document_title: Blue Mountains (New South Wales)

question_text: where did the blue mountains get its name from

text: Blue Mountains (New South Wales)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Following European settlement of the Sydney area, the area was named the Carmarthen and Lansdowne Hills by Arthur Phillip in 1788. The Carmarthen Hills were in the north of the region and the Lansdowne Hills were in the south. The name Blue Mountains, however, was preferred[8] and is derived from the blue tinge the range takes on when viewed from a distance. The tinge is believed to be caused by Mie scattering which occurs when incoming light with shorter wavelengths is preferentially scattered by particles within the atmosphere creating a blue-greyish colour to any distant objects, including mountains and clouds. Volatile terpenoids emitted in large quantities by the abundant eucalyptus trees in the Blue Mountains may cause Mie scattering and thus the blue haze for which the mountains were named.[9]

text: History[edit]

text: Aboriginal inhabitants[edit]

text: When Europeans arrived in Australia, the Blue Mountains had already been inhabited for several millennia by the Gundungurra people, now represented by the Gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation based in Katoomba, and, in the lower Blue Mountains, by the Darug people, now represented by the Darug Tribal Aboriginal Corporation.[10][11]

text: The Gundungurra creation story of the Blue Mountains tells that Dreamtime creatures Mirigan and Garangatch, half fish and half reptile, fought an epic battle which scarred the landscape into the Jamison Valley.

text: The Gundungurra Tribal Council is a nonprofit organisation representing the Gundungurra traditional owners, promoting heritage and culture and providing a support for Gundungurra people connecting back to Country.

text: Gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation has a registered Native Title Claim since 1995 over their traditional lands, which include the Blue Mountains and surrounding areas.

text: Examples of Aboriginal habitation can be found in many places. In the Red Hands Cave, a rock shelter near Glenbrook, the walls contain hand stencils from adults and children.[12]:170 On the southern side of Queen Elizabeth Drive, at Wentworth Falls, a rocky knoll has a large number of grinding grooves created by rubbing stone implements on the rock to shape and sharpen them. There are also carved images of animal tracks and an occupation cave. The site is known as Kings Tableland Aboriginal Site and dates back 22,000 years.[citation needed]

text: European history[edit]

text: Arthur Phillip, the first governor of New South Wales, first glimpsed the extent of the Blue Mountains from a ridge at the site of today's Oakhill College, Castle Hill. He named them the Carmarthen Hills, 'some forty to sixty miles distant..." and he reckoned that the ground was "most suitable for government stock". This is the location where Gidley King in 1799 established a prison town for political prisoners from Ireland and Scotland.

text: The first documented use of the name Blue Mountains appears in Captain John Hunter’s account of Phillip’s 1789 expedition up the Hawkesbury River. Describing the events of about 5 July, Hunter wrote: "We frequently, in some of the reaches which we passed through this day, saw very near us the hills, which we suppose as seen from Port Jackson, and called by the governor the Blue Mountains."[13] During the nineteenth century the name was commonly applied to the portion of the Great Dividing Range from about Goulburn in the south to the Hunter Valley in the north, but in time it came to be associated with a more limited area.[14]

text: The native Aborigines knew two routes[citation needed] across the mountains: Bilpin Ridge, which is now the location of Bells Line of Road between Richmond and Bell, and the Coxs River, a tributary of the Nepean River. It could be followed upstream to the open plains of the Kanimbla Valley, the type of country that farmers prize.

text: European settlers initially considered that fertile lands lay beyond the mountains, as was China in the belief of many convicts, but that this didn't matter much, since the mountains were impassable.[15] This idea was, to some extent, convenient for local authorities. An "insurmountable" barrier would deter convicts from trying to escape in that direction.

text: A former convict, John Wilson, may have been the first European to cross the Blue Mountains. It is also believed that Mathew Everingham, 1795,[16] may have also been partly successful based on letters he wrote at the time which came to light in the late 1980s. Wilson arrived with the First Fleet in 1788 and was freed in 1792. He settled in the bush, living with the Aborigines and even functioning as an intermediary between them and the settlers. In 1797 he returned to Sydney, claiming to have explored up to a hundred miles in all directions around Sydney, including across the mountains. His descriptions and observations were generally accurate, and it is possible that he had crossed the mountains via the southern aspect at the Coxs River corridor, guided by the Aborigines.[17]:76–77

text: Governor Hunter was impressed by Wilson's skills and sent him on an expedition with John Price and others in January 1798. The party crossed the Nepean River and moved southwest towards the present site of Mittagong. There they turned west and found a route along the ridge where today the Wombeyan Caves Road is located. In the process they found a way to go west of the mountains, by going around them instead of across them. In March of the same year, Wilson and Price ventured to the Camden area, and then continued further south until they discovered Thirlmere Lakes, finally almost reaching the present site of Goulburn.

text: It is possible that the accomplishments of this expedition were suppressed by Hunter, who may not have wanted convicts to know that there was a relatively easy way out of Sydney.[17]:83 Wilson was killed by Aborigines after abducting one of their women for his personal use,[18] but he had accomplished much as an explorer. He was never recognised as the first person to cross the mountains, possibly because his Coxs River journey could not be verified, while his route west of Mittagong may have been the "long way around" for a colony that had its eyes fixed on the sandstone fortress west of the Nepean.

text: Between 1798 and 1813, many people explored various parts of the mountains, from the Bilpin Ridge to the southern regions, today the site of the Kanangra-Boyd National Park. Still, they did not find a definite route across the mountains. The 1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains by Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth is officially credited as the first successful European crossing.[19] Blaxland set out with Lawson and Wentworth on 11 May 1813 and succeeded in crossing the mountains by 31 May. They ventured as far as to what is now Mount Blaxland, just west of Coxs River.

text: In November 1813, Macquarie sent the surveyor George Evans on an expedition to confirm the discoveries made by Blaxland and his party. He was also told to see if there existed enough arable land to justify settlement. The issue had become more urgent because the colony was in the grips of a drought.

text: Evans and his party reached the Fish and Macquarie rivers, and the site of Bathurst.[20] On 7 July 1814, construction of a road across the mountains was begun by William Cox. The work was at the behest of Governor Macquarie. 30 convict labourers and 8 guards completed the road on 14 January 1815 after 27 weeks of hard work.[17]:145

text: Since the Blue Mountains are rich in coal and shale, mining for these resources began in Hartley Vale in 1865. J.B. North ran a shale mine in the Jamison Valley in the 19th century,[12]:243 and other operations were set up in several places. Locations for mining activities included the Jamison Valley, the upper Grose Valley, Newnes, Glen Davis and the Asgard Swamp area outside Mount Victoria. Shale mining failed in the long run because it was not financially viable.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate varies with elevation. At Katoomba, (1,010 m or 3,314 ft) the summer average maximum temperature is around 22 °C with a few days extending into the 30s (80s–90s °F) although it is quite common to see maximum temperatures stay in the teens when east coast troughs persist. Night-time temperatures are usually in the teens but can drop to single figures at times. During winter, the temperature is typically around 10 to 11 °C in the daytime with −1 °C or so on clear nights and 3 to 4 °C on cloudy nights. Very occasionally it will get down to −3 °C or slightly lower but usually the coldest air drains into the valleys during calm, clear nights. The Blue Mountains is not known for particularly cold mornings compared to other areas on the Central Tablelands, such as Oberon, Bathurst and Orange. There are two to three snowfalls per year, although settled snow has become less common in recent decades. In the lower mountains, however, the climate is significantly warmer.

text: Annual rainfall is about 1,050 millimetres (41 in) in the Upper Blue Mountains[21] with many misty days.

text: Geography[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The predominant natural vegetation of the higher ridges is eucalyptus forest. Heath-like vegetation is present on plateau edges above cliffs. The sheltered gorges often contain temperate rainforests. There are also many hanging swamps with button grass reeds and thick, deep black soil. Wollemia nobilis, the "Wollemi pine", a relict of earlier vegetation of Gondwana, is found in remote and isolated valleys of the Wollemi National Park.

text: The main natural disasters to afflict the area are bush fires and severe storms. In recent years the lower mountains have been subjected to a series of bush fires which have caused great loss of property but relatively little loss of life. The upper mountains had not had a major fire for some decades until December 2002 (the Blackheath Glen Fire) and November 2006 when an extensive blaze in the Grose Valley threatened several communities including Bell and Blackheath (the Lawsons Long Alley Fire). This latest fire burned for almost a month but was extinguished, mainly due to a change in the weather, without loss of human life or property. A program of winter burning seems to have been successful in reducing fires in the upper mountains.

text: Mountain peaks[edit]

text: The Blue Mountains Range contains two smaller mountain ranges, the Bell Range near The Bells Line of Road and north of the Grose River and the Explorer Range, south of the Grose River extending west towards Mount Victoria. Smaller ranges within the Blue Mountains Range include the Caley Range, Erskine Range, Mount Hay Range, Paterson Range, and the Woodford Range.[22] There are a number of peaks, generally around 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) within the range. The major recorded peaks are:[23]

text:
unnamed peak (1,189 m or 3,901 ft)
Mount Piddington (1,094 m or 3,589 ft)
Mount Boyce (1,093 m or 3,586 ft)[24]
Mount York (1,061 m or 3,481 ft)
Mount Banks (1,049 m or 3,442 ft)[25]
Mount Wilson (1,008 m or 3,307 ft)[26]
Kings Tableland (1,000 m or 3,281 ft)
Narrow Neck Plateau (1,000 m or 3,281 ft)
Mount Solitary (950 m or 3,117 ft)
Mount Hay (944 m or 3,097 ft)[27]
Mount Irvine (850 m or 2,789 ft)

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Blue Mountains are a dissected plateau carved in sandstone bedrock. They are now a series of ridge lines separated by gorges up to 760 metres (2,490 ft) deep. The highest point in the Blue Mountains, as it is now defined, is an unnamed point with an elevation of 1,189 m (3,901 ft) AHD , located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north-east of Lithgow. However, the highest point in the broader region that was once considered to be the Blue Mountains is Mount Bindo, with an elevation 1,362 m (4,469 ft) AHD .[14] A large part of the Blue Mountains is incorporated into the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site, consisting of seven national park areas and a conservation reserve.[28]

text: The Blue Mountains area is a distinct physiographic section of the larger Hunter-Hawkesbury Sunkland province. This is in turn a part of the larger East Australian Cordillera physiographic division.

