document_title: Memory development

question_text: when does a child develop long term memory

text: Memory development

text: Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Development[edit]

text: Declarative memory develops very rapidly throughout the first 2 years of life; infants of this age show evidence of cognitive development in many ways (e.g., increased attention, language acquisition, increasing knowledge). There is a difference in the brain development of explicit and implicit memory in infants. Implicit memory is controlled by an early-developing memory system in the brain that is present very early on, and can be explained by the early maturation of striatum, cerebellum, and brain stem, which are all involved in implicit learning and memory.[3]

text: Development of explicit memory depends on a later developing memory system in the brain that reaches maturity between 8 and 10 months of age. Explicit memory depends heavily on structures in the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and the parahippocampal cortex. Much of the brain system is formed before birth, however the dentate gyrus within the hippocampal formation has about 70% of the number of cells in adults.[4]

text: Rapid myelination of axons within the central nervous system occurs during first year of life which can dramatically increase the efficiency and speed of transmission in neurons. This can explain the higher processing speed of older infants as compared to younger ones.[5]

text: Working Memory[edit]

text: According to Baddeley's model of working memory, working memory is composed of three parts. First is the central executive which is responsible for a range of regulatory functions including attention, the control of action, and problem solving. Second, the phonological loop, which is specialized for the manipulation and retention of material in particular informational domains. Finally, the visuospatial sketchpad stores material in terms of its visual or spatial features. The strength of the relationships between the three components of working memory vary; the central executive is strongly linked with both the phonological loop as well as the visuospatial sketchpad which are both independent of each other. Some evidence indicates linear increases in performance of working memory from age 3-4 years through to adolescence.[6][7][8][9][10]

text: Central Executive[edit]

text: In children from 2-4, the memory storage capacity limitation constrains complex comprehension processes. As the child grows older however, less processing is necessary which opens more storage space for memory.[11][12][13]

text: Phonological Loop[edit]

text: Evidence indicates linear increases in performance from age 4 years through to adolescence. Prior to about 7 years of age, serial recall performance is mediated by the phonological store which is one component of the phonological loop. Preschool aged children do not use a subvocal rehearsal strategy to maintain decaying phonological representations in the store but instead they identify visual features of pictures in order to remember them. This is evident first by watching children for overt sign of rehearsal (for example lip movement) and second if the child is given nameable pictures, there are no differences in retrieval found for long versus short words. At the age of seven, children begin to use a subvocal rehearsal process to maximize retention in the phonological store. As development continues, nonauditory memory material is recoded into a phonological code suitable for the phonological loop when possible.[11]

text: Visuospatial Sketchpad[edit]

text: Younger children (under the age of 5) may be more dependent than older children or adults on using the visuospatial sketchpad to support immediate memory for visual material. Older children adopt a strategy of verbally recoding pictures where possible and also use the phonological loop to mediate performance of the “visual” memory task. Between the ages of 5 and 11, visual memory span increases substantially and it is at this point when adult levels of performance are reached.[11][10][13]

text: Long Term Memory[edit]

text: Explicit memory becomes much better over the developmental years. However, there are small effects of age on implicit memory, which could be because implicit memory involves more basic processes than declarative memory which would make it less affected by a child's developing cognitive skills and abilities.[citation needed]

text: Infants[edit]

text: Infants who are 5 months or older are able to use emotions to influence their memories. However, at this age, infants will be more likely to remember things that were characterized by positive emotions. The way that researchers study the memory capabilities of infants in this age range is through measuring eye movements between test images presented. After doing this initial round of testing, the researchers would conduct follow-up tests both 5 minutes later and one day later. The follow-up tests shown to the infants included two geometric shapes: one from the original test, and a new shape. The researchers were able to record how long the infants looked at the images in the follow-up tests and measured how long the infants stared at each shape. The infants were more likely to gaze at the geometric shapes from the original tests if they had been paired with positive voices than if they had been paired with neutral or negative voices. This study indicated that infants at this age would be able to better remember shapes and patterns of things if they were associated with positive emotions because positivity would increase the infants' interest and attention.[14]

text: Pre-school Children[edit]

text: Infants at as early as 7-months-old can conceptually differentiate between categories such as animals and vehicles. Although infants’ concepts may be crude by adult standards, they still allow infants to make meaningful semantic distinctions. An example is that infants can differentiate between items belonging to a kitchen and those items belonging to a bathroom.[15] At the very least, these categories lay a foundation for early knowledge development, organizing information in storage and influence future encoding. Infants from 16 months old are able to draw on their semantic knowledge in generalization and inference. This knowledge can also be used by older toddlers, 24-month-olds, to facilitate acquisition and retention of new information. Their knowledge of causal ordering of events can be used to help to recall the sequence of events.[citation needed]

text: Knowledge itself will not alter retention performance, rather how well that knowledge is structured will alter performance. Better retention was shown with information that had greater cohesion and more elaborative elements. Familiarity and repetition of an experience can also influence the organization of information in storage for preschoolers and older children.[16] Children who experienced an event twice recalled the event better 3 months later than did children who only experienced it once and showed equally good recall at 3 months compared to recall at 2 weeks after experiences.[citation needed]

text: School Age Children[edit]

