document_title: List of New Zealand One Day International cricket records

question_text: highest wicket taker in odi for new zealand

text: Key[edit]

text: The top ten records are listed for each category. Tied records for the tenth place are listed as well. Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below. Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate.

text:
Symbol

Meaning

Player is currently active in T20I cricket

*
Player remained not out or partnership remained unbroken

♠
World record

text:
ICC ODI Rankings vte

Rank
Team
Matches
Points
Rating

1

 England
51
6,470
127

2

 India
48
5,819
121

3

 New Zealand
41
4,602
112

4

 South Africa
39
4,245
110

5

 Pakistan
37
3,844
104

6

 Australia
37
3,699
100

7

 Bangladesh
27
2,477
92

8

 Sri Lanka
48
3,818
80

9

 West Indies
32
2,217
69

10

 Afghanistan
28
1,758
63

11

 Zimbabwe
42
2,242
53

12

 Ireland
20
766
38

13

 Scotland
16
535
33

14

 United Arab Emirates
13
236
18

–

 Netherlands*
6
–
–

–

   Nepal*
6
–
–

*Netherlands and Nepal have not played enough matches to gain an official ranking; eight matches are needed to qualify.

"Matches" is the no. matches played in the 12-24 months since the May before last, plus half the number in the 24 months before that.

Reference: ICC Rankings, 12 August 2018

text: Team records[edit]

text: Team wins, losses, and ties[edit]

text: Matches played (total)[edit]

text:
Mat

Won

Lost

Tied

NR

Win %

739
332
362
6
39
47.85

Note: Win percentage excludes no result matches and counts ties as half wins i.e. [won÷(matches – noresult)×100].  Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: Matches played (by country)[edit]

text:
Team

First Match

Mat

Won

Lost

Tied

NR

Win %

 Afghanistan
2015
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

 Australia
1974
136
39
90
0
7
30.23

 Bangladesh
1990
30
21
10
0
0
67.74

 Canada
2003
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

 East Africa
1975
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

 England
1973
84
41
37
2
4
52.50

 India
1975
101
44
51
1
5
46.35

 Ireland
2007
4
4
0
0
0
100.00

 Kenya
2007
2
2
0
0
0
100.00

 Netherlands
1996
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

 Pakistan
1973
103
47
53
1
2
47.02

 Scotland
1999
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

 South Africa
1992
70
24
41
0
5
36.92

 Sri Lanka
1979
95
45
41
1
8
52.29

 United Arab Emirates
1996
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

 United States
2004
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

 West Indies
1975
61
27
30
0
7
47.36

 Zimbabwe
1987
38
27
9
1
1
74.32

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: Team scoring records[edit]

text: Highest team totals[edit]

text:
Score

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

402–2 (50 overs)

 Ireland
Aberdeen
1 July 2008
Scorecard

398–5 (50 overs)

 England
London
12 June 2015
Scorecard

397–5 (44 overs)

 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
24 August  2005
Scorecard

393–6 (50 overs)

 West Indies
Wellington
21 March 2015
Scorecard

373–8 (50 overs)

 Zimbabwe
Napier
9 February 2012
Scorecard

372–6 (50 overs)

 Zimbabwe
Whangarei
6 February 2012
Scorecard

369–5 (50 overs)

 Pakistan
Napier
3 February 2015
Scorecard

363–5 (50 overs)

 Canada
Gros Islet
22 March 2007
Scorecard

360–5 (50 overs)

 Sri Lanka
Dunedin
23 January 2015
Scorecard

359–3 (50 overs)

 England
Southampton
2 June 2013
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: Highest successful chases[edit]

text:
Score

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

350/9 (49.3 overs)

 Australia
Hamilton
20 February 2007
Scorecard

340/5 (48.4 overs)

 Australia
Auckland
18 February 2007
Scorecard

339/5 (49.3 overs)

 England
Dunedin
7 March 2018
Scorecard

332/8 (49.0 overs)

 Australia
Christchurch
10 December 2005
Scorecard

306/7 (49.0 overs)

 England
Southampton
14 June 2015
Scorecard

299/6 (42.5 overs)

 South Africa
Auckland
24 March 2015
Scorecard

298/6 (54.5 overs)

 England
Leeds
23 May 1990
Scorecard

297/6 (48.5 overs)

 England
Adelaide
29 January 1983
Scorecard

290/6 (48.1 overs)

 Pakistan
Dunedin
28 February 2001
Scorecard

290/7 (48.5 overs)

 Bangladesh
Hamilton
13 March 2015
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 7 March 2018.

text: Lowest team totals[edit]

text:
Score

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

64 (35.5 overs)

 Pakistan
Sharjah
15 April 1986
Scorecard

73 (26.3 overs)

 Sri Lanka
Auckland
6 January 2007
Scorecard

74 (31.1 overs)

 Pakistan
Sharjah
1 May 1990
Scorecard

74 (29 overs)

 Australia
Wellington
20 February 1982
Scorecard

79 (23.1 overs)

 India
Visakhapatnam
29 October 2016
Scorecard

94 (25.2 overs)

 Australia
Christchurch
4 March 1990
Scorecard

97 (33.4 overs)

 Australia
Faridabad
29 October 2003
Scorecard

103 (27.0 overs)

 India
Chennai
10 December 2010
Scorecard

105 (27.4 overs)

 Australia
Auckland
3 December 2005
Scorecard

108 (39.3 overs)

 Pakistan
Wellington
26 December 1992
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: Largest victories[edit]

text: By runs[edit]

text:
Margin

Opposition

NZ Total

Venue

Date

Scorecard

290 runs♠

 Ireland
402/2
Aberdeen
1 July 2008
Scorecard

210 runs

 United States
347/4
London
10 September 2004
Scorecard

206 runs

 Australia
276/6
Adelaide
27 January 1986
Scorecard

204 runs

 West Indies
325/6
Christchurch
23 December 2017
Scorecard

202 runs

 Zimbabwe
373/8
Napier
9 February 2012
Scorecard

200 runs

 India
288/10
Dambulla
10 August 2010
Scorecard

192 runs

 Zimbabwe
397/5
Bulawayo
24 August 2005
Scorecard

190 runs

 Ireland
344/6
Dublin
21 May 2017
Scorecard

183 runs

 Pakistan
257/10
Dunedin
13 January 2018
Scorecard

181 runs

 East Africa
309/5
Birmingham
7 June 1975
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: By wickets remaining[edit]

text:
Margin

Opposition

Target

Venue

Date

Scorecard

10 wickets

 Australia
113
Melbourne
10 January 1981
Scorecard

10 wickets

 Australia
149
Wellington
16 February 2007
Scorecard

10 wickets

 Bangladesh
94
Queenstown
31 December 2007
Scorecard

10 wickets

 England
165
Hamilton
12 February 2008
Scorecard

10 wickets

 Kenya
70
Chennai
20 February 2011
Scorecard

10 wickets

 Zimbabwe
163
Ahmedabad
4 March 2011
Scorecard

10 wickets

 Zimbabwe
236
Harare
4 August 2015
Scorecard

10 wickets

 Sri Lanka
118
Christchurch
28 December 2015
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: By balls remaining[edit]

text:
Margin

Opposition

Target

Venue

Date

Scorecard

264 balls

 Bangladesh
94
Queenstown
31 December 2007
Scorecard

252 balls

 Kenya
70
Chennai
20 February 2011
Scorecard

250 balls

 Sri Lanka
118
Christchurch
28 December 2015
Scorecard

226 balls

 England
124
Wellington
20 February 2015
Scorecard

212 balls

 Scotland
102
Aberdeen
3 July 2008
Scorecard

196 balls

 England
102
Chester-le-Street
29 June 2004
Scorecard

196 balls

 Pakistan
125
Wellington
22 January 2011
Scorecard

193 balls

 Scotland
122
Edinburgh
31 May 1999
Scorecard

177 balls

 West Indies
129
Wellington
7 January 2009
Scorecard

174 balls

 Sri Lanka
189
Christchurch
26 December 2015
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: Smallest victories[edit]

text: By runs[edit]

text:
Margin

Opposition

NZ Total

Venue

Date

Scorecard

1 run

 Pakistan
198/8
Sialkot
16 October 1976
Scorecard

1 run

 Australia
220/8
Sydney
13 Jan 1981
Scorecard

1 run

 Australia
232/9
Perth
3 January 1988
Scorecard

1 run

 Australia
194/6
Hobart
18 December 1990
Scorecard

2 runs

 England
239/8
Melbourne
13 January 1983
Scorecard

2 runs

 Sri Lanka
217/8
Sharjah
18 April 1994
Scorecard

2 runs

 Zimbabwe
231/9
Auckland
8 March 1998
Scorecard

2 runs

 South Africa
193/8
Auckland
29 February 2004
Scorecard

3 runs

 Zimbabwe
242/7
Hyderabad
10 October 1987
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: By wickets remaining[edit]

text:
Margin

Opposition

Target

Venue

Date

Scorecard

1 wickets

 West Indies
204
Christchurch
6 February 1980
Scorecard

1 wickets

 Pakistan
233
Christchurch
17 December 1995
Scorecard

1 wickets

 Sri Lanka
225
Queenstown
31 December 2006
Scorecard

1 wickets

 Australia
347
Hamilton
20 February 2007
Scorecard

1 wickets

 England
246
London
25 June 2008
Scorecard

1 wickets

 South Africa
209
Paarl
19 January 2013
Scorecard

1 wickets

 Sri Lanka
139
Cardiff
9 June 2013
Scorecard

1 wickets

 Australia
152
Auckland
28 February 2015
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: By balls remaining[edit]

text:
Margin

Opposition

Target

Venue

Date

Scorecard

0 balls

 Zimbabwe
259
Dhaka
24 October 1998
Scorecard

0 balls

 Sri Lanka
225
Queenstown
31 December 2006
Scorecard

0 balls

 England
246
London
25 June 2008
Scorecard

0 balls

 Australia
182
Perth
1 February 2009
Scorecard

0 balls

 Sri Lanka
198
Hambantota
12 November 2013
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: Tied matches[edit]

text:
Teams

Venue

Date

Scorecard

 Pakistan (161/9) tied  New Zealand (161/10)

