document_title: List of Gavin & Stacey characters

question_text: who plays james corden's sister in gavin and stacey

question_tokens: who plays james corden 's sister in gavin and stacey

text: List of Gavin & Stacey characters

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character
First Appearance
Last Appearance
Duration
Total

Mathew Horne
Gavin Shipman
13 May 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
20

Joanna Page
Stacey Shipman
13 May 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
20

James Corden
Neil "Smithy" Smith
13 May 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
20

Ruth Jones
Nessa Jenkins
13 May 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
20

Rob Brydon
Bryn West
13 May 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
20

Larry Lamb
Mick Shipman
13 May 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
20

Alison Steadman
Pam Shipman
13 May 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
20

Melanie Walters
Gwen West
13 May 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
20

Steffan Rhodri
Dave Coaches
13 May 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
11

Margaret John
Doris
13 May 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
8

Adrian Scarborough
Pete Sutcliffe
13 May 2007
17 December 2009
2007–2009
7

Julia Davis
Dawn Sutcliffe
13 May 2007
17 December 2009
2007–2009
7

Sheridan Smith
Ruth "Rudi" Smith
16 March 2008
1 January 2010
2008–2010
7

Robert Wilfort
Jason West
3 June 2007
1 January 2010
2007–2010
6

Mathew Baynton
Deano
11 November 2008
10 December 2009
2008–2009
4

Russell Tovey
Budgie
3 June 2007
10 December 2009
2007–2009
4

Andrew Knott
Dirtbox
3 June 2007
10 December 2009
2007–2009
4

Samuel Anderson
Fingers
3 June 2007
10 December 2009
2007–2009
3

Ifan Huw Dafydd
Neil Jenkins
26 November 2009
1 January 2010
2009–2010
3

Pam Ferris
Cath Smith
26 November 2009
17 December 2009
2009
2

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Gavin Shipman (Mathew Horne) - Gavin is 28 when the series starts. He is an only child, and when the series starts he still lives with his loving mother and father in Billericay, Essex. He gets on well with his parents. He works for a company called ICB and spends his spare time with his best friend Smithy (James Corden) along with his other friends Gary & Simon, Dirtbox, Fingers, Budgie, Swede, Chinese Alan and Jesus. He is a big fan of Tottenham Hotspur (as is Mathew Horne) and is often seen wearing his Spurs shirt. In the course of his job, he had to deal with a company called Bedmores, based in Barry. The Bedmores representative he had to correspond with was a woman called Stacey West (Joanna Page). Gavin and Stacey had to speak regularly because of their jobs, and they found they got on very well. After months and months of talking and flirting, they agreed to meet up in London. They agreed that Gavin would bring his best friend Smithy with him, and Stacey would bring her best friend Nessa (Ruth Jones) with her. They met up and went clubbing. They had a great time, and got on very well. They went back to Stacey's hotel room and had sex. The next day, Stacey had to go back to Barry, but she and Gavin promised to keep ringing each other and that this would not be the end of their relationship. While Stacey and Nessa boarded the coach back to Barry, Gavin and Smithy got a cab back to Billericay. Without waiting for Smithy, Gavin jumped in his car and drove all the way to Barry, and met Stacey when her coach pulled into the station, to her surprise. He and Stacey told each other they loved each other for the first time. Within 9 weeks, they had got engaged and married. Despite a few initial problems regarding Stacey being homesick, their relationship was successful, and Stacey became eventually pregnant. Gavin, and his father Mick (Larry Lamb), often play the "straight men" in the series. Much of the comedy comes from the actions of those around them (especially his mother Pam (Alison Steadman) and Smithy). It is clear that Gavin loves his friends and family very much. Despite the fact that his mother Pam often overreacts and acts without thinking, Gavin still loves her, despite being occasionally exasperated by her. His best friend Smithy is also prone to overreact, but Gavin sticks with him and loves him like a little brother. Gavin's main personality flaw is that he is slightly spoiled, possibly due to being an only child, and reacts with irritation when he doesn't get his way. He is also not particularly sensitive - he sometimes fails to understand the much more emotional Smithy and Stacey, and this occasionally puts strain on his relationship with both of them - when Stacey, who is very attached to her hometown of Barry, gets depressed and homesick upon moving to Billericay after she and Gavin marry, Gavin is more confused than concerned about this, and his responses are lacking in sensitivity about the matter. This can also be seen in the fact that Gavin is less talkative and expressive than Stacey is - while at dinner with their families after their honeymoon, Stacey is excited and full of conversation, while Gavin simply sits and listens to her. Despite all of this, Gavin loves Stacey enormously, and is very affectionate towards her, and his greatest display of love for her is when he decides to move to Barry with her despite having expressed a dislike of it previously, and he manages to get himself a new job in Wales so he can reside there. There, his boss Huw Davies and colleague Owain Hughes (Steven Meo) act very similar to Stacey's uncle, Bryn (Rob Brydon), talking incessantly and being over-friendly, personality traits that bewilder Gavin. Gavin is more reserved and less willing to discuss his private life than his wife. He finds it odd that Stacey is so eager and ready to spill information about their private life to Nessa, Bryn, her mother Gwen (Melanie Walters) and her brother Jason (Robert Wilfort). When Gavin is applying for a job in Cardiff, the only people who know are Stacey and Mick. When he and Stacey announce it to the rest of the characters, Gwen announces that she knew as well, because Stacey told her. Gavin is annoyed that Stacey told Gwen, and by the fact that Stacey did not tell him she had told Gwen. He doesn't understand why Stacey always has to be so close to her family. It isn't that he is distant from his family, he just doesn't depend on his as much as Stacey does hers. In Series 3, he agrees with Stacey to try to have a baby, only to discover she stopped taking the pill a year ago. Although he is very angry about Stacey not telling him the truth, he becomes much more depressed when he learns that he has fertility problems. However, he eventually comes round, and has a serious discussion with Stacey about the problem, deciding they will carry on trying to conceive for a few months, and if that doesn't work, they should start looking at alternatives. However, in the final episode, Stacey discovers she pregnant, and Gavin is completely as overjoyed.
Stacey Shipman (née West) (Joanna Page) - Stacey is 26 and is from Barry, near Cardiff. Her father, Trevor, died three years ago, and she lived at home with her mother in Barry until her marriage. Her gay brother, Jason (Robert Wilfort), lives in Spain. She had been engaged five times before meeting Gavin Shipman (Mathew Horne), something she preferred to forget and kept from him. She is very bubbly, excitable and full of conversation but also slightly fragile and prone to overreacting. An example is her misreading Gavin's sudden businesslike tone during a call from work, when his boss appears over him, as him being distant and breaking up with her and he has to drive all the way to Barry to reassure her in person. She confides frequently in her best friend, Nessa (Ruth Jones). Stacey has never been away from Barry Island before she visits Gavin, and becomes very homesick when she marries him and moves to Essex. After a few months of finding no work, she tells Gavin she can no longer live in Essex and will be moving back home. During the course of their separation, Stacey decides their selfishness about where they'll live means they aren't meant to be together and she gives Gavin his wedding ring back. They are able to work things out and Gavin decides to get a job in Cardiff so he can move to Barry Island to keep Stacey happy. Stacey discovers she is pregnant in the final episode of Series 3, after desperately taking a large number of pregnancy tests.
Neil "Smithy" Smith (James Corden) - Smithy is 28 and Gavin's (Mathew Horne) best friend, and they've known each other since primary school. He is a self-employed builder and decorator. He is very protective of Gavin - he is disappointed when Gavin gets engaged to Stacey (Joanna Page) and when Gavin and Stacey go on a honeymoon, he calls Gavin every day for the 3 weeks they are there, and gets angry at Gavin for leaving his phone off. He loves Gavin's parents more than his own, and has an unseen girlfriend called Lucy, who, according to Smithy, is seventeen years and three quarters old. He loves unusual beer, paintball and West Ham United. When Nessa (Ruth Jones) gives birth to their son, they name him Neil after himself and Nessa's father. In the series finale, Smithy stops Nessa's wedding declaring his feelings for her, thus causing Nessa and Dave (Steffan Rhodri) not to get married. He is shown to have obvious similarities to Nessa, such as: refusing to share food, being very upfront, protective of their best friends, and they like most of the same food and drink, such as KFC, corn on the cob, and Irn Bru. Smithy wears his heart on his sleeve and is given to intense public displays of emotion, and will cry or sulk with little provocation. Smithy eats, drinks and smokes to excess and is overweight.
Vanessa Shanessa "Nessa" Jenkins (Ruth Jones) - Nessa is Stacey's (Joanna Page) best friend, also from Barry. She discovers she is pregnant in the fourth episode of Series 1 and it is later revealed that Smithy (James Corden) became the father the second time they were intimate at Pam (Alison Steadman) and Mick's (Larry Lamb) house. She speaks fluent Italian and Welsh, has several tattoos, most notably a large red dragon on her right upper arm. She is a chain smoker (except during her pregnancy) and was one of the original members of All Saints (but didn't get along with Shaznay). She works at the Barry Island Amusement Arcades or "The Slots". Nessa regularly recalls strange and often lewd experiences with celebrities. She gives birth to baby Neil in the series finale of Series 2 and becomes engaged to Dave Coaches (Steffan Rhodri) in the 2008 Christmas special. In the series finale, Smithy declares his feelings for Nessa at her wedding, and Dave accepts that the feelings he and Nessa share are not as strong as hers and Smithy's. Nessa's age is unknown throughout the show even to Stacey. To date she has slept with Gavin's (Mathew Horne) best friend Smithy four times. Her catchphrases include "Ohhhh", "Tidy", "Genuine", "Truth be told", "Immense", "I'm not going to lie to you" and "What's occurring?". In the third series, it was discovered that she is an Aston Villa fan. She has a jet black bob-style hair and wears Gothic style make up. She is serious, ongoing and surprisingly intelligent at times. She has had a number of interesting occupations including being a BBC radio producer, a roadie for a major band, and driving trucks for Eddie Stobart (who gave her two trucks to keep when she left,) and a running feature of the programme is her wide range of impressive occupations, abilities (apart from speaking fluent Italian she is an excellent ten pin bowler) and acquaintance or relationships with various famous people. The reaction of those around her to mention of these invariably suggests that they are factual rather than a fantasy, despite the rather incongruous fact that she now works as a cashier at an amusement arcade in Barry.
