document_title: Sable Island

question_text: who took control of sable island in 2011

text: Sable Island

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: The expedition of Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes explored this region in 1520–1521 and were among the first Europeans to encounter the island. It is likely that he named the island "Fagunda" after himself.[3] An island called Fagunda appears on later Portuguese maps placed to the southeast of Cape Breton, fairly near its present location, however the identification of Sable Island with Fagunda is not certain.[4] On the other hand, 16th century Portuguese sources describe a fishing colony founded by the navigator in the Cape Breton Island,[5] further north. It is also possible that Fagundes sighted the island while heading southwest, reaching the Bay of Fundy, as the 1558 map of Diogo Homem and later Samuel de Champlain suggested, but this is unclear.[6] A brief attempt at French colonization at the end of the 16th century using convicts failed.[7][8] The island was inhabited sporadically by sealers, shipwreck survivors, and salvagers known as "wreckers."

text: The Nova Scotia Rescue Station[edit]

text: A series of life-saving stations were established on Sable Island by the governor of Nova Scotia, John Wentworth, in 1801. The rescue station began the continuous human presence on the island which continues today. Wentworth appointed James Morris, a Nova Scotian veteran of the British Royal Navy as the first superintendent of the island. Morris settled on the island in October 1801 with his family. By the time Morris died on the island in 1809, he had built up the humanitarian settlement to include a central station, two rescue boat stations, several lookout posts and survivor shelters.[9] The station's rescue equipment was upgraded in 1854 with the latest generation of self-bailing lifeboats and life cars through the fundraising efforts of social reformer Dorothea Dix who had visited the island in the previous year.[10]

text: Post Confederation[edit]

text: The Canadian government took over administration of the station with Confederation in 1867 and added two lighthouses in 1872, Sable Island East End Light on the eastern tip and Sable Island West End Light on the western end.[11] Until the advent of modern ship navigation, Sable Island was home to the families of the life-saving crews and the lighthouse keepers. In the early 20th century, the Marconi Company established a wireless station on the island and the Canadian government similarly established a weather station. Several generations of island staff were born and raised families of their own on the island, although a decline in shipwrecks gradually reduced the size of the lifesaving community. Only two people have been born on Sable Island since 1920.[12]

text: Decline of shipwrecks, rise of science[edit]

text: Improvements in navigation led to a dramatic drop in shipwrecks by the mid 20th century. The rescue station on Sable was reduced and eventually closed in 1958. The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) first automated and eventually decommissioned the light stations. However, during this period, the island's role in science grew, first in weather research. The Canadian government expanded the collection of weather data originally started by the rescue station into a full meteorological station operated by Environment Canada and Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The station conducts routine atmospheric and meteorological studies from a permanently occupied station on Sable Island because of its unique isolated geographic position down-wind from the North American mainland. In addition to weather studies, research on the island expanded to a range of ecological and wildlife studies due to its unique position in the Atlantic.

text: Sable Island is specifically mentioned in the British North America Act 1867, Part 4, Section 91 as being the special responsibility of the federal government ("...the exclusive Legislative Authority of the Parliament of Canada extends to [...] 9. Beacons, Buoys, Lighthouses, and Sable Island."). For this reason it is considered a separate amateur radio "entity" (equivalent to a country for award credit), and with visiting operations using the special callsign prefix CY0. Because it is a separate radio entity, Sable Island is a popular Dxpedition destination.[13]

text: Out of concern for preserving the island's frail ecology, all visitors to the island, including recreational boaters, require specific permission from Parks Canada. Sable Island's heliport contains emergency aviation fuel for search and rescue helicopters, which use the island to stage further offshore into the Atlantic. Should the need arise, the island serves as an emergency evacuation point for crews aboard nearby drilling rigs of the Sable Offshore Energy Project.

text: The Canadian Forces patrols the area using aircraft and naval vessels, partly due to the nearby presence of natural gas and oil drilling rigs and an undersea pipeline.

text: National Park[edit]

text: On October 17, 2011,[14] the Nova Scotia government entered into an agreement with the federal government to eventually protect the Island as a national park.[15] The news followed an announcement made by the federal government in May 2010, increasing the level of protection the island receives by transferring control from the Canadian Coast Guard to Parks Canada, which manages the island under the National Parks Act.[16]

text: Sable Island became a National Park Reserve on June 20, 2013 with approval of Mi'kmaq stakeholders. Full national park status has yet to be achieved, pending settlement of native land claims. The park is home to hundreds of species of flora and fauna including a breed of the unique Sable Island horse. The park is also a breeding ground for marine life.[17]

text: In July 2016, a hike across Sable Island was added to Google Streetview. Google worked with Parks Canada to add the interactive views of Sable and five other Canadian National Parks.[18] The imagery was collected in September 2015 by a Parks Canada employee who carried a backpack version of the Street View car camera around an area on the centre of the island, part of Google's Trekker program which explores off-road scenic locations. The route follows a hiking route that Parks Canada staff uses to escort adventure tourists who visit the island.[19]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Sable Island is a narrow, crescent-shaped sandbar with a surface area of about 34 km2 (13 sq mi). Despite being nearly 42 km (26 mi) long, it is only 1.5 km (0.93 mi) across at its widest point. It emerges from vast shoals and shallows on the continental shelf, which, in tandem with the area's frequent fog and sudden strong storms including hurricanes and nor'easters, have caused over 350 recorded shipwrecks. It is often referred to as the Graveyard of the Atlantic,[20] as it sits astride the great circle route from North America's east coast to Europe. The nearest landfall is 160 kilometres (99 mi) to the northwest near Canso, Nova Scotia.

text: Sable Island is believed to have formed from a terminal moraine deposited on the continental shelf near the end of the last Ice Age.[21] It is slowly moving as waves erode the western shore and new sand is added on the eastern shore, and continually changing shape through the effects of strong winds and violent ocean storms.

text: The island has several freshwater ponds on the south side between the station and west light, however, in recent years their protecting dune-line has been eroded to such an extent that they are changing from one year to the next. In prior years, a brackish lake named Lake Wallace existed in the center of the south beach. At its largest, it extended for many miles; indeed, during World War II, amphibious aircraft landed on it. Over the years, the lake shrunk with an infilling of sand, until in late 2011, it filled in entirely and disappeared. Since the south beach is subject to flooding during fall storms, photos often show water in the area around the former location of Lake Wallace, however, this flooded area is relatively shallow (only a few feet at most) and is not a remnant of the lake. The original lake was of a significant enough depth that even during times when the area was flooded, the lake could be seen in aerial photographs as a darker (deeper) patch in the middle of the flooded area.

text: The island is a part of the Halifax Regional Municipality, the federal electoral district of Halifax, and the provincial electoral district of Halifax Citadel, although the urban area of Halifax proper is some 300 km (190 mi) away on the Nova Scotian mainland.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Sable Island's climate can be classified as oceanic (Köppen Cfb). Its climate is strongly influenced by the sea.[22] As such, winter temperatures average near freezing while during the summer months, daily maximum temperatures average around 20 °C (68.0 °F).[22] The average annual temperature range in Sable Island is only 18.6 °C (33.5 °F) owing to the influence from the sea compared to 24.3 °C (43.7 °F) at Halifax and 38.9 °C (70.0 °F) in Winnipeg.[22] Generally, February is the coldest month while August is the warmest month.[22] Sable Island averages 1,372 millimetres (54.0 in) of precipitation a year, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, though October through January are the wettest months due to frequent and intense fall and winter storms.[22] Being located in the path of major frontal storms and tropical cyclones year-round, most of the precipitation comes from these storms.[22] Thunderstorms are rare, with only 11 days with thunderstorms per year.[22] There are frequent heavy fogs in the area due to the contrasting effects of the cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream: on average there are 127 days out of the year that have at least 1 hour of fog.[22] This makes Sable Island the foggiest place in the Maritimes.[22] The foggiest season is during the summer months where July averages 22 fog days.[22] During the winter, Sable Island has the warmest temperatures in Canada apart from the Pacific coast, and can have the warmest temperatures in the country on some occasions due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. Summers are among the coolest in southern Canada though. It is also the most hurricane-prone part of Canada, also due to the Gulf Stream, and is the only place where Category 3 hurricane-force winds are likely in all of Canada. The highest temperature recorded was 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) on August 27, 1951 while the lowest temperature recorded was −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F) on January 31, 1920.[22]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Sable Island, 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1897−present

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
14.5
(58.1)
12.8
(55)
13.7
(56.7)
13.9
(57)
17.8
(64)
21.7
(71.1)
26.7
(80.1)
27.8
(82)
27.0
(80.6)
22.8
(73)
18.9
(66)
15.6
(60.1)
27.8
(82)

Average high °C (°F)
3.0
(37.4)
1.8
(35.2)
3.3
(37.9)
6.5
(43.7)
10.2
(50.4)
14.2
(57.6)
18.5
(65.3)
20.7
(69.3)
18.6
(65.5)
14.3
(57.7)
9.9
(49.8)
5.5
(41.9)
10.6
(51.1)

Daily mean °C (°F)
−0.1
(31.8)
−1.2
(29.8)
0.7
(33.3)
4.0
(39.2)
7.5
(45.5)
11.4
(52.5)
15.8
(60.4)
17.9
(64.2)
15.8
(60.4)
11.7
(53.1)
7.3
(45.1)
2.5
(36.5)
7.8
(46)

Average low °C (°F)
−3.1
(26.4)
−4.2
(24.4)
−2.0
(28.4)
1.5
(34.7)
4.8
(40.6)
8.6
(47.5)
13.0
(55.4)
15.1
(59.2)
13.0
(55.4)
9.1
(48.4)
4.6
(40.3)
−0.5
(31.1)
5.0
(41)