Auckland
13 March 1994
Scorecard

 New Zealand (169/8) tied  Sri Lanka (169/10)

Sharjah
11 November 1996
Scorecard

 New Zealand (237/10) tied  England (237/8)

Napier
26 February 1997
Scorecard

 Zimbabwe (233/8) tied  New Zealand (233/9)

Bulawayo
1 October 1997
Scorecard

 England (340/6) tied  New Zealand (340/7)

Napier
20 February 2008
Scorecard

 New Zealand (314/10) tied  India (314/9)

Auckland
25 January 2014
Scorecard

Teams displayed in order of batting inningsSource: Cricinfo. Last updated: 19 January 2018.

text: Worst defeats[edit]

text: By runs[edit]

text:
Margin

Opposition

Target

Venue

Date

Scorecard

215 runs

 Australia
349
St George's
20 April 2007
Scorecard

210 runs

 England
409
Birmingham
9 June 2015
Scorecard

203 runs

 West Indies
364
Hamilton
8 January 2014
Scorecard

190 runs

 India
270
Vishakapatnam
29 October 2016
Scorecard

189 runs

 Sri Lanka
263
Auckland
6 January 2007
Scorecard

174 runs

 India
377
Hyderabad
8 November 1999
Scorecard

164 runs

 Australia
297
Colombo
15 September 2002
Scorecard

159 runs

 South Africa
271
Wellington
25 February 2017
Scorecard

153 runs

 Pakistan
276
Karachi
21 April 2002
Scorecard

150 runs

 Australia
245
Christchurch
4 March 1990
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 1 June 2017.

text: By wickets remaining[edit]

text:
Margin

Opposition

NZ score

Venue

Date

Scorecard

10 wickets

 West Indies
116/10
Port of Spain
17 April 1985
Scorecard

10 wickets

 Pakistan
64/10
Sharjah
15 April 1986
Scorecard

10 wickets

 West Indies
191/9
Christchurch
28 March 1987
Scorecard

10 wickets[a]

 India
270/5
Hamilton
11 March 2009
Scorecard

9 wickets

 India
221/9
Nagpur
31 October 1987
Scorecard

9 wickets

 West Indies
146/10
Christchurch
28 January 1995
Scorecard

9 wickets

 Pakistan
241/7
Manchester
16 June 1999
Scorecard

9 wickets

 Sri Lanka
181/10
Auckland
6 February 2001
Scorecard

9 wickets

 India
224/9
Vadodara
4 December 2010
Scorecard

9 wickets

 West Indies
190/9
Kingston
5 July 2012
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 1 June 2017.^[a]  NZ scored 270/5. India were set a revised 281 to win from 47 overs. When rain set in after 23.3 overs the par score was 117. India were 203/0; 84 ahead of that par score at that point.

text: Individual records[edit]

text: Individual records (batting)[edit]

text: Most career runs[edit]

text:
Runs

Batsman

Innings

Average

ODI career span

8007

Stephen Fleming
268
32.41
1994–2007

7267

Ross Taylor
190
46.26
2006–present

7090

Nathan Astle
217
34.92
1995–2007

6083

Brendon McCullum
228
30.42
2002–2016

5976

Martin Guptill
156
42.99
2009–present

5156

Kane Williamson
121
46.87
2010–present

4881

Chris Cairns
192
29.22
1991–2006

4707

Craig McMillan
183
28.18
1997–2007

4704

Martin Crowe
140
38.55
1982–1995

4483

Scott Styris
161
32.48
1999–2011

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 10 March 2018.

text: Highest average[edit]

text:
Batting average

Batsman

Innings

Career runs

ODI career span

47.00

Glenn Turner
40
1598
1973–1983

46.87

Kane Williamson
121
5156
2010–present

46.28

Ross Taylor
190
7267
2006–present

42.99

Martin Guptill
156
5976
2009–present

38.81

Roger Twose
81
2717
1995–2001

38.55

Martin Crowe
140
4704
1982–1995

35.69

Andrew Jones
87
2784
1987–1995

34.92

Nathan Astle
217
7090
1995–2007

34.84

Tom Latham
61
1847
2012–present

34.06

Grant Elliott
69
1976
2008–2016

Qualification: 20 innings.Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 10 March 2018.

text: Highest career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate

Batsman

Balls faced

Career runs

ODI career span

111.61

Luke Ronchi
1121
1240
2013–present

109.20

Corey Anderson
999
1091
2013–present

104.88

Lance Cairns
941
987
1974–1985

99.43

Ian Smith
1061
1055
1980–1992

98.67

Tim Southee
529
522
2008–present

95.53

Brendon McCullum
6312
6083
2002–2016

95.31

Jesse Ryder
1429
1362
2008–2014

94.78

James Neesham
806
764
2013–present

87.70

Nathan McCullum
1220
1070
2009–2015

87.61

Martin Guptill
6338
5414
2009–present

Qualification: 500 balls faced.Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 1 June 2017.

text: Most career centuries[edit]

text:
Centuries

Batsman

Innings

Career runs

ODI career span

19

Ross Taylor
190
7267
2006–present

16

Nathan Astle
217
7090
1995–2007

13

Martin Guptill
156
5976
2009–present

11

Kane Williamson
121
5156
2010–present

8

Stephen Fleming
268
8007
1994–2007

5

Brendon McCullum
228
6083
2002–2016

4

Tom Latham
67
2000
2012–present

4

Martin Crowe
140
4704
1982–1995

4

Scott Styris
161
4483
1999–2011

4

Chris Cairns
192
4881
1991–2006

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 10 March 2018.

text: Most career half-centuries[edit]

text:
Half centuries

Batsman

Innings

Career runs

ODI career span

60

Ross Taylor
190
7267
2006–present

57

Nathan Astle
217
7090
1995–2007

57

Stephen Fleming
268
8007
1994–2007

47

Martin Guptill
156
5976
2009–present

44

Kane Williamson
121
5156
2010–present

38

Martin Crowe
140
4704
1982–1995

37

Brendon McCullum
228
6083
2002–2016

32

Scott Styris
161
4483
1999–2011

31

Craig McMillan
183
4707
1997–2007

29

Chris Cairns
192
4881
1991–2006

Note: Includes all scores over 50 including 100sSource: Cricinfo. Last updated: 10 March 2018.

text: Most career sixes[edit]

text:
Sixes

Batsman

Innings

Career runs

ODI career span

200

Brendon McCullum
228
6312
2002–2016

151

Chris Cairns
192
4881
1991–2006

148

Martin Guptill
156
5976
2009–present

127

Ross Taylor
190
7267
2006–present

86

Nathan Astle
217
7090
1995–2007

84

Craig McMillan
183
4707
1997–2007

81

Jacob Oram
116
2434
2001–2012

68

Scott Styris
161
4483
1999–2011

63

Stephen Fleming
268
8007
1994–2007

55

Corey Anderson
45
1109
2013–present

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 7 March 2018.

text: Most career fours[edit]

text:
Fours

Batsman

Innings

Career runs

ODI career span

822

Stephen Fleming
268
8007
1994–2007

720

Nathan Astle
217
7090
1995–2007

613

Martin Guptill
156
5976
2009–present

606

Ross Taylor
190
7267
2006–present

577

Brendon McCullum
228
6312
2002–2016

474

Kane Williamson
121
5156
2010–present

378

Martin Crowe
140
4704
1982–1995

373

Craig McMillan
183
4707
1997–2007

370+

John Wright
148
3891
1978–1992

353

Scott Styris
161
4483
1999–2011

+ indicates that complete career figures are not known
Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 10 March 2018.

text: Highest individual score[edit]

text:
Runs

Batsman

Balls Faced

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

237*

Martin Guptill
163
 West Indies
Wellington
21 March 2015
Scorecard

189*

Martin Guptill
155
 England
Southampton
2 June 2013
Scorecard

181*

Ross Taylor
147
 England
Dunedin
7 March 2018
Scorecard

180*

Martin Guptill
138
 South Africa
Hamilton
1 March 2017
Scorecard

172

Lou Vincent
120
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
24 August 2005
Scorecard

