpe
August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)[25]

A powerful foe emerges in Beacontown and subjects Jesse to some bizarre (and deadly) challenges. Friendships will be tested and new alliances formed as Jesse fights to save the world from this mighty enemy.

11
3
"Jailhouse Block"
Chris Reiser
Adam Douglas
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)

Jesse and the gang must brave a dangerous prison and its even more dangerous inmates to reach the secret at the prison's heart... But when the enemy to recruit Jesse’s friends, will they all be able to resist the call?

12
4
"Below the Bedrock"
Daniel Rosales
Nicole Martinez
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)

Our heroes take a journey to a long-forgotten land where nothing is quite what it seems and danger lurks around every corner. Will Jesse's new alliances and friendships withstand the tests they'll face?

text: Development and releases[edit]

text: The idea for Minecraft: Story Mode came around the end of 2012 when Telltale Games was engaged in work for Tales from the Borderlands, an episodic series based on the Borderlands series. The idea of developing stories around other established video game franchises led the team to brainstorm the idea for a Minecraft-related game, given that the game was essentially a "blank canvas" for storytelling, according to Job Stauffer, and would create an interesting challenge.[16] The two groups recognized the amount of fan-generated narrative content that existed in the way of YouTube videos and other media forms that demonstrated the potential for storytelling in the game.[26] Many on Telltale's staff were also already fans of Minecraft, with a private server that they played on, with some of the incidents that occurred on there becoming ideas for the game's story.[26] Telltale began negotiations with Mojang in early 2013, and began work on the title shortly thereafter.[16] Stauffer noted that Microsoft's acquisition of Mojang was not a factor in the game's development, as their interaction with Mojang began well before Microsoft's negotiations.[16]

text: Telltale opted to create a new main character of Jesse for Minecraft: Story Mode instead of using default "Steve" character from Minecraft, feeling that they did not want to attempt to rewrite how players already saw this character in the game.[27] Other primary characters in the game are loosely designed around archetypes of common player-characters for Minecraft, such that those that engage in building, fighting, or griefing other players.[26] The game will not attempt to provide any background for some concepts in Minecraft, such as the creepers, as to avoid the various interpretations that fans have done for these elements, though they are elements of the game's story.[26]

text: Stauffer stated that the game's story would be aimed as family-friendly, similar to the films The Goonies or Ghostbusters;[16] their intended content would be equivalent to a PG-13 or PEGI-12 rating.[19][26] A number of the voice actors are alumni of such films of the 1980s such as Corey Feldman who starred in The Goonies, and the game includes various references to these types of films.[26] Stauffer reflected that while Telltale's more recent games like The Walking Dead were more mature stories, their original adventure games like Sam & Max and Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People were written as family-friendly, and that they consider their approach to Minecraft: Story Mode as "part of our DNA".[18] The story was aimed to be accessible to both existing players of Minecraft - both novice and advanced players - and to new audiences outside of the game.[16]

text: Minecraft: Story Mode was formally announced in December 2014 as a collaboration project between Mojang and Telltale; the announcement was presented as an interactive adventure game named "Info Quest II".[28] Its first trailer was released during the Minecon 2015 convention in early July.[21] The game is planned for a five-episode series for release on Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation and Xbox consoles by late 2015;[29][30] Telltale has confirmed that they will release the game for the Wii U, representing the first time a Minecraft game has been released on a Nintendo platform, as well as the first time a Telltale's title has been released on a Nintendo platform since Back to the Future: The Game.[16] Minecraft: Story Mode - The Complete Adventure, incorporating both the main episodes and downloadable content, was also announced for the Nintendo Switch.[31]

text: The series released for most systems on October 13, 2015, with the PlayStation Vita and Wii U versions to follow at a later date. A season pass of the game was available for purchase on October 27, 2015, which allows the player to access the other four episodes once they are released.[1] Retail versions of the game were released on October 27, 2015.[2]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Minecraft: Story Mode – Season Two was released on July 11, 2017 across five episodes, for Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, iOS and Android. It continues the story from the first season, with the player's choices affecting elements within Season 2. Patton Oswalt, Catherine Taber, Ashley Johnson, and Scott Porter are confirmed to continue voicework for the new season. The game supports the new Crowd Play feature that Telltale introduced in Batman: The Telltale Series, allowing up to 2,000 audience members to vote on decisions for player using Twitch or other streaming services.[32]

text: On August 3, 2017, Telltale announced that Episode 2, "Giant Consequences", was released on August 15.[25]

text: On September 19, 2017, Episode 3 "Jailhouse Block" was released.

text: The fourth episode, "Below the Bedrock", will be released on November 7, 2017.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season 1 Aggregate Reviews

Game
Metacritic

Episode 1: The Order of the Stone
(PC) 71[34]
(PS4) 71[35]
(XONE) 77[36]

Episode 2: Assembly Required
(PC) 59[37]
(PS4) 53[38]
(XONE) 61[39]