text: Age differences in memory are attributed to age-correlated growth in the foundation of knowledge. What children know affects what they encode, how that information is organized in storage, and the manner in which it’s retrieved. The greater the background knowledge about the to-be-encoded information, the better that the information is remembered.[16] Because older children have more knowledge than younger children, older children perform better than younger children in most memory tasks. When familiarity and meaningfulness of material were equated across age, developmental differences in memory performance was no longer a factor.[citation needed]

text: Children’s use of memory strategies and the development of metamemory skills are also instrumental in age-related changes in memory, particularly later in childhood years.[17] Knowledge influences memory by affecting retrieval, by facilitating spread of activation among related items in memory and by facilitating the use of strategies. Knowledge also provides better elaboration of information which can strengthen its storage in memory.[citation needed]

text: Episodic Memory[edit]

text: By school age, the typical child shows skill in recalling details of past experiences and in organizing those details into a narrative form with cohesion. Memories formed at this age and beyond are more likely to stand the test of time over the years and be recalled in adulthood, compared to earlier memories. Young children can sometimes retain information from specific episodes over very long periods of time, but the particular information a child of a particular age is likely to retain over different periods of time is unpredictable. This depends on the nature of the memory event and individual differences in the child such as gender, parental style of communication, and language ability.[16]

text: Autobiographical Memory[edit]

text: The amount of information that is able to be recalled depends on the child’s age at the time of the event. Children at the age of 1-2 can recall personal events, though only in fragments when questioned several months later. Two-year-old children form autobiographical memories and remember them over periods of at least several months.[16]

text: Difficulty in assessing memory in young children can be attributed to their level of language skills; this is because memory tests usually occur in the form of a verbal report. It is unclear whether performance on memory assessments is due to poor memory for the event or to the inability to express what they remember in words. However, memory tests assessing performance with a nonverbal photograph recognition test and behavioral re-enactment showed that children had signs of recall from 27 months, as opposed to 33 months using verbal recall testing.[18]

text: Childhood Amnesia[edit]

text: Infantile amnesia is the tendency to have few autobiographical memories from below the age of 2-4.This can be attributed to lack of memory rehearsal; young children do not engage in rehearsal of remembered information. There are two theoretical explanations for why this may occur; although they take different approaches, they are not mutually exclusive of each other.[19] The development of a cognitive self is also thought by some to have an effect on encoding and storing early memories.[20][21][22]

text: Cognitive Self[edit]

text: Autobiographical memories can only begin to form after infants have developed a sense of self to whom events having personal significance can occur.[23] Evidence of a sense of self develops towards the end of the second year of life, in between 21 and 24 months of age. The development of a cognitive self provides a new framework from which memories can be organized. With this cognitive advancement, we see the emergence of autobiographical memory and the end of infantile amnesia.[24]

text: Social Cultural Influences[edit]

text: Language and culture play central roles in the early development of autobiographical memory. The manner in which parents discuss the past with their children and how elaborative they are in reminiscing affects how the child encodes the memory. Children whose parents talk in detail about the past are being provided with good opportunities to rehearse their memories. The parents’ use of language at the time in which the event occurred can also play a factor in how the child remembers the episode. Cultural differences in parenting styles and parent-child relationships can contribute to autobiographical memory at an early age.[25]

text: Memory Strategies[edit]

text: Memory strategies are ways in which individuals can organize the information that they are processing in order to enhance recall in the future. Memory strategies that are helpful may include but are not limited to verbal rehearsal or mnemonics. The use of memory strategies varies in both the types of strategies used as well as the effectiveness of the strategies used across different age groups.[26]

text: Metamemory[edit]

text: As children grow older, they show increasing evidence of metamemory which is the knowledge about their memory and how it works.[1] There is strong evidence that suggests that greater awareness and knowledge about ones memory leads to increased use of memory strategies and greater levels of recall.[27]

text: In children under 7, the relationship between metamemory, strategy use, and recall is generally very weak or absent. This can be seen when comparing older children (over the age of 7) and preschool children on sorting tasks where children are asked to sort objects into groups that go together (for example animals)and attempt to recall them.[28][29]

text: Preschool Children[edit]

text: Preschool children use simple tactics for remembering but do not use mental strategies and do not typically differentiate memory and perception. In order to remember objects, they tend to verbally name or visually inspect items and use memory strategies intermittently or inconsistently even if they are aware of how they can improve recall.[27] Memory Strategies are used more consistently by children if they are reminded and taught to use them each time they are processing something that should be remembered.[30]

text: By age 7[edit]

text: By the age of 7, the awareness of the benefits of memory strategies in learning generally arises. The goal is for children to recognize the advantage of using memory strategies such as categorizing rather than simply looking or naming.[31][29]

text: At this age, children spontaneously use rehearsal to enhance short-term memory performance and retrieval strategies begin to be used spontaneously without the guidance of others.[30]

text: Late Elementary School[edit]

text: In late elementary school, children engage in self-directed use of organization and demonstrate the ability to impose a semantic structure on the to-be-remembered items to guide memory performance. For example, if a child is packing their bag for school they can go through each part of their day and think of each item that they need to pack.[30] Children at this age understand the advantages of using memory strategies and make use of strategies like categorization over looking or naming if they are instructed to think about learning strategies prior to learning.[31]

text: Early Adolescence[edit]

text: In early adolescence, children begin to use elaborative rehearsal meaning that items are not simply kept in mind but rather are processed more deeply. They also prefer to use memory strategies such as categorization rather than simple rehearsal, looking or naming and use these strategies without needing to think about memory strategies prior to learning.[31]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball runs records

question_text: most runs scored by mlb team in season

question_tokens: most runs scored by mlb team in season

root

text: 1800+ career runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Runs[1]
Teams and seasons

