document_title: Ministry of Defence (India)

question_text: who is the head of defence in india

question_tokens: who is the head of defence in india

text: Ministry of Defence (India)

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: A military department was created by the supreme government of the British East India Company at Kolkata in the year 1776.[12] Its main function was to co-ordinate and record orders, relating to the army, issued by various departments of the government of the East India Company. The Military Department initially functioned as a branch of the Public Department and maintained a list of army personnel.[12]

text: With the Charter Act 1833 the Secretariat of the Government of the East India Company was reorganised into four departments, each headed by a secretary to the Government.[12] The armies in the presidencies of Bengal, Bombay and Madras functioned as the respective presidency armies until April 1895, when the presidency armies were unified into a single Indian Army. For administrative convenience, it was divided into four commands: Punjab (including the North West Frontier), Bengal (including Burma), Madras and Bombay (including Sind, Quetta and Aden).[12]

text: The supreme authority over the Indian Army was vested in the Governor General-in-Council, subject to the control of the Crown, which was exercised by the Secretary of State for India. Two members in the Council were responsible for military affairs. One was the Military Member, who supervised all administrative and financial matters. The other was the commander-in-chief who was responsible for all operational matters.[12] The Military Department was abolished in March 1906 and was replaced by two separate departments; the Army Department and the Military Supply Department. In April 1909 the Military Supply Department was abolished and its functions were taken over by the Army Department. The Army Department was redesignated as the Defence Department in January 1938. The Department of Defence became the Ministry of Defence under a cabinet minister in August 1947.[12]

text: Post independences changes[edit]

text: The functions of MoD which in 1947 was mainly logistic support to the armed forces, has undergone far reaching changes. In November 1962, following the 1962 war, a Department of Defence Production was set-up to deal with research, development and production of defence equipment. In November 1965, the Department of Defence Supplies was created for planning and execution of schemes for import substitution of requirements for defence purposes. These two Departments were later merged to form the Department of Defence Production and Supplies.

text: In 1980, the Department of Defence Research and Development was created. In January 2004, the Department of Defence Production and Supplies was renamed the Department of Defence Production. A Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister was appointed to advise on scientific aspects of military equipment and the research and design of defence forces equipment. The Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare was created in 2004.

text: Organisation[edit]

text: Departments[edit]

text: The Ministry of Defence consists of four Departments; Department of Defence, Department of Defence Production, Department of Defence Research and Development, and Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare. The Defence Secretary functions as head of the Department of Defence,[13][14] and is additionally responsible for coordinating the activities of the four Departments in the Ministry.[13][14]

text: The principal functions of all the Departments are as follows:

text:
The Department of Defence, headed by the Defence Secretary, the department deals with the Integrated Defence Staff, the three services, the Indian Coast Guard, the paramilitary forces and various inter-service organisations. It is also responsible for the Defence Budget, establishment matters, defence policy, matters relating to the Parliament, defence cooperation with foreign countries and coordination of all activities.[13][14]
The Department of Defence Production, headed by the Defence Production Secretary, the department was set up in November 1962 and is responsible for matters pertaining to defence production, planning and control of departmental production units of the Ordnance Factories Board, indigenisation of imported stores equipment and spares, and for defence public sector undertakings (HAL, BEL, BEML, BDL, MDL, GSL, GRSE, Midhani).[14][15]
The Department of Defence Research and Development, headed by the Defence Research and Development Secretary and ex-officio chairperson of Defence Research and Development Organisation, the department was formed in 1958, after the three-way merger of Technical Development Establishment of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production and the Defence Science Organisation. The department is responsible for the Defence Research Development Organisation.[14][16]
The Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare (DESW), headed by the Ex-Servicemen Welfare Secretary, the department was set up in 2004 to look after veteran affairs. The Directorate General of Resettlement, the Kendriya Sainik Welfare Board and Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme come under the purview of DESW.[14][17]

text: Universities and institutes[edit]

text: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Defence Institute of Psychological Research and National Defence University come under administration and purview of the Ministry of Defence.

text: Inter-services organisations[edit]

text:
Officers Training Academy
Indian Military Academy
Military Engineer Services
Armed Forces Medical Services
Directorate General Resettlement
National Defence College
Directorate General of Defence Estates
Directorate of Public Relations
Canteen Stores Department
Army Purchase Organisation
Services Sports Control Board
National Cadet Corps
National Defence Academy
Directorate General Quality Assurance
Armed Forces Films and Photo Division
Armed Forces Medical College
History Division, Ministry of Defence
College of Defence Management
Defence Services Staff College
Ministry of Defence Library
Border Roads Development Board/Border Roads Organisation
Strategic Information Services
Tactical Intelligence Division

text: Integrated Defence Staff[edit]

text: To ensure a high degree of synergy between the Armed forces, the Government has set up the Integrated Defence Staff, headed by the Chief of Integrated Staff as the Chairman. It was created on 1 October 2001 based on the recommendations of the Group of Ministers which was set up in 2000 (post-Kargil) to review India's defence management.[18] It acts as the point organisation for integration of policy, doctrine, war fighting and procurement by employing best management practices. The current Chief of Integrated Defence Staff is Lieutenant General Satish Dua, who took over on 31 October 2016.[19]

text: Chiefs of Staff Committee[edit]

text: "Chiefs of Staff are the authority for advising the Defence Minister and normally through him the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs on all military matters which require ministerial consideration". The Integrated Defence Staff is '"the principal arm and Secretariat to the Chiefs of Staff Committee"[20][21]

text: Composition[edit]

text: The Chiefs of Staff Committee is composed of: (a) Chief of the Army Staff (COAS); (b) Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS); (c) Chief of the Air Staff (CAS); and (d) Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CIDS) (non-voting member). The Scientific Adviser to the Minister of Defence is invited to attend whenever needed.[20]

text: The senior most member of the COSC is appointed its chairperson. Admiral Sunil Lanba is the current head of COSC.[20]

text: Strategic Information Services/Tactical Intelligence Division[edit]

text: SIS/TID is a highly classified division within the walls of Ministry of Defence under the Government of India. Very limited information is available for this division.

text: Role[edit]

text: The responsibility for national defence "rests with the Cabinet, which is discharged through the Ministry of Defence, which provides the policy framework and wherewithal to the Armed Forces to discharge their responsibilities in the context of the defence of the country. The Raksha Mantri (Defence Minister) is the head of the Ministry of Defence."[12]

text: The Defence Ministry is responsible for "obtaining policy directions of the Government on all defence and security related matters" and communicating these directions to "Services Headquarters, Inter-Services Organisations, Production Establishments and Research and Development Organisations".[12] The MoD works closely with the National Security Council, Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Home Affairs.

text: Ministers[edit]

text: MoD is headed by the Minister of Defence, who is supported by one, or more than one, minister of state.[12]

text:
Minister

Designation

Portfolio

Nirmala Sitharaman

Minister of Defence

Overall responsibility.

Dr. Subhash Bhamre

Minister of State for Defence

Charter of duties includes secondary logistic and administrative functions.

text: Senior officials[edit]

text: There are about 400,000 defence civilians, under the MOD including Ministry of Finance personnel attached to MOD. In 2015–16 Defence pension bill was ₹54,500 crore (equivalent to ₹560 billion or US$7.8 billion in 2017) of which about 36 per cent was on account of defence civilians.[66]

text: Defence Secretary, other senior officials and Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister[edit]

text: The ministers are supported by a number of civilian, scientific and military advisers.

text: The Defence Secretary as head of the Department of Defence,[13] is the senior most civil servant in the ministry and is responsible for coordinating the activities of the four departments in the ministry.[13] His or her role is to ensure that the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government.[22][23][13] Defence Secretary is assisted by additional secretaries and joint secretaries to Government of India posted in the ministry. The Defence Secretary, generally is an officer from the Indian Administrative Service, apart from the Defence Secretary, there are three other secretary-level posts in the Ministry of Defence.

text: Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister plays a key role in formulation of research and development policies and promoting self-reliance in Indian defence industries.

text:
Senior officials in the Ministry of Defence[24][25][26][27]
hide

Name

Designation

Sanjay Mitra, IAS

Defence Secretary

Dr. Ajay Kumar, IAS

Secretary (Defence Production)

Sanjeevanee Kutty, IAS

Secretary (Ex-servicemen Welfare)

Dr. G. Satheesh Reddy[28]

Secretary (Defence Research and Development) and chairman, DRDO

Madhulika P. Sukul, IDAS

Financial Adviser (Defence Services)

Apurva Chandra, IAS

Director General (Acquisition) and Additional Secretary

Subhash Chandra, IAS

Additional Secretary

Jiwesh Nandan, IAS

Additional Secretary (JN)

Barun Mitra, IAS

Additional Secretary (Defence Production)

Mala Dutt, IES

Additional Secretary and Financial Adviser (Acquisition)

Major General V. D. Vogra

Director General (Resettlement)

Major General Ashok Kumar

Managing Director, Ex-servicemen Contributory Health Scheme

Major General H. S. Shanbhag

Technical Manager (Land Systems)

Rear Admiral R. Sreenivas

Technical Manager (Maritime and Systems)

Air Vice Marshal Vishwas Gaur, VM

Technical Manager (Air)

Vacant

Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister

text: Civil services under MoD[edit]

text:
Civil Services under the Ministry of Defence
hide

S. No.

Name of service

Group

1

Indian Naval Material Management Service

A

2

Border Roads Engineering Service

A

3

Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service

A

4

Defence Quality Assurance Service

A

5

Defence Research and Development Service

A

6

Indian Defence Accounts Service

A

7

Indian Defence Estates Service

A

8

Indian Defence Service of Engineers

A

9

Indian Naval Armament Service

A

10

Indian Ordnance Factories Service

A

11

Indian Ordnance Factories Health Service

A

12

Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Services

B

text: Finance Division[edit]

text: The Finance Division of the Ministry of Defence is headed by the Financial Adviser (Defence Services). He or she exercises financial control over proposals involving expenditure from the Defence Budget and is responsible for the internal audit and accounting of defence expenditure. In the latter tasks, he or she is assisted by the Controller General of Defence Accounts.

text: Chiefs of the tri-services[edit]

text: In 1955, the title of Commander-in-Chief was abolished and the three service chiefs were designated as the Chief of the Army Staff, the Chief of the Naval Staff and the Chief of the Air Staff. The heads of the three services of Indian Armed Forces are:

text:
Chief of the Army Staff — General Bipin Rawat
Chief of the Naval Staff — Admiral Sunil Lanba
Chief of the Air Staff — Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa


document_title: The Expanse (TV series)

question_text: when does season 3 of the expanse start on netflix

root

text: The Expanse (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Two hundred years in the future, in a fully colonized Solar System, police detective Josephus Miller (Thomas Jane), born on Ceres in the asteroid belt, is assigned to find a missing young woman, Juliette "Julie" Andromeda Mao (Florence Faivre). James Holden (Steven Strait), the Executive Officer of the ice hauler Canterbury, is involved in a tragic incident that threatens to destabilize the uneasy peace between Earth, Mars and the Belt. On Earth, Chrisjen Avasarala (Shohreh Aghdashloo), a United Nations executive, works to prevent war between Earth and Mars by any means necessary. Soon, the three find out that the missing woman and the ice hauler's fate are part of a vast conspiracy that threatens all humanity.