Episode 3: The Last Place You Look
(PC) 73[40]
(PS4) 73[41]
(XONE) 75[42]

Episode 4: A Block and a Hard Place
(PC) 68[43]
(PS4) 72[44]
(XONE) 71[45]

Episode 5: Order Up!
(PC) 70[46]
(PS4) 72[47]
(XONE) 69[48]

Episode 6: A Portal to Mystery
(PC) 64[49]
(PS4) 69[50]
(XONE) 71[51]

Episode 7: Access Denied
(PC) 69[52]
(PS4) 68[53]
(XONE) 71[54]

Episode 8: A Journey's End?
(PS4) 69[55]

text:
Season 2 Aggregate Reviews

Game
Metacritic

Episode 1: Hero in Residence
(PC) 71[56]
(PS4) 67[57]
(XONE) 76[58]

text: Minecraft: Story Mode received mixed reviews from critics. It received praise for its humor, faithfulness to its source material, action sequences and light hearted tone compared to some of Telltale's previous works although the presence of technical issues was criticized. Critical reception to the story and characters was widely polarized.

text: Season 1 (2015-16)[edit]

text: Episode 1: The Order of the Stone[edit]

text: Episode 1: The Order of the Stone received "mixed or average" reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 71/100 based on 25 reviews,[34] the PlayStation 4 version 71/100 based on 23 reviews[35] and the Xbox One version 77/100 based on 13 reviews.[36]

text: Episode 2: Assembly Required[edit]

text: Episode 2: Assembly Required received "mixed or average" reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 59/100 based on 13 reviews,[37] the PlayStation 4 version 53/100 based on 7 reviews[38] and the Xbox One version 61/100 based on 8 reviews.[39]

text: Episode 3: The Last Place You Look[edit]

text: Episode 3: The Last Place You Look received mildly positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 73/100 based on 10 reviews,[40] the PlayStation 4 version 73/100 based on 7 reviews[41] and the Xbox One version 75/100 based on 9 reviews.[42]

text: Episode 4: A Block and a Hard Place[edit]

text: Episode 4: A Block and a Hard Place received "mixed or average" reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 68/100 based on 8 reviews,[43] the PlayStation 4 version 72/100 based on 8 reviews[44] and the Xbox One version 71/100 based on 8 reviews.[45]

text: Episode 5: Order Up![edit]

text: Episode 5: Order Up! received "mixed or average" reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 70/100 based on 6 reviews,[46] the PlayStation 4 version 72/100 based on 9 reviews[47] and the Xbox One version 69/100 based on 6 reviews.[48]

text: Episode 6: A Portal to Mystery[edit]

text: Episode 6: A Portal to Mystery received mixed reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 64/100 based on 5 reviews,[49] the PlayStation 4 version 69/100 based on 6 reviews[50] and the Xbox One version 71/100 based on 5 reviews.[51]

text: Episode 7: Access Denied[edit]

text: Episode 7: Access Denied received mixed reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 69/100 based on 4 reviews,[52] the PlayStation 4 version 68/100 based on 6 reviews[53] and the Xbox One version 71/100 based on 5 reviews.[54]

text: Episode 8: A Journey's End?[edit]

text: Episode 8: A Journey's End? received mixed reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PlayStation 4 version 69/100 based on 6 reviews.[55]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text: Episode 1: Hero in Residence[edit]

text: Episode 1: Hero in Residence received mixed reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 71/100 based on 8 reviews,[56] the PlayStation 4 version 67/100 based on 8 reviews,[57] and the Xbox One version 76/100 based on 4 reviews.[58]

text: Episode 2: Giant Consequences[edit]

text: Episode 2: Giant Consequences received positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 74/100, based on 8 reviews, the Playstation 4 version 73/100 based on 4 reviews, and the Xbox One version 76/100 based on 5 reviews.

text: Episode 3: Jailhouse Block[edit]

text: Episode 3: Jailhouse Block received mixed reviews.Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 71/100, based on 8 reviews, and the Playstation 4 63/100 based on 4 reviews.


document_title: Oldest people

question_text: who is the person who lived the longest

question_tokens: who is the person who lived the longest

text: Oldest people

text: Ten oldest verified cases ever

text:
Systematic verification of longevity has only been practiced in recent decades and only in certain parts of the world.
Note: All ten oldest people ever are women.

text:
Deceased   Living
†^ denotes age at death, or, if living, age as of 31 October 2017

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Birth date
Death date
Age [†]
Place of death or residence