text: World Heritage listing[edit]

text: The Greater Blue Mountains Area was unanimously listed as a World Heritage Area by UNESCO on 29 November 2000, becoming the fourth area in New South Wales to be listed.[29] The area totals roughly 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi), including the Blue Mountains, Kanangra-Boyd, Wollemi, Gardens of Stone, Yengo, Nattai and Thirlmere Lakes National Parks, plus the Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve.

text: This site was chosen to be included on the World Heritage list because:

text:
“
"Criteria (ii) and (iv): Australia’s eucalypt vegetation is worthy of recognition as of outstanding universal value, because of its adaptability and evolution in post-Gondwana isolation. The site contains a wide and balanced representation of eucalypt habitats from wet and dry sclerophyll, mallee heathlands, as well as localised swamps, wetlands, and grassland. 90 eucalypti tax (13% of the global total) and representation of all four groups of eucalypts occur. There is also a high level of endemism with 114 endemic taxa found in the area as well as 120 nationally rare and threatened plant tax. The site hosts several evolutionary relic species (Wollemia, Microstrobos, Acrophyllum) which have persisted in highly restricted micro sites."[30]
”

text: Fauna[edit]

text: The Greater Blue Mountains Area is inhabited by over 400 different forms of animals. Among them are rare mammal species like spotted-tailed quoll, the koala, the yellow-bellied glider, and long-nosed potoroo. There are also some rare reptiles, like the Blue Mountain water skink.[31] There are also some dingos in the area, which form the top predators and hunt for grey kangaroos.[32]

text: Tourist attractions[edit]

text:
The Edge Cinema offers visitors a panoramic view of the Blue Mountains.[33]
The Giant Stairway[34] walking track runs down a cliff into the Jamison Valley, near the Three Sisters, providing access to nature walks[35] through the valley.[12]:212–220
Jenolan Caves, a series of limestone caves south west of Katoomba.
The Katoomba Scenic Railway is the steepest funicular railway in the world according to the Guinness World Records, and originally part of the Katoomba mining tramways constructed between 1878 and 1900. The cable railway line descends 415 metres through sandstone cliffs, via a rock tunnel with a maximum gradient of 52 degrees. Also, at this location is the Scenic Skyway, a glass-bottom aerial cable car that traverses an arm of the Jamison Valley, and the Scenic Cableway, the steepest aerial cable car in Australia.
The Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum at Faulconbridge, operated by The National Trust of Australia and is located inside the former Norman Lindsay homestead, Springwood.
The Toy and Railway Museum at Leura.
Knapsack Viaduct, also a location where the bell miner bird can often be heard.
Lennox Bridge, Glenbrook, on Mitchell's Pass which may be hiked (downhill) from Blaxland to Emu Plains (8 km).
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum.
The Zig Zag Railway: A steam-powered railway near Lithgow.
A popular way to visit the Blue Mountains is by coach.[36]
The last remaining apple orchard on the Shipley Plateau.[37]
The Explorers tree, next to the Great Western Highway, west of Katoomba.

text: Recreational activity[edit]

text: The Blue Mountains are a popular destination for rock climbers, mountain bikers and hikers as well as canyoning and other adventure sports. These sports are well catered for by guiding companies and equipment stores located mainly in Katoomba.

text: Popular climbing destinations include the Centennial Glen cliffs near Blackheath, Mount Victoria, Mount Piddington and Mount Boyce. Climbing is currently banned on The Three Sisters.[38]

text: Mountain biking takes place mainly on the many fire trails that branch away from the main spine of the Great Western Highway, such as Narrow Neck, Anderson's Fire Trail and others.[39][40]

text: Likewise many of the fire trails are popular with day hikers, though many dedicated walking trails exist away from the fire roads.[41]

text: Canyoning in the Blue Mountains is a popular sport and caters for various skill levels. It carries inherent dangers, yet for those with the appropriate skills or those looking to take a guided trip there are many great opportunities to experience a different view of the Blue Mountains.

text: There are numerous abseiling options available in the Blue Mountains including single and multipitch routes. There are some restrictions though with certain areas being closed for abseiling.[42]

text: Cricket is a popular sport in the Blue Mountains, with the Blue Mountains Cattle Dogs representing the district in the Western Zone Premier League, Country Plate and Presidents Cup competitions.[43]

text: Gallery[edit]


document_title: Gupta Empire

question_text: who is the last king of gupta dynasty

question_tokens: who is the last king of gupta dynasty

root

text: Gupta Empire

text: Origin[edit]

text:
Gupta Empire
320 CE–550 CE

Sri Gupta
(240 – 280)

Ghatotkacha
(280 – 319)

Chandragupta I
(320 – 335)

Kachagupta
(335)

Samudragupta
(335 – 380)

Ramagupta

Chandragupta II
(380 – 413/415)

Kumaragupta I
(415 – 455)

Skandagupta
(455 - 467)

Purugupta
(467 – 473)

Kumaragupta II
(473 - 476)

Budhagupta
(476 – 495)

Narasimhagupta
(495 – ?)

(Bhanugupta)
(circa 510)

Vainyagupta
(circa 507)

Kumaragupta III
(circa 530)

Vishnugupta
(540 – 550)

v
t
e

tag: table

text: According to many historians, the Gupta dynasty was a Vaishya dynasty.[15][16] Historian Ram Sharan Sharma asserts that the Vaishya Guptas "appeared as a reaction against oppressive rulers".[17] A.S. Altekar, a historian and archaeologist, who has written several books on Gupta coinage,[18] also regarded the caste of the Guptas as Vaishya on the basis of the ancient Indian texts on law, which prescribe the name-ending with Gupta for a member of the Vaishya caste. According to historian Michael C. Brannigan, the rise of the Gupta Empire was one of the most prominent violations of the caste system in ancient India.[16]

tag: p

text: Furthermore, it is not yet discovered whether the term Gupta indicated a surname of a specific family or referred to a clan. However Gupta Empire records and Chinese records provided by the later I-Tsing, furnished the names of the first three rulers of the Gupta Dynasty, Maharaja Sri Gupta, Maharaja Sri Ghatotkacha and Ghatotokacha's son, Maharajadhiraja Sri Chandragupta, considered the first Gupta emperor. Recently, a historian, Ashvini Agarwal, on the basis of the matrimonial alliances of the Guptas with the Vakataka, assumed that they belong to the Brahmin caste.[19] Another modern historian, S. Chattopaddhyaya, has put forth a different theory about the ancestry of the Guptas. According to him, in the Panchobh Copper Plate, some kings bearing the title Guptas and related to the imperial Gupta Dynasty, claimed themselves as Vaishyas. Historian D. R. Regmi, says Imperial Guptas were descendants of Abhira-Guptas.[20][21]

text: Original homeland of the Guptas[edit]

text: There is controversy among scholars about the original homeland of the Guptas. Jayaswal has pointed out that the Guptas were originally inhabitants of Prayaga (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, in north India, as the vassal of the Nagas or Bhaarshivas. Thereafter they rose in prominence. Another scholar, Gayal supported the theory of Jaiswal, suggesting that the original home of the Guptas was Antarvedi embracing the regions of Oudh and Prayag. These historians have derived their theory from several Gupta Dynasty coins found in those regions, and this study of numismatic evidence led to the theory that the Guptas were the original inhabitants of that region of northeastern India. However another historian of this time in Indian history, Ganguli, has offered a different view about the original Gupta homeland. According to him the Guptas homeland is further south, the Murshidabad region of Bengal, and not Magadha in Bihar. He based his theory on the statement of the Chinese Buddhist monk, Yijing (I-Tsing), who visited India during 675 and 695 CE. Fleet and other historians however criticize Ganguli's theory because Sri Gupta ruled during the end of the 3rd century, but Yijing placed him at the end of the 2nd century. Hence the theory of historians, who have provided their views based on the accounts of Yijing, are considered less valid than theories based on other sources such as coinage.

text: From these theories, several conflicting opinions about the original homeland and the Empire of the Guptas are available. According to Allan and a few other scholars, the Guptas were initially concentrated in the region of Magadha and from there they extended their sway to Bengal. According to other groups, the original homeland of the Guptas was Varendri or the Varendra Bhumi in Bengal, wherefrom they extended their Empire to Magadha. Whatever the theory is, the rule of the Guptas initiated the Golden Age in history of ancient India and with passage of time they became the sole authority of entire Northern India.

text: Bengali historians like HC Raychoudhuri the Guptas originated from the Varendri region which is now part of Rangpur and Rajshahi Division of modern-day Bangladesh. DC Ganguly, on the other hand, considers the surrounding region of Murshidabad as the original home of the Guptas.[22]

text: History[edit]

text: Srigupta and Ghatotkacha[edit]

text: The most likely time for the reign of Sri Gupta is c. 240–280.[23] The Murundas who were feudal lords of Kushans provided or granted land to Srigupta. He can be called the first person of Gupta's empire but not the founder of the empire.His son and successor Ghatotkacha ruled presumably from c. 280–319. He challenged other feudal lords and conquered their lands . In contrast to his successor, Chandragupta I, who is mentioned as Maharajadhiraja, he and his son Ghatotkacha are referred to in inscriptions as Maharaja[24] At the beginning of the 4th century, the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Bihar.

text: Yijing[25] also mentioned about Sri Gupta in his writings. He was succeeded by his son Ghatotkacha.

text: Chandragupta I[edit]

text: Ghatotkacha (reigned c. 280–319 CE), had a son named Chandragupta (reigned c. 320–335 CE) (not to be confused with Chandragupta Maurya (322–298 BCE), founder of the Mauryan Empire.) In a breakthrough deal, Chandragupta was married to Kumaradevi, a Lichchhavi princess—the main power in Magadha. With a dowry of the kingdom of Magadha (capital Pataliputra) and an alliance with the Licchavis of Nepal, Chandragupta set about expanding his power, conquering much of Magadha, Prayaga and Saketa. He established a realm stretching from the Ganges River to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) by 321. He assumed the imperial title of Maharajadhiraja. He expanded his empire through marriage alliances.