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Thomas Jane as Josephus "Joe" Aloisus Miller, a Belter detective on Ceres assigned to find Julie Mao[2]
Steven Strait as James "Jim" Holden, the Earther captain of the Rocinante, formerly the executive officer of the Canterbury[2]
Cas Anvar as Alex Kamal, the Martian pilot of the Rocinante, formerly the pilot of the Canterbury[3]
Dominique Tipper as Naomi Nagata, the Belter engineer of the Rocinante, formerly an engineer of the Canterbury[3]
Wes Chatham as Amos Burton, the Earther mechanic of the Rocinante, formerly a mechanic of the Canterbury[3]
Paulo Costanzo as Shed Garvey, the Canterbury's medical technician[3] (season 1)
Florence Faivre as Juliette "Julie" Andromeda Mao, the missing daughter of business tycoon Jules-Pierre Mao (seasons 1–2)
Shawn Doyle as Sadavir Errinwright, UN Undersecretary of Executive Administration[4]
Shohreh Aghdashloo as Chrisjen Avasarala, UN Deputy Undersecretary of Executive Administration[2]
Frankie Adams as Roberta "Bobbie" Draper, a Martian Marine gunnery sergeant[5] (season 2–present)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Chad L. Coleman as Frederick "Fred" Lucius Johnson, "The Butcher of Anderson Station," a former UNN colonel-turned-leader of the OPA (Outer Planets Alliance)[4]
Andrew Rotilio as Diogo Harari, a young Belter from Ceres
Athena Karkanis as Octavia "Tavi" Muss, Miller's former partner (season 1)
Jared Harris as Anderson Dawes, the OPA's Ceres liaison[4]
François Chau as Jules-Pierre Mao, the owner of Mao-Kwikowski Mercantile, its subsidiary Protogen, and Julie's father
Jay Hernandez as Dmitri Havelock, Miller's Earther partner with Star Helix Security (season 1)[3]
Lola Glaudini as Shaddid, the captain of Star Helix Security's Ceres detachment (season 1)
Kevin Hanchard as "Semi" Sematimba, a detective on Eros, and an old friend of Miller's (season 1)
Martin Roach as Souther, UNN admiral, former UNN Fleet Commander, now commander of the UN's Jupiter fleet
Daniel Kash as Antony Dresden, Protogen's head of biological research (seasons 1–2)
Brian George as Arjun Avasarala, Chrisjen's husband
Greg Bryk as K. Lopez, a MCRN lieutenant assigned to the MCRN Donnager (season 1)
Elias Toufexis as Kenzo Gabriel, a corporate spy on Tycho Station (season 1)
Nick E. Tarabay as Cotyar Ghazi, a security professional working for Avasarala (seasons 2–3)
Cara Gee as Camina Drummer, Johnson's Belter second-in-command and captain of the OPA warship Behemoth (season 2–present)
Mpho Koaho as Richard Travis, an Earth-born MMC private in Draper's squad (season 2)
Sarah Allen as Hillman, a MMC private in Draper's squad (season 2)
Dewshane Williams as Sa'id, a MMC corporal in Draper's squad (season 2)
Peter Outerbridge as Martens, a MCRN captain assigned to the MCRN Scirocco (season 2)
Conrad Pla as Janus, a UN colonel assigned to the UNS Arboghast (season 2)
Byron Mann as Augusto Nguyễn, a UNN fleet admiral (season 2–present)
Ted Whittall as Michael Iturbi, a UNN scientist assigned to the UNS Arboghast (season 2)
Terry Chen as Praxideke "Prax" Meng, a Ganymedian botanist (season 2–present)
Leah Jung as Mei Meng, Prax's daughter (season 2–present)
Ted Atherton as Lawrence Strickland, a Protogen pediatrician on Ganymede (seasons 2–3)
Jonathan Whittaker as Esteban Sorrento-Gillis, UN Secretary General (season 2–present)
Elizabeth Mitchell as Rev. Dr. Annushka "Anna" Volovodov, a Europan Methodist pastor (season 3)[6]
Raven Dauda as Namono 'Nono' Volovodov, the Ugandan wife of Anna Volovodov (season 3)
David Strathairn as Klaes Ashford, a former Belter pirate and now the second-in-command of OPA warship Behemoth (season 3)[7]
Anna Hopkins as Monica Stuart, a journalist from Earth filming a documentary on the crew of Rocinante (season 3)
Brandon McGibbon as Cohen, a cameraman from Earth filming a documentary on Rocinante with Monica (season 3)
Nadine Nicole as Melba Alzbeta Koh, a mysterious newly appointed technician aboard UNN support ship Seung Un (season 3)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
10
December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
Syfy

2
13
February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
April 19, 2017 (2017-04-19)

3
13[8]
April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)
June 27, 2018 (2018-06-27)[9]

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Expanse is based on the novel series of the same name by James S. A. Corey, a pen name of the authors Daniel Abraham and Ty Franck, who also serve as writers and producers for the show. The first novel, Leviathan Wakes (2011), was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel and Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel. On April 11, 2014, Syfy announced a straight-to-series commitment to a television adaptation of the book series, and ordered the production of 10 one-hour-long episodes for the first season. On that date Syfy President Dave Howe commented: "The Expanse is epic in scale and scope and promises to be Syfy's most ambitious series to date".[10]

text: Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby wrote the pilot, directed by Terry McDonough, and serve as writers and showrunners alongside Naren Shankar.[11] Produced by Alcon Television and The Sean Daniel Company, principal photography started on October 29, 2014, in Toronto.[11] The pilot episode was screened at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2015.

text: In May 2015, before the first season aired, writing commenced for a second season,[12] which was ordered in December 2015.[13] The second season of The Expanse premiered on February 1, 2017.[14]

text: On March 16, 2017, The Expanse was renewed by Syfy for a 13-episode third season to air in 2018.[15] Filming for season 3 began on July 12, 2017.[16][17]

text: Four digital comics based on the books and tying into the television series have been published by ComiXology. The first focuses on the origin of James Holden and was released February 1, 2017.[18] The next three, highlighting the origins of other characters are: Naomi Nagata, released April 19, 2017; Alex Kamal, released May 24, 2017; and Amos Burton, released July 12, 2017.

text: The show's title sequence was animated and directed by Australian studio Breeder and its VFX team.[19]

text: Cancellation and renewal[edit]

text: In May 2018, Syfy did not purchase the rights for future seasons, because of reportedly restrictive distribution arrangements, and announced it was cancelled. Alcon looked for other channels to distribute future seasons.[20][21]

text: Fans protested the cancellation, gathering over 100,000 signatures for an online petition. They lobbied Amazon Studios and Netflix to pick the series up; a crowdfunding campaign paid for an airplane to fly a "#SaveTheExpanse" banner around Amazon Studios.[22] Celebrities including Wil Wheaton, George R. R. Martin, Patton Oswalt and Andreas Mogensen supported the campaign.[23] On May 26, at the International Space Development Conference, Jeff Bezos announced that Amazon picked the series up for additional seasons.[1]

text: Music[edit]

text: The show's soundtrack was composed by Clinton Shorter.[24][25] The first season's soundtrack dubbed The Expanse Season 1 – The Original Television Soundtrack, consisting of nineteen tracks, was released by Lakeshore Records, on May 20, 2016 via iTunes,[24] and on May 26, 2016 via Amazon.[25]

text: Release[edit]

text: In the United States, The Expanse is broadcast by Syfy and streams on Amazon Prime.[26] In Canada, the series airs on Space[27] and streams on CraveTV.[28] In New Zealand, the series airs on Sky.[29] In all other countries where Netflix is available, seasons 1 and 2 can be streamed.[30]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The first season received a rating of 65 out of 100 on Metacritic based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[31] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a score of 76% with an average rating of 7.12 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The site's consensus states: "The Expanse blends sci-fi elements and detective noir into a visually compelling whole, though it takes a few episodes for the story to capture viewers' intrigue."[32]

text: Reporting on the pilot screening, io9's Lauren Davis declared herself "blown away" by The Expanse, appreciating its "incredible sense of scale" and its "deeply thought out future world that reflects on our present one, with high production values and characters who speak and act like real people".[33] Max Nicholson of IGN characterized the pilot as "grim and dramatic", and a "very dense hour of television", with the terminology and large cast sometimes difficult to follow for viewers unfamiliar with the novels, but highlighted the pilot's "gorgeous" visuals and effects reminiscent of Battlestar Galactica, Dune and Firefly.[34]

text: Writing for Variety, Maureen Ryan was unimpressed by the first four episodes "awkwardly linking a series of somewhat muddled stories" and the series' stereotypical characters, but credited it with tackling "issues of class, representation and exploitation", and a convincing design.[35] At Tor.com, Justin Landon highlighted The Expanse's "bold and unique cinematography" and its claustrophobic, discomforting set designs, as well as the "extremely faithful" characterization, but remarked that the patois spoken by the Belters, the natives of the asteroid belt, made the series difficult to follow.[36]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season was also received favorably. On Metacritic, it has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 5 reviews.[37] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a score of 95% with an average rating of 8.83 out of 10 based on 20 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Expanse's second season offers more of the show's excellent signature production values while increasing character development and politically thrilling narratives."[38]

text: Writing for io9, Katherine Trendacosta noted how the show had become "shockingly prescient", insofar as many of the issues and ideas explored by The Expanse mirrored contemporary trends in global politics.[39] Brian Tallerico, in "Why The Expanse Is the Best Sci-FI TV Show You're Not Watching" for Rolling Stone, praised the show for its contemporary political relevance and called its willingness to mix tones, and its protagonists, laudable. He summarized that at its core, The Expanse was all about people responding to fear – fear of the other, fear of the new, fear of inequality, fear of death.[40] Writing for NPR, astrophysicist Adam Frank praised the show and its writers for the scientific realism. He wrote that "more than any other TV space-themed show, it gets the science right".[41]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a score of 100% with an average rating of 8.75 out of 10 based on 12 reviews.[42]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Monday 10:00 pm (premiere)
Tuesday 10:00 pm
10
December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)
1.19[43]
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
0.555[44]
0.703[45]
0.22[45]

2
Wednesday 10:00 pm
13
February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
0.700[46]
April 19, 2017 (2017-04-19)
0.581[47]
0.562[48]
0.18[48]

3
Wednesday 9:00 pm
13
April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)
0.653[49]
TBA
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2016
Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode
Robert Munroe, Clint Green, Kyle Menzies, Tom Turnbull (for "Salvage")
Nominated
[50]

2017
Directors Guild of Canada Awards
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series
Robert Lieberman (for "Rock Bottom")
Nominated
[51]

Dragon Awards
Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series
The Expanse
Nominated
[52]

Hugo Awards
Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form
Mark Fergus, Hawk Ostby and Terry McDonough (for "Leviathan Wakes")
Won
[53]

Saturn Awards
Best Science Fiction Television Series
The Expanse
Nominated
[54]

2018
Saturn Awards
Best Science Fiction Television Series
The Expanse
Pending
[55]


document_title: List of most common surnames in Europe

question_text: what is the most common last name in ireland

question_tokens: what is the most common last name in ireland

text: List of most common surnames in Europe

text: Albania[edit]

text: At the moment, listings for the most common names are unavailable for Albania. However the most common names include the following:

text:
Common names denoting profession. Of these, religious professional names have been particularly widespread, including Hoxha (a Muslim priest, Sunni or Bektashi, with its variant Hoxhaj), Prifti (a Christian priest, Catholic or Orthodox), Shehu (a Bektashi priest) and Dervishi (Bektashi clergy). Bektashi itself is also a common surname. Ironically, Hoxha was the surname of Enver Hoxha, the leader of Communist Albania who banned all religions. There are numerous other professional names which are not as common. Begu also denotes a former ruler and also the surname(s) Gjoni or Gjonaj
Common names which originated as patrinomials. Common names of this sort include Leka or Lekaj (Alex), Gjoni or Gjonaj (John),  Murati (Murad), Mehmeti (Mehmed), Hysi (typically short for Hussein), Gjika/Gjoka (short for Jacob, cf Jake), Marku (Mark), Kola/Kolla/Nikolla (Nicholas), Hasani (Hassan), Kristi/Kristo, Luka (Lucas), Brahimi (Abraham, from Turkish), Sinani, Thanasi (Athanasius), Halili (Halil), and Abazi (Abbas). Albanians of Muslim background often bear Christian last names (denoting former Christian origin), and those with Christian often bear Muslim last names (which many in Northern regions adopted thinking it would lead to better treatment from the Ottoman authorities), although the holders of Bektashi surnames are usually actually of Bektashi background
Common names which originated as place names. May denote former residence, or, if the bearer has a Muslim patrilineal background, that their ancestors ruled the place. Common places used as surnames include Dibra, Laci, Shkodra, Prishtina, Delvina, Koroveshi and Permeti, as well as the famous Frasheri surname of the Frasheri family. Additionally common some names indicate regional origins: Gega/Gegaj (for one of Gheg origin), Tosku/Toskaj (signifying Tosk origin) and Chami (for Cham origin).
Some common names are Northern Albanian clan names that double as place names such as Kelmendi and Shkreli. Other notable clan-origin names include Berisha, Krasniqi and Gashi. These sorts of names are very common in far Northern Albania and in Kosovo.
Colors: of which Kuqi (red) and Bardhi (white) are the most commonly used as surnames.