Rickey Henderson
2295
Oakland Athletics (1979–84, 89–93, 94–95, 98), New York Yankees (1985–89), Toronto Blue Jays (1993), San Diego Padres (1996–97, 2001), Anaheim Angels (1997), New York Mets (1999–2000), Seattle Mariners (2000), Boston Red Sox (2002), Los Angeles Dodgers (2003)

Ty Cobb
2245
Detroit Tigers (1905–26), Philadelphia Athletics (1927–28)

Barry Bonds
2227
Pittsburgh Pirates (1986–92), San Francisco Giants (1993–2007)

Babe Ruth
2174
Boston Red Sox (1914–19), New York Yankees (1920–34), Boston Braves (1935)

Hank Aaron
2174
Mil-Atl Braves (1954–74), Milwaukee Brewers (1975–76)

Pete Rose
2165
Cincinnati Reds (1963–78, 84–86), Philadelphia Phillies (1979–83), Montréal Expos (1984)

Willie Mays
2062
NY-SF Giants (1951–52, 54–72), New York Mets (1972–73)

Alex Rodriguez
2002
Seattle Mariners (1994–2000), Texas Rangers (2001–03), New York Yankees (2004–2016)

Cap Anson
1999
Rockford Forest Citys (1871), Philadelphia Athletics (1872–75), Chicago Cubs (1876–97)

Stan Musial
1949
St. Louis Cardinals (1941–44, 46–63)

Derek Jeter
1923
New York Yankees (1995–2014)

Lou Gehrig
1888
New York Yankees (1923–39)

Tris Speaker
1882
Boston Red Sox (1907–15), Cleveland Indians (1916–26), Washington Senators (1927), Philadelphia Athletics (1928)

Mel Ott
1859
New York Giants (1926–47)

Craig Biggio
1844
Houston Astros (1988–2007)

Frank Robinson
1829
Cincinnati Reds (1956–65), Baltimore Orioles (1966–71), Los Angeles Dodgers (1972), California Angels (1973–74), Cleveland Indians (1974–76)

Eddie Collins
1821
Philadelphia Athletics (1906–14, 27–30), Chicago White Sox (1915–26)

Carl Yastrzemski
1816
Boston Red Sox (1961–83)

tag: table

text: Active players with 1500+ runs scored[edit]

text: (as of through 2017)

tag: p

text:
Player
Runs
Teams and seasons

Albert Pujols
1723
St. Louis Cardinals (2001–2011), Los Angeles Angels (2012–present)

text: Top 10 career runs scored leaders by league[edit]

text:
American League Player
Runs
National League Player
Runs

Ty Cobb
2245
Barry Bonds
2227

Babe Ruth
2161
Pete Rose
2165

Alex Rodriguez
2002
Hank Aaron
2107

Rickey Henderson
1939
Willie Mays
2062

Derek Jeter
1923
Stan Musial
1949

Lou Gehrig
1888
Mel Ott
1859

Tris Speaker
1882
Craig Biggio
1844

Eddie Collins
1821
Honus Wagner
1736

Carl Yastrzemski
1816
Cap Anson
1719

Ted Williams
1798
Paul Waner
1626

text: 155 runs scored in one season[edit]

text:
Player
Runs
Team[2]
Season

Billy Hamilton
192
Philadelphia Phillies
1894

Babe Ruth
177
New York Yankees
1921

Lou Gehrig
167
New York Yankees
1936

Billy Hamilton
166
Philadelphia Phillies
1895

Arlie Latham
163
St. Louis Cardinals (AA)
1887

Babe Ruth
163
New York Yankees
1928

Lou Gehrig
163
New York Yankees
1931

Hugh Duffy
160
Boston Beaneaters
1894

Bobby Lowe
158
Boston Beaneaters
1894

Babe Ruth
158
New York Yankees
1920

Babe Ruth
158
New York Yankees
1927

Chuck Klein
158
Philadelphia Phillies
1930

Rogers Hornsby
156
Chicago Cubs
1929

King Kelly
155
Chicago White Stockings
1886

Kiki Cuyler
155
Chicago Cubs
1930

text: Seven or more seasons with 120 runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Lou Gehrig[3]
12
1926–37 (New York Yankees)

Babe Ruth[4]
11
1920–21, 23–24, 26–32 (New York Yankees)

Sliding Billy Hamilton[5]
8
1889 (Kansas City Blues (AA)), 1890–92, 94–95 (Philadelphia Phillies), 1896–97 (Boston Beaneaters)

Jimmie Foxx[6]
8
1929–30, 32–34 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1936, 38–39 (Boston Red Sox)

Ted Williams[7]
8
1939–42, 46–49 (Boston Red Sox)

Alex Rodriguez[8]
8
1996, 98, 2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2005, 07 (New York Yankees)

Hugh Duffy[9]
7
1889 (Chicago White Stockings), 1890 (Chicago Pirates (PL)), 1891 (Boston Reds (AA)), 1892–94, 97 (Boston Beaneaters)

