document_title: Bangladesh Liberation War

question_text: who was heading indian army during bangladesh libration war 1971

question_tokens: who was heading indian army during bangladesh libration war 1971

root

text: Bangladesh Liberation War

text: Background[edit]

text: Prior to the Partition of British India, the Lahore Resolution initially envisaged separate Muslim-majority states in the eastern and northwestern zones of British India. A proposal for an independent United Bengal was mooted by Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy in 1946, but was opposed by the colonial authorities. The East Pakistan Renaissance Society advocated the creation of a sovereign state in eastern British India. Eventually, political negotiations led, in August 1947, to the official birth of two states, Pakistan and India,[20] giving presumably permanent homes for Muslims and Hindus respectively following the departure of the British. The Dominion of Pakistan comprised two geographically and culturally separate areas to the east and the west with India in between.[21] The western zone was popularly (and for a period, also officially) termed West Pakistan and the eastern zone (modern-day Bangladesh) was initially termed East Bengal and later, East Pakistan. Although the population of the two zones was close to equal, political power was concentrated in West Pakistan and it was widely perceived that East Pakistan was being exploited economically, leading to many grievances. Administration of two discontinuous territories was also seen as a challenge.[22] On 25 March 1971, after an election won by an East Pakistani political party (the Awami League) was ignored by the ruling (West Pakistani) establishment, rising political discontent and cultural nationalism in East Pakistan was met by brutal[23] suppressive force from the ruling elite of the West Pakistan establishment,[24] in what came to be termed Operation Searchlight.[25] The violent crackdown by Pakistan Army[26] led to Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declaring East Pakistan's independence as the state of Bangladesh on 26 March 1971.[27] Most Bengalis threw their support behind this move although Islamists and Biharis opposed this and sided with the Pakistan Army instead.[28] Pakistani President Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan ordered the Pakistani military to restore the Pakistani government's authority, beginning the civil war.[27] The war led to a sea of refugees (estimated at the time to be about 10 million)[29][30] flooding into the eastern provinces of India.[31] Facing a mounting humanitarian and economic crisis, India started actively aiding and organising the Bangladeshi resistance army known as the Mukti Bahini.

tag: p

text: Language controversy[edit]

text: In 1948, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared that "Urdu, and only Urdu" would be the federal language of Pakistan.[32][33] However, Urdu was historically prevalent only in the north, central, and western region of the subcontinent; whereas in East Bengal, the native language was Bengali, one of the two most easterly branches of the Indo-European languages.[34] The Bengali-speaking people of Pakistan constituted over 30% of the country's population. The government stand was widely viewed as an attempt to suppress the culture of the eastern wing. The people of East Bengal demanded that their language be given federal status alongside Urdu and English. The Language Movement began in 1948, as civil society protested the removal of the Bengali script from currency and stamps, which were in place since the British Raj. The movement reached its climax in 1952, when on 21 February, the police fired on protesting students and civilians, causing several deaths. The day is revered in Bangladesh as the Language Movement Day. Later, in memory of the deaths in 1952, UNESCO declared 21 February as International Mother Language Day in November 1999.[35]

text: Disparities[edit]

text: Although East Pakistan had a larger population, West Pakistan dominated the divided country politically and received more money from the common budget.

text:
Year
Spending on West Pakistan (in millions of Pakistani rupees)
Spending on East Pakistan (in millions of Pakistani rupees)
Amount spent on East as percentage of West

1950–55
11,290
5,240
46.4

1955–60
16,550
5,240
31.7

1960–65
33,550
14,040
41.8

1965–70
51,950
21,410
41.2

Total
113,340
45,930
40.5

Source: Reports of the Advisory Panels for the Fourth Five Year Plan 1970–75, Vol. I,
published by the planning commission of Pakistan.

tag: table

text: Bengalis were under-represented in the Pakistan military. Officers of Bengali origin in the different wings of the armed forces made up just 5% of overall force by 1965; of these, only a few were in command positions, with the majority in technical or administrative posts.[36] West Pakistanis believed that Bengalis were not "martially inclined" unlike Pashtuns and Punjabis; the "Martial races" notion was dismissed as ridiculous and humiliating by Bengalis.[36] Moreover, despite huge defence spending, East Pakistan received none of the benefits, such as contracts, purchasing and military support jobs. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 over Kashmir also highlighted the sense of military insecurity among Bengalis, as only an under-strength infantry division and 15 combat aircraft without tank support were in East Pakistan to thwart any Indian retaliations during the conflict.[37][38]

text: Religious and cultural differences[edit]

text: The only common bond between the two Pakistani wings was religion. But there were differences even in religious practices. Bengali Muslims tended to be less conservative in religious zeal, and had come to accept their Hindu minority and neighbours despite some communal clashes.[39] Many Bengali Muslims strongly objected to the Islamist paradigm imposed by the Pakistani state.[40] Most members of West Pakistan's ruling elite also belonged to a liberal society, yet understood a common faith as the mobilising factor behind Pakistan's creation and the subsuming of Pakistan's multiple identities into one.[40]

text: Cultural and linguistic differences between the two wings outweighed any religious unity. The Bengalis were very proud of their culture and language which with its Devnagari script and Sanskrit vocabulary was unacceptable to the West Pakistani elite who considered it to smack of Hindu culture.[41]

text: The Bangladeshi liberation struggle against Pakistan was led by secular leaders.[42] With this reality and the feeling of Islamic solidarity in the background, Islamists in East Pakistan viewed Bengali nationalism as unacceptable and instead sided with the Pakistani Army's efforts to crush the Bengali independence movement.[43] Secularists hailed the Bangladeshi victory as the triumph of secular Bengali nationalism over religion-centred Pakistani nationalism.[44]

text: Most of the politically-active ulama of East Pakistan either remained neutral or sided with the Pakistani state, since they perceived the break-up of Pakistan as a loss for Islam.[45]

text: Political differences[edit]

text: Although East Pakistan accounted for a slight majority of the country's population,[46] political power remained in the hands of West Pakistanis. Since a straightforward system of representation based on population would have concentrated political power in East Pakistan, the West Pakistani establishment came up with the "One Unit" scheme, where all of West Pakistan was considered one province. This was solely to counterbalance the East wing's votes.

text: After the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan's first prime minister, in 1951, political power began to devolve to the new President of Pakistan, which replaced the office of Governor General when Pakistan became a republic, and, eventually, the military. The nominal elected chief executive, the Prime Minister, was frequently sacked by the establishment, acting through the President.

text: The East Pakistanis observed that the West Pakistani establishment would swiftly depose any East Pakistanis elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, such as Khawaja Nazimuddin, Mohammad Ali Bogra, or Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. Their suspicions were further aggravated by the military dictatorships of Ayub Khan (27 October 1958 – 25 March 1969) and Yahya Khan (25 March 1969 – 20 December 1971), both West Pakistanis. The situation reached a climax in 1970, when the Bangladesh Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won a landslide victory in the national elections. The party won 167 of the 169 seats allotted to East Pakistan, and thus a majority of the 313 seats in the National Assembly. This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form a government. However, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (a former Foreign Minister), the leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party, refused to allow Rahman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan.[47] Instead, he proposed the idea of having two Prime Ministers, one for each wing. The proposal elicited outrage in the east wing, already chafing under the other constitutional innovation, the "One Unit scheme". Bhutto also refused to accept Rahman's Six Points. On 3 March 1971, the two leaders of the two wings along with the President General Yahya Khan met in Dacca to decide the fate of the country. After their discussions yielded no satisfactory results, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for a nationwide strike. Bhutto feared a civil war, therefore, he sent his trusted companion, Mubashir Hassan.[47] A message was conveyed, and Rahman decided to meet Bhutto.[47] Upon his arrival, Rahman met with Bhutto and both agreed to form a coalition government with Rahman as Premier and Bhutto as President.[47] However, the military was unaware of these developments, and Bhutto increased his pressure on Rahman to reach a decision.[47]

text: On 7 March 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (soon to be the prime minister) delivered a speech at the Racecourse Ground (now called the Suhrawardy Udyan). In this speech he mentioned a further four-point condition to consider at the National Assembly Meeting on 25 March:

text:
The immediate lifting of martial law.
Immediate withdrawal of all military personnel to their barracks.
An inquiry into the loss of life.
Immediate transfer of power to the elected representative of the people before the assembly meeting 25 March.

tag: ul

text: He urged his people to turn every house into a fort of resistance. He closed his speech saying, "Our struggle is for our freedom. Our struggle is for our independence." This speech is considered the main event that inspired the nation to fight for its independence. General Tikka Khan was flown into Dacca to become Governor of East Bengal. East-Pakistani judges, including Justice Siddique, refused to swear him in.

text: Between 10 and 13 March, Pakistan International Airlines cancelled all their international routes to urgently fly "government passengers" to Dacca. These "government passengers" were almost all Pakistani soldiers in civilian dress. MV Swat, a ship of the Pakistan Navy carrying ammunition and soldiers, was harboured in Chittagong Port, but the Bengali workers and sailors at the port refused to unload the ship. A unit of East Pakistan Rifles refused to obey commands to fire on the Bengali demonstrators, beginning a mutiny among the Bengali soldiers.

text: Response to the 1970 cyclone[edit]

text: The 1970 Bhola cyclone made landfall on the East Pakistan coastline during the evening of 12 November, around the same time as a local high tide,[48] killing an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 people. Though the exact death toll is not known, it is considered the deadliest tropical cyclone on record.[49] A week after the landfall, President Khan conceded that his government had made "slips" and "mistakes" in its handling of the relief efforts due to a lack of understanding of the magnitude of the disaster.[50]

text: A statement released by eleven political leaders in East Pakistan ten days after the cyclone hit charged the government with "gross neglect, callous and utter indifference". They also accused the president of playing down the magnitude of the problem in news coverage.[51] On 19 November, students held a march in Dacca protesting the slowness of the government's response.[52] Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani addressed a rally of 50,000 people on 24 November, where he accused the president of inefficiency and demanded his resignation.