text: Samudragupta[edit]

text: Samudragupta, Parakramanka succeeded his father in 335, and ruled for about 45 years, until his death in 380. He took the kingdoms of Ahichchhatra and Padmavati early in his reign. He then attacked the Malwas, the Yaudheyas, the Arjunayanas, the Maduras and the Abhiras, all of which were tribes in the area. By his death in 380, he had incorporated over twenty kingdoms into his realm and his rule extended from the Himalayas to the river Narmada and from the Brahmaputra to the Yamuna. He gave himself the titles King of Kings and World Monarch. Historian Vincent Smith described him as the "Indian Napoleon".[26] He performed Ashwamedha yajna in which a horse with an army is sent to all the nearby territories of friends and foes.These territorial kings on arrival either accept the King's alliance, who is performing this yajna or fight if they don't. The stone replica of the horse, then prepared, is in the Lucknow Museum. The Samudragupta Prashasti inscribed on the Ashokan Pillar, now in Akbar’s Fort at Allahabad, is an authentic record of his exploits and his sway over most of the continent.

text: Samudragupta was not only a talented military leader but also a great patron of art and literature. He conquered what is now Kashmir and Afghanistan enlarging the empire.[27] The critical scholars present in his court were Harishena, Vasubandhu and Asanga. He was a poet and musician himself. He was a firm believer in Hinduism and is known to have worshipped Lord Vishnu. He was considerate of other religions and allowed Sri Lanka's Buddhist king Sirimeghvanna to build a monastery at Bodh Gaya. That monastery was called by Xuanzang as the Mahabodhi Sangharama.[28][unreliable source?] He provided a gold railing around the Bodhi Tree.

text: Ramagupta[edit]

text: Although, the narrative of the Devichandragupta is not supported by any contemporary epigraphical evidence, the historicity of Rama Gupta is proved by his Durjanpur inscriptions on three Jaina images, where he is mentioned as the Maharajadhiraja. A large number of his copper coins also have been found from the Eran-Vidisha region and classified in five distinct types, which include the Garuda,[29] Garudadhvaja, lion and border legend types. The Brahmi legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style.[30] In the opinion of art historian Dr. R. A. Agarawala, D. Litt., Rama Gupta may be the eldest son of Samudragupta. He became king because of being the eldest. It may be a possibility that he was dethroned because of not being the worthy enough to rule and his younger brother Chandragupta II took over.

text: Chandragupta II "Vikramaditya"[edit]

text: According to the Gupta records, amongst his sons, Samudragupta nominated prince Chandragupta II, born of queen Dattadevi, as his successor. Chandragupta II, Vikramaditya (the Sun of Power), ruled from 375 until 415. He married a Kadamba princess of Kuntala and of Naga lineage (Nāgakulotpannnā), Kuberanaga. His daughter Prabhavatigupta from this Naga queen was married to Rudrasena II, the Vakataka ruler of Deccan.[31] His son Kumaragupta I was married to Kadamba princess of Karnataka region. Chandragupta II expanded his realm westwards, defeating the Saka Western Kshatrapas of Malwa, Gujarat and Saurashtra in a campaign lasting until 409, but with his main opponent Rudrasimha III defeated by 395, and crushing the Bengal (Vanga) chiefdoms. This extended his control from coast-to-coast, established a second capital at Ujjain and was the high point of the empire.

text: Despite the creation of the empire through war, the reign is remembered for its very influential style of Hindu art, literature, culture and science, especially during the reign of Chandragupta II. Some excellent works of Hindu art such as the panels at the Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh serve to illustrate the magnificence of Gupta art. Above all it was the synthesis of elements that gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. During this period, the Guptas were supportive of thriving Buddhist and Jain cultures as well, and for this reason there is also a long history of non-Hindu Gupta period art. In particular, Gupta period Buddhist art was to be influential in most of East and Southeast Asia. Many advances were recorded by the Chinese scholar and traveller Faxian (Fa-hien) in his diary and published afterwards.

text: The court of Chandragupta was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the Navaratna (Nine Jewels), a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts. Amongst these men was the immortal Kālidāsa whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses, not only in his own age but in the years to come. Kalidasa was mainly known for his subtle exploitation of the shringara (romantic) element in his verse.

text: Chandragupta II's Campaigns against Foreign Tribes[edit]

text: 4th century Sanskrit poet Kalidasa, credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with having conquered about twenty one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in the East and West India, Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) proceeded northwards, subjugated the Parasikas, then the Hunas and the Kambojas tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys respectively. Thereafter, the king proceeds across the Himalaya and reduced the Kinnaras, Kiratas etc. and lands into India proper.[8][non-primary source needed]

text: The Brihatkathamanjari of the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra states, King Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the Barbarians like the Sakas, Mlecchas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Parasikas, Hunas, etc. by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely".[32][non-primary source needed][33][34][unreliable source?]

text: Fa-Hien[edit]

text: Fa Hien, a Chinese Buddhist, was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of Gupta emperor Chandragupta II. He started his journey from China in 399 and reached India in 405. During his stay in India up to 411, he went on a pilgrimage to Mathura, Kannauj, Kapilavastu, Kushinagar, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Kashi and Rajagriha and made careful observations about the empire's conditions. Fa Hien was pleased with the mildness of administration. The Penal Code was mild and offences were punished by fines only. From his accounts, the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period, until the Rome-China trade axis was broken with the fall of the Han dynasty, the Guptas' did indeed prosper. His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period.

text: Kumaragupta I[edit]

text: Chandragupta II was succeeded by his second son Kumaragupta I, born of Mahadevi Dhruvasvamini. Kumaragupta I assumed the title, Mahendraditya.[37] He ruled until 455. Towards the end of his reign a tribe in the Narmada valley, the Pushyamitras, rose in power to threaten the empire. The Kidarites as well probably confronted the Gupta Empire towards the end of the rule of Kumaragupta I, as his son Skandagupta mentions in the Bhitari pillar inscription his efforts at reshaping a country in disarray, through reorganization and military victories over the Pushyamitras and the Hunas.[38]

text: He was the founder of Nalanda University which on July 15, 2016 was declared as a UNESCO world heritage site.[39][40]

text: Skandagupta[edit]

text: Skandagupta, son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta rulers. He assumed the titles of Vikramaditya and Kramaditya.[41] He defeated the Pushyamitra threat, but then was faced with invading Kidarites (sometimes described as the Hephthalites or "White Huns", known in India as the Sweta Huna), from the northwest.

text: He repulsed a Huna attack c. 455, But the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline. The Bhitari Pillar inscription of Skandagupta, the successor of Chandragupta, recalls the near-annihilation of the Gupta Empire following the attacks of the Kidarites.[42] The Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire.[42]

text: Skandagupta died in 467 and was succeeded by his agnate brother Purugupta.[43]

text: Decline of the empire[edit]

text: Following Skandagupta's death, the empire was clearly in decline.[44] He was followed by Purugupta (467–473), Kumaragupta II (473–476), Budhagupta (476–495), Narasimhagupta (495—?), Kumaragupta III (530—540), Vishnugupta(540—550), two lesser known kings namely, Vainyagupta and Bhanugupta.

text: In the 480's the Alchon Huns under Toramana and Mihirakula broke through the Gupta defenses in the northwest, and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500. The empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor Mihirakula. It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas, although their power was much diminished, continued to resist the Huns. The Hun invader Toramana was defeated by Bhanugupta in 510.[45][46] The Huns were defeated and driven out of India in 528 by king Yashodharman from Malwa and possibly Gupta emperor Narasimhagupta.[47]

text: These invasions, although only spanning a few decades, had long term effects on India, and in a sense brought an end to Classical Indian civilization.[48] Soon after the invasions, the Gupta Empire, already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers such as Yashodharman, ended as well.[49] Following the invasions, northern India was left in disarray, with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas.[50] The Huna invasions are said to have seriously damaged India's trade with Europe and Central Asia.[48] In particular, Indo-Roman trade relations, which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from. The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as silk, leather goods, fur, iron products, ivory, pearl or pepper from centers such as Nasik, Paithan, Pataliputra or Benares etc. The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with them.[51]

text: Furthermore, Indian urban culture was left in decline, and Buddhism, gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks, started to collapse.[48] Great centers of learning were destroyed, such as the city of Taxila, bringing cultural regression.[48] During their rule of 60 years, the Alchons are said to have altered the hierarchy of ruling families and the Indian cast system. For example, the Hunas are often said to have become the precursors of the Rajputs.[48]

text: The succession of the 6th-century Guptas is not entirely clear, but the tail end recognized ruler of the dynasty's main line was king Vishnugupta, reigning from 540 to 550. In addition to the Hun invasion, the factors, which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the Vakatakas and the rise of Yashodharman in Malwa.[52]

text: The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta (the Damodarpur copper-plate inscription),[53] in which he makes a land grant in the area of Kotivarsha (Bangarh in West Bengal) in 542/543 CE.[54] This follows the occupation of most of northern and central India by the Aulikara ruler Yashodharman circa 532 CE.[54]

text: Military organization[edit]

text: The Imperial Guptas couldn't have achieved their successes through force of arms without an efficient martial system. Historically, the best accounts of this come not from the Hindus themselves but from Chinese and Western observers. However, a contemporary Indian document, regarded as a military classic of the time, the Siva-Dhanur-veda, offers some insight into the military system of the Guptas.

text: The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. The Hindu version of the longbow was composed of metal, or more typically bamboo, and fired a long bamboo cane arrow with a metal head. Unlike the composite bows of Western and Central Asian foes, bows of this design would be less prone to warping in the damp and moist conditions often prevalent to the region. The Indian longbow was reputedly a powerful weapon capable of great range and penetration and provided an effective counter to invading horse archers. Iron shafts were used against armored elephants and fire arrows were not part of the bowmen's arsenal contrary to popular belief. India historically has had a prominent reputation for its steel weapons. One of these was the steel bow. Because of its high tensility, the steel bow was capable of long range and penetration of exceptionally thick armor. These were less common weapons than the bamboo design and found in the hands of noblemen rather than in the ranks. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords. The Guptas also had knowledge of siegecraft, catapults, and other sophisticated war machines.