Willie Keeler[10]
7
1894–98 (Baltimore Orioles (NL)), 1899, 1901 (Brooklyn Superbas)

Charlie Gehringer[11]
7
1929–30, 34–38 (Detroit Tigers)

Barry Bonds[12]
7
1993, 96–98, 2000–01, 04 (San Francisco Giants)

text: Five or more consecutive seasons with 120 runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Lou Gehrig
12
1926–37 (New York Yankees)

Ted Williams
8
1939–42, 46–49 (Boston Red Sox)1

Babe Ruth
7
1926–32 (New York Yankees)

Hugh Duffy
6
1889 (Chicago White Stockings), 1890 (Chicago Pirates (PL)), 1891 (Boston Reds (AA)), 1892–94 (Boston Beaneaters)

Willie Keeler
6
1894–98 (Baltimore Orioles (NL)), 1899 (Brooklyn Superbas)

Jesse Burkett[13]
5
1893–97 (Cleveland Spiders (NL))

Charlie Gehringer
5
1934–38 (Detroit Tigers)

Mickey Mantle[14]
5
1954–58 (New York Yankees)

text: Eleven or more seasons with 100 runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Hank Aaron[15]
15
1955–67, 69–70 (Mil-Atl Braves)

Lou Gehrig
13
1926–38 (New York Yankees)

Alex Rodriguez
13
1996–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–08 (New York Yankees)

Derek Jeter[16]
13
1996–2002, 04–07, 09–10 (New York Yankees)

Rickey Henderson[17]
13
1980, 82–84, 90–91, 98 (Oakland Athletics), 85–86, 88 (New York Yankees), 89 (NY Yankees–Oak Athletics), 93 (Oak Athletics–Tor Blue Jays), 96 (San Diego Padres)

Charlie Gehringer
12
1927–30, 1932–38, 40 (Detroit Tigers)

Willie Mays[18]
12
1954–65 (NY-SF Giants)

George Van Haltren[19]
11
1889 (Chicago White Stockings), 91–92 (Baltimore Orioles), 93 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 94–1900 (New York Giants)

Ty Cobb[20]
11
1909–12, 15–17, 21, 23–24 (Detroit Tigers), 27 (Philadelphia Athletics)

Babe Ruth
11
1919 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–21, 23–24, 26–32 (New York Yankees)

Jimmie Foxx
11
1929–30, 32–35 (Philadelphia Athletics), 36–40 (Boston Red Sox)

Stan Musial[21]
11
1943–44, 46–54 (St. Louis Cardinals)

text: Nine or more consecutive seasons with 100 runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Lou Gehrig
13
1926–38 (New York Yankees)

Hank Aaron
13
1955–1967 (Milwaukee Braves) (Atlanta Braves)

Alex Rodriguez
13
1996–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–08 (New York Yankees)

Willie Mays
12
1954–65 (NY-SF Giants)

Stan Musial
11
1943–44, 46–54 (St. Louis Cardinals)

Billy Hamilton
10
1889 (Kansas City Blues (AA)), 1890–95 (Philadelphia Phillies), 1896–98 (Boston Beaneaters)

George Van Haltren
10
1891–92 (Baltimore Orioles), 93 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 94–1900 (New York Giants)

Harry Stovey[22]
9
1883–89 (Philadelphia Athletics (AA)), 1890 (Boston Reds (PL)), 1891 (Boston Beaneaters)

Mickey Mantle
9
1953–61 (New York Yankees)

Johnny Damon[23]
9
1998–2000 (Kansas City Royals), 2001 (Oakland Athletics), 02–05 (Boston Red Sox), 2006 (New York Yankees)

text: League leader in runs scored, 5 or more seasons[edit]

text:
Player
Titles[24]
Years and teams

Babe Ruth
8
1919 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–21, 1923–24, 1926–28 (New York Yankees)

Ted Williams
6
1940–42, 46–47, 49 (Boston Red Sox)

Mickey Mantle
6
1954, 56–58, 60–61 (New York Yankees)

Ty Cobb
5
1909–11, 15–16 (Detroit Tigers)

George Burns
5
1914, 16–17, 19–20 (New York Giants)

Rogers Hornsby
5
1921–22, 24, 27 (St. Louis Cardinals), 29 (Chicago Cubs)

Stan Musial
5
1946, 48, 51–52, 54 (St. Louis Cardinals)

Rickey Henderson
5
1981, 90 (Oakland Athletics), 85–86 (New York Yankees), 89 (NY Yankees–Oak Athletics)

Alex Rodriguez
5
1996 (Seattle Mariners), 2001, 03 (Texas Rangers), 05, 07 (New York Yankees)

Albert Pujols
5
2003-05,09-10 (St. Louis Cardinals)

text: League leader in runs scored, 3 or more consecutive seasons[edit]

text:
Player
Titles
Seasons & Teams

Harry Stovey
3
1883-85 Philadelphia Athletics (AA)

King Kelly
3
1884-85 Chicago White Stockings

Ty Cobb
3
1909-11 Detroit Tigers

Eddie Collins
3
1912-14 Philadelphia Athletics

Babe Ruth
3
1919 (Boston Red Sox), 20-21 (New York Yankees)

Babe Ruth
3
1926-28 (New York Yankees)