text: As the conflict between East and West Pakistan developed in March, the Dacca offices of the two government organisations directly involved in relief efforts were closed for at least two weeks, first by a general strike and then by a ban on government work in East Pakistan by the Awami League. With this increase in tension, foreign personnel were evacuated over fears of violence. Relief work continued in the field, but long-term planning was curtailed.[53] This conflict widened into the Bangladesh Liberation War in December and concluded with the creation of Bangladesh. This was one of the first times that a natural event helped trigger a civil war.[54]

text: Operation Searchlight[edit]

text: A planned military pacification carried out by the Pakistan Army – codenamed Operation Searchlight – started on 25 March to curb the Bengali independence movement[25] by taking control of the major cities on 26 March, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military,[55] within one month. The Pakistani state claimed to justify starting Operation Searchlight on the basis of anti-Bihari violence by Bengalis in early March.[56]

text: Before the beginning of the operation, all foreign journalists were systematically deported from East Pakistan.[57]

text: The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid-May. The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. These systematic killings served only to enrage the Bengalis, which ultimately resulted in the secession of East Pakistan later in the same year. Bangladeshi media and reference books in English have published casualty figures which vary greatly, from 5,000–35,000 in Dacca, and 200,000–3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole[58], although independent researchers, including the British Medical Journal, have put forward the figure ranging from between 125,000 and 505,000.[59] American political scientist Rudolph Rummel puts total deaths at 1.5 million.[60] The atrocities have been referred to as acts of genocide.[61]

text: According to the Asia Times,[62]

text: At a meeting of the military top brass, Yahya Khan declared: "Kill 3 million of them and the rest will eat out of our hands." Accordingly, on the night of 25 March, the Pakistani Army launched Operation Searchlight to "crush" Bengali resistance in which Bengali members of military services were disarmed and killed, students and the intelligentsia systematically liquidated and able-bodied Bengali males just picked up and gunned down.

text: Although the violence focused on the provincial capital, Dacca, it also affected all parts of East Pakistan. Residential halls of the University of Dacca were particularly targeted. The only Hindu residential hall – Jagannath Hall – was destroyed by the Pakistani armed forces, and an estimated 600 to 700 of its residents were murdered. The Pakistani army denied any cold blooded killings at the university, though the Hamoodur Rahman Commission in Pakistan concluded that overwhelming force was used at the university. This fact, and the massacre at Jagannath Hall and nearby student dormitories of Dacca University, are corroborated by a videotape secretly filmed by Professor Nurul Ula of the East Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology, whose residence was directly opposite the student dormitories.[63]

text: The scale of the atrocities was first made clear in the West when Anthony Mascarenhas, a Pakistani journalist who had been sent to the province by the military authorities to write a story favourable to Pakistan's actions, instead fled to the United Kingdom and, on 13 June 1971, published an article in The Sunday Times describing the systematic killings by the military. The BBC wrote: "There is little doubt that Mascarenhas' reportage played its part in ending the war. It helped turn world opinion against Pakistan and encouraged India to play a decisive role", with Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi herself stating that Mascarenhas' article has led her "to prepare the ground for India's armed intervention".[64]

text: Hindu areas suffered particularly heavy blows. By midnight, Dacca was burning, especially the Hindu-dominated eastern part of the city. Time magazine reported on 2 August 1971, "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Pakistani military hatred."[65]

text: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested by the Pakistani Army. Yahya Khan appointed Brigadier (later General) Rahimuddin Khan to preside over a special tribunal prosecuting Rahman with multiple charges. The tribunal's sentence was never made public, but Yahya caused the verdict to be held in abeyance in any case. Other Awami League leaders were arrested as well, while a few fled Dacca to avoid arrest. The Awami League was banned by General Yahya Khan.[66]

text: Declaration of independence[edit]

text: The violence unleashed by the Pakistani forces on 25 March 1971 proved the last straw to the efforts to negotiate a settlement. Following these outrages, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration that read:

text: Today Bangladesh is a sovereign and independent country. On Thursday night, West Pakistani armed forces suddenly attacked the police barracks at Razarbagh and the EPR headquarters at Pilkhana in Dacca. Many innocent and unarmed have been killed in Dhaka city and other places of Bangladesh. Violent clashes between E.P.R. and Police on the one hand and the armed forces of Pakistan on the other, are going on. The Bengalis are fighting the enemy with great courage for an independent Bangladesh. May Allah aid us in our fight for freedom. Joy Bangla [May Bangladesh be victorious].

text: Sheikh Mujib also called upon the people to resist the occupation forces through a radio message. Rahman was arrested on the night of 25–26 March 1971 at about 1:30 am (as per Radio Pakistan's news on 29 March 1971).

text: A telegram containing the text of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's declaration reached some students in Chittagong. The message was translated to Bengali by Dr. Manjula Anwar. The students failed to secure permission from higher authorities to broadcast the message from the nearby Agrabad Station of Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. However, the message was read several times by the independent Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendro Radio established by some rebel Bangali Radio workers in Kalurghat. Major Ziaur Rahman was requested to provide security of the station and he also read the Declaration on 27 March 1971.[68] Major Ziaur Rahman broadcast announcement of the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

text: This is Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra. I, Major Ziaur Rahman, at the direction of Bangobondhu Mujibur Rahman, hereby declare that Independent People's Republic of Bangladesh has been established. At his direction, I have taken the command as the temporary Head of the Republic. In the name of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, I call upon all Bengalees to rise against the attack by the West Pakistani Army. We shall fight to the last to free our motherland. Victory is, by the Grace of Allah, ours. Joy Bangla.[69]

text: The Kalurghat Radio Station's transmission capability was limited, but the message was picked up by a Japanese ship in the Bay of Bengal. It was then re-transmitted by Radio Australia[70] and later by the British Broadcasting Corporation.

text: M. A. Hannan, an Awami League leader from Chittagong, is said to have made the first announcement of the declaration of independence over the radio on 26 March 1971.[71]

text: 26 March 1971 is considered the official Independence Day of Bangladesh, and the name Bangladesh was in effect henceforth. In July 1971, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi openly referred to the former East Pakistan as Bangladesh.[72] Some Pakistani and Indian officials continued to use the name "East Pakistan" until 16 December 1971.

text: Liberation war[edit]

text: March–June[edit]

text: At first, resistance was spontaneous and disorganised, and was not expected to be prolonged.[73] However, when the Pakistani Army cracked down upon the population, resistance grew. The Mukti Bahini became increasingly active. The Pakistani military sought to quell them, but increasing numbers of Bengali soldiers defected to this underground "Bangladesh army". These Bengali units slowly merged into the Mukti Bahini and bolstered their weaponry with supplies from India. Pakistan responded by airlifting in two infantry divisions and reorganising their forces. They also raised paramilitary forces of Razakars, Al-Badrs and Al-Shams (who were mostly members of the Muslim League and other Islamist groups), as well as other Bengalis who opposed independence, and Bihari Muslims who had settled during the time of partition.

text: On 17 April 1971, a provisional government was formed in Meherpur District in western Bangladesh bordering India with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who was in prison in Pakistan, as President, Syed Nazrul Islam as Acting President, Tajuddin Ahmad as Prime Minister, and General Muhammad Ataul Ghani Osmani as Commander-in-Chief, Bangladesh Forces. As fighting grew between the occupation army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini, an estimated 10 million Bengalis sought refuge in the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.[74]

text: June–September[edit]

text: Bangladesh forces command was set up on 11 July, with Col. M. A. G. Osmani as commander-in-chief (C-in-C) with the status of Cabinet Minister, Lt. Col., Abdur Rabb as chief of Staff (COS), Group Captain A K Khandker as Deputy Chief of Staff (DCOS) and Major A R Chowdhury as Assistant Chief of Staff (ACOS).

text: General Osmani had differences of opinion with the Indian leadership regarding the role of the Mukti Bahini in the conflict. Indian leadership initially envisioned Bengali forces to be trained into a small elite guerrilla force of 8,000 members, led by the surviving East Bengal Regiment soldiers operating in small cells around Bangladesh to facilitate the eventual Indian intervention,[75] but with the Bangladesh government in exile, General Osmani favoured a different strategy:[76][77]

text:
Bengali conventional forces would occupy lodgment areas inside Bangladesh and then the Bangladesh government would request international diplomatic recognition and intervention. Initially Mymensingh was picked for this operation, but Gen. Osmani later settled on Sylhet.
Sending the maximum number to guerrillas inside Bangladesh as soon as possible with the following objectives:[78][79]

Increasing Pakistani casualties through raids and ambush.
Cripple economic activity by hitting power stations, railway lines, storage depots and communication networks.
Destroy Pakistan army mobility by blowing up bridges/culverts, fuel depots, trains and river crafts.
The strategic objective was to make the Pakistanis spread their forces inside the province, so attacks could be made on isolated Pakistani detachments.

text: Bangladesh was divided into eleven sectors in July,[80] each with a commander chosen from defected officers of the Pakistani army who joined the Mukti Bahini to conduct guerrilla operations and train fighters. Most of their training camps were situated near the border area and were operated with assistance from India. The 10th Sector was directly placed under the Commander in Chief (C-in-C) General M. A. G. Osmani and included the Naval Commandos and C-in-C's special force.[81] Three brigades (11 Battalions) were raised for conventional warfare; a large guerrilla force (estimated at 100,000) was trained.[82]

text: Three brigades (eight infantry battalions and three artillery batteries) were put into action between July and September.[83] During June and July, Mukti Bahini had regrouped across the border with Indian aid through Operation Jackpot and began sending 2000–5000 guerrillas across the border,[84] the so-called Monsoon Offensive, which for various reasons (lack of proper training, supply shortage, lack of a proper support network inside Bangladesh) failed to achieve its objectives.[85][86][87] Bengali regular forces also attacked BOPs in Mymensingh, Comilla and Sylhet, but the results were mixed. Pakistani authorities concluded that they had successfully contained the Monsoon Offensive, which proved a near-accurate observation.[88][89]

text: Guerrilla operations, which slackened during the training phase, picked up after August. Economic and military targets in Dacca were attacked. The major success story was Operation Jackpot, in which naval commandos mined and blew up berthed ships in Chittagong, Mongla, Narayanganj and Chandpur on 15 August 1971.[90][91]

text: October–December[edit]

text: Bangladeshi conventional forces attacked border outposts. Kamalpur, Belonia and the Battle of Boyra are a few examples. 90 out of 370 BOPs fell to Bengali forces. Guerrilla attacks intensified, as did Pakistani and Razakar reprisals on civilian populations. Pakistani forces were reinforced by eight battalions from West Pakistan. The Bangladeshi independence fighters even managed to temporarily capture airstrips at Lalmonirhat and Shalutikar.[2] Both of these were used for flying in supplies and arms from India. Pakistan sent another five battalions from West Pakistan as reinforcements.