text: The Guptas apparently showed little predilection for using horse archers, despite the fact these warriors were a primary component in the ranks of their Scythian, Parthian, and Hepthalite (Huna) enemies. However, the Gupta armies were probably better disciplined. Able commanders like Samudragupta and Chandragupta II would have likely understood the need for combined armed tactics and proper logistical organization. Gupta military success likely stemmed from the concerted use of elephants, armored cavalry, and foot archers in tandem against both Hindu kingdoms and foreign armies invading from the Northwest. The Guptas also maintained a navy, allowing them to control regional waters.

text: The collapse of the Gupta Empire in the face of the Huna onslaught was due not directly to the inherent defects of the Gupta army, which after all had initially defeated these people under Skandagupta. More likely, internal dissolution sapped the ability of the Guptas to resist foreign invasion, as was simultaneously occurring in Western Europe and China.

text: During the reign of Chandragupta II, Gupta Empire maintained a large army consisting of 500,000 infantry, 50,000 cavalry, 20,000 charioteers and 10,000 elephants[citation needed] along with a powerful navy with more than 1200 ships[citation needed]. Chandragupta II controlled the whole of the Indian subcontinent[55] ; the Gupta empire was the most powerful empire in the world during his reign, at a time when the Roman Empire in the West was in decline.

text: Religion[edit]

text: The Guptas were traditionally a Brahmanical dynasty.[56] They were orthodox Hindus, but did not force their beliefs on the rest of the population, as Buddhism and Jainism also were encouraged.[57] Sanchi remained an important center of Buddhism.[57] Kumaragupta I (c. 414 – c. 455 CE) is said to have founded Nalanda.[57]

text: Some later rulers however seem to have especially favoured Buddhism. Narasimhagupta Baladitya (circa 495-?), according to contemporary writer Paramartha, was brought up under the influence of the Mahayanist philosopher, Vasubandhu.[56] He built a sangharama at Nalanda and also a 300 ft (91 m) high vihara with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the Bodhi tree". According to the Manjushrimulakalpa (c. 800 CE), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation (Dhyana).[56] The Chinese monk Xuanzang also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".[58]:45[59]:330

text: Gupta administration[edit]

text: A study of the epigraphical records of the Gupta empire shows that there was a hierarchy of administrative divisions from top to bottom. The empire was called by various names such as Rajya, Rashtra, Desha, Mandala, Prithvi and Avani. It was divided into 26 provinces, which were styled as Bhukti, Pradesha and Bhoga. Provinces were also divided into Vishayas and put under the control of the Vishayapatis. A Vishayapati administered the Vishaya with the help of the Adhikarana (council of representatives), which comprised four representatives: Nagarasreshesthi, Sarthavaha, Prathamakulike and Prathama Kayastha. A part of the Vishaya was called Vithi.[60] There were also trade links of Gupta business with the Roman empire.

text: Legacy of the Gupta Empire[edit]

text: Scholars of this period include Varahamihira and Aryabhata, who is believed to be the first to come up with the concept of zero, postulated the theory that the Earth moves round the Sun, and studied solar and lunar eclipses. Kalidasa, who was a great playwright, who wrote plays such as Shakuntala, and marked the highest point of Sanskrit literature is also said to have belonged to this period. The Sushruta Samhita, which is a Sanskrit redaction text on all of the major concepts of ayurvedic medicine with innovative chapters on surgery, dates to the Gupta period.

text: Chess is said to have originated in this period,[61] where its early form in the 6th century was known as caturaṅga, which translates as "four divisions [of the military]" – infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry – represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, rook, and bishop, respectively. Doctors also invented several medical instruments, and even performed operations. The Indian numerals which were the first positional base 10 numeral systems in the world originated from Gupta India. The ancient Gupta text Kama Sutra by the Indian scholar Vatsyayana is widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual behavior in Sanskrit literature . Aryabhata, a noted mathematician-astronomer of the Gupta period proposed that the earth is round and rotates about its own axis. He also discovered that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu, he explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth.[62]

text: Art and architecture[edit]

text: The Gupta period is generally regarded as a classic peak of North Indian art for all the major religious groups. Although painting was evidently widespread, the surviving works are almost all religious sculpture. The period saw the emergence of the iconic carved stone deity in Hindu art, as well as the Buddha figure and Jain tirthankara figures, these last often on a very large scale. The two great centres of sculpture were Mathura and Gandhara, the latter the centre of Greco-Buddhist art. Both exported sculpture to other parts of northern India. Unlike the preceding Kushan Empire there was no artistic depiction of the monarchs, even in the very fine Guptan coinage,[64] with the exception of some coins of the Western Satraps, or influenced by them.

text: The most famous remaining monuments in a broadly Gupta style, the caves at Ajanta, Elephanta, and Ellora (respectively Buddhist, Hindu, and mixed including Jain) were in fact produced under later dynasties, but primarily reflect the monumentality and balance of Guptan style. Ajanta contains by far the most significant survivals of painting from this and the surrounding periods, showing a mature form which had probably had a long development, mainly in painting palaces.[65] The Hindu Udayagiri Caves actually record connections with the dynasty and its ministers,[66] and the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh is a major temple, one of the earliest to survive, with important sculpture.[67]

text:
Vishnu reclining on the serpent Shesha (Ananta), Dashavatara Temple 5th century

Buddha from Sarnath, 5–6th century CE

The Colossal trimurti at the Elephanta Caves

Rock-cut temples at Ellora

Painting of Padmapani Cave 1 at Ajanta

tag: ul


document_title: Sixteen Candles

question_text: who is jake's girlfriend in sixteen candles

question_tokens: who is jake 's girlfriend in sixteen candles

text: Sixteen Candles

text: Plot[edit]

text: High school sophomore Samantha "Sam" Baker struggles to go through the day on her 16th birthday, which her entire family has forgotten about because her older sister, Ginny, is getting married the next day. She is also plagued by infatuation with a popular and attractive senior, Jake Ryan. At school, she fares no better when she finds out that a completed "sex quiz", which she tried to surreptitiously slip to her friend Randy, never reached her friend Randy and, unbeknownst to either of them, was picked up by Jake. Despite her name not being on the quiz, Sam is still a bit panicked because the quiz contains sensitive information, such as how she is a virgin and is saving herself for Jake.

text: During gym class, Jake opens up to his friend Rock, admitting that he feels like things with his girlfriend Caroline have become stagnant. He also tells him how he thinks it's cool that he keeps catching Sam looking at him from time to time.

text: Meanwhile, an outgoing geeky freshman named Ted is in love with Sam. On the school bus ride home, he tries to hit on her, only to have her spurn him with some trash-talk before she gets off.

text: At home, Sam has a whole new set of problems when she discovers that all four of her grandparents are staying at the Baker home during the wedding. One set of grandparents has brought along a bizarre foreign exchange student, Long Duk Dong. The grandparents force Sam to take him along to her school's senior dance that night and, to Sam's amazement, it takes "The Donger" only five minutes to find an unlikely girlfriend—the tall, large-breasted jock, Marlene.

text: As the freshmen hang out at the gym, Ted's two best friends, Bryce and Cliff, watch as Ted crashes and burns after he once again hits on Sam and fails, with an upset Sam running off. Undeterred by this latest rejection, Ted accepts a bet from his friends that he can score with Sam. For proof, they need Ted to bring them her panties. While Jake and Caroline are slow dancing, he sees Ted's interaction with Sam, so Jake asks him what he knows about her. Shocked that a senior is talking to him, Ted opens up a bit and boldly states that Ted hopes to take Sam home with him after the dance.

text: Looking for some solace, Sam finds her way to the school's auto shop. Ted finds her and sees that she is still upset. She opens up to Ted, telling him how disappointed she was with her family forgetting her birthday. Sam also confesses her love for Jake. Upon hearing this, Ted tells her that Jake had been asking about her at the dance, and they agree that Sam should just go and talk to him. As she's leaving, Ted reveals the wager he made with his friends, so Sam agrees to loan him her panties.

text: After Ted, Cliff, and Bryce have an impromptu peep show in the boys bathroom to show off the panties, they head over to Jake's house for the dance's after-party. Almost immediately, the trio find themselves in an awkward situation, knocking over a huge beer can pyramid. With Jake's parents away for the weekend, his home becomes trashed by the dozens of students that crashed the party. Disgusted, he heads to his bedroom alone and tracks down Sam's phone number after finding her picture in the school yearbook. He tries to call her, only to get tongue-tied when her grandparents answer instead.

text: At night's end, Jake finds Ted trapped under a table and they begin to talk. Jake inquires further about Sam, and Ted explains the situation. Jake makes a deal with Ted: If Jake gets to return the panties to Sam, then Ted gets to drive a very drunk Caroline home in Jake's father's Rolls Royce.

text: The next morning, Jake goes to Sam's house, only to have a hungover Donger miscommunicate that Sam was at church getting married. Jake then finds Caroline and Ted making out in the back of his dad's banged-up Rolls. With this turn of events, Jake and Caroline mutually agree that it's time for them to break up and remain friends. Jake then drives to the church just in time to meet an incredulous Sam after her sister's wedding.