Chuck Klein
3
1930-32 (Philadelphia Phillies)

Ted Williams
3
1940-42 (Boston Red Sox)

Mickey Mantle
3
1956-58 (New York Yankees)

Pete Rose
3
1974-76 (Cincinnati Reds)

Albert Pujols
3
2003-05 (St. Louis Cardinals)

Mike Trout
3
2012-14 (Los Angeles Angels)

text: League leader in runs scored, both leagues[edit]

text:
Player
League, team and year

Frank Robinson
NL: Cincinnati Reds (1956), AL: Baltimore Orioles (1966)

text: League leader in runs scored, three different teams[edit]

text:
Player
Teams and years

Rogers Hornsby
St. Louis Cardinals (1921–22, 24), New York Giants (1927), Chicago Cubs (1929)

Alex Rodriguez
Seattle Mariners (1996), Texas Rangers (2001, 03), New York Yankees (2005)

text: 6 runs scored by an individual in one game[edit]

text: 1000 runs scored by a team in one season[edit]

text:
Runs
Team[25]
Season

1220
Boston Beaneaters
1894

1143
Philadelphia Phillies
1894

1131
St. Louis Cardinals
1887

1068
Philadelphia Phillies
1895

1067
New York Yankees
1931

1065
New York Yankees
1936

1062
New York Yankees
1930

1041
Chicago Colts
1894

1027
Boston Red Sox
1950

1025
Boston Beaneaters
1897

1021
Brooklyn Grooms
1894

1011
Philadelphia Phillies
1893

1009
Cleveland Indians
1999

1008
Boston Beaneaters
1893

1004
St. Louis Cardinals
1930

1002
New York Yankees
1932

text: One or more runs scored in each inning of a game[edit]

text:
Team
Date[26]
Opponent
Venue2
Score

Cleveland Spiders
August 15, 1889
Boston Beaneaters
League Park
19–8[27]

Washington Senators (NL)
June 22, 1894
Boston Beaneaters
Boundary Field
26–12[28]

Cleveland Spiders
July 12, 1894
Philadelphia Phillies
League Park
20–10[29]

Chicago Colts
June 29, 1897
Louisville Colonels
West Side Park
36–7[30]

Boston Americans
September 16, 1903
Cleveland Indians
Huntington Avenue Grounds
14–7[31]

New York Giants
June 1, 1923
Philadelphia Phillies
Baker Bowl
22–8[32]

Cleveland Indians
July 7, 19233
Boston Red Sox
League Park
27–3[33]

St. Louis Cardinals
June 9, 1935
Chicago Cubs
Sportsman Park III
13-2[34]

New York Yankees
July 26, 1939
St. Louis Browns
Yankee Stadium
14–1[35]

Chicago White Sox
May 11, 1949
Boston Red Sox
Comiskey Park
12–8[36]

St. Louis Cardinals
September 13, 1964
Chicago Cubs
Wrigley Field
15–2[37]

Chicago Cubs
September 1, 1978
Houston Astros
Wrigley Field
14-11[38]

Kansas City Royals
September 14, 1998
Oakland Athletics
Kauffman Stadium
16–6[39]

Colorado Rockies
May 5, 1999
Chicago Cubs
Wrigley Field
13–6[40]

Colorado Rockies
September 24, 2001
San Diego Padres
Coors Field
15-11[41]

New York Yankees
April 29, 2006
Toronto Blue Jays
Yankee Stadium
17–6[42]

Detroit Tigers
August 2, 2014
Colorado Rockies
Comerica Park
11–5[43]

Milwaukee Brewers
August 11, 2016
Atlanta Braves
Miller Park
11–3[44]

Chicago White Sox
September 12, 2016
Cleveland Indians
U.S. Cellular Field
11–4[45]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Ted Williams did not play 1943–45 due to military service in World War II.
The Chicago Colts, New York Giants, 1964 St. Louis Cardinals and 1999 Colorado Rockies accomplished their feats on the road, meaning they scored in all 9 innings they batted and are the sole instances of a team scoring a run in 9 innings. All remaining teams accomplished this feat at home, meaning they only scored in all 8 innings they batted.
Game 1 of a doubleheader.

tag: ol


document_title: Henry Scott Holland

question_text: when was death is nothing at all written

text: Henry Scott Holland

text: Family and education[edit]

text: He was born at Ledbury, Herefordshire, the son of George Henry Holland (1818–1891) of Dumbleton Hall, Evesham, and of the Hon. Charlotte Dorothy Gifford, the daughter of Lord Gifford. He was educated at Eton where he was a pupil of the influential Master William Johnson Cory, and at the Balliol College of the University of Oxford where he took a first class degree in Greats. During his Oxford time he was greatly influenced by T.H. Green. He had the Oxford degrees of DD, MA, and Honorary DLitt.

text: Religious and political activity[edit]

text: After graduation, he was elected as a Student (fellow) of Christ Church, Oxford. In 1884, he left Oxford for St Paul's Cathedral where he was appointed canon.