text: Indian involvement[edit]

text: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees, it was economical to go to war against Pakistan.[92] As early as 28 April 1971, the Indian Cabinet had asked General Manekshaw (Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee) to “Go into East Pakistan”.[93] Hostile relations in the past between India and Pakistan added to India's decision to intervene in Pakistan's civil war. Resultantly, the Indian government decided to support the creation of a separate state for ethnic Bengalis by supporting the Mukti Bahini. For this, RAW, helped to organise, train and arm these insurgents. Consequently, the Mukti Bahini succeeded in harassing Pakistani military in East Pakistan, thus creating conditions conducive for a full-scale Indian military intervention in early December.[92] Thus, wary of the growing involvement of India[why?], the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) launched a pre-emptive strike on Indian Air Force bases on 3 December 1971. The attack was modelled on the Israeli Air Force's Operation Focus during the Six-Day War, and intended to neutralise the Indian Air Force planes on the ground. The strike was seen by India as an open act of unprovoked aggression. This marked the official start of the Indo-Pakistani War.

text: As a response to the attack, both India and Pakistan formally acknowledged the "existence of a state of war between the two countries", even though neither government had formally issued a declaration of war.[94]

text: Three Indian corps were involved in the liberation of East Pakistan. They were supported by nearly three brigades of Mukti Bahini fighting alongside them, and many more fighting irregularly. This was far superior to the Pakistani army of three divisions.[95] The Indians quickly overran the country, selectively engaging or bypassing heavily defended strongholds. Pakistani forces were unable to effectively counter the Indian attack, as they had been deployed in small units around the border to counter guerrilla attacks by the Mukti Bahini.[96] Unable to defend Dacca, the Pakistanis surrendered on 16 December 1971.

text: Indian Involvement cont'd: The debate[edit]

text: The debate of Indian involvement in this war has been a source of tension and underlying conflict between India and Bangladesh since the emergence of the war itself. This section examines the role of India in this war by exploring the ways in which India largely contributed to the war and to what extent this aided the Bangladeshis. In exploring the latter, one can see that there are several ways in which India aided Bangladesh. For one, India was largely responsible for building the Mukti Bahini from a group of inexperienced rebel fighters to an army formidable enough to fight against the Pakistani army. When the war first broke out it in 1971, the initial state of the Bengali rebels can be understood from the remark of one Bengali rebel officer, who complained that "No one in the Bangladesh cabinet knows anything about war". [97] This construed the dire situation of the army before India’s intervention. The Mukti Bahini was recounted as being “Without any supplies or assistance”. If a weapon became unserviceable the soldier carrying that weapon became useless, since he could not be given another weapon. There was a complete dearth of a “Modern communication system to be in constant touch with troops in different battle locations”. This is evidenced in that the Mukti Bahini’s position was threatened at Kumira, but the army had received the message three hours late because of the poor communication system. [98] Indira Gandhi’s government escalated its backing for the Bengali uprising from July 1970 onwards. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India at the time, when asked if India stimulated the Liberation War, had candidly said that “If you want to go way back, we helped the Mukti Bahini. So, if you consider it all as beginning with that aid and from that moment, yes- we were the ones to start it.” [99] As the war progressed, the involvement of the Indian Army in this war intensified and with each stage improved Mukti Bahini. Initially, the Indian army was directly ordered to help the Mukti Bahini, involving India’s top generals This is evident in the Indian army’s training and sponsoring of the Bengali rebels who comprised Mukti Bahini, which was badly outnumbered, many bearing only knives and hand grenades, reluctant to attack Pakistani army units. Even the better-armed insurgents were outmatched by Pakistan’s artillery and air force. Durga Prasad Dhar, confidant of Indira Gandhi who was a chief architect of the Indian intervention in the war, aided Bengali exiles in London to purchase weapons in Belgium and ship them to the guerrillas in East Pakistan. [100] The Indian Army was thoroughly enmeshed in the guerilla warfare, as shown by a report to Indira Gandhi's government from an Indian team touring the border states of Assam and Tripura in the early 1970s. Furthermore, India's Border Security Force provided cover when the Bengali rebels attacked towns of Pakistan army positions. Under fire, the guerrillas relied on India's force to provide support or re-supply them with ammunition. The Bengalis, in desperation, used children as soldiers- these children were untrained and inexperienced. However, under the eye of the Indian army, these child soldiers were taken for special and regular military training, and the Indian government planned youth training, consisting of political indoctrination and guerilla warfare. Many of the youth camps were run by India's Border Security Force, with the military training given by the Indian army. To fight an effective riverine campaign, the rebels – accustomed to their homeland of marshes and water-wars, needed to be taught about camouflage and crawling. [101]

text: This is where the debate comes in. On the other side of the argument there is evidence that shows this aid may have not been as adequate as many historians believe. The rebels were simply not getting enough. Furthermore, the guerillas, often fighting with weapons captured from Pakistan desperately wanted more arms and ammunition from India. The rebel officers pleaded for heavy artillery, anti-aircraft rounds, and anti-tank grenades. They required Rifles, mortars, walkie-talkies, field telephone sets, maps, medical kits, binoculars, etc. However, ‘India seemed more worried about the embarrassment that would inevitably follow when Indian weapons were captured during the fighting and thus was hesitant in expediting the deployment of arms to the rebels. [102]

text: The Bengali rebels also questioned Indian supervision. India was unaware and unprepared of the Bangladeshi situation. [103]

text: In a Bangladeshi assessment of the war, a top Awami League leader, MR Chowdhury, lambasted the performance of the Indian army. Chowdhury argued that “Never was such a heroic force neglected so much as the Mukti Fouz. The rebels got only ten rounds of ammunition a day, and this was far from adequate. Officers waited for days to get ammunition for a raid. Senior officers lacked weapons, and most of the rebels were short on rations, uniforms, Pakistani cash (necessary for missions inside East Pakistan), tents, soaps, and shoes." Mr Chowdhury further said: “I have seen our (Mukti Bahini) sector commanders have to roam like beggars to procure medicine from various sources for their ailing men. We were assured that the ‘Friends’ (the Indian army) promised to look after the basic necessities of our (Bengali) men, but the bare truth is that our men never get what they require.” [104]

text: Air and naval war[edit]

text: The Indian Air Force carried out several sorties against Pakistan, and within a week, IAF aircraft dominated the skies of East Pakistan. It achieved near-total air supremacy by the end of the first week as the entire Pakistani air contingent in the east, PAF No.14 Squadron, was grounded because of Indian and Bangladesh airstrikes at Tejgaon, Kurmitolla, Lal Munir Hat and Shamsher Nagar. Sea Hawks from the carrier INS Vikrant also struck Chittagong, Barisal and Cox's Bazar, destroying the eastern wing of the Pakistan Navy and effectively blockading the East Pakistan ports, thereby cutting off any escape routes for the stranded Pakistani soldiers. The nascent Bangladesh Navy (comprising officers and sailors who defected from the Pakistani Navy) aided the Indians in the marine warfare, carrying out attacks, most notably Operation Jackpot.[105]

text: Surrender and aftermath[edit]

text: On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, CO of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan signed the Instrument of Surrender. At the time of surrender only a few countries had provided diplomatic recognition to the new nation. Over 93,000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces & Bangladesh Liberation forces, making it the largest surrender since World War II,[8][106] although the Pakistani Army had fought gallantly according to Indian Army Chief Sam Manekshaw.[107] Bangladesh sought admission in the UN with most voting in its favour, but China vetoed this as Pakistan was its key ally.[108] The United States, also a key ally of Pakistan, was one of the last nations to accord Bangladesh recognition.[109] To ensure a smooth transition, in 1972 the Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan. The treaty ensured that Pakistan recognised the independence of Bangladesh in exchange for the return of the Pakistani PoWs. India treated all the PoWs in strict accordance with the Geneva Convention, rule 1925.[110] It released more than 93,000 Pakistani PoWs in five months.[8] Further, as a gesture of goodwill, nearly 200 soldiers who were sought for war crimes by Bengalis were also pardoned by India. The accord also gave back 13,000 km2 (5,019 sq mi) of land that Indian troops had seized in West Pakistan during the war, though India retained a few strategic areas;[111] most notably Kargil (which would in turn again be the focal point for a war between the two nations in 1999). This was done as a measure of promoting "lasting peace" and was acknowledged by many observers as a sign of maturity by India. However, some in India[112] felt that the treaty had been too lenient to Bhutto, who had pleaded for leniency, arguing that the fragile democracy in Pakistan would crumble if the accord was perceived as being overly harsh by Pakistanis.

text: Reaction in West Pakistan to the war[edit]

text: Reaction to the defeat and dismemberment of half the nation was a shocking loss to top military and civilians alike. Few had expected that they would lose the formal war in under a fortnight, and there was also unsettlement over what was perceived as a meek surrender of the army in East Pakistan. Yahya Khan's dictatorship collapsed and gave way to Bhutto, who took the opportunity to rise to power. General Niazi, who surrendered along with 93,000 troops, was viewed with suspicion and contempt upon his return to Pakistan. He was shunned and branded a traitor. The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistan's declared strategic doctrine that the "defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan".[113][114]

text: Atrocities[edit]

text: During the war there were widespread killings and other atrocities – including the displacement of civilians in Bangladesh (East Pakistan at the time) and widespread violations of human rights began with the start of Operation Searchlight on 25 March 1971. Members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias from Jamaat e Islami killed an estimated 300,000[64] to 3,000,000 people and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape.[115][116][117] Some Islamic clerics issued fatwas in support of raping Bengali women, especially Hindu women, as they considered the conflict a holy war.[118] During the war, a fatwa in Pakistan declared that the Bengali freedom fighters were Hindus and that their women could be taken as "the booty of war".[119]

text: A large section of the intellectual community of Bangladesh were murdered, mostly by the Al-Shams and Al-Badr forces,[120] at the instruction of the Pakistani Army.[121] Just two days before the surrender, on 14 December 1971, Pakistan Army and Razakar militia (local collaborators) picked up at least 100 physicians, professors, writers and engineers in Dacca, and murdered them, leaving the dead bodies in a mass grave.[122]

text: Many mass graves have been discovered in Bangladesh.[123] The first night of war on Bengalis, which is documented in telegrams from the American Consulate in Dacca to the United States State Department, saw indiscriminate killings of students of Dacca University and other civilians.[124] Numerous women were tortured, raped and killed during the war; the exact numbers are not known and are a subject of debate. The widespread rape of Bangladeshi women led to birth of thousands of war babies.[125][126][127] The Pakistan Army also kept numerous Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Dacca Cantonment. Most of the girls were captured from Dacca University and private homes.[128] There was significant sectarian violence not only perpetrated and encouraged by the Pakistani army,[129] but also by Bengali nationalists against non-Bengali minorities, especially Biharis.[130] In June 1971, Bihari representatives stated that 500,000 Biharis were killed by Bengalis.[131] R.J. Rummel gives a prudent estimate of 150,000 killed.[132]

text: On 16 December 2002, the George Washington University's National Security Archive published a collection of declassified documents, consisting mostly of communications between US embassy officials and United States Information Service centres in Dacca and India, and officials in Washington, D.C.[124] These documents show that US officials working in diplomatic institutions within Bangladesh used the terms "selective genocide"[133] and "genocide" (see The Blood Telegram) for information on events they had knowledge of at the time. Genocide is the term that is still used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper in Bangladesh,[134][135] although in Pakistan, the accusations against Pakistani forces continue to be disputed.

