question_text: where did the baby come from in lois and clark

text: Overview[edit]

text: On May 17, 1966, Jonathan and Martha Kent (Eddie Jones and K Callan) witness the crash-landing of a small spaceship in Shuster's Field outside of Smallville, Kansas. When they investigate, they discover the baby Kal-El and decide to raise him as their own naming him, Clark Jerome Kent (Dean Cain). Throughout the series, Clark proudly states his mother made his Superman costume for him. Clark often consults his parents either by telephone or in person, after impromptu Superman flights to Smallville, about personal and moral concerns and dilemmas.

text: The series opens twenty-seven years later, on the day Clark moves to Metropolis after leaving his position as a newspaper editor of Smallville Press, interviews for a job at the Daily Planet under editor Perry White (Lane Smith). Clark becomes acquainted with photographer Jimmy Olsen (Michael Landes in season 1, Justin Whalin thereafter) and gossip columnist Cat Grant (Tracy Scoggins). Soon after being hired, Clark is partnered with star reporter Lois Lane (Teri Hatcher). Clark falls in love with Lois at first sight. When Superman saves Lois from a space shuttle disaster, she instantly becomes infatuated with Clark's alter-ego and named him Superman.

text: Superman's first mission interferes with the illegal dealings of Lex Luthor (John Shea), a Metropolis business giant and benefactor. After Luthor's plot was stopped, Superman let Luthor know he is watching him and the two become arch-enemies. However, Clark respects Luthor's life, even surreptitiously using his superpowers to save Lex from bleeding to death. Luthor sees Superman as a worthy opponent; he ultimately discovers his weakness to kryptonite and realizes he has a secret identity, vowing to learn it in hopes of making the hero's life difficult.

text: Development[edit]

text: DC Comics president Jenette Kahn had been working for several years to sell the concept of a Superman television series. The series would be different. In 1991 Leslie Moonves and Deborah Joy LeVine helped sell the series to ABC television network with a new title, Lois and Clark: The Adventures of Superman.[5]

text: The series mirrored John Byrne's retcon of Superman, making Clark Kent more assertive and less clumsy. A few episodes directly emphasized that Clark was the unequivocal "dominant" personality, not Superman. Following this theme, an innovation unique to the series was the depiction of Clark Kent and Superman's traditional hairstyles being reversed—here it is Superman whose hair is slicked-back, and Clark whose fringe falls more naturally. An additional element that reflected the post-Byrne comics was the portrayal of Lex Luthor (at least initially) as a corrupt corporate tycoon, rather than the traditional mad scientist.

text: Many of the stories in season one involved normal human criminals using advanced and powerful technology or involved in large and dangerous conspiracies—most, if not all, of the Lex Luthor stories of season one. After season one, series creator Deborah Joy LeVine left the show as a producer, and a new production team took over the series. Episode plots gradually shifted from those in which Lois, Clark, and Superman only became involved with criminal elements or dangerous situations through their own initiative to more fantastic plots. Often centered on comic-style villains who specifically targeted Lois, Superman, or Clark from the beginning, rather than endangering the protagonists as a reactionary measure when they became threats to other criminal plans. Later plots frequently revolved around villains with special superhuman powers and abilities.

text: A fifth season of the series was initially announced by ABC. When the network unexpectedly canceled plans for season five, the producers and writers of the show were unprepared. The series ended on a cliffhanger where Clark and Lois finds an infant in their home with a note saying the child belongs to them. This mystery was never solved on the series.

text: Series history[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
21
September 12, 1993 (1993-09-12)
May 8, 1994 (1994-05-08)

2
22
September 18, 1994 (1994-09-18)
May 21, 1995 (1995-05-21)

3
22
September 17, 1995 (1995-09-17)
May 12, 1996 (1996-05-12)

4
22
September 22, 1996 (1996-09-22)
June 14, 1997 (1997-06-14)

text: Season one[edit]

text: Teri Hatcher and Dean Cain received critical praise for their performances.[6] Lane Smith was a huge success,[citation needed] breathing life and humor into the Daily Planet editor-in-chief Perry White. John Shea also received positive reviews[citation needed] for his portrayal of Lex Luthor. Michael Landes' modern-day portrayal of Jimmy Olsen gained a cult following,[citation needed] as did[citation needed] Tracy Scoggins' comedic portrayal of Cat Grant, at the time a recent addition to the Superman mythos. Lex Luthor's death in the season finale occurred after disagreements between Shea and the producers over the actor's strenuous commute between New York and Los Angeles. No longer a regular cast member, he reappeared once in season two, twice in season three, and once in season four.[7]

text: Luthor develops an interest in Lois Lane and through most of the first season tries to woo her; although Lois is receptive to his romantic advances, she remains infatuated with Superman. Lois also develops feelings for Clark, but represses or denies them. Luthor eventually proposes marriage to Lois. Clark, seeing he may lose Lois, attempts to convince her of Luthor's true nature, but fails. In a last-ditch attempt, Clark tells Lois that he is in love with her; she replies that she does not return his feelings but cares for him deeply as a friend. Later, Lois asks Superman if there is any chance of a romance between the two of them. Superman turns her down and Lois accepts Luthor's proposal. Luthor decides to coincide his nuptials with the death of Superman, who he traps in a kryptonite cage in the wine cellar of Luthor Tower, which also contains the chapel where the wedding will occur. As the wedding approaches, Lois realizes she loves Clark and says no to Lex at the altar.

text: Clark had been working with Perry and Jimmy to expose Lex and they have enough evidence for the police to interrupt the wedding. Lex eludes the police and jumps from his penthouse office to his apparent death. Superman has escaped the cage and, as Clark, rejoins Lois. However, his powers have been diminished by kryptonite and he cannot stop the villain from falling to the pavement. Newspapers report that Lex's body has been stolen from the morgue and hint he may not be dead. Clark, fearing his unrequited love for Lois may damage their relationship, tells her his profession of love was only out of a desire to protect her from Lex. Lois, who was about to tell Clark that she loves him too, instead keeps it to herself and their relationship remains a friendship.

text: Season two[edit]

text: In season two, the character of Cat Grant was dropped, and Michael Landes was replaced with Justin Whalin as Jimmy Olsen. The official reason, according to Landes, was that he looked too similar to Dean Cain.[8] On the show, the explanation is that he has changed with age. Series creator Deborah Joy LeVine and the entire first-season writing team were also dismissed. The new producer, Robert Singer, planned a stronger focus on action;[9] the show also shifted its focus onto the budding romance between Lois and Clark.

text: Lex Luthor returned in one episode and other villains from the comics, such as The Prankster, Metallo, the Toyman and the criminal group known as Intergang, began to appear. The show featured new love interests for the ace reporters: Dan Scardino (Jim Pirri), a government agent interested in Lois, and D. A. Mayson Drake (Farrah Forke). This season also featured the debut of fan-favorite villain Tempus (Lane Davies) and H. G. Wells appeared as a time-traveler. Wells' younger self was played by Terry Kiser, and the older Wells was played by Hamilton Camp. Season two became a success and garnered higher ratings in its initial airings, ending the season in 58th place.

text: In season two, Clark and Lois begin to date but are interrupted by Mayson Drake (Farrah Forke), a district attorney who takes a romantic interest in Clark but has a total lack of regard for Superman. Mayson dies as Lois and Clark have their first date. In the next episode, a federal agent named Dan Scardino (Jim Pirri) becomes a rival to Clark for Lois' affections. Lois decides she likes Clark more than Dan, and they begin dating more seriously. In the season finale, Clark comes close to telling Lois his secret but does not because of his uncertainty about her reaction and interruptions by people plotting to expose his identity to the world. At the end of the final episode, Clark proposes to Lois.

text: Season three[edit]

text: Season three averaged around 15 million viewers per episode and ranked 44th for the season. In the premiere episode, Lois reveals that she knows Clark's secret identity, and in the seventh episode, "Ultra Woman", she accepts Clark's proposal. ABC announced that the wedding would occur on Valentine's Day weekend; with ABC sending heart-shaped "wedding invitations" to ABC News staff. A controversy erupted, when ABC presents the viewers with a bogus wedding, with Clark unwittingly married to a clone of Lois.[10] This was the start of a five-part story, in which Lois is kidnapped by Lex Luthor, replaced by a clone, the real Lois suffering from amnesia, and Clark trying to find the real Lois Lane.

text: In the third season premiere, Lois has discovered Superman's secret identity. Initially, she resents Clark not telling her. After they separate for a time, Lois dates Patrick Sullivan, an antique dealer who is plotting to kill her in a sacrificial druid ritual, and she and Clark carry out assignments where they either pose as a married couple or are alone together for an entire weekend. Lois finally accepts Clark's engagement ring after acquiring his powers and temporarily becoming a superhero named Ultra Woman. Lois suffers a bout of amnesia and hallucinates their wedding. Once she recovers, Lois and Clark are still engaged when two other Kryptonians come to Earth, one of whom is Clark's wife. They insist Clark go with them to save their world, New Krypton, from domination by an evil tyrant named Lord Nor; Clark leaves Lois, taking her wedding ring to remember her and as a promise to return as quickly as possible. While committed to each other, they both doubt he will ever return.

text: Season four[edit]

text: The final season had several two-part episodes. It began with the resolution of a cliffhanger involving a previously unknown colony of Kryptonians. Lois and Clark finally wed in the third episode of the season entitled "Swear To God, This Time We're Not Kidding". The same week, DC Comics released Superman: The Wedding Album, featuring the long-awaited marriage of Lois and Clark. The series ended on a cliffhanger in which Lois and Clark find an infant in Clark's old bassinet, along with a note that claimed the child belonged to them. This mystery was never resolved in the television series; however Brad Buckner, executive producer, and writer for the third and fourth seasons, later said that the infant was Kryptonian royalty hidden with Lois and Clark so they could protect him from assassins.[11]

text: During the fourth season, ABC had announced a fifth season of the show; its producers and writers were unprepared when ABC later decided that no new episodes would be produced. The series had weakened in its Sunday 8:00 pm timeslot and had been shifted to 7:00 pm in January, and was moved to Saturdays in the spring.[12] The ratings dropped even further, and the show finished its last season in 104th place. It was removed from the schedule in May 1997.[12] ABC made up for its commitment to Warner Bros. by ordering thirteen episodes of a Debra Messing drama, Prey.

text: The fourth season starts with Clark heading toward New Krypton, while the evil tyrant Nor has instead invaded Earth, so Clark returns just as Nor takes over Smallville. He and Lois defeat the tyrant and persuade the New Kryptonians to allow Clark to stay on Earth. After another failed wedding ceremony, Lois and Clark get married. Evil forces continue to assault them, delaying their honeymoon, but eventually, the couple moves into a new home. Throughout the season they strengthen their bond, despite some disagreements and villains trying to destroy them. The newlywed reporters discover that Clark cannot father a child with Lois, but at the end of the last episode, a child mysteriously appears. In an interview, series writer and executive producer Brad Buckner said the planned story was that the child "was Kryptonian royalty, stashed by his mother to keep him safe from assassins."[13]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Actor[14]
Character
Seasons

1
2
3
4

Dean Cain
Clark Kent/Kal-El/Superman
Main

Teri Hatcher
Lois Lane
Main

Lane Smith
Perry White
Main

Michael Landes[15][16]
Jimmy Olsen
Main

Justin Whalin[17]

