document_title: Vietnam War casualties

question_text: how many british soldiers died in the vietnam war

text: Vietnam War casualties

text: Total number of deaths[edit]

text: Estimates of the total number of deaths in the Vietnam War vary widely. The wide disparity among the estimates cited below is partially explained by the different time periods of the Vietnam War covered by the studies and whether casualties in Cambodia and Laos were included in the estimates.

text: Guenter Lewy in 1978 estimated 1,353,000 total deaths in North and South Vietnam during the period 1965–1974 in which the U.S. was most engaged in the war. Lewy reduced the number of VC and PAVN battle deaths claimed by the U.S. by 30 percent (in accordance with the opinion of United States Department of Defense officials), and assumed that one third of the battle deaths of the PAVN/VC were actually civilians. His estimate of total deaths is reflected in the table.[2]

text:
Deaths in Vietnam War (1965–1974) per Guenter Lewy

Allied military deaths

282,000

NVA/VC military deaths

444,000

Civilian deaths (North and South Vietnam)

627,000

Total deaths

1,353,000

tag: table

text:
A 1995 demographic study in Population and Development Review calculated 791,000–1,141,000 war-related Vietnamese deaths, both soldiers and civilians, for all of Vietnam from 1965–75. The study came up with a most likely Vietnamese death toll of 882,000, which included 655,000 adult males (above 15 years of age), 143,000 adult females, and 84,000 children. Those totals include only Vietnamese deaths, and do not include American and other allied military deaths which amounted to about 64,000.[3]
The study has been criticized for its small sample size, the imbalance in the sample between rural and urban areas, and the possible overlooking of clusters of high mortality rates.[4]

text: In 1995, the Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955–75. PAVN and VC deaths were reported as 1.1 million and civilian deaths of Vietnamese on both sides totaled 2.0 million. These estimates probably include deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia, but do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers which would add nearly 300,000 for a grand total of 3.4 million military and civilian dead.[5]

text: A 2008 study by the BMJ (formerly British Medical Journal) came up with a higher toll of 3,812,000 dead in Vietnam between 1955–2002. For the period of the Vietnam War the totals are 1,310,000 between 1955 and 1964, 1,700,000 between 1965–74 and 810,000 between 1975 and 1984. (The estimates for 1955–64 are much higher than other estimates). The sum of those totals is 3,091,000 war deaths between 1955–75.[4]

text: Uppsala University in Sweden maintains the Armed Conflict Database. Their estimates for conflict deaths in Vietnam are 164,923 from 1955–64 and 1,458,050 from 1965–75 for a total of 1,622,973. The database also estimates combat deaths in Cambodia for the years 1967–75 to total 259,000. Data for deaths in Laos is incomplete.[6]

text: R. J. Rummel's mid-range estimate in 1997 was that the total deaths due to the Vietnam conflict totaled 2,450,000 from 1954–75. Rummel calculated PAVN/VC deaths at 1,062,000 and ARVN and allied war deaths of 741,000,with both totals include civilians inadvertently killed. He estimated that victims of democide (deliberate killing of civilians) included 214,000 by North Vietnam/VC and 98,000 by South Vietnam and its allies. Deaths in Cambodia and Laos were estimated at 273,000 and 62,000 respectively.[7]

text:
Deaths in Vietnam War (1954–75) per R. J. Rummel (except where otherwise noted)[7]

Low estimate of deaths

Middle estimate of deaths

High estimate of deaths

Notes and comments

North Vietnam/Viet Cong military and civilian war dead

533,000
1,062,000
1,489,000
includes an estimated 50,000/65,000/70,000 civilians killed by U.S/SVN bombing/shelling[8]

South Vietnam/U.S./South Korea war military and civilian war dead

429,000
741,000
1,119,000
includes 360,000/391,000/720,000 civilians[9]

Democide by North Vietnam/Viet Cong

131,000
214,000
302,000
25,000/50,000/75,000 killed in North Vietnam, 106,000/164,000/227,000 killed in South Vietnam

Democide by South Vietnam

57,000
89,000
284,000
Democide is the murder of persons by or at the behest of governments.

Democide by the United States

4,000
6,000
10,000
Democide is the murder of persons by or at the behest of governments.

Democide by South Korea

3,000
3,000
3,000
Rummel does not give a medium or high estimate.

Subtotal Vietnam

1,156,000
2,115,000
3,207,000

Cambodians

273,000
273,000
273,000
Rummel estimates 212,000 killed by Khmer Rouge (1967–1975), 60,000 killed by U.S. and 1,000 killed by South Vietnam (1967–73). No estimate given for deaths caused by Viet Cong/North Vietnam (1954–75).[10]

Laotians

28,000
62,000
115,000
Source:[4]

Grand total of war deaths: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos (1954–75)

1,450,000
2,450,000
3,595,000

text: Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War[edit]

text: Lewy estimates that 40,000 South Vietnamese civilians were assassinated by the PAVN/VC; 250,000 were killed as a result of combat in South Vietnam, and 65,000 were killed in North Vietnam.  He suggests that another 222,000 civilians were counted as military deaths by the U.S. in compiling its "body count."  His estimated total of civilian deaths is 587,000.[11][12][13] It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel in many instances as many individuals were part-time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms.[14][15][16]

text: Deaths caused by North Vietnam/VC forces[edit]

text: R. J. Rummel estimated that PAVN/VC forces killed around 164,000 civilians in democide between 1954 and 1975 in South Vietnam, from a range of between 106,000 and 227,000, plus another 50,000 killed in North Vietnam.[17] Rummel's mid-level estimate includes 17,000 South Vietnamese civil servants killed by PAVN/VC. In addition, at least 36,000 Southern civilians were executed for various reasons in the period 1967–1972.[18] About 130 American and 16,000 South Vietnamese POWs died in captivity.[19] During the peak war years, another scholar Guenter Lewy attributed almost a third of civilian deaths to the VC.[20]

text: Thomas Thayer in 1985 estimated that during the 1965-72 period the VC killed 33,052 South Vietnamese village officials and civil servants.[21]

text: Deaths caused by South Vietnam[edit]

text: According to RJ Rummel, from 1964 to 1975, an estimated 1,500 people died during the forced relocations of 1,200,000 civilians, another 5,000 prisoners died from ill-treatment and about 30,000 suspected communists and fighters were executed. In Quảng Nam Province 4,700 civilians were killed in 1969. This totals, from a range of between 16,000 and 167,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam during the (Diệm-era), and 42,000 and 118,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam in the post Diệm-era), excluding PAVN forces killed by the ARVN in combat.[22] Operating under the direction of the CIA and other US and South Vietnamese Intel organizations and carried out by RVN units alongside US advisers was the Phoenix Program, intended to neutralise the VC political infrastructure, whom were the civilian administration of the Viet Cong/Provisional Revolutionary Government  via infiltration, capture, counter-terrorism, interrogation, and assassination.[23] The program resulted in an estimated 26,000 to 41,000 killed, with an unknown number possibly being innocent civilians.[23]

text: Deaths caused by the American military[edit]

text: RJ Rummel estimated that American forces committed around 5,500 intentional democidal mass-killings between 1960 and 1972, from a range of between 4,000 and 10,000 killed in democide.[24] Benjamin Valentino attributes possibly 110,000–310,000 "counterguerrilla mass killings" to U.S. and South Vietnamese forces during the war.[25]

text: Estimates for the number of North Vietnamese civilian deaths resulting from US bombing range from 30,000–65,000.[26][3] Higher estimates place the number of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder at 182,000.[27] American bombing in Cambodia is estimated to have killed between 30,000 and 150,000 civilians and combatants.[25][28]

text: 18.2 million gallons of Agent Orange, some of which was contaminated with Dioxin, was sprayed by the U.S. military over more than 10% of Southern Vietnam,[31] as part of the U.S. herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. Vietnam's government claimed that 400,000 people were killed or maimed as a result of after effects, and that 500,000 children were born with birth defects.[32] The United States government has challenged these figures as being unreliable.[33]

text: Guenter Lewy estimates that around 220,000 civilians in South Vietnam were killed in US, ARVN and other allied land operations and miscounted as "enemy KIA".[34] For official US military operations reports, there are no established distinctions between enemy KIA and civilian KIA, since body counts was a direct measure of operational success often caused US "operations reports" to list civilians killed as enemy KIA.[35] The pressure to produce body counts as a measure of operational success often caused US "operations reports" to list civilians killed as enemy KIA[36] with one prominent example being the My Lai Massacre written off as an operational success.[37][38] It was assumed by US forces that, were an area is declared a free-fire zone that all individuals killed regardless of whether they were combatants or not, were considered enemy KIA.[39] This it is suggested explains the discrepancies between recovered weapons and body-count figures, alongside inflation.[34] Official operations reports rarely made a distinction between civilians killed and actual combatants, drastically inflating the numbers of "enemies killed" as it was directly tied to promotions and commendation.[40][38] At other times US-committed atrocities were often tied to or blamed on the NVA/VC to skirt punishment.[40] There are further claims made that when air-strikes or artillery were called in on villages, usually civilian casualties were reported as "enemies killed".[40][38] An alleged massacre in which the killed was reported as "enemy KIA" was the Thuy Bo massacre.

text: German historian Bernd Greiner mentions the following war crimes reported, and/or investigated by the Peers Commission and the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group, among other sources:[41]

text:
Seven massacres officially confirmed by the American side. My Lai (4) and My Khe (4) claimed the largest number of victims with 420 and 90 respectively, and in five other places altogether about 100 civilians were executed. The My Lai Massacre, where civilians killed were described as enemy combatants, was initially reported as a battlefield victory.[42] This was especially true when areas would be declare a free-fire zone. Victories were often based on body-counts, which resulted in further distortions of actual combatant deaths.[43]
Two further massacres were reported by soldiers who had taken part in them, one north of Đức Pho in Quảng Ngãi Province in the summer of 1968 (14 victims), another in Bình Định Province on 20 July 1969 (25 victims).
Tiger Force, a special operations force, murdered hundreds, possibly over a thousand, civilians.
In the course of large-scale operations an unknown number of non-combatants were killed either accidentally or deliberately – with the Army Inspector General estimating that more than 5,000 died in the course of Operation Speedy Express. Excluding deaths from artillery and air attacks, the total number of dead may have reached tens of thousands during the entire war.