text: Foreign reaction[edit]

text: Following Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's declaration of independence in March 1971, a worldwide campaign was undertaken by the Provisional Government of Bangladesh to drum up political support for the independence of East Pakistan as well as humanitarian support for the Bengali people.

text: Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi provided extensive diplomatic and political support to the Bangladesh movement. She toured many countries in a bid to create awareness of the Pakistani atrocities against Bengalis. This effort was to prove vital later during the war, in framing the world's context of the war and to justify military action by India.[138] Also, following Pakistan's defeat, it ensured prompt recognition of the newly independent state of Bangladesh.

text: United Nations[edit]

text: Though the United Nations condemned the human rights violations during and following Operation Searchlight, it failed to defuse the situation politically before the start of the war.

text: Following India's entry into the war, Pakistan, fearing certain defeat, made urgent appeals to the United Nations to intervene and force India to agree to a ceasefire. The UN Security Council assembled on 4 December 1971 to discuss the hostilities in South Asia. After lengthy discussions on 7 December, the United States made a resolution for "immediate cease-fire and withdrawal of troops". While supported by the majority, the USSR vetoed the resolution twice. In light of the Pakistani atrocities against Bengalis, the United Kingdom and France abstained on the resolution.[94][139]

text: On 12 December, with Pakistan facing imminent defeat, the United States requested that the Security Council be reconvened. Pakistan's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was rushed to New York City to make the case for a resolution on the cease fire. The council continued deliberations for four days. By the time proposals were finalised, Pakistan's forces in the East had surrendered and the war had ended, making the measures merely academic. Bhutto, frustrated by the failure of the resolution and the inaction of the United Nations, ripped up his speech and left the council.[139]

text: Most UN member nations were quick to recognise Bangladesh within months of its independence.[138]

text: Bhutan[edit]

text: As the Bangladesh Liberation War approached the defeat of the Pakistan Army, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan became the first state in the world to recognise the newly independent country on 6 December 1971.[140] Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first President of Bangladesh visited Bhutan to attend the coronation of Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the fourth King of Bhutan in June 1974.

text: US and USSR[edit]

text: The US government stood by its old ally Pakistan[141] both politically and materially. US President Richard Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger feared Soviet expansion into South and Southeast Asia. Pakistan was a close ally of the People's Republic of China, with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement and which he intended to visit in February 1972. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of West Pakistan would mean total Soviet domination of the region, and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. To demonstrate to China the bona fides of the United States as an ally, and in direct violation of the US Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan and routed them through Jordan and Iran,[142] while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the genocidal activities of the Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the Blood telegram.[143]

text: Nixon denied getting involved in the situation, saying that it was an internal matter of Pakistan, but when Pakistan's defeat seemed certain, Nixon sent the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise to the Bay of Bengal,[144] a move deemed by the Indians as a nuclear threat. Enterprise arrived on station on 11 December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of ships, armed with nuclear missiles, from Vladivostok; they trailed US Task Force 74 in the Indian Ocean from 18 December until 7 January 1972.[145] [146][147]

text: The Soviet Union supported Bangladesh and Indian armies, as well as the Mukti Bahini during the war, recognising that the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals – the United States and China. It gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed, the USSR would take countermeasures. This was enshrined in the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty signed in August 1971. The Soviets also sent a nuclear submarine to ward off the threat posed by USS Enterprise in the Indian Ocean.[148][149]

text: At the end of the war, the Warsaw Pact countries were among the first to recognise Bangladesh. The Soviet Union accorded recognition to Bangladesh on 25 January 1972.[150] The United States delayed recognition for some months, before according it on 8 April 1972.[151]

text: China[edit]

text: As a long-standing ally of Pakistan, the People's Republic of China reacted with alarm to the evolving situation in East Pakistan and the prospect of India invading West Pakistan and Pakistani-controlled Kashmir. Believing that just such an Indian attack was imminent, Nixon encouraged China to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India to discourage it. The Chinese did not, however, respond to this encouragement, because unlike the 1962 Sino-Indian War when India was caught entirely unaware, this time the Indian Army was prepared and had deployed eight mountain divisions to the Sino-Indian border to guard against such an eventuality.[94] China instead threw its weight behind demands for an immediate ceasefire.

text: When Bangladesh applied for membership to the United Nations in 1972, China vetoed their application[152] because two United Nations resolutions regarding the repatriation of Pakistani prisoners of war and civilians had not yet been implemented.[153] China was also among the last countries to recognise independent Bangladesh, refusing to do so until 31 August 1975.[138][152]

text: In popular culture[edit]


document_title: List of the largest trading partners of Canada

question_text: name canada’s two trading partners under the nafta agreement

question_tokens: name canada 's two trading partners under the nafta agreement

text: This is a list of the largest trading partners of Canada. Canada is considered to be a trading nation as its total trade is worth more than two-thirds of its GDP (the second highest level in the G7 after Germany).[1][2][3]

text: Historically, the issue of Canada's largest trade partners, and dependence on particular markets, has been a major political issue. At the time of Confederation in 1867, the United Kingdom was by far Canada's largest trading partner, reflecting the close historical, cultural, and institutional ties within the British Empire. Over time, more and more of Canada's trade was proportionally done with the United States. Various governments hoped to strengthen or reverse this trend, by changing tariff policy either to one of Imperial Preference with the British, Reciprocity with the National Policy of internal development. The 1891 and 1911 elections were fought partly over the issue of closer trade relationships with the British. Following the Civil War, the United States emerged as Canada's largest trading partner. By the time the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community in 1973, the idea of the UK as an alternative to the USA as Canada's largest market was no longer viable. Canada and the United States signed the Free Trade Agreement in 1988 (which was expanded into NAFTA by the addition of Mexico in 1994). Since that time the United States has dominated Canadian trade by an overwhelming degree. After the Wars, trade with Asia began to expand, especially China. After the opening of Canada – People's Republic of China relations in 1970, trade with China has expanded rapidly.

text: == The 20 largest trade partners of Canada == . The 20 largest trade partners of Canada represent 94.0% of Canada's exports, and 91.9% of Canada's imports as of December 2016[update].[4] These figures do not include services or foreign direct investment. The largest partners of Canada with their total trade (sum of imports and exports) in millions of Canadian Dollars for calendar year 2016 are as follows:[5]

text:
Rank
Country
Exports
Imports
Total Trade
Trade Balance

-
World
521,251
547,320
1,068,571
-26,070

1
 United States
392,260
359,915
752,175
+32,345

-
 European Union
41,827
52,288
94,115
-10,461

2
 China
22,359
37,593
59,952
-15,234

3
 Mexico
8,879
18,901
27,780
-10,023

4
 United Kingdom
17,957
7,589
25,546
+10,368

5
 Japan
11,004
11,765
22,769
-761

6
 Germany
4,423
14,583
19,006
-10,160

7
 South Korea
4,623
8,952
13,576
-4,329

8
 Italy
2,485
5,635
8,120
-3,150

9
 France
3,513
4,448
7,961
-935

10
 Netherlands
2,916
4,819
7,735
-1,902

11
 India
4,067
2,956
7,023
+1,111

12
  Switzerland
1,365
5,407
6,772
-4,042

13
 Hong Kong
2,377
4,106
6,483
-1,730

14
 Belgium
3,292
3,130
6,423
+162

15
 Brazil
2,114
3,206
5,320
-1,091

16
 Taiwan
1,670
3,039
4,709
-1,368

17
 Spain
1,866
2,129
3,995
-263

18
 Australia
1,934
1,848
3,782
85

19
 Norway
1,585
1,632
3,216
-47

20
 Saudi Arabia
1,368
1,723
3,092
-355

-
Remaining Countries
29,194
43,944
73,138
-14,750


document_title: List of PAW Patrol characters

question_text: what kind of dogs are the paw patrol characters

text: List of PAW Patrol characters

text: PAW Patrol members[edit]

text: Original members[edit]

text:
Ryder is the human leader of the PAW Patrol. He is a ten-year-old boy who gives the dogs their mission instructions and builds the vehicles and equipment they use. His vehicle is an ATV. He is the only character to be featured in every mission, and the only member to use his vehicle in every episode. He was voiced by Owen Mason from 2013–2015, by Elijha Hammill from 2015–2016, and by Jaxon Mercey from 2016 onward.
Marshall is a Dalmatian. He serves as a firedog and medic. His vehicle is a fire engine, which transforms into an ambulance. He is known for being exceptionally clumsy. A running gag in every episode is that Marshall will encounter some kind of humorous problem while trying to enter the PAW Patrol's elevator. His catchphrase after one of these mishaps is often "I'm good." He was voiced by Gage Munroe from 2013–2015 and by Drew Davis from 2015 onward.
Chase is a German Shepherd. He serves as a police and spy dog. His vehicle is a police car. He is the most mature of the dogs, and will always announce "Ready for action, Ryder, sir!" when the PAW Patrol is called on a mission. He was voiced by Tristan Samuel from 2013–2014, by Max Calinescu from 2014–2018, and by Justin Kelley from 2018 onward.
Rubble is an English bulldog. He serves as a construction dog. His vehicle is a bulldozer. He is often a source of comic relief and usually makes jokes or comments about his love of eating. He is voiced by Devan Cohen.
Rocky is a grey-and-white mongrel of an unspecified breed. He serves as a recycling dog. His vehicle is a recycling truck, which can also transform into a salvage tugboat. A running gag in the series is Rocky's irrational fear of water to the point where he refuses to bathe. He was voiced by Stuart Ralston from 2013–2015 and by Samuel Faraci from 2015 onward.
Zuma is a chocolate Labrador retriever. He serves as an aquatic rescue pup. His vehicle is a hovercraft, which can also convert into a submarine. He was voiced by Alex Thorne from 2013–2017 and by Carter Thorne from 2017 onward.
Skye is a cockapoo. She serves as an aviator. Her vehicle is a helicopter, and she has wings built into her backpack. She is voiced by Kallan Holley.