1
Jeanne Calment[1]
F
21 February 1875
4 August 1997
122 years, 164 days
France

2
Sarah Knauss[4]
F
24 September 1880
30 December 1999
119 years, 97 days
United States

3
Lucy Hannah[5]
F
16 July 1875
21 March 1993
117 years, 248 days
United States

4
Marie-Louise Meilleur[6]
F
29 August 1880
16 April 1998
117 years, 230 days
Canada

5
Violet Brown[7]
F
10 March 1900
15 September 2017
117 years, 189 days
Jamaica

6
Emma Morano[7]
F
29 November 1899
15 April 2017
117 years, 137 days
Italy

7
Nabi Tajima[7]
F
4 August 1900
Living
7004428220000000000♠117 years, 88 days
Japan

8
Misao Okawa[7]
F
5 March 1898
1 April 2015
117 years, 27 days
Japan

9
María Capovilla[8]
F
14 September 1889
27 August 2006
116 years, 347 days
Ecuador

10
Susannah Mushatt Jones[7]
F
6 July 1899
12 May 2016
116 years, 311 days
United States

text: Men

text:
Rank
Name
Birth date
Death date
Age [†]
Place of death
or residence

1
Jiroemon Kimura[9][10]
19 April 1897
12 June 2013
116 years, 54 days
Japan

2
Christian Mortensen[10]
16 August 1882
25 April 1998
115 years, 252 days
United States[a]

3
Emiliano Mercado del Toro[10]
21 August 1891
24 January 2007
115 years, 156 days
Puerto Rico

4
Mathew Beard[10]
9 July 1870
16 February 1985
114 years, 222 days
United States

5
Walter Breuning[11]
21 September 1896
14 April 2011
114 years, 205 days
United States

6
Yukichi Chuganji[12]
23 March 1889
28 September 2003
114 years, 189 days
Japan

7
Joan Riudavets[13]
15 December 1889
5 March 2004
114 years, 81 days
Spain

8
Fred H. Hale, Sr.[14]
1 December 1890
19 November 2004
113 years, 354 days
United States

9
Yisrael Kristal[7][15]
15 September 1903
11 August 2017
113 years, 330 days
Israel[b]

10
Johnson Parks[10]
15 October 1884
17 July 1998
113 years, 275 days
United States

text:
a^ Mortensen was born in Denmark.
b^ Kristal was born in Poland, then a part of the Russian Empire.

text: Ten oldest living people of verified age

text: Note: All ten oldest living people are women.

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Birth date
Age as of 31 October 2017
Place of residence

1
Nabi Tajima[7]
F
4 August 1900
7004428220000000000♠117 years, 88 days
Japan

2
Chiyo Miyako[7]
F
2 May 1901
7004425510000000000♠116 years, 182 days
Japan

3
Ana María Vela Rubio[7]
F
29 October 1901
7004423710000000000♠116 years, 2 days
Spain

4
Giuseppina Projetto[7]
F
30 May 1902
7004421580000000000♠115 years, 154 days
Italy

5
Kane Tanaka[7]
F
2 January 1903
7004419410000000000♠114 years, 302 days
Japan

6
Maria Giuseppa Robucci[7]
F
20 March 1903
7004418640000000000♠114 years, 225 days
Italy

7
Iso Nakamura[7]
F
23 April 1903
7004418300000000000♠114 years, 191 days
Japan

8
Tae Ito[7]
F
11 July 1903
7004417510000000000♠114 years, 112 days
Japan

9
Delphine Gibson[7]
F
17 August 1903
7004417140000000000♠114 years, 75 days
United States

10
Ila Jones[7]
F
21 August 1903
7004417100000000000♠114 years, 71 days
United States

text: Men

text:
Rank
Name
Birth date
Age as of 31 October 2017
Place of residence

1
Francisco Núñez Olivera[16]
13 December 1904
7004412300000000000♠112 years, 322 days
Spain

2
Masazou Nonaka[7]
25 July 1905
7004410060000000000♠112 years, 98 days
Japan

3
Gustav Gerneth[17]
15 October 1905
7004409240000000000♠112 years, 16 days
Germany[a]

4
Richard Arvin Overton[18]
11 May 1906
7004407160000000000♠111 years, 173 days
United States

5
George Feldman[19]
2 December 1906
7004405110000000000♠110 years, 333 days
United States

6
Tsunahei Ogawa[20]
9 January 1907
7004404730000000000♠110 years, 295 days
Japan

7
Kameo Oya[21]
12 February 1907
7004404390000000000♠110 years, 261 days
Japan

8
Bernie Nenner[22]
4 May 1907
7004403580000000000♠110 years, 180 days
United States

9
Filiberto Puc[23]
22 August 1907
7004402480000000000♠110 years, 70 days
Mexico

10
C. P. Crawford[24]
25 August 1907
7004402450000000000♠110 years, 67 days
United States

text: a^ Gerneth was born in Stettin, then part of the German Empire; it is now named Szczecin and located in Poland.

text: Chronological list of the oldest known living person since 1955

text: This list is copied from the Gerontology Research Group's list of the World's Oldest Person Titleholders.[25] As the oldest living person is usually a woman, a sequence of oldest women would be nearly redundant to this list. A sequence of oldest living men follows this sequence.

text:
From
To
Name
Sex
Age(s) when
oldest
Lifespan
Place of death
or residence

1
?
24 October 1955
Betsy Baker
F
? – 113
20 August 1842 – 24 October 1955
113 years, 65 days
Nebraska, United States