text: The film concludes with Sam and Jake sharing a kiss over a birthday cake with 16 candles. Jake tells her to make a wish, but Sam says that her wish has already come true.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Molly Ringwald as Samantha "Sam" Baker
Michael Schoeffling as Jake Ryan
Anthony Michael Hall as Ted, aka "Farmer Ted"
Paul Dooley as Jim Baker
Carlin Glynn as Brenda Baker
Justin Henry as Mike Baker
Haviland Morris as Caroline Mulford
Blanche Baker as Ginny Baker
Gedde Watanabe as Long Duk Dong
Edward Andrews as Grandpa Howard Baker
Billie Bird as Grandma Dorothy Baker
Carole Cook as Grandma Helen
Max Showalter as Grandpa Fred
Liane Curtis as Randy
John Cusack as Bryce
Darren Harris as Cliff (Wease)
Deborah Pollack as Marlene, aka "Lumberjack"
Joan Cusack as Geek Girl
John Kapelos as Rudy Ryszczyk
Jami Gertz as Robin
Brian Doyle-Murray as Reverend
Zelda Rubinstein as Organist

text: Production[edit]

text: John Hughes had asked his agent for headshots of young actresses, and among those he received were those of Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy. Sheedy had auditioned for the role of Sam, but was dropped because of Hughes thinking Ringwald was more fitting for the role, but he called her a year later to give her a role in The Breakfast Club. Inspired by Ringwald's appearance, he put it up over his desk and wrote the film just over a weekend with her in mind for the lead role.[3][4] For the male lead in the film, it had come down to Schoeffling and Viggo Mortensen.[5] For the part of Ted, Hughes saw a number of actors for the role: "Every single kid who came in to read for the part... did the whole, stereotyped high school nerd thing. You know - thick glasses, ball point pens in the pocket, white socks. But when Michael came in he played it straight, like a real human being. I knew right at that moment that I'd found my geek."[6]

text: Sixteen Candles was filmed primarily in and around the Chicago North Shore suburban communities of Evanston, Skokie, and Highland Park, Illinois during the summer of 1983, when leads Ringwald and Hall were 15 years old.[7] Most of the exterior scenes and some of the interior scenes were filmed at Niles East High School,[8] close to downtown Skokie, the setting for Hall's driving the Rolls Royce.[9] A cafeteria scene and a gym scene, were filmed at Niles North High School. The auto shop scene was filmed at Niles East High School in the auto shop. The Baker house is located at 3022 Payne Street in Evanston. The church (Glencoe Union Church - 263 Park Avenue) and parking lot where the final scenes take place are in Glencoe.[10]

text: Soundtrack and songs[edit]

text:
Sixteen Candles

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
1984

Genre
Rock, new wave

Length
17:28

Label
MCA Records

Producer
Jimmy Iovine (16 Candles & Hang Up the Phone), Ira Newborn (Geek Boogie), John Cale (Gloria), & Alex Sadkin (If You Were Here)

Audio sample

"Thompson Twins - If You Were Here"

file
help

text:
Side 1

No.
Title
Performed By
Length

1.
"16 Candles"
Stray Cats
2:52

2.
"Hang Up the Phone"
Annie Golden
2:59

3.
"Geek Boogie"
Ira Newborn & the Geeks
2:48

text:
Side 2

No.
Title
Performed By
Length

1.
"Gloria"
Patti Smith
5:54

2.
"If You Were Here"
Thompson Twins
2:55

text: The original soundtrack was released as a specially priced mini album containing only 5 songs. However, the movie actually featured an extensive selection of over 30 songs. Songs from the movie that were not included on the soundtrack EP are as follows:

text:
"Snowballed" Performed by AC/DC
"Today I Met the Boy I'm Gonna Marry" Performed by Darlene Love
"Love of the Common People" Performed by Paul Young
"Kajagoogoo" (Main Title Song) Performed by Kajagoogoo
"Happy Birthday" Performed by Altered Images
"Kazooed on Klassics" Performed by The Temple City Kazoo Orchestra
"Dragnet" Performed by Ray Anthony and His Orchestra
"Rumours in the Air" Performed by Night Ranger
"Peter Gunn" Performed by Ray Anthony and His Orchestra
"True" Performed by Spandau Ballet played during the school dance
"Wild Sex (In the Working Class)" Performed by Oingo Boingo
"Little Bitch" Performed by The Specials
"Growing Pains" Performed by Tim Finn
"When It Started to Begin" Performed by Nick Heyward
"Lenny" Performed by Stevie Ray Vaughan
"Whistle Down the Wind" Performed by Nick Heyward
"Ring Me Up" Performed by The Divinyls
"Love Theme" from The Godfather Conducted by Carlo Savina
"Turning Japanese" Performed by The Vapors
"Rev-Up" Performed by The Revillos
"Farmer John" Performed by The Premiers
"Theme from New York, New York" Performed by Frank Sinatra
"Young Guns" Performed by Wham!
"Rebel Yell" Performed by Billy Idol
"Lohengrin Wedding March" Performed by The Bavarian Staatsoper Munich Chorus and Orchestra
"Young Americans" Performed by David Bowie
"Tenderness" Performed by General Public

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend the film grossed $4,461,520 in 1,240 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking second. By the end of its run, Sixteen Candles grossed $23,686,027 against a budget of $6.5 million.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Sixteen Candles was well received by critics and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1984.[11][12] Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 86% of critics gave it a positive rating, based on 36 reviews with an average rating of 7/10, the site's critical consensus reads: "Significantly more mature than the teen raunch comedies that defined the era, Sixteen Candles is shot with compassion and clear respect for his characters and their hang-ups".[13] Ringwald's performance was especially praised; Variety called her "engaging and credible"[14] while Roger Ebert wrote that she "provides a perfect center for the story".[15]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The character of Long Duk Dong was criticized for being “unfunny” and a “potentially offensive stereotype” of Asian people.[16] In 2008, Alison MacAdam of NPR wrote, "To some viewers, he represents one of the most offensive Asian stereotypes Hollywood ever gave America."[17] Asian Americans have complained that they were taunted with quotes of his stilted-English lines.[18] At the time of release Roger Ebert defended him, writing that Gedde Watanabe "elevates his role from a potentially offensive stereotype to high comedy".[15]

text: In an article published in Salon, Amy Benfer considers whether the film directly condones date rape.[19] After the party scene, Jake tells Ted that his girlfriend Caroline is "in the bedroom right now, passed out cold. I could violate her ten different ways if I wanted to." He encourages Ted to drive her home saying "she's so blitzed she won't know the difference." When Caroline and Ted wake up next to each other in the car, Caroline says she's fairly certain they had sex though neither of them remember it. Amy Benfer writes "The scene only works because people were stupid about date rape at the time. Even in a randy teen comedy, you would never see two sympathetic male characters conspiring to take advantage of a drunk chick these days."[19]

text: Author Anthony C. Bleach has argued that one possibility for Caroline's emotional and physical ruin in the film "might be that she is unappreciative of (or unreflective about) her class position," adding that, "what happens to Caroline in the narrative, whether her sloppy drunkenness, her scalping, or the potential for sexual coercion, seems to be both a projection of Samantha's desire to acquire Jake and become his girlfriend and a project of the film's desire to somehow harm the upper class."[20]

text: Awards[edit]

text: In December 1984, Ringwald and Hall both won Young Artist Awards as "Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture" and "Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture" for their roles in the film, respectively becoming the first and only juvenile performers in the history of the Young Artist Awards to win the Best Leading Actress and Best Leading Actor awards for the same film (a distinction the film still retains as of 2014).[21] In July 2008, the movie was ranked number 49 on Entertainment Weekly's list of "The 50 Best High School Movies".[22]

text: Proposed sequel or remake[edit]

text: In 2005, Ringwald was reported to be producing a sequel to the film.[23]


document_title: List of country calling codes

question_text: what is the american phone code for mobiles

text: List of country calling codes

text: Tree list

text: Country calling codes are prefix codes and can be organized as a tree. In each row of the table, the country codes given in the left-most column share the same first digit; then subsequent columns give the second digit in ascending order.

text:
First digit

Following digit

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

+1: North American Numbering Plan countries and territories
CA, US, AG, AI, AS, BB, BM, BS, DM, DO, GD, GU, JM, KN, KY, LC, MP, MS, PR, SX, TC, TT, VC, VG, VI, UM