text: According to the Information Bureau of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (PRG), between April 1968 and the end of 1970 American ground troops killed about 6,500 civilians in the course of twenty-one operations either on their own or alongside their allies. Three of the massacres reported on the American side were not mentioned on the PRG list.

text: Nick Turse, in his 2013 book, Kill Anything that Moves, argues that a relentless drive toward higher body counts, a widespread use of free-fire zones, rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as VC, and a widespread disdain for Vietnamese civilians led to massive civilian casualties and endemic war crimes inflicted by U.S. troops.[44] One example cited by Turse is Operation Speedy Express, an operation by the 9th Infantry Division, which was described by John Paul Vann as, in effect, "many My Lais".[44]

text: Air force captain, Brian Wilson, who carried out bomb-damage assessments in free-fire zones throughout the delta, saw the results firsthand. "It was the epitome of immorality...One of the times I counted bodies after an air strike—which always ended with two napalm bombs which would just fry everything that was left—I counted sixty-two bodies. In my report I described them as so many women between fifteen and twenty-five and so many children—usually in their mothers' arms or very close to them—and so many old people." When he later read the official tally of dead, he found that it listed them as 130 VC killed.[45]

text: Deaths caused by the South Korean military[edit]

text: 2nd Marine Brigade reportedly conducted the Binh Tai Massacre on 9 October 1966.[47] In December 1966, the Blue Dragon Brigade reportedly conducted the Bình Hòa massacre.[48] In addition is the Bình An/Tây Vinh massacre. The Second Marine Brigade conducted the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre on 12 February 1968.[49][50] South Korean Marines purportedly conducted the Hà My massacre on 25 February 1968.[51] According to a study conducted in 1968 by a Quaker-funded Vietnamese-speaking American couple, Diane and Michael Jones, there were at least 12 mass-killings conducted by South Korean forces which approached the scale of the My Lai Massacre with reports of thousands of routine murders on civilians primarily the elderly, women and children.[52][53]  A separate study by a RAND Corporation employee Terry Rambo conducted interviews in 1970 in ARVN/civilian areas on reported Korean atrocities.[54] Widespread reports of deliberate mass-killings were reported to have occurred, alleging that these were systemic, deliberate policies to massacre civilians with murders running into the hundreds.[54] These policies are also reported by US commanders, with one US Marine General stating "whenever the Korean marines received fire "or think (they got) fired on from a village ... they'd divert from their march and go over and completely level the village ... it would be a lesson to (the Vietnamese)."[55]  Another Marine commander Gen. Robert E. Cushman Jr. added, "we had a big problem with atrocities attributed to them, which I sent on down to Saigon." [55] Investigations by Korean civic groups have alleged there were at-least 9000 civilian massacres committed by ROK forces.[56]

text: Army of the Republic of Vietnam[edit]

text: The ARVN suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths.[57] According to Guenter Lewy, the ARVN suffered between 171,331 and 220,357 deaths during the war.[11][21]:106 R.J. Rummel estimated that ARVN lost between 219,000 and 313,000 deaths during the war including in 1975 and prior to 1960.[17]

text:
Year
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Total (1960-1974)

ARVN combat deaths[58]
2,223
4,004
4,457
5,665
7,457
11,242
11,953
12,716
27,915
21,833
23,346
22,738
39,587
27,901
31,219
254,256

text: North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military deaths[edit]

text: RJ Rummel estimates 1,011,000 PAVN/VC combatant deaths.[59] The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974. Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent. For this figure, Guenter Lewy assumes that one-third of the reported enemy killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of the VC and PAVN military forces was probably closer to 444,000.[11]

text: According to the Vietnamese government's national survey and assessment of war casualties, there were 849,018 PAVN/VC military personnel dead or missing, including combat death and non-combat death, from the period between 1955 and 1975. It is unclear whether or not this figure includes the 300-330,000 PAVN/VC missing in action.[60] One third of the deaths of the VC/NVA were non-combat deaths.[60] Across all three wars including the First Indochina War and the Third Indochina War there was a total of 1,146,250 military deaths: 191,605 in the First Indochina War, 849,018 in the Second Indochina War (Vietnam War), and 105,627 in the Third Indochina War.[60]

text: The Phoenix Program, a counterinsurgency program executed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), United States special operations forces, and the Republic of Vietnam's security apparatus, killed 26,369 suspected of being VC operatives and informants.[61][62]

text: Historian Christian Appy states "search and destroy was the principal tactic; and the enemy body count was the primary measure of progress" in the US strategy of attrition. Search and destroy was a term to describe operations aimed at flushing the Viet Cong out of hiding, while body count was the measuring stick for operation success. Competitions were held between units for the highest number of Vietnamese killed. U.S. Army and marine officers knew that promotions were largely based on confirmed kills. The pressure to produce confirmed kills resulted in massive fraud. One of the most thorough studies found that American commanders exaggerated body counts by 100 percent. Furthermore there was little distinction made between armed combatants, neutral civilians and unarmed individuals for "enemy KIA".[63]

text: Author Mark Woodruff noted that when the Vietnamese Government finally revealed its actual losses in April 1995 as being 1.1 million dead, US body count figures had actually .[64]

text: United States armed forces[edit]

text: Casualties as of 31 May 2018:

text:
58,318 KIA or non-combat deaths (including the missing & deaths in captivity)[65]
153,303 WIA (excluding 150,332 persons not requiring hospital care)[66]
1,597 MIA (originally 2,646)[67]
766–778 POW (652–662 freed/escaped*,[68][69] 114–116 died in captivity)[68][70]

text: Note: *One escapee died of wounds sustained during his rescue 15 days later.[71]

text: During the Vietnam War, 30% of wounded service members died of their wounds.[72] 30-35% of American deaths in the war were non-combat or friendly fire deaths; the largest causes of death in the U.S. armed forces were small arms fire (31.8%), booby traps including mines and frags (27.4%), and aircraft crashes (14.7%).[73]

text: Disproportion of African American casualties[edit]

text: Blacks suffered disproportionately high casualty rates in Vietnam. In 1965 alone they comprised almost one out of every four combat deaths.[74][75] With the draft increasing due to the troop buildup in South Vietnam, the military significantly lowered its admission standards. In October 1966, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara initiated Project 100,000 which further lowered military standards for 100,000 additional draftees per year. McNamara claimed this program would provide valuable training, skills and opportunity to America's poor – a promise that was never carried out. Many black men who had previously been ineligible could now be drafted, along with many poor and racially intolerant white men from the southern states.[76][77]  The number of US military personnel in Vietnam jumped from 23,300 in 1965 to 465,600 by the end of 1967. Between October 1966 and June 1969, 246,000 soldiers were recruited through Project 100,000, of whom 41% were black, while blacks only made up about 11% of the population of the US.[76] Of the 27 million draft-age men between 1964 and 1973, 40% were drafted into military service, and only 10% were actually sent to Vietnam. This group was made up almost entirely of either work-class or rural youth. College students who did not avoid the draft were generally sent to non-combat and service roles or made officers, while high school drop-outs and the working class were sent into combat roles.  Blacks often made up a disproportionate 25% to 80% or more of combat units, while constituting only 12% of the military.[74][78]

text: Civil rights leaders including Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, John Lewis, Muhammad Ali, and others, criticized the racial disparity in both casualties and representation in the entire military, prompting the Pentagon to order cutbacks in the number of African Americans in combat positions. Commander George L. Jackson said, "In response to this criticism, the Department of Defense took steps to readjust force levels in order to achieve an equitable proportion and employment of Negroes in Vietnam." The Army instigated myriad reforms, addressed issues of discrimination and prejudice from the post exchanges to the lack of black officers, and introduced "Mandatory Watch And Action Committees" into each unit. This resulted in a dramatic decrease in the proportion of black casualties, and by late 1967, black casualties had fallen to 13%, and were below 10% in 1970 to 1972.[76][79] As a result, by the war's completion, total black casualties averaged 12.5% of US combat deaths, approximately equal to percentage of draft-eligible black men, though still slightly higher than the 10% who served in the military.[79]

text: Specific incidents[edit]

text:
2,800–6,000 civilians were reportedly killed by the PAVN/VC forces in the Massacre at Huế throughout February 1968.[82]
66 civilians were reportedly killed by South Korean forces in Binh Tai Massacre on October 9, 1966.[83]
1,004 to 1,2000 civilians were reportedly killed by South Korean forces in the Bình An/Tây Vinh massacre[84].
430 civilians were reportedly killed by South Korean forces in Bình Hòa massacre between December 3 and December 6, 1966.[48]
79 civilians were killed by South Korean forces in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre massacre on 12 February 1968.
135 civilians were reportedly killed by South Korean forces in Hà My massacre on 25 February 1968.
More than 500 civilians were killed by the US Army during the My Lai Massacre on 16 March 1968.[80][85]
19 civilians killed by US forces 8 February 1968 in Quảng Nam Province.[86]
80–90 civilians killed by US forces 16 March 1968, at My Khe.[87]
A Newsweek journalist claimed an unnamed official told him that an estimated 5,000 civilians died as "collateral damage" from the American military during Operation Speedy Express.[88]
Almost 252 Degar civilians were killed by the VC in the Đắk Sơn massacre on 5 December 1967.[89]
More than 25,000 South Vietnamese civilians were killed and almost a million become temporary refugees, with over 600,000 interned in South Vietnamese Government camps as a result of North Vietnam's 1972 Easter Offensive.[90]
At least 81 civilians were killed by Tiger Force in the Song Ve Valley during Operation Wheeler/Wallowa.[91]

text: Aftereffects[edit]

text: Unexploded ordnance especially bombs dropped by the United States, continue to detonate and kill people today. The Vietnamese government claims that unexploded ordnance has killed some 42,000 people since the war officially ended.[92][93] In 2012 alone, unexploded bombs and other ordnance claimed 500 casualties in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, according to activists and government databases. The United States has spent over $65 million since 1998 in an attempt to make Vietnam safe.[94]