Record low °C (°F)
−19.4
(−2.9)
−18.3
(−0.9)
−13.6
(7.5)
−8.9
(16)
−8.3
(17.1)
0.6
(33.1)
3.0
(37.4)
4.4
(39.9)
0.6
(33.1)
−1.2
(29.8)
−7.8
(18)
−16.7
(1.9)
−19.4
(−2.9)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
144.7
(5.697)
112.5
(4.429)
130.4
(5.134)
114.8
(4.52)
101.3
(3.988)
115.9
(4.563)
100.8
(3.969)
121.6
(4.787)
129.5
(5.098)
144.9
(5.705)
150.7
(5.933)
144.5
(5.689)
1,511.6
(59.512)

Average rainfall mm (inches)
110.4
(4.346)
92.4
(3.638)
107.7
(4.24)
105.9
(4.169)
101.2
(3.984)
115.9
(4.563)
100.8
(3.969)
121.6
(4.787)
129.5
(5.098)
144.8
(5.701)
145.1
(5.713)
123.7
(4.87)
1,399
(55.079)

Average snowfall cm (inches)
33.3
(13.11)
19.8
(7.8)
22.1
(8.7)
9.1
(3.58)
0.1
(0.04)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
trace
5.2
(2.05)
18.6
(7.32)
108.3
(42.64)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)
20.4
16.8
16.7
16.0
14.5
13.9
13.5
12.0
12.4
16.2
19.3
19.8
191.5

Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)
12.1
9.9
12.5
15.1
15.3
13.8
13.3
12.4
13.0
16.2
18.7
15.6
167.8

Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)
11.6
10.0
7.2
2.6
0.19
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.06
2.8
8.6
43.0

Mean monthly sunshine hours
61.0
78.6
119.0
140.0
169.4
186.6
192.3
194.3
174.1
138.3
80.2
61.8
1,595.5

Percent possible sunshine
21.2
26.6
32.2
34.8
37.1
40.4
41.1
44.8
46.3
40.4
27.6
22.2
34.6

Source: Environment Canada[23]

text: According to PlantMaps, Sable Island lies in Hardiness Zone 8a (10°F–15°F) for plant hardiness.[24]

text: Vegetation and wildlife[edit]

text: Sable Island derived its name from the French word for "sand".[25] It lacks natural trees, being covered instead with marram grass and other low-growing vegetation. In 1901, the federal government planted over 80,000 trees in an attempt to stabilize the soil; all died. Subsequent plantings resulted in the survival of a single Scots pine. Although planted in the 1960s, it is only a few feet tall.

text: The island is home to over 550 free-roaming horses, protected by law from human interference.[26] This feral horse population is likely descended from horses confiscated from Acadians during the Great Expulsion and left on the island by Thomas Hancock, Boston merchant and uncle of John Hancock.[27] In 1879, 500 horses and cattle were estimated to live on the island, and the island vegetation was described as covered with grass and wild peas.[28] In the past, excess horses were rounded up, shipped off the island, and sold, many used in coal mines on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. In 1960, the Canadian Government, under the Canada Shipping Act, gave the horse population full protection from human interference.[26]

text: Harbour and grey seals breed on the island's shores. Seal counts from the 1960s for the grey seal population estimated 200–300 pups born at that time on the island, but surveys from as recent as 2003–2004 estimated the number of pups born in that season at 50,000.[29] The seals are occasionally preyed upon by the various shark species that inhabit the waters nearby. Unusual 'corkscrew' bite wounds on dead seals suggest that the Greenland shark is probably responsible for most attacks here.[30]

text: Several large bird colonies are resident, including the Arctic tern and Ipswich sparrow, a subspecies of the Savannah sparrow which breeds only on the island.[31] Many other species are resident, migratory, or transient, blown out to sea in storms and returned to land out of their natural range.

text: It was formerly believed the freshwater sponge Heteromeyenia macouni was found only in ponds on the island. However, it is now considered to be the same species as Racekiela ryderi, found elsewhere.[32]

text: Rabbits, cattle, and goats were also released on the island, with little success, at one point.[26]

text: At one point, there was a walrus population on the island, until hunters drove the population to extinction.[26]

text: Shipwrecks[edit]

text: Sable Island is famous for its large number of shipwrecks. An estimated 350 vessels are believed to have fallen victim to the island's sand bars. Thick fogs, treacherous currents, and the island's location in the middle of a major transatlantic shipping route and rich fishing grounds account for the large number of wrecks. The first recorded wreck was the English ship Delight in 1583, part of Humphrey Gilbert's Newfoundland expedition.[33] It is likely that the construction of lighthouses on each end of the island in 1873 contributed to the decrease in shipwrecks. The last major shipwreck was the steamship Manhasset in 1947. Her crew were all saved, the last significant rescue of the Sable lifesaving station.[34] No further wrecks occurred until 1999 when the three crew members of the yacht Merrimac survived after their sloop ran aground due to a navigational error.[35] Few of the wrecks surrounding the island are visible, as they are usually crushed and buried by the sand.[36]

text: After the 1991 Perfect Storm, the commercial fishing vessel Andrea Gail's emergency position-indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) was discovered on the shore of Sable Island on November 6, 1991, nine days after the last transmission from the crew. Other items found were fuel drums, a fuel tank, an empty life raft, and some other flotsam. All crew members perished and were never found.

text: Sable Island Station[edit]

text:
Sable Island

IATA: none
ICAO: none
TC LID: CSB2

Summary

Airport type
Private

Owner
Parks Canada

Operator
Parks Canada

Location
Sable Island, Nova Scotia

Time zone
AST (UTC−04:00)

 • Summer (DST)
ADT (UTC−03:00)

Elevation AMSL
4 ft / 1 m

Coordinates
43°55′46″N 059°57′35″W / 43.92944°N 59.95972°W / 43.92944; -59.95972

Map

CSB2

Location in Canada

Helipads

Number
Length
Surface

ft
m

1
1,500
457
Sand

Source: Canada Flight Supplement[37]

text: The Sable Island Station, managed and staffed by Parks Canada and Environment Canada, is the only permanently staffed facility on the island. Climatological record-keeping on Sable Island began in 1871 with the establishment of the Meteorological Service of Canada, and has been continuous since 1891.

text: Sable Island is the subject of extensive scientific research. A wide range of manual and automated instruments are used at the Station, including the Automated Weather Observing System operated by the Meteorological Service of Canada, an aerology program measuring conditions in the upper atmosphere using a radiosonde carried aloft by a hydrogen-filled weather balloon to altitudes beyond 40 km (25 mi), and a program collecting data on background levels of carbon dioxide, which began there in 1974. Research is done to monitor the long-range transport of pollution aerosols. Fog chemistry is studied, examining the transport and composition of atmospheric toxins it carries. Tropospheric ozone is measured and analyzed by researchers in Canada and the United States along with 20 other North American sites.

text: The installation of the BGS Magnetic Observatory on Sable Island was funded as a joint venture between the British Geological Survey, Sperry-Sun Drilling Services, and Sable Offshore Energy. The data it collects aid scientific research into rates of change of the Earth's magnetic field and increase the accuracy of the BGS Global Geomagnetic Model. Data from the geomagnetic observatory is used by the offshore energy industry for precise positioning activities such as directional drilling.

text: Supplies are delivered to the Sable Island Station approximately twice a month by Sable Aviation using a Britten-Norman Islander. Although the island has a heliport (CST5), there is no permanent runway for fixed wing aircraft, which land instead on south beach in an area designated as the Sable Island Aerodrome (CSB2).[37] Prior permission is required to land, as the area is often unusable due to changing sand conditions.

text: Sable Island in popular culture[edit]

text: The unique landscape, history of shipwrecks, and wildlife, especially horses, have made Sable Island an iconic place in Atlantic Canada and attracted considerable international following.

text: In non-fiction[edit]

text: Shipwreck survivors published early survival narratives about their experiences at Sable Island, beginning with the sinking of the Delight in 1583.[38] The first formal history of the island, Sable Island: its History and Phenomena, was written in 1894 by George Patterson. Many other histories of the island and its shipwrecks have been published since, such as Lyall Campbell's two books - Sable Island, Fatal and Fertile Crescent in 1974 and Sable Island Shipwrecks: Disaster and Survival at the North Atlantic Graveyard in 1994 - and more recently, A Dune Adrift: The Strange Origins and Curious History of Sable Island, written in 2004 by Marq de Villiers. In his best-selling 1997 book, The Perfect Storm, Sebastian Junger briefly describes the geography and history of the island.[39]

text: In fiction[edit]

text: The island has also inspired works of fiction beginning in 1802 when Nova Scotia author Thomas Chandler Haliburton published "The Sable Island Ghost", a story about a ghostly woman inspired by the loss of the brig Francis in 1798. His story helped raise support for the establishment of a rescue station on the island.[40] Canadian writer James MacDonald Oxley wrote a youth novel The Wreckers of Sable Island in 1897. Frank Parker Day's 1928 novel Rockbound features a vivid depiction of the sinking of the schooner Sylvia Mosher during the 1926 August Gales at Sable Island.[41] One of the island's most notable temporary residents was Nova Scotian author Thomas H. Raddall, whose early experiences working at the wireless post there served as the inspiration for his 1950 novel The Nymph and the Lamp.[42] In his novel The Templar Throne published in June 2010, author Paul Christopher mentions the island as the final location of the True Ark of the Christian Old Testament.[43]

text: In photography[edit]

text: The dunes and horses of Sable Island have drawn many photographers. Among the first was Arthur Williams McCurdy who photographed the island, its horses and shipwrecks in 1898 for National Geographic during a visit with Alexander Graham Bell.[44] A further National Geographic visit in the summer of 1964 yielded an article entitled Sable Island; Graveyard of the Atlantic. In more recent times, Roberto Dutesco, a fashion photographer, began taking photos of Sable horses in 1994 and features this work in a permanent photo exhibition entitled "Wild Horses of Sable Island" at his gallery in New York. Nova Scotian photographer Paul Illsley's photographs of Sable Island horses inspired both a Canadian stamp and coin in 2005.