+1 242: BS
+1 246: BB
+1 264: AI
+1 268: AG
+1 284: VG

+1 340: VI
+1 345: KY

+1 441: BM
+1 473: GD

+1 649: TC
+1 664: MS
+1 670: MP
+1 671: GU
+1 684: AS

+1 721: SX
+1 758: LC
+1 767: DM
+1 784: VC
+1 787: PR

+1 809: DO
+1 829: DO
+1 849: DO
+1 868: TT
+1 869: KN
+1 876: JM

+1 939: PR

2

+20: EG

+210: —
+211: SS
+212: MA, EH
+213: DZ
+214: —
+215: —
+216: TN
+217: —
+218: LY
+219: —

+220: GM
+221: SN
+222: MR
+223: ML
+224: GN
+225: CI
+226: BF
+227: NE
+228: TG
+229: BJ

+230: MU
+231: LR
+232: SL
+233: GH
+234: NG
+235: TD
+236: CF
+237: CM
+238: CV
+239: ST

+240: GQ
+241: GA
+242: CG
+243: CD
+244: AO
+245: GW
+246: IO
+247: AC
+248: SC
+249: SD

+250: RW
+251: ET
+252: SO
+253: DJ
+254: KE
+255: TZ
+256: UG
+257: BI
+258: MZ
+259: —

+260: ZM
+261: MG
+262: RE, YT, TF
+263: ZW
+264: NA
+265: MW
+266: LS
+267: BW
+268: SZ
+269: KM

+27: ZA

+28: —

+290: SH, TA
+291: ER
+292: —
+293: —
+294: —
+295: —
+296: —
+297: AW
+298: FO
+299: GL

3

+30: GR

+31: NL

+32: BE

+33: FR

+34: ES

+350: GI
+351: PT
+352: LU
+353: IE
+354: IS
+355: AL
+356: MT
+357: CY
+358: FI, AX
+359: BG

+36: HU

+370: LT
+371: LV
+372: EE
+373: MD
+374: AM, QN
+375: BY
+376: AD
+377: MC
+378: SM
+379: VA

+380: UA
+381: RS
+382: ME
+383: XK
+384: —
+385: HR
+386: SI
+387: BA
+388: EU
+389: MK

+39: IT, VA

4

+40: RO

+41: CH

+420: CZ
+421: SK
+422: —
+423: LI
+424: —
+425: —
+426: —
+427: —
+428: —
+429: —

+43: AT

+44: UK,GG, IM, JE

+45: DK

+46: SE

+47: NO, SJ, BV

+48: PL

+49: DE

5

+500: FK, GS

+501: BZ
+502: GT
+503: SV
+504: HN
+505: NI
+506: CR
+507: PA
+508: PM
+509: HT

+51: PE

+52: MX

+53: CU

+54: AR

+55: BR

+56: CL

+57: CO

+58: VE

+590: GP, BL, MF
+591: BO
+592: GY
+593: EC
+594: GF
+595: PY
+596: MQ
+597: SR
+598: UY
+599: BQ, CW

6

+60: MY

+61: AU, CX, CC

+62: ID

+63: PH

+64: NZ, PN

+65: SG

+66: TH

+670: TL
+671: —
+672: NF, AQ, HM
+673: BN
+674: NR
+675: PG
+676: TO
+677: SB
+678: VU
+679: FJ

+680: PW
+681: WF
+682: CK
+683: NU
+684: —
+685: WS
+686: KI
+687: NC
+688: TV
+689: PF

+690: TK
+691: FM
+692: MH
+693: —
+694: —
+695: —
+696: —
+697: —
+698: —
+699: —

7

+7: RU, KZ

+7 3: RU

+7 4: RU

+7 6: KZ

+7 7: KZ

+7 8: RU

+7 9: RU

8

+800: XT
+801: —
+802: —
+803: —
+804: —
+805: —
+806: —
+807: —
+808: XS
+809: —

+81: JP

+82: KR

+83: —

+84: VN

+850: KP
+851: —
+852: HK
+853: MO
+854: —
+855: KH
+856: LA
+857: —
+858: —
+859: —

+86: CN

+870: XN
+871: —
+872: —
+873: —
+874: —
+875: —
+876: —
+877: —
+878: XP
+879: —

+880: BD
+881: XG
+882: XV
+883: XV
+884: —
+885: —
+886: TW
+887: —
+888: XD
+889: —

+89: —

9

+90: TR, CT

+91: IN

+92: PK

+93: AF

+94: LK

+95: MM

+960: MV
+961: LB
+962: JO
+963: SY
+964: IQ
+965: KW
+966: SA
+967: YE
+968: OM
+969: —

+970: PS
+971: AE
+972: IL
+973: BH
+974: QA
+975: BT
+976: MN
+977: NP
+978: —
+979: XR

+98: IR

+990: —
+991: XC
+992: TJ
+993: TM
+994: AZ
+995: GE
+996: KG
+997: —
+998: UZ
+999: —

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

text: Ordered by code

text: While there is a general geographic grouping to the zones, some exceptions exist for political and historical reasons. Thus, the geographical indicators below are approximations only.

text: Zone 1: North American Numbering Plan

text: Member countries of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) are assigned three-digit area codes under the common country prefix 1, shown in the format +1 XXX.

text: The North American Numbering Plan includes:

text:
+1 –  Canada
+1 –  United States, including United States territories:
+1 340 –  United States Virgin Islands
+1 670 –  Northern Mariana Islands
+1 671 –  Guam
+1 684 –  American Samoa
+1 787 / 939 –  Puerto Rico
+1 Many, but not all, Caribbean nations and some Caribbean Dutch and British Overseas Territories:
+1 242 –  Bahamas
+1 246 –  Barbados
+1 264 –  Anguilla
+1 268 –  Antigua and Barbuda
+1 284 –  British Virgin Islands
+1 345 –  Cayman Islands
+1 441 –  Bermuda
+1 473 –  Grenada
+1 649 –  Turks and Caicos Islands
+1 664 –  Montserrat
+1 721 –  Sint Maarten
+1 758 –  Saint Lucia
+1 767 –  Dominica
+1 784 –  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
+1 809 / 829 / 849 –  Dominican Republic
+1 868 –  Trinidad and Tobago
+1 869 –  Saint Kitts and Nevis
+1 876 –  Jamaica

text: Zone 2: mostly Africa

text: (but also Aruba, Faroe Islands, Greenland and British Indian Ocean Territory)

text:
+20 –  Egypt
+210 – unassigned
+211 –  South Sudan
+212 –  Morocco
+213 –  Algeria
+214 – unassigned
+215 – unassigned
+216 –  Tunisia
+217 – unassigned
+218 –  Libya
+219 – unassigned
+220 –  Gambia
+221 –  Senegal
+222 –  Mauritania
+223 –  Mali
+224 –  Guinea
+225 –  Ivory Coast
+226 –  Burkina Faso
+227 –  Niger
+228 –  Togo
+229 –  Benin
+230 –  Mauritius
+231 –  Liberia
+232 –  Sierra Leone
+233 –  Ghana
+234 –  Nigeria
+235 –  Chad
+236 –  Central African Republic
+237 –  Cameroon
+238 –  Cape Verde
+239 –  São Tomé and Príncipe
+240 –  Equatorial Guinea
+241 –  Gabon
+242 –  Republic of the Congo
+243 –  Democratic Republic of the Congo
+244 –  Angola
+245 –  Guinea-Bissau
+246 –  British Indian Ocean Territory
+247 –  Ascension Island
+248 –  Seychelles
+249 –  Sudan
+250 –  Rwanda
+251 –  Ethiopia
+252 –  Somalia
+253 –  Djibouti
+254 –  Kenya
+255 –  Tanzania
+255 24 –  Zanzibar, in place of never-implemented +259
+256 –  Uganda
+257 –  Burundi
+258 –  Mozambique
+259 – unassigned, was intended for Zanzibar but never implemented – see +255 Tanzania
+260 –  Zambia
+261 –  Madagascar
+262 –  Réunion
+262 269 / 639 –  Mayotte (land / mobile, formerly with +269 Comoros)
+263 –  Zimbabwe
+264 –  Namibia
+265 –  Malawi
+266 –  Lesotho
+267 –  Botswana
+268 –  Swaziland
+269 –  Comoros (Mayotte was here but moved to +262 Réunion)
+27 –  South Africa
+28x – unassigned (Reserved for country code expansion)[1]
+290 –  Saint Helena
+290 8 –  Tristan da Cunha
+291 –  Eritrea
+292 – unassigned
+293 – unassigned
+294 – unassigned
+295 – discontinued (was assigned to San Marino, see +378)
+296 – unassigned
+297 –  Aruba
+298 –  Faroe Islands
+299 –  Greenland

text: Zones 3–4: Europe

text: Originally, larger countries such as Spain, the United Kingdom or France, were assigned two-digit codes to compensate for their usually longer domestic numbers. Small countries, such as Iceland, were assigned three-digit codes. Since the 1980s, all new assignments have been three-digit regardless of countries’ populations.

text:
+30 –  Greece
+31 –  Netherlands
+32 –  Belgium
+33 –  France
+34 –  Spain
+350 –  Gibraltar
+351 –  Portugal
+352 –  Luxembourg
+353 –  Ireland
+354 –  Iceland
+355 –  Albania
+356 –  Malta
+357 –  Cyprus
+358 –  Finland
+358 18 –  Åland Islands
+359 –  Bulgaria
+36 –  Hungary

text:
+37 – Discontinued (was assigned to the  German Democratic Republic. See Germany's country code +49)
+370 –  Lithuania
+371 –  Latvia
+372 –  Estonia
+373 –  Moldova
+373 2 / 5 –  Transnistria
+374 –  Armenia
+374 47 / 97 –  Nagorno-Karabakh (landlines / mobile phones)
+375 –  Belarus
+376 –  Andorra (formerly +33 628)
+377 –  Monaco (formerly +33 93)
+378 –  San Marino (formerly +39 549)
+379 –   Vatican City assigned but uses Italian +39 06698.
+38 – Discontinued (was assigned to  Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until its break-up)
+380 –  Ukraine (formerly used by  SFR Yugoslavia)
+381 –  Serbia (formerly used by  FR Yugoslavia,  Serbia and Montenegro before Montenegro's independence, and  Kosovo until December 2017)
+382 –  Montenegro
+383 –   Kosovo
+384 – unassigned
+385 –  Croatia
+386 –  Slovenia
+387 –  Bosnia and Herzegovina
+388 – Discontinued (was assigned to the European Telephony Numbering Space)[1][2]
+389 –  Macedonia
+39 –  Italy
+39 06 698 –   Vatican City (assigned +379 but not in use)
+40 –  Romania
+41 –   Switzerland
+42 – Discontinued (was assigned to  Czechoslovakia until its breakup)
+420 –  Czech Republic
+421 –  Slovakia
+422 – unassigned
+423 –  Liechtenstein (formerly +41 75)
+424 – unassigned
+425 – unassigned
+426 – unassigned
+427 – unassigned
+428 – unassigned
+429 – unassigned
+43 –  Austria
+44 –  United Kingdom
+44 1481 –  Guernsey
+44 1534 –  Jersey
+44 1624 –  Isle of Man
+45 –  Denmark
+46 –  Sweden
+47 –  Norway
+47 79 –  Svalbard
+48 –  Poland
+49 –  Germany

text: Zone 5: Lower North America and Central America and South America

text:
+500 –  Falkland Islands
+500 x –  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
+501 –  Belize
+502 –  Guatemala
+503 –  El Salvador
+504 –  Honduras
+505 –  Nicaragua
+506 –  Costa Rica
+507 –  Panama
+508 –  Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
+509 –  Haiti
+51 –  Peru
+52 –  Mexico
+53 –  Cuba
+54 –  Argentina
+55 –  Brazil
+56 –  Chile
+57 –  Colombia
+58 –  Venezuela
+590 –  Guadeloupe (including Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin)
+591 –  Bolivia
+592 –  Guyana
+593 –  Ecuador
+594 –  French Guiana
+595 –  Paraguay
+596 –  Martinique
+597 –  Suriname
+598 –  Uruguay
+599 – Former  Netherlands Antilles, now grouped as follows:
+599 3 –  Sint Eustatius
+599 4 –  Saba
+599 5 – formerly  Sint Maarten – Now included in NANP as code +1-721 (see Zone 1, above)
+599 7 –  Bonaire
+599 8 – formerly  Aruba – See country code +297 above
+599 9 –  Curaçao

text: Zone 6: Southeast Asia and Oceania

text:
+60 –  Malaysia
+61 –  Australia (see also +672 below)
+61 8 9162 –  Cocos Islands
+61 8 9164 –  Christmas Island
+62 –  Indonesia
+63 –  Philippines
+64 –  New Zealand
+64 xx –  Pitcairn Islands
+65 –  Singapore
+66 –  Thailand
+670 –  East Timor - formerly Northern Mariana Islands which is now included in NANP as code +1-670 (See Zone 1, above)
+671 – formerly Guam – Now included in NANP as code +1-671 (See Zone 1, above)
+672 – Australian External Territories (see also +61 Australia above)
+672 1x –  Australian Antarctic Territory
+672 3 –  Norfolk Island
+673 –  Brunei
+674 –  Nauru
+675 –  Papua New Guinea
+676 –  Tonga
+677 –  Solomon Islands
+678 –  Vanuatu
+679 –  Fiji
+680 –  Palau
+681 –  Wallis and Futuna
+682 –  Cook Islands
+683 –  Niue
+684 – formerly American Samoa – Now included in NANP as code +1-684 (See Zone 1, above)
+685 –  Samoa
+686 –  Kiribati
+687 –  New Caledonia
+688 –  Tuvalu
+689 –  French Polynesia
+690 –  Tokelau
+691 –  Federated States of Micronesia
+692 –  Marshall Islands
+693 – unassigned
+694 – unassigned
+695 – unassigned
+696 – unassigned
+697 – unassigned
+698 – unassigned
+699 – unassigned