2
24 October 1955
16 December 1956
(7002419000000000000♠1 year, 53 days)
Jennie Howell
F
110 – 111
11 February 1845 – 16 December 1956
7004408500000000000♠111 years, 309 days
California, United States

3
16 December 1956
30 March 1958
(7002469000000000000♠1 year, 104 days)
Anne Marie Carstenson
F
107 – 109
24 January 1849 – 30 March 1958
7004398760000000000♠109 years, 65 days
Nebraska, United States

4
30 March 1958
17 October 1958
(7002201000000000000♠201 days)
Nancy Ryan
F
108 – 109
5 September 1849– 17 October 1958
7004398530000000000♠109 years, 42 days
Indiana, United States

5
17 October 1958
7 October 1959
(7002355000000000000♠355 days)
Christina Karnebeek-Backs
F
109 – 110
2 October 1849 – 7 October 1959
7004401810000000000♠110 years, 5 days
Netherlands

6
7 October 1959
24 November 1959
(48 days)
Marie Olsen
F
109
1 May 1850 – 24 November 1959
7004400180000000000♠109 years, 207 days
Norway

7
24 November 1959
30 December 1964
(7003186300000000000♠5 years, 36 days)
Mary Kelly
F
108 – 113
7 June 1851 – 30 December 1964
7004414790000000000♠113 years, 206 days
California, United States

8
30 December 1964
6 March 1965
(66 days)
Elizabeth Kensley
F
109
12 May 1855 – 6 March 1965
7004401100000000000♠109 years, 298 days
England, United Kingdom

9
6 March 1965
6 August 1965
(153 days)
William Fullingim
M
109 – 110
7 July 1855 – 6 August 1965
7004402070000000000♠110 years, 30 days
Oklahoma, United States

10
6 August 1965
10 January 1966
(157 days)
Hannah Smith
F
109 – 110
7 January 1856 – 10 January 1966
7004401800000000000♠110 years, 3 days
England, United Kingdom

11
10 January 1966
21 March 1968
(7002801000000000000♠2 years, 71 days)
John Mosely Turner
M
109 – 111
15 June 1856 – 21 March 1968
111 years, 280 days
England, United Kingdom

12
21 March 1968
16 June 1968
(87 days)
Johanna Booyson
F
111
17 January 1857 – 16 June 1968
111 years, 151 days
Transvaal, South Africa

13
16 June 1968
4 May 1969
(322 days)
Marie Bernátková[26]
F
110 – 111
22 October 1857 – 4 May 1969
111 years, 194 days
Zašová, Czechoslovakia
(now located in the Czech Republic)

14
4 May 1969
11 January 1970
(252 days)
Ada Roe
F
111
6 February 1858 – 11 January 1970
111 years, 339 days
England, United Kingdom

15
11 January 1970
27 February 1973
(7003114300000000000♠3 years, 47 days)
Josefa Salas
F
109 – 112
14 July 1860 – 27 February 1973
112 years, 228 days
Asturias, Spain

16
27 February 1973
18 August 1973
(172 days)
Alice Stevenson
F
111 – 112
10 July 1861 – 18 August 1973
112 years, 39 days
England, United Kingdom

17
18 August 1973
31 October 1973
(74 days)
Elizabeth Watkins
F
110
10 March 1863 – 31 October 1973
110 years, 235 days
Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

18
31 October 1973
31 May 1975
(7002577000000000000♠1 year, 212 days)
Mito Umeta
F
110 – 112
27 March 1863 – 31 May 1975
112 years, 65 days
Kumamoto, Japan

19
31 May 1975
16 November 1976
(7002535000000000000♠1 year, 169 days)
Niwa Kawamoto
F
111 – 113
5 August 1863 – 16 November 1976
113 years, 105 days
Shiga, Japan

20
16 November 1976
2 December 1977
(7002381000000000000♠1 year, 16 days)
Sophia DeMuth
F
110 – 111
30 June 1866 – 2 December 1977
111 years, 155 days
Nebraska, United States

21
2 December 1977
25 April 1978
(144 days)
Marie-Virginie Duhem
F
111
2 August 1866 – 25 April 1978
111 years, 266 days
Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France

22
25 April 1978
22 January 1981
(7003100300000000000♠2 years, 272 days)
Fannie Thomas
F
111 – 113
14 April 1867 – 22 January 1981
113 years, 283 days
California, United States

23
22 January 1981
8 March 1981
(45 days)
Augustine Tessier
F
112
2 January 1869 – 8 March 1981
112 years, 65 days
Languedoc-Roussillon, France

24
8 March 1981
13 November 1982
(7002615000000000000♠1 year, 250 days)
Nellie Spencer
F
111 – 113
24 August 1869 – 13 November 1982
113 years, 81 days
New Jersey, United States

25
13 November 1982
13 October 1983
(334 days)
Emma Wilson
F
112 – 113
12 May 1870 – 13 October 1983
113 years, 154 days
Missouri, United States