text: Agent Orange and similar chemical substances, have also caused a considerable number of deaths and injuries over the years, including the US Air Force crew that handled them. The government of Vietnam says that 4 million of its citizens were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as 3 million have suffered illnesses because of it; these figures include the children of people who were exposed.[95] The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to contaminated Agent Orange.[96]

text: On 9 August 2012, the United States and Vietnam began a cooperative cleaning up of the toxic chemical on part of Da Nang International Airport, marking the first time Washington has been involved in cleaning up Agent Orange in Vietnam. Da Nang was the primary storage site of the chemical. Two other cleanup sites the United States and Vietnam are looking at is Biên Hòa Air Base, in the southern province of Đồng Nai – a 'hotspot' for dioxin – and Phù Cát Air Base in Bình Định Province, says U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam David Shear. According to the Vietnamese newspaper Nhân Dân, the U.S. government is providing $41 million to the project, which will reduce the contamination level in 73,000 m3 of soil by late 2016.[97]

text: Other nations' casualties[edit]

text: Cambodian Civil War

text: 275,000–310,000 killed[98][99][100]

text: Laotian Civil War

text: 20,000–62,000 killed[4]

text: Military[edit]

text: South Korea

text:
5,099 Killed in action
14,232 wounded
4 missing in action[101]

text: Australia

text:
426 killed in action, 74 died of other causes[102]
3,129 wounded[102]
6 missing in action (all accounted for and repatriated)[103]

text: Thailand

text:
351 killed in action[101][104]
1,358 wounded

text: New Zealand

text:
37 killed in action + 2 Civilians[105][106]
187 wounded

text: Philippines

text:
9 killed in action[107]
64 wounded[107]

text: Republic Of China (Taiwan)

text: 25 killed in action

text: People's Republic Of China

text: 1,446 killed in action[108]

text: Soviet Union

text: Great Britain


document_title: List of Cleveland Browns seasons

question_text: when was the cleveland browns last winning season

root

text: List of Cleveland Browns seasons

text: The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) when the league was founded in 1946. From 1946 to 1949, the Browns won each of the league's four championships. The National Football League (NFL) does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships; however, the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the team's championships, which is reflected in this list. When the AAFC folded in 1949, the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950. The Browns went on to win three NFL championships, nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s, and won one more NFL championship in 1964. The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl, however. Overall, the team has won eight championships: four in the AAFC, and four in the NFL.

tag: p

text: In 1996, then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland, Ohio to Baltimore, Maryland. An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team's history, name and colors in Cleveland, while Modell's new team would be regarded as an expansion team. The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996, and the Browns would return to the league in 1999. For record-keeping purposes, the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, which is reflected in this list.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
For a complete team history, see History of the Cleveland Browns.
The finish, wins, losses and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any post-season results. They are combined only at the bottom of this list.

tag: ul

text:
AAFC champions[1] (1946–1949)
NFL champions (1950–1969)
Super Bowl champions[2] (1970–present)
Conference champions
Division champions
Wild Card berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season results
Post-season results
Awards

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

All-America Football Conference

1946
1946
AAFC

Western
1st
12
2
0
Won AAFC championship (1) (Yankees 14–9)

1947
1947
AAFC

Western
1st
12
1
1
Won AAFC championship (2) (Yankees 14–3)

1948
1948
AAFC

Western
1st
14
0
0
Won AAFC championship (3) (Bills 49–7)

1949
1949
AAFC

1st
9
1
2
Won AAFC playoff game (Bills 31–21)
Won AAFC championship (4) (49ers 21–7)
Paul Brown (COY)

National Football League (1950–1995; 1999–present)

1950
1950
NFL
American

T-1st[3]
10
2
0
Won Conference Playoffs (Giants 8–3)
Won NFL Championship (5) (L.A. Rams 30–28)

1951
1951
NFL
American

1st
11
1
0
Lost NFL Championship (L.A. Rams 17–24)
Paul Brown (COY)
Otto Graham (MVP)

1952
1952
NFL
American

1st
8
4
0
Lost NFL Championship (Lions 7–17)

1953
1953
NFL
Eastern

1st
11
1
0
Lost NFL Championship (Lions 16–17)
Paul Brown (COY)
Otto Graham (MVP)

1954
1954
NFL
Eastern

1st
9
3
0
Won NFL Championship (6) (Lions 56–10)

1955
1955
NFL
Eastern

1st
9
2
1
Won NFL Championship (7) (L.A. Rams 38–14)
Otto Graham (MVP)

1956
1956
NFL
Eastern

T-4th[4]
5
7
0

1957
1957
NFL
Eastern

1st
9
2
1
Lost NFL Championship (Lions 14–59)
Paul Brown (COY)
Jim Brown (MVP, ROY)

1958
1958
NFL
Eastern

T-1st[5]
9
3
0
Lost Conference Playoffs (Giants 0–10)
Jim Brown (MVP)

1959
1959
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd[6]
7
5
0

1960
1960
NFL
Eastern

2nd
8
3
1

1961
1961
NFL
Eastern

3rd
8
5
1

1962
1962
NFL
Eastern

3rd
7
6
1

1963
1963
NFL
Eastern

2nd
10
4
0

Jim Brown (BBA, MVP)

1964
1964
NFL
Eastern

1st
10
3
1
Won NFL Championship (8)[7] (B. Colts 27–0)

1965
1965
NFL
Eastern

1st
11
3
0
Lost NFL Championship (Packers 12–23)
Jim Brown (MVP, MVP)

1966
1966
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd[8]
9
5
0

1967
1967
NFL
Eastern
Century
1st
9
5
0
Lost Conference Championship (Cowboys 14–52)

1968
1968
NFL
Eastern
Century
1st
10
4
0
Won Conference Championship (Cowboys 20–31)
Lost NFL Championship (B. Colts 34–0)
Leroy Kelly (MVP)

1969
1969
NFL
Eastern
Century
1st
10
3
1
Won Conference Championship (Cowboys 38–14)
Lost NFL Championship (Vikings 7–27)

1970
1970
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
7
7
0

1971
1971
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
9
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Colts 3–20)

1972
1972
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
10
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Dolphins 14–20)

1973
1973
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
5
2

1974
1974
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
4
10
0

1975
1975
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
3
11
0

1976
1976
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
9
5
0

Forrest Gregg (COY)

1977
1977
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
6
8
0

1978[9]
1978
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
8
8
0

1979
1979
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
9
7
0

Sam Rutigliano (COY)

1980
1980
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
11
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Raiders 12–14)[10]
Sam Rutigliano (COY)
Brian Sipe (MVP, MVP, POY)

1981
1981
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
5
11
0

1982[11]
1982
NFL
AFC

8th
4
5
0
Lost First Round Playoffs (L.A. Raiders 10–27)
Chip Banks (Def. ROY)

1983
1983
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
9
7
0

1984
1984
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
5
11
0

1985
1985
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
8
8
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Dolphins 21–24)
Kevin Mack (ROY)

1986
1986
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Jets 23–20) (2 OT)
Lost Conference Championship[12] (Broncos 20–23)
Marty Schottenheimer (COY)

1987[13]
1987
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
10
5
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Colts 38–21)
Lost Conference Championship[14] (Broncos 33–38)

1988
1988
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd[15]
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers 23–24)

1989
1989
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
9
6
1
Won Divisional Playoffs (Bills 34–30)
Lost Conference Championship[16] (Broncos 21–37)
Michael Dean Perry (Def. POY)

1990
1990
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
3
13
0

1991
1991
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
6
10
0

1992
1992
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
9
0

1993
1993
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
9
0

1994
1994
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Patriots 20–13)
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Steelers 9–29)

1995
1995
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
5
11
0

1996
Inactive from 1996–1998

1997

1998

1999
1999
NFL
AFC
Central
6th
2
14
0

2000
2000
NFL
AFC
Central
6th
3
13
0

2001
2001
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd[17]
7
9
0

2002
2002
NFL
AFC
North
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Steelers 33–36)

2003
2003
NFL
AFC
North
4th
5
11
0

2004
2004
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2005
2005
NFL
AFC
North
4th[18]
6
10
0

2006
2006
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2007
2007
NFL
AFC
North
2nd[19]
10
6
0

2008
2008
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2009
2009
NFL
AFC
North
4th
5
11
0

2010
2010
NFL
AFC
North
3rd
5
11
0

2011
2011
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2012
2012
NFL
AFC
North
4th
5
11
0

2013
2013
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2014
2014
NFL
AFC
North
4th
7
9
0

2015
2015
NFL
AFC
North
4th
3
13
0

2016
2016
NFL
AFC
North
4th
1
15
0

Totals
4 AAFC Championships
4 NFL Championships
12 Conference Titles
9 NFL Division Titles

47
4
3
All-America Football Conference regular season results[20]

5
0
0
AAFC post-season results

462
466
10
National Football League regular season results[20]

11
20
0
NFL post-season results[20]

525
490
13
AAFC and NFL regular and post-season results

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The NFL does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships. For the purposes of this list, however, they are included in final totals.
Jump up ^ The Browns are one of only four teams to have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The other three teams are the Detroit Lions, the Houston Texans, and the Jacksonville Jaguars.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1950 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 10–2–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Browns won, 8–3.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1956 season, the Browns and the Steelers ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1958 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 9–3–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Giants shut the Browns out 10–0.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1959 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ The Browns' championship win in 1964 is the second most recent championship won by any sports team from the Cleveland area. The most recent being the Cleveland Cavaliers Championship win over the Golden State Warriors in 2016.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1966 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 9–5 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.
Jump up ^ This game involved the play Red Right 88 in its final minutes.
Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.
Jump up ^ The 1987 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Drive, in which quarterback John Elway, over the span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds, lead the Broncos on a 98-yard drive to tie the game with 37 seconds remaining in regulation. The Broncos won the game in overtime with a field goal, 23–20.
Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.
Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble, in which, while on a potentially game-winning drive, the Browns' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3-yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock. The Broncos recovered the ball, allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety, and won the game, 38–33.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1988 season, the Browns and the Oilers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ The 1990 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos marked the third time in four years that John Elway defeated Bernie Kosar and the Browns in the AFC championship game.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2001 season, the Browns and the Titans ended the season with identical 7–9 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2005 season, the Browns and the Ravens ended the season with identical 6–10 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Baltimore finished ahead of Cleveland based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2007 season, the Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, the Steelers finished ahead of the Browns based on winning both games against the Browns during the season.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cleveland Browns Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved 14 January 2017.