Michael "Mick" Shipman (Larry Lamb) - Mick is Gavin's (Mathew Horne) father. He is often mistaken to be 53 and is a down-to-earth bloke, like his son. He's happy with his life — running his own company, playing golf and going to the pub quiz every Tuesday. He is something of a calming influence on his wife, Pam (Alison Steadman).
Pamela Andrea "Pam" Shipman (née Griggell-Eschefska) (Alison Steadman) — Pam is Gavin's (Mathew Horne) proud and doting mother. She is in her fifties, though her exact age is unknown as, according to her husband, she has claimed to be 51 on her past five birthdays. She is a stereotypical Essex wife and is very house-proud. She is also very caring of Smithy (James Corden), Gavin's best friend, and treats him as if he were her own son. Pam adores Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (referring to Princess Diana as a "hussy") and acts out sexual fantasies of Charles and Camilla with her husband, Mick (Larry Lamb). She dotes on Gavin, who she calls her "Little Prince". She is very welcoming of Stacey (Joanna Page) into the family - the first time Stacey meets her, she helps her with a pimple on her face, in a motherly fashion, which allows the two to bond. Although she is initially angry at Stacey when Gavin announces they're moving back to Barry, accusing Stacey of 'stealing' her son, she apologises the next morning for overreacting. Pam is prone to malapropisms, such as saying "ours is not to question while" (instead of "why") or "Barry's Island" instead of "Barry Island". She is often nervous and excitable and this leads her into awkward social situations, such as forcing Mick to go food shopping in response to an attack of paranoia about her guests' dietary requirements, and then falsely claiming to be newly vegetarian (a pretence she is forced to maintain, much to her frustration because she craves meat) in order to explain why he has arrived with several bags of vegetarian food. Her catchphrases include "Oh My Christ", "I panicked (name)" and "Mick! Michael!"
Brynfor "Bryn" West (Rob Brydon) - Bryn is Stacey (Joanna Page) and Jason's (Robert Wilfort) uncle. He is the brother of Stacey's deceased father, Trevor and is a single man in his late forties. He lives across the road from Stacey and his sister-in-law, Gwen (Melanie Walters) and is very protective of them. In Series 1 and 2, he had a strained relationship with his nephew Jason due to an unspecified but clearly disturbing incident on a fishing trip. He leads a very simple life and often gets excited about trivial things such as his Sat Nav or the Internet. He also enjoys typically female-oriented TV shows such as Desperate Housewives and Sex and the City. He is a keen singer and sings with Stacey's best friend, Nessa (Ruth Jones). In Series 2, he puts a home gym in his house that is "the talk of the street". Bryn also displays latent homosexual tendencies but is seemingly too innocent and childlike to address them. For instance, Bryn converted one of the bedrooms in his home into a gym and invites Smithy (James Corden) over where they strip shirtless and have a close workout followed by a "warm down" that involves rubbing each other. Smithy does not see this as a sexual thing at all, even though it makes Gavin (Mathew Horne) uncomfortable. It has been implied a number of times that Bryn was abused by his brother Trevor as a child, such as Trevor leaving him terrified on a ghost train or hanging him by his ankles and swinging him against rocks, resulting in two broken arms. He claims he "rather enjoyed the experience" as it was only "tomfoolery" but it shocks everyone and horrifies Pam (Alison Steadman).
Gwen West (Melanie Walters) - Gwen is Stacey (Joanna Page) and Jason's (Robert Wilfort) mother. She is a widow in her late forties and has two children, Jason and Stacey. She is a housewife and regularly offers to cook omelettes. She's a caring, kind woman who lets herself be taken advantage of by Stacey's best friend, Nessa (Ruth Jones). She's very close to Stacey as they spent many years living together. In Series 3, she lives with Stacey and her husband Gavin (Mathew Horne). On the day of Nessa's wedding, Nessa told Gwen that she was like a mother to her before kissing her on the lips, which gobsmacks Gwen but does not affect Nessa.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
David "Dave Coaches" Lloyd Gooch (Steffan Rhodri) - Coach driver in Barry and Nessa's (Ruth Jones) fiancé, after they got engaged in the Christmas special. Aspersions are cast regarding his sexual health in Series 1, although it is revealed in Series 2 that he has been to "the clinic". He is the only person, other than Bryn (Rob Brydon) and Jason (Robert Wilfort), who knows what happened on the fishing trip, after Bryn told him to get the matter off his chest. His relationship with Nessa results in both Bryn and Jason being incredibly nervous about him telling their friends what happened, although he makes it very clear to Bryn he wouldn't tell anyone about it. He also has his own company named Dave Coaches. He often shows jealousy towards Smithy (James Corden) for being the father of Nessa's child. Smithy gets jealous of him for always spending time with his son and treating him like his own, and in the final episode leaves Nessa at the altar as he doesn't believe she loves him. Nessa's father mentions him having "blood on his hands", but says he was joking, knowing that "nothing was proven". Dave often has a strained relationship with the other characters, and has publicly had angry exchanges with Bryn, Smithy and Pete (Adrian Scarborough), who punched him in the face after he made an uncharitable remark about his wife, Dawn (Julia Davis).
Jason West (Robert Wilfort) - Stacey's (Joanna Page) elder brother, son of Gwen (Melanie Walters) and her late husband, Trevor. Lives in Spain with his boyfriend, José. He and Bryn (Rob Brydon) share a rather awkward relationship due to some mysterious goings-on on the fateful fishing trip. Although the events of the fishing trip are never explicitly revealed, it is strongly implied that there was a close and intimate encounter between Jason and Bryn. When they attempt to explain to Dave the reason for what they did that night, Bryn says "It was freezing cold...and when you're that cold you-" before being cut off by Gavin entering the room. He is disappointed in the first series when Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Stacey get married and he is not chosen to take Stacey down the aisle. He and Bryn eventually become friends again, something they are both glad about.
Peter "Pete" Sutcliffe (Adrian Scarborough) and Dawn Sutcliffe (Julia Davis) - Friends of Pam (Alison Steadman) and Mick's (Larry Lamb). They have a very strained marriage and regularly insult each other in public. Also part of the ongoing joke that characters share their surnames with serial killers — in this case Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper. He punches Dave in the Christmas special. He also attempts a threesome in the beginning of Series 2 with his wife Dawn and a man named Seth. It didn't work out as Seth said the photo was not representative of them as a couple. The couple renewed their vows in Series 3. They have two children, Fiona and Alex. In the series finale of Series 1, their surname is revealed to be Whitely, but in the 2008 Christmas Special, it is revealed to be Sutcliffe.
Catherina "Cath" Smith (Pam Ferris) - Smithy (James Corden) and Rudi's (Sheridan Smith) mother who first appears in the first episode of Series 3. She is rumoured to have had a lesbian relationship with the headteacher of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's primary school. She claims to suffer from narcolepsy, though Pam (Alison Steadman) attributes this to her excessive drinking. She attends single mother support groups and has been known to perform lewd acts on webcam, having once accidentally exposed herself to Nessa (Ruth Jones) thinking she was a man named John.
Doris "Dor" (Margaret John) - Gwen's (Melanie Walters) elderly next door neighbour. She looks like a stereotypical "little old lady", in sharp contrast to her behaviour and blunt, profanity-littered conversational style. Doris regularly dates younger men, even offering herself up to Gavin (Mathew Horne) for "discreet" extramarital relations, and is described by Bryn (Rob Brydon) as "a player". She has a daughter named Moira, whom she loathes and would like to "smother" if she saw her again. Gwen even goes so far as to say "she was a nasty piece of work". It is Doris who spots the unfortunate coincidence of Gavin and Stacey (Joanna Page) sharing the West and Shipman surnames with serial murderers Fred and Rose West and Harold Shipman.
Ruth "Rudi" Smith (Sheridan Smith) - Smithy's (James Corden) sister, also likes to be called "Smithy" in an attempt to imitate her brother, with whom she often fights.
Neil Noel Edmund Smith aka Neil, the Baby - The son of Smithy (James Corden) and Nessa (Ruth Jones), named after both Smithy and Nessa's father. His middle names come from Smithy's uncle Edmund and Nessa's friend Noel from Hear'Say.
Neil Jenkins (Ifan Huw Dafydd)[1][2]- Nessa's (Ruth Jones) father; appears at the Christening but is obviously uncomfortable at being back in Barry due to unknown previous events. He is a part-time actor who has appeared as an extra in Lark Rise to Candleford and as a man in a coma in Holby City.
Dick Powell (Gwynfor Roberts) The only exclusively Welsh-speaking inhabitant of Barry. Sells items on the black market such as satellite navigation systems and meat that his brother steals from the slaughterhouse where he works. He enjoys chicken and Glamorgan sausage sandwiches.
Deano (Mathew Baynton) is a friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He works with Smithy and is known for being gormless and somewhat naïve. He learnt Welsh prior to coming over to Wales with the "Essex Lads". He wasn't at Gavin's stag, but got a T-shirt made afterwards when they went to the foam party. Among his idiosyncrasies is a fondness for drinking a mixture of equal parts tea and coffee, which he calls a "toffee" or a "cea" (pronounced "key").
Owain Hughes (Steven Meo) - one of Gavin's (Mathew Horne) co-workers at his new job in Cardiff in Series 3. Constantly the subject of an unclear joke - "My name is Owain Hughes and before you ask, no I don't!".