text: In music[edit]

text: In 1970 Stompin' Tom Connors published his song "Sable Island" in 1970's Stompin' Tom Meets Big Joe Mufferaw. Canadian folk singer Catherine McKinnon recorded a song arranged by Don Gillis also entitled "Sable Island" for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1975. The first line of the Buck 65 song "Blood of a young wolf" is "Ten thousand horses, Sable Island, endless summer".

text: In documentaries[edit]

text: The island has been the subject of many Canadian documentaries by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the National Film Board of Canada, beginning with the 1956 NFB film Sable Island by Allan Wargon, the 2003 NFB documentary Moving Sands by Phillipe Baylaucq,[45] and more recently, an episode of Land and Sea.[46] The most recent works about Sable Island is the Canadian produced film, "S(t)able Island: The Beauty of the Free", created by Rae-Anne LaPlante. The film explores in-depth the wild horse population that has called Sable Island its home for over 250 years. [47] A number of international documentaries have also explored the island including the 2007 film "Ile de sable" made by Jean-Francois Ducrocq and Malek Sahraoui for France 3, French public television.[48] In 2007, Matt Trecartin of Halifax directed Chasing Wild Horses, a documentary about photographer Roberto Dutesco and his photography of the Sable Island horses.[49]

text: In other films[edit]

text: In the 1937 film Captains Courageous, the fishing boat passes Sable Island on the way to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Spencer Tracy's character Manuel later says his father died off Cape Sable. Sable Island is briefly featured in the 2000 feature film The Perfect Storm, which depicts the sinking of the fishing vessel Andrea Gail near Sable, although the island is erroneously portrayed with trees and a giant stone lighthouse. Sable Island is the setting for the 2002 film Touching Wild Horses starring Jane Seymour; however, little attempt was made to mimic the natural landscape of Sable, with trees and rocks abounding in the background of most every scene, Sandbanks Provincial Park in Ontario standing in for the island in the film.[50]

text: In exhibits[edit]

text: A permanent exhibit about Sable Island is featured at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, which includes two rescue boats from Sable and numerous name boards and figureheads from Sable Island wrecks. A small exhibit about the Sable Island horses is found at the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History. The horses were featured in a 1994 exhibit at the Equine Museum of Japan in Yokohama.[51]

text: On radio[edit]

text: On September 11, 2014 Don Connolly of CBC Radio's Information Morning broadcast part of the daily current affairs program from Sable Island. It was the first ever live commercial radio broadcast from the island.[52] (Amateur radio operators have been transmitting from Sable Island for decades.)


document_title: The Way, Way Back

question_text: where does the way way back take place

question_tokens: where does the way way back take place

root

text: The Way, Way Back

text: Plot[edit]

text: Fourteen-year-old Duncan from Albany, New York reluctantly goes on summer vacation to a beach house in a small seaside town near Cape Cod, Massachusetts with his mother, Pam; her wealthy boyfriend, Trent; and Trent's stuck up daughter, Steph. Trent emotionally belittles Duncan, frequently making comments and gestures that are condescending and rude to him, Steph sequentially, follows suite in attitude towards him and is spoiled by Trent. On the way to the beach house, Trent asks Duncan to rate himself on a scale of one to ten; Duncan rates himself a six while Trent tells him he thinks Duncan is a three. They arrive at the beach house and are greeted by the neighbors: the gregarious, hard-drinking Betty; her children Susanna and Peter; and married couple Kip and Joan. Later that evening, Duncan and Susanna have an awkward conversation from their adjacent porches.

tag: p

text: Duncan discovers a small girl's bicycle in the garage of the beach house and uses it to begin exploring the town. At a pizza restaurant, he runs into the staff of Water Wizz, the local water park. He meets Owen, who is playing Pac-Man, and eventually Owen takes Duncan under his wing and shows him around the park. Duncan meets the park's colorful, rag-tag group of employees: Caitlin, Lewis, and Roddy. Several kids at the water park speak reverently of a legendary pass in the tube slide, wondering how it could have been done. Owen hires Duncan for odd jobs at Water Wizz.

text: Outside the park, Duncan is continually neglected by his mother, Pam, who indulges in drinking, staying out at night, and smoking marijuana with other adult vacationers. At a Fourth of July cookout, Susanna sees that he is upset about this and invites him to go hunting for ghost crabs with her and Peter, where she talks about her absent father and helps Duncan to open up. Later that night, Duncan witnesses Trent and Joan kissing by the side of the house, but does not reveal what he saw.

text: Pam begins to suspect Trent and Joan are having an affair, but Trent convinces her nothing is going on. Later, Duncan confronts Pam in front of friends and neighbors and tells her to face up to Trent's affair and get rid of him. Trent in retaliation tells Duncan his divorced father does not want him. Duncan stalks away. Susanna follows him and comforts Duncan out on the beach. Duncan attempts to kiss Susanna, but she moves away, which makes him become even more upset. Accompanied by Peter, Duncan sneaks away to Water Wizz where Owen is throwing a going away party for Lewis.

text: After spending all night with his friends at Water Wizz, Duncan is still at the park the next morning, refusing to leave. Owen confronts him and asks him why he does not want to go home. Duncan opens up to Owen about his relationship with Trent and how the water park is the only place where he feels happy and accepted. Owen sympathizes with Duncan's problems.

text: When Duncan arrives back at the beach house, Pam tells him they are leaving with Trent and Steph. Betty and her kids arrive to say their goodbyes. Susanna finally kisses Duncan. When Trent stops for gas on their way out of town, Duncan jumps out of the station wagon and runs to Water Wizz, followed by his mother, then Trent and Steph. Duncan tells Owen and the other employees that he has to leave and tells Owen to follow him. He takes Owen to the Devil's Peak slide, and Duncan becomes the first person to ever pass someone in the water slide while the rest of the park watches. After finally introducing Owen to his mother, Duncan says goodbye to everyone at the park. Owen tells Pam she has a great kid, and introduces himself to Trent as "a good friend of the three". Trent, Steph, Pam and Duncan regroup in the car, where Pam finally stands up for herself as they head out of town. Pam climbs to the way, way back of the car where Duncan is sitting and they share a smile as Trent's protests are heard in the background.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Liam James as Duncan
Steve Carell as Trent Ramsey
Toni Collette as Pam
Sam Rockwell as Owen
AnnaSophia Robb as Susanna Thompson
Allison Janney as Betty Thompson
Maya Rudolph as Caitlin
Rob Corddry as Kip
Amanda Peet as Joan
Jim Rash as Lewis
Nat Faxon as Roddy
Robert Capron as Kyle
River Alexander as Peter Thompson
Ava Deluca-Verley as Katy
Zoe Levin as Steph Ramsey

tag: ul

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film had its premiere screening at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival.[5] The film became one of the most financially successful films to come out of the festival that year, outperforming well-known entries and Oscar-nominated films from the previous year.[6] It was released on July 5, 2013 in 19 theaters and surpassed box office expectations, averaging an impressive $30,263 per screen and grossing $525,000 total for the weekend.[7] On July 15, 2013, the film was added to an additional 60 theaters, and grossed $1,110,000. The film ended up earning $21,506,546 in North America and $4,968,374 elsewhere for a total of $26,474,920.[4][3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Way, Way Back received positive reviews and has a rating of 85% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 172 reviews with an average score of 7.3 out of 10. The consensus states, "Despite its familiar themes, The Way Way Back makes use of its talented cast, finely tuned script, and an abundance of charm to deliver a funny and satisfying coming-of-age story".[8] The film also has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 41 reviews.[9]

text: Inkoo Kang of The Village Voice called, The Way, Way Back "a crowd-pleasing summer treat, predictable in its sweetness but satisfying all the same".[10] BBC Radio 5 Live film critic Mark Kermode praised the performances of Sam Rockwell, Toni Collette, Allison Janney and Maya Rudolph and similarly reasoned that whilst "it's not world-changing, or earth-shattering" the film is "really sweet and funny".[11] David Gritten of The Telegraph also praised the scene-stealing performances of Janney and Rockwell, concluding that despite a flood of similar coming-of-age films released in 2013 the film "feels warm, funny—and even fresh".[12] Catherine Shoard of The Guardian gave the film a positive review, concluding that "for all the longueurs, there are still enough moments of near brilliance to sustain you through the trip".[13] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times commended the film's quirky dialogue and cast performances, calling the film "witty, heartwarming, hopeful, sentimental, searing and relatable".[14]

text: Sam Rockwell's performance was met with critical praise, with many critics agreeing that his performance was deserving of an Academy Award nomination.[15][16] MaryAnn Johanson of Flick Filosopher said that Rockwell "makes the biggest splash with a sizzling supporting performance. Not only is he naturally funny, but he has the great ability to make every sharp line of dialogue sound freshly improvised."[17]

text: By contrast The A.V. Club gave the film a C+, describing it as "generically constructed" and "never as refreshing as it’s constantly straining to be".[18]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Heather Phares of Allmusic gave the film 7/10 stars saying:

text: The charming coming of age comedy The Way Way Back soundtracks its tale of 14-year-old Duncan's fateful summer working at the Water Wizz water park with bouncy '80s hits and indie rock. ... While the collection isn't as consistent as the soundtracks to like-minded films such as Juno or Little Miss Sunshine, it still has enough personality to be an entertaining set of songs.[19]

text:
"For the Time Being" – Edie Brickell/The Gaddabouts
"Kyrie" – Mr. Mister
"Out the Door" – Ben Kweller
"Come and See" – Young Galaxy
"Last Legs" – Army Navy
"Young Blood" – UFO
"Shine" – Wild Belle
"New Sensation" – INXS
"Sneaking Sally Through the Alley" – Robert Palmer
"Young at Heart" – The Rondo Brothers/Tim Myers
"Recess" – Eli "Paperboy" Reed
"Power Hungry Animals" – The Apache Relay
"Alone" – Trampled by Turtles
"Go Where the Love Is" – Edie Brickell/The Gaddabouts
"The Way Way Back" – Rob Simonsen[19]

tag: ol

text: Other songs

text: "Can't Fight This Feeling" – REO Speedwagon[20]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards[21]
Best Comedy
The Way, Way Back
Won