Main

Tracy Scoggins
Catherine "Cat" Grant
Main

K Callan
Martha Kent
Main

Eddie Jones
Jonathan Kent
Main

John Shea
Lex Luthor
Main
Guest
Guest Voice

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Kenneth Kimmins as Dr. Bernard Klein (16 episodes)
Ben McCain news anchor/reporter (9 episodes)
Tony Jay as Nigel St. John (7 episodes)
Beverly Garland as Ellen Lane (6 episodes)
Shaun Toub as Asabi (6 episodes)
Harve Presnell as Sam Lane (5 episodes)
Sal Viscuso as Bobby Bigmouth (5 episodes)
Lane Davies as Tempus (5 episodes)
Chris Demetral as Jack (4 episodes)
Farrah Forke as Mayson Drake (4 episodes)
Justine Bateman as Sarah/Zara (4 episodes)
Olivia Brown as Star McAdams (4 episodes)
Elizabeth Barondes as Lucy Lane (3 episodes)
Simon Templeman as Lord Nor (2 episodes)

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Richard Belzer as Inspector Henderson (4 episodes)
Bruce Campbell as Bill Church Jr. (3 episodes)
Fred Willard as President Garner (3 episodes)
Denise Crosby as Dr. Gretchen Kelly (3 episodes)
Peter Boyle as Bill Church Sr. (2 episodes)
Harold Gould as Edwin Griffin (2 episodes)
Jasmine Guy as Angela Winters (2 episodes)
Robert Culp as Mr. Darryl (2 episodes)
Bronson Pinchot as Prankster/Kyle Griffin (2 episodes)
Rick Overton as Victor (2 episodes)
Sonny Bono as Mayor Frank Berkowitz (1 episode)
Tony Curtis as Dr. Isaac Mamba (1 episode)
Roger Daltrey as an alien assassin, Tez (1 episode)
Shelley Long as Lucille Newtrich (1 episode)
Morgan Fairchild as Miranda (1 episode)
Jonathan Frakes as Tim Lake (1 episode)
Sherman Hemsley as Toyman/Winslow Schott (1 episode)
Penn Jillette as Darrin Romick, Illusions of Grandeur (1 episode)
James Earl Jones as Franklin W. Stern (1 episode)
Howie Mandel as Mister Mxyzptlk (1 episode)
Dwight Schultz as Garret Grady (1 episode)
Dean Stockwell as Preston Carpenter (1 episode)
David Warner as Jor-El (1 episode)
Raquel Welch as Diana Stride (1 episode)
Adam West as tabloid TV reporter (1 episode)
Frank Gorshin as Kill, Kill, Kill lawyer (1 episode)

text: Novels and collected edition[edit]

text: Lois & Clark: A Superman Novel by author C. J. Cherryh, based on the television series, was released in 1996. The novel was published in a Science Fiction Book Club hardcover edition and a paperback edition by Prima Publishing.[18] The book is an example of superhero/romantic fantasy.

text: Other novels based on the series include:

text:
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman: Heat Wave[19]
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman: Exile [20]
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman: Deadly Games [21]

text: DC Comics published a comic book collected edition, Lois & Clark, The New Adventures of Superman, in 1994, which featured a selection of modern era stories by John Byrne and other writers and artists. The collection includes an introduction by Byrne, with the show's star Dean Cain and Teri Hatcher as Lois and Clark on the cover.

text: Lois & Clark, The New Adventures of Superman – collects The Man of Steel #2, Superman Annual vol. 2 #1, Superman vol. 2 #9 and 11, Action Comics #600 and 655, Adventures of Superman #445, 462, and 466.

text: Broadcasts[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Network
Season
Time slot
Premiered date
Ended date

ABC

1 (1993–94)
Sunday 8:00 pm
September 12, 1993
May 8, 1994

2 (1994–95)
Sunday 8:00 pm
September 18, 1994
May 21, 1995

3 (1995–96)
Sunday 8:00 pm
September 17, 1995
May 12, 1996

4 (1996–97)
Sunday 8:00 pm (Sept. 22 - Dec. 15)
Sunday 7:00 pm (Jan. 5 - Mar. 23)
Saturday 8:00 pm (Apr. 12 - Jun. 14)
September 22, 1996
June 14, 1997

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The series premiered on BBC One on Saturday, January 8, 1994, with repeat showings until 2002. In the UK the series was retitled The New Adventures of Superman. The BBC held the rights to premiere the first three seasons. It also aired on CBBC's Saturday Aardvark strand (later known as Planet Saturday) at 8:30 am. BBC Two has also repeated the series at tea times alongside The Simpsons, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and many others. Sky One held the premiere rights to the fourth season in 1997 and broadcast the show under the original full title. The BBC broadcast the episodes a few weeks later. Sky One broadcast seasons one, two and three just before the premiere of season four in early 1997. UK Gold, Sky Living, and ITV2 have also repeated the series. BBC2 last repeated season one in late 2005. Satellite channel Syfy repeated the first two seasons and the first half of season three in 2012, before replacing it with another similar show, Smallville.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Warner Home Video has released all four seasons of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman on DVD in Regions 1, 2, and 4.

text:
Complete Season
Episodes
Release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

1
21
June 7, 2005[22]
July 5, 2006[23]
June 14, 2006[24]

2
22
January 17, 2006[25]
July 5, 2006[26]
June 14, 2006[27]

3
22
June 20, 2006[28]
September 6, 2006[29]
November 1, 2006[30]

4
22
November 14, 2006[31]
December 6, 2006[32]
November 1, 2006[33]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (Original Television Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Jay Gruska

Released
November 4, 1997

Length
57:58

Label
Sonic Images

text: All music composed by Jay Gruska.

text:
Track listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Title Theme"
1:06

2.
"Mothership"
2:02

3.
"Lois & Clark Courting"
3:13

4.
"Final Proposal"
2:02

5.
"Clark in the Country"
1:45

6.
"Final Battle"
4:36

7.
"Lois' Big Band"
1:14

8.
"Clark's Salsa"
1:47

9.
"Superman Says Goodbye"
4:25

10.
"Lois & Clark's New Home"
2:53

11.
"Baby Dreams"
3:12

12.
"Villains"
7:27

13.
"Superman Flies Home"
1:26

14.
"Lois & Clark's First Love Theme"
1:36

15.
"Virtual Reality"
2:37

16.
"Tez Arrives"
1:06

17.
"Zarah & Ching"
3:51

18.
"Tempus"
2:46

19.
"Clark Fun"
1:25

20.
"Playing the Game"
1:19

21.
"Main Title Theme (Extended Mix)"
5:38

Total length:
57:26

text:
Mastered at Capitol Records, Hollywood
Digital editing, pre-mastering: Bruno Coon
Engineers:

Greg Townley (all orchestral recording)
Michael Eric Hutchinson
Bobby Fernandez ("Main Title Theme" — recording & mixing)
Ray Pyle ("Main Title Theme extended mix" — recording & mixing)

Art Direction: Doerte Lau
Design: Andreas Adamec

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

1994
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Individual Achievement in Main Title Theme Music: Jay Gruska
Nominated

1994
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Individual Achievement in Directing in a Drama Series: Robert Butler (pilot episode)
Nominated

1994
Saturn Award
Best Genre Television Series
Won

1994
Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Specials: Robert Butler (pilot episode)
Nominated

1994
Viewers for Quality Television Awards
Best Actress in a Quality Drama Series: Teri Hatcher
Nominated

1995
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (episode: "Wall Of Sound")
Nominated

1995
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costuming for a Series (episode: "That Old Gang Of Mine")
Nominated

1996
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (episode: "Don't Tug On Superman's Cape")
Nominated


document_title: Football records in Spain

question_text: most clean sheets in la liga all time

question_tokens: most clean sheets in la liga all time

root

text: Football records in Spain

text: League[edit]

text: Records in this section refer to La Liga from its founding in 1929 through to the present.

tag: p

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most league titles: 33, Real Madrid (1931–32, 1932–33, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1994–95, 1996–97, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2011–12, 2016–17)[1]
Most consecutive league titles: 5, Real Madrid (twice): (1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65) & (1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90)[2]

tag: ul

text: Top flight appearances[edit]

text:
Most appearances: 87, joint record (up to 2017–18)[1]

Athletic Bilbao (1929–present)
Barcelona (1929–present)
Real Madrid (1929–present)

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins overall: 1618, Real Madrid[1]
Most wins in a season: 32, Real Madrid (2011–12),[3][4] Barcelona (2012–13)[3][4]
Most home wins in a season: 18, Real Madrid (1987–88)[5] and (2009–10),[6] Barcelona (2009–10)[6]
Most away wins in a season: 16, Real Madrid (2011–12)[7]
Most consecutive wins: 16, Barcelona (2010–11),[8] Real Madrid (2016–17)[9]
Most consecutive home wins: 39, Barcelona (16 February 1958 to 6 November 1960)[10][11][12][13]
Most consecutive away wins: 13, Real Madrid (26 February 2017 to 14 October 2017)[14]
Fewest wins in a season: 2, joint record:

Sporting Gijón (1997–98) final record P38 W2 D7 L29[15]
Logroñés (1994–95) final record P38 W2 D9 L27[16]
Celta Vigo (1943–44) final record P26 W2 D5 L19[17]
Real Betis (1942–43) final record P26 W2 D6 L18[18]

100% home win record in a season:

Athletic Bilbao (9 games; 1933–34)[19]
Athletic Bilbao (11 games; 1935–36)[20]
Barcelona (13 games; 1948–49)[21]
Barcelona (15 games; 1952–53)[22]
Sevilla (15 games; 1956–57)[23]
Barcelona (15 games; 1958–59)[24]
Barcelona (15 games; 1959–60)[25]
Real Madrid (15 games; 1959–60)[25]
Real Madrid (15 games; 1962–63)[26]
Real Madrid (17 games; 1985–86)[27]

Longest win streaks from the start of a season: 9, Real Madrid (1968–69)[28]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws overall: 627, Athletic Bilbao[1]
Most draws in a season: 18, Deportivo La Coruña (2015–16)[29]
Most consecutive draws: 9, Burgos (30 April 1978 to 28 October 1978)[30][31]

text: Losses[edit]

text:
Most losses overall: 1059, Granada[1]
Most losses in a season: 29, Sporting Gijón (1997–98)[15]
Most consecutive losses in a season: 11, Las Palmas (13 December 1959 to 28 February 1960)[citation needed]
Most consecutive losses home: 9, Córdoba (24 January 2015 to ongoing)[citation needed]
Most consecutive losses away: 25, Hércules (11 September 1955 to 26 February 1967)[citation needed]
Fewest losses in a season: 0, (18 games season) joint record:

Athletic Bilbao (1929–30; final record P18 W12 D6 L0)[32]
Real Madrid (1931–32; final record P18 W10 D8 L0)[33]

Fewest losses in a season under current league format (38 games): 1, joint record:

Real Madrid (1988–89; final record P38 W25 D12 L1)[34]
Barcelona (2009–10; final record P38 W31 D6 L1)[6]
Barcelona (2017–18; final record P38 W28 D9 L1)

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points overall in the top flight: 4,293, Real Madrid[35]
Largest point margin at end of season: 15, Barcelona (2012–13)[36]
Most points in a season overall: 100, (87.72% of points), Real Madrid (2011–12),[37] Barcelona (2012–13)[38][39][40]
Most points in a season home: 55, Barcelona (2009–10) and (2012–13)[41]
Most points in a season away: 50, Real Madrid (2011–12)[citation needed]
Most points in a season opening half: 55, Barcelona (2012–13)[42]
Most points in a season closing half: 52, Real Madrid (2009–10)[citation needed]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 18 games): 30, Athletic Bilbao (1929–30)[43]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 22 games): 34, Betis Balompié (1934–35)[44]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 26 games): 40, Valencia (1941–42) and (1943–44)[45]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 30 games): 52, Real Madrid (1960–61)[46]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 34 games): 56, Real Madrid (1985–86)[47]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 38 games): 62, Real Madrid (1987–88), (1988–89) and (1989–90)[48][49]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 44 games): 66, Real Madrid (1986–87)[50]
Most points in a season (3 points for a win, 42 games): 92, Real Madrid (1996–97)[51]
Most points in a season (3 points for a win, 38 games): 100, Real Madrid (2011–12),[52] Barcelona (2012–13)[38][39][40]
Fewest points in a season (2 points for a win): 9, Celta Vigo (1942–43) final record P26 W2 D5 L19[53]
Fewest points in a season (3 points for a win): 13, Sporting Gijón (1997–98) final record P38 W2 D7 L29[54]

text: Games without a loss[edit]

text:
Most consecutive league games without a loss: 43, Barcelona (8 April 2017 to 13 May 2018)[55][56]
Most consecutive league games without a loss home: 121, Real Madrid (17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965)[57]
Most consecutive league games without a loss away: 23, Barcelona (14 February 2010 to 30 April 2011)[55]
Longest undefeated run from the start of a season: 36, Barcelona (20 August 2017 to 13 May 2018)[58]

text: Games without a win[edit]

text:
Most consecutive league games without a win: 24, Sporting Gijón (22 June 1997 to 8 February 1998)[59]
Most consecutive league games without a win away: 72, Hércules (8 December 1940 to 12 March 1967)[60]

text: Games without scoring[edit]

text:
Most consecutive league games without scoring: 8, joint record:

Sabadell (27 September 1987 to 6 December 1987)[61]
Castellón (28 October 1990 to 6 January 1991)[62]

Most consecutive league games without scoring Home: 7, Athletic Bilbao (6 January 1996 to 7 April 1996)[63]
Most consecutive league games without scoring away: 12, Deportivo (17 January 1965 to 4 December 1966)[64]
Most consecutive league games without scoring away in a single season: 11, Hércules (17 November 2010 to 3 April 2011)[60]

text: Games without conceding a goal[edit]

text:
Most consecutive league games without conceding a goal: 13, Atlético Madrid (2 December 1990 to 17 March 1991)[65]
Most consecutive league games without conceding a goal home: 12, Barcelona (23 April 2011 to 15 January 2012)[55]
Most consecutive league games without conceding a goal away: 7, Barcelona (1 November 1986 to 7 February 1987)[55]
Most games without conceding a goal in a season: 26, Deportivo (1993–94)[64]
Most consecutive clean sheets from the start of a season: 8, Barcelona (2014–15)

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most career league appearances: 622, Andoni Zubizarreta[66]
Most career league appearances at one club: 550, Raúl[66]
Most career league appearances by a player born outside of Spain: 466, Donato[66]
Oldest player: Ricardo, 41 years, 5 month and 2 days (for Osasuna v. Real Madrid, 1 June 2013)[67]
Oldest player under exceptional circumstances: Harry Lowe, 48 years 7 months and 12 days (for Real Sociedad v. Valencia, 24 March 1935)[68] (Real Sociedad's manager played due to a player down to illness, the team did not bring any substitutes to the away game for financial reasons.)
Youngest player: Sansón, 15 years, 8 months and 11 days[69][70] (for Celta Vigo v. Sevilla, 31 December 1939)

text: Goals[edit]

text: Team records[edit]

text:
Most league goals scored in a season: 121, Real Madrid (2011–12)[71]
Most home league goals scored in a season: 78, Real Madrid (1989–90)[72]
Most away league goals scored in a season: 58, Real Madrid (2016–17)[73]
Most games scored in a season: 38, Barcelona (2012–13), Real Madrid (2016–17)[74]
Scoring in every game in a single La Liga season: 38 out of 38 games, Barcelona (2012–13), Real Madrid (2016–17)[75]
Fewest league goals scored in a season: 15, Logroñés (1994–95)[citation needed]
Fewest home league goals scored in a season: 8, Granada (1969–70)[citation needed]
Fewest away league goals scored in a season: 2, Deportivo (1964–65)[citation needed]
Most league goals conceded in a season: 134, Lleida (1950–51)[76]
Fewest league goals conceded in a season: 15, Real Madrid (1931–32)[citation needed]
Fewest league goals conceded home in a season: 2, joint record:

Córdoba (1964–65)[citation needed]
Pontevedra (1968–69)[citation needed]

Best conceded goal quota in a season:

0.474 goals per game, Deportivo (1993–94), Atlético Madrid (2015-2016) (Real Madrid's record of 15 goals was in an 18 game season and gives a quota of 0.833, Deportivo and Atletico Madrid's tallies (of 18) are from 38-game seasons)[citation needed]

Best goal difference in a season: +89, Real Madrid (2011–12),[77] Barcelona (2014-15)[78]
Worst goal difference in a season: –93, Lleida (1950–51)[79]
Most consecutive games scoring: 64, Barcelona (4 February 2012 to 5 October 2013)[80]
Most consecutive games scoring home: 88, Barcelona (10 February 1952 to 19 January 1958)[citation needed]
Most consecutive games scoring away: 35, Real Madrid (3 January 2016 to 29 October 2017)[citation needed]
Most goals on one day: 59 goals in 8 games, (17 September 1950)[citation needed]
Fewest goals on one day: 8 goals in 8 games, (18 March 1973)[citation needed]

text: Individual records[edit]

text:
Most career league goals: 383, Lionel Messi[81]
Most goals scored in a season: 50, Lionel Messi (2011–12)[82]
Most goals scored in a calendar year: 59, Lionel Messi (2012)[83]
Most league home goals in a season (38 games, 19 home games): 35, Lionel Messi (2011–12)[84]
Most league away goals in a season (38 games, 19 away games): 24, Lionel Messi (2012–13)[85]
Most league matches scored in a season (38 games): 27, Lionel Messi (2012–13),[86] Cristiano Ronaldo (2011–12)[87]
Most league home matches scored in a season (38 games): 16, Lionel Messi (2011–12)[84]
Most league away matches scored in a season (38 games): 15, Lionel Messi (2012–13)[88]
Most opponents scored against in La Liga history: 36, Lionel Messi[89]
Most opponents scored against in a season: 19, joint record:

Ronaldo for Barcelona (1996–97) (42 games)[90]
Cristiano Ronaldo for Real Madrid (2011–12) (38 games)[90]
Lionel Messi for Barcelona (2012–13) (38 games)[91]

Most goals scored in a game: 7, joint record:

Agustín Sauto Arana (for Athletic Bilbao v. Barcelona, 8 February 1931)[92][93]
László Kubala (for Barcelona v. Sporting Gijón, 10 February 1952)[94]

Only player to score consecutively against every team in La Liga: Lionel Messi (19 consecutive matches, 30 goals, from matchday 11 to matchday 29, season 2012–13)[95][96][97]
Most consecutive league appearances scored in: 21, Lionel Messi (33 goals, from matchday 11 to matchday 34, season 2012-13)[98]
Most consecutive home league matches scored in: 18, Mariano Martín (37 goals, from matchday 22 season 1941-42 to matchday 6 season 1943-44)[99]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 13, Lionel Messi (20 goals from matchday 8 to matchday 33, season 2012–13)[88]
Most hat-tricks scored in La Liga history: 34, Cristiano Ronaldo[100][101]
Most league hat-tricks scored in a season: 8, joint record:

Lionel Messi (2011–12)[102]
Cristiano Ronaldo (2014–15)[103]

Most braces (2-goal matches) scored in La Liga history: 70, Lionel Messi (2004-)[104]
Fastest hat-trick in La Liga: Bebeto for Deportivo La Coruña vs Albacete in 1995[105][106]
Fastest to 20 league goals in a single season: 12 games, Cristiano Ronaldo (2014–15)[107]
Fastest 50 league goals: 37 games, Isidro Lángara (for Oviedo (matchday 19, 07/04/1935, season 1934–35)[citation needed]
Fastest 100 league goals: 82 games, Isidro Lángara (for Oviedo (matchday 2, 28 September 1947, season 1947–48)[108]
Fastest 150 league goals: 140 games, Cristiano Ronaldo (matchday 5, 22 September 2013, season 2013–14)[109]
Fastest 200 league goals: 178 games, Cristiano Ronaldo[110][111]
Fastest 250 league goals: 228 games, Cristiano Ronaldo[112][113]
Fastest 300 league goals: 286 games, Cristiano Ronaldo[114]
Most consecutive hat-tricks in one season: 3, Isidro Lángara (for Oviedo (1934–35)[115]
Most goals from penalties in La Liga history: 61, Cristiano Ronaldo[116]
Most penalties taken in La Liga history: 72, Cristiano Ronaldo[117]
Youngest player to score 200 league goals: Lionel Messi, 25 years and 7 months (27 January 2013)[118]
Youngest goalscorer: Fabrice Olinga, 16 years and 98 days (for Málaga v. Celta Vigo, 18 August 2012)[119][120]
Most wins at La Liga Best Player award: 6, Lionel Messi[121]
Most wins at La Liga Best Forward award: 7, Lionel Messi[122][123]
Only player to score 20+ goals in 10 consecutive seasons: Lionel Messi (2004-)[124][125]
Only player to score 30+ goals in 7 different seasons: Lionel Messi (2004-)[126][127]
Only player to score 4 goals (super hat-tricks) in 2 consecutive matches in La Liga history in a single season: 2, Luis Suárez (matchdays 34 and 35, season 2015–16)[128]
Only players to be involved in 7 goals in a single match in La Liga history: joint record:

Agustín Sauto Arana (for Athletic Bilbao vs Barcelona, 8 February 1931)[92][93]
László Kubala (for Barcelona v. Sporting Gijón, 10 February 1952)[94]
Luis Suárez, (matchday 34, 20 April 2016, season 2015–16)[128]

Most wins in La Liga history: 334, Iker Casillas (1999-2015)[129]
Most assists provided in La Liga history: 149, Lionel Messi[130][131]
Only players to be top goalscorers and top assist providers in the same season: Luis Suárez (2015-16), Lionel Messi (2017-18)

text: Goalkeepers' records[edit]

text:
Most Penalties Saved: 22, Diego Alves for UD Almería and Valencia CF[132]
Most Penalties Saved in a single season: 6, Diego Alves for Valencia CF in season 2016-17[133]
Most clean sheets in a season: 26, Francisco Liaño (for Deportivo, 1993–94)[134]
Best conceded goal quota in a season:[135]

1 - 0.474 goals per game (18 goals in 38 matches), Francisco Liaño (for Deportivo, 1993–94), Jan Oblak (for Atlético Madrid, 2015–16)
3 - 0.5 goals per game (16 goals in 32 matches), Víctor Valdés (for Barcelona, 2010–11)
4 - 0.51 goals per game (19 goals in 37 matches), Claudio Bravo (for Barcelona, 2014–15)

Most clean sheets: 233, Andoni Zubizarreta (66 for Athletic Bilbao, 123 for Barcelona and 44 for Valencia, 1981–1998)[136]
Longest start to a season with no goals: 754 minutes, Claudio Bravo (for Barcelona, 2014-15)[135]
Longest goalkeeping run without conceding a goal: 1,275 minutes, Abel Resino (for Atlético Madrid, 1990–91)[137]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Record win: Athletic Bilbao 12–1 Barcelona (8 February 1931)[138]
Record away win: 0–8, on four occasions:

Las Palmas 0–8 Barcelona (25 October 1959)[139]
Almería 0–8 Barcelona (20 November 2010)[139]
Córdoba 0–8 Barcelona (2 May 2015)
Deportivo 0–8 Barcelona (20 April 2016)

Most goals in a game: 14, Athletic Bilbao 9–5 Racing Santander (5 February 1933)[140]
Highest scoring draw: 12, Atlético Madrid 6–6 Athletic Bilbao (29 January 1950)[141]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards in a single match: 6,

Espanyol (3) v. Barcelona (3) (13 December 2003) (2 Direct red cards and 4 double yellow cards)[citation needed]