text: Armenia[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

Romanization

Meaning

1

Հովհաննիսյան

Hovhannisyan

Son of Hovhannes (John)

2

Հարությունյան

Harutyunyan

Son of Harutyun ("resurrection")

3

Սարգսյան

Sargsyan

Son of Sargis  (Sergius)

4

Խաչատրյան

Khachatryan

Son of Khachatur ("given by cross")

5

Գրիգորյան

Grigoryan

Son of Grigor (Gregory)

text: Austria[edit]

text: The forty-one most common surnames in Austria as published in 2006 are shown below beside the approximate percentage of the Austrian population sharing each surname.[1]

text:
Rank
Name
Meaning
Approximate percentage

1
Gruber
miner
0.3991

2
Huber
land-owning farmer
0.3873

3
Bauer
farmer
0.3373

4
Wagner
wainwright
0.3100

5
Müller
miller
0.3012

6
Pichler
'one who lives on or by a hill'
0.2753

7
Steiner
'one who dwells by the stone'
0.2713

8
Moser
'moss person'
0.2674

9
Mayer
a privileged farmer
0.2653

10
Hofer
probably for steward, property or horse maintenance, even blacksmith or related
0.2479

11
Leitner
'one who lives at a hillside'
0.2429

12
Berger
mountaineer
0.2383

13
Fuchs
fox
0.2250

14
Eder
'one who lives in a barren land
0.2144

15
Fischer
fisher
0.2141

16
Schmid
blacksmith
0.2115

17
Winkler
an owner of a small shop
0.2015

18
Weber
weaver
0.1995

19
Schwarz
black
0.1961

20
Maier
farmer
0.1946

21
Schneider
tailor
0.1915

22
Reiter
rider (only horses, no bikes)
0.1790

23
Mayr
farmer
0.1751

24
Schmidt
blacksmith
0.1740

25
Wimmer
vintner
0.1628

26
Egger
ploughman
0.1610

27
Brunner
'water well person'
0.1602

28
Lang
long
0.1599

29
Baumgartner
'tree gardener'
0.1586

30
Auer

0.1555

31
Binder
cooper
0.1458

32
Lechner

0.1435

33
Wolf
wolf
0.1395

34
Wallner

0.1394

35
Aigner
allodial title
0.1386

36
Ebner

0.1342

37
Koller

0.1301

38
Lehner
a function in feudalism
0.1268

39
Haas

0.1261

40
Schuster
shoemaker
0.1168

41
Heilig
holy
0.1161

text: Azerbaijan[edit]

text:
Rank[2]

Name

Romanization

Meaning

1

Məmmədov

Mammadov

"Son of Mammad"

2

Əliyev

Aliyev

"Son of Ali"

3

Həsənov

Hasanov

"Son of Hasan"

4

Hüseynov

Huseynov

"Son of Hüseyn"

5

Quliyev

Guliyev

"Son of Qulu"

6

Hacıyev

Hajiyev

"Son of Haji"

7

Rəsulov

Rasulov

"Son of Rasul"

8

Süleymanov

Suleymanov

"Son of Suleyman"

9

Musayev

Musayev

"Son of Musa"

10

Abbasov

Abbasov

"Son of Abbas"

11

Babayev

Babayev

"Son of Baba"

12

Vəliyev

Valiyev

"Son of Vali"

13

Orucov

Orujov

"Son of Oruc"; Oruc also means "fasting"

14

İsmayılov

Ismayilov

"Son of Ismayil"

15

Ibrahimov

Ibrahimov

"Son of Ibrahim"

text: Belarus[edit]

text: Statistics available for Belarusian capital Minsk only:[3]

text:
Rank
Surname in Russian
Surname in Belarusian
Romanization
Population

1
Иванов
Іваноў
Ivanoŭ
7,000

2
Козлов
Казлоў
Kazloŭ
4,700

3
Ковалёв
Кавалёў
Kavalioŭ
4,300

4
Козловский
Казлоўскі
Kazloŭski
3,900

5
Новик
Новік
Novik
3,300

text: Belgium[edit]

text: Belgium is a European nation composed of three main regions: Flemish Region (Flanders), Walloon Region (Wallonia), and Brussels-Capital Region. The Flemish region has a Dutch language tradition, while the Walloon region has a French language tradition. These different linguistic backgrounds are reflected in differing frequencies of surnames, as shown in the table below. (data from 1 January 2008; total population: 10,666,866)[4][5]

text:
National Rank
Name
Number of people
Rank (Flanders)
Rank (Wallonia)
Rank (Brussels)

1
Peeters
32,657
1
67
2

2
Janssens
30,296
2
56
1

3
Maes
25,524
3
63
8

4
Jacobs
19,999
4
97
4

5
Mertens
18,518
6
72
5

6
Willems
18,498
5
68
17

7
Claes
16,553
7

43

8
Goossens
15,883
9

15

9
Wouters
15,732
8

35

10
De Smet
14,259
10

25

13
Dubois
12,975

1
3

17
Lambert
11,802

2
11

21
Dupont
10,369

4
12

31
Martin
9,008

3
10

37
Simon
7,774

5
13

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

text: Bosniaks[edit]

text:
Hodžić ('Imam')
Hadžić ('Hajji')
Čengić (Turkish for Genghis)
Delić
Demirović ('son of Demir')
Kovačević ('son of the blacksmith')
Tahirović ('son of Tahir')
Ferhatović ('son of Ferhat')
Muratović ('son of Murat')
Ibrahimović ('son of Ibrahim')
Hasanović ('son of Hasan')
Mehmedović ('son of Mehmed')
Salihović ('son of Salih')
Terzić ('tailor')
Ademović ('son of Adem')
Adilović ('son of Adil')
Delemović
Zukić
Krličević
Suljić ('son of Salomon/Suliman')
Ahmetović ('Son of Ahmad')

text: Serbs[edit]

text: The following names are the most common names for Serbs from Bosnia.[6]

text:
Kovačević ('son of the blacksmith')
Subotić ('Saturday')
Savić ('son of Sava')
Popović ('son of the priest')
Jovanović ('son of Jovan')
Petrović ('son of Petar')
Đurić ('son of Đura')
Babić ('grandmother'/'old woman')
Lukić ('son of Luka')
Knežević ('son of the prince')
Marković ('son of Marko')
Ilić ('son of Ilija')
Đukić ('son of Đuka')
Vuković ('son of Vuk')
Vujić ('son of Vujo')
Simić ('son of Simo')
Radić ('son of Rade')
Nikolić ('son of Nikola')
Marić ('son of Mara')
Mitrović ('son of Mitar')
Tomić ('son of Toma/Tomo')
Božić ('son of Božo')
Golubović ('dove'/'pigeon')

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: Feminized names included (m. Dimitrov - f. Dimitrova).

text:
Dimitrov ('Dimitar's')
Petrov ('Petar's')
Ivanov ('Ivan's')
Stoyanov ('Stoyan's')
Stefanov ('Stefan's')
Boyanov ('Boyan's')
Trifonov ('Trifon's')
Tasev
Metodiev ('Metodiy's')
Iliev ('Iliya's')
Gospodinov ('Gospodin's')
Apostolov ('Apostol's')
Hristov
Hasanov ('Hasan's')
Nikolov (Nikola's')
Bojidarov ('Bojidar's')
Stoichkov
Yanev ('Yane's')
Yankov ('Yanko's')
Stoev
Konstantinov ('Konstantin's')
Grigorov ('Grigor's')
Gruev
Georgiev ('Georgi's')
Mihaylov ('Mikhail's')
Blagoev ('Blagoy's')

text: Croatia[edit]

text:
Rank[7][8][9]

Frequency

Surname

Surname derivation[10]

1
7004216180000000000♠21,618
Horvat
ethnic name for a Croat

2
7004151600000000000♠15,160
Kovačević
patronymic, from kovač "blacksmith"

3
7004128400000000000♠12,840
Babić
matronymic, or nickname, from baba "(old) woman", "grandmother"

4
7004115550000000000♠11,555
Marić
1. matronymic, from Mara - short variant of Marija "Mary"; 2. patronymic, from Maro - short variant of Marije "Marius" or Marijan "Marianus"

5
7004111630000000000♠11,163
Jurić
patronymic, from Jure or Juro - regional variants of Juraj "George"

6
7004107940000000000♠10,794
Novak
1. a newcomer, from novy "new"; 2. topographic name, for peasant who settled on newly cleared land

7
7004105460000000000♠10,546
Kovačić
patronymic, from kovač "blacksmith"

8
7004103340000000000♠10,334
Knežević
from knez "prince" or "duke"

9
7004101910000000000♠10,191
Vuković
patronymic, from Vuk - ancient Slavic name meaning "wolf"

10
7003985400000000000♠9,854
Marković
patronymic, from Marko "Marcus"

11
7003961400000000000♠9,614
Petrović
patronymic, from Petar and Peter

12
7003996000000000000♠9,960
Matić
patronymic, from Matija "Matthias" or Matej "Matthew"; or possibly from their short variants Mate or Mato

13
7003946400000000000♠9,464
Tomić
patronymic, from Tomo or Toma "Thomas"

14
7003860100000000000♠8,601
Pavlović
patronymic, from Pavao, Pavle, and Pavel "Paul"

15
7003854200000000000♠8,542
Kovač
occupational name, from kovač "blacksmith"

16
7003825800000000000♠8,258
Božić
patronymic, from Božo (from bozhy meaning of God)

17
7003815200000000000♠8,152
Blažević
patronymic, from Blaž lat. Blasius "Blaise"

18
7003801000000000000♠8,010
Grgić
patronymic, from Grga or Grgo - short variants of Grgur "Gregory"

19
7003753800000000000♠7,538
Pavić
patronymic, from Pavo - short or regional variant of Pavao "Paul"

20
7003740600000000000♠7,406
Radić
patronymic, from Rade (Slavic name meaning happy)

21
7003735100000000000♠7,351
Perić
patronymic, from Pero (Peter)

22
7003732100000000000♠7,321
Filipović
patronymic, from Filip

23
7003718400000000000♠7,184
Šarić

24
7003713100000000000♠7,131
Lovrić
patronymic, from Lovro (Lawrence)

25
7003698600000000000♠6,986
Vidović
patronymic, from Vid (Vitus)

26
7003690300000000000♠6,903
Perković
patronymic, from Perko (Peter)

27
7003679700000000000♠6,797
Popović
patronymic, from Pop (priest)

28
7003676000000000000♠6,760
Bošnjak
ethnic name for a Bosniak

29
7003665300000000000♠6,653
Jukić
patronymic, from Juko or Juka - regional variants of Juraj "George"

30
7003641700000000000♠6,417
Barišić
patronymic, from Bariša - short or regional variant of Bartol, Bartul, Bartolomej "Bartholomew"

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: Feminized names are included (m. Novák/f. Nováková). Figures are from 2009 and provided by Czech Ministry of the Interior.

text:
Statistic of the Czech Republic surnames[11][12][13]