Critics' Choice Movie Awards[22]
Best Comedy

Nominated

Best Actor in a Comedy
Sam Rockwell
Nominated

Best Young Actor/Actress
Liam James
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards[23]
Best Breakthrough Performance
Liam James
Nominated

Online Film Critics Society[24]
Best Supporting Actor
Sam Rockwell
Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2013[25]
Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Sam Rockwell
Nominated

Best Ensemble Acting

Nominated

Breakthrough Performance on Camera
Liam James
Nominated

Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role – Male
Liam James
Nominated

San Diego Film Critics Society[26]
Best Supporting Actor
Sam Rockwell
Nominated

Best Ensemble Performance

Nominated

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association[27]
Best Comedy

Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association[28]
Best Acting Ensemble

Nominated

Best Youth Performance
Liam James
Nominated

Young Artist Awards[29]
Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film
Liam James
Nominated

Best Supporting Young Actor in a Feature Film
River Alexander
Nominated

tag: table


document_title: Clay Evans (One Tree Hill)

question_text: who is clay wife on one tree hill

question_tokens: who is clay wife on one tree hill

text: Clay Evans (One Tree Hill)

text: Character development[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Clay first met his future wife Sara during his time at college when, trying to experience all of college life, they both followed their classmates into a jump from a bridge. Both increasingly scared, they decided to jump together and after they hit the water, they shared a kiss. Their whirlwind romance developed from there and they eventually moved in together. When Clay started having doubts about him getting a job as an agent, Sara asked Clay to marry her and he said yes. Later Sara gave birth to a son, Logan. While at home with Clay one day listening to her favorite song, Sara went to get a glass of grape-flavored Kool-Aid but collapsed and died suddenly from an aneurysm. Her death severely affected Clay who took his wedding ring from his finger, placed it on hers, and promised never to love again and he blocked out Logan unintentionally, as he reminded Clay too much of Sara.

text: Character arc[edit]

text: Season 7[edit]

text: At the beginning of season 7 there was a time jump, a little over a year had passed since the end of season 6. Clay became Nathan's agent and close friend during this time jump. He's also close to Nathan's family, his wife Haley James Scott and their son James Lucas Scott. At first Clay is shown as a flirt and fond of one-night stands. Upon meeting Quinn James, Haley's sister, he's immediately drawn to her but backs off once he learns that she's going through a separation with her husband. Clay is a loyal friend and helps the Scotts through the Renee scandal but is fired once he fails to resign Nathan with the Bobcats. Quinn helps him get his job back and make peace with the loss of his wife so he can move on and the two fall in love. Clay meets Katie Ryan, a tennis player without an agent. However she bears a resemblance to his wife, Sara. Katie begins to stalk Clay and even dyes her hair blonde just to mess with Clay's head. In the season finale, when Quinn was entering her bedroom, Katie lurked out from the shadows and shot her, Clay hearing the gunshot, comes in and realizes it is Katie and she shoots him down and leaves.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: Having been shot by Katie Ryan, Haley finds Clay and Quinn in their apartment. She then rushes the two to a hospital. Whilst in a coma, Clay and Quinn meet in a dream and discover whats happened to them after spending the day on the beach. Once they discover they've been shot they watch their body and loved ones in the hospital until Quinn gets well enough to come out of her coma. First she refuses to leave Clay and the two declare their love for each other. Quinn stays by Clay's bedside. Clay is later on a respirator until in his dream he met Will Bennett, who later dies and donated his organs to helping others and gives Clay his kidney. Clay's best friend Nathan had previously decided to donate his but wasn't a match. Clay then recovers, and leaves the hospital with Quinn. Nathan offers to help Clay with his agency until he is better. Clay and Nathan are both part of Fortitude and try to sign Ian Kellerman. They sign him but find out that he was the one who caused the crash on the bridge that could have killed Brooke and Jamie.

text: Season 9[edit]

text: After sleepwalking throughout the whole town and not remembering where and why he went there, Clay checks into a rehab where he meets Logan, a young boy. Clay's doctor tells him that he is blocking out a memory which is causing him to sleep walk. After hanging out with Logan, Clay has a breakthrough and remembers that Logan is his son. Clay learns that he has blocked out Logan for 6 years. After Clay asks Logan to be in his life, Logan says no and walks out of the room. However Logan soon becomes accepting of Clay and he goes to stay with Clay and Quinn for a sleepover. Logan wants to stay with Clay and Quinn and in the final episode Quinn and Clay get married and adopt Logan.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

One Tree Hill

Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Season 7
Season 8
Season 9

Characters

Original

Lucas Scott
Nathan Scott
Peyton Sawyer
Haley James Scott
Brooke Davis
Mouth McFadden

Secondary

Jamie Scott
Millicent Huxtable
Julian Baker
Clay Evans
Quinn James

Episodes

"Pilot"
"With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept"
"4 Years, 6 Months, 2 Days"

Related

Official soundtracks
"I Don't Want to Be"

text: One Tree Hill (TV series) charactersFictional characters from North CarolinaFictional characters introduced in 2009


document_title: Rashtrapati Bhavan

question_text: who was the first indian whose official residence was rashtrapati bhavan

text: Rashtrapati Bhavan

text: History

text: This decision to build a residence in New Delhi for the British Viceroy was taken after it was decided during the Delhi Durbar in December 1911 that the capital of India would be relocated from Calcutta to Delhi. When the plan for a new city, New Delhi, adjacent to end south of Old Delhi, was developed after the Delhi Durbar, the new palace for the Viceroy of India was given an enormous size and prominent position. About 4,000 acres of land was acquired to begin the construction of Viceroy's House, as it was originally called, and adjacent Secretariat Building between 1911 and 1916 by relocating Raisina and Malcha villages that existed there and their 300 families under the Land & Acquisition Act.[3][4]

text: The British architect Edwin Landseer Lutyens, a major member of the city-planning process, was given the primary architectural responsibility. The completed Governor-General's palace turned out very similar to the original sketches which Lutyens sent Herbert Baker, from Simla, on 14 June 1912. Lutyens' design is grandly classical overall, with colors and details inspired by Indian architecture. Lutyens and Baker who had been assigned to work on Viceroy's House and the Secretariats began on friendly terms. Baker had been assigned to work on the two secretariat buildings which were in front of Viceroy's House. The original plan was to have Viceroy's House on the top of Raisina Hill, with the secretariats lower down. It was later decided to build it 400 yards back and put both buildings on top of the plateau. While Lutyens wanted Viceroy's House to be higher, he was forced to move it back from the intended position, which resulted in a dispute with Baker. After completion, Lutyens argued with Baker, because the view of the front of the building was obscured by the high angle of the road.

text: Lutyens campaigned for its fixing, but was not able to get it to be changed. Lutyens wanted to make a long inclined grade all the way to Viceroy's House with retaining walls on either side. While this would give a view of the house from further back, it would also cut through the square between the secretariat buildings. The committee with Lutyens and Baker established in January 1914 said the grade was to be no steeper than 1 in 25, though it eventually was changed to 1 in 22, a steeper gradient which made it more difficult to see the Viceroy's palace. While Lutyens knew about the gradient, and the possibility that the Viceroy's palace would be obscured by the road, it is thought that Lutyens did not fully realize how little the front of the house would be visible. In 1916 the Imperial Delhi committee dismissed Lutyens's proposal to alter the gradient. Lutyens thought Baker was more concerned with making money and pleasing the government, rather than making a good architectural design.

text: Lutyens traveled between India and England almost every year for twenty years, to work on the construction of Viceroy's House in both countries. Lutyens reduced the building from 13,000,000 cubic feet (370,000 m3) to 8,500,000 cubic feet (240,000 m3) because of the budget restrictions of Lord Hardinge. While Hardinge demanded that costs be reduced, he nevertheless wanted the house to retain a certain amount of ceremonial grandeur.

text: When Chakravarti Rajagopalachari assumed the office as the first Indian-born Governor General of India and became the occupant of this building he preferred to stay in a few rooms which is now the family wing of the President and converted the then Viceroy's apartments into the Guest Wing where visiting heads of state stay while in India.

text: On 26 January 1950, when Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India and occupied this building, it was renamed as Rashtrapati Bhavan – the President's House.

text: Architecture

text: Design

text: Consisting of four floors and 340 rooms, with a floor area of 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2), it was built using 1 billion bricks and 3,000,000 cu ft (85,000 m3) of stone with little steel.