text: Occasional members[edit]

text:
Cap'n Turbot is the PAW Patrol's most frequent caller, who serves as an occasional member of the team in the Merpup-themed special episodes. He is a marine biologist and the watchman of Adventure Bay. His main vehicle is a boat called the Flounder. In the second season, an orange diving bell is introduced as his second vehicle. He is the team's best human friend and their source of information on all kinds of wildlife in the bay. He is voiced by Ron Pardo. Along with Everest, Cap'n Turbot was added to the opening theme in season three.
Everest is a Siberian husky who serves as a snow rescue dog in emergencies relating to snow or ice. Her vehicle is a snowmobile. Like Tracker, she does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead lives at Adventure Bay's ski resort, but will answer a call for assistance whenever her services are needed. She is voiced by Berkley Silverman. Everest, along with Cap'n Turbot, was added to the opening theme in season three.
Tracker is a brown-and-white chihuahua who serves as a jungle rescue pup. His vehicle is a Jeep, and he is bilingual, speaking fluently in Spanish and English. Like Everest, he does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead resides in the jungle with his human caretaker, a boy named Carlos. He is voiced by David Lopez. As of season four, he and Robo-Dog have not been added to the opening theme.
Robo-Dog is a robotic dog introduced in "Pups Save Ryder's Robot." He serves as the driver of the PAW Patrol's multi-member vehicles. Unlike the other pups, Robo-Dog does not speak in sentences and only communicates through barks. His vehicle (the PAW Patroller) was added to the opening theme in season three, but Robo-Dog himself does not appear.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Mayor Goodway is the overdramatic but friendly mayor of Adventure Bay. She owns a pet chicken named Chickaletta, whom she keeps in her purse. She shares a rivalry with Mayor Humdinger of the neighbouring town Foggy Bottom. She is voiced by Deann Degruijter.
Chickaletta is the mayor's pet chicken. She is not quick-witted or observant and often unintentionally causes trouble for herself and Mayor Goodway. She is introduced in "Pup Pup and Away" when she jumps into Mayor Goodway's purse during a hot air balloon race.
Francois Turbot is Cap'n Turbot's cousin and sidekick, who lives with him in the Seal Island lighthouse. He is very self-centered and loves to show off. Francois works as a zoologist and nature photographer. He has a thick French accent and often uses French phrases in place of English words. He is voiced by Peter Cugno.
Wally is Cap'n Turbot's pet walrus, who lives in the waters surrounding Seal Island. He has a wife named Walinda and an unnamed baby child. Although he cannot talk, Ryder and Cap'n Turbot can understand Wally when he communicates by barking and moving his flippers.
Katie is a girl Ryder's age. She runs Adventure Bay's pet clinic. She is voiced by Katherine Forrester.
Cali is Katie's pet cat. She has lavender-colored fur. Her meows are provided by Julie Lemieux.
Mayor Humdinger is the mayor of a neighbouring town called Foggy Bottom who is Mayor Goodway's rival. He lives in a cave and leads a team of troublesome cats called the Kitten Catastrophe Crew. He is voiced by Ron Pardo.
The Kitten Catastrophe Crew is Mayor Humdinger's group of cats who closely resemble the six main PAW Patrol pups. Origonally inspired by Catherine Martin’s pet cat – “Little Cheeper” – in the film “Silence of the Lambs,” each one is equipped with a uniform and a tool pack that mirror a particular pup's outfits and abilities.
Mr. Porter is a grocer in Adventure Bay. He is voiced by Blair Williams.
Alex Porter is Mr. Porter's young grandson. He is voiced by Christian Distefano.
Farmer Yumi and Farmer Al are two married farmers who live near Adventure Bay. They own a barn and have several animals, such as a pair of pigs and a cow. Farmer Yumi was voiced by Hiromi Okuyama from 2013–2014 and by Stephany Seki from 2014 onward. Farmer Al is voiced by Ron Pardo.
Jake is the owner of a ski resort near Adventure Bay. He becomes Everest's caretaker after she is introduced. He is voiced by Scott McCord.
Carlos is a jungle explorer who is Tracker's caretaker. He was voiced by Lucius Hoyos and later by Jaiden Cannatelli.
Danny is a daredevil boy who appears in the third season episode "Pups Save Daring Danny X".
Sweetie is a villainous pup and the pet of the Princess of Barkingburg. She acts as an antagonist in "Mission PAW"-themed episodes in the fourth season. She is voiced by Anya Cooke.


document_title: List of NHL records (individual)

question_text: who has the most goals in nhl playoff history

text: List of NHL records (individual)

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Most seasons: Gordie Howe (1946–47 to 1970–1971; 1979–1980) and Chris Chelios (1983–84 to 2009–10, except for the 2004–05 NHL lock-out), 26
Most playoff seasons: Chris Chelios, 24 (1983–84 to 2008–09, except for 1997–98 and the 2004–05 NHL lock-out year)
Most consecutive playoff seasons: Larry Robinson, (1972–73 to 1991–92) and Nicklas Lidstrom, (1991–92 to 2011–12, except for the 2004–05 NHL lock-out), 20[1]

text: Games[edit]

text:
Most games: Gordie Howe, 1,767
Most games, including playoffs: Mark Messier, 1,992
Most playoff games: Chris Chelios, 266
Most games played in a single NHL season, not including playoffs: Jimmy Carson (1992–93) and Bob Kudelski (1993–94), 86
Most consecutive games: Doug Jarvis (October 8, 1975 – October 10, 1987), 964
Most consecutive games by a defenseman: Jay Bouwmeester, 737
Oldest player to play a game: Gordie Howe, 52 years, 11 days
Most games by a coach in the Stanley Cup Final: Dick Irvin (Chicago (5), Toronto (29), Montreal (43)), 77
Most games played in the Finals: Red Kelly (Detroit (37), Toronto (28)), Henri Richard (Montreal), 65
Most games won by a coach in the Stanley Cup Finals: Scotty Bowman (Montreal (20), Pittsburgh (4), Detroit (12)), 36
Most games coached by the first coach of an NHL expansion franchise: Barry Trotz (Nashville Predators), 1196

text: Stanley Cup[edit]

text:
Most Stanley Cup wins, as a player: Henri Richard Montreal Canadiens, (1956, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73) 11
Most Stanley Cup wins, as a non-player: Scotty Bowman (Montreal: 1973, 76, 77, 78, 79 (Coach); Pittsburgh: 1991 (Director of Player Development-Recruitment), 1992 (Head Coach); Detroit: 1997, 98, 2002 (Head Coach), 2008 (Consultant); Chicago: 2010, 13, 15 (Sr. Advisor) 14
Most Stanley Cup wins, combined player or non-player: Jean Beliveau, Montreal Canadiens (Player: 1956, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71; Sr. Vice President: 1973, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86, 93), 17

text: Won the Stanley Cup with the highest number of different teams

text:
Player - Jack Marshall (Winnipeg Victorias 1901, Montreal AAA 1902, 1903, Montreal Wanderers 1907, 1910, Toronto Blueshirts 1914) and Hap Holmes (Toronto Blueshirts 1914, Seattle Metropolitans 1917, Toronto Arenas 1918, Victoria Cougars 1925), 4
Player/Non-Player - Al Arbour (Player: Detroit 1954, Chicago 1961, Toronto 1962, 1964; Coach: New York Islanders 1980, 81, 82, 83), 4
Non-Player - Tommy Gorman (Ottawa Senators: 1920, 1921, 1923 (Manager); Chicago: 1934 (Manager/Coach); Montreal Maroons: 1935 (Manager/Coach); Montreal Canadiens: 1944, 1946 (Manager) and Scotty Bowman (Montreal: 1973, 76, 77, 78, 79 (Coach); Pittsburgh: 1991 (Director of Player Development-Recruitment), 1992 (Head Coach); Detroit: 1997, 98, 2002 (Head Coach), 2008 (Consultant); Chicago: 2010, 13, 15 (Sr. Advisor) 4

text: NHL Awards[edit]

text:
Most Hart Memorial Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 9[2]
Most consecutive Hart Memorial Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 8
Most Ted Lindsay Awards: Wayne Gretzky, 5[3]
Most consecutive Ted Lindsay Awards: Wayne Gretzky, 4
Most Conn Smythe Trophies: Patrick Roy 3[4]
Most consecutive Conn Smythe Trophies: Bernie Parent, Mario Lemieux, and Sidney Crosby: 2
Most James Norris Trophies: Bobby Orr, 8[5]
Most consecutive James Norris Trophies: Bobby Orr, 8
Most Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophies: Alexander Ovechkin, 6[6]
Most consecutive Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophies: Alexander Ovechkin, 4
Most Art Ross Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 10[7]
Most consecutive Art Ross Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 7
Most Frank J. Selke Trophies: Bob Gainey and Patrice Bergeron, 4[8]
Most consecutive Frank J. Selke Trophies: Bob Gainey 4
Most Lady Byng Trophies: Frank Boucher, 7[9]
Most consecutive Lady Byng Trophies: Frank Boucher and Pavel Datsyuk, 4
Most William M Jennings Trophies: Patrick Roy, Martin Brodeur, 5[10]
Most consecutive William M Jennings Trophies: Patrick Roy and Brian Hayward, 3
Most Vezina Trophies: Jacques Plante, 7[11]
Most consecutive Vezina Trophies: Jacques Plante, 5
Most Jack Adams Awards: Pat Burns, 3[12]
Most consecutive Jack Adams Awards: Jacques Demers, 2