Rank
Name
Meaning
Number of males
Number of females

1
Novák/Nováková
new man/woman
34,168
35,558

2
Svoboda/Svobodová
freeholder
25,292
26,569

3
Novotný/Novotná
newman
24,320
25,328

4
Dvořák/Dvořáková
grange owner
22,299
23,445

5
Černý/Černá
black man/woman
17,813
18,504

6
Procházka/Procházková
walker
16,074
16,817

7
Kučera/Kučerová
curly man/woman
15,187
15,689

8
Veselý/Veselá
cheerful, merry man/woman
12,882
13,494

9
Horák/Horáková
highlander
12,165
12,796

10
Němec/Němcová
German
11,192
11,563

text: Denmark[edit]

text: Nineteen of the twenty most common Danish surnames as of 1 January 2016 are patronymic, the only exception being Møller (Miller).[14]

text:
Nielsen – 255,138
Jensen – 254,675
Hansen – 213,339
Pedersen – 161,074
Andersen – 157,753
Christensen – 118,117
Larsen – 114,711
Sørensen – 109,746
Rasmussen – 93,723
Jørgensen – 87,466
Petersen – 78,329
Madsen – 63,723
Kristensen – 60,116
Olsen – 47,579
Thomsen – 39,117
Christiansen – 36,656
Poulsen – 31,874
Johansen – 31,001
Møller – 30,059
Mortensen – 29,258

tag: ol

text: Estonia[edit]

text: Data from 2008.[15]

text: Names of Estonian origin:

text:
Rank
#
Surname
Meaning

1
5,241
Tamm
oak

2
4,352
Saar
island/ash (tree)

3
3,624
Sepp
smith

4
3,613
Mägi
hill, mountain

5
2,847
Kask
birch

6
2,728
Kukk
rooster

7
2,265
Rebane
fox

8
2,165
Ilves
lynx

9
1,933
Pärn
linden tree

10
1,882
Koppel
paddock

text: Names of Russian origin:

text:
Rank
#
Surname

1
6,789
Ivanov

2
3,402
Smirnov

3
3,153
Vassiljev

4
2,932
Petrov

5
2,339
Kuznetsov

6
1,968
Mihhailov

7
1,927
Pavlov

8
1,909
Semjonov

9
1,862
Andrejev

10
1,845
Aleksejev

text: Faroe Islands[edit]

text: The 20 most common surnames in the Faroe Islands as published in 2009 are shown below beside the number of people of the Faroese population sharing each surname.[16]

text:
Rank
Name
Number of individuals

1
Joensen
2,512

2
Hansen
2,339

3
Jacobsen
2,169

4
Olsen
1,784

5
Poulsen
1,400

6
Petersen
1,312

7
Johannesen
1,091

8
Thomsen
722

9
Nielsen
682

10
Johansen
584

Rank
Name
Number of individuals

11
Rasmussen
565

12
Simonsen
543

13
Djurhuus
528

14
Jensen
523

15
Danielsen
518

16
Mortensen
488

17
Mikkelsen
457

18
Dam
433

19
Højgaard
429

20
Andreasen
420

text: Finland[edit]

text:
Rank
Surname
Meaning
Population
Percentage[17]

1
Korhonen
Uncertain meaning; see article
23,312
0.425

2
Virtanen
virta = stream
23,020
0.420

3
Mäkinen
mäki = hill
21,014
0.383

4
Nieminen
niemi = cape
20,969
0.382

5
Mäkelä
hill place
19,538
0.356

6
Hämäläinen
Tavastian, comes from Tavastia
19,129
0.349

7
Laine
wave
18,752
0.342

8
Heikkinen
first name Heikki, "Henry", "Henrik"
17,926
0.327

9
Koskinen
koski = rapids
17,737
0.324

10
Järvinen
järvi = lake
16,802
0.306

11
Lehtonen
lehto = grove
16,649
0.304

12
Lehtinen
lehti = leaf
15,602
0.285

13
Saarinen
saari = island
15,295
0.279

14
Salminen
salmi = strait
15,087
0.275

15
Heinonen
heinä = hay
14,957
0.273

16
Niemi
cape
14,951
0.273

17
Heikkilä
first name Heikki, "Henry", "Henrik"
14,558
0.266

18
Kinnunen
from Swedish word skinnare = skinner
14,319
0.261

19
Salonen
salo = backwoods
14,270
0.260

20
Turunen
turku = market, selling place, nowadays only the name of a city
13,802
0.252

21
Salo
backwoods
13,487
0.246

22
Laitinen
laita = side, margin
13,085
0.239

23
Tuominen
tuomi = bird cherry
12,852
0.234

24
Rantanen
ranta = shore, beach
12,834
0.234

25
Karjalainen
Karelian, comes from Karelia
12,830
0.234

26
Jokinen
joki = river
12,514
0.228

27
Mattila
first name Matti, "Matt", "Mathew", -la = place
12,330
0.225

28
Savolainen
Savonian, comes from Savonia
11,592
0.211

29
Lahtinen
lahti = bay
11,470
0.209

30
Ahonen
aho = meadow
11,238
0.205

text: Most of the names on this list are typical examples of surnames that were adopted when modern surnames were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries In the romantic spirit, they refer to natural features: virta "river", koski "rapids", mäki "hill", järvi "lake", saari "island" — often with the suffix -nen added after the model of older, mainly eastern Finnish surnames such as Korhonen and Heikkinen. "Hämäläinen" literally means an inhabitant of Häme. The suffix -nen is an adjective ending.

text: Most common Swedish surnames in Finland[edit]

text:
Rank
Surname
Population
Percentage[17]

1
Johansson
8,679
0.158

2
Nyman
7,552
0.138

3
Lindholm
7,382
0.135

4
Karlsson
7,096
0.129

5
Andersson
6,403
0.117

text: France[edit]

text:
Rank[18]

#

Surname

Meaning

1
235,846
Martin
son of Martin

2
105,132
Bernard
son of Bernard

3
95,998
Dubois
one who dwells in the woods

4
95,387
Thomas
son of Thomas

5
91,393
Robert
son of Robert

6
90,689
Richard
son of Richard

7
88,318
Petit
short

8
84,252
Durand

9
78,868
Leroy
one called a king

10
78,177
Moreau
dark complexion

11
76,655
Simon
son of Simon

12
75,307
Laurent
son of Laurent

13
74,564
Lefebvre
blacksmith

14
74,318
Michel
son of Michel

15
68,720
Garcia

16
61,762
David
son of David

17
59,817
Bertrand
son of Bertrand

18
59,440
Roux
redhead

19
57,351
Vincent
son of Vincent

20
57,047
Fournier
baker

21
56,760
Morel
dark complexion

22
55,642
Girard
son of Gérard

23
55,228
André
son of André

24
53,670
Lefèvre
blacksmith

25
53,622
Mercier
one trading in textiles

26
53,405
Dupont
one who dwells by a bridge

27
51,543
Lambert
son of Lambert

28
50,999
Bonnet

29
50,612
François
son of François

30
49,762
Martinez

text: Georgia[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

Romanization

Total Number[19](2013)

1

ბერიძე

Beridze

28,289

2

მამედოვი

Mamedovi

27,662

3

კაპანაძე

Kapanadze

18,966

4

ალიევი

Alievi

18,687

5

გელაშვილი

Gelashvili

18,128

6

მაისურაძე

Maisuradze

16,175

7

გიორგაძე

Giorgadze

13,994

8

ლომიძე

Lomidze

12,995

9

წიკლაური

Tsiklauri

12,869

10

ბოლქვაძე

Bolkvadze

12,306

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Rank
Surname
Meaning
Percentage[20]

1
Müller
miller
0.95[21]

2
Schmidt
blacksmith
0.69[22]

3
Schneider
tailor
0.40

4
Fischer
fisher
0.35

5
Meyer
farmer, originally estate administrator (lit. "mayor")
0.33[23]

6
Weber
weaver
0.30

7
Schulz
constable or mayor
0.27

8
Wagner
wainwright, worn-down form of 'wagoner', one who makes wagons/wheels
0.27

9
Becker
baker
0.27

10
Hoffmann
'man of the court'
0.26

text: Greece[edit]

text: The majority of Greek names are patronymic. There are also several names derived from professions (Samaras, Σαμαράς = saddle maker, Papoutsis, Παπουτσής = shoe maker), area of (former) residence (Kritikos, Κρητικός = from Crete, Aivaliotis, Αϊβαλιώτης= from Ayvalik), nicknames relating to physical or other characteristics (Kontos, Κοντός = short, Mytaras, Μυταράς = large-nosed, Koufos, Κουφός = deaf) and more.

text: The patronymic suffix varies between dialects; thus Giannidis, Giannakos, Giannatos, Giannopoulos, Giannelis, Giannioglou all mean "son of Giannis."[24]

text: Hungary[edit]

text:
Rank[25][26]

#

Surname

Meaning

1
235,400 (2.4%)
Nagy
Big

2
228,210 (2.3%)
Horváth
Croat

3
217,359 (2.2%)
Kovács
Smith (occupational name)

4
209,549 (2.1%)
Szabó
Tailor (occupational name)

5
206,954 (2.1%)
Tóth
Slavic (non-Orthodox)

6
137,847 (1.4%)
Varga
Leatherworker (occupational name)

7
131,435 (1.3%)
Kiss
Small

8
106,942 (1.1%)
Molnár
Miller (occupational name)

9
91,878 (0.9%)
Németh
German/Germanic

10
83,188 (0.8%)
Farkas
Wolf

11
80,575 (0.8%)
Balogh
Left-handed

12
52,766 (0.5%)
Papp
Priest (occupational name)

13
52,131 (0.5%)
Takács
Weaver (occupational name)

14
51,224 (0.5%)
Juhász
Shepherd (occupational name)

15
47,151 (0.5%)
Lakatos
Locksmith (occupational name)

16
40,079 (0.4%)
Mészáros
Butcher (occupational name)

17
38,330 (0.4%)
Oláh
Vlach/Romanian

18
37,960 (0.4%)
Simon
Simon

19
35,008 (0.4%)
Rácz
Serb, South Slavic

20
34,496 (0.3%)
Fekete
Black(-haired)

text: 2,095,788 individuals (21% of the population) bear the most common 20 names, and 3,347,493 individuals (33.5%) bearing the top 100 names.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: The prevalence of some of these names is the result of more than one distinct Irish language names being represented by the same anglicised version.

text:
#
Surname
Modern Irish
Original Irish
Meaning

1
Murphy
Ó Murchú
Ó MurchadhaMac Murchaidh
Descendant of Murchadh (a personal name meaning "Sea hound/warrior")

2
(O')Kelly
Ó Ceallaigh
Descendant of Ceallach ("strife")

3
(O')Sullivan
Ó Súilleabháin
Descendant of Súilleabhán ("dark-eyed one", "one-eyed" or "hawk-eyed")

4
Walsh
Breathnach
Breatnach
"Breton", "Welshman"

5
Smith
Mac Gabhann
Son of a smith

6
O'Brien
Ó Briain
Descendant of Brian

7
(O')Byrne
Ó Broin
Descendant of Bran

8
(O')Ryan
Ó Riain
Ó RiainÓ MaoilriainÓ Ruaidhín
Descendant of Rian (possibly meaning "king")Descendant of Maoilriaghan ("bald king")Descendant of Ruaidhín ("little red-haired one")

9
O'Connor
Ó Conchobhair
Descendant of Conchobhar ("hound/chief assistance")

10
O'Neill
Ó Néill
Descendant of Niall (possibly meaning "cloud", "passionate" or "champion")

11
(O')Reilly
Ó Raghallaigh
Descendant of Raghallach

12
Doyle
Ó Dubhghaill
Descendant of Dubhghall ("dark-haired foreigner")

13
McCarthy
Mac Cárthaigh
Son of Cárthach ("loving")

14
(O')Gallagher
Ó Gallchóir
Ó Gallchobhair
Descendant of Gallchobhar ("foreign assistance")

15
(O')Doherty
Ó Dochartaigh
Descendant of Dochartach ("hurtful")

16
Kennedy
Ó Cinnéide
Ó Ceannéidigh
Descendant of Cinnéide ("ugly head")

17
Lynch
Ó Loingsigh
Descendant of Loingseach ("longboat")

18
Murray
Ó Muireadhaigh
Mac Muireadhaigh  Mac Giolla Mhuire
Descendant of Muireadhach ("chieftain") Descendant of a servant of Mary

19
(O')Quinn
Ó Cuinn/Coinne
Descendant of Conn ("hound/chief")