26
13 October 1983
16 February 1985
(7002492000000000000♠1 year, 126 days)
Mathew Beard
M
113 – 114
9 July 1870 – 16 February 1985
114 years, 222 days
Florida, United States

27
16 February 1985
21 October 1986
(7002612000000000000♠1 year, 247 days)
Augusta Holtz
F
113 – 115
3 August 1871 – 21 October 1986
115 years, 79 days
Missouri, United States

28
21 October 1986
2 February 1987
(104 days)
Mary McKinney
F
113
30 May 1873 – 2 February 1987
113 years, 248 days
California, United States

29
2 February 1987
27 December 1987
(328 days)
Anna Eliza Williams
F
113 – 114
2 June 1873 – 27 December 1987
114 years, 208 days
Wales, United Kingdom

30
27 December 1987
11 January 1988
(15 days)
Florence Knapp
F
114
10 October 1873 – 11 January 1988
114 years, 93 days
Pennsylvania, United States

31
11 January 1988
4 August 1997
(7003349300000000000♠9 years, 205 days)
Jeanne Calment
F
112 – 122
21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997
122 years, 164 days
Provence, France

32
4 August 1997
16 April 1998
(255 days)
Marie-Louise Meilleur
F
116 – 117
29 August 1880 – 16 April 1998
117 years, 230 days
Ontario, Canada

33
16 April 1998
30 December 1999
(7002623000000000000♠1 year, 258 days)
Sarah Knauss
F
117 – 119
24 September 1880 – 30 December 1999
119 years, 97 days
Pennsylvania, United States

34
30 December 1999
2 November 2000
(308 days)
Eva Morris
F
114
8 November 1885 – 2 November 2000
114 years, 360 days
England, United Kingdom

35
2 November 2000
6 June 2001
(216 days)
Marie Brémont
F
114 – 115
25 April 1886 – 6 June 2001
115 years, 42 days
Anjou, France

36
5 June 2001
18 March 2002
(286 days)
Maude Farris-Luse
F
114 – 115
21 January 1887 – 18 March 2002
115 years, 56 days
Michigan, United States

37
18 March 2002
28 May 2002
(71 days)
Grace Clawson
F
114
15 November 1887 – 28 May 2002
114 years, 194 days
Florida, United States

38
28 May 2002
21 August 2002
(85 days)
Adelina Domingues
F
114
19 February 1888 – 21 August 2002
114 years, 183 days
California, United States

39
21 August 2002
29 December 2002
(130 days)
Mae Harrington
F
113
20 January 1889 – 29 December 2002
113 years, 343 days
New York, United States

40
29 December 2002
28 September 2003
(273 days)
Yukichi Chuganji
M
113 – 114
23 March 1889 – 28 September 2003
114 years, 189 days
Fukuoka, Japan

41
28 September 2003
13 November 2003
(46 days)
Mitoyo Kawate
F
114
15 May 1889 – 13 November 2003
114 years, 182 days
Hiroshima, Japan

42
13 November 2003
29 May 2004
(198 days)
Ramona Trinidad Iglesias-Jordan
F
114
31 August 1889 – 29 May 2004
114 years, 272 days
United States (Puerto Rico)

43
29 May 2004
27 August 2006
(7002820000000000000♠2 years, 90 days)
María Capovilla
F
114 – 116
14 September 1889 – 27 August 2006
116 years, 347 days
Guayas, Ecuador

44
27 August 2006
11 December 2006
(106 days)
Elizabeth Bolden
F
116
15 August 1890 – 11 December 2006
116 years, 118 days
Tennessee, United States

45
11 December 2006
24 January 2007
(44 days)
Emiliano Mercado del Toro
M
115
21 August 1891 – 24 January 2007
115 years, 156 days
United States (Puerto Rico)

46
24 January 2007
28 January 2007
(4 days)
Emma Tillman
F
114
22 November 1892 – 28 January 2007
114 years, 67 days
Connecticut, United States

47
29 January 2007[a]
13 August 2007
(196 days)
Yone Minagawa
F
114
4 January 1893 – 13 August 2007
114 years, 221 days
Fukuoka, Japan

48
13 August 2007
26 November 2008
(7002471000000000000♠1 year, 105 days)
Edna Parker
F
114 – 115
20 April 1893 – 26 November 2008
115 years, 220 days
Indiana, United States

49
26 November 2008
2 January 2009
(37 days)
Maria de Jesus
F
115
10 September 1893 – 2 January 2009
115 years, 114 days
Tomar, Portugal

50
2 January 2009
11 September 2009
(252 days)
Gertrude Baines
F
114 – 115
6 April 1894 – 11 September 2009
115 years, 158 days
California, United States

51
11 September 2009
2 May 2010
(233 days)
Kama Chinen
F
114
10 May 1895 – 2 May 2010
114 years, 357 days
Okinawa, Japan