text: Gavin and Smithy's Friends[edit]

text:
Budgie (Russell Tovey) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He is nicknamed as such because he has big ears. He has a brother called Magpie, who works as a DJ.
Chinese Alan (Dominic Gaskell) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). His catchphrase is "Did someone order a Chinese?"
Fingers (Samuel Anderson) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He is so named because of his womanizing attitude. He has an on-off relationship with Stacey's (Joanna Page) friend, Louise.
Dirtbox (Andrew Knott) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He seems to be somewhat short tempered and snappy.
Jesus (Daniel Curtis) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He only appears in the stag episode; most likely owing to the fact that no one in the group really seems to like him.
Swede - (John Grisley) A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He rarely says anything.
Gary (Jason Gregg) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He has been friends with them since primary school. He is never seen without his best friend Simon; except for in Series 3, where it appears they have had an argument.
'N' Simon - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He has been friends with them since primary school. He is never seen without his best friend Gary (Jason Gregg); but he does not appear in Series 3, as it appears he has had an argument with Gary.
Luggy - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He has glasses and is quite tall. He is relatively quiet when compared to the rest of Gavin's friends as he is often seen in the background of the conversation and has no dialogue. He is not seen in Series 3 for unknown reasons.

text: Minor and unseen characters[edit]

text:
Japanese Margaret - A friend of Pam (Alison Steadman) and Dawn's (Julia Davis) whose name came up during the protest over the telephone mast.
No Man Jan - A friend of Pam's (Alison Steadman) who told her about the rumour of Cath's (Pam Ferris) lesbian relationship with Smithy (James Corden) and Gavin's (Mathew Horne) headmistress. Mick (Larry Lamb) claims she can't be trusted - "that's why she's been divorced three times".
Big Fat Sue - Pam's (Alison Steadman) overweight friend. Pam calls her "Susan" to her face; however, other characters such as Dawn (Julia Davis) directly address her as "Big Fat Sue".
Fat No More Pat - Pam's (Alison Steadman) friend from her Fencing class. She was mentioned when Pam asked Stacey (Joanna Page) if she would like to come along in Pat's absence.
Seth - Swinger who responded to Dawn (Julia Davis) and Pete's (Adrian Scarborough) request for a threesome partner, he denied because the picture of Dawn and Pete was 15 years old.
Nigel Havers - Actor, Nessa's (Ruth Jones) ex-boyfriend
Tom Jones - Singer, Nessa's (Ruth Jones) ex-boyfriend
John Prescott - Politician, Nessa's (Ruth Jones) ex-boyfriend
Noel Sullivan - Singer, Nessa's (Ruth Jones) close friend. Nessa's son, Neil's middle name is after him.
Griff (Alan David) - Bryn (Rob Brydon) and Doris' (Margaret John) friend. He attended Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Stacey's (Joanna Page) wedding with Doris in Series 1.
Father Chris (William Thomas) - A vicar in Barry.
José - Jason's (Robert Wilfort) boyfriend, who attends Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Stacey's (Joanna Page) wedding.
Edna Sutcliffe (Edna Doré) - Pete's (Adrian Scarborough) mother, only seen once in the Christmas Special, where Pete forgot her and she stayed behind the bar over night
Betty (Hazel Douglas) - A neighbour of Pam (Alison Steadman) and Mick's (Larry Lamb). She is only seen talking to Pam about Mick's short stint on a news broadcast.
Scott - One of Doris' (Margaret John) much younger boyfriends, whom she casually describes as "a bit of a pothead".
Natalie Lewis - Sales assistant whose brother and father once had a fight with Nessa (Ruth Jones)
Lucy - Smithy's (James Corden) much younger girlfriend, who is still in secondary school. She is never seen on-screen, and dumps Smithy in Series 2 when he discovers that she has been seeing somebody else. In a running joke meant to illustrate the age gap between her and Smithy, she is often mentioned to be doing activities that would normally be associated with younger people (such as Brownies or trampolining).
Jean - A character who Bryn (Rob Brydon) invites to Gwen's birthday party, due to guests he'd already invited saying they can't attend. Jean is hated to Gwen however for reasons that weren't really mentioned. Doris warns Bryn not to invite her and does not like her. Jean is not seen on screen, however Gwen sees her and it is unknown what happened next.
Glenda - In series 3 episode 4, Glenda gets in contact with Bryn (Rob Brydon), Doris (Margaret John) and Gwen (Melanie Walters) almost immediately after Pam (Alison Steadman) and Mick (Larry Lamb) arrive outside Gwen's house all via different forms of contact. It is not mentioned where Glenda lives, though she is within hearing range as she heard that Pam and Mick were going to the beach, nor is she ever mentioned again.


document_title: West Indies Federation

question_text: what is the capital name of west indies

question_tokens: what is the capital name of west indies

root

text: West Indies Federation

text: Population and geography[edit]

text: The total population of the West Indies Federation was between 3 and 4 million people, with the majority being of black West African descent. Minorities included Indians from the subcontinent (called East Indians), Europeans, Chinese, and Caribs. There was also a large population of mixed descent (mainly mulattos, but also Afro-Indian, Euro-Indian and mixed-Chinese). In terms of religion, most of the population was Protestant, with significant numbers of Catholics and some Hindus and Muslims (both almost exclusively from the East Indian population).

tag: p

text: The West Indies Federation (or just West Indies) consisted of around 24 main inhabited islands and approximately 220–230 minor offshore islands, islets and cays (some inhabited, some uninhabited). The largest island was Jamaica, located in the far northwest of the Federation. To the southeast lay the second largest island, Trinidad, followed by Barbados (in terms of population), located at the eastern extremity of the Federation.

text: The Federation spanned all the island groupings in the Caribbean:

text:
The Greater Antilles: Jamaica and the Cayman Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands
The Lesser Antilles:
Barbados, east of the Windward Islands
Leeward Islands: Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, and Montserrat
Windward Islands: Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada
Trinidad and Tobago

tag: ul

text: At its widest (west to east), from the Cayman Islands to Barbados it spanned some 2,425 kilometres (1,310 nmi) (and across approximately 22 degrees of longitude) and from the Turks and Caicos Islands in the north, to the Icacos Point, Trinidad in the south it extended 1,700 kilometres (920 nmi) (and across 12 degrees of latitude). However, most of the area along either of these distances was taken up by open water (with the exception of some of the other islands lying in between). By comparison Great Britain stretches across nearly 10 degrees of latitude and Spain extends across almost 20 degrees of longitude. Even though the West Indies was spread across such a vast area, most of its provinces were mostly contiguous and clustered fairly close together in the Eastern Caribbean, with the obvious exceptions of Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, and Turks and Caicos Islands.

text: Most of the islands have mountainous interiors surrounded by narrow coastal plains. The exceptions were Anguilla, Antigua, Barbuda, the Cayman Islands, the Turks and Caicos Islands (which are all fairly flat), and Trinidad (which has a large mountain range in the north and a small central mountain range in the interior of the otherwise flat island). The narrow coastal plains as well as historical trade is the main reason why almost all of the major settlements (cities and towns) of the Federation were located on the coast. Chief towns included Kingston, Port of Spain, Bridgetown, Spanish Town, Montego Bay, Mandeville, Castries, Roseau, St. George's, Kingstown, St. John's, and Basseterre.

text: The climate in all the islands is tropical, with hot and humid weather, although inland regions in the larger islands have more temperate climates. Regions falling within the rain shadows (southern coasts of Jamaica and Trinidad and eastern coasts of the Lesser Antilles) are relatively drier. There are two seasons annually: the dry season for the first six months of the year, and the rainy season (also known as the hurricane season) in the second half of the year. Many of the islands fall within the traditional hurricane belt, with the exception of Trinidad (although it occasionally experiences low latitude hurricanes) and thus are at risk from potential wind and flood damage.

text: Britain classified the Federation as being part of its "Caribbean and North Atlantic Territories" region which was shared alongside other possessions such as Bermuda.

text: The Federation today is geographically considered to be part of the North American continent as all of its islands are in and around the Caribbean, even though Trinidad is located just offshore from South America and lies on the same continental shelf.[9] See Bicontinental countries.

text: Provinces[edit]

text:
Map of the Provinces of the West Indies Federation

Jamaica
Antigua and Barbuda
Dominica
Barbados
Trinidad and Tobago
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent
Grenada
Montserrat
Cayman Islands(Jamaica)
Turks&Caicos(Jamaica)
Saint Christopher-NevisAnguilla

tag: table

text:
Provinces and Territories of the West Indies

Flag

Province

Capital

Population

Area (km²)

Antigua and Barbuda
St. John's
57,000
440

Barbados
Bridgetown
234,000
431

Cayman Islands (attached to Jamaica)
George Town
9,000
264

Dominica
Roseau
61,000
750

Grenada
St. George's
91,000
344

Jamaica
Kingston
1,660,000
10,991

Montserrat
Plymouth
13,000
102

Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
Basseterre
55,600
351

Saint Lucia
Castries
95,000
616

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Kingstown
83,000
389

Trinidad and Tobago
Port-of-Spain
900,000
5,131

Turks and Caicos Islands (attached to Jamaica)
Cockburn Town
6,000
430

Federation of the West Indies

Chaguaramas

3,264,600[10]