tag: ol


document_title: Maggie and the Ferocious Beast

question_text: when did maggie and the ferocious beast end

text: Maggie and the Ferocious Beast

text: Plot[edit]

text: A young girl named Maggie creates her own map of an imaginary world known as "Nowhere Land" that, in reality, takes the characters nowhere. She imagines that characters Beast and Hamilton Hocks are her friends.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Maggie (voiced by Kristen Bone) is a five-year-old girl and the human protagonist of the show. She is Hamilton's and the Beast's best friend. They both look up to Maggie very much and always turn to her for advice. Maggie is the leader of the group and is always there to be the compassionate voice of reason to her dear friends.
The Ferocious Beast (voiced by Stephen Ouimette) does not appear very scary or ferocious, however, he can shout louder than anybody. He is yellow, with big red removable spots, and three horns on his head. His favorite catchphrase is "Great googly moogly!", which he says several times per episode. In "Hide And Go Beast", it is shown that he is allergic to pollen. He is just a big softie, despite his bold appearance. Beast loves pumpkins, which is convenient since there is an impressive pumpkin patch in Nowhere Land. As a matter of fact, Beast loves pretty much any kind of food, including Hamilton's cooking and is almost always hungry. He even loves baths. Maggie and Hamilton are his best friends. He wears multi-colored Galoshes which he pronounces as "Goo-lashes". Hamilton always corrects him about the pronunciation, but he does not believe him.
Hamilton Hocks (voiced by Michael Caruana) is a pig who can be bossy and quite fussy, but he has a warm heart. He lives inside a portable cardboard box which he loves, is the best cook in Nowhere Land, and is a total clean freak. Hamilton's most prized possessions are his beautiful "H" sweater and his cardboard box. Maggie and the Beast are his best friends.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Rudy the Mouse: Rudy is a cheese-loving mouse who lives in a large wheel of Swiss cheese in a part of Nowhere Land called Cheese Town. It is revealed in one episode that Rudy's hat and boots do not come off because they are glued to him. Strangely enough, this character started off with the name Pippy but was renamed by the writers soon after for some reason.
Nedley the Rabbit: Nedley speaks in rhymes. He says rhymes almost all through every episode that he appears in, but sometimes he talks normally a little bit before starting his rhyme again. Nedley lives in a rabbit hole next to his carrot patch in Nowhere Land.
The Moo Sisters: They are the three cows who live in a part of Nowhere Land called Mooville. They love to sing and do it often. They are sisters and their names are Mavis, Millicent, and Marge.
Mr. Moon: He is the only non-human and non-animal character in the episode, "Blue Moon". He is usually grumpy because people say he is made of green cheese.
The Kindly Giant: The Kindly Giant is not at all scary but instead kind-hearted. The others are scared at first but they soon get used to him and they sometimes go to him for advice or a favor. He refers to Maggie, Hamilton and the Beast as "little ones." He owns a garden full of fruit and vegetables, of which he always lets the ever-hungry Beast scarf up a giant blueberry or two. His face is never shown and he only appears in a few episodes. He is big and strong. Even the Beast seems small compared to the giant. The Kindly Giant lives in an area of Nowhere Land where all the fruits and vegetables are giant sized. Usually, only his shoes and ankles are seen due to his largeness.
The Dream Sheep: White sheep that make "baa" noises. They are occasionally up in the clouds.
The Jellybean Team: They are a group of seven jellybeans. There is a red one, orange one, yellow one, purple one, black one and two green ones. They are small, of course, but have big personalities. They also tend to argue with each other a lot because they all think they are more important than each other.
The Triplets: Maggie's baby cousins (Zack, Max, and Oscar). They only appear in four episodes, "One Two Three", "Home of the Kindly Giant", "The New Rubber Ball", and "Which Way Did They Go?".
Big Duck: A large duck with white feathers who lives in a river. She is the focus of the episode "The Big Duck" and appears in the series' theme song.
Reggie Van Beast: Beast's cousin. His coloring is the inverse of Beast's, being red with yellow spots, and he wears a monocle. He is rather stuck-up and rude, and never really seems to enjoy anything that Beast and his friends want to do. He also often speaks in rhymes, similar to Nedley. He first appeared in "Guess Who's Coming to Visit".

text: Production[edit]

text: The theme song for the show is "Maggie and the Ferocious Beast in Nowhere Land," which is an original song by Isabella Molley. Maggie and the Ferocious Beast is produced by Nelvana and directed by Jamie Whitney and Stuart Shankly. The series debuted in 2000 and the series aired its last episode in 2002. The show was distributed by Nelvana, which owned the distribution rights. In the UK, the show was dubbed with British voice actors, replacing the original Canadian soundtrack.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
August 26, 2000 (2000-08-26)
September 5, 2000 (2000-09-05)

2
13
April 7, 2001 (2001-04-07)
October 7, 2001 (2001-10-07)

3
13
March 9, 2002 (2002-03-09)
June 9, 2002 (2002-06-09)

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Canada, Maggie and the Ferocious Beast aired on Teletoon and Treehouse TV. In the United States, it aired on Nickelodeon as part of its Nick Jr. block from June 5, 2000 to September 3, 2004 and American children's channel Noggin (now Nick Jr.) from April 7, 2003 until September 27, 2009 when Noggin was re-branded as Nick Jr. and continued to rerun until October 30, 2010.


document_title: Pinky and the Brain

question_text: who does the voice of brain in pinky and the brain

text: Pinky and the Brain

text: Premise[edit]

text: Many of the Pinky and the Brain episodes occur in the 1990s at Acme Labs, located in some large American city underneath a suspension bridge. Several episodes take place in historical times, with Pinky and the Brain in the laboratory of some scientifically-minded person, including Merlin,[2] H.G. Wells,[3] and Ivan Pavlov.[4] There is very little continuity between episodes outside of the common fixtures of the mice, though some plans for world domination from early episodes are subsequently referred to in later seasons (for example, Brain's "human suit" used in "Win Big"[5] reappears when Brain faces his rival Snowball in "Snowball").[6]

text: The bulk of every episode involves one of Brain's plans for world domination with Pinky's assistance and the ultimate failure of that plan, with some exceptions. One centers on Snowball's plan to take over the world using Microsponge (a parody of Microsoft).[6] Another episode features Brain's single day where he tries to do anything but take over the world: in the end, a group of people vote that he should take over the world on the one day he does not want to.[7]

text: Both Pinky and the Brain, white mice kept as part of Acme Labs' experimentation, have undergone significant genetic alteration; per the show's title lyrics, "their genes have been spliced" which gives the two mice amplified intelligence over that of a typical mouse, the ability to talk to humans, and anthropomorphism. "Project B.R.A.I.N." suggests that the gene splicing occurred on September 9, 1995,[8] which is coincident to the first full episode of Pinky and the Brain. The episode "Brainwashed" states that the gene splicing was done by Dr. Mordough, along with Snowball the hamster and Precious the cat, using the Acme "Gene Splicer, Bagel Warmer, and Hot Dog Steamer."[9]

text: Although Pinky and the Brain plan to conquer the world, they do not show much animosity. In a Christmas special Pinky even wrote to Santa that Brain had the world's best interests at heart.[10]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally Aired

First Aired
Last Aired

1
13
September 9, 1995 (1995-09-09)
May 12, 1996 (1996-05-12)

2
12
September 7, 1996 (1996-09-07)
May 17, 1997 (1997-05-17)

3
33
September 8, 1997 (1997-09-08)
May 16, 1998 (1998-05-16)

4
7
September 14, 1998 (1998-09-14)
November 14, 1998 (1998-11-14)

text: Characters[edit]

text: The Brain[edit]

text: The Brain (voiced by Maurice LaMarche) looks and sounds a little like Orson Welles. In "What Ever Happened to Baby Brain", Brain actually crosses paths with Welles (voiced by Jim Cummings), who is working as a busboy in a Hollywood restaurant; they find themselves inadvertently yelling in unison, "Things will be different when I take over the world!" In "Project B.R.A.I.N." Brain's name is the backronym for the eponymous project: "Biological Recombinant Algorithmic Intelligence Nexus".[8] His tail is curly and bent —he often uses it to pick the lock of the cage—and his head is large and wide, housing his abnormally large brain. He is highly intelligent and develops complex plans for global domination using politics, cultural references, and his own inventions toward his goal. He seems coldly unemotional, speaking in a snarky deadpan. Nevertheless, Brain has a subtle sense of humor and has even fallen in love; with Trudie in the episode "The Third Mouse" and with Billie in "The World Can Wait".[11] Due to his stature and megalomania, Brain has been compared to Don Quixote[12] and a pop culture depiction of Napoleon Bonaparte.[13]

text: Brain sees his inevitable rise to power as good for the world, and not mere megalomania. In Wakko's Wish, he said to Pinky "We're on our way to fame, fortune and a world that's a better place for all." Many of the Brain's plots had the endgame of winning over the people's hearts and having them make him their ruler. However, his motives are not pure. In one episode, Brain finds himself hypnotized by a psychologist he had planned to manipulate for one of his schemes, who turns out to be none other than Sigmund Freud. There Brain reveals that he originally lived with his parents in a tin can at the base of a tree in a large field. When he was young, ACME researchers captured Brain and took him from his home, and the last he saw of it was a picture of the world on the side of the can. Dr. Freud speculates that Brain's hunger to take over the world is misplaced, and that all he really wants is to go back home to his parents.[14] According to the creators, Brain wants to take over the world not for the sake of being a dictator, like his rival Snowball, but because he believes that he could do a much better job of it than the people currently in charge. Brain has even helped save the world by doing everything in his power to prevent Snowball's evil schemes, knowing that a world under Snowball's rule would be the worst-case scenario.