Most red cards in a career (individual): 24, Sergio Ramos (all with Real Madrid)[142]

text: Team records[edit]

text: Most points in a La Liga season (at least 90 points)[edit]

text:
Rank
Club
Season
Points
Apps

1
Real Madrid
2011–12
100
38

Barcelona
2012–13
100
38

3
Barcelona
2009–10
99
38

4
Real Madrid
2009–10
96
38

Barcelona
2010–11
96
38

6
Barcelona
2014–15
94
38

7
Barcelona
2017–18
93
38

Real Madrid
2016–17
93
38

9
Real Madrid
1996–97
92
42

Real Madrid
2010–11
92
38

Real Madrid
2014–15
92
38

12
Barcelona
2011–12
91
38

Barcelona
2015–16
91
38

14
Barcelona
1996–97
90
42

Atlético Madrid
2013–14
90
38

Real Madrid
2015–16
90
38

Barcelona
2016–17
90
38

tag: table

text: Most goals in a La Liga season (at least 100 goals)[edit]

text:
Rank
Club
Season
Goals
Apps

1
Real Madrid
2011–12
121
38

2
Real Madrid
2014–15
118
38

3
Barcelona
2016–17
116
38

4
Barcelona
2012–13
115
38

5
Barcelona
2011–12
114
38

6
Barcelona
2015–16
112
38

7
Barcelona
2014–15
110
38

Real Madrid
2015–16
110
38

9
Real Madrid
1989–90
107
38

10
Real Madrid
2016–17
106
38

11
Barcelona
2008–09
105
38

12
Real Madrid
2013–14
104
38

13
Real Madrid
2012–13
103
38

14
Real Madrid
2009–10
102
38

Real Madrid
2010–11
102
38

Barcelona
1996–97
102
42

17
Barcelona
2013–14
100
38

text: Most goals in a season besides Real Madrid and Barcelona: 88 in 30 appearances by Athletic Bilbao in 1950–51 La Liga.

text: Most goals in a season – all competitions (at least 150 goals)[edit]

text:
Rank
Club
Season
Liga
Cup
Europe
Other
Total

Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps

1
Barcelona
2011–12
114
38
26
9
35
12
15
5
190
64

2
Barcelona
2014–15
110
38
34
9
31
13
0
0
175
60

3
Real Madrid
2011–12
121
38
14
6
35
12
4
2
174
58

4
Real Madrid
2016–17
106
38
22
6
36
13
9
3
173
60

Barcelona
2015–16
112
38
27
9
22
10
12
5
173
62

6
Barcelona
2016–17
116
38
24
9
26
10
5
2
171
59

7
Real Madrid
2014–15
118
38
11
4
24
12
9
5
162
59

8
Real Madrid
2013–14
104
38
15
9
41
13
0
0
160
60

9
Real Madrid
1959–60
92
30
35
9
31
7
0
0
158
46

Barcelona
2008–09
105
38
17
9
36
15
0
0
158
62

Barcelona
2012–13
115
38
21
8
18
12
4
2
158
60

12
Real Madrid
2012–13
103
38
20
9
26
12
4
2
153
61

13
Barcelona
2010–11
95
38
22
9
30
13
5
2
152
62

text:
First team to score at least 100 goals in a season: Valencia in 1941–42 (111 in 34 appearances).
It should be noted though that a number of teams managed to score over 100 goals in a season during the 1930s when the national league and cup were played alongside the regional leagues. Most prolific among those was the Athletic Bilbao team of the early 1930s scoring 126 goals in 1929–30, 137 goals in 1930–31, 127 goals in 1931–32, 127 goals in 1932–33 and 115 goals in 1933–34, others include Real Oviedo scoring 114 goals in 1933–34 and 110 goals in 1935–36.
Most goals in a season besides Real Madrid and Barcelona: 119 in 60 appearances by Sevilla in 2014–15 season.

text: Most effective team in a La Liga season (at least 3 goals per game)[edit]

text:
Rank
Club
Season
Goals
Apps
G/A

1
Athletic Bilbao
1930–31
73
18
4.06

2
Athletic Bilbao
1929–30
63
18
3.50

Athletic Bilbao
1931–32
63
18
3.50

4
Athletic Bilbao
1933–34
61
18
3.39

5
Valencia
1941–42
85
26
3.27

6
Barcelona
1958–59
96
30
3.20

7
Real Madrid
2011–12
121
38
3.18

8
Atlético Aviación
1940–41
70
22
3.18

Sevilla
1940–41
70
22
3.18

10
Real Madrid
2014–15
118
38
3.10

11
Barcelona
1951–52
92
30
3.07

Real Madrid
1959–60
92
30
3.07

13
Barcelona
2012–13
115
38
3.02

14
Barcelona
2011–12
114
38
3.00

Valencia
1948–49
78
26
3.00

text: Individual records[edit]

text: Most championships won[edit]

text: Spanish

text: 12, Francisco Gento (all with Real Madrid)[143]

text: Non-Spanish[edit]

text: 9, Lionel Messi (all with FC Barcelona)

text: Goalscoring[edit]

text: Top 30 goalscorers, all-time[edit]

text: Players in Bold are still active.

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1

Lionel Messi
2004–
383
418
0.92

2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2009–
311
292
1.07

3

Telmo Zarra
1940–1955
251
278
0.9

4

Hugo Sánchez
1981–1994
234
347
0.67

5

Raúl
1994–2010
228
550
0.41

6

Alfredo Di Stéfano
1953–1966
227
329
0.69

7

César Rodríguez
1939–1955
223
353
0.63

8

Quini
1970–1987
219
448
0.49

9

Pahiño
1943–1956
210
278
0.76

10

Edmundo Suárez
1939–1950
195
231
0.84

11

Santillana
1970–1988
186
461
0.4

12

David Villa
2003–2014
185
352
0.53

13

Juan Arza
1943–1959
182
349
0.52

14

Guillermo Gorostiza
1929–1945
178
256
0.7

15

Samuel Eto'o
1998–2009
162
280
0.58

16

Luis Aragonés
1960–1974
160
360
0.44

17

Ferenc Puskás
1958–1966
156
180
0.87

18

Aritz Aduriz
2002–
155
407
0.38

19

Julio Salinas
1982–2000
152
417
0.36

20

Adrián Escudero
1945–1958
150
287
0.52

21

Daniel Ruiz
1974–1986
147
303
0.49

22

Raúl Tamudo
1997–2013
146
407
0.36

23

Silvestre Igoa
1941–1956
141
284
0.5

24

Manuel Badenes
1946–1959
139
201
0.69

Juan Araújo
1945–1956
207
0.67

José Mari Bakero
1980–1997
483
0.29

27

László Kubala
1951–1965
138
215
0.64

28

José Luis Panizo
1939–1955
136
325
0.42

29

Jesús María Satrústegui
1973–1986
133
297
0.45

30

Joaquín Murillo
1952–1964
132
227
0.58

text: Top 5 goalscorers, still active (Primera División only)[edit]

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Current club
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1

Lionel Messi
2004–
Barcelona
383
418
0.92

2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2009–
Real Madrid
311
292
1.07

3

Aritz Aduriz
2002–
Athletic Bilbao
155
407
0.38

4

Karim Benzema
2009–
Real Madrid
127
275
0.46

5

Antoine Griezmann
2010–
Atlético Madrid
119
282
0.42

text: Most hat-tricks in the League (at least 10)[edit]

text: Three or more goals in a single match. For the complete list of hat-tricks see List of La Liga hat-tricks.

text: Players in bold are still active

text: Players with at least 10 hat-tricks are shown in this table.

text:
Rank
Player
Hat-tricks
Last hat-trick

1
 Cristiano Ronaldo
34
10 February 2018

2
 Lionel Messi
30
29 April 2018

3
 Telmo Zarra
23
15 March 1953

4
 Alfredo di Stéfano
22
15 March 1964

5
 Mundo
19
4 March 1951

6
 César Rodríguez
15
19 October 1952

7
 Isidro Lángara
13
15 December 1946

8
 Ferenc Puskás
12
15 December 1963

9
 László Kubala
11
19 March 1961

 Pahiño
11
11 September 1955

 Manuel Badenes
11
29 March 1958

12
 Quini
10
7 October 1981

text: Source: BDFútbol

text: Most goals in a La Liga season (at least 30 goals)[edit]

text: Bold player name denotes current season.

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Season
Club
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1

Lionel Messi
2011–12
Barcelona
50
37
1.351

2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2014–15
Real Madrid
48
35
1.371

3

Lionel Messi
2012–13
Barcelona
46
32
1.438

Cristiano Ronaldo
2011–12
Real Madrid
38
1.211

5

Lionel Messi
2014–15
Barcelona
43
38
1.132

6

Cristiano Ronaldo
2010–11
Real Madrid
40
34
1.176

Luis Suárez
2015–16
Barcelona
35
1.143

8

Telmo Zarra
1950–51
Athletic Bilbao
38
30
1.267

Hugo Sánchez
1989–90
Real Madrid
35
1.086

10

Lionel Messi
2016–17
Barcelona
37
34
1.088

11

Baltazar
1988–89
Atlético Madrid
35
36
0.972

Cristiano Ronaldo
2015–16
Real Madrid
36
0.972

13

Cristiano Ronaldo
2012–13
Real Madrid
34
34
1

Lionel Messi
2017–18
Barcelona
35
0.971

Lionel Messi
2009–10
Barcelona
35
0.971

Ronaldo
1996–97
Barcelona
37
0.919

Hugo Sánchez
1986–87
Real Madrid
41
0.829

18

Pruden
1940–41
Atlético Aviación
33
22
1.5

Telmo Zarra
1946–47
Athletic Bilbao
24
1.375

Toni Polster
1989–90
Sevilla
35
0.943

21

Diego Forlán
2008–09
Atlético Madrid
32
33
0.97

22

Alfredo Di Stéfano
1956–57
Real Madrid
31
30
1.033

Cristiano Ronaldo
2013–14
Real Madrid
30
1.033

Lionel Messi
2010–11
Barcelona
33
0.939

Juan Antonio Pizzi
1995–96
Tenerife
41
0.756

26

Mariano Martín
1942–43
Barcelona
30
23
1.304

Romário
1993–94
Barcelona
33
0.909

Samuel Eto'o
2008–09
Barcelona
36
0.833

text: Most goals in a season — all competitions (at least 40 goals)[edit]

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Season
Club
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1

Lionel Messi
2011–12
Barcelona
73
60
1.217

2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2014–15
Real Madrid
61
54
1.13

3

Lionel Messi
2012–13
Barcelona
60
50
1.2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2011–12
Real Madrid
55
1.091

5

Luis Suárez
2015–16
Barcelona
59
53
1.113

6

Lionel Messi
2014–15
Barcelona
58
57
1.018

7

Cristiano Ronaldo
2012–13
Real Madrid
55
55
1

8

Lionel Messi
2016–17
Barcelona
54
52
1.038

9

Cristiano Ronaldo
2010–11
Real Madrid
53
54
0.981

Lionel Messi
2010–11
Barcelona
55
0.964

11

Cristiano Ronaldo
2013–14
Real Madrid
51
47
1.085

Cristiano Ronaldo
2015–16
Real Madrid
48
1.063

13

Ferenc Puskás
1959–60
Real Madrid
47
38
1.237

Ronaldo
1996–97
Barcelona
49
0.959

Lionel Messi
2009–10
Barcelona
53
0.887

16

Telmo Zarra
1950–51
Athletic Bilbao
46
36
1.278

17

Lionel Messi
2017–18
Barcelona
45
54
0.833

18

Cristiano Ronaldo
2017–18
Real Madrid
44
44
1

19

Alfredo Di Stéfano
1956–57
Real Madrid
43
43
1

20

Mariano Martín
1942–43
Barcelona
42
31
1.355

Ferenc Puskás
1960–61
Real Madrid
39
1.077

Hugo Sánchez
1989–90
Real Madrid
45
0.933

Baltazar
1988–89
Atlético Madrid
46
0.913

Cristiano Ronaldo
2016–17
Real Madrid
46
0.913

25

Lionel Messi
2013–14
Barcelona
41
46
0.891

Lionel Messi
2015–16
Barcelona
49
0.837

Hugo Sánchez
1986–87
Real Madrid
54
0.759

text: Goalkeeping[edit]

text: Top 5 longest goalkeeping runs without conceding a goal, all-time (Primera División only)