171*

Glenn Turner
201
 East Africa
Birmingham
7 June 1975
Scorecard

170*

Luke Ronchi
99
 Sri Lanka
Dunedin
23 January 2015
Scorecard

166

Brendon McCullum
135
 Ireland
Aberdeen
1 July 2008
Scorecard

161

James Marshall
141
 Ireland
Aberdeen
1 July 2008
Scorecard

146

Rob Nicol
134
 Zimbabwe
Whangarei
6 February 2012
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 7 March 2018.

text: Fastest 100[edit]

text:
Balls

Batsman

Final score

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

36

Corey Anderson
131*(47)
 West Indies
Queenstown
1 January 2014
Scorecard

46

Jesse Ryder
104(51)
 West Indies
Queenstown
1 January 2014
Scorecard

67

Craig McMillan
117(96)
 Australia
Hamilton
20 February 2007
Scorecard

69

Kane Williamson
100*(69)
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
25 October 2011
Scorecard

70

Ross Taylor
102*(70)
 Pakistan
Napier
3 February 2015
Scorecard

71

Jacob Oram
101*(72)
 Australia
Perth
28 January 2007
Scorecard

72

Jesse Ryder
105(80)
 India
Christchurch
8 March 2009
Scorecard

74

Luke Ronchi
170*(99)
 Sri Lanka
Dunedin
23 January 2015
Scorecard

75

Chris Cairns
115(80)
 India
Christchurch
19 January 1999
Scorecard

75

Craig McMillan
104*(75)
 Pakistan
Christchurch
25 February 2001
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 17 July 2017.

text: Fastest 50[edit]

text:
Balls

Batsman

Final score

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

17

Martin Guptill
93(30)
 Sri Lanka
Christchurch
28 December 2015
Scorecard

18

Brendon McCullum
77(39)
 England
Wellington
20 February 2015
Scorecard

19

Ross Taylor
59*(24)
 Ireland
Aberdeen
1 July 2008
Scorecard

19

Brendon McCullum
51(22)
 Sri Lanka
Christchurch
11 January 2015
Scorecard

20

Brendon McCullum
52(21)
 Canada
St Lucia
22 March 2007
Scorecard

20

Corey Anderson
131*(47)
 West Indies
Queenstown
1 January 2014
Scorecard

21

Lance Cairns
52(25)
 Australia
Melbourne
13 February 1983
Scorecard

21

Craig McMillan
64*(27)
 United States
London
10 September 2004
Scorecard

21

Brendon McCullum
51*(21)
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
24 August 2005
Scorecard

21

Brendon McCullum
50 (24)
 Australia
Auckland
28 February 2015
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 17 May 2017.

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text:
Sixes

Batsman

Score

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

14

Corey Anderson
131*(47)
 West Indies
Queenstown
1 January 2014
Scorecard

11

Martin Guptill
237*(163)
 West Indies
Wellington
21 March 2015
Scorecard

11

Martin Guptill
180*(137)
 South Africa
Hamilton
1 March 2017
Scorecard

10

Brendon McCullum
166(135)
 Ireland
Aberdeen
1 July 2008
Scorecard

9

Lou Vincent
172(120)
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
24 August 2005
Scorecard

9

Luke Ronchi
170*(99)
 Sri Lanka
Dunedin
23 January 2015
Scorecard

8

Martin Guptill
93(30)
 Sri Lanka
Christchurch
28 December 2015
Scorecard

7

Chris Cairns
115(80)
 India
Christchurch
19 January 1999
Scorecard

7

Craig McMillan
64*(27)
 United States
London
10 September 2004
Scorecard

7

Ross Taylor
131*(124)
 Pakistan
Pallekele
8 March 2011
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 17 May 2017.

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Sixes

Batsman

Score

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

24

Martin Guptill
237*(163)
 West Indies
Wellington
21 March 2015
Scorecard

21

Nathan Astle
119(116)
 Pakistan
Dunedin
28 February 2001
Scorecard

21

Stephen Fleming
134*(132)
 South Africa
Johannesburg
16 February 2003
Scorecard

19

Martin Guptill
189*(155)
 England
Southampton
2 June 2013
Scorecard

17

Ross Taylor
181*(177)
 England
Dunedin
7 March 2018

17

Kane Williamson
145*(136)
 South Africa
Kimberley
22 January 2013
Scorecard

16

Ken Wadsworth
104(98)
 Australia
Christchurch
31 March 1974
Scorecard

16

Glenn Turner
171*(201)
 East Africa
Birmingham
7 June 1975
Scorecard

16

Lou Vincent
172(120)
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
24 August 2005
Scorecard

16

Ross Taylor
117(127)
 Australia
Auckland
18 February 2007
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 10 March 2018.

text: Most Ducks[edit]

text:
Ducks

Batsman

Innings

Career runs

ODI career span

22

Daniel Vettori
183
2201
1997–2015

20

Brendon McCullum
228
6083
2002–2016

19

Adam Parore
161
3314
1992–2002

19

Nathan Astle
217
7090
1995–2007

17

Stephen Fleming
268
8007
1994–2007

12

Tim Southee
68
529
2008–present

12

Martin Guptill
140
5414
2009–present

12

Chris Harris
213
4379
1990–2004

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 17 May 2017.

text: Individual records (bowling)[edit]

text: Most career wickets[edit]

text:
Wickets

Bowler

Matches

Bowling average

ODI career span

297

Daniel Vettori
291
31.96
1997–2015

240

Kyle Mills
170
27.02
2001–2015

203

Chris Harris
250
37.50
1990–2004

200

Chris Cairns
214
32.78
1991–2006

176

Tim Southee
131
33.05
2008–present

173

Jacob Oram
160
29.17
2001–2012

158

Richard Hadlee
115
21.56
1973–1990

147

Shane Bond
82
20.88
2002–2010

140

Ewen Chatfield
114
25.84
1979–1989

137

Scott Styris
161
35.32
2002–2010

text: Best bowling figures[edit]

text:
Figures

Bowler

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

7/33 (9.0 overs)

Tim Southee
 England
Wellington
20 February 2015
Scorecard

7/34 (10.0 overs)

Trent Boult
 West Indies
Christchurch
23 December 2017

6/19 (9.0 overs)

Shane Bond
 India
Bulawayo
26 August 2005
Scorecard

6/23 (6.0 overs)

Shane Bond
 Australia
Port Elizabeth
11 March 2003
Scorecard

6/25 (7.0 overs)

Scott Styris
 West Indies
Port of Spain
12 June 2012
Scorecard

6/33 (10.0 overs)

Trent Boult
 Australia
Hamilton
5 January 2017

5/7 (6.0 overs)

Daniel Vettori
 Bangladesh
Queenstown
31 December 2007
Scorecard

5/17 (7.2 overs)

Trent Boult
 Pakistan
Dunedin
13 January 2018

5/22 (10.0 overs)

Matthew Hart
 West Indies
Margao
26 October 1994
Scorecard

5/22 (8.4 overs)

Andre Adams
 India
Queenstown
4 January 2003
Scorecard

5/22 (9.3 overs)

Shane Bond
 Australia
Wellington
16 February 2007
Scorecard

text: Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 13 January 2018.

text: Lowest career averages[edit]

text:
Average

Bowler

Matches

Wickets

ODI career span

20.88

Shane Bond
82
147
2002–2010

21.56

Richard Hadlee
115
157
1973–1990

23.87

Chris Pringle
64
103
1990–1995

24.63

Trent Boult
66
122
2012–present

25.84

Ewen Chatfield
114
140
1979–1989

27.02

Kyle Mills
170
240
2001–2015

27.53

Danny Morrison
96
126
1987–1996

28.20

Mitchell McClenaghan
48
82
2013–2016

28.39

Martin Snedden
93
114
1980–1990

29.17

Jacob Oram
160
173
2001–2012

30.36

Willie Watson
61
74
1986–1994

text:
Qualification: 2000 balls bowled.
Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 10 March 2018.

text: Lowest career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate

Bowler

Matches

Wickets

ODI career span

28.4

Mitchell McClenaghan
48
82
2013–2016

28.9

Trent Boult
64
119
2012–present

29.2

Shane Bond
82
147
2002–2010

32.1

Chris Pringle
64
103
1990–1995

34.2

Kyle Mills
170
240
2001–2015

36.3

Danny Morrison
96
126
1987–1996

37.2

Tim Southee
131
175
2008–present

39.1

Richard Hadlee
115
158
1973–1990

39.3

Daryl Tuffey
94
110
2000-2010

39.9

Jacob Oram
154
173
2001–2012

text:
Qualification: 2000 balls bowled.
Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 5 March 2018.

text: Best career economy rate[edit]

text:
Economy rate

Bowler

Matches

Balls Bowled

ODI career span

3.30

Richard Hadlee
115
6182
1973–1990

3.57

Ewen Chatfield
114
6065
1979–1989

3.76

Gavin Larsen
121
6368
1990–1999

4.06

Lance Cairns
78
4015
1974–1985

4.12

Daniel Vettori
291
13820
1997–2015

4.14

Willie Watson
61
3251
1986–1994

4.17

Dipak Patel
75
3251
1987–1997

4.17

Jeremy Coney
88
2931
1979–1987

4.28

Chris Harris
250
10667
1990–2004

4.28

Shane Bond
82
4295
2002–2010

text:
Qualification: 2000 balls bowled.
Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 9 July 2016.