20,239 km2

text: Historically "West Indian" nations The Bahamas, Bermuda, Belize, the British Virgin Islands, and Guyana opted not to join because they believed that their future lay with association with North America (for both the Bahamas and Bermuda), Central America, and the United States Virgin Islands. Guyana opted not to join at that time due to its ongoing political and internal struggles for independence from the UK, started in the 1950s. At issue were the newly formed political party with socialist leanings, at the height of the cold war. It had hoped to join the federation once the issues were resolved. The Bahamas did participate in the 1960 West Indies Federation Games, with a future prime minister of the Bahamas, Perry Christie, as an athlete. There was however possible interest by Guyana in a very loose re-attempted Caribbean Federation around 1971.[11]

text: Government and legal status[edit]

text: The Federation was an internally self-governing, federal state made up of ten provinces, all British colonial possessions. The federation was created by the United Kingdom in 1958 from most of the British West Indies. Britain intended that the Federation would shortly become a fully independent state, thus simultaneously satisfying the demands for independence from all the colonies in the region. However, the project was doomed by political squabbling among the provinces, and the Federation never achieved full sovereignty.

text: The legal basis for the federation was the British Caribbean Federation Act 1956, and the date of formation—January 3, 1958—was set by an Order in Council proclaimed in 1957.

text: As with all British colonies of the period, Queen Elizabeth II was the head of state, and The Crown was vested with the legislative authority for matters concerning executive affairs, defence and the financing of the Federation. Her representative, Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, 1st Baron Hailes, was given the title of Governor-General rather than that of Governor more typical for a British colony. The title may have reflected the federal nature of the state, or indicated the expectations that the Federation would soon become independent. The Governor-General also had the full power by the British Government to veto any laws passed by the Federation.

text: The Federal Parliament was bicameral, consisting of a nominated Senate and a popularly elected House of Representatives. The Senate consisted of nineteen members. These members were appointed by the Governor General, after consulting the respective territorial governments. Two members represented each unit (with only one from Montserrat). The House of Representatives had 45 total elected members – Jamaica had seventeen seats, Trinidad and Tobago ten seats, Barbados five seats, Montserrat one seat, and the remaining islands two seats each.

text: However the government (executive) would be a Council of State, not a Cabinet. It would be presided over by the Governor-General and consist of the Prime Minister and ten other officials.

text: Federal Supreme Court[edit]

text: There was also a Federal Supreme Court consisting of a Chief Justice and three (later five) other Justices. The Federal Supreme Court itself was the successor[12] to the West Indian Court of Appeal (established in 1919)[13] and had jurisdiction over the same territories (Barbados, British Guiana, the Leeward Islands (including the British Virgin Islands), Trinidad & Tobago and the Windward Islands)[13] in addition to Jamaica and its dependencies.[14] Under the 1956 British Caribbean Federation Act though, the Federal Supreme Court did not have any jurisdiction over British Honduras, as the British Honduras (Court of Appeal) Act, 1881,[15] (which allowed for appeals from the British Honduras Supreme Court to go the Privy Council or the Supreme Court of Jamaica) was repealed[16] under it (although the arrangement for appeals to the Supreme Court of Jamaica had generally ceased in 1911 anyway).[17][18]

text: Sir Stanley Eugene Gomes, Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago, was appointed Chief Justice of the Federation in August, 1961.[19]

text: Proposed and de facto capital[edit]

text: Three member states were proposed as hosts for the capital city of the federation: Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. Earlier in the federal negotiations the general opinion had been that the capital should be one of the smaller islands so that the capital would be in a neutral position to the larger territories and it would be able to inject some buoyancy into one of the (then) poorer economies. To this end, Grenada was "tentatively" selected as the member state to host the capital but this was abandoned after protests from some of the parties involved, and at the London Conference the smaller islands were ruled out for consideration.[20] Within Trinidad and Tobago the first proposed site was Chaguaramas, a few miles west of Port of Spain, but the site was part of a United States naval base. In practice, Port of Spain served as the de facto federal capital for the duration of the federation's existence.

text: Elections[edit]

text: In preparation for the first federal elections, two Federation-wide parties were organised as confederations of local political parties. Both were organised by Jamaican politicians: the West Indies Federal Labour Party by Norman Manley, and the Democratic Labour Party by Alexander Bustamante. In broad terms, the WIFLP consisted of the urban-based parties throughout the Federation, while the DLP consisted of the rural-based parties. A small third party, the Federal Democratic Party was founded in November 1957 by a group of Trinidadians, although it did not win any seats.

text: The platforms for the two major national parties were similar in many respects. Both advocated maintaining and strengthening ties with the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada (countries with which the islands had strong cultural and economic links); encouraging and expanding tourism; working to bring British Guiana and British Honduras into the Federation and to obtain loans, financial aid, and technical assistance. Despite these similarities, there were differences. The WIFLP had advocated the encouragement of agriculture while the DLP had promised a climate favourable to both private industry and labour, development of human and economic resources. The WIFLP promised to encourage the Bahamas (in addition to British Guiana and British Honduras) to join the Federation, whereas the DLP did not. The WIFLP also campaigned to establish a central bank for the extension of credit resources and advocated a democratic socialist society and full internal self-government for all the unit territories, whilst avoiding the issues of freedom of movement and a customs union. The DLP said nothing about full internal self-government, attacked socialism, wished to avoid high taxation (via loans and technical aid) and emphasized West Indian unity, freedom of worship and speech, and encouragement of trade unions.

text: Federal elections were held on March 25, 1958. The WIFLP won the election, winning 26 seats while the DLP carried 19 seats. The bulk of the WIFLP seats came from the smaller islands while the DLP carried the majority in Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago. The DLP won 11 of the Jamaican seats and 6 of the Trinidadian seats. In appointing the Senate, Governor General Lord Hailes realized that only the St Vincent island government was DLP controlled and as a result the Senate was going to be disproportionately pro WIFLP. In a controversial decision, he contacted the opposition DLP groups in Jamaica and Trinidad, and appointed one DLP senator from each of those islands. Thus the Senate consisted of a total of 15 WIFLP members and 4 DLP members.

text: WIFLP leader Sir Grantley Adams of Barbados became Prime Minister. The selection of Adams as the Prime Minister was indicative of the problems the Federation would face. The expected leader of the WIFLP was Norman Manley, Premier of Jamaica, and the next logical choice was Dr. Eric Williams, Premier of Trinidad and Tobago. However, neither had contested the Federal elections, preferring to remain in control of their respective island power bases. This suggested that the leaders of the two most important provinces did not see the Federation as viable. Similarly, Alexander Bustamante, the Jamaican founder of the DLP, also declined to contest the Federal election, leaving the party leadership to the Trinidadian Ashford Sinanan. The absence of the leading Jamaican politicians from any role at the federal level was to undermine the Federation's unity.

text: Other members of the Council of State included:

text:
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Trade and Industry: The Hon. Dr. C.G.D. La Corbiniere
Minister of Finance: The Hon. Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw (St. Kitts)
Minister of Communications and Works: The Hon. W. A. Rose
Minister of Natural Resources and Agriculture: The Hon. F.B. Ricketts
Minister of Labour and Social Affairs: The Hon. Mrs. Phyllis Byam Shand Allfrey (Dominica)
Ministers without Portfolio: The Hon. N.H. Richards, The Hon. Mr. V.B Vaughn, Senator A.G.R. Byfield (Jamaica), Senator J.W. Liburd, and Senator J.L. Charles

text: Government services[edit]

text: The Federation also had a number of units deemed to be common services for the entire federation, these were:[21]

text:
The Federal Shipping Service
The Federal Supreme Court
The University College of the West Indies
The West Indies Meteorological Service
The West India Regiment

text: Federal problems[edit]

text: The politics of the embryonic Federation were wrecked by struggles between the federal government and the provincial governments, and between the two largest provinces (Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago) and the smaller provinces.

text: The West Indies Federation had an unusually weak federal structure. For instance, its provinces were not contained in a single customs union. Thus, each province functioned as a separate economy, complete with tariffs, largely because the smaller provinces were afraid of being overwhelmed by the large islands' economies. Also, complete freedom of movement within the Federation was not implemented, as the larger provinces were worried about mass migration from the smaller islands. In this sense, the current European Union can be said to have implemented a more unified economic space than the West Indian attempt.

text: Nor could the federal government take its component states to task. The initial federal budget was quite small, limiting the federal government's ability to use its financial largesse as a carrot. It was dependent upon grants from the United Kingdom and from its member states. The provincial budgets of Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago were both larger than the federal budget. This led to repeated requests for those states to provide greater financing to the federal government. These requests were not well received, as Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago together already contributed 85 percent of the federal revenue, in roughly equal portions.

text: Furthermore, the office of the Prime Minister was a weak one. Unlike other Westminster systems with Prime Ministers, the West Indian Federation's PM could not dissolve Parliament.

text: Relationship with Canada[edit]

text: The Federation maintained a particularly close relationship with Canada, which had a similar past in that it was a federation of several former British colonies. In the early years, several Caribbean leaders suggested that the West Indies Federation should investigate the possibility of becoming a Canadian province, though this was never more than a fleeting interest.[citation needed]

text: Despite the breakdown in talks, in May 1961, Canada presented the West Indies Federation with two of the region's most important gifts: two merchant ships, named The Federal Palm and The Federal Maple. These two vessels visited every island in the federation twice monthly, providing a crucial sea-link between the islands.

text: Dissolution[edit]

text: Many reasons have been put forward to explain the demise of the federation. These include the lack of local popular support, competing insular nationalism, the weakness of the federal government, prohibitions on federal taxation and freedom of movement, inadequacies in the Federal constitution, fundamental changes made to the constitution very early in its existence, political feuds between the influential leaders, the decision of the three most influential politicians not to contest Federal elections, friction between these leaders and the Federal government, the overwhelming concentration of population and resources in the two largest units, geographic and cultural distance between the units, the lack of a history of common administration, and the impact of the period of self-government that followed the promotion from Crown Colony system.