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals career: Wayne Gretzky, 894
Most goals playoffs career; Wayne Gretzky, 122
Most goals career, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky, 1,016
Most goals, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82), 92
Most goals scored by a single player in an expansion team's inaugural season: William Karlsson (2017-18), 43
Most goals, in playoffs one season: Reggie Leach (1976) and Jari Kurri (1985), 19
Most goals, one season, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 100
Most goals, one playoff series: Jari Kurri (six-game series) (1985), 12
Most goals in a Stanley Cup Final: Cyclone Taylor (1918, five games), Frank Foyston (1919, five games), Babe Dye (1922, five games), 9
Most goals in the Finals, career: Maurice Richard, 34
Most goals, 50 games from start of season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82 and 1983–84), 61
Fastest 50 goals from start of season: Wayne Gretzky (December 30, 1981), 39 games
Most goals, one regular season game: Joe Malone (January 31, 1920), 7
Most goals, one regular season home game: Joe Malone (January 31, 1920), 7
Most goals, one regular season road game: Red Berenson (November 7, 1968), 6
Most goals, one playoff game: Newsy Lalonde (March 1, 1919), Maurice Richard (March 23, 1944), Darryl Sittler (April 22, 1976), Reggie Leach (May 6, 1976), and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 5
Most goals, one home playoff game: Maurice Richard (March 23, 1944), Darryl Sittler (April 22, 1976), Reggie Leach (May 6, 1976), and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 5
Most goals, one road playoff game: Newsy Lalonde (March 1, 1919), 5
Most goals, one period: Max Bentley (January 28, 1943), Busher Jackson (November 20, 1934), Clint Smith (March 4, 1945), Red Berenson (November 7, 1968), Wayne Gretzky (February 18, 1981), Grant Mulvey (February 3, 1982), Bryan Trottier (February 13, 1982), Tim Kerr (April 13, 1985), Al Secord (January 7, 1987), Joe Nieuwendyk (January 11, 1989), Peter Bondra (February 5, 1994), Mario Lemieux (January 26, 1997), and Patrick Marleau (January 23, 2017), 4
Most goals in one period during the Finals: Busher Jackson (April 5, 1932), Ted Lindsay (April 5, 1955), Maurice Richard (April 6, 1957), Wayne Gretzky (May 25, 1985), Dirk Graham (June 1, 1992), and Peter Forsberg (June 6, 1996), 3
Most game-winning goals in a season: Phil Esposito (1970–71 and 1971–72) and Michel Goulet (1983–84), 16
Most game-winning goals in playoffs one season: Brad Richards (2004), 7
Most game-winning goals in a playoff series: Mike Bossy (six-game series) (1983), 4
Most game-winning goals career: Jaromir Jagr, 135
Most game-winning goals playoffs career: Wayne Gretzky and Brett Hull, 24

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Most assists regular season career: Wayne Gretzky, 1,963
Most assists playoffs career: Wayne Gretzky 260
Most assists career, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky, 2,223
Most assists, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 163
Most assists, one playoff season: Wayne Gretzky (1987–88), 31
Most assists, one season, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 174
Most assists, playoff series: Rick Middleton (seven-game series) (1983), Wayne Gretzky (six-game series) (1985), 14
Most assists, one game: Billy Taylor (March 16, 1947) and Wayne Gretzky (February 15, 1980, December 11, 1985, and February 14, 1986), 7
Most assists, one home game: Wayne Gretzky (February 15, 1980, and February 14, 1986), 7
Most assists, one road game: Billy Taylor (March 16, 1947) and Wayne Gretzky (December 11, 1985), 7
Most assists, one playoff game: Mikko Leinonen (April 8, 1982), and Wayne Gretzky (April 9, 1987), 6
Most assists, one playoff home game: Mikko Leinonen (April 8, 1982), and Wayne Gretzky (April 9, 1987), 6
Most assists, one period: Dale Hawerchuk (March 6, 1984), 5

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points regular season career: Wayne Gretzky, 2,857
Most points playoff career: Wayne Gretzky, 382
Most points career, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky, 3,239
Most points, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 215
Fastest 100 points from the start of a season: Wayne Gretzky (December 27, 1981), 34 games
Most points, one season, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky (1984–85), 255
Most points, one game: Darryl Sittler (February 7, 1976), 10
Most points, one home game: Darryl Sittler (February 7, 1976), 10
Most points, one road game: Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny, (February 22, 1981), 8
Most points, one playoff game: Patrik Sundstrom (April 22, 1988) and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 8
Most points, one playoff home game: Patrik Sundstrom (April 22, 1988) and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 8
Most points, one period: Bryan Trottier (December 23, 1978), 6
Most points, one playoff season: Wayne Gretzky (1985), 47
Most points, one playoff series: Rick Middleton (seven-game series) (1983), 19
Most points, team's first postseason: Jonathan Marchessault (2018), 21
Most points in the Final, one series: Wayne Gretzky (1988), 13
Most points in the Final, career: Jean Beliveau, 62

text: Plus/minus[edit]

text:
Best ± rating, regular season career: Larry Robinson, +722
Best ± rating one season: Bobby Orr (1970–71), +124
Best ± rating one game: Tom Bladon (December 11, 1977, 11-1 game against the Cleveland Barons), +10
Worst ± rating, season: Bill Mikkelson (1974–75), -82
Worst ± rating, game: Doug Wilson (February 10, 1993 against the Calgary Flames) and Chris Butler, (January 5, 2012 against the Boston Bruins), -7
Worst ± rating, regular season career: Bob Stewart, -257
Best ± ratings playoffs career: Charlie Huddy, +94
Best ± ratings one playoff season: Wayne Gretzky (1984–85), +28

text: Power-play goals[edit]

text:
Most power-play goals, career: Dave Andreychuk, 274
Most power-play goals, one season: Tim Kerr (1985–86), 34
Most power-play goals, one season for a defenseman: Sheldon Souray (2006–07), 19
Most power-play goals, career playoffs: Brett Hull 38,
Most power-play goals, one playoff season: Mike Bossy, (1981), and Cam Neely, (1991), 9
Most power-play goals, one playoff series: Chris Kontos (seven-game series), (1989), 6
Most power-play goals, one playoff game: Syd Howe (March 23, 1939), Sid Smith (April 10, 1949), Phil Esposito (April 2, 1969), Johnny Bucyk (April 2, 1969), Denis Potvin (April 17, 1981), Tim Kerr (April 13, 1985), Jari Kurri (April 3, 1987), Mark Johnson (April 22, 1988), Dino Ciccarelli (April 29, 1993, May 11, 1995) and Valeri Kamensky (April 24, 1997), Jonathan Toews (May 7, 2010), 3
Most power-play goals, one playoff game period: Tim Kerr (April 13, 1985), 3
Most power-play goals, rookie Joe Nieuwendyk (1987-88) 31

text: Shorthanded goals[edit]

text:
Most shorthanded goals, career: Wayne Gretzky, 73
Most shorthanded goals, career playoffs: Mark Messier, 14
Most shorthanded goals, one season: Mario Lemieux (1988–89), 13
Most shorthanded goals, one playoff season: Derek Sanderson (1969), Bill Barber (1980), Lorne Henning (1980), Wayne Gretzky (1983), Wayne Presley (1989), and Todd Marchant (1997), 3
Most shorthanded goals, one playoff series: Bill Barber (five-game series) (1980) and Wayne Presley (six-game series) (1989), 3
Most shorthanded goals, one game: Theoren Fleury (March 9, 1991), 3
Most shorthanded goals, rookie: Jordan Staal (2006–07), 7
Most two-man shorthanded goals, career: Mike Richards, 3

text: Overtime[edit]

text:
Most overtime goals, career: Alexander Ovechkin, 22
Most playoff overtime goals, career: Joe Sakic, 8
Most overtime assists, career: Mark Messier, 18
Most overtime points, career: Sergei Fedorov, 27
Most overtime goals, season: Steven Stamkos (2011–12), Jonathan Toews (2015–16), Alex Galchenyuk (2016–17), and Brad Marchand (2017–18),5
Most overtime goals by a rookie, season: Shayne Gostisbehere, 4
Most overtime goals, playoffs season: Mel Hill and Maurice Richard 3
Most overtime goals, one playoff series: Mel Hill, 3
Most consecutive overtime goals: Andrew Cogliano (2007–08) and Nathan Horton (2010–11), 3

text: Goals/assists/points by position[edit]

text:
Most goals by a centre, career: Wayne Gretzky, 894
Most goals by a centre, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82), 92
Most assists by a centre, career: Wayne Gretzky, 1,963
Most assists by a centre, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 163
Most points by a centre, career: Wayne Gretzky, 2,857
Most points by a centre, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 215

text:
Most goals by a left wing, career: Luc Robitaille, 668
Most goals by a left wing, one season: Alexander Ovechkin (2007–08), 65
Most assists by a left wing, career: John Bucyk, 813
Most assists by a left wing, one season: Joe Juneau (1992–93), 70
Most points by a left wing, career: Luc Robitaille, 1,394
Most points by a left wing, one season: Luc Robitaille (1992–93), 125

text:
Most goals by a right wing, career: Gordie Howe, 801
Most goals by a right wing, one season: Brett Hull (1990–91), 86
Most assists by a right wing, career: Jaromir Jagr, 1,155
Most assists by a right wing, one season: Jaromir Jagr (1995–96), 87
Most points by a right wing, career: Jaromir Jagr, 1,921
Most points by a right wing, one season: Jaromir Jagr (1995–96), 149

text:
Most goals by a defenseman, career: Ray Bourque, 410
Most goals by a defenseman, one season: Paul Coffey (1985–86), 48
Most goals by a defenseman, one game: Ian Turnbull (February 2, 1977), 5
Most assists by a defenseman, career: Ray Bourque, 1,169
Most assists by a defenseman, one season: Bobby Orr (1970–71), 102
Most assists by a defenseman, one game: Babe Pratt (January 8, 1944), Pat Stapleton (March 30, 1969), Bobby Orr (January 1, 1973), Ron Stackhouse (March 8, 1975), Paul Coffey (March 14, 1986), and Gary Suter, (April 4, 1986), 6
Most points by a defenseman, career: Ray Bourque, 1579
Most points by a defenseman, one season: Bobby Orr (1970–71), 139
Most points by a defenseman, one game: Tom Bladon (December 11, 1977) and Paul Coffey (March 14, 1986), 8
Most points by a defenseman, one playoff year: Paul Coffey (1985), 37

text:
Most goals by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur (February 15, 2000 & March 21, 2013), 2
Most goals by a goaltender in the playoffs: Ron Hextall (April 11, 1989) and Martin Brodeur (April 17, 1997), 1
Most goals by a goaltender career, including playoffs: Martin Brodeur, 3
Most assists by a goaltender, one season: Grant Fuhr, 14
Most assists by a goaltender, regular season career: Tom Barrasso, 48
Most assists by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur (2011–12), 4
Most assists by a goaltender, playoffs career: Grant Fuhr, 14
Most assists by a goaltender, career, including playoffs: Grant Fuhr (46 regular season, 14 playoffs), 60
Most assists by a goaltender, one game Jeff Reese (February 10, 1993), 3
Most points by a goaltender, one season: Grant Fuhr (1983–84), 14
Most points by a goaltender regular season career: Tom Barrasso, 48 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender regular season one season: Grant Fuhr (1983–84), 14 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender career, including playoffs Grant Fuhr (46 regular season, 14 playoffs), 60
Most points by a goaltender regular season one game: Jeff Reese (February 10, 1993), 3 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur (2011–12), 4 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender, one period: Jeff Reese (February 10, 1993), 3 - all assists