text: The design of the building fell into the time period of the Edwardian Baroque, a time at which emphasis was placed on the use of heavy classical motifs in order to emphasise power and imperial authority. The design process of the mansion was long, complicated and politically charged. Lutyens' early designs were all starkly classical and entirely European in style. His disrespect for the local building tradition he dismissed as primitive is evident in his numerous sketches with appended scrawls such as 'Moghul tosh' and his short remark that 'they want me to do Hindu – Hindon't I say!' In the post-Mutiny era, however, it was decided that sensitivity must be shown to the local surroundings in order to better integrate the building within its political context, and after much political debate Lutyens conceded to incorporating local Indo-Saracenic motifs, albeit in a rather superficial decorational form on the skin of the building.[5]

text: Various Indian elements were added to the building. These included several circular stone basins on top of the building, as water features are an important part of Indian architecture. There was also a traditional Indian chujja or chhajja, which occupied the place of a frieze in classical architecture; it was a sharp, thin, protruding element which extended 8 feet (2.4 m) from the building, and created deep shadows. It blocks harsh sunlight from the windows and also shields the windows from heavy rain during the monsoon season. On the roofline were several chuttris, which helped to break up the flatness of the roofline not covered by the dome. Lutyens appropriated some Indian design elements, but used them sparingly and effectively throughout the building.[6]

text: There were also statues of elephants and fountain sculptures of cobras, as well as the bas-reliefs around the base of the Jaipur Column, made by British sculptor, Charles Sargeant Jagger.[7] The column has a "distinctly peculiar crown on top, a glass star springing out of bronze lotus blossom".[8]

text: There were pierced screens in red sandstone, called jalis or jaalis,[9] inspired by Rajasthani designs. The front of the palace, on the east side, has twelve unevenly spaced massive columns with the Delhi Order capitals, a "nonce order" Lutyens invented for this building, with Ashokan details.[10]  The capitals have a fusion of acanthus leaves with the four pendant Indian bells. The bells are similar in style to Indian Hindu and Buddhist temples, the idea being inspired from a Jain temple at Moodabidri in Karnataka.[citation needed] One bell is on each corner at the top of the column. As there is an ancient Indian belief that bells signalled the end of a dynasty, it was said that as the bells were silent British rule in India would not end.[11] The front of the building does not have windows, except in the wings at the sides.

text: Whereas previous British examples of so-called Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture had mostly grafted elements from Mughal architecture onto essentially Western carcasses, Lutyens drew also from the much earlier Buddhist Mauryan art.  This can be seen in the Dehli Order, and in the main dome, where the drum below has decoration recalling the railings around early Buddhist stupas such as Sanchi.[12]  There is also the presence of Mughal and European colonial architectural elements. Overall the structure is distinctly different from other contemporary British Colonial symbols, although other New Dehli buildings, such as the Secretariat Building, New Delhi, mainly by Herbert Baker, have similarities.

text: Lutyens added several small personal elements to the house, such as an area in the garden walls and two ventilator windows on the stateroom to look like the glasses which he wore. The Viceregal Lodge was completed largely by 1929, and (along with the rest of New Delhi) inaugurated officially in 1931. The building took seventeen years to complete and eighteen years later India became independent. After Indian independence in 1947, the now ceremonial Governor-General continued to live there, being succeeded by the President in 1950 when India became a republic and the house was renamed "Rashtrapati Bhavan".

text: It has 355 decorated rooms and a floor area of 200,000 square feet (19,000 m²). The structure includes 700 million bricks[13] and 3.5 million cubic feet (85,000 m³) of stone, with only minimal usage of steel.  Lutyens established ateliers in Delhi and Lahore to employ local craftsmen. The chief engineer of the project was Sir Teja Singh Malik, and four main contractors included Sir Sobha Singh.[14]

text: Layout plan

text: The layout plan of the building is designed around a massive square with multiple courtyards and open inner areas within. The plan called for two wings; one for the Viceroy and residents and another for guests. The residence wing is a separate four-storey house in itself, with its own court areas within. This wing was so large that the last Indian governor-general, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, opted to live in the smaller guest wing, a tradition followed by subsequent presidents. The original residence wing is now used primarily for state receptions and as a guest wing for visiting heads of state.[2]

text: Halls and rooms

text: Rashtrapati Bhavan has many halls which are used for state functions and other purposes. Two of them, Durbar Hall and Ashoka Hall, are the most prominent.

text: Durbar Hall is situated directly under the double-dome of the main building. Known as the “Throne Room” before independence, it had two separate thrones for the Viceroy and Vicereine. Presently, a single high chair for the President is kept here under a 2-ton chandelier hanging from a height of 33 m by a 23 m long rope. The flooring of the hall is made of chocolate-coloured Italian marble. The columns in Durbar Hall are made in Delhi Order which combines vertical lines with the motif of a bell. The vertical lines from the column were also used in the frieze around the room, which could not have been done with one of the traditional Greek orders of columns. The columns are made from yellow Jaisalmer marble, with a thick line running along the centre. It is said that the line thus drawn on the floor perfectly divides the mansion into two equal parts. It houses a 5th century Buddha statue from the Gupta period. This ancient Buddha statue is in a perfect straight line to the Gupta-period Bull placed outside and onto the India Gate at the end of Rajpath. The elevation of Raisina Hills is so much that the top of the India Gate lies at the same level as the feet of the Buddha’s statue placed in the Durbar Hall. The interior of this room and almost all the rooms of the palace are bare, relying on stonework and shapes to show austerity rather than intricate decoration.

text: Durbar Hall has a capacity of 500 people and it is here in this building that Jawahar Lal Nehru took the oath of office of Prime Minister of Independent India from Lord Mountbatten at 8.30 am on 15 August 1947.

text: Ashoka Hall is a rectangular room of 32×20 m and the most beautiful of all the halls. It was originally built as a state ballroom with wooden flooring. The Persian painting on its ceiling depicts a royal hunting expedition led by King Fateh Ali Shah of Persia. The walls have fresco paintings.

text: The two state drawing rooms, the state supper room and the state library are each on the four corners of Durbar Hall. There are also other rooms such as many loggias (galleries with open air on one side) which face out into the courtyards, a large dining hall with an extremely long table to seat 104 persons, sitting rooms, billiards rooms and staircases.

text: Dome

text: The dome, in the middle, reflects both Indian and British styles.  In the centre is a tall copper-faced dome, surmounting a very tall drum in several sections, which stands out from the rest of the building. The dome is exactly in the middle of the diagonals between the four corners of the building. The dome is more than twice the height of the building itself.

text: The height of the dome was increased by Lord Hardinge in the plan of the building in 1913. The dome combines classical and Indian styles. Lutyens said the design evolved from that of the Pantheon in Rome,[15] although externally it has little resemblance to that, either in the curve of the dome or the high drum; both have an oculus in the centre.  The exterior of the dome was modelled partly after the early Buddhist stupas, such as that at Sanchi, which it resembles far more in the exterior profile. There is a Buddhist-style "railing" design around the section of the drum below the dome. The dome is supported by evenly spaced columns which form a porch with an open area between. In the New Delhi summer heat haze this gives an impression of the dome being afloat. Workers began to form the reinforced concrete shell of the outer dome at the beginning of 1929. The last stone of the dome was laid on 6 April 1929.

text: Other features

text: Water features are present throughout the mansion, such as near the Viceroy's stairs, which has eight marble lion statues spilling water into six basins. These lions were symbolic of the heraldry of Great Britain. There is also an open area in one room to the sky, which lets in much of the natural light.

text: Mughal Gardens

text: The Mughal Gardens are situated at the back of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, incorporate both Mughal and English landscaping styles and feature a great variety of flowers. The Rashtrapati Bhavan gardens are open to the public in February every year.

text: Main garden: Two channels running North to South and two running East to West divide this garden into a grid of squares. There are six lotus shaped fountains at the crossings of these channels. Whereas the energetic fountains rising up to a height of 12 feet (3.7 m) create a soothing murmur that enthralls the visitor, the channels are so tranquil in their movement that they seem frozen. In the channels at appropriate times of day can be seen reflections of the imposing building and the proud flowers. There are wooden trays placed on stands in the centre of the channels where grain is put for the birds to feed upon.

text: Terrace garden: There are two longitudinal strips of garden, at a higher level on each side of the Main Garden, forming the Northern and Southern boundaries. The plants grown are the same as in the Main Garden. At the centre of both of the strips is a fountain, which falls inwards, forming a well. On the Western tips are located two gazebos and on the Eastern tips two ornately designed sentry posts.

text: Long Garden or the 'Purdha Garden': This is located to the West of the Main Garden, and runs along on each side of the central pavement which goes to the circular garden. Enclosed in walls about 12 feet high, this is predominantly a rose garden. It has 16 square rose beds encased in low hedges. There is a red sandstone pergola in the centre over the central pavement which is covered with Rose creepers, Petrea, Bougainvillea and Grape Vines. The walls are covered with creepers like Jasmine, Rhyncospermum, Tecoma Grandiflora, Bignonia Vanista, Adenoclyma, Echitice, Parana Paniculata. Along the walls are planted the China Orange trees.

text: Around the circular garden there are rooms for the office of the horticulturist, a green house, stores, nursery etc. Here is housed the collection of Bonsais, one of the best in the country.

text: All the presidents who have stayed at the Rashtrapati Bhavan have taken a keen interest in the maintenance and upkeep of the Mughal Gardens. All have contributed in their own way. The underlying themes, however, have remained unaltered.