text: Pinky[edit]

text: Pinky (voiced by Rob Paulsen) is another genetically modified mouse who shares the same cage as Brain at Acme Labs. Although intelligent in his own right, Pinky is an extremely unstable and hyperactive mouse. He has several verbal tics, such as "narf", "zort", "poit", and "troz" (the last of which he started saying after noticing it was "zort in the mirror"). Pinky's appearance is the complete opposite of Brain's—while Brain is short, has a crooked tail and pink eyes, and speaks in a deeper, more eloquent manner, Pinky has a straight tail, blue eyes, and a severe overbite, is taller than the Brain, and speaks in a higher pitched voice with a Cockney accent. Pinky's name was inadvertently given to him by Brain himself: when insulting the two scientists responsible for their gene splicing while talking to himself, Brain claimed the scientists had "less knowledge in both their heads than I do in my... pinky!" Pinky then responded with "Yes?", believing Brain was referring to him.[8]

text: Pinky is more open-minded, kinder, and happier than the Brain. Troubles never ruin his day, arguably because he is too scatter-brained to notice them. He steadfastly helps Brain toward world domination, even though Brain usually berates, belittles, and abuses him. Pinky actually seems to enjoy this, laughing after he is hit. He is obsessed with trivia, spending a lot of time watching television in the lab and following popular culture fads. Sometimes Pinky even finds non-rational solutions to problems. An entire episode (entitled "The Pinky P.O.V.") even shows a typical night of attempted world domination from his point of view, showing his thought process and how he comes to the strange, seemingly nonsensical responses to the Brain's famous question, "Are you pondering what I'm pondering?" Pinky often points out flaws in the Brain's plans, which the Brain consistently ignores. The issues Pinky brings up can ironically lead to the downfall of the given night's plot.

text: He is also arguably Brain's moral compass and only real friend. When Pinky sold his soul to get Brain the world in "A Pinky and the Brain Halloween", Brain saved him because he missed him and the world was not worth ruling without him. Pinky also has shown signs of intelligence despite his supposed childish stupidity. In "Welcome to the Jungle", Pinky was able to survive using his instincts and become a leader to Brain, who, despite his intelligence, could not survive in the wild on his own. And in "The Pink Candidate", when Pinky became President, he later began citing various constitutional amendments and legal problems that would bar Brain from his latest plot to take over the world. When Brain attempted to pressure him into helping, Pinky refused, claiming that the plan "goes against everything I've come to stand for."

text: Other recurring characters[edit]

text:
Snowball the hamster (voiced by Roddy McDowall) is Brain's former friend who was also made intelligent by gene splicing and has a similar desire for world conquest (though far more malevolent than Brain's) which Pinky and the Brain are sometimes forced to stop.[6]
Billie (voiced by Tress MacNeille) is a female mouse and another result of gene splicing. She is smarter than Brain and also has the goal of world domination.[11] Though Brain loves her, she fancies Pinky. In the episode "You'll Never Eat Food Pellets In This Town Again", it is revealed that Brain is married to Billie (who in real life is Sheila, and hates playing Billie), who pretty much only agreed because he's famous, and eventually kicks him out and makes Brain live in his restaurant. It is later revealed that the events were just a dream.
Pharfignewton (voiced by Frank Welker) is a racing mare, with whom Pinky falls in love.[15]
Larry (voiced by Billy West) is a white mouse[16][17] who was created as a response to demands from Kids WB executives to include additional characters on the show.[18] His presence is sporadic as the writers of the show believed that including an additional character would ruin the chemistry between Pinky and The Brain, as they worked best as a comedy duo, and a third character would therefore be out of place and unnecessary to the plot. To further drive this point home, Larry's first appearance was marked by a modified version of the theme song with the name "Larry!" shoehorned in between existing lyrics.

text: Other characters that have appeared on the show have included both of Brain's[19] and Pinky's parents[20] and the pair's "child", "Roman Numeral I" (Romy for short) who was a result of a cloning mistake. Episodes also include recurring caricatures of celebrities, including both Bill and Hillary Clinton, David Letterman, Dick Clark, Drew Carey, Ryan Stiles, Kathy Kinney, J. D. Wilkes, Paul Gilmartin, Annabelle Gurwitch, Don Rickles, Michael Keaton. Eric and Donny from Too Something, "Macho Man" Randy Savage, The Allman Brothers Band, David Cross, Jack Black, Chris Shiflett, and Christopher Walken, as was common on other Animaniacs cartoons.

text: Creation and inspiration[edit]

text: Pinky and the Brain was inspired by the peculiar personalities of two producers of Tom Ruegger's Tiny Toon Adventures colleagues, artist Eddie Fitzgerald and Tom Minton, respectively.[21] Ruegger wondered what would happen if Minton and Fitzgerald tried to take over the world. Fitzgerald (who has also worked on Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and The Ren and Stimpy Show) is said to have constantly said "Narf" and "Egad" around the Tiny Toons production office.[21] The gag credit for the Tiny Toon Adventures episode "You Asked For It" credits Eddie Fitzgerald as "Guy Who Says 'Narf'".[22] Series producer Peter Hastings described Eddie by saying, "He always greeted you like you were wearing a funny hat – and he liked it."[23] The Fitzgerald/Minton connection to Pinky and the Brain is shown in the episode "The Pinky and the Brain Reunion Special".[17] Two characters shown as writers for Pinky and the Brain cartoons within the short are caricatures of Fitzgerald and Minton.[24]

text: While Ruegger initially based The Brain after Minton, the Welles connection came from Maurice LaMarche, a big fan of the actor/director, who had supplied the voice for Orson Welles in the 1994 movie Ed Wood. LaMarche stated that on coming in to audition for the character of the Brain, he saw the resemblance to Welles and went with that for the voice, and he was given the role on the spot.[25] LaMarche describes Brain's voice as "65% Orson Welles, 35% Vincent Price".[26] Brain's similarity to Orson Welles was made explicit in the Animaniacs episode "Yes, Always", which was based upon an outtake from one of Welles' television commercials, colloquially known as Frozen Peas, in which he ranted about the poor quality of the script. This cartoon was described by writer Peter Hastings as "a $250,000 inside joke": LaMarche used excerpts from it as sound check material before recording episodes, and Hastings took it to its logical conclusion.[27] The series also alluded to Welles with an episode in which Brain took on the mind-clouding powers of a radio character called "The Fog": a parody of The Shadow, a popular radio character for which Welles once provided the voice.[28] Other Welles allusions included the episode "The Third Mouse", a parody of The Third Man in which the Brain played the part of Welles' character Harry Lime (with Pinky as Holly Martins),[29] and "Battle for the Planet", in which Brain, inspired by Welles' infamous War of the Worlds radio broadcast and the hysteria it provoked, stages an alien invasion on television. A caricature of Orson Welles appears in a late episode of the series ("What Ever Happened to Baby Brain"), echoing a rant of the Brain's and introducing himself afterwards.[30]

text: Paulsen had already been selected to voice Pinky as he was already voicing Yakko Warner for Animaniacs.[25] Paulsen, taking inspiration from British comedies such as Monty Python's Flying Circus, The Goon Show, and Peter Sellers, gave Pinky a "a goofy whack job" of a British accent for the character.[25]

text: The episode "Win Big"[5] was the very first Pinky and the Brain segment. It was developed for Animaniacs, written by Ruegger with a script by Peter Hastings, and directed by Rusty Mills. According to Ruegger, most of the elements that would become part of Pinky and the Brain can be found in Hastings's original script. It held many dialog bits that became conventions of the entire series,[21] including Brain's "Are you pondering what I'm pondering?", Pinky's "Oh...wait no" in response to a plan, and Pinky's final question, "What are we doing tomorrow night?"

text: Production[edit]

text: Producers[edit]

text: As with Animaniacs, Steven Spielberg was the executive producer during the entire run, Tom Ruegger was the senior producer, Jean MacCurdy was the executive in charge of production, and Andrea Romano was the voice director. Peter Hastings, Rusty Mills and Liz Holzman produced the show when it was spun off from Animaniacs, as well as the season it ran primetime on the WB. After the first season Hastings left the show and Mills took over as the supervising producer.

text: Writing[edit]

text: The original Pinky and the Brain shorts on Animaniacs were written primarily by Peter Hastings. Upon moving into its own show, the writing staff included Gordon Bressack, Charles M. Howell IV, Earl Kress, Wendell Morris, and Tom Sheppard. Comedian Alex Borstein was also a staff writer, years before her fame on MADTV and Family Guy. Classic Warner Bros. cartoon director Norm McCabe also wrote for the show.

text: Voice actors[edit]

text: Pinky and the Brain were voiced by Rob Paulsen and Maurice LaMarche, respectively. The series also used the work of many of the same voice actors for Animaniacs including Tress MacNeille, Jess Harnell, Frank Welker, Nancy Cartwright, Janet Waldo and Jeff Bennett. Celebrities such as Roddy McDowall, Nora Dunn, Townsend Coleman, Ernest Borgnine, Eric Idle, Dick Clark, Ed McMahon, Steve Allen, Joyce Brothers, Gavin MacLeod, John Tesh, Michael McKean, Garry Marshall, Mark Hamill, James Belushi and Steven Spielberg have all performed guest voice work for the series as well.[31] Cree Summer has also voiced characters in Pinky and the Brain and reprised her role as Elmyra during Pinky, Elmyra, and The Brain.