text: He was keenly interested in social justice and formed PESEK (Politics, Economics, Socialism, Ethics and Christianity) which blamed capitalist exploitation for contemporary urban poverty. In 1889, he formed the Christian Social Union.[1]

text: In 1910, he was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford University, a post he held until his death in 1918. He is buried in the churchyard of All Saints church, Cuddesdon near Oxford. Because of his surname, Mary Gladstone referred to him affectionately as "Flying Dutchman" and Fliegende Hollander.[2]

text: While at St Paul’s Cathedral Holland delivered a sermon in May 1910 following the death of King Edward VII, titled Death the King of Terrors, in which he explores the natural but seemingly contradictory responses to death: the fear of the unexplained and the belief in continuity. It is from his discussion of the latter that perhaps his best-known writing, Death is nothing at all, is drawn:

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The King of Terrors

text: Death is nothing at all. It does not count. I have only slipped away into the next room. Nothing has happened. Everything remains exactly as it was. I am I, and you are you, and the old life that we lived so fondly together is untouched, unchanged. Whatever we were to each other, that we are still. Call me by the old familiar name. Speak of me in the easy way which you always used. Put no difference into your tone. Wear no forced air of solemnity or sorrow. Laugh as we always laughed at the little jokes that we enjoyed together. Play, smile, think of me, pray for me. Let my name be ever the household word that it always was. Let it be spoken without an effort, without the ghost of a shadow upon it. Life means all that it ever meant. It is the same as it ever was. There is absolute and unbroken continuity. What is this death but a negligible accident? Why should I be out of mind because I am out of sight? I am but waiting for you, for an interval, somewhere very near, just round the corner. All is well. Nothing is hurt; nothing is lost. One brief moment and all will be as it was before. How we shall laugh at the trouble of parting when we meet again!

text: The frequent use of this passage has provoked some criticism that it fails to accurately reflect either Holland's theology as a whole, or the focus of the sermon in particular.[3] What has not provoked as much criticism is the affinity of Holland's passage to St. Augustine's thoughts in his 4th Century letter 263 to Sapida, in which he writes that Sapida's brother and their love, although he has died, still are there, like gold that still is yours even if you save it in some locker.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Andrew Bradstock, Christopher Rowland, eds, Radical Christian Writings: A Reader (John Wiley & Sons, 2008), 193.
Jump up ^ Gladstone Drew, Mary (1974). "Chapter III: HENRY SCOTT HOLLAND". Acton, Gladstone and others. p. 57. Retrieved February 7, 2015. My name for him was the "Flying Dutchman" or the "Fliegende Hollander." He was in some sense associated with wings.
Jump up ^ The King Of Terrors: The Theology Of Henry Scott Holland

text: Sources[edit]

text:
George William Erskine Russell, Prime Ministers and Some Others, available at [1]
The Times obituary

tag: ul


document_title: Raj Mistry

question_text: what is the meaning of raj mistri in english

text: Raj Mistry

text: Raj Mistry or Raj Mistri is a term used in the Indian sub-continent which refers to those who are master craftsmen, expert masons, foremen,  and construction supervisors[1][2][3] or a person who has mastered his skill in field of construction and also has a knowledge of Vastu and hence a vastukar.[4][5]

text: When an individual wants a house or building to be constructed, a Raj Mistry is contacted, given an idea of the size and numbers of rooms wanted, and other details such as doors, windows, height and is entrusted with this information. [1] A Rajmistri (master mason) works with an assistant (jogali), who is less skilled and may achieve the status of raj mistri in due time. He also hires manual labor, if necessary, as well as a carpenter (kath-mistri). If there is to be a septic tank, the Raj Mistri builds the tank, though the soak-pit would be dug by the laborers.[6]

text: In earlier days, Raj Mistry were employed for their services by Kings and were appointed as head craftsman of the Kingdom, just like Mistry or Gaidher. The term Raj means King in literal terms and Mistri refers to a master mason. So, it seems that those Mistry, who were appointed by the King as Chief Mason of the Kingdom, began to be called as Raj Mistry.

text: Raj Mistry were also known to be employed by jail authorities, and tasked with getting mason work and other labor completed using convicts.[7]

text: Raj Mistry Surname:-

text: Descendants of professional Raj Mistry or Raj Mistry caste, often started using Raj Mistry as surnames and many people of India or Indian origin use these as their last name.[8][9][10]

text: Raj Mistry Caste:-

text: Raj Mistry are a Hindu as well as Muslim[11] community mainly spread out in Northern and Western parts of India. The earlier British records of British India contain mentions of a tribe or caste named Raj Mistry, recorded in the census of 1891, but there are no mention of them in the later censuses of India or Pakistan.[12] The term Raj Mistri was also used in the Muslim community.


document_title: FIFA World Cup qualification

question_text: how many countries qualify for the world cup in europe

text: FIFA World Cup qualification

text: History[edit]

text: Over many years, the World Cup's qualification has evolved, from having no qualification at all in 1930, when the tournament was invitational and only 13 teams entered, to the current two-year process. The first World Cup qualifying match was played on 11 June 1933 when Sweden defeated Estonia 6–2 in Stockholm. The first ever goal in a World Cup qualifying match was scored 7 minutes into the game: it was scored according to some sources by Swedish captain Knut Kroon, or according to other sources by Estonian goalkeeper Evald Tipner (own goal).

text: While the number of teams which qualified for the finals has increased steadily, from 16 between 1934 and 1978, to 24 between 1982 and 1994, and finally to 32 starting from 1998, the qualification format has been basically the same throughout the history of the World Cup. The teams have been grouped continentally, and they competed for a fixed number of places, with one or two places awarded to the winners of intercontinental play-offs.