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Season
Club
Minutes

1

Abel Resino
1990–91
Atlético Madrid
1275

2

Miguel Reina
1972–73
Barcelona
824

3

Edgardo Madinabeytia
1965–66
Atlético Madrid
793

4

Claudio Bravo
2013–14 to 2014–15
Real Sociedad, Barcelona
776

5

Luis Arconada
1979–80
Real Sociedad
753

text: Most appearances[edit]

text: Top 10 most appearances, all-time (Primera División)

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Apps
Goals

1

Andoni Zubizarreta
1981–1998
622
0

2

Raúl
1994–2010
550
228

3

Eusebio Sacristán
1983–2002
543
36

4

Francisco Buyo
1980–1997
542
0

5

Manolo Sanchís
1983–2001
523
32

6

Iker Casillas
1999–2015
510
0

7

Xavi
1998–2015
505
58

8

Miquel Soler
1983–2003
504
12

9

Fernando Hierro
1987–2003
497
104

10

José Mari Bakero
1980–1997
483
139

text: Top 5 most appearances, still active (Primera División)

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Current club
Apps
Goals

1

Joaquín
2001–
Betis
471
65

2

Andrés Iniesta
2002–
Barcelona
429
35

3

Sergio Ramos
2004–
Real Madrid
417
51

4

Lionel Messi
2004–
Barcelona
415
381

5

Gabi
2004–
Atlético Madrid
412
21

text: Coaches[edit]

text: Coaches with most matches managed

text: Coaches in bold are still active in Primera Division

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Apps

1

Luis Aragonés
1974–2004
757

2

Javier Irureta
1988–2008
612

3

Miguel Muñoz
1958–1982
608

4

Víctor Fernández
1990–2015
544

5

Javier Clemente
1981–2012
511

6

Joaquín Caparrós
1999–2015
495

7

Ferdinand Daučík
1950–1971
488

8

John Toshack
1985–2004
480

9

Marcel Domingo
1958–1984
455

10

José María Maguregui
1973–1990
417

Ricardo Zamora
1939–1962

12

Miguel Ángel Lotina
1992–2012
416

13

Lorenzo Serra Ferrer
1983–2006
413

14

Gregorio Manzano
1999–2013
411

15

Radomir Antić
1988–2004
409

16

Luis Cid Carriega
1970–1986
397

17

José Manuel Díaz Novoa
1979–1998
394

18

Antonio Barrios
1949–1972
380

Pasieguito
1963–1982

20

Arsenio Iglesias
1971–1996
363

21

Helenio Herrera
1948–1981
359

22

Fernando Vázquez
1995–2013
357

23

Javier Aguirre
2002–2014
355

Ernesto Valverde
2003–

25

Roque Olsen
1962–1989
345

26

Jacinto Quincoces
1942–1960
337

27

Manuel Pellegrini
2004–2013
332

28

Víctor Espárrago
1987–2006
330

29

Unai Emery
2007–2016
323

30

Vicente Miera
1975–1997
321

text: Copa del Rey[edit]

text: Records in this section refers to Copa del Rey from its founding in 1902 through to the present.

text:
Most wins: 30, Barcelona (1910, 1912, 1913, 1920, 1922, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1942, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1988, 1990, 1997, 1998, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018)[150]
Most consecutive wins: 4, joint record:

Barcelona (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018)[150]
Athletic Bilbao (1930, 1931, 1932, 1933)[150]
Real Madrid (1905, 1906, 1907, 1908)[150]

Most consecutive finals played: 5, Barcelona (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018)[150]
Most finals played: 40, Barcelona (1910, 1912, 1913, 1919, 1920, 1922, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1942, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018)[150]
Most finals without winning: 4, Celta Vigo (1908, 1948, 1994, 2001)[150]
Most finals without losing: 2, Deportivo (1995, 2002)[150]
Biggest win in a final: joint record

Barcelona 5–0 Sevilla (2018)[151]
Athletic Bilbao 5–0 Espanyol (1915)[152]
Real Madrid 6–1 Castilla (1980)[153]

Most goals in a final: 8, Sevilla 6–2 Racing de Ferrol (1939)[154]
Most goals by a losing side: 3, joint record:

Athletic Bilbao losing 4–3 against Barcelona 1942[155]
Valencia losing 4–3 against Barcelona 1971[156]

Most consecutive rounds won: 20, Barcelona (16 December 2014 and onging)[157]
Biggest home win: Real Murcia 14 – 0 Cieza Promesas (First Round, 10 September 1991–92 Copa del Rey)[158]
Biggest away win: CD Don Benito 0 – 13 Celta Vigo (First Round, 10 April 1932 Copa del Rey). The game was played at Celta Vigo Balaídos stadium[158]
Biggest winning scoreline: Celta Vigo 22 - 0 Don Benito (First Round 1932 Copa del Rey)[158]
Longest penalty shootout: 28, Joint Record:

Real Ávila 12 – 13 Real Burgos (29 September 1986–87 Copa del Rey)[159]
Córdoba 12 – 13 Deportivo (11 September 2012–13 Copa del Rey)[159]

text: Copa del Rey top goalscorers (top 10)[edit]

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
[hide]Rank
Name
Nat.
Pos.
Years
Goals
Total
Ref.

1
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra

FW
1939–1957
81 Athletic Bilbao
81
[160]

2
Samitier, JosepJosep Samitier

MF
1919–1934
65 Barcelona + 5 Real Madrid
70
[161]

3
Gorostiza, GuillermoGuillermo Gorostiza

FW
1929–1946
37 Athletic Bilbao + 25 Valencia
62
[162]

4
Quini, Quini

FW
1968–1987
38 Sporting Gijón + 17 Barcelona
55

5
Suárez, EdmundoEdmundo Suárez

FW
1939–1950
52 Valencia
52
[163]

6
Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás

FW
1958–1962
49 Real Madrid
49
[164]

Kubala, LászlóLászló Kubala

FW
1951–1965
49 Barcelona
49

8
Messi, LionelLionel Messi

FW
2005–Present
48 Barcelona
48

Santillana, Santillana

FW
1970–1988
48 Real Madrid
48
[165]

10
Rodríguez, CésarCésar Rodríguez

FW
1939–1960
3 Granada + 36 Barcelona + 8 Elche
47

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Most wins: 7, Agustín Gaínza (Athletic Bilbao) (1943, 1944, 1945, 1950, 1955, 1956, 1958)[150]
Most appearances: 104, Andoni Zubizarreta (Athletic Bilbao, Barcelona and Valencia CF)
Most appearances at one club: 99, Agustín Gaínza (Athletic Bilbao)[166]
Most appearances in a final: 9, Agustín Gaínza (Athletic Bilbao) (1943, 1944, 1945, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1958) and Bernd Schuster (Barcelona, Real Madrid and Atletico Madrid) (1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992)[150]
Most goals scored: 81, Telmo Zarra (Athletic Bilbao)[167]
Most goals scored in one game: 8, Agustín Gaínza (Athletic Bilbao) 12-1 against Celta Vigo 18 May 1947[168]
Most goals scored in one season: 21, Josep Samitier (Barcelona) 1928[169][170]
Most goals scored in a final: 4, Telmo Zarra (Athletic Bilbao) 1950[150]
Most goals scored in finals: 8, Telmo Zarra (Athletic Bilbao)[150]
Most finals scored in: 5, Lionel Messi (2009, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018) and Telmo Zarra (Athletic Bilbao) (1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1950)[150][171]
Most consecutive finals scored in: 4, Telmo Zarra (Athletic Bilbao) (1942, 1943, 1944, 1945)[150]
Most assists provided in finals: 6, Lionel Messi (1 in 2009, 2 in 2016, 1 in 2017, 2 in 2018)

text: Most successful clubs overall (official titles, 1903–present)[edit]

text: The following table includes official Spanish, European and worldwide competitions organized respectively by RFEF, UEFA and FIFA since 1903.[172][173][174]

text: Key[edit]

text:
Domestic competitions[175]

1ª
La Liga

CR
Copa de S.M. el Rey

SCE
Supercopa de España

CED
Copa Eva Duarte (Defunct)

CLI
Copa de la Liga (Defunct)

European competitions[176]

UCL
UEFA Champions League, formerly European Champion Clubs' Cup

UCWC
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (Defunct)

UEL
UEFA Europa League, formerly UEFA Cup

ICFC
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Defunct) (Not organized by UEFA, but recognized as the unofficial predecessor to the UEL and acknowledged by FIFA as a major trophy.)[177]

USC
UEFA Super Cup

UIC
UEFA Intertoto Cup (Defunct)

Worldwide competitions[178]

FCWC
FIFA Club World Cup

IC
Intercontinental Cup (Defunct) (Predecessor to FCWC) (Organized by UEFA and CONMEBOL)

text: Performance by club[edit]

text: (Sorted by overall titles. Use sorting button to change criteria.)

text:
[hide]Team
[179]
Domestic titles
European titles/Worldwide titles
Total

1ª
CR
[180]
SCE
CED
[181]
CLI
Total
UCL
[182]
UCWC
[183]
UEL
[184]
ICFC
[185]
USC
UIC
[186]
FCWC
IC[187]
Total
Total[188]

Barcelona
25
30
12
3
2
72
5
4

3
5

3

20
92

Real Madrid
33
19
10
1
1
64
13

2

4

3
3
25
89

Athletic Bilbao
8
23
2
1

34

34

Atlético Madrid
10
10
2
1

23

1
3

2

1
7
30

Valencia
6
7
1
1

15

1
1
2
2
1

7
22

Sevilla
1
5
1

7

5

1

6
13

Real Zaragoza

6
1

7

1

1

2
9

Deportivo
1
2
3

6

6

Real Sociedad
2
2
1

5

5

Espanyol

4

4

4

Real Unión

4

4

4

Real Betis
1
2

3

3

Mallorca

1
1

2

2

Villarreal

2

2
2

Arenas Club

1

1

1

Club Bizcaya

1

1

1

Valladolid

1
1

1

Celta Vigo

1

1
1

Málaga

1

1
1

text: The figures in bold represent the most times this competition has been won by a Spanish team.


document_title: List of Vikings episodes

question_text: when is the next season of vikings released

text: List of Vikings episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date11"Rites of Passage"Johan RenckMichael HirstMarch 3, 2013 (2013-03-03)
22"Wrath of the Northmen"Johan RenckMichael HirstMarch 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
33"Dispossessed"Johan RenckMichael HirstMarch 17, 2013 (2013-03-17)
44"Trial"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstMarch 24, 2013 (2013-03-24)
55"Raid"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstMarch 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
66"Burial of the Dead"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstApril 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)
77"A King's Ransom"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)
88"Sacrifice"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)
99"All Change"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date101"Brother's War"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstFebruary 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)
112"Invasion"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstMarch 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)
123"Treachery"Ken GirottiMichael HirstMarch 13, 2014 (2014-03-13)
134"Eye for an Eye"Ken GirottiMichael HirstMarch 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)
145"Answers in Blood"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstMarch 27, 2014 (2014-03-27)
156"Unforgiven"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstApril 3, 2014 (2014-04-03)
167"Blood Eagle"Kari SkoglandMichael HirstApril 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)
178"Boneless"Kari SkoglandMichael HirstApril 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)
189"The Choice"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 24, 2014 (2014-04-24)
1910"The Lord's Prayer"Ken GirottiMichael HirstMay 1, 2014 (2014-05-01)