20
(O')Moore
Ó Mórdha
Descendant of Mórdha ("majestic")

text: Names starting with O' and Mac/Mc were originally patronymic. Of the names above, with the exception of Smith and Walsh, all originally began with O' or Mac/Mc but many have lost this prefix over time. Mac/Mc, meaning Son, and Ó, meaning From, are used by sons born into the family. In the case of a daughter being born into the family she would use Ní/Nic, for example Ó Muireadhaigh becomes Ní Mhuireadhaigh. A woman who marries into the family and takes her husband's name uses Uí/Mic- e.g. Uí Mhuireadhaigh.[27][28]

text: Italy[edit]

text: From Mappa dei Cognomi website.[29]

text:
Rank

Name

Frequency

Region of Origin

1
Rossi
60.487
Lazio

2
Russo
42.877
Campania

3
Ferrari
33.707
Emilia Romagna

4
Esposito
31.980
Campania

5
Bianchi
25.121
Lombardy

6
Romano
24.062
Lazio

7
Colombo
23.484
Lombardy

8
Bruno
20.509
Piedmont

9
Ricci
19.879
Tuscany

10
Greco
18.225
Apulia

11
Marino
17.939
Sicily

12
Gallo
17.622
Campania

13
De Luca
17.438
Campania

14
Conti
17.173
Tuscany

15
Costa
16.875
Sicily

16
Mancini
16.784
Lazio

17
Giordano
16.636
Campania

18
Rizzo
16.394
Campania

19
Lombardi
15.220
Lombardy

20
Barbieri
14.304
Emilia Romagna

21
Moretti
14.255
Lombardy

22
Fontana
14.214
Lombardy

23
Caruso
13.756
Sicily

24
Mariani
13.652
Lombardy

25
Ferrara
13.236
Campania

26
Santoro
13.141
Campania

27
Rinaldi
12.861
Lombardy

28
Leone
12.661
Campania

29
D'Angelo
12.620
Abruzzo

30
Longo
12.273
Apulia

31
Galli
12.240
Lombardy

32
Martini
12.090
Lazio

33
Martinelli
11.819
Lombardy

34
Serra
11.484
Sardinia

35
Conte
11.347
Campania

36
Vitale
11.266
Campania

37
De Santis
11.208
Abruzzo

38
Marchetti
11.115
Lazio

39
Messina
11.113
Sicily

40
Gentile
11.019
Apulia

41
Villa
11.011
Lombardy

42
Marini
10.875
Lazio

43
Lombardo
10.803
Sicily

44
Coppola
10.783
Campania

45
Ferri
10.679
Emilia Romagna

46
Parisi
10.675
Lombardy

47
De Angelis
10.509
Abruzzo

48
Bianco
10.467
Piedmont

49
Amato
10.449
Campania

50
Fabbri
10.330
Emilia Romagna

51
Gatti
10.303
Lombardy

52
Sala
10.283
Lombardy

53
Morelli
10.181
Tuscany

54
Grasso
10.076
Sicily

55
Pellegrini
10.027
Veneto

56
Ferraro
10.020
Campania

57
Monti
10.007
Lombardy

58
Palumbo
9.775
Campania

59
Grassi
9.749
Lombardy

60
Testa
9.728
Campania

61
Valentini
9.435
Umbria

62
Carbone
9.293
Campania

63
Benedetti
9.258
Lazio

64
Silvestri
9.250
Lazio

65
Farina
9.168
Campania

66
D'Amico
9.125
Abruzzo

67
Martino
8.877
Calabria

68
Bernardi
8.849
Veneto

69
Caputo
8.826
Apulia

70
Mazza
8.756
Calabria

71
Sanna
8.740
Sardinia

72
Fiore
8.734
Apulia

73
De Rosa
8.727
Campania

74
Pellegrino
8.678
Sicily

75
Giuliani
8.647
Lazio

76
Rizzi
8.594
Lombardy

77
Di Stefano
8.521
Abruzzo

78
Cattaneo
8.479
Piedmont

79
Rossetti
8.454
Lombardy

80
Orlando
8.423
Sicily

81
Basile
8.368
Sicily

82
Neri
8.358
Emilia Romagna

83
Barone
8.344
Sicily

84
Palmieri
8.297
Campania

85
Riva
8.203
Lombardy

86
Romeo
8.074
Calabria

87
Franco
8.047
Calabria

88
Sorrentino
8.017
Campania

89
Pagano
8.007
Campania

90
D'Agostino
7.904
Abruzzo

91
Piras
7.889
Sardinia

92
Ruggiero
7.812
Campania

93
Montanari
7.795
Emilia Romagna

94
Battaglia
7.713
Sicily

95
Bellini
7.690
Lombardy

96
Castelli
7.671
Lombardy

97
Guerra
7.572
Veneto

98
Poli
7.538
Lombardy

99
Valente
7.493
Campania

100
Ferretti
7.489
Lazio

text: Kosovo[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 113 out of 193 United Nations member states.
These statistics are based on the Kosovo Agency of Statistics report on names and surnames in Kosovo, which took place in 2017. [30]

text:
Rank
Surame
Number of individuals

1
Krasniqi
58,199

2
Gashi
57,396

3
Berisha
43,727

4
Morina
27,222

5
Shala
25,585

6
Bytyqi
18,840

7
Hasani
13,187

8
Kastrati
13,015

9
Kryeziu
12,882

10
Hoti
12,709

Rank
Name
Number of individuals

1
Fatime
8,626

2
Bajram
6,324

3
Emine
5,622

4
Bekim
5,470

5
Afërdita
5,226

6
Valon
5,207

7
Egzon
5,180

8
Arben
5,114

9
Ramadan
5,110

10
Muhamet
5,047

text: Latvia[edit]

text:
Rank[31][32]

Surname

Meaning

1
Bērziņš
birch (diminutive)

2
Kalniņš
hill (diminutive)

3
Ozoliņš
oak (diminutive)

4
Jansons
son of Jānis (Germanized)

5
Ozols
oak

6
Liepiņš
linden (diminutive)

7
Krūmiņš
bush (diminutive)

8
Balodis
pigeon

9
Eglītis
fir (diminutive)

10
Zariņš
branch (diminutive)

11
Pētersons
son of Pēteris (Germanized)

12
Vītols
willow

13
Kļaviņš
maple (diminutive)

14
Kārkliņš
willow (diminutive form of Kārkls)

15
Vanags
hawk

text: Lithuania[edit]

text:
Lithuania[33]

2015

Rank
Men
Women[note 1]

1
Kazlauskas
Kazlauskienė

2
Jankauskas
Jankauskienė

3
Petrauskas
Petrauskienė

4
Stankevičius
Stankevičienė

5
Vasiliauskas
Vasiliauskienė

6
Butkus
Butkienė

7
Žukauskas
Žukauskienė

8
Paulauskas
Paulauskienė

9
Urbonas
Urbonienė

10
Kavaliauskas
Kavaliauskienė

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: Out of 236,000 entries in the EDITUS phone book:

text:
Rank[34]

#

Surname

1
1929
Schmit

2
1473
Muller

3
1380
Weber

4
1335
Hoffmann

5
1300
Wagner

6
1027
Thill

7
939
Schmitz

8
793
Schroeder

9
712
Reuter

10
706
Klein

11
674
Becker

12
660
Kieffer

13
650
Kremer

14
610
Faber

15
556
Meyer

16
550
Schneider

17
543
Weiss

18
538
Schiltz

19
537
Simon

20
533
Welter

21
504
Hansen

22
496
Majerus

23
467
Ries

24
459
Meyers

25
451
Kayser

26
441
Steffen

27
438
Krier

28
421
Braun

29
411
Wagener

30
405
Diederich

text: Malta[edit]

text:
Rank[35]

%

#

Surname

1
3.3
13,610
Borg

2
3.1
13,090
Camilleri

3
2.9
12,192
Vella

4
2.9
11,953
Farrugia

5
2.3
9,769
Zammit

6
2.1
8,767
Galea

7
2.1
8,677
Micallef

8
2.0
8,178
Grech

9
1.8
7,680
Attard

10
1.8
7,316
Spiteri

text: Macedonia[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Andov – son of Ande
Angelov – son of Angel
Bogdanov – son of Bogdan
Bozinov – son of Bozhin
Brankov – son of Branko
Damcevski
Davidov – son of David
Dimitrov – son of Dimitar
Donev – son of Doncho
Filipov – son of Filip
Georgiev – son of Georgi
Ivanov – son of Ivan
Ivanovski – son of Ivan
Janev – son of Jane
Kitanovski
Kostovski – son of Kosta
Kostov
Manasievski – son of Manas
Markov – son of Marko
Matovski – son of Mato
Mladenovski – son of Mladen
Nikolovski – son of Nikola
Pavlovski
Penov – son of Peni
Petkov – son of Petko
Petrevski – son of Petar
Petrovski
Popoff – Priest
Popovski
Ristevski – son of Risto
Stojanov – son of Stojan
Trajanovski – son of Trajan
Trajcevski
Trajkovski

text: Moldova[edit]

text:
Rank
Surname
Meaning
Total number of families[36]

1
Rusu
from Rus
23,028

2
Ceban
shepherd
20,929

3
Ciobanu
shepherd
17,167

4
Țurcan
(archaic) farmer
16,984

5
Cebotari
shoemaker
15,464

6
Sîrbu
Serb
14,171

7
Lungu
long
14,090

8
Munteanu
from the mountain
13,904

9
Rotari
from roată = wheel
13,511

10
Popa
priest
12,923

11
Ursu
bear
11,456

12
Guțu
dove
11,433

13
Roșca
red-haired, ginger
11,194

14
Melnic
miller
10,632

15
Cojocari
coat crafter
10,526

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: The most recent complete count of surnames in the Netherlands is based on the September 2007 county registrations.

text:
Rank

Name

Number in 2007

Percent

Number in 1947

English equivalent or (when lacking) meaning

1

De Jong

86,534

0.53%

55,256

the young

2

Jansen

75,699

0.46%

49,213

Johnson

3

De Vries

73,157

0.45%

49,298

the Frisian

4

Van den Berg *

60,130

0.37%

37,678

of/from the mountain

5

Van Dijk, Van Dyk

57,944

0.35%

36,578

of/from the dike

6

Bakker

56,864

0.35%

37,483

Baker

7

Janssen

55,394

0.34%

32,824

Johnson

8

Visser

50,929

0.31%

34,721

Fisher

9

Smit

43,493

0.27%

29,783

Smith

10

Meijer, Meyer

41,497

0.25%

28,256

Bailiff or steward

11

De Boer

39,576

0.24%

25,662

the farmer

12

Mulder

37,250

0.23%

24,665

Miller

13

De Groot

37,221

0.23%

24,724

The big/great/large

14

Bos

36,478

0.22%

23,790

Bush or Woods

15

Vos

31,154

0.19%

19,461

Fox

16

Peters

30,864

0.19%

18,583

Peters

17

Hendriks

30,199

0.18%

18,538

Henderson

18

Van Leeuwen

28,774

0.18%

17,754

From Leeuwen/Leuven; Levi (leeuwen is the plural of lion)

19

Dekker

28,682

0.17%

18,782

Thatcher

20

Brouwer

26,224

0.16%

17,468

Brewer

21

De Wit

24,904

0.15%

15,156

the white

22

Dijkstra

24,175

0.15%

15,647

(Frisian) of/from the dike

23

Smits

23,816

0.15%

15,151

Smith

24

De Graaf

21,699

0.13%

13,718

The count/earl/administrator

25

Van der Meer

21,354

0.13%

13,011

of/from the lake

text: If closely related names are combined, the top 15 become:

text:
Name

Number of people

1

Jansen, Janssen, Janse

135,003

2

de Jong, de Jonge, de Jongh, Jong

108,240

3

Smit, Smits, Smid, de Smit, Smet, Smith

76,604

4

de Vries, Vries, de Vriese

74,058

5

vd Berg, vd Bergh, vd Berge, vd Bergen*

69,080

6

Visser, Visscher, Vissers, de Visser

68,952

7

van Dijk, van Dyk, Dijk, van Dijck

64,070

8

Bakker, Bekker, de Bakker, Backer

62,183

9

de Boer, Boer, den Boer, van de Boer

57,072

10

Mulder, Muller, Müller, Mulders, de Mulder

52,394

11

Peters, Peeters, Pieters, Peterse, Peter

52,389

12

vd Veen, vd Ven, van Veen, van 't Veen *

49,935

13

Bos, Bosch, de Bos

47,995

14

Meijer, Meyer, Meijers

47,761

15

de Groot, Groot, de Groote

47,511

text:
Source: Nederlands Repertorium van Familienamen, Meertens-Instituut, 1963-2009. Data can be viewed in the Corpus of Family Names in the Netherlands
See specifically De top 100 van de familienamen in Nederland (Dutch)

text: Names ending in -stra or -ma are usually of Frisian origin. For example, Terpstra, Bijlsma, Halsema.