text: Most five-wicket hauls[edit]

text:
5 Wicket Bags

Bowler

Matches

Wickets

ODI career span

5

Richard Hadlee
115
157
1973–1990

4

Shane Bond
82
147
2002–2010

4

Trent Boult
60
112
2012–present

2

Tim Southee
120
174
2008–present

2

Matt Henry
33
67
2014–present

2

Shayne O'Connor
38
46
1997–2000

2

Danny Morrison
96
126
1987–1996

2

Jacob Oram
160
173
2001–2012

2

Daniel Vettori
291
297
1997–2015

text: Hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Bowler

Opposition

Dismissals

Venue

Date

Scorecard

Danny Morrison

 India

Kapil Dev (b)
Salil Ankola (b)
Nayan Mongia (b)

Napier
25 March 1994
Scorecard

Shane Bond

 Australia

Cameron White (c McMillan)
Andrew Symonds (c McCullum)
Nathan Bracken (b)

Hobart
14 January 2007
Scorecard

text: Most runs conceded in an innings[edit]

text:
Runs

Bowler

Bowling figures

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

105

Martin Snedden
12.0–1–105–2
 England
London
9 June 1983
Scorecard

105

Tim Southee
10.0–0–105–0
 India
Lancaster Park
8 March 2009
Scorecard

96

Corey Anderson
10.0–0–96–1
 Pakistan
Sharjah
14 December 2014
Scorecard

93

Mitchell McClenaghan
10.0–0–93–2
 England
Birmingham
9 June 2015
Scorecard

87

Tim Southee
10.0–0–87–1
 England
Dunedin
7 March 2018

Scorecard

86

Nathan McCullum
9.0–0–86–3
 England
London
12 June 2015
Scorecard

85

Chris Drum
9.0–0–85–0
 India
Hyderabad
8 November 1999
Scorecard

84

Lance Cairns
11.0–0–84–0
 England
Manchester
17 July 1978
Scorecard

83

Mark Gillespie
10.0–0–83–2
 Australia
Hamilton
20 February 2007
Scorecard

82

Shane Bond
9.0–0–82–0
 Sri Lanka
Johannesburg
27 September 2009
Scorecard

82

Tim Southee
8.0–1–82–2
 West Indies
Wellington
21 March 2015
Scorecard

text:
Bowling figures given above are in the form of "Overs–Maidens–Runs–Wickets".
Source:Cricinfo Last updated: 9 July 2016.

text: Individual records (fielding)[edit]

text: Most catches in ODI career[edit]

text:
Catches

Fielder

Matches

ODI career span

132

Stephen Fleming
279
1994–2007

130

Ross Taylor
201
2006–2018

96

Chris Harris
250
1990–2004

86

Daniel Vettori
291
1997–2015

83

Nathan Astle
223
1995–2007

74

Martin Guptill
153
2009–2018

73

Scott Styris
188
1999–2011

66

Martin Crowe
143
1982–1995

66

Chris Cairns
214
1991–2006

52

Kane Williamson
120
2009–present

text: Individual records (Wicket-Keeper)[edit]

text: Most dismissals in career[edit]

text:
Dismissals

Wicket-keeper

Catches

Stumpings

Innings

ODI career span

242

Brendon McCullum
227
15
183
2002–2016

136

Adam Parore
111
25
147
1992–2002

110

Luke Ronchi
100
10
79
2013–2017

85

Ian Smith
80
5
96
1980–1992

37

Tony Blain
36
1
33
1986–1994

30

Warren Lees
28
2
31
1979–1983

30

Lee Germon
21
9
37
1994–1997

28

Gareth Hopkins
27
1
19
2004–2010

24

Tom Latham
19
5
17
2012–present

17

Ervin McSweeney
14
3
15
1986–1987

17

Chris Nevin
14
3
18
2000–2003

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 14 January 2018.

text: Most catches in career[edit]

text:
Catches

Wicket-keeper

Innings

ODI career span

227

Brendon McCullum
183
2002–2016

111

Adam Parore
147
1992–2002

100

Luke Ronchi
79
2013–2017

80

Ian Smith
96
1980–1992

36

Tony Blain
33
1986–1994

28

Warren Lees
31
1979–1983

27

Gareth Hopkins
19
2004–2010

21

Tom Latham
18
2012–present

21

Lee Germon
37
1994–1997

14

BJ Watling
18
2010–2016

14

Ervin McSweeney
15
1986–1987

14

Chris Nevin
18
2000–2003

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 16 January 2018.

text: Most stumpings in career[edit]

text:
Stumpings

Wicket-keeper

Innings

ODI career span

25

Adam Parore
147
1992–2002

15

Brendon McCullum
183
2002–2016

10

Luke Ronchi
79
2013–2017

9

Lee Germon
37
1994–1997

5

Ian Smith
96
1980–1992

5

Tom Latham
17
2012–present

3

Ervin McSweeney
15
1986–1987

3

Chris Nevin
18
2000–2003

2

Warren Lees
31
1979–1983

2

Ken Wadsworth
13
2004–2010

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 14 January 2018.

text: Individual records (other)[edit]

text: Most matches played in career[edit]

text:
Matches

Player

Runs

Wickets

ODI Career Span

291

Daniel Vettori
2201
297
1997–2015

279

Stephen Fleming
8007
1
1994–2007

260

Brendon McCullum
6083
–
2002–2016

250

Chris Harris
4379
203
1990–2004

223

Nathan Astle
7090
99
1995–2007

214

Chris Cairns
4881
200
1991–2006

200

Ross Taylor
6904
–
2006–present

197

Craig McMillan
4707
49
1997–2007

188

Scott Styris
4483
137
1999–2011

179

Adam Parore
3314
–
1992–2002

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 16 January 2018.

text: Most matches as a captain[edit]

text:
Matches

Player

Win Percentage

Captaincy Period

218

Stephen Fleming
48.04
1997–2007

82

Daniel Vettori
55.33
2004–2011

62

Brendon McCullum
61.86
2009–2016

60

Geoff Howarth
54.38
1980–1985

47

Kane Williamson
51.11
2012–present

44

Martin Crowe
48.83
1990–1993

37

Ken Rutherford
30.00
1993–1995

36

Lee Germon
44.44
1995–1997

31

John Wright
51.61
1983–1990

25

Jeremy Coney
33.33
1984–1987

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 14 December 2018.

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Highest partnerships (any wicket)[edit]

text:
Runs

Partnership

Players

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

274

1st wicket
James Marshall & Brendon McCullum
 Ireland
Aberdeen
1 July 2008
Scorecard

267

6th wicket
Grant Elliott & Luke Ronchi
 Sri Lanka
Dunedin
23 January 2015
Scorecard

236*

1st wicket
Martin Guptill & Tom Latham
 Zimbabwe
Harare
4 August 2015
Scorecard

206

3rd wicket
Kane Williamson & Ross Taylor
 England
Southampton
14 June 2015
Scorecard

204

1st wicket
Lou Vincent & Stephen Fleming
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
24 August 2005
Scorecard

200

4th wicket
Ross Taylor & Tom Latham
 India
Mumbai
22 October 2017
Scorecard

195

5th wicket
Ross Taylor & Kane Williamson
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
25 October 2011
Scorecard

193

1st wicket
Stephen Fleming & Nathan Astle
 Pakistan
Dunedin
28 February 2001
Scorecard

191

4th wicket
Jesse Ryder & Corey Anderson
 West Indies
Queenstown
1 January 2014
Scorecard

190

4th wicket
Ross Taylor & Scott Styris
 India
Dambulla
10 August 2010
Scorecard

text: Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 26 October 2017.

text: Highest wicket partnerships[edit]

text:
Partnership

Runs

Players

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

1st

274
James Marshall & Brendon McCullum
 Ireland
Aberdeen
1 July 2008
Scorecard

2nd

179
Kane Williamson & Neil Broom
 Bangladesh
Nelson
31 December 2016
Scorecard

3rd

206
Kane Williamson & Ross Taylor
 England
Southampton
14 June 2015
Scorecard

4th

200
Ross Taylor & Tom Latham
 India
Mumbai
22 October 2017
Scorecard

5th

195
Ross Taylor & Kane Williamson
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
25 October 2011
Scorecard

6th

267♠
Grant Elliott & Luke Ronchi
 Sri Lanka
Dunedin
23 January 2015
Scorecard

7th

123
Neil Broom & Jacob Oram
 Bangladesh
Napier
5 February 2010
Scorecard

8th

94
James Franklin & Nathan McCullum
 India
Vadodara
4 December 2010
Scorecard

9th

84
Jimmy Neesham & Matt Henry
 India
Mohali
23 October 2016
Scorecard

10th

76
Luke Ronchi & Mitchell McClenaghan
 South Africa
Mount Maunganui
24 October 2014
Scorecard


document_title: Human iron metabolism

question_text: the most readily absorbed form of iron in the diet is

root

text: Human iron metabolism

text: Importance of iron regulation[edit]

text: Iron is an essential bioelement for most forms of life, from bacteria to mammals. Its importance lies in its ability to mediate electron transfer. In the ferrous state, iron acts as an electron donor, while in the ferric state it acts as an acceptor. Thus, iron plays a vital role in the catalysis of enzymatic reactions that involve electron transfer (reduction and oxidation, redox). Proteins can contain iron as part of different cofactors, such as iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) and heme groups, both of which are assembled in mitochondria.

tag: p

text: Cellular respiration[edit]

text: Human cells require iron in order to obtain energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration, more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae. Iron is present in the iron-sulfur clusters and heme groups of the electron transport chain proteins that generate a proton gradient that allows ATP synthase to synthesize ATP (chemiosmosis).

text: Heme groups are part of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that serves to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Heme groups are also present in myoglobin to store and diffuse oxygen in muscle cells.

text: Oxygen transport[edit]

text: The human body needs iron for oxygen transport. Oxygen (O2) is required for the functioning and survival of nearly all cell types. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the rest of the body bound to the heme group of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. In muscles cells, iron binds myoglobin, which regulates its release.