text: Udyanotsav

text: The Mughal Gardens opens for general public viewing in February–March every year during Udyanotsav.[16]

text: Museum

text: In July 2014, a museum inside Rashtrapati Bhavan was inaugurated by former President of India Pranab Mukherjee. The museum helps visitors to get an inside view of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, its art, architecture and get educated about lives of past presidents.[17]

text: Restoration

text: The first restoration project at the Rashtrapati Bhavan was started in 1985 and ended in 1989, during which the Ashoka Hall was stripped of its later additions and restored to its original state by the architectural restorer Sunita Kohli. The second restoration project, begun in 2010, involved Charles Correa and Sunita Kohli.[14][18][19]


document_title: List of La Liga broadcasters

question_text: who is showing la liga 2018/19 on tv

question_tokens: who is showing la liga 2018/19 on tv

text: List of La Liga broadcasters

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Broadcaster

Movistar Partidazo

Best game of the week in pay-per-view

GOL

Second best game of the week in free-to-airNever teams that are playing European competitionsHighlights of the week in free-to-air

beIN LaLiga

8 games per week in pay-per-view

text: International broadcasters[edit]

text: Africa Broadcasters[edit]

text:
Country

Language

Broadcasters

Sub-saharan Africa

EnglishFrench

SupersportCanal+

text: America broadcasters[edit]

text:
Country

Language

Broadcasters

Argentina

Spanish

ESPN, DIRECTV Sports

Bolivia

Spanish

ESPN, Tigo Sports

Brazil

Portuguese

ESPN, Fox Premium

Canada

English, Spanish

beIN Sports

Caribbean

English

SportsMax, ESPN

Chile

Spanish

ESPN, DIRECTV Sports

Colombia

Spanish

ESPN, DIRECTV Sports

Costa Rica

Spanish

Sky Sports, TD Centro

Cuba

Spanish

Tele Rebelde

Dominican Republic

Spanish

Sky Sports, TD Centro

El Salvador

Spanish

Sky Sports, TD Centro

Guatemala

Spanish

Sky Sports, TD Centro

Honduras

Spanish

Sky Sports, TD Centro

Mexico

Spanish

Sky Sports, TDN

Nicaragua

Spanish

Sky Sports, TD Centro

Panama

Spanish

Sky Sports, TD Centro

Paraguay

Spanish

ESPN, Tigo Sports

Peru

Spanish

ESPN, DIRECTV Sports

Puerto Rico

English, Spanish

beIN Sports

United States

English, Spanish

beIN Sports

Uruguay

Spanish

ESPN, DIRECTV Sports

Venezuela

Spanish

ESPN, DIRECTV Sports

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country

Language

Broadcasters

Brunei

English

beIN Sports

Cambodia

English

beIN Sports

Central Asia

Russian

Setanta Sports Eurasia

China Mainland

Chinese

PPTV, varies of local TV channel

Hong Kong

Cantonese and English

Now TV (licensed by beIN Sports)

Indian subcontinent

English

Facebook and Sony

Indonesia

Indonesian, English

beIN Sports and SCTV

Japan

Japanese

WOWOW and DAZN

Laos

English

beIN Sports

Malaysia

English

beIN Sports

Myanmar

Burmese

Sky Net

Philippines

English

beIN Sports and ABS-CBN

Singapore

English

beIN Sports

South Korea

Korean

SPOTV

Tajikistan

Tajik and Russian

Varzish TV and Football TV

Thailand

English, Thai

beIN Sports and PPTV

Uzbekistan

Uzbek and Russian

Uzreport TV and Futbol TV

Vietnam

Vietnamese

Goal.com

text: Europe broadcasters[edit]

text:
Country

Language

Broadcasters

Albania

Albanian

SuperSport

Andorra

Spanish

beIN LaLiga, Movistar Partidazo, GOL

Armenia

Russian, Armenian

Setanta Sports Eurasia, Kentron TV

Austria

German

DAZN

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani, Russian

CBC Sport, Idman TV, Setanta Sports Eurasia

Belarus

Russian

Setanta Sports Eurasia

Belgium

French, Dutch

Eleven Sports, Play Sports

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Serbo-Croatian

Sport Klub

Bulgaria

Bulgarian

Max Sport, F+, Sport+ HD

Croatia

Serbo-Croatian

Sport Klub

Cyprus

Greek

PrimeTel

Czech Republic

Czech

Digi Sport

Denmark

English

Strive

Estonia

Russian

Setanta Sports Eurasia

Finland

Finnish

C More Sport

France

French

beIN Sports

Georgia

Georgian

Silk Sport

Germany

German

DAZN

Greece

Greek

Cosmote Sport

Hungary

Hungarian

Spíler TV

Iceland

Icelandic

Stöð 2

Ireland

English

Eleven Sports

Italy

Italian

DAZN

Kosovo

Albanian

SuperSport

Latvia

Russian

Setanta Sports Eurasia

Liechtenstein

German

DAZN

Lithuania

Russian

Setanta Sports Eurasia

Luxembourg

French

Eleven Sports

Macedonia

Serbo-Croatian

Sport Klub

Malta

Maltese

Total Sports Network

Moldova

Russian

Setanta Sports Eurasia

Montenegro

Serbo-Croatian

Sport Klub

Netherlands

Dutch

Ziggo Sport

Norway

English

Strive

Poland

Polish

Eleven Sports, NC+

Portugal

Portuguese

Eleven Sports

Romania

Romanian

Digi Sport, Telekom Sport

Russia

Russian

Match TV

San Marino

Italian

DAZN

Serbia

Serbo-Coratian

Sport Klub

Slovakia

Slovak

Digi Sport

Slovenia

Slovenian

Sport Klub

Sweden

English

Strive

Switzerland

French, German

DAZN

Turkey

Turkish

beIN Sports

Ukraine

Ukrainian

MEGOGO

United Kingdom

English

Eleven Sports

text: Middle East and North Africa broadcasters[edit]

text:
Country

Language

Broadcasters

Israel

Hebrew

ONE

MENA

Arabic, English, French, Spanish

beIN Sports

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country

Language

Broadcasters

Australia

English

beIN Sports

Fiji

English

Fiji Television

New Zealand

English

beIN Sports


document_title: Batman Forever

question_text: who played two faces girlfriends in batman forever

text: Batman Forever

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Gotham City, the crime fighter Batman defuses a hostage situation caused by a criminal known as Two-Face, the alter ego of the former district attorney Harvey Dent, but Two-Face escapes and remains at large. Edward Nygma, a researcher at Wayne Enterprises who idolizes Bruce Wayne, has developed a device that can beam television into a person's brain. Bruce offers to let Nygma come up with schematics for the device and set up a meeting with his assistant. However, after Nygma demands an answer from him immediately, Bruce rejects the invention, believing it to be too close to mind manipulation. After killing his supervisor and staging it as a suicide, Nygma resigns and begins sending Bruce riddles, seeking retaliation against him.

text: Bruce meets Chase Meridian, a psychiatrist who is obsessed with Batman, and invites her to come with him to a circus event. After a performance from the circus performers, The Flying Graysons, Two-Face arrives and threatens to blow up the circus unless Batman comes forward and surrenders his life to him. The Flying Graysons attempt to stop Two-Face, but most of them get killed as a result. Only Dick Grayson, the youngest member, survives as he climbs to the roof and throws Two-Face's bomb into a river.

text: Bruce invites the orphaned Dick to stay at Wayne Manor. Dick, still troubled by the murder of his family, intends to kill Two-Face and avenge his family. When he discovers that Bruce is Batman, he demands that Bruce help him find Two-Face so that he can kill him, but Bruce refuses. Meanwhile, Nygma, inspired and delighted by watching Two-Face's raid at the circus, turns himself into a criminal called the Riddler and forms an alliance with Two-Face. The two steal capital in order to mass-produce Nygma's brainwave device so that Riddler can use it to learn Batman's secret identity.

text: At Nygma's business party, Nygma discovers Bruce's alter ego using the brainwave device. Two-Face arrives and crashes the party. He nearly kills Batman, but Dick manages to save him. Meanwhile, Chase has fallen in love with Bruce, which surpasses her obsession with Batman. Bruce decides to stop being Batman in order to have a normal life with Chase, and to prevent Dick from murdering Two-Face. Dick runs away while Bruce and Chase have dinner together in the manor, where Bruce reveals his secret identity to her. The Riddler and Two-Face arrive and attack Wayne Manor; in the process, the Riddler blows up the Batcave. The criminals kidnap Chase after Two-Face shoots Bruce, and the Riddler leaves him another riddle.

text: Using the riddles, Bruce and his butler, Alfred, deduce the Riddler's secret identity. Chase is imprisoned by the Riddler and Two-Face in their hideout. Dick returns and becomes Batman's sidekick, Robin. Batman and Robin head to Riddler and Two-Face's lair, Claw Island, where they are separated. Robin encounters Two-Face and nearly kills him, but chooses to spare his life and is captured. The Riddler gives Batman a chance to save only one hostage, but Batman destroys the Riddler's brainwave collecting device, causing the Riddler to suffer a mental breakdown. Batman then rescues both Robin and Chase. Two-Face corners the trio and determines their fate with the flip of a coin, but Batman throws a handful of identical coins in the air, causing Two-Face to stumble and fall to his death.