text: Names ending in -ink or -ing are usually of Low Saxon origin. For example, Hiddink, Meyerink, Mentink.

text: Norway[edit]

text:
Rank[37]

#

Surname

Meaning

1
53,011
Hansen
patronymic; son of Hans

2
50,088
Johansen
patronymic; son of Johan or Johannes

3
49,303
Olsen
patronymic; son of Olav, Ole, Olaf or Ola

4
37.869
Larsen
patronymic; son of Lars, Lauritz or  Laurits

5
37,206
Andersen
patronymic; son of Anders (or Andres)

6
35,402
Pedersen
patronymic; son of Peder, (Petter, Peter or Per)

7
34,941
Nilsen
patronymic; son of Nils (or Niels)

8
23,595
Kristiansen
patronymic; son of Kristian (or Christian)

9
23,079
Jensen
patronymic; son of Jens

10
21,330
Karlsen
patronymic; son of Karl (or Carl)

11
20,755
Johnsen
patronymic; son of John (or Jon)

12
20,226
Pettersen
patronymic; son of Petter, (Peter, Peder or Per)

13
19,241
Eriksen
patronymic; son of Erik, (Eirik or Erich)

14
18,133
Berg
toponymic; a hill

15
14,392
Haugen
toponymic; the mound

16
14,126
Hagen
toponymic; the garden

17
13,387
Johannessen
patronymic; son of Johannes (or Johan)

18
12,139
Andreassen
patronymic; son of Andreas

19
11,925
Jacobsen
patronymic; son of Jacob (or Jakob)

20
11,540
Dahl
toponymic; a valley

21
11,481
Jørgensen
patronymic; son of Jørgen

22
11,477
Halvorsen
patronymic; son of Halvor (or Hallvard)

23
11,364
Henriksen
patronymic; son of Henrik (or Henrich)

24
11,282
Lund
toponymic; a grove

text: Poland[edit]

text:
Rank
Surname
Meaning
Population[38]

1
Nowak
"newman"
207,348

2
Kowalski
from kowal "smith"
140,471

3
Wiśniewski
from wiśnia "cherry"
111,174

4
Wójcik
from wójt, a noun describing chief officer of a municipality (gmina), from a popular name Wojciech; from the word "wojak" (warrior)
100,064

5
Kowalczyk
from kowal "smith", literally "smith's son"
98,739

6
Kamiński
from kamień "stone"
95,816

7
Lewandowski
from lawenda "lavender"
93,404

8
Zieliński
from zielony "green"; from zioło, ziele "herb"
91,522

9
Szymański
from Szymon, equivalent to Simon
89,698

10
Woźniak
from woźny, "usher"
89,015

11
Dąbrowski
from dąbrowa "oak grove"
87,304

12
Kozłowski
from kozioł "buck"
76,657

13
Jankowski
from Janek, a diminutive of John
69,280

14
Mazur
Formerly, 'a man from Mazovia'
68,090

15
Kwiatkowski
from kwiatek "flower (dim.)"
66,917

16
Wojciechowski
from the name Wojciech; from the word "wojak" (warrior)
66,879

17
Krawczyk
from krawiec "tailor", "tailor's son"
64,543

18
Kaczmarek
from karczmarz "innkeeper"
62,399

19
Piotrowski
from Piotr (Peter)
61,844

20
Piecyk
from piec "bake"
60,001

text: Polish names which end with -ski or -cki have both male and female forms - Kamiński / Kamińska, Wielicki / Wielicka, etc. This needs to be considered when taking a count by, for instance, scanning a telephone book.  Historically, -ski, cognate with English -ish and French -esque,  was a particle of nobility, like German von.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: The 50 most frequent surnames in Portugal are:[39][40]

text:
Order

Surname

Meaning

Frequency%

Frequency(in 1000)

1

Silva

woodland

9.44%

995

2

Santos

saints

5.96%

628

3

Ferreira

blacksmith

5.25%

553

4

Pereira

pear tree

4.88%

514

5

Oliveira

olive tree

3.71%

391

6

Costa

[from the] coast

3.68%

387

7

Rodrigues

son of Rodrigo

3.57%

376

8

Martins

son of Martim

3.23%

340

9

Jesus

Jesus

2.99%

315

10

Sousa

[from] Sousa (toponym)

2.95%

311

11

Fernandes

son of Fernando

2.82%

297

12

Gonçalves

son of Gonçalo

2.76%

291

13

Gomes

son of Gome/Gomo

2.57%

271

14

Lopes

son of Lopo

2.52%

265

15

Marques

son of Marcos

2.51%

265

16

Alves

abbreviated form ofÁlvares, son of Álvaro

2.37%

250

17

Almeida

toponymic

2.27%

239

18

Ribeiro

from the riverside

2.27%

239

19

Pinto

2.09%

220

20

Carvalho

oak tree

1.97%

208

21

Teixeira

toponymic, yew tree related

1.69%

178

22

Moreira

mulberry

1.54%

162

23

Correia

1.53%

161

24

Mendes

son of Mendo

1.39%

146

25

Nunes

son of Nuno

1.32%

139

26

Soares

son of Soeiro

1.28%

135

27

Vieira

scallop

1.2%

127

28

Monteiro

1.11%

117

29

Cardoso

spiny, having to do with teazels

1.07%

113

30

Rocha

rock

1.04%

110

31

Neves

snows(devotion to Our Lady of the Snows)

0.98%

103

32

Coelho

rabbit

0.97%

102

33

Cruz

cross (of Jesus)

0.94%

99

34

Cunha

wedge

0.93%

98

35

Pires

son of Pero (Peter)

0.92%

97

36

Ramos

tree branches or related to Passover Friday

0.86%

91

37

Reis

devotion to theThree Kings ("Reis")

0.85%

90

38

Simões

son of Simão (Simon)

0.85%

90

39

Antunes

son of António

0.82%

86

40

Matos

bush

0.82%

86

41

Fonseca

0.81%

86

42

Machado

axe

0.76%

80

43

Araújo

toponymic

0.69%

73

44

Barbosa

toponymic

0.69%

72

45

Tavares

toponymic

0.67%

71

46

Lourenço

Laurent, related to laurels

0.65%

68

47

Castro

castrum

0.62%

66

48

Figueiredo

0.62%

65

49

Azevedo

0.60%

64

50

Freitas

0.60%

63

text: Romania[edit]

text:
Rank[41]
Surname
Pronunciation
Meaning

1
Popa
[ˈpopa]
Priest

2
Popescu
[poˈpesku]
from Popa (Priest)

3
Pop
[pop]
short form of Popa

4
Radu
[ˈradu]

5
Dumitru
[duˈmitru]

6
Stan
[stan]
shortened form of Stanislav

7
Stoica
[ˈstojka]

8
Gheorghe
[ˈɡe̯orɡe]
form of George

9
Matei
[maˈtej]
Romanian form of Matthew

10
Ciobanu
[t͡ʃjoˈbanu]
Shepherd

11
Ionescu
[ioˈnesku]
from Ion (Romanian form of John)

12
Rusu
[rusu]
Russian

text: Russia[edit]

text: The 20 most common widespread Russian surnames (for males) from the European part of Russia, as calculated by Balanovskaya et al. (2005):[42]

text:
Rank
Surname
Transliteration
Meaning
Percentage[42]

1
Смирно́в
Smirnov
quiet one's
1.61

2
Ивано́в
Ivanov
son of Ivan
1.30

3
Кузнецо́в
Kuznetsov
smith's
0.90

4
Попо́в
Popov
priest's son
0.79

5
Соколо́в
Sokolov
falcon's
0.73

6
Ле́бедев
Lebedev
swan's
0.65

7
Козло́в
Kozlov
he-goat's; metaphorically: bearded one
0.58

8
Но́виков
Novikov
newman's; see novik for historical details
0.54

9
Моро́зов
Morozov
frost's
0.53

10
Петро́в
Petrov
son of Pyotr
0.44

11
Во́лков
Volkov
wolf's
0.44

12
Соловьёв
Solovyov
nightingale's
0.44

13
Васи́льев
Vasilyev
son of Vasily
0.42

14
За́йцев
Zaytsev
hare's
0.41

15
Па́влов
Pavlov
son of Pavel
0.39

16
Семёнов
Semyonov
son of Semyon
0.35

17
Го́лубев
Golubev
pigeon's
0.32

18
Виногра́дов
Vinogradov
grape's
0.32

19
Богда́нов
Bogdanov
son of Bogdan
0.31

20
Воробьёв
Vorobyov
sparrow's
0.30

text: Those Russian surnames that end with -ov/-ev or -in/-yn are originally patronymic or metronymic possessive adjectivals with the meaning "son of" or "daughter/wife of" (the feminine is formed with the -a ending - Smirnova, Ivanova, etc.). In older documents such surnames were written with the word syn "son", for example, Ivánov syn "John's son" or Il'yín syn "Elijah's son"; the last word was later dropped. Such names are roughly equivalent to the English or Welsh surnames Richardson or Richards.

text: The Russian equivalent of "Smith, Jones, and Brown" (that is, the generic most popular surnames) is Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov, or "Jones, Peters, and Isidores", although Sidorov is now ranked only 66th.[42]

text: Serbia[edit]

text:
Rank[43]
Surname
Cyrillic script
Meaning

1
Jovanović
Јовановић
Son of Jovan (John)

2
Petrović
Петровић
Son of Petar (Peter)

3
Nikolić
Николић
Son of Nikola (Nicholas)

4
Marković
Марковић
Son of Marko (Mark)

5
Đorđević
Ђорђевић
Son of Đorđe (George)

6
Stojanović
Стојановић
Son of Stojan (Stoyan)

7
Ilić
Илић
Son of Ilija (Elijah)

8
Stanković
Станковић
Son of Stanko (Stan)

9
Pavlović
Павловић
Son of Pavle (Paul)

10
Milošević
Милошевић
Son of Miloš (Milosh)

text: Slovakia[edit]

text:
Rank[44][45]

#

Surname

Meaning

Origins

1
30,813
Horváth
"Croat"
Croatian through Hungarian

2
29,079
Kováč
"Blacksmith"
Slavic, Indo-European

3
21,650
Varga
"Leatherworker, cobbler"
Hungarian[26]

4
21,604
Tóth
"Slovak (Slav)"
Germanic through Hungarian[26][45]

5
19,341
Nagy
"Large/Tall"
Hungarian[26]

6
14,114
Baláž
"Blessed"
Hungarian via Latin Blasius and Old Church Slavonic "blessed", from Indo-European

7
13,998
Szabó
"Tailor"
Hungarian[26]

8
12,632
Molnár
"Miller"
Croatian through Hungarian[26]

9
10,872
Balog
"Left-handed"
Hungarian,[26] or from Slavic "marsh", or both

10
9,718
Lukáč
"Luke" Latin Lucas,
Greek

text: Note: The most common surnames in Slovakia are a mixture of Indo-European and the Ugric roots reflecting the 900-year-long coexistence of the Indo-European Slovaks and speakers of other Indo-European languages with Ugric Hungarians and the Croatians, under Hungarian assimilation pressure throughout the 19th century (see Magyarization, see History of Slovakia). In 1910 Hungarians made up one-third of the population of present-territory of Slovakia.[46] Hungarians are currently an 8% minority[45] in Slovakia due to population exchanges and Slovakization.[47] (see Demographics of Slovakia). While ethnic Hungarians are relatively few in Slovakia, their large presence on the list of most common names reflects the intra-lingual frequency of the frequent names in Hungary.