text: Qualification spots by continent[edit]

text: The table below lists the numbers of spots allocated by FIFA for each continent in each tournament. If no places were allocated to a continent, such as in the case of Oceania prior to 1966 and Africa in 1950, this does not indicate an exclusion of those continents by FIFA, but rather that no country of those continents made an entry to the aforementioned Cups.[1]

text: A large part of Africa was under colonial rule during part of the 20th century, mainly the first half of the century. As of 1954, only 3 African countries were affiliated to FIFA: Egypt, in 1923, Sudan, in 1948, and Ethiopia, in 1952.[2] Sudan and Ethiopia made entries for no Cup prior to 1958. Egypt made entries for the 1934, 1938 and 1954 Cups, though not for the 1930 and 1950 Cups. Though an African country, Egypt entered in 1938 and 1954 in the European group, therefore the table below gives no data about Africa for these two Cups.

text: Places in the intercontinental play-offs count as 0.5 spots. Numbers in bold represent the winners of the intercontinental play-offs. "+C" denotes an additional spot for defending champions. "+H" denotes an additional spot for hosts.

text:
Places allocated for continents

Continental zone
1934

(16)
1938

(15)1
1950

(13)2
1954

(16)
1958

(16)
1962

(16)
1966

(16)
1970

(16)
1974

(16)
1978

(16)
1982

(24)
1986

(24)
1990

(24)
1994

(24)
1998

(32)
2002

(32)
2006

(32)6
2010

(32)
2014

(32)
2018

(32)
2022

(32)
2026

(48)

Africa
1
0
0.53
0.54
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
5
5
5
5
+H
5
5
5
9

Asia
1
12
1
0.54
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3.5
2.5
+2H
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
+H
8

Oceania
Did Not Exist
0.5
0.5
0.255
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1

Europe
12
111
+C+H
72
+C
11
+H
9.53
+C+H
8+4
2×0.5
9
+H
8
+C
8.5
+H
8.5
+C
13
+H
12.5
+C
13
+H
12
+C
14
+H
13.5
+C
13
+H
13
13
13
+H
13
16

North and Central America
and Caribbean
1
1
2
1
1
0.5
1
1
+H
1
1
2
1
+H
2
1.255
+H
3
3
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
6

South America
2
1
4
+H
1
+C
3
3.5
+C+H
3
+C
3
2.5
+C
2.5
+H
3
+C
4
2.5
+C
3.55
4
+C
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
+H
4.5
4.5
6

Play-Off Tournament
Did Not Exist
2

Total
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
24
24
24
24
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
48

text: Qualification competition entrants over time[edit]

text: The number of teams entering the qualification process and the number of matches played have been steadily growing over time. Though an African country, Egypt entered in 1938 and 1954 into the European group, therefore being zero the below indicator as for Africa in these years.

text:
Number of teams entering qualification (including automatic qualifiers)

Continental zone
1934

(16)
1938

(15)
1950

(13)
1954

(16)
1958

(16)
1962

(16)
1966

(16)
1970

(16)
1974

(16)
1978

(16)
1982

(24)
1986

(24)
1990

(24)
1994

(24)
1998

(32)
2002

(32)
2006

(32)
2010

(32)
2014

(32)
2018

(32)
2022

(32)
2026

(48)

Africa
3
0
0
0
11
6
21
13
24
26
29
29
26
40
38
51
51
53
52
54

Asia
2
4
3
5
7
18
22
21
27
26
29
36
42
39
43
43
46

Oceania1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
5
7
10
10
12
11
11
11

Europe
21
26
19
29
29
30
33
31
33
32
34
33
33
39
50
51
52
53
53
54

North and Central America
and Caribbean2
4
7
3
5
6
8
10
14
14
17
15
18
16
23
30
35
34
35
35
35

South America
4
2
8
6
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
10

Total entrants
32
37
34
45
55
56
74
75
99
107
109
121
116
147
174
199
198
2054
204
210

Teams played3
27
21
19
33
46
49
51
68
90
95
103
110
103
130
168
193
194
2004
203
208

Matches played
27
22
26
57
89
92
127
172
226
252
306
308
314
497
643
777
847
853
828
872

Goals scored
141
96
121
208
341
325
393
542
620
723
797
801
735
1446
1922
2452
2464
2344
2303
2454

Average goals per match
5.22
4.36
4.65
3.65
3.83
3.53
3.09
3.15
2.74
2.87
2.60
2.60
2.34
2.91
2.99
3.16
2.91
2.75
2.81
2.81

text:
1 Because the Oceania Football Confederation has used the World Cup Qualifiers as a phase of (or as the entire) OFC Nations Cup, there is the possibility that non-FIFA countries may play in matches that double as World Cup qualifiers. In the 2006 qualifiers, New Caledonia were included in the tournament although they were not FIFA members at the date of close of entries. They are, however, included in the 12 nations listed as they joined FIFA during the course of qualification, even though they had been technically eliminated from contention a few days earlier (a similar situation occurred in the entries for 2010, with Montenegro's entry accepted prior to their admission by FIFA). By contrast, Tuvalu competed in the 2007 South Pacific Games football tournament, which doubled as qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup. As they were not FIFA members at the time of the completion of the competition, they are not included in the 11 OFC entrants, although their results counted towards the qualification of other teams.