text: Music[edit]

text: As with Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain was scored by a team of talented composers, led by Emmy-Award winning composer Richard Stone. This team included Steven Bernstein and Julie Bernstein, who also orchestrated and sometimes conducted the 40-piece orchestra. The recordings were done on Stage A on the Warner Bros lot, the same stage (and with the same piano) where Carl Stalling recorded his Looney Tunes music. The theme music for Pinky and the Brain was composed by Richard Stone with lyrics by Tom Ruegger.[21]

text: Two versions of the opening sequence and theme, with slightly different lyrics, were used during Animaniacs shorts. In the first version, Yakko, Wakko, and Dot (voiced respectively by Paulsen, Harnell, and MacNeille) popped up in the lab and sang the theme while letting the two mice out of their cage. The second, later version had the singers off-camera as the Brain picked the lock on the cage door with a small needle to free himself and Pinky. On the Pinky and the Brain show, the theme gained an additional two verses and was sung by Gene Paul, mind and others.[citation needed]

text: The score sometimes includes references to classical music. For example, in the episode where the Brain builds a new Papier-mâché Earth, the theme from the 2nd and 4th movements of Dvořák's 'New World Symphony' can be heard throughout the episode.[32] The episode Napoleon Brainaparte makes frequent reference to the French anthem, La Marseillaise,[13] while in the episode in which Pinky becomes the artist "Pinkasso" Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition can be heard.[33]

text: Animation[edit]

text: Like Animaniacs, most of the original Pinky and the Brain shorts used a variety of animation studios, including Tokyo Movie Shinsha, StarToons, Wang Film Productions, Freelance Animators New Zealand, and AKOM. The bulk of the episodes created outside of Animaniacs (seasons 2 and beyond) were produced by Rough Draft Studios, Wang Film Productions and AKOM. The only episode that was animated by Tokyo Movie Shinsha on the spin-off was A Pinky and the Brain Christmas.

text: Humor[edit]

text: Like Animaniacs, much of the humor in Pinky and the Brain was aimed at adult audiences. Parodies of pop culture icons were quite common on the series, more so during the original episodes developed for the WB prime time slot. In addition to previously mentioned political and actor caricatures, some episodes included complete parodies like those in Animaniacs. The episode "The Megalomaniacal Adventures of Brainie the Poo" parodies Winnie The Pooh. "Cameos" include Jagger instead of Tigger and Al Gore instead of Eeyore. Al Gore is "full of hot air", floating like a balloon. Other parodic elements include Christopher Walken in place of Christopher Robin and the "Brainie the Poo" book appears to have been authored by "A.A. Meeting."[34] The three-part "Brainwashed" episode included several allusions to The Prisoner television show, though everyone in The Village was identified by the hat they wore, and not by number.[35][36]

text: Three songs resemble the musical skits in Animaniacs, matching existing music with new lyrics. Pinky sings "Cheese Roll Call" to John Philip Sousa's march "Semper Fidelis" praising his love for all cheeses from around the world.[37] To the music of "Camptown Races", Brain lists the major parts of the human brain, with Pinky jumping in at the chorus to shout "Brainstem! Brainstem!".[38] "A Meticulous Analysis of History" is set to "When I Was a Lad" from Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore, and sung by both Brain and Pinky, with Brain reciting the rise to power of such historical leaders as Napoleon and Cleopatra, while Pinky mentions how they all fell.[39] In addition, "Brainwashed" featured a song called the Schmëerskåhøvên, a parody of the Macarena, which would brainwash you if done correctly. The song include such odd lyrics as "Put your fingers in your ears then stick them in your belly" and "Bop yourself on the head and cross your eyes."

text: Like Animaniacs, there was a gag credit in the closing credits: each show featured an English word appropriate for the episode with its definition. For example, "Around the World in 80 Narfs", where the mice are foiled by trying to speak "cabbie" and end up going in circles, the gag credit word was "anophelosis" defined as "morbid state due to extreme frustration."[40]

text: Another common element in nearly each episode is the following exchange (often referred to by the acronym "AYPWIP"):

text:
Brain: Pinky, are you pondering what I'm pondering?
Pinky: I think so, Brain, but...

text: Pinky's response ends with a non-sequitur such as, "we're already naked", "isn't a cucumber that small called a gherkin?" or "if they called them sad meals, kids wouldn't buy them." Brain would then become furious, often bashing Pinky over the head. A few times in the series Pinky and Brain indeed pondered the same thing, though in one of these Pinky dismissed his idea as being too stupid. Just one time the answer was "Yes!", when Pinky's intelligence is elevated to match Brain's. In another episode, it turns out that what Pinky was pondering was that he and Brain never ponder the same thing, which turned out to be part of what Brain was pondering as well. In a short episode (Pinky's POV) the spectator sees everything Pinky sees (including his imaginations) and hears his thoughts.

text: Response[edit]

text: Popularity[edit]

text: Pinky and the Brain were popular on Animaniacs, and the popularity continued into their own series. It attracted many of the same fans as Animaniacs and Internet outreach attracted more. Maurice LaMarche and Rob Paulsen appeared on voice actor tours around the Warner Bros. Studio Stores.

text: In an interview on the third DVD volume, LaMarche and Paulsen noted that Roy Langbord (vice-president of Showtime), Al Franken, and Barenaked Ladies are fans of the shows.[41] Jason Rubin, the co-founder of Naughty Dog, was also fond of the series; the character of the Brain served as an influence in the creation of Doctor Neo Cortex, the main antagonist of the Crash Bandicoot series of video games.[42]

text: Nominations and awards[edit]

text: Pinky and the Brain won several Emmy and Annie Awards.[43] In 1996, the series won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program for the episode "A Pinky and the Brain Christmas".[10] Paulsen won the Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for "Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Program Production" in 1996 and 1997, while LaMarche won the same in 1998. Paulsen also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program for his role as Pinky subsequently in 1999. The series itself won the 1999 Daytime Emmy for "Outstanding Special Class Animated Program".

text: The episode "Inherit the Wheeze",[44] in which Brain was subject to the effects of smoking by a tobacco company, won a PRISM Award for its anti-smoking message.[45]

text: References in other media[edit]

text:
The Rice University Neologism dictionary[46] includes not only "narf" as a random sound or nonce word, but also "narfed" as a verb to mean "to be struck completely" with some embarrassment or folly, much as Pinky would be hit on the head by Brain after his follies ruined Brain's plan. The International Dictionary of Neologisms[47] includes the word "narfistic" as "an idea or concept that works fine when you think about it – but is very difficult to express to someone else", as a result of Pinky only saying "Narf!" after Brain elaborates on one of his extensive plans.
In one of the host segments in the Hobgoblins episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000, Pearl Forrester summons her sidekicks Professor Bobo and Observer over by calling, "Pinky! Brain!"
In the post-apocalyptic role-playing game Fallout 2 by Interplay, a couple of mutant albino mole rats appear. One creature is utterly insane, muttering intentions of taking rulership. The other is a highly intelligent cult leader who has intricate plans to claim domination of the post-apocalyptic world; he also has a taste for cheezy poofs.
Pinky and the Brain were alluded to in The Incredible Hulk #438 as two white mice, kept by Omnibus. One of the realistically drawn mice had an enlarged cranium, and when their cage was destroyed the sound "narf" is indicated. Also when Jailbait asked what they would do during the night Hotshot replied "The same thing they do every night... whatever that is".
The Virgin New Adventures Doctor Who novel, Death and Diplomacy by Dave Stone includes two characters repeating the "Are you pondering…" lines, and near the end, two of the fallen villains in the story recover, one telling his comrade that they must prepare for tomorrow night when they will take over the universe.
This is Not a Game, a novel by Walter Jon Williams begins "Plush dolls of Pinky and the Brain overhung Charlie's Monitor..." and the theme of world domination is central to the plot.
In the game Destroy All Humans!, during the final boss battle against Silhouette when you read her mind one of the things she says is "What do I do? The same thing I do every night. Try and take over the world!"
In the Robot Chicken episode "Kramer Vs. Showgirls", a segment has Michael Moore interviewing cartoon characters from the 1990s including Pinky and the Brain. Pinky had an ear growing on his back and Brain was moved to another cage, as it turned out his large head was a result of Paget's disease, and he had been rendered blind and had arthritis as a result of the disease. Alan Tudyk voiced Pinky and Seth Green voiced Brain.
In another Robot Chicken episode, LaMarche reprises his role of Brain in "Eviscerated Post-Coital by a Six Foot Mantis" where Pinky and the Brain get sent on a psychedelic trip after being injected with phencyclidine.
In the MAD episode "Spy vs. Spy Kids / The Superhero Millionaire Matchmaker," Mickey Mouse captures Pinky and the Brain in a cage.
The opening conversation between Pinky and Brain ("Gee Brain...") that is shown in every episode is sampled in "Joey Bada$$"'s "World Domination."
In The New Batman Adventures episode "Torch Song", Batman asks Batgirl "So, what are you doing tonight?" to which Batgirl answers "Same thing we do every night Pinky!".
In 2014, at the end of Nostalgia Critic's review of The Purge, Rob Paulsen and Maurice LaMarche reprised their roles as Pinky and The Brain respectively, in animated form, at the very end of the episode. The segment involves Brain spewing profanity-laced insults toward Pinky, which then cuts to live-action footage of LaMarche and Paulsen recording their lines with The Critic behind them. LaMarche asks if this is for a kid's show to which Critic says, "Just say it, people have been wanting to hear this for years."[48]
In the web series Camp Camp, created by Rooster Teeth, episode "Journey to Spooky Island", the characters come across a laboratory with horrific experiments gone wrong. One of the cases labeled "Take a Cartoon Literally #303" has a mouse with a grotesquely huge brain and another with its head removed and replaced with a finger. The brainy one writes 'Kill Me' on the glass.[49]

text: History[edit]

text: On Animaniacs and Pinky and the Brain[edit]

text: Pinky and the Brain first appeared as a recurring segment on the animated series Animaniacs, another show produced by Steven Spielberg. On September 3, 1993, Pinky and the Brain premiered on television in the episode Win Big, which aired on the FOX network.

text: On September 9, 1995, Pinky and the Brain were spun off onto their own half-hour series on Kids' WB!, with each episode consisting of one or more segments, including some of the segments from Animaniacs. The first season of the show was scheduled in a prime-time slot from September 10, 1995 through July 21, 1996 as part of the new WB network lineup, with episodes also being repeated within the Saturday morning cartoon block. It had been envisioned for the cartoon to be WB network's answer to The Simpsons, at that point in its 7th season, which was running on the Fox network.[25] The standalone show tended to have more jokes and humor aimed to adults rather than children.[25] Due to poor ratings following the first season, primarily due to running against 60 Minutes, subsequent seasons were moved to Saturday mornings as part of the Kids' WB! programming block.[25]

text: Even though they had their own show, they still had several shorts in Animaniacs after they got the show, they still appeared in the shows intro, and often appeared in cameo appearances.