text: Records by a rookie[edit]

text:
Most goals by a rookie, one season: Teemu Selanne (1992–93), 76
Most goals by a player in his first NHL season, one game: Joe Malone (December 19, 1917, January 12, 1918 and February 2, 1918), Howie Meeker (January 8, 1947) and Don Murdoch (October 12, 1976), 5
Most goals by a player in his first NHL game: Joe Malone (December 19, 1917), 5
Most goals by a rookie in his first NHL game: Auston Matthews (October 12, 2016), 4
Most assists by a rookie, one season: Peter Stastny (1980–81) and Joe Juneau (1992–93), 70
Most assists by a player in his first NHL season, one game: Wayne Gretzky (February 15, 1980), 7
Most assists by a player in his first NHL game: Dutch Reibel (October 8, 1953), 4
Most points by a rookie, one season: Teemu Selanne (1992–93), 132
Most goals by a rookie, one playoff season: Dino Ciccarelli (1981), 14
Most assists by a rookie, one playoff season: Ville Leino (2010), 14
Most points by a rookie, one playoff season: Dino Ciccarelli (1981), Ville Leino (2010), and Jake Guentzel (2017), 21
Most points by a player in his first NHL season, one game: Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny (February 22, 1981), 8
Most points by a player in his first NHL game: Al Hill (February 14, 1977), 5
Most goals by a rookie defenseman, one season: Brian Leetch (1988–89), 23
Most assists by a rookie defenseman, one season: Larry Murphy (1980–81), 60
Most points by a rookie defenseman, one season: Larry Murphy (1980–81), 76
Longest goal scoring streak in his first NHL Season: Joe Malone (1917–18), 14 games
Longest point streak by a rookie, one season: Paul Stastny (February 3, 2007 – March 17, 2007), 20 games
Longest point streak by an eighteen-year-old: Nathan MacKinnon (January 10, 2014 – March 6, 2014), 13 games
Longest point streak by a rookie defenseman: Shayne Gostisbehere (January 19, 2016 – February 20, 2016), 15 games

text: Points/goals/assists per game average[edit]

text:
Highest goals-per-game average, career (among players with 200-or-more goals): Mike Bossy, .762
Highest goals-per-game average including playoffs, career (among players with 200-or-more goals): Mario Lemieux, .749
Highest goals-per-game average, one season (among players with 20-or-more goals): Joe Malone (1917–18), 2.20
Highest goals-per-game average, one season (among players with 50-or-more goals): Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 1.18
Highest assists-per-game average, career (among players with 300-or-more assists): Wayne Gretzky, 1.320
Highest assists-per-game average, one season (among players with 35-or-more assists): Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 2.04
Highest points-per-game average, career (among players with 500-or-more points): Wayne Gretzky, 1.921
Highest points-per-game average, one season (among players with 50-or-more-points): Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 2.77

text: Milestone goal seasons[edit]

text:
Most 20-or-more goal seasons: Gordie Howe, 22
Most consecutive 20-or-more goal seasons: Gordie Howe (1949–1971), 22
Most 30-or-more goal seasons: Mike Gartner, 17
Most consecutive 30-or-more goal seasons: Mike Gartner (1979–1994) and Jaromir Jagr (1991–2007), 15
Most 40-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 12
Most consecutive 40-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky (1979–1991), 12
Most 50-or-more goal seasons: Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky, 9
Most consecutive 50-or-more goal seasons: Mike Bossy (1977–1986), 9
Most 60-or-more goal seasons: Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky, 5
Most consecutive 60-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky (1981-1984), 4
Most 70-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 4
Most consecutive 70-or more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky (1981–1984), 4
Most 80-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 2
Most 90-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 1

text: Hat trick or better games[edit]

text:
Most three-or-more goal games, career: Wayne Gretzky, 50
Most three-or-more goal games, playoffs career: Wayne Gretzky, 10
Most three-or-more goal games, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82 and 1983–84), 10
Most three-or-more goal games, one playoffs season: Jari Kurri (1985), 4
Most three-or-more goal games, one playoff series: Jari Kurri (1985), 3
Most four-or-more goal games, one season: Joe Malone (1917–18), 5
Most five-or-more goal games, one season: Joe Malone (1917–18), 3

text: Goal/assist/point streaks[edit]

text:
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak from start of NHL career: Joe Malone (1917–18), 14 games
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak: Punch Broadbent, 16 games (1921–22)
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak, one playoff season: Reggie Leach 10 games (1976)
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak by a defenseman: Mike Green (2008–09), 8 games
Longest consecutive assist-scoring streak: Wayne Gretzky (1990–91), 23 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak: Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 51 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak, one playoff season: Bryan Trottier (1981), 18 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak from start of season: Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 51 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a defenseman from start of season: John-Michael Liles (2010–11), 9 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a defenseman: Paul Coffey (1985–86), 28 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a rookie forward: Paul Stastny (2006–07), 20 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a rookie defenseman: Shayne Gostisbehere (2015–16), 15 games

text: Fastest goals[edit]

text:
Fastest goal from start of game: Doug Smail (December 20, 1981), Bryan Trottier (March 22, 1984), and Alexander Mogilny (December 21, 1991), 5 seconds
Fastest goal from start of game, playoffs: Don Kozak (April 17, 1977), 6 seconds
Fastest goal from start of period: Claude Provost (November 9, 1957), Denis Savard (January 12, 1986), and James van Riemsdyk (March 28, 2014), 4 seconds
Fastest goal from start of period, playoffs: Pelle Eklund (April 25, 1989), 6 seconds
Fastest goal by a player in his first NHL game: Dave Christian (March 2, 1980), 7 seconds
Fastest two goals from start of game: Mike Knuble, 27 seconds (February 14, 2003)
Fastest two goals from start of game, playoffs: Dick Duff (April 9, 1963), 68 seconds
Fastest two goals: Nels Stewart (January 3, 1931) and Deron Quint (December 15, 1995), 4 seconds
Fastest two goals, playoffs: Norm Ullman (April 11, 1965), 5 seconds
Fastest three goals: Bill Mosienko (March 23, 1952), 21 seconds
Fastest three assists: Gus Bodnar (March 23, 1952), 21 seconds
Fastest regular season overtime goal: Mats Sundin, Alexander Ovechkin, William Nylander, David Legwand, and Andreas Athanasiou, 6 seconds
Fastest playoff overtime goal: Brian Skrudland (May 18, 1986), 9 seconds
Fastest goal after being scored on: Doug Gilmour (December 19, 1987), and Mikael Granlund (January 5, 2016), 2 seconds

text: Shots[edit]

text:
Most shots on goal, career: Ray Bourque, 6,206
Most shots on goal, playoffs career: Ray Bourque, 812
Most shots on goal, one season: Phil Esposito (1970–71), 550
Most shots on goal, one playoff season: Henrik Zetterberg, 116
Most shots on goal, one game: Ray Bourque (March 21, 1991), 19
Most shots on goal, one playoff game: Daniel Briere (April 22, 2006), 14

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Most hits, one season: Matt Martin (2014–15), 382
Most hits, one playoff season: Dustin Brown (2014), 125
Most hits, regular season career: Dustin Brown, 3166
Most hits, playoff career: Brooks Orpik, 499
Most hits, one game: Brenden Morrow, 19
Most hits, one regular season game: Gary Roberts (March 10, 1999) and Zdeno Chara (November 3, 1999) 17
Most hits, one playoff game: Brenden Morrow (May 4, 2008), 19

text: Blocked Shots[edit]

text:
Most blocked shots, one season: Kris Russell (2014–15), 283
Most blocked shots, one playoff season: Anton Volchenkov (2007), 80
Most blocked shots, career: Dan Girardi, 1846
Most blocked shots, playoffs career: Chris Pronger, 374
Most blocked shots, one game: Kris Russell (March 5, 2015), 15
Most blocked shots, one playoff game: Richard Matvichuk (May 1, 2001), 13

text: Time on Ice[edit]

text:
Most time on ice per game by a defenseman, one season: Chris Pronger, 30:36
Most time on ice per game by a forward, one season: Pavel Bure, 26:52
Most time on ice per game by a defenseman, playoff season: Chris Pronger, 35:52
Most time on ice per game by a forward, playoff season: Boyd Devereaux, 32:46
Most time on ice by a defenseman, one regular season game: Dennis Wideman (January 18, 2014), 38:05
Most time on ice by a forward, one regular season game: Vyacheslav Kozlov (October 10, 2003), 30:00
Most time on ice by a defenseman, one playoff game: Sergei Zubov (April 24, 2003), 63:51
Most time on ice by a forward, one playoff game: Jaromir Jagr (May 4, 2000), 59:08

text: Penalty Shots[edit]

text:
Most penalty shot goals, career: Pavel Bure, 7
Most penalty shot goals, playoffs career: Michael Frolik, 2
Most penalty shot goals, one season: Pavel Bure, 3
Most penalty shot attempts, career: Vincent Lecavalier, 13
Most penalty shot attempts, playoffs career: Mats Sundin and Michael Frolik, 2
Most penalty shot attempts, one season: Erik Cole, 5
Most penalty shot attempts, one game: Erik Cole (November 9, 2005), Max Pacioretty (February 6, 2009), and Auston Matthews (November 3, 2017), 2
Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender, career: Marc-Andre Fleury, 21
Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender, playoffs career: Dominik Hasek, 5
Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender, one game: Ben Bishop (October 8, 2015), Miikka Kiprusoff (March 4, 2011), Roberto Luongo (February 6, 2014), and Jonathan Quick (November 3, 2017), 2
Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender, career: Marc-Andre Fleury, 15
Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender, playoffs career: Dominik Hasek, 4
Most penalty shots allowed by a goaltender, career: Tomas Vokoun, 8

text: Penalty minutes[edit]