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date201"Mercenary"Ken GirottiMichael HirstFebruary 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)
212"The Wanderer"Ken GirottiMichael HirstFebruary 26, 2015 (2015-02-26)
223"Warrior's Fate"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstMarch 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)
234"Scarred"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstMarch 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)
245"The Usurper"Helen ShaverMichael HirstMarch 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)
256"Born Again"Helen ShaverMichael HirstMarch 26, 2015 (2015-03-26)
267"Paris"Kelly MakinMichael HirstApril 2, 2015 (2015-04-02)
278"To the Gates!"Kelly MakinMichael HirstApril 9, 2015 (2015-04-09)
289"Breaking Point"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)
2910"The Dead"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)

text: Season 4 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air datePart 1
301"A Good Treason"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstFebruary 18, 2016 (2016-02-18)
312"Kill the Queen"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstFebruary 25, 2016 (2016-02-25)
323"Mercy"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstMarch 3, 2016 (2016-03-03)
334"Yol"Helen ShaverMichael HirstMarch 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)
345"Promised"Helen ShaverMichael HirstMarch 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)
356"What Might Have Been"Ken GirottiMichael HirstMarch 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)
367"The Profit and the Loss"Ken GirottiMichael HirstMarch 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)
378"Portage"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)
389"Death All 'Round"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstApril 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
3910"The Last Ship"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstApril 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
Part 2
4011"The Outsider"Daniel GrouMichael HirstNovember 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
4112"The Vision"Daniel GrouMichael HirstDecember 7, 2016 (2016-12-07)
4213"Two Journeys"Sarah HardingMichael HirstDecember 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)
4314"In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning"Sarah HardingMichael HirstDecember 21, 2016 (2016-12-21)
4415"All His Angels"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstDecember 28, 2016 (2016-12-28)
4516"Crossings"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstJanuary 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
4617"The Great Army"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstJanuary 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
4718"Revenge"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstJanuary 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)
4819"On the Eve"Ben BoltMichael HirstJanuary 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)
4920"The Reckoning"Ben BoltMichael HirstFebruary 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)

text: Season 5 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air datePart 1
505112"The Departed"[a]David WellingtonMichael HirstNovember 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
523"Homeland"Steve Saint LegerMichael HirstDecember 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
534"The Plan"Steve Saint LegerMichael HirstDecember 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)
545"The Prisoner"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstDecember 20, 2017 (2017-12-20)
556"The Message"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstDecember 27, 2017 (2017-12-27)
567"Full Moon"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstJanuary 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)
578"The Joke"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstJanuary 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
589"A Simple Story"Daniel GrouMichael HirstJanuary 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
5910"Moments of Vision"Daniel GrouMichael HirstJanuary 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)

text: Jump up ^ The first two episodes aired together on History as a two-hour premiere, "The Departed", but were released separately on streaming services and in digital stores, with the first part titled "The Fisher King" and the second "The Departed".[7][8]

tag: ol

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: Athelstan's Journal (2015)[edit]

text: A series of thirteen webisodes known as Vikings: Athelstan's Journal was released by the History Channel. Each webisode serves as a journal entry for the Vikings character Athelstan. The webisodes were released prior to and in conjunction with the beginning of the third season of Vikings, and are available on the History Channel's website.[9] The webisodes have a running time of 1:45 to 5:01 minutes.

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateAthelstan's Journal
1"Chapter One: Gods"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleJanuary 30, 2015 (2015-01-30)
2"Chapter Two: Honor"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 1, 2015 (2015-02-01)
3"Chapter Three: Loyalty"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 6, 2015 (2015-02-06)
4"Chapter Four: Sin"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 8, 2015 (2015-02-08)
5"Chapter Five: Blood"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 13, 2015 (2015-02-13)
6"Chapter Six: Family"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 14, 2015 (2015-02-14)
7"Chapter Seven: Savagery"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 18, 2015 (2015-02-18)
8"Chapter Eight: Gods & Men"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)
Stones and Bones
9"Chapter One: Vows"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
10"Chapter Two: Death"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 27, 2015 (2015-02-27)
11"Chapter Three: Love"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleMarch 6, 2015 (2015-03-06)
12"Chapter Four: Harvest"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleMarch 13, 2015 (2015-03-13)
13"Chapter Five: The Choice"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleMarch 20, 2015 (2015-03-20)


document_title: 96 Tears

question_text: when did the song 96 tears come out

question_tokens: when did the song 96 tears come out

text: 96 Tears

text:
"96 Tears"
Cover of the 1966 Italy singleSingle by ? and the Mysteriansfrom the album 96 TearsB-side
"Midnight Hour"Released
August 1966 (1966)Format
7"Recorded
1966Genre
Garage rock[1][2]pop rock[3]psychedelic rock[4]Length
2:56Label
Pa-Go-GoCameo-ParkwaySongwriter(s)
Rudy MartinezProducer(s)
Rudy Martinez? and the Mysterians singles chronology

"96 Tears" (1966)

"I Need Somebody" (1966)

"96 Tears"(1966)

"I Need Somebody"(1966)

Audio sample
filehelp

text: "96 Tears" is a song recorded by the American garage rock band ? and the Mysterians in 1966 (see 1966 in music). In October of that year, it was number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S.[5] and on the RPM 100 in Canada.[6] Billboard ranked the record as the number five song for 1966.[7] It is ranked number 213 on the Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. On November 11, 1966, the single was certified as gold by the RIAA.[8]

text: The song was written by Question Mark (Rudy Martinez) in 1962 in his manager's living room, and was recorded in Bay City, Michigan.[9] At first, Question Mark had to insist that "96 Tears" be the A-side over "Midnight Hour". Once the issue was settled, the band recorded the single for the small Pa-Go-Go label, owned by Lilly Gonzalez. She backed the band financially, and allowed access to her personal studio in her basement. When it began doing well locally, the band took a recording to Bob Dell, the radio director in Flint, Michigan. The song became the most requested, and wider radio play spread into Canada, where it was picked up by Cameo Records for national distribution.[10][11]

text: Various reports have suggested that Question Mark first wrote the song under the name "Too Many Teardrops" and then "69 Tears", but then changed the title, fearing that radio stations wouldn't play the song.  However, Question Mark denied this in an interview, stating that the number 96 has a deep philosophical meaning for him.[12]

text: Known for its signature organ licks and bare-bones lyrics, "96 Tears" is recognized as one of the first garage band hits, and has even been given credit for starting the punk rock movement.[13]

text: The song appeared on the band's album 96 Tears. The follow-up song, "I Need Somebody", peaked at number 22 later that year, but no other U.S. Top 40 singles followed.[14]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Rudy Martinez (Question Mark) – lead vocals[15]
Frank Rodriguez – Vox Continental organ
Bobby Balderrama – lead guitar
Frank Lugo – bass guitar
Eddie Serrato – drums

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
Big Maybelle released a version of the song as a single in 1967 that reached #23 on the US R&B chart and #96 on the US pop chart.[16]
Aretha Franklin released a version of the song on her second Atlantic studio album "Aretha Arrives" in 1967.[17]
(Costa Rican garage band The Thunderboys recorded a version for CBS Indica Records in 1967
Motown singer Jimmy Ruffin recorded the song in 1966, produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier, and it appeared on his 1969 album Ruff 'N' Ready
Shane Martin released a version of the song along with Black is Black on his 1968 45 on Columbia Records.[18]
The Music Explosion released a version of the song on their 1967 debut album, Little Bit O'Soul.[19]
Thelma Houston released a version of the song as a single in 1981 that reached #22 on the US dance chart and #76 on the US R&B chart.[20]
The Modern Lovers released a version of the song on their Album Live at the Longbranch and More.
Garland Jeffreys released a version of the song as a single and track from his album "Escape Artist" in 1981 that reached #5 on the US rock chart, #66 on the US pop chart, and #75 on the US dance chart.[21][22]
The Stranglers released a version that reached No. 17 in the UK Singles Chart in 1990.[23]
Eddie and the Hot Rods released a version of the song on the 2000 re-issue of their album, Teenage Depression.[24]
Primal Scream included a version of the song on the 2009 expanded edition of their 1997 Album Vanishing Point.
Suicide recorded it the live album 21½ Minutes in Berlin/23 Minutes in Brussels. Another live version, recorded at CBGB, was included on re-issued copies of their self-titled, debut album.
The Bonne Villes released a version in 1967 on the Justice record label.[25] Available on Bringing it Home[26] (1997) and Green Crystal Ties, Volume 3: Gloria Meets 96 Tears (1998), both Collectables Records.
The Fuzztones included a version of the song on the 2013 album Snake Oil.
Punk Rock bands X and The Cramps both reference the song, including allusions to "96 Tears" in the lyrics to "Johnny Hit and Run Paulene" and "Human Fly", respectively.


document_title: Love, Simon

question_text: when does love simon come out to dvd

question_tokens: when does love simon come out to dvd

text: Love, Simon

text: Plot[edit]

text: Simon Spier is a closeted gay teenage boy attending high school in a suburb of Atlanta, Georgia. He has a close and loving family: parents Emily and Jack, and sister Nora, as well as three best friends: Nick and Leah, whom he has known most of his life, and newcomer Abby.

text: One day, Leah informs Simon about an online confession of a closeted gay student at their high school, known only by the pseudonym "Blue". As "Jacques", Simon begins communicating with him via email. The two confide personal details and form a connection. However, their emails are accidentally discovered by another student, Martin, who is infatuated with Abby. After learning his secret, Martin blackmails Simon by threatening to make his emails public unless he agrees to help Martin win over Abby. Simon begins to suspect that his classmate Bram is Blue.

text: At a Halloween party, Simon attempts to connect with Bram but later walks in on him making out with a female student. Simon lies to Nick, telling him that Abby has a boyfriend in college. Leah walks an inebriated Simon home, where she speaks vaguely about how she feels that she is fated to love one person very intensely; Simon believes she is referring to Nick.

text: Simon meets up with Abby and Martin at a local diner after he convinces them to practice lines together for an upcoming musical. Simon bonds with their server, a classmate named Lyle, and believes that Lyle may be Blue. That night, Simon comes out to Abby and is relieved when she reacts positively.

text: At a school football game, Simon crosses paths with Lyle; before he can summon the courage to ask if Lyle is Blue, he finds out Lyle is interested in Abby. An upset Simon tells a pestering Martin to either "go big or go home" when courting Abby. Martin interrupts the national anthem and publicly declares his feelings for Abby. When Abby admits she does not share his feelings, Martin is humiliated and becomes the subject of intense ridicule.

text: On Christmas Eve, to distract people from his own humiliation, Martin outs Simon by posting his emails on the school gossip site. Simon's sister Nora tries to comfort Simon but he shuts her out and does not return his friends' frantic texts. Simon comes out to his parents on Christmas morning, to their surprise but acceptance.

text: After the holidays, Nick and Abby, now a couple, angrily confront Simon about the lies he told and learn that he had tried to keep them apart due to Martin's blackmail. Leah confesses to Simon that she was in love with him, not Nick, and is upset he came out to Abby first. After being rejected by his friends, Simon receives a final email from Blue, who is upset that their emails have been leaked. Blue tells Simon that they should stop speaking and deletes his email account. Simon is devastated, having lost his friends as well as the mystery pen-pal he has fallen in love with.

text: In the cafeteria, Simon and an openly gay student, Ethan, are mocked by two classmates. Ethan and Simon bond over the difficulties they have faced coming out. After his parents reach out and comfort him, Simon apologizes to Leah. Simon posts a confession on the gossip site apologizing to his friends, seeking out Blue and asking him to meet at the school carnival.

text: After the school musical, Leah, Nick and Abby make amends with Simon and invite him to go to the carnival with them. Waiting for Blue at the carnival, Simon rides the Ferris wheel, drawing a large crowd of peers. When Simon runs out of tickets, Martin, making amends for his behavior, buys him one more ride. Just before the ride begins, Bram sits next to Simon, revealing himself as Blue; the kiss Simon saw with the female student was a drunken misunderstanding. They ride the Ferris wheel together and kiss as their friends cheer them on.