text: Zone 7: Parts of the former  Soviet Union

text:
+7 –  Russia
+7 6xx / 7xx –  Kazakhstan
+7 840 / 940 –  Abkhazia - see also +995 44

text: Zone 8: East Asia and special services

text:
+800 – International Freephone (UIFN)
+801 – unassigned
+802 – unassigned
+803 – unassigned
+804 – unassigned
+805 – unassigned
+806 – unassigned
+807 – unassigned
+808 – reserved for Shared Cost Services
+809 – unassigned
+81 –  Japan
+82 –  South Korea
+83x – unassigned (Reserved for country code expansion)[1]
+84 –  Vietnam
+850 –  North Korea
+851 – unassigned
+852 –  Hong Kong
+853 –  Macau
+854 – unassigned
+855 –  Cambodia
+856 –  Laos
+857 – unassigned, formerly ANAC satellite service
+858 – unassigned, formerly ANAC satellite service
+859 – unassigned
+86 –  China
+870 – Inmarsat "SNAC" service
+871 – unassigned (formerly used by Inmarsat, Atlantic East), discontinued in 2008
+872 – unassigned (formerly used by Inmarsat, Pacific), discontinued in 2008
+873 – unassigned (formerly used by Inmarsat, Indian), discontinued in 2008
+874 – unassigned (formerly used by Inmarsat, Atlantic West), discontinued 2008
+875 – reserved for Maritime Mobile service
+876 – reserved for Maritime Mobile service
+877 – reserved for Maritime Mobile service
+878 – Universal Personal Telecommunications services
+879 – reserved for national non-commercial purposes
+880 –  Bangladesh
+881 – Global Mobile Satellite System
+882 – International Networks
+883 – International Networks
+884 – unassigned
+885 – unassigned
+886 –  Taiwan
+887 – unassigned
+888 – Telecommunications for Disaster Relief by OCHA
+889 – unassigned
+89x – unassigned (Reserved for country code expansion)[1]

text: Zone 9: mostly Asia

text:
+90 –  Turkey
+90 392 –  Northern Cyprus
+91 –  India
+92 –  Pakistan
+92 582 –  Azad Kashmir[3]
+92 581 –  Gilgit Baltistan[3]
+93 –  Afghanistan
+94 –  Sri Lanka
+95 –  Myanmar
+960 –  Maldives
+961 –  Lebanon
+962 –  Jordan
+963 –  Syria
+964 –  Iraq
+965 –  Kuwait
+966 –  Saudi Arabia
+967 –  Yemen
+968 –  Oman
+969 – unassigned – originally South Yemen, now covered under 967 Yemen (formerly North Yemen)
+970 –  Palestine
+971 –  United Arab Emirates
+972 –  Israel
+973 –  Bahrain
+974 –  Qatar
+975 –  Bhutan
+976 –  Mongolia
+977 –    Nepal
+978 – unassigned – originally assigned to Dubai, now covered under 971
+979 – International Premium Rate Service - originally assigned to Abu Dhabi, now covered under 971
+98 –  Iran
+990 – unassigned
+991 – International Telecommunications Public Correspondence Service trial (ITPCS)
+992 –  Tajikistan
+993 –  Turkmenistan
+994 –  Azerbaijan
+995 –  Georgia
+995 34 –  South Ossetia
+995 44 –  Abkhazia[4][5] - see also +7 840, 940
+996 –  Kyrgyzstan
+997 – unassigned
+998 –  Uzbekistan
+999 – reserved for future global service.

text: Alphabetical listing by country or region

text:
Country, Territory or Service

Code

Time Zone

DST

Afghanistan

+93

UTC+04:30

Åland Islands

+358 18

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Albania

+355

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Algeria

+213

UTC+01:00

American Samoa

+1 684[notes 1]

UTC-11:00

Andorra

+376

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Angola

+244

UTC+01:00

Anguilla

+1 264[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Antigua and Barbuda

+1 268[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Argentina

+54

UTC-03:00

Armenia

+374

UTC+04:00

Aruba

+297

UTC-04:00

Ascension

+247

UTC+00:00

Australia

+61

UTC+08:00 to +10:30

UTC+08:00 to +11:00

Australian Antarctic Territory

+672 1

Australian External Territories

+672

Austria

+43

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Azerbaijan

+994

UTC+04:00

Bahamas

+1 242[notes 1]

UTC-05:00

UTC-04:00

Bahrain

+973

UTC+03:00

Bangladesh

+880

UTC+06:00

Barbados

+1 246[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Barbuda

+1 268[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Belarus

+375

UTC+03:00

Belgium

+32

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Belize

+501

UTC-06:00

Benin

+229

UTC+01:00

Bermuda

+1 441[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

UTC-03:00

Bhutan

+975

UTC+06:00

Bolivia

+591

UTC-04:00

Bonaire

+599 7

UTC-04:00

Bosnia and Herzegovina

+387

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Botswana

+267

UTC+02:00

Brazil

+55

UTC-05:00 to -02:00

UTC-05:00 to -02:00

British Indian Ocean Territory

+246

UTC+06:00

British Virgin Islands

+1 284[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Brunei Darussalam

+673

UTC+08:00

Bulgaria

+359

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Burkina Faso

+226

UTC+00:00

Burundi

+257

UTC+02:00

Cambodia

+855

UTC+07:00

Cameroon

+237

UTC+01:00

Canada

+1

UTC-08:00 to -03:30

UTC-07:00 to -02:30

Cape Verde

+238

UTC-01:00

Caribbean Netherlands

+599 3, +599 4, +599 7

UTC-04:00

Cayman Islands

+1 345[notes 1]

UTC-05:00

Central African Republic

+236

UTC+01:00

Chad

+235

UTC+01:00

Chatham Island, New Zealand

+64

UTC+12:00

UTC+13:00

Chile

+56

UTC-06:00 to -04:00

UTC-05:00 to -03:00

China

+86

UTC+08:00

Christmas Island

+61 89164

UTC+07:00

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

+61 89162

UTC+06:30

Colombia

+57

UTC-05:00

Comoros

+269

UTC+03:00

Congo

+242

UTC+01:00

Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire)

+243

UTC+01:00 to +02:00

Cook Islands

+682

UTC-10:00

Costa Rica

+506

UTC-06:00

Ivory Coast

+225

UTC+00:00

Croatia

+385

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Cuba

+53

UTC-05:00

UTC-04:00

Curaçao

+599 9

UTC-04:00

Cyprus

+357

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Czech Republic

+420

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Denmark

+45

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Diego Garcia

+246

UTC+06:00

Djibouti

+253

UTC+02:00

Dominica

+1 767[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Dominican Republic

+1 809, +1 829, +1 849[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

East Timor

+670

UTC+09:00

Easter Island

+56

UTC-06:00

UTC-05:00

Ecuador

+593

UTC-06:00 to -05:00

Egypt

+20

UTC+02:00

El Salvador

+503

UTC-06:00

Ellipso (Mobile Satellite service)

+881 2, +881 3

EMSAT (Mobile Satellite service)

+882 13

Equatorial Guinea

+240

UTC+01:00

Eritrea

+291

UTC+03:00

Estonia

+372

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Ethiopia

+251

UTC+03:00

Falkland Islands

+500

UTC-03:00

Faroe Islands

+298

UTC+00:00

UTC+01:00

Fiji

+679

UTC+12:00

UTC+13:00

Finland

+358

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

France

+33

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

French Antilles

+596

French Guiana

+594

UTC-03:00

French Polynesia

+689

UTC-10:00 to -09:00

Gabon

+241

UTC+01:00

Gambia

+220

UTC+00:00

Georgia

+995

UTC+04:00

Germany

+49

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Ghana

+233

UTC+00:00

Gibraltar

+350

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Global Mobile Satellite System (GMSS)

+881

Globalstar (Mobile Satellite Service)

+881 8, +881 9

Greece

+30

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Greenland

+299

UTC-04:00 to +00:00

Grenada

+1 473[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Guadeloupe

+590

UTC-04:00

Guam

+1 671[notes 1]

UTC+10:00

Guatemala

+502

UTC-06:00

Guernsey

+44 1481, +44 7781, +44 7839, +44 7911

UTC+01:00

Guinea

+224

UTC+00:00

Guinea-Bissau

+245

UTC+00:00

Guyana

+592

UTC-04:00

Haiti

+509

UTC-05:00

UTC-04:00

Honduras

+504

UTC-06:00

Hong Kong

+852

UTC+08:00

Hungary

+36

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Iceland

+354

UTC+00:00

ICO Global (Mobile Satellite Service)

+881 0, +881 1

India

+91

UTC+05:30

Indonesia

+62

UTC+07:00 to +09:00

Inmarsat SNAC

+870

International Freephone Service (UIFN)

+800

International Networks

+882, +883

International Premium Rate Service

+979

International Shared Cost Service (ISCS)

+808

Iran

+98

UTC+03:30

UTC+04:30

Iraq

+964

UTC+03:00

Ireland

+353

UTC+00:00

UTC+01:00

Iridium (Mobile Satellite service)

+881 6, +881 7

Isle of Man

+44 1624, +44 7524, +44 7624, +44 7924

UTC+00:00

UTC+01:00

Israel

+972

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Italy

+39

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Jamaica

+1 876[notes 1]

UTC-05:00

Jan Mayen

+47 79

Japan

+81

UTC+09:00

Jersey

+44 1534

UTC+00:00

UTC+01:00

Jordan

+962

UTC+02:00

Kazakhstan

+7 6, +7 7[notes 2]