text: Slovenia[edit]

text:
Rank[48]

#

Surname

Meaning

1
11,196
Novak
new man; from a newly established farm

2
9,762
Horvat
Croat

3
5,640
Kovačič
son of blacksmith

4
5,585
Krajnc
from Carniola

5
5,019
Zupančič
son of farmer or the village elder

6
4,729
Potočnik
near stream

7
4,729
Kovač
blacksmith

8
3,957
Mlakar
near puddle

9
3,905
Kos
blackbird

10
3,885
Vidmar
farmer belonging to the ruler's estate

11
3,855
Golob
pigeon

12
3,506
Turk
Turk

13
3,421
Božič
Christmas

14
3,418
Kralj
King

15
3,285
Korošec
from Carinthia

16
3,256
Zupan
mayor (originally, village elder)

17
3,209
Bizjak
archaic term for refugee; usually applied to Slavic Christian families that had fled from the Ottoman Empire

18
3,136
Hribar
from the hill

19
3,069
Kotnik
from a remote area (literally, from a corner)

20
3,003
Kavčič
weaver

21
2,992
Rozman

22
2,873
Kastelic
from a castle

23
2,841
Oblak
cloud

24
2,828
Žagar
sawer

25
2,821
Petek
Friday

26
2,808
Hočevar
from Kočevje or from Gottschee County

27
2,807
Kolar

28
2,738
Košir

29
2,598
Koren

30
2,399
Klemenčič
son of Klemen

text: Spain[edit]

text: The top ten surnames cover about 20% of the population, with important geographical differences. The regional distribution of surnames within Spain was homogenized mostly through internal migrations, especially since 1950. Names typical of the old crown of Castile have become the most common all over the country. Most of the common Spanish surnames originating from Germanic first names were introduced in Spain during the fifth to seventh centuries by the Visigoths, so almost all are from the Visigoth tradition.

text:
García - 1,378,000 people (3.48%) Pre-Roman, Basque.
Fernández - 851,000 (2.15%) Son of Fernando, Fredenand, or Fridnand; Germanic
González - 839,000 (2.12%) Son of Gonzalo, from the Latinised form Gundisalvus; Germanic
Rodríguez - 804,000 (2.03%) Son of Rodrigo, Roderic; Germanic
López - 796,000 (2.01%) Son of Lope, Latin Lupus, meaning wolf
Martínez - 788,000 (1.97%) Son of Martin, Latin Martis, genitive form of Mars
Sánchez - 725,000 (1.83%) Son of Sancho, Latin Sanctius
Pérez - 709,000 (1.79%) Son of Pedro, Latin Petrus
Martín - 459,000 (1.16%)
Gómez - 440,000 (1.11%) Son of Gomes, Gomo, or Gomaro; Germanic
Ruiz - 321,000 (0.81%) Son of Rui, variation or short for Rodrigo
Hernández - 305,000 (0.77%) Son of Hernando, variation of Fernando
Jiménez - 293,000 (0.74%) son of Jimeno, Xemeno, or Ximeno
Díaz - 293,000 (0.74%) Son of Diego
Álvarez - 273,000 (0.69%) Son of Alvaro, from Alvar; Germanic
Moreno - 261,000 (0.66%) Brown-haired, tanned, brunet
Muñoz - 241,000 (0.61%) Son of Munio; Pre-Roman
Alonso - 206,000 (0.52%) Variation of Alfonso; Germanic
Gutiérrez - 170,000 (0.43%) Son of Gutier, Gutierre, or Gualtierre; Germanic
Romero - 170,000 (0.43%) (pilgrim)
Navarro - 158,400 (0.40%) Navarrese, "from Navarre"; toponym
Torres - 134,600 (0.34%) Towers; toponym
Domínguez - 134,600 (0.34%) Son of Domingo, from Latin Domenicus, Dominus, "master"
Gil - 134,600 (0.34%) From older form Egidio; patronymic
Vázquez - 130,000 (0.33%) Son of Vasco or Velasco
Serrano - 122,700 (0.31%) "Highlander"
Ramos - 118,000 (0.30%) Branches; meaning born during Christian festivity Palm Sunday
Blanco - 118,000 (0.30%) "White"
Sanz - 106,900 (0.27%)
Castro - 102,900 (0.26%) "village". See castro and castrum
Suárez - 102,900 (0.26%) Son of Suero or Suaro; unknown origin
Ortega - 99,000 (0.25%) From Ortiga, nettle plant
Rubio - 99,000 (0.25%) Blond, fair-haired; Latin Rubeus, meaning ruddy, reddish
Molina - 99,000 (0.25%) (Mill, place with mills)
Delgado - 95,000 (0.24%) "Thin man"
Ramírez - 95,000 (0.24%) Son of Ramiro, Radamir, or Radmir; Germanic
Morales - 95,000 (0.24%) Blackberry groves
Ortiz - 87,120 (0.22%) Son of Ortún; Latin Fortunius, meaning fortunate one
Marín - 83,160 (0.21%) Latin Marinus, meaning sailor
Iglesias - 83,160 (0.21%) "Churches"

text: Source:[49] - Data from December 1999. (2004 data confirmation of top 25)

text: Canary Islands[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Approximate percentage

1
González
4.79

2
Rodríguez
4.64

3
Hernández
4.01

4
Pérez
3.35

5
García
3.25

6
Martín
2.21

7
Santana
2.18

8
Díaz
1.86

9
Suárez
1.38

10
Sánchez
1.29

11
López
1.21

12
Cabrera
1.18

13
Ramos
0.88

14
Medina
0.87

15
Fernández
0.75

16
Morales
0.73

17
Delgado
0.70

18
Marrero
0.70

19
León
0.69

20
Alonso
0.61

21
Herrera
0.59

22
Cruz
0.58

23
Domínguez
0.55

24
Gutiérrez
0.52

25
Reyes
0.50

26
Torres
0.48

27
Alvarez
0.66

28
Rivero
0.44

29
Armas
0.42

30
Trujillo
0.40

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Source: World Family Names

text:
Rank[50]

#

Surname

Meaning

1
251,621
Andersson
son of Anders

2
251,495
Johansson
son of Johan

3
223,151
Karlsson
son of Karl

4
171,360
Nilsson
son of Nils

5
147,514
Eriksson
son of Erik

6
124,686
Larsson
son of Lars

7
114,280
Olsson
son of Olof, Olov, Ola, Ole or Olle (usually a nickname)

8
107,911
Persson
son of Per

9
101,834
Svensson
son of Sven

10
97,536
Gustafsson
son of Gustaf

11
96,011
Pettersson
son of Petter

12
73,869
Jonsson
son of Jon

13
50,170
Jansson
son of Jan

14
43,926
Hansson
son of Hans

15
34,302
Bengtsson
son of Bengt

16
32,249
Jönsson
son of Jöns

17
27,533
Lindberg
compound of lind (the tree tilia cordata) and berg (mountain)

18
26,793
Jakobsson
son of Jakob

19
26,562
Magnusson
son of Magnus

20
26,424
Olofsson
son of Olof

text: List of the 10 most common names among the Sami people (compiled from one third of the Sametinget voting list 2005):[51]

text:
Rank

Surname

Meaning

1
Andersson
son of Anders

2
Johansson
son of Johan

3
Nilsson
son of Nils

4
Larsson
son of Lars

5
Persson
son of Per

6
Blind
? of Sami descent

7
Jonsson
son of Jon

8
Eriksson
son of Erik

9
Nutti
? of Sami descent

10
Labba
? of Sami descent

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: Surnames of the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino

text:
Rank
Name

Meaning

1
Bianchi
white

2
Bernasconi

3
Fontana
one who dwells by a fountain

4
Crivelli
sieve

5
Galli
Gaul; Frenchman

6
Cereghetti

7
Colombo
dove (often bestowed upon orphans)

8
Rossi
red, redhead

9
Ferrari
blacksmith

10
Cavadini

11
Sante

12
Ravelli

13
Giovanni
John

14
Piero
Peter

text:
German-speaking cantons (1998):
Source:[52]

text:
Rank
#
Surname
Meaning

1
31,000
Müller
miller

2
19,150
Meier
tenant of a large farm

3
16,900
Schmid
blacksmith

4
13,000
Keller
winemaker

5
11,850
Weber
weaver

6
10,550
Huber
tenant of a small large farm

7
10,350
Meyer
tenant of a large farm

8
10,300
Schneider
tailor

9
8,950
Steiner
'stone person'

10
8,200
Fischer
fisherman

11
8,100
Brunner
'water well person'

12
8,000
Baumann
'constructionman'

13
7,950
Gerber
tanner

14
7,750
Frei
free (in terms of freedom)

15
7,500
Moser
'bog person'

text: Turkey[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Meaning

1
Yılmaz
unbeatable/dauntless

2
Kaya
rock

3
Demir
iron

4
Şahin
falcon

5
Çelik
steel

6
Yıldız
star

7
Yıldırım
thunderbolt

8
Öztürk
pure Turk

9
Aydın
enlightened

10
Özdemir
pure iron

text: Source: Turkish General Directorate of Population and Citizenships[53]

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: Many of the surnames use the same root but different suffixes, or even different roots of the same meaning, depending on the part of Ukraine the person hails from.[54]

text:
Rank
Surname
Meaning

1
Melnyk
miller

2
Shevchenko
shoemaker's

3
Boyko
the Boyko (a member of a group of Ukrainian highlanders)

4
Kovalenko
smith's

5
Bondarenko
cooper's

6
Tkachenko
weaver's

7
Kovalchuk
smith's

8
Kravchenko
tailor's

9
Oliynyk
oil maker

10
Shevchuk
shoemaker's

11
Koval
smith

12
Polishchuk
the Polesian, a man from Polesia

13
Bondar
cooper

14
Tkachuk
weaver's

15
Moroz
frost

16
Marchenko
Mark's

17
Lysenko
fox's (from Lys) or baldhead's (from Lysyi)

18
Rudenko
redhead's

19
Savchenko
Savka's (Savka is a form of Sava or Savva)

20
Petrenko
Petro's

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: England[edit]

text:
Rank
Surname
Percentage[55]

1
Smith
1.26

2
Jones
0.75

3
Taylor
0.59

4
Brown
0.56

5
Williams
0.39

6
Wilson
0.39

7
Johnson
0.37

8
Davies
0.34

9
Robinson
0.32

10
Wright
0.32

11
Thompson
0.31

12
Evans
0.30

13
Walker
0.30

14
White
0.30

15
Roberts
0.28

16
Green
0.28

17
Hall
0.28

18
Wood
0.27

19
Jackson
0.27

20
Clarke
0.26

text: The following list is for Greater London.[56]

text:
Brown
Smith
Patel (India)
Jones
Williams
Johnson
Taylor
Thomas
Roberts
Khan (Pakistan)
Lewis
Jackson
Clarke
James
Phillips
Wilson
Ali (Arabic/Turkey)
Mason
Mitchell
Rose
Davis
Davies
Rodríguez (Spain/Latin America)
Cox
Alexander

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: Data from [4]. Numbers in brackets indicate percentages.

text:
Wilson (England) (0.75)
Campbell (Scotland) (0.75)
Kelly (Ireland) (0.74)
Johnston (Scotland) (0.69)
Moore (Ireland) (0.62)
Thompson (England) (0.61)
Smyth (England) (0.60)
Brown (England) (0.59)
O’Neill (Ireland) (0.57)
Doherty (Ireland) (0.54)
Stewart (Scotland) (0.54)
Quinn (Ireland) (0.51)
Robinson (England) (0.50)
Murphy (Ireland) (0.49)
Graham (England) (0.48)
Martin (England) (0.45)
McLaughlin (Scotland) (0.45)
Hamilton (Scotland) (0.44)
Murray (Scotland/Ireland) (0.43)
Hughes (Wales) (0.41)

text: Scotland[edit]

text: Data from [5]. Numbers in brackets indicate percentages.