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: Iron is also potentially toxic. Its ability to donate and accept electrons means that it can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to a wide variety of cellular structures, and ultimately kill the cell.[1]

text: Iron bound to proteins or cofactors such as heme is safe. Also, there are virtually no truly free iron ions in the cell, since they readily form complexes with organic molecules. However, some of the intracellular iron is bound to low-affinity complexes, and is termed labile iron or "free" iron. Iron in such complexes can cause damage as described above.[2]

text: To prevent that kind of damage, all life forms that use iron bind the iron atoms to proteins. This binding allows cells to benefit from iron while also limiting its ability to do harm.[1][3] Typical intracellular labile iron concentrations in bacteria are 10-20 micromolar,[4] though they can be 10-fold higher in anaerobic environment,[5] where free radicals and reactive oxygen species are scarcer. In mammalian cells, intracellular labile iron concentrations are typically smaller than 1 micromolar, less than 5 percent of total cellular iron.[2]

text: Bacterial protection[edit]

text: In response to a systemic bacterial infection, the immune system initiates a process known as iron withholding. If bacteria are to survive, then they must obtain iron from their environment. Disease-causing bacteria do this in many ways, including releasing iron-binding molecules called siderophores and then reabsorbing them to recover iron, or scavenging iron from hemoglobin and transferrin. The harder they have to work to get iron, the greater a metabolic price they must pay. That means that iron-deprived bacteria reproduce more slowly. So our control of iron levels appears to be an important defense against most bacterial infections; there are some exceptions however. TB causing bacterium can reside within macrophages which are an iron rich environment and Borrelia burgdorferi utilises manganese in place of iron. People with increased amounts of iron, like people with hemochromatosis, are more susceptible to some bacterial infection.[6]

text: Although this mechanism is an elegant response to short-term bacterial infection, it can cause problems when inflammation goes on for longer. Since the liver produces hepcidin in response to inflammatory cytokines, hepcidin levels can increase as the result of non-bacterial sources of inflammation, like viral infection, cancer, auto-immune diseases or other chronic diseases. When this occurs, the sequestration of iron appears to be the major cause of the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease, in which not enough iron is available to produce enough hemoglobin-containing red blood cells.[3]

text: Body iron stores[edit]

text: Most well-nourished people in industrialized countries have 4 to 5 grams of iron in their bodies (∼38 mg iron/kg body weight for women and ∼50 mg iron/kg body for men).[7] Of this, about 6997250000000000000♠2.5 g is contained in the hemoglobin needed to carry oxygen through the blood, and most of the rest (approximately 2 grams in adult men, and somewhat less in women of childbearing age) is contained in ferritin complexes that are present in all cells, but most common in bone marrow, liver, and spleen. The liver's stores of ferritin are the primary physiologic source of reserve iron in the body. The reserves of iron in industrialized countries tend to be lower in children and women of child-bearing age than in men and in the elderly. Women who must use their stores to compensate for iron lost through menstruation, pregnancy or lactation have lower non-hemoglobin body stores, which may consist of 6996500000000000000♠500 mg, or even less.

text: Of the body's total iron content, about 6996399999999999999♠400 mg is devoted to cellular proteins that use iron for important cellular processes like storing oxygen (myoglobin) or performing energy-producing redox reactions (cytochromes). A relatively small amount (3–4 mg) circulates through the plasma, bound to transferrin.[8] Because of its toxicity, free soluble iron is kept in low concentration in the body.

text: Iron deficiency first affects the storage iron in the body, and depletion of these stores is thought to be relatively non-symptomatic, although some vague and non-specific symptoms have been associated with it. Since iron is primarily required for hemoglobin, iron deficiency anemia is the primary clinical manifestation of iron deficiency. Iron-deficient people will suffer or die from organ damage well before cells run out of the iron needed for intracellular processes like electron transport.

text: Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system store iron as part of the process of breaking down and processing hemoglobin from engulfed red blood cells. Iron is also stored as a pigment called hemosiderin which is an ill-defined deposit of protein and iron, created by macrophages where excess iron is present, either locally or systemically for example among people with iron overload due to frequent blood cell destruction and transfusions. If the systemic iron overload is corrected, over time the hemosiderin is slowly resorbed by macrophages.

text: Mechanisms of iron regulation[edit]

text: Human iron homeostasis is regulated at two different levels. Systemic iron levels are balanced by the controlled absorption of dietary iron by enterocytes, the cells that line the interior of the intestines, and the uncontrolled loss of iron from epithelial sloughing, sweat, injuries and blood loss. In addition, systemic iron is continuously recycled. Cellular iron levels are controlled differently by different cell types due to the expression of particular iron regulatory and transport proteins.

text: Systemic iron regulation[edit]

text: Dietary iron uptake[edit]

text: The absorption of dietary iron is a variable and dynamic process. The amount of iron absorbed compared to the amount ingested is typically low, but may range from 5% to as much as 35% depending on circumstances and type of iron. The efficiency with which iron is absorbed varies depending on the source. Generally the best-absorbed forms of iron come from animal products. Absorption of dietary iron in iron salt form (as in most supplements) varies somewhat according to the body’s need for iron, and is usually between 10% and 20% of iron intake. Absorption of iron from animal products, and some plant products, is in the form of heme iron, and is more efficient, allowing absorption of from 15% to 35% of intake. Heme iron in animals is from blood and heme-containing proteins in meat and mitochondria, whereas in plants, heme iron is present in mitochondria in all cells that use oxygen for respiration.

text: Like most mineral nutrients, the majority of the iron absorbed from digested food or supplements is absorbed in the duodenum by enterocytes of the duodenal lining. These cells have special molecules that allow them to move iron into the body. To be absorbed, dietary iron can be absorbed as part of a protein such as heme protein or iron must be in its ferrous Fe2+ form. A ferric reductase enzyme on the enterocytes’ brush border, duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb), reduces ferric Fe3+ to Fe2+.[9] A protein called divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), which can transport several divalent metals across the plasma membrane, then transports iron across the enterocyte’s cell membrane into the cell.

text: These intestinal lining cells can then either store the iron as ferritin, which is accomplished by Fe3+ binding to apoferritin (in which case the iron will leave the body when the cell dies and is sloughed off into feces), or the cell can release it into the body via the only known iron exporter in mammals, ferroportin. Hephaestin, a ferroxidase that can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ and is found mainly in the small intestine, helps ferroportin transfer iron across the basolateral end of the intestine cells. In contrast, ferroportin is post-translationally repressed by hepcidin, a 25-amino acid peptide hormone. The body regulates iron levels by regulating each of these steps. For instance, enterocytes synthesize more Dcytb, DMT1 and ferroportin in response to iron deficiency anemia.[10] Iron absorption from diet is enhanced in the presence of vitamin C and diminished by excess calcium, zinc, or manganese.[11][citation needed]

text: The human body’s rate of iron absorption appears to respond to a variety of interdependent factors, including total iron stores, the extent to which the bone marrow is producing new red blood cells, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and the oxygen content of the blood. The body also absorbs less iron during times of inflammation, in order to deprive bacteria of iron. Recent discoveries demonstrate that hepcidin regulation of ferroportin is responsible for the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease.