text: Simon's life gradually returns to normal and he begins a relationship with Bram. While picking up his friends and boyfriend for school, Simon suggests that they forgo their usual morning routine and instead "go on a little adventure".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nick Robinson as Simon Spier

Bryson Pitts as 10-year-old Simon Spier
Nye Reynolds as 5-year-old Simon Spier

Josh Duhamel as Jack Spier, Simon's father
Jennifer Garner as Emily Spier, Simon's mother
Katherine Langford as Leah Burke, one of Simon's best friends
Alexandra Shipp as Abby Suso, one of Simon's best friends
Jorge Lendeborg Jr. as Nick Eisner, one of Simon's best friends
Keiynan Lonsdale as Abraham "Bram" Greenfeld, one of Simon's classmates
Miles Heizer as Cal Price, one of Simon's friends and classmates
Logan Miller as Martin Addison, one of Simon's classmates who blackmails him
Talitha Bateman as Nora Spier, Simon's sister

Skye Mowbray as 6-year-old Nora Spier

Tony Hale as Mr. Worth, the vice principal of the school Simon attends
Natasha Rothwell as Ms. Albright, Simon's drama teacher
Drew Starkey as Garrett Laughlin, one of Simon's classmates
Clark Moore as Ethan, one of Simon's classmates who is openly gay
Joey Pollari as Lyle, a flirty server at a local diner
Mackenzie Lintz as Taylor Metternich, one of Simon's classmates

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography began on March 6, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia.[6] Filming officially ended on April 23, 2017.[7]

text: Aware of how expensive the cost of the music would be in the film, Berlanti made the decision to end shooting two days early. Of the decision, he said "I did know that a lot of the film was made in homage to movies that had these great soundtracks that, at my age, you’d play the cassette tape over and over again until it would wear out. The soundtrack was the thing that kept you feeling the emotions of the movie. So it was always on my wish list to have a soundtrack that was reflective of that. It was very expensive so everyone wanted to make sure I was doing the right thing. I wanted more money to be put into the music."[8]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
March 16, 2018

Genre
Soundtrack, indie pop

Length
47 minutes

Label
Sony Music Entertainment

Singles from Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

"Alfie's Song (Not So Typical Love Song)"
Released: 16 January 2018
"Love Lies"
Released: 14 February 2018

text: The soundtrack of the film includes music by Bleachers, Troye Sivan, Amy Shark, Brenton Wood, The 1975, Normani and Khalid, among others. The first track released from the soundtrack was "Alfie's Song (Not So Typical Love Song)" by Bleachers.[9][10]

text:
Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)[10]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performed by
Length

1.
"Alfie's Song (Not So Typical Love Song)"

Jack Antonoff
Ilsey Juber
Harry Styles

Bleachers
3:01

2.
"Rollercoaster"

Antonoff
John Hill

Bleachers
3:12

3.
"Never Fall in Love"

Antonoff
Karen Marie Ørsted

Jack Antonoff and MØ

4.
"Strawberries & Cigarettes"

Troye Sivan
Antonoff
Alex Hope

Troye Sivan
3:21

5.
"Sink In"

Ben Berger
Julia Michaels
Ryan McMahon

Amy Shark
4:35

6.
"Love Lies"

Khalid Robinson
Normani
Charlie Handsome
Jamil "Digi" Chammas
Taylor Parks

Khalid and Normani
3:23

7.
"The Oogum Boogum Song"

Alfred Smith

Brenton Wood
3:07

8.
"Love Me"

Adam Hann
George Daniel
Matthew Healy
Ross MacDonald

The 1975
3:42

9.
"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)"

George Merrill
Shannon Rubicam

Whitney Houston
4:50

10.
"Someday at Christmas"

Ron Miller
Bryan Wells

Jackson 5
2:44

11.
"Wings"

Nini Fabi
Benjamin Gebert

Haerts
4:58

12.
"Keeping a Secret"

Bleachers
3:25

13.
"Wild Heart"

Antonoff
Hill

Bleachers
3:21

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[11]
82

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[12]
24

UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[13]
11

US Billboard 200[14]
37

text: Other songs that appear in the film but are not included on its soundtrack include "Waterloo Sunset" by The Kinks, "Diamond" by MONAKR, "Feel It Still" by Portugal. The Man, "No" by Meghan Trainor, "As Long as You Love Me" by Justin Bieber, "Add It Up" by Violent Femmes, "Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga and "Shine a Light" by BANNERS.

text: Release[edit]

text: Love, Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27, 2018, and also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival and the Melbourne Queer Film Festival.[15][16] The film was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on March 16, 2018, in Australia and New Zealand on March 29, 2018, in Brazil on April 5, 2018, in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 6, 2018, in Colombia on April 12, 2018, Mexico on April 13, 2018, and is scheduled to be released in other countries on various dates throughout 2018.[17]

text: Following the film's release, several celebrities, including Jennifer Garner, Kristen Bell, Neil Patrick Harris, Joey Graceffa, Matt Bomer, Robbie Rogers, Benj Pasek, Tyler Oakley, Martin Gero, Andrew Rannells and Jesse Tyler Ferguson bought out entire theaters so that people could see the film for free, because they believe that the film conveys an important message.[18]

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film became available to pre-order on home video on January 17, 2018, was released digitally on May 29, 2018, and is scheduled to be available on Blu-ray and DVD on June 12, 2018.[19][20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of May 30, 2018[update], Love, Simon has grossed $40.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $16.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $57.5 million, against a production budget of $17 million, ranking #14 out of all films since 1980 in the teen romance genre, and out-grossing every film in that genre distributed by 20th Century Fox other than The Fault in Our Stars and Romeo + Juliet.[3][21]

text: Love, Simon held early preview screenings on March 2 and March 9 before its official release on March 16. It grossed $800,000 from 927 theaters on March 9, which Deadline Hollywood considered "strong".[22] In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Tomb Raider and I Can Only Imagine, and was projected to gross $10–12 million from 2,401 theaters in its opening weekend.[23] The film made $4.6 million on its first day (including $850,000 from Thursday previews at 2,125 theaters).[24] The film went on to debut at $11.8 million, finishing fifth at the box office; 58% of its opening weekend audience was female and 59% was under 25.[25] In its second weekend the film dropped 33% to $7.8 million, finishing 7th,[26] and in its third weekend made $4.8 million, finishing ninth.[27] In the United Kingdom, the film debuted at number four, earning $1.6 million.[28] In Australia, the film debuted at number four, earning $916,697.[29] In Brazil, the film debuted at number four, earning $804,567.[30] In Mexico, the film debuted at number three, earning $982,391.[31]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92%, based on 165 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Love, Simon hits its coming-of-age beats more deftly than many entries in this well-traveled genre – and represents an overdue, if not entirely successful, milestone of inclusion."[32] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[33] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score.[24]

text: Benjamin Lee of The Guardian gave the film 4/5 stars, calling it a "hugely charming crowd-pleaser".[34] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4/5 stars, stating that audiences "are guaranteed to fall in love with this sweet, funny coming-of-age film".[35]

text: Molly Freeman of Screen Rant gave the film 4/5 stars or an Excellent rating, stating that "Love, Simon is a funny, heartfelt, and truly touching teen romantic comedy that instantly becomes a modern classic for today's generation."[36] Josh Winning of GamesRadar+ gave the film 4/5 stars, describing it as a "warm, sensitive and engaging coming-out-of-ager" and "one of the freshest teen-coms in ages".[37]

text: Meredith Goldstein of The Boston Globe gave the film 3.5/4 stars and stated, "Love, Simon is a sweet, modern romantic comedy that manages to channel the teen movie classics of the late John Hughes, but only the good stuff."[38] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film 3/4 stars and wrote, "If John Hughes had gone on to make a smart LGBT coming-of-age charmer, most likely it would resemble this."[39]

text: Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star also gave it 3/4 stars, stating "The casting is high quality, the script - with a tantalizing mystery at its heart - is particularly well-crafted and the story hits all the right emotional notes in delivering a funny, warm-hearted and life-affirming tale."[40] Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3.5/4 stars and wrote, "Young and old, jocks and nerds, geeks and freaks, and everyone in between should be able to find something to adore in Love, Simon."[41]

text: Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media gave the film 4/5 stars and described it as "tender, sweet, and affecting", with the film also receiving The Common Sense Seal, which recognizes movies that offer families an exceptional media experience.[42][43] MJ Franklin of Mashable wrote that "Love, Simon feels like an instant classic that you're going to want to watch again and again."[44]

text: Max Weiss of Baltimore gave Love, Simon 3/4 stars, calling it a "sweet, funny, warm-hearted film".[45] Kevin Scott of Exclaim! gave the film a 7 out of 10 score, noting that the film has the "expected amount of sentimentality that effectively tugs at the heartstrings".[46]

text: Peter Debruge of Variety, while stating that the film is average in execution, praised the content as "groundbreaking on so many levels, not least of which is just how otherwise familiar it all seems".[47] Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ and wrote that the film "is touching as a gesture", but as entertainment "it's nothing Degrassi hasn't done better".[48]

text: Becky Albertalli, the author of the book, watched an early cut and praised the film, stating: "It's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and so romantic. It says exactly what I wanted the book to say."[49][50]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Golden Trailer Awards
May 31, 2018
Best Romance Trailer
Love, Simon
Pending
[51]

Best Romance TV Spot
Love, Simon
Pending

Best Billboard
Love, Simon
Pending

Best Teaser Campaign
Love, Simon
Pending

MTV Movie & TV Awards
June 18, 2018
Best Kiss
Nick Robinson, Keiynan Lonsdale
Pending
[52]


document_title: African literature

question_text: forces that informed the growth of african literature

text: African literature

text: Oral literature[edit]

text: Oral literature (or orature) may be in prose or verse. The prose is often mythological or historical and can include tales of the trickster character. Storytellers in Africa sometimes use call-and-response techniques to tell their stories. Poetry, often sung, includes: narrative epic, occupational verse, ritual verse, praise poems of rulers and other prominent people. Praise singers, bards sometimes known as "griots", tell their stories with music.[3] Also recited, often sung, are love songs, work songs, children's songs, along with epigrams, proverbs and riddles.

text: Precolonial literature[edit]

text: Examples of pre-colonial African literature are numerous. Oral literature of west Africa includes the "Epic of Sundiata" composed in medieval Mali, and the older "Epic of Dinga" from the old Ghana Empire. In Ethiopia, there is a substantial literature written in Ge'ez going back at least to the fourth century AD; the best-known work in this tradition is the Kebra Negast, or "Book of Kings." One popular form of traditional African folktale is the "trickster" story, in which a small animal uses its wits to survive encounters with larger creatures. Examples of animal tricksters include Anansi, a spider in the folklore of the Ashanti people of Ghana; Ijàpá, a tortoise in Yoruba folklore of Nigeria; and Sungura, a hare found in central and East African folklore.[4] Other works in written form are abundant, namely in north Africa, the Sahel regions of west Africa and on the Swahili coast. From Timbuktu alone, there are an estimated 300,000 or more manuscripts tucked away in various libraries and private collections,[5] mostly written in Arabic but some in the native languages (namely Fula and Songhai).[6] Many were written at the famous University of Timbuktu. The material covers a wide array of topics, including astronomy, poetry, law, history, faith, politics, and philosophy.[7] Swahili literature similarly, draws inspiration from Islamic teachings but developed under indigenous circumstances. One of the most renowned and earliest pieces of Swahili literature being Utendi wa Tambuka or "The Story of Tambuka".

text: In Islamic times, North Africans such as Ibn Khaldun attained great distinction within Arabic literature. Medieval north Africa boasted universities such as those of Fes and Cairo, with copious amounts of literature to supplement them.