text: However, the immediate catalyst for the dissolution of the Federation was Jamaican discontent. By 1961, there were a number of reasons for Jamaica's dissatisfaction with the state of affairs:

text:
Jamaica was fairly remote from most of the other islands in the Federation, lying several hundred miles to the west.
Jamaica's share of the seats in the federal parliament was smaller than its share of the total population of the Federation.
It was believed that the smaller islands were draining Jamaica's wealth.
Many in Jamaica were upset that Kingston had not been chosen as the federal capital.

text: The most important reason for Jamaican dissatisfaction was the Federation's continuing colonial status. Jamaica had joined the Federation because its leaders had believed that the West Indies would quickly be granted independence. Nearly three years after the formation of the Federation, this had not occurred; meanwhile, smaller British colonies, like Cyprus and Sierra Leone, had gained independence. Thus, many Jamaicans believed that the island could and should seek independence in its own right.

text: There were also problems with the Federation's proposed capital in Chaguaramas, at that time still in the hands of the United States (having leased it as a naval base from the United Kingdom during World War 2). Many of the Caribbean provincial leaders wanted Chaguaramas to be the Federation's capital. Provincial leaders such as Norman Manley of Jamaica and Eric Williams pushed for handing over of Chaguramas to the Federation from the US. However the US and the UK disagreed and the Federation's Prime Minister Grantley Adams stopped the provincial leaders from obtaining Chaguramas. For many Jamaicans it appeared that the Federation would then just hamper their development and movement towards independence.

text: As a result, the Bustamante-led Jamaica Labour Party (the local component of the West Indian DLP) successfully forced Manley to hold a referendum in September 1961 on political secession from the Federation. It passed, with 54% of the vote, despite the opposition of Manley, the province's Chief Minister at the time. Manley himself lost the subsequent island elections in April 1962, and Bustamante became the first Prime Minister of an independent Jamaica on 6 August 1962.

text: After Jamaica left, there was an attempt to salvage a new federation from the wreckage of the old. Much depended on Premier Williams of Trinidad and Tobago, who had stated previously that he wanted a "strong federation". Premier Vere Bird of Antigua responded that his province would only be in a federation with Trinidad as an equal partner, not as "a little Tobago". He did indicate that a strong federation was acceptable provided that no attempt was made to create a unitary state.

text: Negotiations on this new federation began in September 1961; however, they indicated that Trinidad would have to provide 75 to 80 percent of the new Federation's revenue. Also, even though Trinidad would now represent 60 percent of the new Federation's population, the proposals under consideration would give it less than half of the seats in parliament.

text: By November, Williams indicated that he was now in favour of the idea of a unitary state. Failing that, he resolved to take Trinidad and Tobago into independence. In this, he was buoyed by his re-election as Trinidadian leader on December 4, 1961. Later that December, Premier Errol Barrow of Barbados met with Williams, but failed to persuade him to keep Trinidad in the Federation.

text: On January 14, 1962, the People's National Movement (the Williams-led Trinidad component of the WIFLP) passed a resolution rejecting any further involvement with the Federation. Williams himself stated that "one from ten leaves nought"—in other words, without Jamaica, no Federation was possible. Trinidad and Tobago became independent on August 31, 1962.

text: Without Trinidad and Jamaica, the remaining "Little Eight" attempted to salvage some form of a West Indian Federation, this time centred on Barbados. However, these negotiations ultimately proved fruitless. Without its two largest states, the Federation was doomed to financial insolvency. Barbados now refused to shoulder the financial burden, and Antigua and Grenada began toying with the idea of merging with Jamaica and Trinidad, respectively.

text: The West Indies Federation was legally dissolved with the Parliament of the United Kingdom's West Indies Act 1962. The remaining "Little Eight" provinces once again became separate colonies supervised directly from London, most of which became independent later on, as follows:

text:
Barbados – 1966
Grenada – 1974
Dominica – 1978
Saint Lucia – 1979
St Vincent and the Grenadines – 1979
Antigua and Barbuda – 1981
Saint Kitts and Nevis – 1983

text: Montserrat remains an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. The Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands had been separated from Jamaica upon the latter's independence in 1962; Anguilla was separated from Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1980. All three remain UK territories as well.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The federation's currency was the West Indies dollar (though Jamaica continued to use the pound), which was later succeeded by the East Caribbean dollar, the Barbadian dollar, and the Trinidad and Tobago dollar. Successor organisations included the West Indies Associated States and CARICOM.

text: The Federal Supreme Court would also be succeed by a British Caribbean Court of Appeal (1962–1966) and then a West Indies Associated States Supreme Court (Court of Appeal and High Court) (1967–1980) and ultimately by an Eastern Caribbean Court of Appeal and Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court in 1981 for the OECS.[22][23] More recently a Caribbean Court of Justice has been established which would also fulfill the role of the original Supreme Court if all CSME members accede to the court's appellate jurisdiction (currently Barbados, Belize and Guyana do so).

text: Some see the West Indies cricket team as a legacy of the Federation, although the side was actually organised thirty years prior to the birth of the federation.

text: Another lasting regional fixture, officially created before the Federation, is the University of the West Indies. During the Federation, the University pursued a policy of regional expansion beyond the main Jamaica campus. Two other campuses were established: one in Trinidad and Tobago, established in 1960, and one in Barbados, established a short time after the Federation dissolved in 1963. Since 2004, the West Indies Federal Archives Centre has been located on the University's Cave Hill campus in Barbados.

text: Stamps[edit]

text: During the Federation's existence, each member continued to issue its own postage stamps as before; but on April 22, 1958, each of the members (except for the Cayman Islands) issued a set of three commemorative stamps. All of these stamps used a common design depicting a map of the Caribbean and a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, with an inscription reading "THE WEST INDIES / FEDERATION 1958" at the top and the name of the member state at the bottom. These stamps are quite common in both mint and used condition.

text: Prior attempts at federation[edit]

text: The Federation of the West Indies was not the first attempt at a British Caribbean federation (nor would it be the last). The history of the previous attempts at federations and unions, in part, explains the failure of the 1958 Federation.

text: The initial federal attempts never went so far as to try to encompass all of the British West Indies (BWI), but were more regional in scope. The historical regional groupings included the British Leeward Islands, British Windward Islands and Jamaica with nearby colonies. See History of the British West Indies.


document_title: Send to Coventry

question_text: where does the saying sent to coventry come from

text: Send to Coventry

text: Origin[edit]

text: The origins of this phrase are unknown, although it is quite probable that events in Coventry in the English Civil War in the 1640s play a part. One hypothesis as to its origin is based upon The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. In this work, Clarendon recounts how Royalist troops that were captured in Birmingham were taken as prisoners to Coventry, which was a Parliamentarian stronghold. These troops were often not received warmly by the locals.[citation needed]

text: A book entitled Lives of the Most Remarkable Criminals (1735) states that Charles II passed an act "whereby any person with malice aforethought by lying in wait unlawfully cutting out or disabling the tongue, putting out an eye, slitting the nose or cutting off the nose or lip of any subject of His Majesty......shall suffer death." This was called the Coventry Act, after Sir John Coventry MP, who had "had his nose slit to the bone" by attackers.[1]

text: Some have suggested that the idiom derives from the ostracism that became a fate of legendary Coventry's "Peeping Tom".[citation needed] However it is surprising that there is no recorded use between the 1050s (the origin of the tale) and the first possible example suggested by the Oxford English Dictionary, dated 1647. Furthermore, there is no support for this derivation in Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1981), the Oxford English Dictionary (1986), or Partridge's Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1961).

text: An early example of the idiom is from the Club book of the Tarporley Hunt (1765):[2]

text: Mr. John Barry having sent the Fox Hounds to a different place to what was ordered was sent to Coventry, but return'd upon giving six bottles of Claret to the Hunt.

text: By 1811, the meaning of the term was defined in Grose's The Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue:

text: To send one to Coventry; a punishment inflicted by officers of the army on such of their brethren as are testy, or have been guilty of improper behaviour, not worthy the cognizance of a court martial. The person sent to Coventry is considered as absent; no one must speak to or answer any question he asks, except relative to duty, under penalty of being also sent to the same place. On a proper submission, the penitent is recalled, and welcomed by the mess, as just returned from a journey to Coventry.[3]

text: According to William Clark in Tales of the Wars (1836), the phrase originates from a story about a regiment that was stationed in the city of Coventry but was ill-received and denied services.[4]


document_title: List of Back to the Future characters

question_text: who played marty mcfly's mother in back to the future

question_tokens: who played marty mcfly 's mother in back to the future

text: List of Back to the Future characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Marty McFly[edit]

text: Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly. Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.

text: Emmett "Doc" Brown[edit]

text: Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future: The Game, and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.

text: In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at #20.[1]

text: Biff Tannen[edit]

text: Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future: The Game) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film. He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family. Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s.

text: McFly family[edit]

text: George McFly[edit]

text: George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.

text: In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying. The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself. In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school. He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection. In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious. As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight. In the new future, they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around. In the alternate timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973.

text: George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman.[2] Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future.[3] The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it.[3] Glover did not appreciate this, and sued. The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again.[3]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly[edit]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.

text: In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy. After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985. In Part II, she is still happily married to George in 2015, but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff.

text: Dave McFly[edit]

text: David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm. In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff.

text: Linda McFly[edit]

text: Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job. In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys.

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly[edit]

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly. In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie. While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do. They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather). Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen.

text: Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her.