text: The Riddler is taken to Arkham Asylum and imprisoned, but he claims he knows who Batman is. Chase is asked to consult on the case, but Nygma says that he himself is Batman, due to his damaged memories. Chase meets Bruce outside and tells him that his secret is safe before parting ways. Bruce resumes his crusade as Batman with Robin as his partner to protect Gotham from crime.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Val Kilmer as Bruce Wayne / Batman
After coming across the journal of his father, he starts questioning his act of vengeance. Bruce struggles with his dual identity as a crime fighter, becoming romantically involved with Dr. Chase Meridian. Michael Keaton, the actor that portrayed Batman in the first two films, was originally attached to reprise his role, but he declined after learning that Schumacher would direct the film.[2] Keaton later recalled, "I knew it was in trouble when [Schumacher] said, ‘Why does everything have to be so dark?’"[3] Ramsey Ellis plays a young Bruce Wayne.[4]
Tommy Lee Jones as Harvey Dent / Two-Face
Formerly the good district attorney of Gotham City, half of Harvey's face is scarred with acid during the conviction of a crime boss. Driven insane, he becomes the criminal Harvey Two-Face obsessed with killing Batman. He flips a two-headed coin to determine if he kills (damaged side) or not (clean side). Billy Dee Williams, the actor that portrayed Dent in the first film, was supposed to reprise the role,[5] but Joel Schumacher gave the role to Jones, as he had worked with him previously in The Client.
Jim Carrey as Edward Nygma / The Riddler
A former Wayne Enterprises employee, Edward resigns after his newest invention is personally rejected by Bruce Wayne, with whom he is obsessed. He becomes the villainous Riddler, leaving riddles and puzzles at crime scenes. Robin Williams was previously considered for the role,[6] but he declined,[7] although later regretted. Singer Micky Dolenz was also in contention for the role,[8] but he also turned down the offer.
Nicole Kidman as Dr. Chase Meridian
A psychologist and love interest of Bruce Wayne. Chase is fascinated by the dual nature of Batman. She is held as a damsel in distress in the climax.
Chris O'Donnell as Richard "Dick" Grayson / Robin
Once a circus acrobat, Dick is taken in by Bruce after Two-Face murders his parents and brother at a circus event. Bruce is reminded of when his parents were murdered when he sees the same vengeance in Dick, and decides to take him in as his ward. He eventually discovers the Batcave and learns Bruce's secret identity. In his wake, he becomes the crime fighting partner, Robin.
Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth
The Wayne family's faithful butler and Bruce's confidant. Alfred also befriends the young Grayson.
Pat Hingle as Commissioner James Gordon
The police commissioner of Gotham City.
Drew Barrymore as Sugar
Two-Face's "good" assistant.
Debi Mazar as Spice
Two-Face's "bad" assistant.
Elizabeth Sanders as Gossip Gerty
Gotham's top gossip columnist.
René Auberjonois as Dr. Burton
The head Doctor of Arkham Asylum. His surname is a reference to Tim Burton, the director of the first two installments. He originally filmed a scene in which Dr. Burton discovered that Two-Face had escaped and found his guard tied up and gagged, but the scene was deleted from the film.
Joe Grifasi as Hawkins, the Bank Guard
Two-Face's hostage during the opening scene.
Kimberly Scott as Margaret, Bruce Wayne's secretary.
Don "The Dragon" Wilson as the leader of the Neon Gang.
En Vogue as Hookers
Ofer Samra as Two-Face's thug
Ed Begley, Jr. as Fred Stickley
Edward Nygma's ill-tempered supervisor at Wayne Enterprises. After Stickley discovers the side effect of Edward's invention, Edward kills him and makes it look like suicide. Begley was uncredited for this role.
Patrick Leahy in an uncredited cameo
This is the first of five cameo appearances in Batman films by Leahy, a United States Senator and DC Comics fan.[9][10]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"I always hated those titles like Batman Forever. That sounds like a tattoo that somebody would get when they're on drugs or something. Or something some kid would write in the yearbook."

— Producer Tim Burton[11]

text: Batman Returns was released in 1992 with financial success and generally favorable reviews from critics, but Warner Bros. was disappointed with its box office run, having made $150 million less than the first film. Director Tim Burton was asked to restrict himself to the role of producer, with approval of Joel Schumacher as director[12] and the husband and wife screenwriting couple Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, who agreed with him that "the key element to Batman is his duality. And it's not just that Batman is Bruce Wayne".[13] Their original script introduced a psychotic Riddler with a pet rat accompanying him. The story elements and much of the dialogue still remained in the finished film, though Schumacher felt it could be "lighte[ne]d down". Schumacher claims he originally had in mind an adaptation of Frank Miller's Batman: Year One. Warner Bros. rejected the idea as they wanted a sequel, not a prequel, though Schumacher was able to include very brief events in Bruce Wayne's childhood with some events of the comic The Dark Knight Returns. Akiva Goldsman, who worked with Schumacher on The Client, was brought in to rewrite the script. Burton, who was more interested in directing Ed Wood, later reflected he was taken aback by some of the focus group meetings for Batman Forever, a title which he hated. Producer Peter MacGregor-Scott represented the studio's aim in making a film for the MTV Generation with full merchandising appeal.[14]

text: Production went on fast track with Rene Russo cast as Dr. Chase Meridian but Michael Keaton decided not to reprise Batman because he did not like the new direction the film series was heading in.[15] Keaton also wanted to pursue "more interesting roles",[16] turning down $15 million.[17] A decision was made to go with a younger actor for Bruce Wayne, and an offer was made to Ethan Hawke, who turned it down.[18] Schumacher had seen Val Kilmer in Tombstone, but was also interested in Daniel Day-Lewis, Ralph Fiennes, William Baldwin and Johnny Depp.[19] Kilmer signed on without reading the script or knowing who the new director was.[20]

text: With Kilmer's casting, Warner Bros. dropped Rene Russo as Chase Meridian.[15] Robin Wright, Jeanne Tripplehorn and Linda Hamilton were all considered for the role, which was eventually recast with Nicole Kidman.[21] Billy Dee Williams took on the role of Harvey Dent in Batman on the possibility of portraying Two-Face in a sequel, but Schumacher cast Tommy Lee Jones in the role,[22] after having worked with him on The Client. Jones was reluctant to accept the role,[14] but did so after his son's insistence.[23] Robin Williams was in discussions to be the Riddler at one point.[24][25] In a 2003 interview, Schumacher stated Michael Jackson lobbied hard for the role, but was turned down before Jim Carrey was cast.[26] Robin appeared in the shooting script of Batman Returns but was deleted due to too many characters. Marlon Wayans had been cast in the role, and signed for a potential sequel. It was decided to replace Wayans with a white actor.[27] Leonardo DiCaprio was considered, but decided not to pursue the role after a meeting with Schumacher.[28] Chris O'Donnell was cast and Mitchell Gaylord served as his stunt double.[21] Schumacher attempted to create a cameo role for Bono as his MacPhisto character, but both came to agree it was not suitable for the film.[29]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming started in September 1994.[12] Schumacher hired Barbara Ling for production design, claiming that the film needed a "force" and good design. Ling could "advance on it". Schumacher wanted a design that was not to be in any way connected to the previous films, and instead was to be inspired by the images from the Batman comic books seen in the 1940s/early 1950s and taken from that of New York City architecture in the 1930s, with a combination of modern Tokyo. He also wanted a "city with personality", with more statues, as well as various amounts of neon.

text: Schumacher had problems filming with Kilmer, whom he described as "childish and impossible", reporting that he fought with various crewmen, and refused to speak to Schumacher during two weeks after the director told him to stop behaving in a rude way.[30] Schumacher also mentioned Tommy Lee Jones as a source of trouble: "Jim Carrey was a gentleman, and Tommy Lee was threatened by him. I'm tired of defending overpaid, overprivileged actors. I pray I don't work with them again."[31] Carrey later acknowledged Jones was not friendly to him, telling him once off-set during the production, "I hate you. I really don't like you ... I cannot sanction your buffoonery."[32]

text: Design and effects[edit]

text: Rick Baker designed the prosthetic makeup. John Dykstra, Andrew Adamson and Jim Rygiel served as visual effects supervisors, with Pacific Data Images also contributing to visual effects work. PDI provided a computer-generated Batman for complicated stunts.[33] For the costume design, producer Peter MacGregor-Scott claimed that 146 workers were at one point working together. Batman's costume was redesigned along the lines of a more "MTV organic, and edgier feel" to the suit.[34] Sound editing and mixing was supervised by Bruce Stambler and John Levesque, which included trips to caves to record bat sounds.[35] A new Batmobile was designed for Batman Forever, with two cars being constructed, one for stunt purposes and one for close-ups.[36] Swiss surrealist painter H.R. Giger provided his version for the Batmobile but it was considered too sinister for the film.[37]

text: Music[edit]

text: Elliot Goldenthal was hired by Schumacher to compose the film score before the screenplay was written. In discussions with Schumacher, the director wanted Goldenthal to avoid taking inspiration from Danny Elfman, and requested an original composition.[38] The film's promotional teaser trailer used the main title theme from Elfman's score of 1989's Batman.[39]

text: The soundtrack was commercially successful, selling almost as many copies as Prince's soundtrack to the 1989 Batman film. Only five of the songs on the soundtrack are actually featured in the movie. Hit singles from the soundtrack include "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" by U2 and "Kiss from a Rose" by Seal, both of which were nominated for MTV Movie Awards. "Kiss from a Rose" (whose video was also directed by Joel Schumacher) reached No. 1 in the U.S. charts as well. The soundtrack itself, featuring additional songs by The Flaming Lips, Brandy (both songs also included in the film), Method Man, Nick Cave, Michael Hutchence (of INXS), PJ Harvey, and Massive Attack, was an attempt to (in producer Peter MacGregor-Scott's words) make the film more "pop".

text: Deleted scenes[edit]

text: Batman Forever went through a few major edits before its release. Originally darker than the final product, the movie's original length was closer to 2 hours and 40 minutes according to director Joel Schumacher. There was talk of an extended cut being released to DVD for the film's 10th anniversary in 2005. While all four previous Batman films were given special edition DVD releases on the same day as the Batman Begins DVD release, none of them were given extended cuts, although some of the following scenes were in a deleted scenes section in the special features.[40]

text: There was an undercurrent theme involving Bruce having repressed memories of an aspect of his parents' death that he hadn't faced which was finding his father's diary on the night of his parents' wake and reading that Bruce insisted his parents go to the theater so he could watch one of the shows, meaning the reason he became Batman was out of the guilt that he killed them.