52
2 May 2010
4 November 2010
(186 days)
Eugénie Blanchard
F
114
16 February 1896 – 4 November 2010
114 years, 261 days
Saint Barthélemy, France

53
4 November 2010
21 June 2011
(229 days)
Maria Gomes Valentim
F
114
9 July 1896 – 21 June 2011
114 years, 347 days
Minas Gerais, Brazil

54
21 June 2011
4 December 2012
(7002532000000000000♠1 year, 166 days)
Besse Cooper
F
114 – 116
26 August 1896 – 4 December 2012
116 years, 100 days
Georgia, United States

55
4 December 2012
17 December 2012
(13 days)
Dina Manfredini
F
115
4 April 1897 – 17 December 2012
115 years, 257 days
Iowa, United States

56
17 December 2012
12 June 2013
(177 days)
Jiroemon Kimura
M
115 – 116
19 April 1897 – 12 June 2013
116 years, 54 days
Kyoto, Japan

57
12 June 2013
1 April 2015
(1 year, 293 days)
Misao Okawa
F
115 – 117
5 March 1898 – 1 April 2015
117 years, 27 days
Osaka, Japan

58
31 March 2015[b]
6 April 2015
(6 days)
Gertrude Weaver
F
116
4 July 1898 – 6 April 2015
116 years, 276 days
Arkansas, United States

59
6 April 2015
17 June 2015
(72 days)
Jeralean Talley
F
115 – 116
23 May 1899 – 17 June 2015
116 years, 25 days
Michigan, United States

60
17 June 2015
12 May 2016
(330 days)
Susannah Mushatt Jones
F
115 – 116
6 July 1899 – 12 May 2016
116 years, 311 days
New York, United States

61
13 May 2016[c]
15 April 2017
(337 days)
Emma Morano
F
116 – 117
29 November 1899 – 15 April 2017
117 years, 137 days
Piedmont, Italy

62
15 April 2017
15 September 2017
(153 days)
Violet Brown
F
117
10 March 1900 – 15 September 2017
117 years, 189 days
Trelawny, Jamaica

63
16 September 2017[d]
Present
(7001450000000000000♠45 days)
Nabi Tajima
F
117*
born 4 August 1900
7004428220000000000♠117 years, 88 days
Kagoshima, Japan

text: Chronological list of the oldest living man since 1973

text: This list is copied from the Gerontology Research Group's list of the World's Oldest Man Titleholders.[10]

text:
From
To
Name
Age(s) when
oldest
Lifespan
Place of death
or residence

1
?
5 May 1973
Friedrich Wedeking
? – 110
10 October 1862 – 5 May 1973
110 years, 207 days
North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

2
5 May 1973
9 March 1974
(308 days)
Frederick Butterfield
109 – 110
28 February 1864 – 9 March 1974
110 years, 9 days
England, United Kingdom

3
9 March 1974
17 March 1977
(7003110400000000000♠3 years, 8 days)
Jean Teillet
107 – 110
6 November 1866 – 17 March 1977
110 years, 131 days
Île-de-France, France

4
17 March 1977
20 August 1978
(7002521000000000000♠1 year, 156 days)
Charlie Nelson
109 – 110
21 September 1867 – 20 August 1978
110 years, 333 days
Iowa, United States

5
20 August 1978
5 September 1980
(7002747000000000000♠2 years, 16 days)
Charlie Phillips
108 – 110
5 May 1870 – 5 September 1980
110 years, 123 days
Mississippi, United States

6
5 September 1980
16 February 1985
(7003162500000000000♠4 years, 164 days)
Mathew Beard
110 – 114
9 July 1870 – 16 February 1985
114 years, 222 days
Florida, United States

7
16 February 1985
14 December 1986
(7002666000000000000♠1 year, 301 days)
Joe Thomas
109 – 111
1 May 1875 – 14 December 1986
111 years, 227 days
Louisiana, United States

8
14 December 1986
5 January 1987
(22 days)
Herman Smith-Johannsen
111
15 June 1875 – 5 January 1987
111 years, 204 days
Vestfold, Norway

9
5 January 1987
25 November 1988
(7002690000000000000♠1 year, 325 days)
Alphaeus Philemon Cole
110 – 112
12 July 1876 – 25 November 1988
112 years, 136 days
New Jersey, United States

10
25 November 1988
10 June 1990
(7002562000000000000♠1 year, 197 days)
John Evans
111 – 112
19 August 1877 – 10 June 1990
112 years, 295 days
Wales, United Kingdom

11
10 June 1990
18 June 1990
(8 days)
Henri Pérignon
110
14 October 1879 – 18 June 1990
7004404240000000000♠110 years, 247 days
Normandy, France

12
18 June 1990
16 October 1991
(7002485000000000000♠1 year, 120 days)
James Wiggins
110 – 112
15 October 1879 – 16 October 1991
112 years, 1 day
Arkansas, United States

13
16 October 1991
14 June 1993
(7002607000000000000♠1 year, 241 days)
Frederick Frazier
111 – 113
27 January 1880 – 14 June 1993
113 years, 138 days
Alabama, United States