text: Colonial African literature[edit]

text: The African works best known in the West from the periods of colonization and the slave trade are primarily slave narratives, such as Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789).

text: In the colonial period, Africans exposed to Western languages began to write in those tongues. In 1911, Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (also known as Ekra-Agiman) of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) published what is probably the first African novel written in English, Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation.[8] Although the work moves between fiction and political advocacy, its publication and positive reviews in the Western press mark a watershed moment in African literature.

text: During this period, African plays written in English began to emerge. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo of South Africa published the first English-language African play, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator in 1935.  In 1962, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o of Kenya wrote the first East African drama, The Black Hermit, a cautionary tale about "tribalism" (discrimination between African tribes).

text: Among the first pieces of African literature to receive significant worldwide critical acclaim was Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe. Published in 1958, late in the colonial era, Things Fall Apart analyzed the effect of colonialism on traditional African society.[9]

text: African literature in the late colonial period (between the end of World War I and independence) increasingly showed themes of liberation, independence, and (among Africans in French-controlled territories) négritude.  One of the leaders of the négritude movement, the poet and eventual President of Senegal, Léopold Sédar Senghor, published in 1948 the first anthology of French-language poetry written by Africans, Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), featuring a preface by the French existentialist writer Jean-Paul Sartre.[10]

text: For many writers this emphasis was not restricted to their publishing. Many, indeed, suffered deeply and directly: censured for casting aside his artistic responsibilities in order to participate actively in warfare, Christopher Okigbo was killed in battle for Biafra against the Nigerian movement of the 1960s' civil war; Mongane Wally Serote was detained under South Africa's Terrorism Act No 83 of 1967 between 1969 and 1970, and subsequently released without ever having stood trial; in London in 1970, his countryman Arthur Norje committed suicide; Malawi's Jack Mapanje was incarcerated with neither charge nor trial because of an off-hand remark at a university pub; and, in 1995, Ken Saro-Wiwa was hanged by the Nigerian junta.

text: Postcolonial African literature[edit]

text: With liberation and increased literacy since most African nations gained their independence in the 1950s and 1960s, African literature has grown dramatically in quantity and in recognition, with numerous African works appearing in Western academic curricula and on "best of" lists compiled at the end of the 20th century.  African writers in this period wrote both in Western languages (notably English, French, and Portuguese) and in traditional African languages such as Hausa.

text: Ali A. Mazrui and others mention seven conflicts as themes: the clash between Africa's past and present, between tradition and modernity, between indigenous and foreign, between individualism and community, between socialism and capitalism, between development and self-reliance and between Africanity and humanity.[11] Other themes in this period include social problems such as corruption, the economic disparities in newly independent countries, and the rights and roles of women.  Female writers are today far better represented in published African literature than they were prior to independence.

text: In 1986, Wole Soyinka became the first post-independence African writer to win the Nobel Prize in literature. Previously, Algerian-born Albert Camus had been awarded the 1957 prize.

text: Contemporary developments[edit]

text: There is a lot of literary production in Africa since the beginning of the current decade (2010), even though readers do not always follow in large numbers.[12] One can also notice the appearance of certain writings that break with the academic style.[13] In addition, the shortage of literary critics can be explored on the continent nowadays.[14] Literary events seem to be very fashionable, including literary awards, some of which can be distinguished by their original concepts. The case of the Grand Prix of Literary Associations is quite illustrative.[15]

text: Literature published in Africa[edit]

text: Inaugurated in 1980 and running till 2009, the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa was presented for the outstanding work of the year published in Africa.[16]

text: Notable novels by African writers[edit]

text:
Peter Abrahams (South Africa): Mine Boy, This Island Now, A Wreath for Udomo
Chinua Achebe (Nigeria): Arrow of God, No Longer At Ease, Things Fall Apart, A Man of the People, Anthills of the Savannah
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (Nigeria): Purple Hibiscus, Half of a Yellow Sun
Fadhy Mtanga (Tanzania): Kizungumkuti,   Huba, Fungate
José Eduardo Agualusa (Angola): Rainy Season, Creole, The Book of Chameleons, My Father's Wives
Mohammed Naseehu Ali (Ghana): The Prophet of Zongo Street
Germano Almeida (Cape Verde): O dia das calças roladas, The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo
Elechi Amadi (Nigeria): The Concubine, The Great Ponds, Sunset in Biafra
Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana): The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, Two Thousand Seasons
Sefi Atta (Nigeria): Everything Good Will Come
Ayesha Harruna Attah (Ghana): Harmattan Rain
Mariama Bâ (Senegal): Une si longue lettre (So Long a Letter)
Nadifa Mohamed(Somalia) Black Mamba Boy, The Orchard of Lost Souls
Chris Barnard (South Africa): Bundu, Mahala
Mongo Beti (Cameroon): The Poor Christ of Bomba
Andre Brink (South Africa): 'n Droe Wit Seisoen (A Dry White Season), Gerugte van Reen (Rumours of Rain)
J. M. Coetzee (South Africa): Disgrace, Life & Times of Michael K
Mia Couto (Mozambique): Terra Sonâmbula (A Sleepwalking Land)
Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (Mozambique): Ualalapi
Luís Bernardo Honwana (Mozambique): Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos, We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories
Tsitsi Dangarembga (Zimbabwe): Nervous Conditions
Mohammed Dib (Algeria): La grande maison
E. K. M. Dido (South Africa): 'n Stringetjie Blou Krale (A String of Blue Beads), Die Storie van Monica Peters (The Story of Monica Peters)
Assia Djebar (Algeria): Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde
K. Sello Duiker (South Africa): Thirteen Cents, The Quiet Violence of Dreams
Buchi Emecheta (Nigeria): The Bride Price, The Joys of Motherhood
Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa (Nigeria): Ogboju odẹ ninu igbo irunmalẹ (The Forest of a Thousand Demons)
Nuruddin Farah (Somalia): From a Crooked Rib, Maps, Sweet and Sour Milk
Athol Fugard (South Africa): Tsotsi
Nadine Gordimer (South Africa): Burger's Daughter, The Conservationist, July's People
Alex La Guma (South Africa): In the Fog of the Seasons' End, The Stone-Country, Time of the Butcherbird, A Walk in the Night
Bessie Head (Botswana): When Rain Clouds Gather, Maru, A Question of Power
Moses Isegawa (Uganda): Abyssinian Chronicles
Rayda Jacobs (South Africa): The Slave Book, Eyes of the Sky, Confessions of a Gambler
Tahar Ben Jelloun (Morocco): The Sacred Night, The Sand Child, This Blinding Absence of Light
Cheikh Hamidou Kane (Senegal): L'Aventure Ambiguë
Yasmina Khadra (Algeria): The Swallows of Kabul
Camara Laye (Guinea): The African Child (L'Enfant noir), The Radiance of the King
Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt): The Beginning and the End, Cairo Trilogy, Children of Gebelawi, Midaq Alley
Charles Mangua (Kenya): A Tail in the Mouth
Sarah Ladipo Manyika (Nigeria): In Dependence
Dambudzo Marechera (Zimbabwe): The House of Hunger
Dalene Matthee (South Africa): Kringe in 'n bos (Circles in a Forest)
Zakes Mda (South Africa): Ways of Dying, The Heart of Redness
Thomas Mofolo (South Africa/Lesotho): Chaka
Bai Tamia Moore (Liberia): Murder in the Cassava Patch
Meja Mwangi (Kenya): Carcase for Hounds, Going Down River Road, Kill Me Quick
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Kenya): A Grain of Wheat, Matigari, Petals of Blood, Weep Not, Child, Wizard of the Crow
Lewis Nkosi (South Africa): Mandela's Ego, Mating Birds, Underground People
Flora Nwapa (Nigeria): Efuru, Idu, One is Enough, Never Again, Women are Different
Nnedi Okorafor (Nigeria): Zahrah the Windseeker
Ben Okri (Nigeria): The Famished Road
Deon Opperman (South Africa): Donkerland (Dark Land), Kruispad (Crossroad), Hartland (Heartland)
Yambo Ouologuem (Mali): Le Devoir de Violence
Alan Paton (South Africa): Cry, The Beloved Country
Pepetela (Angola) : Muana Puó, Mayombe, A Gloriosa Família
Sol Plaatje (South Africa): Mhudi
Nawal El Saadawi (Egypt) : Woman at Point Zero
Tayeb Salih (Sudan): Season of Migration to the North
Wilton Sankawulo (Liberia): Birds Are Singing
Karel Schoeman (South Africa): n Ander Land (Another Country), Na die Geliefde Land (Promised Land)
Olive Schreiner (South Africa): The Story of an African Farm
Benjamin Sehene (Rwanda): Le Feu sous la Soutane (Fire under the Cassock)
Ousmane Sembène (Senegal): Xala, The Black Docker (Le Docker Noir), God's Bits of Wood (Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu), The Last of the Empire (Le dernier de l'Empire), Tribal Scars (Voltaïque)
Wole Soyinka (Nigeria): The Interpreters, Seasons of Anomy,
Amos Tutuola (Nigeria): The Palm Wine Drinkard, My Life in the Bush of Ghosts, Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle, Feather Woman of the Jungle, he Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town, Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty
Marlene van Niekerk (South Africa): Triomf (Triumph)
Yvonne Vera (Zimbabwe): Butterfly Burning
José Luandino Vieira (Angola): Luanda
Joseph Jeffrey Walters (Liberia): Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess (1891)
Birhanu Zerihun (Ethiopia): Ye'imba debdabbéwoch ("Tearful Letters")

text: Notable African poets[edit]

text:
Abu-el-Qasim-el-Chebbi (Tunisia)
Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)
Ama Ata Aidoo (Ghana)
Georges Andriamanantena (Rado) (Madagascar)
Jared Angira (Kenya)
Kofi Anyidoho (Ghana)
Kofi Awoonor  (Ghana)
Fadhy Mtanga (Tanzania)
Sahlesillasse Birhanemariam (Ethiopia)
Breyten Breytenbach (South Africa)
Dennis Brutus (South Africa)
Glynn Burridge (Seychelles)
Abena Busia (Ghana)
John Pepper Clark (Nigeria)
José Craveirinha (Mozambique)
Viriato Clemente da Cruz (Angola)
Getinet Eniyew ( Ethiopia)
Tsegaye Gebremedhin (Ethiopia)
Abbe Gubenga (Ethiopia)
Hadraawi (Somalia)
Ingrid Jonker (South Africa)
Jonathan Kariara (Kenya)
Joseph Kariuki (Kenya)
Susan Kiguli (Uganda)
Ahmadou Kourouma (Ivory Coast)
Antjie Krog (South Africa)
Jack Mapanje (Malawi)
Eugene Marais (South Africa)
Don Mattera (South Africa)
Bai Tamia Moore(Liberia)
Togara Muzanenhamo (Zimbabwe)
K. Moses Nagbe (Liberia)
Arthur Nortje (South Africa)
Gabriel Okara (Nigeria)
Nii Parkes (Ghana)
Christopher Okigbo (Nigeria)
Ben Okri (Nigeria)
Okot P'Bitek (Uganda)
Lenrie Peters (Gambia)
Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (Madagascar)
Jacques Rabemananjara (Madagascar)
Elie Rajaonarison (Madagascar)
Ny Avana Ramanantoanina (Madagascar)
Pierre Randrianarisoa (Madagascar)
Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandraina (Dox) (Madagascar)
David Rubadiri (Malawi, Uganda)
Tijan Sallah (Gambia)
Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal)
Debede Seyfu (Ethiopia)
Bewketu Seyoum (Ethiopia)
Warsan Shire
Adam Small (South Africa)
Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)
Véronique Tadjo (Ivory Coast)
Arménio Vieira (Cape Verde)
Dagnachew Werku (Ethiopia)
Patricia Jabbeh Wesley (Liberia)