text:
Most penalty minutes, career: Tiger Williams, 3,966
Most penalty minutes, playoffs career: Dale Hunter, 729
Most penalty minutes, career, including playoffs: Tiger Williams, 4,421
Most penalty minutes, one season: Dave Schultz (1974–75), 472
Most penalties, one game: Chris Nilan (March 31, 1991), 10
Most penalties, one playoff game: Forbes Kennedy (April 2, 1969) and Kim Clackson (April 20, 1980), 8
Most penalty minutes, one game: Randy Holt (March 11, 1979), 67
Most penalty minutes, one playoff game: Dave Schultz (April 22, 1976) and Deryk Engelland (April 17, 2015), 42
Most penalty minutes, career, in the Stanley Cup Final: Gordie Howe, 94

text: Goaltending[edit]

text:
Most wins by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur, 691
Most wins by a goaltender playoffs career: Patrick Roy, 151
Most wins by a goaltender career, including playoffs: Martin Brodeur 804
Best Winning Percentage (minimum 250 played): Ken Dryden .740 in 397 games played
Best Winning Percentage (minimum 500 games played): Jacques Plante .610 in 837 games played
Most wins by a goaltender, one season: Martin Brodeur (2006–07) and Braden Holtby (2015–16), 48
Most wins by a goaltender, career, in the Finals: Jacques Plante, 25
Most wins by a goaltender, expansion team season: Marc-Andre Fleury (2017–18 Vegas Golden Knights), 28
Most ties, career: Terry Sawchuk, 172
Most losses by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur, 397
Most losses by a goaltender playoffs career: Patrick Roy, 94
Most losses by a goaltender, one season: Gary Smith (1970–71), 48
Most losses by a goaltender, one playoff season: Ron Hextall (1987), Miikka Kiprusoff (2004), Henrik Lundqvist (2014), Ben Bishop (2015), 11
Most shutouts regular season career: Martin Brodeur 125
Most shutouts playoffs career: Martin Brodeur 24
Most shutouts by a goaltender, including playoffs, expansion team season: Marc-Andre Fleury (2017–18 Vegas Golden Knights), 9
Most shutouts, including playoffs career: Martin Brodeur 149
Most shutouts, one regular season: George Hainsworth (1928–29), 22
Most shutouts, one playoff season: Martin Brodeur (2002–03), 7
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, career regular season: Martin Brodeur, 1,265
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, career playoffs: Patrick Roy, 247
Most games appeared in by a goaltender career, including playoffs Martin Brodeur, 1,470
Most games appeared in by a goaltender career, in the Finals: Jacques Plante (Montreal-38), St. Louis-3), 41
Most consecutive complete games by a goaltender: Glenn Hall, 502 (1955–1962)
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, one regular season: Grant Fuhr, 79 (1995–96)
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, one playoff season Ron Hextall (1986–87) and Jonathan Quick (2013–14), 26
Most minutes played by a goaltender, career: Martin Brodeur, 74,380
Most minutes played by a goaltender, one season: Martin Brodeur (2006–07), 4,697
Least time played by a goaltender, career Jorge Alves Dec 31, 2016, 7.6 sec
Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender: Alec Connell (7 games, 2 periods) (1927–28), 461 minutes, 29 seconds
Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender at start of NHL career: Matt Hackett (December 6 & 8, 2011), 102 minutes, 48 seconds
Longest winning streak by a goaltender, one season: Gilles Gilbert (1975–76), 17 games
Longest winning streak to start a season: Carey Price (2016–17), 10 games
Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender, one season: Gerry Cheevers (24 wins, 8 ties 1971–72), 32 games
Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender in his first NHL season: Grant Fuhr (15 wins, 8 ties 1981–82), 23 games
Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender from start of career: Patrick Lalime (14 wins, 2 ties 1996–97), 16 games
Most 20-or-more win seasons by a goaltender Martin Brodeur, 16
Most consecutive 20-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur (1995–2008) and Henrik Lundqvist (2005–2017), 12
Most 30-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur 14
Most consecutive 30-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur (1995–2008), 12
Most consecutive 30-or-more win seasons to start a career: Henrik Lundqvist (2005–2012), 7
Most 40-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur 8
Most consecutive 40-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur (2005–2008) and Evgeni Nabokov (2007–10), 3
Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his rookie season: Bill Durnan (1943–44), 10
Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his first NHL season: George Hainsworth (1926–27), 11
Most losses by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur, 397
Most losses by a goaltender, one season: Gary Smith (1970–71), 48
Most home games played by a goaltender, one season: Roberto Luongo (2006–07), 41
Most shots faced by a goaltender, in a regular season game: Sam LoPresti (March 4, 1941), 83
Most shots faced by a goaltender, in a season: Roberto Luongo (2005–06), 2,488
Most shots faced by a goaltender, in a playoff game: Normie Smith (March 24, 1936), 92
Most saves by a goaltender career: Martin Brodeur, 28,928
Most saves by a goaltender playoffs career: Patrick Roy, 6,561
Most saves by a goaltender, including playoffs career: Martin Brodeur, 33,758
Most saves by a goaltender, in a regular season game: Sam LoPresti (March 4, 1941), 80
Most saves by a goaltender, in a playoff game: Normie Smith (March 24, 1936), 92
Most saves by a goaltender, in a playoffs overtime game shutout: Normie Smith (March 24, 1936), 92
Most saves by a goaltender, in a regular season shutout: Ben Scrivens (January 29, 2014), 59
Most saves by a goaltender, in a season: Roberto Luongo (2003–04), 2,303
Most saves by a goaltender, in a playoff run: Tim Thomas (2011), 798
Most saves by a goaltender, in a Stanley Cup finals series: Tim Thomas (2011), 238
Highest save percentage, in a regular season: Craig Anderson (2013), .941
Highest save percentage, playoffs (minimum 10 games): Jonathan Quick (2012), .946
Lowest goals-against average in a season (minimum 20 games): George Hainsworth, 0.92
Lowest goals-against average playoffs (minimum 10 games): Frank Brimsek, 1.25
Highest goals-against average in a season (minimum 20 games): Frank Brophy, 7.11
Highest goals-against average playoffs (minimum 10 games): Murray Bannerman, 4.77
Most overtime wins: Roberto Luongo, 49
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender regular season career: Ron Hextall, 584
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender playoffs career: Ron Hextall, 115
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender career, including playoffs: Ron Hextall (584 regular season, 115 playoffs), 699
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one season Ron Hextall (1988–89), 113
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one playoff season Ron Hextall (1986–87), 43
Youngest goaltender to win 50 regular-season games: Patrick Roy 22 yrs
Youngest goaltender to win 100 regular-season games: Patrick Roy 23 yrs
Youngest goaltender to win 200 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 26 yrs., 1 mos
Youngest goaltender to win 300 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 29 yrs., 7 mos.
Youngest goaltender to win 400 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 31 yrs., 10 mos.
Youngest goaltender to win 500 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 35 yrs., 6 mos.
Youngest goaltender to win 600 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 37 yrs., 11 mos.
Quickest goaltender to win 400 regular-season games: Henrik Lundqvist 727
Most Stanley Cup finals series played by a goaltender: Jacques Plante (Montreal: 8 (1953, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60); St. Louis: 2 (1969, 70)), 10
Most Stanley Cup consecutive finals series played by a goaltender: Jacques Plante (Montreal (1953, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60), 8
Least saves required in a win: Ryan Miller (Anaheim Jan. 25, 2018) 11:40 min; Antti Niemi (Dallas, Dec. 12 ,2015) 6:43 min; Richard Bachman (Dallas Mar. 29, 2013) 2:32 min; Craig Billington (Colorado Dec. 21, 1998) 1:52 min, (Colorado Dec. 31, 1996) 0:12 sec; Steve Weeks (NY Rangers Mar. 24, 1982) 0:17 sec 0

text: Shootout[edit]

text:
Most shootout goals in one season: Ilya Kovalchuk (2011–12), 11
Most game-deciding shootout goals in one season: Ilya Kovalchuk (2011–12), 7
Most shootout goals career: Frans Nielsen, 48
Most game-deciding shootout goals career: Frans Nielsen, 22
Highest shootout percentage (Minimum 15 attempts): Brayden Point, 66.7% (10/15)
Most shootout attempts in a season: Radim Vrbata, 18
Most shootout attempts career: Radim Vrbata, 105
Most shootout games played by a goaltender in a season: Martin Brodeur (2006–07), 16
Most shootout games played by a goaltender career: Roberto Luongo, 107
Most shootout wins by a goaltender in a season: Ryan Miller and Martin Brodeur (2006–07), Mathieu Garon (2007–08), and Jonathan Quick (2010–11), 10
Most shootout wins by a goaltender career: Ryan Miller, 59
Most shootout losses by a goaltender in a season: Tomas Vokoun (2009–10) and Tuukka Rask (2014–15), 9
Most shootout losses by a goaltender career: Roberto Luongo, 55
Most goals allowed in a shootout by a goaltender career: Roberto Luongo, 126
Most saves in a shootout by a goaltender career: Henrik Lundqvist, 278

text: Age[edit]

text:
Oldest Forward: Gordie Howe, April 11, 1980, 52 years, 11 days
Oldest Defensemen: Chris Chelios, April 6, 2010, 48 years, 71 days
Oldest Goaltender: Maurice Roberts, November 25, 1951, 45 years, 345 days
Oldest Player to play his first NHL game: Connie Madigan, February 6, 1973, 38 years, 94 days
Oldest Goalie to play his first NHL game: Jorge Alves, December 31, 2016, 37 years, 30 days
Youngest Player to play his first NHL game: Bep Guidolin, November 12, 1942, 16 years, 337 days
Youngest Goalie to play his first NHL game: Harry Lumley, December 23, 1943, 17 years, 42 days
Oldest Goalie to play in Stanley Cup Finals: Lester Patrick, April 7, 1928, 44 years, 90 days
Oldest Defensemen to play in the Stanley Cup Finals: Doug Harvey, May 11, 1968, 43 years, 137 days
Oldest Forward to play in Stanley Cup Finals: Mark Recchi, June 15, 2011, 43 years, 134 days
Youngest Player to play in the Stanley Cup Finals: Gaye Stewart, 18 years, 288 days
Youngest Player to win the Stanley Cup: Larry Hillman, April 14, 1955 18 years, 68 days
Oldest Player to win the Stanley Cup: Chris Chelios, June 4, 2008, 46 years, 130 days
Oldest Goalie to win the Stanley Cup: Lester Patrick April 14, 1928, 44 years, 97 days