text: Many scenes were filmed but deleted from the film, other scenes had footage removed. These included:

text:
The escape of Two-Face from Arkham Asylum. René Auberjonois had another scene filmed here in the role of Doctor Burton, but his role was reduced in the final film. He discovers Two-Face's escape, encountering his psychologist hanged in Two-Face's cell with "The Bat Must Die" written in blood on the wall. This was supposed to be the film's opening scene, but producers decided this was far too dark for a family audience.
When Two-Face addresses the crowd from the helicopter in the opening action scene, the speech was truncated and several lines that appeared in the Theatrical Trailer were removed, including the line "If the Bat wants to play, we'll play!"
There was a sequence that contained an extended fight scene between Two-Face and Batman, where they both struggle for control of the helicopter. In this scene, Two-Face accuses Batman of being "a killer too"(a continuity reference to the previous Burton films). Two-face then manages to escape by the parachute, after Batman realizes he has locked the steering wheel into position. This sequence is included in rough form on the special edition DVD.
A scene right before Edward Nygma arrived at Wayne Manor. It featured Bruce Wayne watching a local Gotham talk show with Chase Meridian as a guest, talking about Batman.
One scene right before Riddler and Two-face team up featured a little conversation with Dick and Bruce in the gym of the manor. This would explain why Dick suddenly has martial arts training. This scene appears in a rough edit on the Special Edition DVD.
The scene where the Riddler fails to punch a security guard out. The guard is then brutally beaten by the Riddler using his cane.
One sequence came directly after the casino robbery, where Batman follows a robbery signal on a tracking device in the Batmobile. He shows up at the crime scene and finds he is at the wrong place (a beauty salon), in which a room full of girls laugh at him. The Riddler had been throwing Batman off the track by messing with the Batmobile's tracking device. This would explain why in the theatrical version Batman seems to give Riddler and Two-Face moments of free rein over the city. This scene appears in a rough edit on the Special Edition DVD.
The construction of NygmaTech was after Batman solves the third riddle and was more in-depth. There were scenes shot that appear in publicity stills of Edward Nygma with a hard hat helping with the construction of his headquarters on Claw Island.
Sugar and Spice, played by Drew Barrymore and Debi Mazar, try out the Riddler's device during the montage when it goes on sale. They are seated with the Riddler and Two-Face on the couch where Chase is handcuffed later in the film. This scene appears in the comic adaptation but not in the final film.
There was originally a scene after the montage of Alfred and Bruce examining the NygmaTech "Box".
An extended scene established Bruce in the Batcave shortly after having discussed with Dick then that this would have saved his life after the battle with Two-Face in the subway system under construction. In this scene he is appreciated as the GNN news (Bruce watching in the Batcomputer) attacking Batman and Two-Face after the battle in the Subway and after that Bruce talking to Alfred turns into the dilemma of continuing to be Batman and try a normal life with Chase. Like the deleted Helicopter fight sequence, this scene also makes reference to Batman himself being "a killer", and in the original production screenplay, this scene was to contain footage from Batman Returns, specifically taken from the rooftop fight scene with Catwoman. This would explain why in the theatrical version Bruce turns off all the systems in the Batcave telling Dick he gives up being Batman. This scene appears in a rough form on the Special Edition DVD.
Another scene in the Wayne Manor raid sequence was longer, featuring Bruce and Chase fighting Two-Face and his thugs.
The scene involving Chase Meridian on the couch originally included a longer ending where the Riddler injects her with a green sleeping agent so he can easily place her in the small tube with the trap door.
Another deleted scene involved Bruce waking up after being shot in the head by Two-Face, temporarily forgetting his origin and life as the Dark Knight. Alfred takes him to the Batcave, which has been destroyed by the Riddler. They stand on the platform where the Batmobile was, and Alfred says, "Funny they did not know about the cave beneath the cave." The platform then rotates downward to another level where the sonar-modification equipment is kept, from the special Batsuit to the hi-tech weaponry. Bruce then discovers the cavern where he first saw the giant bat that inspired him to become Batman. Inside he finds his father's red diary which he had dropped when he first fell into the Batcave after his parents death. He reads the entry about him insisting his parents take him to the theater to see a show the same night they were killed. He realizes he had misread it, and his father had written 'even though Bruce insists, we wanted to see Zorro so his show will have to wait until next week'. Bruce realizes his parents death was not his fault after all. The giant bat then appears and Bruce raises his arms to match the wing anatomy of the bat and the shot shows that they are one. Bruce now remembers who he is and goes with Alfred to solve the riddles left throughout the film. Screenwriter Akiva Goldsman admitted the scene was very theatrical on the special edition DVD and felt it would have made a difference to the final cut. The bat was designed and created by Rick Baker, who was in charge of the make-up of Two-Face. This scene appears in a rough form on the special edition DVD.
The fight scene between Two-Face and Robin on Claw Island was originally longer.
The original ending was similar in style to the previous Batman films, which had involved a scene with Alfred in the limousine, the camera tracking upward through the Gotham cityscape, followed by a rooftop shot involving a silhouetted hero (Batman in the original, Catwoman in Batman Returns) facing the Bat Signal. When Alfred drives Doctor Chase Meridian back to Gotham she asks him "Does it ever end, Alfred?" Alfred replies, "No, Doctor Meridian, not in this lifetime..." The Bat-Signal shines on the night sky and Batman is standing on a pillar looking ahead. Robin then comes into shot and joins his new partner. They both leap off the pillar, towards the camera. A rough edit of the first half of the scene appears on the special edition DVD, but not in its entirety.

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Batman Forever opened in 2,842 theaters in the United States on June 16, 1995, making $52.8 million in its opening weekend,[1] breaking Jurassic Park's record for highest opening weekend gross of all-time (it was surpassed two years later by The Lost World: Jurassic Park's $72.1 million).[41] The film went on to gross $184 million in North America, and $152.5 million in other countries, totaling $336.53 million. The film earned more money than its predecessor Batman Returns,[42] and was the second-highest (behind Toy Story) grossing film of 1995, in the U.S.[41]

text: Critical reaction [edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 39% based on 61 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Loud, excessively busy, and often boring, Batman Forever nonetheless has the charisma of Jim Carrey and Tommy Lee Jones to offer mild relief."[43] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 51 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[44] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[45]

text: Peter Travers said "Batman Forever still gets in its licks. There's no fun machine this summer that packs more surprises." However, he criticized the film's excessive commercialism and felt that "the script misses the pain Tim Burton caught in a man tormented by the long-ago murder of his parents" seeing the Bruce Wayne of Kilmer as "inexpressive".[46] Brian Lowry of Variety believed "One does have to question the logic behind adding nipples to the hard-rubber batsuit. Whose idea was that supposed to be anyway, Alfred's? Some of the computer-generated Gotham cityscapes appear too obviously fake. Elliot Goldenthal's score, while serviceable, also isn't as stirring as Danny Elfman's work in the first two films."[47]

text: James Berardinelli enjoyed the film. "It's lighter, brighter, funnier, faster-paced, and a whole lot more colorful than before."[48] Scott Beatty felt "Tommy Lee Jones played Harvey Dent as a Joker knock-off rather than a multi-layered rogue."[49] Lee Bermejo called Batman Forever "unbearable".[50] Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both gave the film mixed reviews, but with the former giving it a thumbs up and the latter a thumbs down.[51] In his written review, Ebert wrote: "Is the movie better entertainment? Well, it's great bubblegum for the eyes. Younger children will be able to process it more easily; some kids were led bawling from Batman Returns where the PG-13 rating was a joke."[52] Mick LaSalle had a mixed reaction, concluding "a shot of Kilmer's rubber buns at one point is guaranteed to bring squeals from the audience."[53]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 68th Academy Awards, Batman Forever was nominated for Cinematography (lost to Braveheart), Sound Mixing (Donald O. Mitchell, Frank A. Montaño, Michael Herbick and Petur Hliddal; lost to Apollo 13) and Sound Editing (John Leveque and Bruce Stambler) (also lost to Braveheart).[54] "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" by U2 was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song (lost to "Colors of the Wind" from Pocahontas), but was also nominated for the Worst Original Song Golden Raspberry Award (lost to "Walk Into the Wind" from Showgirls). At the Saturn Awards, the film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film (lost to Babe), Make-up (lost to Seven), Special Effects (lost to Jumanji) and Costume Design (lost to 12 Monkeys). Composer Elliot Goldenthal was given a Grammy Award nomination. Batman Forever received six nominations at the 1996 MTV Movie Awards, four of which were divided between two categories (Carrey and Lee Jones for Best Villain; and Seal's "Kiss from a Rose" and U2's "Hold Me" in Best Song from a Movie). However, it won in just one category—Best Song from a Movie for Seal's "Kiss from a Rose".

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: In addition to a large line of toys and action figures from Kenner, the McDonald's food chain released several collectibles and mugs to coincide with the release of the film. Peter David and Alan Grant wrote separate novelizations of the film.[55][56] Dennis O'Neil authored a comic book adaptation, with art by Michal Dutkiewicz.[57]

text: Six Flags Great Adventure theme park re-themed their "Axis Chemical" arena, home of the Batman stunt show, to resemble "Batman Forever", and the new show featured props from the film. Because of the mostly negative critical reaction however, the stunt arena was changed back to its original version after the season. Six Flags Over Texas featured a one-time fireworks show to promote the movie, and replica busts of Batman, Robin, Two-Face, and the Riddler can still be found in the Justice League store in the Looney Tunes U.S.A. section.


document_title: Blood and Iron (speech)

question_text: who adopted the policy of blood and iron

text: Blood and Iron (speech)

text: Blood and Iron (German: Blut und Eisen) is the name given to a speech made by Otto von Bismarck given on 30 September 1862, at the time when he was Minister President of Prussia, about the unification of the German territories. It is also a transposed phrase that Bismarck uttered near the end of the speech that has become one of his most widely known quotations.

text: In September 1862, when the Prussian House of Representatives was refusing to approve an increase in military spending desired by King Wilhelm I, the monarch appointed Bismarck Minister President and Foreign Minister. A few days later, Bismarck appeared before the House's Budget Committee and stressed the need for military preparedness to solve the German Question. He concluded his speech with the following statement:[1] "The position of Prussia in Germany will not be determined by its liberalism but by its power [...] Prussia must concentrate its strength and hold it for the favorable moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the treaties of Vienna, our frontiers have been ill-designed for a healthy body politic. Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided—that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by iron and blood (Eisen und Blut)." This phrase, relying on a patriotic poem written by Max von Schenkendorf during the Napoleonic Wars, was popularized as the more euphonious Blut und Eisen ("Blood and Iron"), and became symbolic of Bismarckian Machtpolitik ("Power politics").

text: Although Bismarck was an outstanding diplomat, the phrase "blood and iron" has become a popular description of his foreign policy partly because he did on occasion resort to war to further the unification of Germany and the expansion of its continental power. Therefore he became known as "the iron chancellor."