text: On Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain[edit]

text: Around 1997, the overall structure within the WB Network changed, including the placement of Jamie Kellner as head of the Kids WB programming. Along with this came pressure on the writers of the show to back off on the idea of world domination and to include more characters on the show.[18] The episode "Pinky & the Brain ... and Larry"[16] was a response to this pressure, attempting to show the heads that the show was fine as it was and that Pinky and the Brain worked together as a comedy duo- each balancing each other out with their flaws and personalities- and a third character (or any extra characters at all) would be out of place and unnecessary to the plot.[18][25] At this point, Peter Hastings, a key writer for the series, decided to quit the show, with his last script being, "You'll Never Eat Food Pellets In This Town, Again" directly addressing the issue of networks trying to retool shows that otherwise work already.[18][50] Following the production of the episode, the network backed off from forcing the new character into the show.[25]

text: With increased pressure from the WB network, the series was retooled on September 19, 1998 into Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain, in which Pinky and the Brain were owned by Tiny Toon Adventures character Elmyra Duff; the unusual change in format was even sarcastically noted in the altered title song, with lyrics such as "It's what the network wants, why bother to complain?".[25] The decision was not well received by the existing crew. For one, according to Paulsen, Spielberg had stated that the Tiny Toons and Animaniacs/Pinky and the Brain universes were to be kept separate.[25] Further, the chemistry between the characters were altered; by introducing Elmyra who tended to be more dense than Pinky, it shifted Pinky to become the useless "Larry" of this series, as described by Paulsen.[25] The show lasted for 13 episodes, 6 of which were shown whole and 7 of which were split up into segments and aired as part of The Cat&Birdy Warneroonie PinkyBrainy Big Cartoonie Show.

text: The characters' final appearance was in Wakko's Wish (1999).

text: Cancellation and syndication[edit]

text: After Pinky and the Brain was canceled from Kids' WB, the show aired on Cartoon Network from January 1998 to 2000. Nickelodeon began airing re-runs on September 4, 2000.[51] The show continued to air on Nickelodeon's sister network, Nicktoons TV, from 2002 to 2005. It was later aired on Toon Disney's Jetix block from October 2007 until September 2008. On February 15, 2009, Pinky and the Brain was returned on weekend late nights at 3:00AM ET/2:00AM CT on Disney XD, but was taken off the channel on June 15, 2009. Pinky and the Brain was returned on weekend late nights at 3:00AM ET/2:00AM CT on Boomerang.[citation needed]

text: During 2006, Pinky and the Brain, among other Kids' WB! shows, was broadcast on the AOL broadband channel, In2TV.[52] As of 2007, Pinky and the Brain is no longer a featured series on the site.

text: In Canada, Pinky and the Brain aired on YTV starting from 1996 to 1999 and again on September 3, 2007, then on Teletoon from 2002 to 2005.

text: In the UK, Pinky and the Brain first aired on ITV along with Animaniacs and later aired on Cartoon Network again with Animaniacs and on the BBC on its own in 2006. Reruns began airing on UK channel Kix in 2010.

text: In Australia, Pinky and the Brain first aired on Nine Network along with Animaniacs as part of their Warner Bros. based wrapper programme What's Up Doc?, then it went onto air on Cartoon Network on its own and later aired on GO! from 21 December 2009 to 18 June 2010 along Animaniacs once again. The series returned to GO! in August 2011, continuing to March 2012.[53]

text: In Ireland Pinky and the Brain once again along with Animaniacs was broadcast on RTÉ as part of their biggest children's lineup The Den.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Pinky and the Brain, along with Animaniacs, aired coincident with the formation of The Warner Bros. Studio Store chain across the United States, and, as a result, numerous t-shirts, coffee mugs, stuffed animals, animation cels, and original artwork from the show were available through these outlets. Other merchandise included comic books, computer games, and video tapes. When Warner Brothers acquired the Hanna-Barbera animation properties in 1998, there was a significant decrease with such merchandise through the store. By the time the series was canceled, very little merchandise was available.

text: VHS releases[edit]

text: Two VHS collections of Pinky and the Brain episodes were released from 1996: A Pinky and the Brain Christmas and World Domination Tour, each with approximately 2 episodes and 4 episodes that including both Pinky and the Brain shorts from Animaniacs and their own show. These collections are now out of print.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Warner Home Video has released all 65 episodes on DVD in Region 1 in 3 volume sets.

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date
Additional Information

Volume 1
22
July 25, 2006 (2006-07-25)[54]
This four-disk box set includes the first 22 episodes from the series. Contains "Pinky and the Brain: Are You Pondering What I'm Pondering?" — Featurette with Tom Ruegger, Peter Hastings, Rob Paulsen, Maurice LaMarche, Andrea Romano as they discuss why they had so much fun working on the show.

Volume 2
22
December 5, 2006 (2006-12-05)[55]
This four-disk box set contains the next 22 episodes from the series. Contains "The Return of World Dominating Extras" – Featurette with Mark Hamill and Wayne Knight as they answer a casting call to do the voices of Pinky and The Brain and get coached by Maurice LaMarche and Rob Paulsen.

Volume 3
22
June 19, 2007 (2007-06-19)[56]
This four-disk box set contains the last 22 episodes of the series. Contains the featurette, "It's All About the Fans" – Rob Paulsen (Voice of Pinky) and Maurice LaMarche (Voice of the Brain) pay tribute to their fans.

text: Print[edit]

text: Pinky and the Brain were also regulars in the Animaniacs comic book published by DC Comics. From July 1996 through November 1998, they starred in their own comic book also published by DC Comics, which ran for 27 issues before cancellation. Following the cancellation of the Pinky and the Brain comic, the mice later starred in stories that took up half of the later Animaniacs issues, which, starting at issue #43, was retitled Animaniacs featuring Pinky and the Brain, and ran for another 16 issues before cancellation.

text: Video games[edit]

text: There are two video games based on Pinky and the Brain. The first, a PC game called Pinky and the Brain: World Conquest, was produced by SouthPeak Games and distributed by Warner Bros. The second was Pinky and the Brain: The Master Plan for the Game Boy Advance. The game was produced by Warthog, and distributed by SWING! Entertainment in 2002. A third game, titled simply Pinky and the Brain, was announced for the Sega Saturn in 1996,[57] but was later cancelled. The characters have also appeared in several of the Animaniacs games, such as Animaniacs: The Great Edgar Hunt.

text: In the computer game Fallout 2 the character may encounter an albino mole-rat that calls himself "The Brain".[58] "The Brain" created a cult that attempts to restore the humanity of the ghoul characters (humans that were badly damaged by radiation), by a process referred to as "Renewal". By doing so "The Brain" hopes to take over the world. The player can engage in dialogue with "The Brain", with one of the dialogue possibilities being, "Big plans for an oversized rat".

text: Music[edit]

text: While Pinky and the Brain does not feature as many songs as Animaniacs, some of the music from the show can be found across the three Animaniacs CDs. An expanded version of the episode "Bubba Bo Bob Brain" presented in a radio drama or audiobook fashion was released as a CD in 1997 by Rhino Entertainment.


document_title: Drive-in theater

question_text: when was the first drive in movie theater opened

text: Drive-in theater

text: History[edit]

text: A partial drive-in theater – Theatre de Guadalupe – was opened in Las Cruces, New Mexico, on April 23, 1915:

text: Seven hundred people may be comfortably seated in the auditorium. Automobile entrances and places for 40 or more cars within the theater grounds and in-line position to see the pictures and witness all performances on the stage is a feature of the place that will please car owners.[1]

text: The first movie shown by the Theatre de Guadalupe was Bags of Gold, produced by Siegmund Lubin. Theatre de Guadalupe soon was renamed De Lux Theater before closing in July 1916.[2]

text: In 1921, a drive-in was opened by Claude V. Caver in Comanche, Texas. Caver obtained a permit from the city to project films downtown. With cars parked bumper-to-bumper, patrons witnessed the screening of silent films from their vehicles.[3] In the 1920s, "outdoor movies" became a popular summer entertainment, but relatively few "drive-in" experiments were made due to logistical difficulties.

text: The drive-in theater was patented in Camden, New Jersey by chemical company magnate Richard M. Hollingshead, Jr.,[4] whose family owned and operated the R.M. Hollingshead Corporation chemical plant in Camden. In 1932, Hollingshead conducted outdoor theater tests in his driveway at 212 Thomas Avenue in Riverton. After nailing a screen to trees in his backyard, he set a 1928 Kodak projector on the hood of his car and put a radio behind the screen, testing different sound levels with his car windows down and up. Blocks under vehicles in the driveway enabled him to determine the size and spacing of ramps so all automobiles could have a clear view of the screen. Hollingshead applied for a patent of his invention on August 6, 1932, and he was given U.S. Patent 1,909,537 on May 16, 1933.[5]

text: Hollingshead's drive-in opened in New Jersey June 6, 1933, on Admiral Wilson Boulevard in Pennsauken Township,[6] a short distance from Cooper River Park. Rosemont Avenue now runs through the prior location.[7][8] It offered 400 slots[8] and a 40 by 50 ft (12 by 15 m) screen.[9][10] He advertised his drive-in theater with the slogan, "The whole family is welcome, regardless of how noisy the children are."[11] The first film shown was the Adolphe Menjou film Wife Beware.[9][12][13] Failing to make a profit, Hollingshead sold the theater after three years to a Union, New Jersey theater owner who moved the infrastructure to that city, but the concept caught on nationwide.[14]

text: The April 15, 1934, opening of Shankweiler's Auto Park in Orefield, Pennsylvania, was followed by Galveston's Drive-In Short Reel Theater (July 5, 1934), the Pico Drive-In Theater at Pico and Westwood boulevards in Los Angeles[15] (September 9, 1934) and the Weymouth Drive-In Theatre in Weymouth, Massachusetts (May 6, 1936). In 1937, three more opened in Ohio, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, with another 12 during 1938 and 1939 in California, Florida, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Texas and Virginia.