text:
Smith (England) (1.28)
Brown (England) (0.94)
Wilson (England) (0.89)
Robertson (England) (0.78)
Thomson (England) (0.78)
Campbell (0.77)
Stewart (0.73)
Anderson (England/Nordic countries) (0.70)
Scott (0.55)
Murray (0.53)
MacDonald (0.52)
Reid (0.52)
Taylor (England) (0.49)
Clark (England) (0.47)
Ross (0.43)
Young (England) (0.42)
Mitchell (0.41)
Watson (0.41)
Paterson (England) (0.40)
Morrison (England) (0.40)
Sanders (England) (0.40)

text: Wales[edit]

text: Data from [6]. Numbers in brackets indicate percentages.

text:
Jones (5.75)
Williams (3.72)
Davies (3.72)
Evans (2.47)
Thomas (2.43)
Roberts (1.53)
Lewis (1.53)
Hughes (1.23)
Morgan (1.16)
Griffiths (0.96)
Edwards (0.93)
Smith (0.85)
James (0.82)
Rees (0.81)
Jenkins (0.69)
Owen (0.67)
Price (0.67)
Phillips (0.65)
Moss (0.63)
Driscoll (0.53) (Ireland)


document_title: Low-set ears

question_text: what does it mean when ears are low set

question_tokens: what does it mean when ears are low set

text: Low-set ears

text:
Low-set earsSpecialty
Medical genetics

text: Low-set ears are ears with depressed positioning of the pinnae two or more standard deviations below the population average.[1]

text: It can be associated with conditions such as:

text:
Down syndrome[2]
Turner syndrome
Noonan syndrome[3]
Patau syndrome[4]
DiGeorge syndrome[5]
Cri du chat syndrome
Edwards syndrome
Fragile X syndrome

text: It is usually bilateral, but it can be unilateral in Goldenhar syndrome.[6]


document_title: Government of the United Kingdom

question_text: what is the type of government in england

text: Government of the United Kingdom

text: Government in Parliament[edit]

text: A key principle of the British Constitution is that the government is responsible to Parliament. This is called responsible government.

text: The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy in which the reigning monarch (that is, the King or Queen who is the Head of State at any given time) does not make any open political decisions. All political decisions are taken by the government and Parliament. This constitutional state of affairs is the result of a long history of constraining and reducing the political power of the monarch, beginning with the Magna Carta in 1215.

text: Parliament is split into two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Commons is the lower house and is the more powerful. The House of Lords is the upper house and although it can vote to amend proposed laws, the House of Commons can usually vote to overrule its amendments. Although the House of Lords can introduce bills, most important laws are introduced in the House of Commons – and most of those are introduced by the government, which schedules the vast majority of parliamentary time in the Commons. Parliamentary time is essential for bills to be passed into law, because they must pass through a number of readings before becoming law. Prior to introducing a bill, the government may run a public consultation to solicit feedback from the public and businesses, and often may have already introduced and discussed the policy in the Queen's Speech, or in an election manifesto or party platform.

text: Ministers of the Crown are responsible to the House in which they sit; they make statements in that House and take questions from members of that House. For most senior ministers this is usually the elected House of Commons rather than the House of Lords. There have been some recent exceptions to this: for example, cabinet ministers Lord Mandelson (First Secretary of State) and Lord Adonis (Secretary of State for Transport) sat in the Lords and were responsible to that House during the government of Gordon Brown.

text: Since the start of Edward VII's reign in 1901, the prime minister has always been an elected member of Parliament (MP) and therefore directly accountable to the House of Commons. A similar convention applies to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. It would likely be politically unacceptable for the budget speech to be given in the Lords, with MPs unable to directly question the Chancellor, especially now that the Lords have very limited powers in relation to money bills. The last Chancellor of the Exchequer to be a member of the House of Lords was Lord Denman, who served as interim Chancellor of the Exchequer for one month in 1834.[8]

text: Under the British system, the government is required by convention and for practical reasons to maintain the confidence of the House of Commons. It requires the support of the House of Commons for the maintenance of supply (by voting through the government's budgets) and to pass primary legislation. By convention, if a government loses the confidence of the House of Commons it must either resign or a General Election is held. The support of the Lords, while useful to the government in getting its legislation passed without delay, is not vital. A government is not required to resign even if it loses the confidence of the Lords and is defeated in key votes in that House. The House of Commons is thus the Responsible house.

text: The prime minister is held to account during Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs) which provides an opportunity for MPs from all parties to question the PM on any subject. There are also departmental questions when ministers answer questions relating to their specific departmental brief. Unlike PMQs both the cabinet ministers for the department and junior ministers within the department may answer on behalf of the government, depending on the topic of the question.

text: During debates on legislation proposed by the government, ministers—usually with departmental responsibility for the bill—will lead the debate for the government and respond to points made by MPs or Lords.

text: Committees[9] of both the House of Commons and House of Lords hold the government to account, scrutinise its work and examine in detail proposals for legislation. Ministers appear before committees to give evidence and answer questions.

text: Government ministers are also required by convention and the Ministerial Code,[10] when Parliament is sitting, to make major statements regarding government policy or issues of national importance to Parliament. This allows MPs or Lords to question the government on the statement. When the government instead chooses to make announcements first outside Parliament, it is often the subject of significant criticism from MPs and the Speaker of the House of Commons.[11]

text: Her Majesty's Government and the Crown[edit]

text: The British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is the head of state and the sovereign, but not the head of government.

text: The monarch takes little direct part in governing the country, and remains neutral in political affairs. However, the legal authority of the state that is vested in the sovereign, known as The Crown, remains the source of the executive power exercised by the government.

text: In addition to explicit statutory authority, in many areas the Crown also possesses a body of powers known as the Royal Prerogative, which can be used for many purposes, from the issue or withdrawal of passports to declaration of war. By long-standing custom, most of these powers are delegated from the sovereign to various ministers or other officers of the Crown, who may use them without having to obtain the consent of Parliament.

text: The head of the government, the prime minister, also has weekly meetings with the monarch, when she "has a right and a duty to express her views on Government matters...These meetings, as with all communications between The Queen and her Government, remain strictly confidential. Having expressed her views, The Queen abides by the advice of her ministers."[12]

text: Royal Prerogative powers include, but are not limited to, the following:

text: Domestic powers[edit]

text:
The power to appoint (and also, in theory, dismiss) a prime minister. This power is exercised by the monarch herself. By convention she appoints (and is expected to appoint) the individual most likely to be capable of commanding the confidence of a majority in the House of Commons.
The power to dismiss and appoint other ministers. This power is exercised by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister.
The power to assent to and enact laws by giving [Royal] Assent to Bills passed by both Houses of Parliament, which is required in order for a law to (from a passed Bill) make it into the Statute Books (i.e., to become a valid law) as an Act [of Parliament]. This is exercised by the monarch, who also theoretically has the power to refuse assent, although no monarch has refused assent to a bill passed by Parliament since Queen Anne in 1708.
The power to give and to issue commissions to commissioned officers in the Armed Forces.
The power to command the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom. This power is exercised by the Defence Council in the Queen's name.
The power to appoint members to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
The power to issue (and also to suspend, cancel, recall, impound, withdraw or revoke) British passports and the general power to provide (or deny) British passport facilities to British citizens and British nationals. This is exercised (in the United Kingdom, but not necessarily in the case of the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands or the British Overseas Territories) by the Home Secretary.
The Royal Prerogative of mercy (although capital punishment has been abolished (thereby removing the need to use this power to issue pardons to commute a death penalty imposed, usually substituted into life imprisonment in lieu), this power is still used under rare circumstances (e.g. to remedy errors in sentencing calculation).
The power to grant (and also to cancel and annul) honours.
The power to create corporations (including the status of being a city, with its own corporation) by Royal Charter, and also to amend, replace and revoke existing charters.

text: Foreign powers[edit]

text:
The power to ratify and make treaties.
The power to declare war and conclude peace with other nations.
The power to deploy the Armed Forces overseas.
The power to recognise states.
The power to credit and receive diplomats.

text: Even though the United Kingdom has no single constitutional document, the government published the above list in October 2003 to increase transparency, as some of the powers exercised in the name of the monarch are part of the Royal Prerogative.[13] However, the complete extent of the Royal Prerogative powers has never been fully set out, as many of them originated in ancient custom and the period of absolute monarchy, or were modified by later constitutional practice,

text: Government departments[edit]

text: Government ministers are supported by 560,000[14] Civil Servants and other staff working in the 24 Ministerial Departments[15] and their executive agencies. There are also an additional 26 non-Ministerial Departments with a range of further responsibilities.

text: Location[edit]

text: The prime minister is based at 10 Downing Street in Westminster, London. Cabinet meetings also take place here. Most government departments have their headquarters nearby in Whitehall.

text: Devolved governments[edit]

text: Since 1999, certain areas of central government have been devolved to accountable governments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. These are not part of Her Majesty's Government, and are accountable to their own institutions, with their own authority under the Crown; in contrast, there is no devolved government in England.

text: Local government[edit]

text: Up to three layers of elected local authorities (such as County, District and Parish Councils) exist throughout all parts of the United Kingdom, in some places merged into Unitary Authorities. They have limited local tax-raising powers. Many other authorities and agencies also have statutory powers, generally subject to some central government supervision.

text: Limits of government power[edit]

text: The government's powers include general executive and statutory powers, delegated legislation, and numerous powers of appointment and patronage. However, some powerful officials and bodies, (e.g. HM judges, local authorities, and the Charity Commissions) are legally more or less independent of the government, and government powers are legally limited to those retained by the Crown under Common Law or granted and limited by Act of Parliament, and are subject to European Union law and the competencies that it defines. Both substantive and procedural limitations are enforceable in the Courts by judicial review.

text: Nevertheless, magistrates and mayors can still be arrested for and put on trial for corruption, and the government has powers to insert commissioners into a local authority to oversee its work, and to issue directives that must be obeyed by the local authority, if the local authority is not abiding by its statutory obligations.[16]

text: By contrast, as in every other European Union (EU) member state, EU officials cannot be prosecuted for any actions carried out in pursuit of their official duties, and foreign country diplomats (though not their employees) and foreign Members of the European Parliament[17] are immune from prosecution in the UK under any circumstance. As a consequence, neither EU bodies nor diplomats have to pay taxes, since it would not be possible to prosecute them for tax evasion. This caused a dispute in recent years when the US Ambassador to the UK claimed that London's congestion charge was a tax, and not a charge (despite the name), and therefore he did not have to pay it – a claim the Greater London Authority disputed.

text: Similarly, the monarch is totally immune from criminal prosecution and may only be sued with her permission (this is known as sovereign immunity). The monarch, by law, is not required to pay income tax, but Queen Elizabeth II has voluntarily paid it since 1993, and also pays local rates voluntarily. However, the monarchy also receives a substantial grant from the government, the Sovereign Support Grant, and Queen Elizabeth II's inheritance from her mother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, was exempt from inheritance tax.

text: In addition to legislative powers, HM Government has substantial influence over local authorities and other bodies set up by it, by financial powers and grants. Many functions carried out by local authorities, such as paying out housing benefit and council tax benefit, are funded or substantially part-funded by central government.

text: Even though the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is supposed to be independent of the government on a day-to-day level and is supposed to be politically unbiased, some commentators[by whom?] have argued that the prospects of the BBC having its funding cut or its charter changed in future charter renewals in practice cause the BBC to be subtly biased towards the government of the day (or the likely future government as an election approaches) at times.

text: Neither the central government nor local authorities are permitted to sue anyone for defamation. Individual politicians are allowed to sue people for defamation in a personal capacity and without using government funds, but this is relatively rare (although George Galloway, who was a backbench MP for a quarter of a century, has sued or threatened to sue for defamation a number of times). However, it is a criminal offence to make a false statement about any election candidate during an election, with the purpose of reducing the number of votes they receive (as with libel, opinions do not count).