UTC+05:00 to +06:00

Kenya

+254

UTC+03:00

Kiribati

+686

UTC+12:00 to +14:00

Korea, North

+850

UTC+08:30

Korea, South

+82

UTC+09:00

Kosovo

(+383 in use now), +377 44, +377 45, +386 43, +386 49, +381 28, +381 29, +381 38, +381 39

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Kuwait

+965

UTC+03:00

Kyrgyzstan

+996

UTC+05:00 to +06:00

Laos

+856

UTC+07:00

Latvia

+371

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Lebanon

+961

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Lesotho

+266

UTC+02:00

Liberia

+231

UTC+00:00

Libya

+218

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Liechtenstein

+423

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Lithuania

+370

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Luxembourg

+352

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Macau

+853

UTC+08:00

Macedonia

+389

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Madagascar

+261

UTC+03:00

Malawi

+265

UTC+02:00

Malaysia

+60

UTC+08:00

Maldives

+960

UTC+05:00

Mali

+223

UTC+00:00

Malta

+356

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Marshall Islands

+692

UTC+12:00

Martinique

+596

UTC-04:00

Mauritania

+222

UTC+00:00

Mauritius

+230

UTC+04:00

Mayotte

+262 269, +262 639

UTC+03:00

Mexico

+52

UTC-08:00 to -06:00

UTC-07:00 to -05:00

Micronesia, Federated States of

+691

UTC+10:00 to +11:00

Midway Island, USA

+1 808[notes 1]

UTC-11:00

Moldova

+373

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Monaco

+377

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Mongolia

+976

UTC+07:00 to +08:00

UTC+08:00 to +09:00

Montenegro

+382

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Montserrat

+1 664[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Morocco

+212

UTC+00:00

UTC+01:00

Mozambique

+258

UTC+02:00

Myanmar

+95

UTC+06:30

Nagorno-Karabakh

+374 47, +374 97

UTC+04:00

Namibia

+264

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Nauru

+674

UTC+12:00

Nepal

+977

UTC+05:45

Netherlands

+31

CET(UTC+01:00) / AST(UTC-04:00)

CET(UTC+02:00) / AST(UTC-04:00)

Nevis

+1 869[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

New Caledonia

+687

UTC+11:00

New Zealand

+64

UTC+12:00

UTC+13:00

Nicaragua

+505

UTC-06:00

Niger

+227

UTC+01:00

Nigeria

+234

UTC+01:00

Niue

+683

UTC-11:00

Norfolk Island

+672 3

UTC+11:00

Northern Cyprus

+90 392

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Northern Ireland

+44 28

UTC+00:00

UTC+01:00

Northern Mariana Islands

+1 670[notes 1]

UTC+10:00

Norway

+47

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Oman

+968

UTC+04:00

Pakistan

+92

UTC+05:00

UTC+06:00

Palau

+680

UTC+09:00

Palestine, State of

+970

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Panama

+507

UTC-05:00

Papua New Guinea

+675

UTC+10:00

Paraguay

+595

UTC-04:00

UTC-03:00

Peru

+51

UTC-05:00

Philippines

+63

UTC+08:00

Pitcairn Islands

+64

UTC-08:00

Poland

+48

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Portugal

+351

UTC+00:00

UTC+01:00

Puerto Rico

+1 787, +1 939[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Qatar

+974

UTC+03:00

Réunion

+262

UTC+04:00

Romania

+40

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Russia

+7[notes 2]

UTC+02:00 to +12:00

Rwanda

+250

UTC+02:00

Saba

+599 4

UTC-04:00

Saint Barthélemy

+590

UTC-04:00

Saint Helena

+290

UTC+00:00

Saint Kitts and Nevis

+1 869[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Saint Lucia

+1 758[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Saint Martin (France)

+590

UTC-04:00

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

+508

UTC-03:00

UTC-02:00

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

+1 784[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Samoa

+685

UTC+13:00

UTC+14:00

San Marino

+378

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

São Tomé and Príncipe

+239

UTC+00:00

Saudi Arabia

+966

UTC+03:00

Senegal

+221

UTC+00:00

Serbia

+381

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Seychelles

+248

UTC+04:00

Sierra Leone

+232

UTC+00:00

Singapore

+65

UTC+08:00

Sint Eustatius

+599 3

UTC-04:00

Sint Maarten (Netherlands)

+1 721[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Slovakia

+421

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Slovenia

+386

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Solomon Islands

+677

UTC+11:00

Somalia

+252

UTC+03:00

South Africa

+27

UTC+02:00

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

+500

UTC-02:00

South Ossetia

+995 34

UTC+03:00

South Sudan

+211

UTC+03:00

Spain

+34

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Sri Lanka

+94

UTC+05:30

Sudan

+249

UTC+02:00

Suriname

+597

UTC-03:00

Svalbard

+47 79

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Swaziland

+268

UTC+02:00

Sweden

+46

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Switzerland

+41

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Syria

+963

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Taiwan

+886

UTC+08:00

Tajikistan

+992

UTC+05:00

Tanzania

+255

UTC+03:00

Telecommunications for Disaster Relief by OCHA

+888

Thailand

+66

UTC+07:00

Thuraya (Mobile Satellite service)

+882 16

Togo

+228

UTC+00:00

Tokelau

+690

UTC+13:00

Tonga

+676

UTC+13:00

Transnistria

+373 2, +373 5

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

Trinidad and Tobago

+1 868[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Tristan da Cunha

+290 8

UTC+00:00

Tunisia

+216

UTC+01:00

Turkey

+90

UTC+03:00

Turkmenistan

+993

UTC+05:00

Turks and Caicos Islands

+1 649[notes 1]

UTC-05:00

UTC-04:00

Tuvalu

+688

UTC+12:00

Uganda

+256

UTC+03:00

Ukraine

+380

UTC+02:00

UTC+03:00

United Arab Emirates

+971

UTC+04:00

United Kingdom

+44

UTC+00:00

UTC+01:00

United States

+1

UTC-10:00 to -05:00

UTC-10:00 to -04:00

Universal Personal Telecommunications (UPT)

+878

Uruguay

+598

UTC-03:00

No DST since June 2015

US Virgin Islands

+1 340[notes 1]

UTC-04:00

Uzbekistan

+998

UTC+05:00

Vanuatu

+678

UTC+11:00

Venezuela

+58

UTC-04:00

Vatican City State (Holy See)

+39 06 698, assigned +379

UTC+01:00

UTC+02:00

Vietnam

+84

UTC+07:00

Wake Island, USA

+1 808[notes 1]

UTC+12:00

Wallis and Futuna

+681

UTC+12:00

Yemen

+967

UTC+03:00

Zambia

+260

UTC+02:00

Zanzibar

+255 24

UTC+03:00

Zimbabwe

+263

UTC+02:00

text: Locations with no country code

text: In Antarctica, dialing is dependent on the parent country of each base:

text:
Base
Calling Code
Country
Note

Aboa
+358
 Finland

Almirante Brown Antarctic Base
+54
 Argentina

Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
+1
 United States

Artigas Base
+598
 Uruguay

Asuka Station
+81
 Japan

Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva and Villa Las Estrellas
+56
 Chile

Belgrano II
+54
 Argentina

Bellingshausen Station
+7
 Russia

Bernardo O'Higgins Station
+56
 Chile

Byrd Station
+1
 United States

Captain Arturo Prat Base
+56
 Chile

Casey Station
+672
 Australia
can be direct dialed

Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base
+55
 Brazil

Concordia Station
+39  +33
 Italy France

Davis Station
+672
 Australia
can be direct dialed

Dome Fuji Station
+81
 Japan

Dumont d'Urville Station
+33
 France

Esperanza Base
+54
 Argentina

Gabriel de Castilla Spanish Antarctic Station
+34
 Spain

Georg-von-Neumayer-Station (Replaced by Neumayer Station)
+49
 Germany

Gonzalez Videla Station
+56
 Chile

Great Wall Station
+886
 China

Halley Research Station
+44
 United Kingdom

Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station
+48
 Poland

Jang Bogo Station
+82
 South Korea

Jinnah Antarctic Station
+92
 Pakistan

Juan Carlos I Base
+34
 Spain

Jubany
+54
 Argentina

King Sejong Station
+82
 South Korea

Kohnen-Station
+49
 Germany

Kunlun Station
+852
 China

Law-Racoviţă Station
+40
 Romania

Leningradskaya Station
+7
 Russia

Machu Picchu Research Station
+51
 Peru

Macquarie Island Station
+672
 Australia
can be direct dialed

Maitri Station
+91
 India

Marambio Base
+54
 Argentina

Mario Zucchelli Station
+39
 Italy

Mawson Station
+672
 Australia
can be direct dialed

McMurdo Station
+1
 United States
can be reached by +64 code to Scott Base (NZ)

Mendel Polar Station
+420
 Czech Republic

Mirny Station
+7
 Russia

Mizuho Station
+81
 Japan

Molodyozhnaya Station
+7  +375
 Russia Belarus

Neumayer Station
+49
 Germany

Novolazarevskaya Station
+7
 Russia

Orcadas Base
+54
 Argentina

Palmer Station
+1
 United States

Princess Elisabeth Base
+32
 Belgium

Professor Julio Escudero Base
+56
 Chile

Progress Station
+7
 Russia

Rothera Research Station
+44
 United Kingdom

Russkaya Station
+7
 Russia

San Martín Base
+54
 Argentina

SANAE IV (South African National Antarctic Expeditions)
+27
 South Africa

Signy Research Station
+44
 United Kingdom

St. Kliment Ohridski Base
+359
 Bulgaria

Scott Base
+64
 New Zealand
can be reached via +64 2409 and four digits on McMurdo exchange

Showa Station
+81
 Japan

Svea
+46
 Sweden

Tor Station
+47
 Norway

Troll Station
+47
 Norway

Wasa Research Station
+46
 Sweden

Vostok Station
+7
 Russia

Vernadsky Research Base
+380
 Ukraine

Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) Station
+86
 China

text: Other places with no country codes in use, although a code may be reserved:

text:
Location
Calling Code
Country
Reasons for no Code

Kerguelen Archipelago
+262
 France
No permanent local switches

Pitcairn Islands
+64
 Pitcairn Islands
No connections to local switching; there are only satellite phones on the island, replacing a single wired party line; a single pay phone also exists