14
14 June 1993
20 January 1994
(220 days)
Josep Armengol
111 – 112
23 July 1881 – 20 January 1994
112 years, 181 days
Catalonia, Spain

15
20 January 1994
25 April 1998
(7003155600000000000♠4 years, 95 days)
Christian Mortensen
111 – 115
16 August 1882 – 25 April 1998
115 years, 252 days
California, United States

16
25 April 1998
17 July 1998
(83 days)
Johnson Parks
113
15 October 1884 – 17 July 1998
113 years, 275 days
Florida, United States

17
17 July 1998
25 December 1998
(161 days)
Walter Richardson
112 – 113
7 November 1885 – 25 December 1998
113 years, 48 days
Illinois, United States

18
25 December 1998
29 April 1999
(125 days)
Denzo Ishisaki
112
20 October 1886 – 29 April 1999
112 years, 191 days
Ibaraki, Japan

19
29 April 1999
15 November 1999
(200 days)
Antonio Urrea
111
16 February 1888 – 15 November 1999
111 years, 272 days
Catalonia, Spain

20
15 November 1999
1 March 2001
(7002472000000000000♠1 year, 106 days)
John Painter
111 – 112
20 September 1888 – 1 March 2001
112 years, 162 days
Tennessee, United States

21
1 March 2001
3 January 2002
(308 days)
Antonio Todde
112
22 January 1889 – 3 January 2002
112 years, 346 days
Sardinia, Italy

22
3 January 2002
28 September 2003
(7002633000000000000♠1 year, 268 days)
Yukichi Chuganji
112 – 114
23 March 1889 – 28 September 2003
114 years, 189 days
Fukuoka, Japan

23
28 September 2003
5 March 2004
(159 days)
Joan Riudavets
113 – 114
15 December 1889 – 5 March 2004
114 years, 81 days
Balearic Islands, Spain

24
5 March 2004
19 November 2004
(259 days)
Fred H. Hale, Sr.
113
1 December 1890 – 19 November 2004
113 years, 354 days
Maine, United States

25
19 November 2004
24 January 2007
(7002796000000000000♠2 years, 66 days)
Emiliano Mercado del Toro
113 – 115
21 August 1891 – 24 January 2007
115 years, 156 days
United States (Puerto Rico)

26
24 January 2007
19 June 2009
(7002877000000000000♠2 years, 146 days)
Tomoji Tanabe
111 – 113
18 September 1895 – 19 June 2009
113 years, 274 days
Miyazaki, Japan

27
19 June 2009
18 July 2009
(29 days)
Henry Allingham
113
6 June 1896 – 18 July 2009
113 years, 42 days
England, United Kingdom

28
18 July 2009
14 April 2011
(7002635000000000000♠1 year, 270 days)
Walter Breuning
112 – 114
21 September 1896 – 14 April 2011
114 years, 205 days
Montana, United States

29
15 April 2011[e]
12 June 2013
(2 years, 58 days)
Jiroemon Kimura
113 – 116
19 April 1897 – 12 June 2013
116 years, 54 days
Kyoto, Japan

30
11 June 2013[f]
13 September 2013
(94 days)
Salustiano Sanchez
112
8 June 1901 – 13 September 2013
112 years, 97 days
New York, United States

31
13 September 2013
24 April 2014
(223 days)
Arturo Licata
111
2 May 1902 – 24 April 2014
111 years, 357 days
Sicily, Italy

32
24 April 2014
8 June 2014
(45 days)
Alexander Imich
111
4 February 1903 – 8 June 2014
111 years, 124 days
New York, United States

33
8 June 2014
5 July 2015
(1 year, 27 days)
Sakari Momoi
111 – 112
5 February 1903 – 5 July 2015
112 years, 150 days
Saitama Prefecture, Japan

34
5 July 2015
19 January 2016
(7002198000000000000♠198 days)
Yasutaro Koide
112
13 March 1903 – 19 January 2016
112 years, 312 days
Aichi Prefecture, Japan

35
18 January 2016[g]
11 August 2017
(7002571000000000000♠1 year, 205 days)
Yisrael Kristal
112 – 113
15 September 1903 – 11 August 2017
113 years, 330 days
Haifa, Israel

text: Oldest verified person by country

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Emma Tillman died 28 January 2007 (EST). However, in Fukuoka Prefecture, where Minagawa lived, the date was already 29 January 2007 (JST).
Jump up ^ Misao Okawa died 1 April 2015 (JST). However, in Arkansas, where Weaver lived, the date was still 31 March 2015 (Central Time Zone).
Jump up ^ Susannah Mushatt Jones died 12 May 2016 8:26pm EDT. However, in Italy, where Morano lived, the date was already 13 May 2016 (CEST).
Jump up ^ Violet Brown died on 15 September 2017 in Jamaica (UTC-5). However, in Japan, where Tajima lives, the date was already 16 September 2017 (JST).
Jump up ^ Walter Breuning died 14 April 2011 3:30pm (MDT). However, in Kyoto, where Kimura lived, the date was already 15 April 2011 (JST).
Jump up ^ Jiroemon Kimura died 12 June 2013 (JST). However, in New York, where Sanchez lived, the date was still 11 June 2013 (Eastern Time Zone).
Jump up ^ Yasutaro Koide died 19 January 2016 12:17 a.m. JST. However, in Israel, where Kristal lived, the date was still 18 January 2016 (IST).