text: Iron recycling and loss[edit]

text: Most of the iron in the body is hoarded and recycled by the reticuloendothelial system, which breaks down aged red blood cells. In contrast to iron uptake and recycling, there is no physiologic regulatory mechanism for excreting iron. People lose a small but steady amount by gastrointestinal blood loss, sweating and by shedding cells of the skin and the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract. The total amount of loss for healthy people in the developed world amounts to an estimated average of 6994100000000000000♠1 mg a day for men, and 1.5–2 mg a day for women with regular menstrual periods.[citation needed] People with gastrointestinal parasitic infections, more commonly found in developing countries, often lose more.[1] Those who cannot regulate absorption well enough get disorders of iron overload. In these diseases, the toxicity of iron starts overwhelming the body's ability to bind and store it.[12]

text: Cellular iron regulation[edit]

text: Iron import[edit]

text: Most cell types take up iron primarily through receptor-mediated endocytosis via transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) and GAPDH. TFR1 has a 30-fold higher affinity for transferrin-bound iron than TFR2 and thus is the main player in this process.[13][14] The higher order multifunctional glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) also acts as a transferrin receptor.[15][16] Transferrin-bound ferric iron is recognized by these transferrin receptors, triggering a conformational change that causes endocytosis. Iron then enters the cytoplasm from the endosome via importer DMT1 after being reduced to its ferrous state by a STEAP family reductase.[17]

text: Alternatively, iron can enter the cell directly via plasma membrane divalent cation importers such as DMT1 and ZIP14 (Zrt-Irt-like protein 14).[18] Again, iron enters the cytoplasm in the ferrous state after being reduced in the extracellular space by a reductase such as STEAP2, STEAP3 (in erythrocytes), Dcytb (in enterocytes) and SDR2.[17]

text: The labile iron pool[edit]

text: In the cytoplasm, ferrous iron is found in a soluble, chelatable state which constitutes the labile iron pool (~0.001 mM).[19] In this pool, iron is thought to be bound to low-mass compounds such as peptides, carboxylates and phosphates, although some might be in a free, hydrated form (aqua ions).[19] Alternatively, iron ions might be bound to specialized proteins known as metallochaperones.[20] Specifically, poly-r(C)-binding proteins (PCBPs) appear to mediate transfer of free iron to ferritin (for storage) and non-heme iron enzymes (for use in catalysis).[18][21] The labile iron pool is potentially toxic due to iron's ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Iron from this pool can be taken up by mitochondria via mitoferrin to synthesize Fe-S clusters and heme groups.[17]

text: The storage iron pool[edit]

text: Iron can be stored in ferritin as ferric iron due to the ferroxidase activity of the ferritin heavy chain.[22] Dysfunctional ferritin may accumulate as hemosiderin, which can be problematic in cases of iron overload.[23] The ferritin storage iron pool is much larger than the labile iron pool, ranging in concentration from 0.7 mM to 3.6 mM.[19]

text: Iron export[edit]

text: Iron export occurs in a variety of cell types, including neurons, erythrocytes, macrophages and enterocytes. The latter two are especially important since systemic iron levels depend upon them. There is only one known iron exporter, ferroportin.[24] It transports ferrous iron out of the cell, generally aided by ceruloplasmin and/or hephaestin (mostly in enterocytes), which oxidize iron to its ferric state so it can bind ferritin in the extracellular medium.[17] Hepcidin causes the internalization of ferroportin, decreasing iron export. Besides, hepcidin seems to downregulate both TFR1 and DMT1 through an unknown mechanism.[25] Another player assisting ferroportin in effecting cellular iron export is GAPDH.[26] A specific post translationally modified isoform of GAPDH is recruited to the surface of iron loaded cells where it recruits apo-transferrin in close proximity to ferroportin so as to rapidly chelate the iron extruded.[27]

text: The expression of hepcidin, which only occurs in certain cell types such as hepatocytes, is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level and it represents the link between cellular and systemic iron homeostasis due to hepcidin's role as "gatekeeper" of iron release from enterocytes into the rest of the body.[17] Erythroblasts produce erythroferrone, a hormone which inhibits hepcidin and so increases the availability of iron needed for hemoglobin synthesis.[28]

text: Translational control of cellular iron[edit]

text: Although some control exists at the transcriptional level, the regulation of cellular iron levels is ultimately controlled at the translational level by iron-responsive element-binding proteins IRP1 and especially IRP2.[29] When iron levels are low, these proteins are able to bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs). IREs are stem loop structures in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA.[17]

text: Both ferritin and ferroportin contain an IRE in their 5' UTRs, so that under iron deficiency their translation is repressed by IRP2, preventing the unnecessary synthesis of storage protein and the detrimental export of iron. In contrast, TFR1 and some DMT1 variants contain 3' UTR IREs, which bind IRP2 under iron deficiency, stabilizing the mRNA, which guarantees the synthesis of iron importers.[17]

text: Iron-related pathology[edit]

text: Iron deficiency[edit]

text: Functional or actual iron deficiency can result from a variety of causes. These causes can be grouped into several categories:

text:
Increased demand for iron, which the diet cannot accommodate.
Increased loss of iron (usually through loss of blood).
Nutritional deficiency. This can result due to a lack of dietary iron or consumption of foods that inhibit iron absorption, including calcium, phytates and tannins. Black tea steeped for long has high tannins.
Inability to absorb iron: A common cause of iron deficiency is the widespread use of acid reducing medications, the strongest of which are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole.[citation needed]
Damage to the intestinal lining. Examples of causes of this kind of damage include surgery involving the duodenum, or diseases like Crohn's or celiac sprue which severely reduce the surface area available for absorption.
Inflammation leading to hepcidin-induced restriction on iron release from enterocytes (see above).

tag: ul

text: Iron overload[edit]

text: The body is able to substantially reduce the amount of iron it absorbs across the mucosa. It does not seem to be able to entirely shut down the iron transport process. Also, in situations where excess iron damages the intestinal lining itself (for instance, when children eat a large quantity of iron tablets produced for adult consumption), even more iron can enter the bloodstream and cause a potentially deadly syndrome of iron overload. Large amounts of free iron in the circulation will cause damage to critical cells in the liver, the heart and other metabolically active organs.

text: Iron toxicity results when the amount of circulating iron exceeds the amount of transferrin available to bind it, but the body is able to vigorously regulate its iron uptake. Thus, iron toxicity from ingestion is usually the result of extraordinary circumstances like iron tablet over-consumption[1][30] rather than variations in diet. The type of acute toxicity from iron ingestion causes severe mucosal damage in the gastrointestinal tract, among other problems.

text: Chronic iron toxicity is usually the result of more chronic iron overload syndromes associated with genetic diseases, repeated transfusions or other causes. In such cases the iron stores of an adult may reach 50 grams (10 times normal total body iron) or more. Classic examples of genetic iron overload includes hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) and the more severe disease juvenile hemochromatosis (JH) caused by mutations in either the gene RGMc gene, a member of a three gene repulsive guidance molecule family,[31] (also called hemojuvelin (HJV), and HFE2), Hemojuvelin, or the HAMP gene that encodes (an iron regulatory peptide). The exact mechanisms of most of the various forms of adult hemochromatosis, which make up most of the genetic iron overload disorders, remain unsolved. So while researchers have been able to identify genetic mutations causing several adult variants of hemochromatosis, they now must turn their attention to the normal function of these mutated genes.


document_title: White House Christmas tree

question_text: where does the white house get their christmas tree

text: White House Christmas tree

text: History[edit]

text: First tree[edit]

text: There are two claims to the "first" genuine White House Christmas tree. President Franklin Pierce is said to have had the first indoor Christmas tree at the White House during the 1850s,[1] variously reported as 1853[2] or 1856.[3] Others claim the first tree was during President Benjamin Harrison's administration (either in 1888,[4] 1889,[5][6] or 1891[1]). First Lady Caroline Harrison helped decorate the tree, which was installed in the second floor oval parlor today's Yellow Oval Room.[5] There is an 1880 reference to President John Tyler in the 1840s, hosting a children's party at which there was a Christmas tree with gifts.[7]

text: General[edit]

text: Following the Harrison administration indoor trees were not always used at the White House. First Lady Lou Henry Hoover began the tradition of presidential wives decorating the White House tree with the first "official" White House Christmas tree in 1929.[5] In 1961 First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy began the tradition of selecting a theme for the White House Christmas tree by decorating with a Nutcracker motif.[8]

text: Years without a tree[edit]

text: As stated, there were years where no indoor White House Christmas tree was installed at all. It is verifiable that there was no Christmas tree in the White House in 1902,[9] 1904,[10] 1907,[11] and 1922.[12] The lack of a tree in 1902 was due to the fact that President Theodore Roosevelt had not ordered one by December 23.[9]

text: Additionally, other presidents never displayed a tree in the White House. First U.S. President George Washington held office at a time when there was no White House, thus it is impossible for him to have displayed a tree there.[13] There is no evidence that Abraham Lincoln ever displayed a Christmas tree in the White House.[14] In 1922 First Lady Florence Harding's illness led to a more subdued Christmas celebration at the White House and no Christmas tree.[12]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The official White House Christmas tree has several times been seen as controversial by some. In 1899 the White House of President William McKinley received letters urging the president to forgo participation in the "Christmas tree habit".[15] The letter writers, which the Chicago Daily Tribune noted had taken up the "forestry fad", referred to "arboreal infanticide", according to the Tribune.[15] Those opposed to a tree in the White House that year also termed Christmas trees "un-American" because it was a historically German tradition.[15] At least one tree was displayed in the White House that year, in the kitchen department, for the maids.[15]