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly[edit]

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J. Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II.

text: Originally Marty (Jr.) was to be arrested for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang. Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to 20 years in a woman's prison. Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening.

text: Brown family[edit]

text: Clara Clayton[edit]

text: Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown.

text: Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory. The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley. She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School.

text: Jules and Verne Brown[edit]

text: Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne.

text: The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series. Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted. Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage.

text: Copernicus[edit]

text: Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955. Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments. When Copernicus died, he was replaced by Einstein.

text: Einstein[edit]

text: Einstein (portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog. He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog.

text: In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future. In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future.

text: Tannen family[edit]

text: Irving "Kid" Tannen[edit]

text: Kid Tannen is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game. Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley. He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting. Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly. He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help.

text: Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen[edit]

text: Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III) is the main antagonist of the third film. He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley. He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises. Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable. He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does. He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies.

text: Griff[edit]

text: Griff (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff. He is part of a gang that also consists of "Data", "Spike", and "Whitey" (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan, Darlene Vogel, and Jason Scott Lee).

text: In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family.

text: Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movies, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney. However, in the animated series, Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens.

text: Biff Tannen, Jr.[edit]

text: In the animated series, Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen. Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud. In addition, Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people's properties. Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship. He is voiced by Benji Gregory.

text: Strickland family[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[4] (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School. He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885.

text: There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal.[episode needed]

text: James Strickland[edit]

text: James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland. He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley), who will become Gerald Strickland's father.

text: Edna Strickland[edit]

text: Edna Strickland, in Back to the Future: The Game, is the sister of Gerald Strickland. She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness. After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Jennifer Parker[edit]

text: Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend (and, in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II, the wife) of Marty McFly.

text: The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin-off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini.

text: In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty. In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor. She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage. In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne.[5]

text: In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr. (both played by Michael J. Fox)

text: Douglas J. Needles[edit]

text: Douglas J. Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School. Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang (portrayed by Christopher Wynne, J.J. Cohen, and Ricky Dean Logan) and develops a rivalry with Marty. Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015.

text: Goldie Wilson[edit]

text: Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in part 1) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s. A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth. He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) in Part II, who works as a car salesman.

text: Match, Skinhead, and 3-D[edit]

text: Match (portrayed by Billy Zane), Skinhead (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and 3-D (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955. Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits. Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance.

text: In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards. Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait. Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s).


document_title: List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index

question_text: most developed state in india according to un

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2017)

text:
States and union
territories of India
ordered by

Area
Population

Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Economic Freedom
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
Institutional delivery
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
Media exposure
Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
Open defecation
Origin of name
Places of worship
Poverty
Power capacity
Riots rate
Safe Drinking Water
Safety of Women
School Enrollment Rate
Sex ratio
Suicides
Tax revenues
Ease of Doing Business
TV ownership
Toilet availability
Transport network
Underweight people
Unemployment
Vaccination coverage

v
t
e

text: The national average HDI for India in 2008 was 0.467.[1] By 2010, its average HDI had risen to 0.519.[2][3] UNDP, the sponsor of Human Development Index methodology since 1990, reported India's HDI to be 0.554 for 2012,[4] an 18% increase over its 2008 HDI. United Nations Declared India's HDI is 0.586 in 2014,[5] an 5.77% increase over 2012. As for the year 2016, HDI for India stood at 0.624.[6]

text: There are many ways to calculate HDI, and its calculation is sensitive to base data and assumptions. Using another approach, UNDP India and Government of India calculated the HDI nationwide average to be 0.605 in 2006.[7] This data was published by the Indian Government.[1] Note that the 2007-2008 HDI values in the table below is not based on income as is the UNDP standard practice for global comparisons, but on estimated consumption expenditure – an assumption which underestimates the HDI than actual.[8] Further, data was unavailable for the following states and union territories: Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Daman and Diu, Puducherry, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[9][10]

text:
Rank
State/Union Territory
consumption
based HDI[11]
(2007–08)
HDI 2015[12]

1
Kerala
0.790
0.712

2
Delhi
0.750
N/A

3
Himachal Pradesh
0.652
0.670

4
Goa
0.617
N/A

5
Punjab
0.605
0.6614

6
NE (excluding Assam)
0.573
N/A

7
Maharashtra
0.572
0.6659

8
Tamil Nadu
0.570
0.6663

9
Haryana
0.552
0.6613

10
Jammu and Kashmir
0.542
0.649

11
Gujarat
0.527
0.6164

12
Karnataka
0.519
0.6176

–
National average
0.513
0.6087

13
West Bengal
0.492
0.604

14
Uttarakhand
0.490
N/A

15
Andhra Pradesh
0.473
0.6165

16
Assam
0.444
0.556

17
Rajasthan
0.434
0.577

18
Uttar Pradesh
0.380
0.542

19
Jharkhand
0.376
N/A

20
Madhya Pradesh
0.375
0.557

21
Bihar
0.367
0.536

22
Odisha
0.362
0.557

23
Chhattisgarh
0.358
N/A

text: Trend analysis[edit]

text: Compared with the previous Indian National Human Development Reports and the latest state-level government statistical report, India has significantly improved its HDI in all of its administrative subdivisions:

text:
Legend

Very High/High Human Development Index
  0.850–0.899
  0.800–0.849

Medium human development index
  0.750–0.799
  0.700–0.749
  0.650–0.699
  0.600–0.649
  0.550–0.599
  0.500–0.549

Low human development index
  0.450–0.499
  0.400–0.449
  0.350–0.399
  0.300–0.349
  0.250–0.299
  ≤0.250

  Lack of information

text: This is a list of Indian states by their respective Human Development Index (HDI), as of 2008.[1] Kerala stands first in Human Development Index among the states in India.

text:
1981 to 2005 human development index in India

National Human Development Report 1981
(1981 data)

National Human Development Report 1991
(1991 data)

National Human Development Report 2001
(2001 data)

State-level Census and Statistics 2008 report
(2005 data)

National Human Development Report 2011
(2007–2008 data)


document_title: Fear of the dark

question_text: what do you call the fear of the dark

question_tokens: what do you call the fear of the dark

text: Fear of the dark

text: Fear of the Dark[edit]

text: Fear of the dark is usually not a fear of darkness itself, but a fear of possible or imagined dangers concealed by darkness.[1] Some degree of fear of the dark is natural, especially as a phase of child development.[2] Most observers report that fear of the dark seldom appears before the age of 2 years.[3] When fear of the dark reaches a degree that is severe enough to be considered pathological, it is sometimes called scotophobia (from σκότος – "darkness"), or lygophobia (from λυγή – "twilight").

text: Some researchers, beginning with Sigmund Freud, consider the fear of the dark to be a manifestation of separation anxiety disorder.[4]

text: An alternate theory was posited in the 1960s, when scientists conducted experiments in a search for molecules responsible for memory. In one experiment, rats, normally nocturnal animals, were conditioned to fear the dark and a substance called "scotophobin" was supposedly extracted from the rats' brains; this substance was claimed to be responsible for remembering this fear. These findings were subsequently debunked.[5]

text: Nyctophobia[edit]

text: Nyctophobia is a phobia characterized by a severe fear of the dark. It is triggered by the brain’s disfigured perception of what would, or could happen when in a dark environment. It can also be temporarily triggered if the mind is unsteady or scared about recent events or ideas, or a partaking in content the brain considers a threat (examples could include indulging in horror content, witnessing vulgar actions, or having linked dark environments to prior events or ideas that disturb the mind). Normally, since humans are not nocturnal by nature, humans are usually a bit more cautious or alert at night than in the day, since the dark is a vastly different environment. Nyctophobia produces symptoms beyond the normal instinctive parameters, such as breathlessness, excessive sweating, nausea, dry mouth, feeling sick, shaking, heart palpitations, inability to speak or think clearly or sensation of detachment from reality and death. Nyctophobia can be severely detrimental physically and mentally if these symptoms are not resolved. There are many types of therapies to help manage Nyctophobia. Exposure therapy can be very effective when exposing the person to darkness. With this method a therapist can help with relaxation strategies such as meditation. Another form of therapy is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Therapists can help guide patients with behavior routines that are performed daily and nightly to reduce the symptoms associated with Nyctophobia. In severe cases anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medication drugs can be effective to those dealing with symptoms that may not be manageable if therapy could not reduce the symptoms of Nyctophobia.

text: Despite its pervasive nature, there has been a lack of etiological research on the subject. Nyctophobia is generally observed in children but, according to J. Adrian Williams’ article titled, "Indirect Hypnotic Therapy of Nyctophobia: A Case Report", many clinics with pediatric patients have a great chance of having adults who have nyctophobia. The same article states that “the phobia has been known to be extremely disruptive to adult patients and… incapacitating”.[6]

text: The word nyctophobia comes from the Greek νυκτός, nyktos, genitive of νύξ, nyx, "night"[7] and φόβος, phobos, "fear".[8] The fear of darkness or night has several non-clinical terminologies—lygophobia, scotophobia and achluophobia.


document_title: List of Super Bowl head coaches

question_text: which nfl head coach has won the most super bowls

text: List of Super Bowl head coaches

text: Super Bowl head coaches[edit]

text:
Elected to Hall of Fame as Coach
Elected to Hall of Fame as Player
Active Coach

text: (Win number in parenthesis). [Loss number in brackets]. Click on heading arrows to sort table.

text:
Date
Super Bowl
Winning coach
Team
Opponent
Losing coach
Score
Site

January 15, 1967
I
Lombardi, VinceVince Lombardi
Green Bay Packers A !Green Bay Packers
Kansas City Chiefs
Stram, HankHank Stram
35–10
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles

January 14, 1968
II
Lombardi, VinceVince Lombardi (2)
Green Bay Packers B !Green Bay Packers
Oakland Raiders A !Oakland Raiders
Rauch, JohnJohn Rauch
33–14
Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida

January 12, 1969
III
Ewbank, WeebWeeb Ewbank
New York Jets
Indianapolis Colts A !Baltimore Colts
Shula, DonDon Shula
16–07 !16–7
Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida

January 11, 1970
IV
Stram, HankHank Stram
Kansas City Chiefs
Minnesota Vikings A !Minnesota Vikings
Grant, BudBud Grant
23–07 !23–7
Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana

January 17, 1971
V
McCafferty, DonDon McCafferty
Indianapolis Colts A !Baltimore Colts
Dallas Cowboys A !Dallas Cowboys
Landry, TomTom Landry
16–13
Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida

January 16, 1972
VI
Landry, TomTom Landry
Dallas Cowboys A !Dallas Cowboys
Miami Dolphins A !Miami Dolphins
Shula, DonDon Shula [2]
24–03 !24–3
Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana

January 14, 1973
VII
Shula, DonDon Shula
Miami Dolphins A !Miami Dolphins
Washington Redskins A !Washington Redskins
Allen , GeorgeGeorge Allen
14–07 !14–7
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles

January 13, 1974
VIII
Shula, DonDon Shula (2)
Miami Dolphins B !Miami Dolphins
Minnesota Vikings B !Minnesota Vikings
Grant, BudBud Grant [2]
24–07 !24–7
Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas

January 12, 1975
IX
Noll, ChuckChuck Noll
Pittsburgh Steelers A !Pittsburgh Steelers
Minnesota Vikings C !Minnesota Vikings
Grant, BudBud Grant [3]
16–06 !16–6
Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana

January 18, 1976
X
Noll, ChuckChuck Noll (2)
Pittsburgh Steelers B !Pittsburgh Steelers
Dallas Cowboys B !Dallas Cowboys
Landry, TomTom Landry [2]
21–17
Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida

January 9, 1977
XI
Madden, JohnJohn Madden
Oakland Raiders A !Oakland Raiders
Minnesota Vikings D !Minnesota Vikings
Grant, BudBud Grant [4]
32–14
Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California

January 15, 1978
XII
Landry, TomTom Landry (2)
Dallas Cowboys B !Dallas Cowboys
Denver Broncos A !Denver Broncos
Miller, RedRed Miller
27–10
Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana

January 21, 1979
XIII
Noll, ChuckChuck Noll (3)
Pittsburgh Steelers C !Pittsburgh Steelers
Dallas Cowboys C !Dallas Cowboys
Landry, TomTom Landry [3]
35–31
Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida

January 20, 1980
XIV
Noll, ChuckChuck Noll (4)
Pittsburgh Steelers D !Pittsburgh Steelers
St. Louis Rams A !Los Angeles Rams
Malavasi, RayRay Malavasi
31–19
Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California

January 25, 1981
XV
Flores, TomTom Flores
Oakland Raiders B !Oakland Raiders
Philadelphia Eagles A !Philadelphia Eagles
Vermeil, DickDick Vermeil
27–10
Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana

January 24, 1982
XVI
Walsh, BillBill Walsh
San Francisco 49ers A !San Francisco 49ers
Cincinnati Bengals A !Cincinnati Bengals
Gregg, ForrestForrest Gregg
26–21
Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan

January 30, 1983
XVII
Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs
Washington Redskins A !Washington Redskins
Miami Dolphins B !Miami Dolphins
Shula, DonDon Shula [3]
27–17
Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California

January 22, 1984
XVIII
Flores, TomTom Flores (2)
Oakland Raiders C !Los Angeles Raiders
Washington Redskins B !Washington Redskins
Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs
38–09 !38–9
Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida

January 20, 1985
XIX
Walsh, BillBill Walsh (2)
San Francisco 49ers B !San Francisco 49ers
Miami Dolphins C !Miami Dolphins
Shula, DonDon Shula [4]
38–16
Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto, California

January 26, 1986
XX
Ditka, MikeMike Ditka
Chicago Bears
New England Patriots A !New England Patriots
Berry, RaymondRaymond Berry
46–10
Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana

January 25, 1987
XXI
Parcells, BillBill Parcells
New York Giants A !New York Giants
Denver Broncos B !Denver Broncos
Reeves, DanDan Reeves
39–20
Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California

January 31, 1988
XXII
Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs (2)
Washington Redskins B !Washington Redskins
Denver Broncos C !Denver Broncos
Reeves, DanDan Reeves [2]
42–10
Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California

January 22, 1989
XXIII
Walsh, BillBill Walsh (3)
San Francisco 49ers C !San Francisco 49ers
Cincinnati Bengals B !Cincinnati Bengals
Wyche, SamSam Wyche
20–16
Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida

January 28, 1990
XXIV
Seifert, GeorgeGeorge Seifert
San Francisco 49ers D !San Francisco 49ers
Denver Broncos D !Denver Broncos
Reeves, DanDan Reeves [3]
55–10
Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana

January 27, 1991
XXV
Parcells, BillBill Parcells (2)
New York Giants B !New York Giants
Buffalo Bills A !Buffalo Bills
Levy, MarvMarv Levy
20–19
Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida

January 26, 1992
XXVI
Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs (3)
Washington Redskins C !Washington Redskins
Buffalo Bills B !Buffalo Bills
Levy, MarvMarv Levy [2]
37–24
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota

January 31, 1993
XXVII
Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson
Dallas Cowboys C !Dallas Cowboys
Buffalo Bills C !Buffalo Bills
Levy, MarvMarv Levy [3]
52–17
Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California

January 30, 1994
XXVIII
Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson (2)
Dallas Cowboys D !Dallas Cowboys
Buffalo Bills D !Buffalo Bills
Levy, MarvMarv Levy [4]
30–13
Georgia Dome in Atlanta

January 29, 1995
XXIX
Seifert, GeorgeGeorge Seifert (2)
San Francisco 49ers E !San Francisco 49ers
San Diego Chargers
Ross, BobbyBobby Ross
49–26
Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida

January 28, 1996
XXX
Switzer, BarryBarry Switzer
Dallas Cowboys E !Dallas Cowboys
Pittsburgh Steelers A !Pittsburgh Steelers
Cowher, BillBill Cowher
27–17
Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona

January 26, 1997
XXXI
Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren
Green Bay Packers C !Green Bay Packers
New England Patriots B !New England Patriots
Parcells, BillBill Parcells
35–21
Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana

January 25, 1998
XXXII
Shanahan, MikeMike Shanahan
Denver Broncos A !Denver Broncos
Green Bay Packers A !Green Bay Packers
Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren
31–24
Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California

January 31, 1999
XXXIII
Shanahan, MikeMike Shanahan (2)
Denver Broncos B !Denver Broncos
Atlanta Falcons
Reeves, DanDan Reeves [4]
34–19
Pro Player Stadium in Miami, Florida

January 30, 2000
XXXIV
Vermeil, DickDick Vermeil
St. Louis Rams A !St. Louis Rams
Tennessee Titans
Fisher, JeffJeff Fisher
23–16
Georgia Dome in Atlanta

January 28, 2001
XXXV
Billick, BrianBrian Billick
Baltimore Ravens
New York Giants A !New York Giants
Fassel, JimJim Fassel
34–07 !34–7
Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida

February 3, 2002
XXXVI
Belichick, BillBill Belichick
New England Patriots A !New England Patriots
St. Louis Rams B !St. Louis Rams
Martz, MikeMike Martz
20–17
Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana

January 26, 2003
XXXVII
Gruden, JonJon Gruden
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Oakland Raiders B !Oakland Raiders
Callahan, BillBill Callahan
48–21
Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California

February 1, 2004
XXXVIII
Belichick, BillBill Belichick (2)
New England Patriots B !New England Patriots
Carolina Panthers
Fox, JohnJohn Fox
32–29
Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas

February 6, 2005
XXXIX
Belichick, BillBill Belichick (3)
New England Patriots C !New England Patriots
Philadelphia Eagles B !Philadelphia Eagles
Reid, AndyAndy Reid
24–21
Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida

February 5, 2006
XL
Cowher, BillBill Cowher
Pittsburgh Steelers E !Pittsburgh Steelers
Seattle Seahawks A !Seattle Seahawks
Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren [2]
21–10
Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan

February 4, 2007
XLI
Dungy, TonyTony Dungy
Indianapolis Colts B !Indianapolis Colts
Chicago Bears
Smith, LovieLovie Smith
29–17
Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida

February 3, 2008
XLII
Coughlin, TomTom Coughlin
New York Giants C !New York Giants
New England Patriots C !New England Patriots
Belichick, BillBill Belichick
17–14
University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona

February 1, 2009
XLIII
Tomlin, MikeMike Tomlin
Pittsburgh Steelers F !Pittsburgh Steelers
Arizona Cardinals
Whisenhunt, KenKen Whisenhunt
27–23
Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida

February 7, 2010
XLIV
Payton, SeanSean Payton
New Orleans Saints
Indianapolis Colts B !Indianapolis Colts
Caldwell , JimJim Caldwell
31–17
Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida

February 6, 2011
XLV
McCarthy, MikeMike McCarthy
Green Bay Packers D !Green Bay Packers
Pittsburgh Steelers B !Pittsburgh Steelers
Tomlin, MikeMike Tomlin
31–25
Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas

February 5, 2012
XLVI
Coughlin, TomTom Coughlin (2)
New York Giants D !New York Giants
New England Patriots D !New England Patriots
Belichick, BillBill Belichick [2]
21–17
Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana

February 3, 2013
XLVII
Harbaugh, JohnJohn Harbaugh
Baltimore Ravens D !Baltimore Ravens
San Francisco 49ers D !San Francisco 49ers
Harbaugh, JimJim Harbaugh
34–31
Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana

February 2, 2014
XLVIII
Carroll, PetePete Carroll
Seattle Seahawks A !Seattle Seahawks
Denver Broncos E !Denver Broncos
Fox, JohnJohn Fox [2]
43–8
MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey

February 1, 2015
XLIX
Belichick, BillBill Belichick (4)
New England Patriots H !New England Patriots
Seattle Seahawks B !Seattle Seahawks
Carroll, PetePete Carroll
28–24
University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona

February 7, 2016
L
Kubiak, GaryGary Kubiak
Denver Broncos C !Denver Broncos
Carolina Panthers B !Carolina Panthers
Rivera, RonRon Rivera
24–10
Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California

February 5, 2017
LI
Belichick, BillBill Belichick (5)
New England Patriots H !New England Patriots
Atlanta Falcons B !Atlanta Falcons
Quinn, DanDan Quinn
34–28 (OT)
NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas

February 4, 2018
LII
Pederson, DougDoug Pederson
Philadelphia Eagles
New England Patriots
Belichick, BillBill Belichick [3]
41-33
U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota

text: Coaches with multiple Super Bowl appearances[edit]

text: The following NFL head coaches have coached in two or more Super Bowls.

text:
Sort chart by clicking arrows by heading.
In descending order, the tiebreakers are – 1) Better win percentage 2) Earliest Super Bowl

text:
Coaches listed by Games 1st, Wins 2nd, then Super Bowl number

Games
Coach
Wins
Losses
Percent
Super Bowls
Team(s)

8
Belichick, BillBill Belichick
5
2.9 ! 3
.675
s !XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLII, XLVI, XLIX, LI, LII
New England Patriots

6
Shula, DonDon Shula
2.1 ! 2
4.9 ! 4
.340 ! .333
c ! III, VI, VII, VIII, XVII, XIX
Baltimore Colts, Miami Dolphins

5
Landry, TomTom Landry
2.2 ! 2
3.9 ! 3
.400
e ! V, VI, X, XII, XIII
Dallas Cowboys

4
Noll, ChuckChuck Noll
4
0.9 ! 0
1.410 !1.000
f ! IX, X, XIII, XIV
Pittsburgh Steelers

Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs
3.8 ! 3
1.9 ! 1
.750
j ! XVII, XVIII, XXII, XXVI
Washington Redskins

Grant, BudBud Grant
.9 ! 0
4.8 ! 4
-7 ! .000
d ! IV, VIII, IX, XI
Minnesota Vikings

Levy, MarvMarv Levy
.8 ! 0
4.7 ! 4.8 ! 4
-6 ! .000
n  !XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII
Buffalo Bills

Reeves, DanDan Reeves
.7 ! 0
4.6 ! 4
-2 ! .000
l  ! XXI, XXII, XXIV, XXXIII
Denver Broncos, Atlanta Falcons

3
Walsh, BillBill Walsh
3.9 ! 3
0.8 ! 0
1.400 !1.000
i ! XVI, XIX, XXIII
San Francisco 49ers

Parcells, BillBill Parcells
2.3 ! 2
1.8 ! 1
.667
k ! XXI, XXV, XXXI
New York Giants, New England Patriots

Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren
1.5 ! 1
2.8 ! 2
.339 ! .333
q ! XXXI, XXXII, XL
Green Bay Packers, Seattle Seahawks

2
Lombardi, VinceVince Lombardi
2.9 ! 2
0.7 ! 0
1.310 !1.000
a !I, II
Green Bay Packers

Flores, TomTom Flores
2.8 ! 2
0.6 ! 0
1.309 !1.000
g !XV, XVIII
Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders

Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson
2.7 ! 2
0.5 ! 0
1.308 !1.000
o ! XXVII, XXVIII
Dallas Cowboys

Seifert, GeorgeGeorge Seifert
2.6 ! 2
0.4 ! 0
1.307 !1.000
m ! XXIV, XXIX
San Francisco 49ers

Shanahan, MikeMike Shanahan
2.5 ! 2
0.3 ! 0
1.306 !1.000
r !XXXII, XXXIII
Denver Broncos

Coughlin, TomTom Coughlin
2.4 ! 2
0.2 ! 0
1.305 !1.000
t !XLII, XLVI
New York Giants

Stram, HankHank Stram
1.9 ! 1
1.7 ! 1
.510 ! .500
b !I, IV
Kansas City Chiefs

Vermeil, DickDick Vermeil
1.8 ! 1
1.6 ! 1
.509 ! .500
h ! XV, XXXIV
Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Rams

Cowher, BillBill Cowher
1.7 ! 1
1.5 ! 1
.508 ! .500
p !XXX, XL
Pittsburgh Steelers

Tomlin, MikeMike Tomlin
1.6 ! 1
1.4 ! 1
.507 ! .500
u !XLIII, XLV
Pittsburgh Steelers

Carroll, PetePete Carroll
1.6 ! 1
1.4 ! 1
.507 ! .500
v !XLVIII, XLIX
Seattle Seahawks

Fox, JohnJohn Fox
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document_title: What We Did on Our Holiday

question_text: where was what we did on our holiday

question_tokens: where was what we did on our holiday

text: What We Did on Our Holiday

text: Plot[edit]

text: Doug McLeod (David Tennant) and his wife Abi (Rosamund Pike) unite following a tense separation to travel to the Scottish Highlands for Doug's father Gordie's (Billy Connolly) 75th birthday. Gordie has terminal cancer so Doug's brother, millionaire Gavin McLeod (Ben Miller) has arranged a lavish party for him, inviting all the important people in the neighbourhood. Despite difficulties getting their three children, Lottie (Emilia Jones), Mickey (Bobby Smalldridge), and Jess (Harriet Turnbull), to leave the house, they hit the road, but find it congested and they are forced to stop overnight.

text: Lottie expresses her troubles with trusting her parents following their recent separation and lies to each other; it is revealed that Doug had an affair, which led to Abi moving out and taking legal proceedings against him. They are only travelling to the Highlands together to appear as a couple for Gordie, not wanting to upset him in his final months.

text: On arriving at Gavin's mansion, a tense rivalry becomes apparent between Doug and Gavin. Gordie, despite being extremely ill, is fun-loving and encourages his grandchildren, particularly Lottie, to let go of their troubles and enjoy life. While Gavin, Doug, Abi and Gavin's wife Margaret (Amelia Bullmore) make the final arrangements for the party, Gordie takes the three children to the beach. He reveals that he is descended from Vikings, a fact that Mickey in particular is excited about; he reveals his desire to be buried 'the Viking way' by being cremated and sent out to sea. He believes this will stop arguments between Doug and Gavin. Later, while Lottie, Mickey and Jess are playing, Gordie dies peacefully.

text: Lottie returns back to the house to tell the adults, leaving her siblings with Gordie's body. However, when she arrives she sees them all arguing, Abi telling Doug she also had an affair and will be moving the children to Newcastle, and Gavin with his family over what Gordie wants for his birthday, Lottie returns to the beach without telling them. Fulfilling Gordie's last wish, the three children create an improvised raft, and using petrol from Gordie's pickup, send him out to sea aflame, 'Viking' style.

text: The children return home and tell the adults what has happened. The adults are horrified, and Doug and Gavin head to the beach, where they find Gordie's pick-up truck partially submerged by the high tide; Gavin breaks down in Doug's arms. Abi and Margaret break the news of Gordie's death to the party guests, and word quickly gets out about what the children did. The police arrive to investigate, accompanied by social services worker Agnes Chisholm (Celia Imrie), who interviews the children about their actions, and after speaking with Lottie she contemplates removing them from Doug and Abi's care. The press descend on the house, with Lottie, Jess and Mickey's actions making headlines worldwide.

text: While using Gavin and Margaret's son Kenneth's (Lewis Davie) computer, Mickey and Jess accidentally stumble upon a video of Gavin's wife Margaret attacking a fellow shopper at a supermarket as a result of depression. Gavin also sees it, having been previously unaware of his wife's issues. After the press paints the children's actions as depraved, Doug and Abi make a statement to the press that what their children did was not malicious, and that they support the children's efforts to honour their grandfather, however misguided it may seem; seeing the support the children receive, Chisholm ends her investigation, leaving the children with their parents.

text: In the final scene, Gavin and Doug hold a memorial for Gordie at the beach, where the brothers are shown to have buried the hatchet. Abi tells Doug she will not be moving to Newcastle, and the couple decide to divorce civily, apologising to their children. The film ends with the extended family honouring Gordie on a hill above the beach with some friends, and then the family playfully splashing around at the water's edge on the beach.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
David Tennant as Doug McLeod
Rosamund Pike as Abi McLeod
Billy Connolly as Gordie McLeod
Celia Imrie as Agnes Chisholm
Ben Miller as Gavin McLeod
Emilia Jones as Lottie McLeod
Amelia Bullmore as Margaret McLeod
Annette Crosbie as Doreen
Lewis Davie as Kenneth McLeod
Ralph Riach as Jimmy Cazzarotto
Ben Presley as PC McLuhan
Bobby Smalldridge as Mickey McLeod
Alexia Barlier as Françoise Dupré
Ryan Hunter as Frazer
Harriet Turnbull as Jess Mcleod
Jake D'Arcy as Smokey

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was shot on location in Glasgow and the Scottish Highlands between 27 June and 2 August 2013.[4] The beach scenes were filmed at Gairloch.[5] The family home of Gavin McLeod is in Drymen near Loch Lomond.[5] The ostriches farmed by Gordie's friend Doreen are actually located at Blair Drummond Safari Park.[5]

text: Release[edit]

text: What We Did on Our Holiday was released in the United Kingdom on 26 September 2014 and in the United States on 10 July 2015.[6]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film earned £6,390,566 in the United Kingdom and $1,976,185 in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Arab Emirates, totaling $8,366,751 worldwide.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 73% rating based on 41 reviews with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's consensus states: "Witty and well-cast, What We Did on Our Holiday injects unlikely laughs into a story dealing with dark, difficult themes."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a 54 out of 100 rating, based on 14 critics.[8]