tag: ol


document_title: Rose water

question_text: what kind of rose is used to make rose water

text: Rose water

text: History[edit]

text: The cultivation of various fragrant flowers for obtaining perfumes including rose water may date back to Sassanid Persia.[1] Locally it was known as golāb (Persian: گلاب) in Middle Persian, from (Gul- Rose) and (Ab- Water) and as zoulápin in Byzantine Greek.[2]

text: The modern mass production of rose water through steam distillation was refined by Persian chemist Avicenna in the medieval Islamic world which led to more efficient and economic uses for perfumery industries.[3] This allowed for more efficient and lucrative trade.

text: Since ancient times, roses have been used medicinally, nutritionally, and as a source of perfume. The ancient Greeks, Romans and Phoenicians considered large public rose gardens to be as important as croplands such as orchards and wheat fields.[4]

text: Rose perfumes are made from rose oil, also called attar of roses, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses, a process first developed in Iran (Persia). Rose water is a by-product of this process.[5]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Edible[edit]

text: Rose water has a very distinctive flavour and is used heavily in many Middle Eastern cuisines—especially in sweets such as nougat, gumdrops, and baklava. For example, rose water is used to give some types of Turkish delight (Rahat  lokum) their distinctive flavours.

text: The Cypriot version of mahaleb, known as μαχαλεπί, uses rosewater (ροδόσταγμα).[6][unreliable source?] In Iran, it is also added to tea, ice cream, cookies and other sweets in small quantities, and in the Arab world, Pakistan and India it is used to flavour milk and dairy-based dishes such as rice pudding. It is also a key ingredient in sweet lassi, a drink made from yogurt, sugar and various fruit juices, and is also used to make jallab. In Malaysia and Singapore, sweet red-tinted rose water is mixed with milk, which then turns pink to make a sweet drink called bandung. Rose water is frequently used as a halal substitute for red wine and other alcohols in cooking; the Premier League offer a rose water-based beverage as an alternative for champagne when rewarding Muslim players.[7] It is sometimes added to lemonade, and often added to water to mask unpleasant odours and flavours found in tap water.

text: Marzipan has long been flavoured with rose water.[8] Rose water was also used to make Waverly Jumbles. American and European bakers enjoyed the floral flavouring of rose water in their baking until the 19th century when vanilla flavouring became popular. In the historic English county of Yorkshire rosewater has long been used as a flavouring for one of that region's best loved dishes; Yorkshire curd tart.

text: Cosmetic and medicinal use[edit]

text: In medieval Europe, rosewater was used to wash hands at a meal table during feasts.[9]

text: Rose water is a usual component of perfume. A rose water ointment is occasionally used as an emollient, and rose water is sometimes used in cosmetics such as cold creams, toners and face wash. Its anti-inflammatory properties make it a good tool against skin disorders such as Rosacea and eczema.[10] Some people in India also use rose water as spray applied directly to the face for natural fragrance and moisturizer, especially during winters. It is also used in Indian sweets and other food preparations (particularly gulab jamun). Rose water is often sprinkled in Indian weddings to welcome guests.

text: Religious uses[edit]

text:
Rose water is used as a perfume in religious ceremonies (Muslim, Hindu and Zoroastrian). Water used to clean the Kaaba, the Qibla for Muslims located in Mecca, combines water from the Zamzam Well with rose water as an additive.[citation needed] In the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia during Muslim burials, rose water is often sprinkled in the dug grave before placing the body inside. Rose water is used in some Hindu rituals as well. Rose water also figures in Christianity, particularly in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[11]
In the Baha'i Faith, the Most Holy Book (Kitab-i-Aqdas 1:76) orders the believers to make use of rose water.

text: Production and distribution[edit]

text: Kashan, Qamsar and Barzok are the main regions in Iran for making rose water.

text: Composition[edit]

text:
Depending on the origin and type of manufacturing method of rosewater obtained from the sepals and petals of Rosa × damascena from Central Iran through steam distillation, the following monoterpenoid and alkane components could be identified with GC-MS: mostly citronellol, nonadecane, geraniol and phenyl ethyl alcohol, and also henicosane, 9-nonadecen, eicosane, linalool, citronellyl acetate, methyleugenol, heptadecane, pentadecane,  docosane, nerol, disiloxane, octadecane, and pentacosane.
Usually, phenylethyl alcohol is responsible for the typical odour of rose water but not always present in rosewater products.[12]