text: The Nixon administration's choice of tree topper, the atomic symbol of peace rather than a traditional star, was criticized.[16] The 1995 Blue Room Christmas Tree sought ornaments made by architecture students from across the United States.[17] Contest winner Rene Spineto stirred up some controversy when she designed an ornament that depicted two stockings, one marked "Bill" and the other marked "Newt" (in reference to President Bill Clinton and Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich).[17] While the stocking marked "Bill" was filled with candy and presents, the one marked "Newt" was filled with coal.[17] The Clinton administration hung the ornament on the tree without censorship.[17]

text: In his 1998 book Unlimited Access, former-FBI agent Gary Aldrich describes what he claims he saw in the White House during the Clinton administration. The book, published by an established conservative publishing house, Regnery Publishing,[18] states that the 1994 White House Christmas Tree was decorated with condoms and drug paraphernalia.[19] George Stephanopoulos called the book a "work of fiction";[18] it has also been called "infamous".[20]

text: In 2008 one of the ornaments designed by a Seattle artist, Deborah Lawrence, was rejected for inclusion on the Blue Room Christmas Tree.[21] The rejected ornament was a red and white striped 9-inch (23 cm) ball with the words "Impeach Bush" emblazoned on it.[21] The ornament was the only one of about 370 submitted that was rejected.[21]

text: Tree[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: The White House Christmas tree is selected from various growers nationwide.[22] Growers in the state of North Carolina have provided 12 trees, more than any other state. The states of Washington and Wisconsin, as of 2011, share the second highest total of trees provided for the White House with seven. The White House Christmas tree has been displayed in the Blue Room many times since 1961. It has also occasionally been displayed in the Entrance Hall.[8][23]

text: Generally, there is more than one Christmas tree in and around the White House, for instance, in 1997 there were 36,[24] in 2008 there were 27.[25] Traditionally, the tree in the Blue Room is the official White House Christmas tree.[24][26] The White House Christmas tree usually stands nearly 20 feet tall and the crystal chandelier in the Blue Room must be removed for the tree to fit the room.[26] Frequently, the tree's height is reported as 18[27][28] or 18½ feet tall.[29][30] The Blue Room tree is donated each year by the National Christmas Tree Association (NCTA).[26] The NCTA has donated the tree since 1966;[31] it is chosen through a contest among members of the trade group.[31] The 2015 Christmas Tree was chosen from the Bustard's Christmas Tree farm in Pennsylvania.

text: List of White House Christmas trees (1961–2016)[edit]

text:
Image
Year
Species and location grown
Ornamentation notes
First Lady
Location
Theme

2016
Douglas fir, Octono, Wisconsin[32]

Michelle Obama
Blue Room

2015
Fraser fir, Lehighton, Pennsylvania[33]
The Blue Room tree was "dedicated to our nation's service members, veterans, and their families, it is ornamented with holiday messages of hope for our troops and patriotic symbols of red, white, and blue."[34]
Michelle Obama
Blue Room
A Timeless Tradition[34]

2014
Concolor fir, Lehighton, Pennsylvania[35][36]
The Blue Room Tree had a theme within the overall theme - "America the Brave". Ornaments were made by children on U.S. military bases worldwide. The ornaments included many thank-you cards from children to members of the U.S. military.[37]
Michelle Obama
Blue Room
A Children's Winter Wonderland[37]

2013
Douglas fir, Lehighton, Pennsylvania[38][39]
Ornaments paid tribute to military families. Children living on military bases contributed greeting cards in the shape of their home state. Those were hung from the tree along with round ornaments that silhouetted each state and territory.[40]
Michelle Obama
Blue Room
Gather Around: Stories of the Season[41]

2012
Fraser fir, Jefferson, North Carolina[42]
Tree dedicated to U.S. military members, veterans and their families. Ornaments were decorated by children living on U.S. military bases worldwide.[43]
Michelle Obama
Blue Room
Joy to All[43]

2011
Balsam fir, Neshkoro, Wisconsin[44]
Medals, badges, and patches from all of the military branches were displayed on ornaments.[45]
Michelle Obama
Blue Room[44]
Shine, Give, Share[45]

2010
Douglas fir,[46] Lehighton, Pennsylvania[47]
The Blue Room tree had a specific theme within the overall theme – "Gift of the American Spirit."[48] It honored state and county fairs and featured prize ribbons from each state and territory.[49]
Michelle Obama
Blue Room[46]
"Simple Gifts"[49]

2009
Douglas fir, Shepherdstown, West Virginia[50]
"We took about 800 ornaments left over from previous administrations, we sent them to 60 local community groups throughout the country, and asked them to decorate them to pay tribute to a favorite local landmark and then send them back to us for display here at the White House."[51]
Michelle Obama
Blue Room[50]
Reflect, Rejoice, Renew[51]

2008
Fraser fir, Crumpler, North Carolina[52]
Ornaments designed by artists from around the country selected by members of Congress. The ornaments had a patriotic theme.[52]
Laura Bush
Blue Room[52]
A Red, White, and Blue Christmas[52]

2007
Fraser fir, Laurel Springs, North Carolina[53]
Each ornament represented one of the 391 National Park Service sites.[23]
Laura Bush
Blue Room[23]
Holiday in the National Parks[53]

2006
Douglas fir, Lehighton, Pennsylvania[54]
Crystals and ornaments of iridescent glass[54]
Laura Bush
Blue Room[54]
Deck the Halls and Welcome All[54]

2005
Fraser fir, Laurel Springs, North Carolina[55]
White lilies, crystal spheres and light-catching garland[55]
Laura Bush
Blue Room[55]
All Things Bright and Beautiful[55]

2004
Noble fir, Rochester, Washington[56]
Musical instruments hand-painted by members of the Society of Decorative Painters.[56]
Laura Bush
Blue Room[23]
A Season of Merriment and Melody[23]

2003
Fraser fir, Wisconsin[57]
Ornaments first used by Barbara Bush in 1989.[57]
Laura Bush
Blue Room[57]
A Season of Stories[57]

2002
Noble fir, Elma, Washington[58][59]
An artist from each state designed an ornament based on a native bird.[58]
Laura Bush
Blue Room
All Creatures Great and Small[58]

2001
White fir, Middleburg, Pennsylvania[60]
An artist from each state designed miniature replicas of historic houses from their region.[60]
Laura Bush
Blue Room[60]
Home for the Holidays

2000
Douglas fir, Auburn, Pennsylvania[29]
Ornaments were from the First Lady's past.[61]
Hillary Clinton
Blue Room[61]
Holiday Reflections[61]

1999
Noble fir, Elma, Washington[62]
Doll makers fashioned toys of American historical figures for this tree.[61]
Hillary Clinton
Blue Room[62]
Holiday Treasures at the White House[61]

1998
Balsam fir, Endeavor, Wisconsin[63]
Knitting Guild of America and the Society of Decorative Painters worked together with fabric artists from each state on the ornaments.[61]
Hillary Clinton
Blue Room[64]
Winter Wonderland[61]

1997
Fraser fir,[24] Grassy Creek, North Carolina[65]
Members of the National Needlework Association and Council of Fashion Designers of America joined with glass artisans to design the trimmings.[61]
Hillary Clinton
Blue Room[66]
Santa's Workshop[61]

1996
Colorado blue spruce, Coshocton, Ohio[67]
Woodcraft artisans and professional ballet companies helped with the ornaments.[61]
Hillary Clinton
Blue Room[67]
Nutcracker Suite[61]

1995
Fraser fir, North Carolina[17]
Ornaments contributed by American architecture students and members of the American Institute of Architects.[61]
Hillary Clinton
Blue Room[68]
A Visit From St. Nicholas[61]

1994
Blue spruce, Missouri[69]
Ornaments contributed by American art students.[61]
Hillary Clinton
Blue Room[61]
The Twelve Days of Christmas[61]

1993
Fraser fir, North Carolina[69]
More than 1,000 artists contributed angel-themed ornaments.[70]
Hillary Clinton
Blue Room[70]
Angels[70]

1992
Grand fir,[69] Oregon[71]
White House florists made 88 gift-giving characters.[72]
Barbara Bush
Blue Room[71]
Gift-givers[72]

1991
Noble fir, Salem, Oregon[73]
Saintly Stitchers of St. Martin’s Episcopal Church in Houston created a needlepoint village and 92 pieces for a White House staff built Noah's Ark.[72]
Barbara Bush
Blue Room[73]
Needle work tree[72]

1990
Fraser fir, North Carolina[69]
Used miniature porcelain dancers.[72]
Barbara Bush
Blue Room[23]
Nutcracker Suite[72]

1989
Fraser fir, Pennsylvania[69]
White House staff created 80 soft-sculpture literary characters.[72]
Barbara Bush
Blue Room[72]
Family literacy[72]

1988
Balsam fir, Montello, Wisconsin[74]
Reused hand-blown glass ornaments from the Eisenhower administration, and reused Nixon's state flower balls. White House carpenters made 300 wood candles.[75]
Nancy Reagan
Blue Room[74]
Old-fashioned tree[75]

1987
Fraser fir, West Virginia[69]
Miniature instruments, notes and sheet music made by patients at Second Genesis, drug-treatment program.[75]
Nancy Reagan
Blue Room[76]
Musical theme[75]