text: Early drive-in theaters had to deal with sound issues. The original Hollingshead drive-in had speakers installed on the tower itself which caused a sound delay affecting patrons at the rear of the drive-in's field. In 1935, the Pico Drive-in Theater attempted to solve this problem by having a row of speakers in front of the cars.[16] In 1941, RCA introduced in-car speakers with individual volume controls which solved the noise pollution issue and provided satisfactory sound to drive-in patrons.[17] Just prior to World War II, 9 of the 15 drive-in movie theaters open in the United States were operated by Philip Smith who promoted a family friendly environment by allowing children to enter free and built playgrounds.[18]

text: Peak[edit]

text: The drive-in's peak popularity came in the late 1950s and early 1960s, particularly in rural areas, with some 4,000 drive-ins spread across the United States.[15] Among its advantages was the fact that a family with a baby could take care of their child while watching a movie, while teenagers with access to autos found drive-ins ideal for dates. Revenue is more limited than regular theaters since showings can only begin at twilight. There were abortive attempts to create suitable conditions for daylight viewing such as large tent structures, but nothing viable was developed.

text: During the 1950s, the greater privacy afforded to patrons gave drive-ins a reputation as immoral, and they were labeled "passion pits" in the media. Beginning in the 1970s, many drive-ins changed from family fare to exploitation films, as a way to offset declining patronage and revenue. Also, during the 1970s, some drive-ins began to show pornographic movies in less family-centered time slots to bring in extra income.[citation needed] This allowed censored materials to be viewed by a wide audience, some for whom viewing was still illegal in many states, and it was reliant upon the whims of local ordinances controlling such material. It also required a relatively remote location distant from populated areas such as towns and cities.

text: During their height, some drive-ins used attention-grabbing gimmicks to boost attendance. They ranged from drawings for prizes and free admission, small airplane runways,[19] unusual attractions such as a small petting zoo or cage of monkeys, personal appearances by actors to open their movies, or musical groups to play before the show. Some drive-ins held Sunday religious services, or charged a flat price per car on slow nights like Wednesdays or Sundays. On "buck" nights during the 1950s and 1960s, the admission price was one dollar per car.

text: One of the largest drive-in theaters was the Johnny All-Weather Drive-In in Copiague, New York. Covering over 29 acres, it could park 2,500 vehicles. It had a full-service restaurant with seating on the roof, and a trolley system to take children and adults to a playground and a large indoor theater for bad weather or for those who wanted to watch in air-conditioned comfort.[20]

text: Decline[edit]

text: The shift in content of drive-ins was less of a problem than competition from home entertainment, from color television to VCRs and video rentals. This, along with the 1970s energy crisis led to a sharp decline of attendance as well to the widespread adoption of daylight saving time (which made the shows start an hour later), making it harder for drive-ins to operate successfully. Also, the 1980s real estate interest rate hikes made the large property areas increasingly expensive, and thus far too valuable for businesses such as drive-ins, which in many cases were summer-only. Drive-ins were also subject to the whim of nature as inclement weather often caused poor attendance or cancellations. Less than two hundred drive-ins were in operation in the U.S. and Canada by the late 1980s. Since the 1990s they have lapsed into a quasi-novelty status with the remaining handful catering to a generally nostalgic audience, with many drive-ins continuing to successfully operate in some areas, mostly on the West Coast. Newer theaters opened during this time, as well as a handful of them reopened. By 2013, drive-ins comprised only 1.5 percent of movie screens in the United States, with 389 theaters in operation. At the industry's height, about 25 percent of the nation's movie screens had been in a drive-in.[15]

text: Many drive-in movie sites remain, but re-purposed as storage or flea market sites, often after residential housing or other higher value uses came to the lightly populated or unpopulated areas where the drive-ins were located. The largest drive-in theater in the world, the Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop, doubles as the world's largest daily flea market. Former drive-in properties in Michigan, for example, have become industrial parks, shopping centers, indoor theaters, and even churches (as with the Former Woodland Drive-In in Grand Rapids, MI). In Philadelphia, the South City Drive In became the location of the original Spectrum in the late 1960s, with a small portion of its old property line extending into what would become the (now demolished) Veterans Stadium complex. Another example of a drive in-turned-flea market is Spotlight 88 in North Sewickley Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, which ended business as a drive-in after an F3 tornado destroyed much of the property on May 31, 1985. As a joke after the tornado hit, the owners put up in the "now-showing" sign Gone with the Wind. It was most likely copied from a Taylor, Michigan Drive in called Ecorse Drive-In. On July 16, 1980, a freak derecho storm with 150 mph straight line winds [21] swept the Drive-In away leaving only the "now-showing" sign with the letters "Now Playing Gone with the Wind". They rebuilt the screen, but it never recovered; by 1989, it was sold and now is a Kroger grocery store.

text: Revival[edit]

text: The resurgence of the industry of the late 1990s led to the inception of the "do-it-yourself" drive-in beginning in 2001, which utilized contemporary tools such as LCD projectors and micro-radio transmitters. The first was the Liberation Drive-In in Oakland, California, which sought to reclaim under-utilized urban spaces such as vacant parking lots in the downtown area. The following years have seen the rise of the "guerrilla drive-in" movement, in which groups of dedicated individuals orchestrate similar outdoor film and video screenings. Showings are often organized online, and participants meet at specified locations to watch films projected on bridge pillars or warehouses. The content featured at these screenings has frequently been independent or experimental films, cult movies, or otherwise alternative programming. The best known "guerrilla" drive-ins include the Santa Cruz Guerilla Drive-In in Santa Cruz, California, North Bay Mobile Drive-In in Novato, California, MobMov in San Francisco, California and Hollywood, and most recently Guerilla Drive-In Victoria in Victoria, British Columbia.

text: Faced with the closure of Hull's Drive In in Lexington, Virginia in 1999, the non-profit group Hull's Angels formed to raise funds, buy the property and operate the theater as a non-profit venture specializing in family-friendly films. Hull's continues to be the nation's only non-profit drive in.[22]

text: As of March 2014[update], a figure of 348 drive-ins has been published for the United States.[23] In the Fall of 2014, the burger chain Johnny Rockets announced that it would team up with USA Drive-Ins to open 200 drive-ins by 2018 serving Johnny Rocket's food at the concession stands.[24]

text: Digital conversion[edit]

text: The ongoing conversion of the film distribution network to be exclusively digital distribution is also putting additional pressure on drive-in theaters. Most small drive-ins lack the finances (beginning at $70,000 per screen) needed to convert to digital projection.[15] The lack of multiple screens with many daily showings means the low volume of ticket sales will make it hard for many drive-ins to justify the cost of installing digital projection.

text: Conversion of the projection booth to digital is more complex for drive-in theaters. The projector needs a more powerful bulb due to an increased screen size and light pollution. In addition, digital projection equipment may require an Internet connection, and the booth must be retrofitted with special glass, more vents and stronger air conditioning as well as heat in northern climates.[15]

text: With installation of Jumbotrons[25] or similar digital display equipment in drive-in theatres, restrictions of the projector booth can be avoided; that is, no projector is needed.


document_title: Bigg Boss Telugu

question_text: big boss 2 telugu set location in hyderabad

text: Bigg Boss Telugu

text: Overview[edit]

text: Bigg Boss Telugu is a reality show based on the Hindi show Bigg Boss which too was based on the original Dutch Big Brother format developed by John de Mol. A number of contestants (known as "housemates") live in a purpose-built house and are isolated from the rest of the world. Each week, housemates nominate two of their fellow housemates for eviction, and the housemates who receives the most nominations would face a public vote. Eventually, one housemate would leave after being "evicted" from the House. In the final week, there were five housemates remaining, and the public voted for who they wanted to win. Unlike other versions of Big Brother, the Indian version uses celebrities as housemates, not members of the general public.

text: Rules[edit]

text: While all the rules have never been told to the audience, the most prominent ones are clearly seen. The inmates are not permitted to talk in any other language except Telugu.

text: They always have to wear the lapel. They cannot leave the House premises at any time unless they are evicted or decided by Big Boss. They can not discuss the nomination process with anyone. They are not allowed to sleep without the permission of Bigg Boss.

text: House[edit]

text: The house for season one was set up at Lonavala. For season two, the house was set up in Annapurna Studios, Hyderabad.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Bigg Boss Telugu is aired on Star Maa. Every day's episodes contain the main happenings of the previous day. Every Saturday episode mainly focuses on an interview of the evicted contestant by the host.

text: Seasons details[edit]

text:
Season

Main host

Launch date

Final date

Days

Cameras

Housemates

Prize money

Launch Ratings

Final Ratings

Winner

Runner-up

1

Jr. NTR

16 July 2017

24 September 2017

70

60

16

₹50 lakh (US$70,000)

16.2 TRP

15.2 TRP

Siva Balaji

Aadarsh Balakrishna

2

Nani

10 June 2018

30 September 2018

112

96

18

15.1 TRP

14.7 TRP

Kaushal Manda

Geetha Madhuri

text: Male Contestants.       Female Contestants.

text: Housemate Pattern[edit]

text:
Clique

Season 1

Season 2

Film Actor/Actress

Aadarsh

Amit Tiwari

Archana

Bhanu Sree

Hari Teja

Deepthi Sunaina

Siva Balaji

Kaushal Manda

Sameer Hasan

Kireeti Damaraju

Jyothi

Tejaswi Madivada

Diksha Panth (Wild Card)

Nandini Rai(Wild Card)

Prince Cecil

Samrat Reddy

Mumaith Khan

Navdeep (Wild Card)

Pooja Ramachandran (Wild Card)

Sampoornesh Babu

Tanish

TV Anchor

Kathi Karthika

Deepti Nallamothu

Syamala

Comedian

Dhanraj

None

Singer

Madhu Priya

Geetha Madhuri

Kalpana Raghavendar

Roll Rida

Film Critic/ Humanist

Mahesh Kathi

Babu Gogineni

Commoner

None

Ganesh

Sanjana Anne

Nutan Naidu