1986
Fraser fir, Washington[69]
15 soft-sculpture nursery rhyme scenes and 100 geese made by patients at Second Genesis, drug-treatment program.[75]
Nancy Reagan
Blue Room[77]
Mother Goose theme[75]

1985
Blue spruce, Michigan[69]
1,500 Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis, drug-treatment program.[75]
Nancy Reagan
Blue Room[78]
Ornaments made from Christmas cards sent to the Reagans in 1984.[75]

1984
Fraser fir, North Carolina[69]
Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis, drug-treatment program.[75]
Nancy Reagan
Blue Room[79]
Ornaments made from plant material and other handcrafted natural ornaments.[75]

1983
Noble fir, Orting, Washington[80]
Reused 1982 ornaments and added old-fashioned toys lent by Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum.[75]
Nancy Reagan
Blue Room[80]
Old-Fashioned toys.[75]

1982
Fraser fir, North Carolina[69]
Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis, drug-treatment program.[75]
Nancy Reagan
Blue Room[81]
Foil paper cones and metallic snowflakes[75]

1981
Douglas fir,[82] Pennsylvania[69]
Nancy Reagan's first tree did not involve Second Genesis. The ornaments were loaned by the Museum of American Folk Art.[75]
Nancy Reagan
Blue Room[75]
Ornaments from the Museum of American Folk Art.[75]

1980
Douglas fir, Bristol, Indiana[83]
Dolls, hats, fans, tapestries and laces.[84]
Rosalynn Carter
Blue Room[85]
Victorian theme[84]

1979
Douglas fir, West Virginia[86]
Corcoran School of Art created ornaments from balsa wood, fabric and dried flowers.[84]
Rosalynn Carter
Blue Room[87]
American folk art of the colonial period[84]

1978
Veitch fir, New York[69]
Victorian dolls and miniature furniture lent by the Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum.[84]
Rosalynn Carter
Blue Room[88]
Antique toys[84]

1977
Noble fir, Washington[69]
National Association for Retarded Citizens made eggshell ornaments.[84]
Rosalynn Carter
Blue Room[84]
Painted milkweed pods, nut pods, foil and eggshell ornaments.[84]

1976
Balsam fir, Wisconsin[69]
Natural ornaments made by the Garden Club of America.[89]
Betty Ford
Blue Room[89]
"Love that is the spirit of Christmas"

1975
Douglas fir, New York[90]
Used ornaments from 1974 plus experts from Colonial Williamsburg made ornaments from paper snowflakes, acorns, dried fruits, pinecones, vegetables, straw, cookies and yarn.[89]
Betty Ford
Blue Room[23]
Old-fashioned children's Christmas[89]

1974
Concolor fir, Michigan[69]
Ornaments made by Appalachian women and senior citizens groups.[89]
Betty Ford
Blue Room[89]
Handmade crafts, thrift and recycling[89]

1973
Fraser fir, North Carolina[69]
In honor of James Madison[91]
Pat Nixon
Blue Room[87]
Gold theme[91]

1972
Noble fir, Washington[69]
Reused 1969 ornaments, added 3,000 pastel satin finish balls, and 150 gold federal stars.[91]
Pat Nixon
Blue Room[92]
Still Life with Fruit and Nature’s Bounty, paintings by Severin Roesen[91]

1971
Fraser fir, North Carolina[69]
Reused 1969 ornaments, added Monroe fans, and gold foil angels.[91]
Pat Nixon
Blue Room[92]
American Flower Tree[91]

1970
White spruce, Wisconsin[69]
Reused 1969 ornaments, added 53 Monroe fans.[91]
Pat Nixon
Blue Room[91]
American Flower Tree[91]

1969
Blue spruce, Ohio[69]
Disabled workers from Florida made velvet and satin balls featuring each state's state flower.[91]
Pat Nixon
North Entrance[23]
American Flower Tree[91]

1968
White pine, Indianapolis[93]
19th century American style with gingerbread cookies.[94]
Claudia 'Lady Bird' Johnson
Blue Room[94]
19th century gingerbread tree[94]

1967
Blue spruce, Ohio[69]
Same as 1965–66 but with silver baubles, silver stars, and round mirrors added.[95]
Claudia 'Lady Bird' Johnson
Blue Room[95]
Early American[95]

1966
Balsam fir, Wisconsin[69]
Traditional ornaments: nuts, fruit, popcorn, dried seedpods, gingerbread cookies and wood roses from Hawaii.[95]
Claudia 'Lady Bird' Johnson
Blue Room[95]
Early American[95]

1965

Traditional ornaments: nuts, fruit, popcorn, dried seedpods, gingerbread cookies and wood roses from Hawaii.[95]
Claudia 'Lady Bird' Johnson
Blue Room[95]
Early American[95]

1964
Balsam fir[96]

Claudia 'Lady Bird' Johnson
Blue Room[97]

1963

The tree was very subdued as the nation mourned John F. Kennedy's assassination.[98]
Claudia 'Lady Bird' Johnson
Blue Room[98]

1962

Reused ornaments from 1961 plus other ornaments made by disabled and senior citizens.[8]
Jacqueline Kennedy[8]
North Entrance[8]
Childhood[8]

1961
Balsam fir[94]
Toys, birds, and angels modeled after Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker Suite ballet.[8]
Jacqueline Kennedy[8]
Blue Room[8]
Nutcracker Suite[8]

tag: table

text: List of other known White House Christmas trees[edit]

text:
Year
Species and location grown
General notes
First Lady
Location
Theme (if any)

1960

"Presents were piled high under the magnificent tree and stretched for yards into the East Room."[99]
Mamie Eisenhower
East Room[99]

1959

Of the 26 trees there were trees in the laundry room, the maid's sitting room and David Eisenhower had his own private tree in the children's quarters.[94]
Mamie Eisenhower
26 trees throughout the White House[94]

1958

". . . decorated with electric candle lights, glass balls and large amounts of tinsel."[100]
Mamie Eisenhower
27 trees throughout the White House[100]

1957

Mamie Eisenhower
East Room[101]

1955

Mamie Eisenhower
East Room[102]

1954

Silver tinsel, Eisenhower grandchildren opened presents under this tree.[103]
Mamie Eisenhower
East Room[103]

1947

Bess Truman
East Room[104]

1944

Elliot Roosevelt: ". . . the Christmas tree was in place and decorated, the piles of presents were ready for the unwrapping – each person's pile heaped on a separate chair."[105]
Eleanor Roosevelt
Family quarters[105]

1939

Eleanor Roosevelt
East Room[106]

1937

". . . gleamed with snow and silver trimming."[107]
Eleanor Roosevelt
East Room[107]

1936

Eleanor Roosevelt
East Room[108]

1934

Multiple trees were installed in the White House, some for public viewing and others for private enjoyment of the Roosevelts.[109] A large tree was installed in the White House East Room.[110]
Eleanor Roosevelt
East Room[110]

1929

First "official" White House tree.[5]
Lou Henry Hoover

1926

Mrs. Coolidge chose to display three Christmas trees at the White House.[111]
Grace Coolidge

1923
Norway spruce[112]
White House had two Christmas trees.[112]
Grace Coolidge
Blue Room, and family quarters[112]

1917[113]

Edith Bolling Galt Wilson

1916

Edith Bolling Galt Wilson
Library[114] The tree was for Wilson's great niece Josephine Cothran.[115]

1915

Laden with gifts from members of the family and household.[116]
Edith Bolling Galt Wilson
Library

1914

none
White House library[117]

1912

Helen Taft
Blue Room[118]

1908

The first time there was a tree in the Roosevelt White House that was not attributed to young Archie Roosevelt.[119]
Edith Roosevelt

1905

Tree decorated and set up by Archie Roosevelt, as the only member of the family who had "a fondness" for Christmas trees he distributed the presents "through this medium".[120]
Edith Roosevelt

1903

Tree decorated solely by young Archie Roosevelt.[121]
Edith Roosevelt
Living Room (The President's Den)[121][122] (then Archie Roosevelt's bedroom)[121][122]

1896

Decorated with red, white and blue electric lights.[123] The decorating was supervised by Mrs. Cleveland and included tinsel ornaments and toys.[15]
Frances Cleveland
Library[123]

1895
Cedar[124]
Tree featured electric lights.[6]
Frances Cleveland
Library[124]

1894

"Beautifully trimmed and decorated".[125] Decorated with "tiny parti-colored electric lamps instead of the old-time wax candles."[126]
Frances Cleveland
Library[125]

1893

Frances Cleveland
Library[15]

1891

Caroline Harrison
Library[127]

1890

At least one tree was displayed "for the little ones".[128]
Caroline Harrison

1889
Foxtail hemlock[129]
Glass balls and pendants, gold tinsel.[129] Four-sided-lanterns[129] used candles used for lighting.[5] Credited as the first White House Christmas tree though the claim is disputed (see above).
Caroline Harrison
Yellow Oval Room[5]

1888[4]

". . . tree laden with gifts, for most of the prominent people about Washington."[4]
Frances Cleveland
East Room[4]

1853[105] or 1856[3]

Decorated for a group of Washington, D.C. school children.[130] Credited as the first White House Christmas tree though the claim is disputed (see above).
Jane Pierce