2 From 1973 to 1989, the CONCACAF Championship and its qualifying tournament determined CONCACAF's entrant in the World Cup. The confederation's champion qualified outright.

3 "Teams played" is the total number of teams that played at least one qualifying match.

4 This number includes Tuvalu (see note 1) and South Africa. Although South Africa qualified automatically for 2010 as hosts, they competed in the CAF qualifiers, becoming the first hosts to compete in World Cup qualifying since 1934. This is because the Confederation of African Football used its 2010 World Cup qualifiers as the qualifying phase for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations, a tournament for which South Africa had attempted to qualify.

text: First appearance in qualification by team[edit]

text: Note: Only teams that played at least one match are considered for the purposes of first appearance. Teams that withdrew prior to the qualification, or that qualified to the World Cup by walkover due to other teams' withdrawals, are not considered.

text:
World Cup
Europe
South America
North, Central America and Caribbean
Asia
Africa
Oceania
Total

1934
 Austria
 Belgium
 Bulgaria
 Czechoslovakia[A]
 Estonia
 France
 Germany[B]
 Greece
 Hungary
 Irish Free State[C]
 Italy[D]
 Lithuania
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Poland
 Portugal
 Romania
 Spain
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 Yugoslavia[E]
none
 Cuba
 Haiti
 Mexico
 United States
 Palestine, British Mandate[F]
 Egypt[G]
none
27

1938
 Finland
 Latvia
 Norway
none
none
none
none
none
3

1950
 England
 Ireland[H]
 Scotland
 Turkey[I]
 Wales
none
none
 Syria
none
none
6

1954
 Saar
 Brazil[J]
 Chile[K]
 Paraguay[L]
none
 Japan[M]
 South Korea
none
none
6

1958
 Denmark
 East Germany
 Iceland
 Soviet Union[N]
 Argentina[O]
 Bolivia[P]
 Colombia[Q]
 Peru[R]
 Uruguay[S]
 Canada
 Costa Rica[T]
 Guatemala
 Territory of Curaçao[U]
 China PR
 Indonesia[V]
 Sudan
none
16

1962
 Cyprus[W]
 Ecuador[X]
 Dutch Guyana[Y]
 Honduras
none
 Ethiopia
 Ghana
 Morocco
 Nigeria
 Tunisia
none
9

1966
 Albania
 Venezuela[Z]
 Jamaica
 Trinidad and Tobago
 North Korea
none
 Australia
6

1970
none
none
 Bermuda
 El Salvador[AA]
none
 Algeria[AB]
 Cameroon[AC]
 Libya[AD]
 Rhodesia[AE]
 Senegal[AF]
 Zambia
 New Zealand
9

1974
 Malta
none
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Puerto Rico
 Hong Kong
 Iran
 Iraq
 Kuwait
 Malaysia
 South Vietnam[AG]
 Thailand
 Congo
 Dahomey[AH]
 Guinea[AI]
 Ivory Coast
 Kenya
 Lesotho
 Mauritius
 Sierra Leone
 Tanzania
 Togo
 Zaire[AJ]
none
21

1978
none
none
 Barbados
 Dominican Republic
 Guyana
 Panama
 Bahrain
 Qatar
 Republic of China[AK]
 Saudi Arabia
 Singapore
 Malawi
 Mauritania
 Niger
 Uganda
 Upper Volta[AL]
none
14

1982
none
none
 Grenada
 Macau
 Gambia
 Liberia[AM]
 Madagascar[AN]
 Mozambique
 Somalia
 Fiji
8

1986
none
none
none
 Bangladesh
 Brunei
 Jordan
 India[AO]
   Nepal
 North Yemen[AP]
 South Yemen
 United Arab Emirates[AQ]
 Angola
none
9

1990
none
none
none
 Oman[AR]
 Pakistan
 Gabon[AS]
none
3

1994
 Faroe Islands
 San Marino
none
 Nicaragua
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Lebanon[AT]
 Sri Lanka[AU]
 Botswana
 Burundi
 Namibia
 South Africa
 Swaziland
 Solomon Islands
 Tahiti
 Vanuatu
15

1998
 Armenia
 Azerbaijan
 Belarus
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Croatia
 Georgia
 Liechtenstein[AV]
 Macedonia
 Moldova
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
 Ukraine
none
 Aruba
 Belize
 Cayman Islands
 Dominica
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Cambodia
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Maldives[AW]
 Philippines[AX]
 Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan
 Uzbekistan
 Guinea-Bissau
 Rwanda[AY]
 Cook Islands
 Papua New Guinea
 Tonga
 Western Samoa[AZ]
31

2002
 Andorra
none
 Anguilla
 Bahamas[BA]
 British Virgin Islands
 Montserrat
 Turks and Caicos Islands
 U.S. Virgin Islands
 Guam
 Laos
 Mongolia
 Palestine
 Cape Verde
 Central African Republic[BB]
 Chad
 Djibouti
 Equatorial Guinea
 Eritrea
 Mali[BC]
 São Tomé and Príncipe[BD]
 Seychelles
 American Samoa
21

2006
none
none
none
 Afghanistan
none
 New Caledonia
2

2010
 Montenegro
none
none
 Myanmar[BE]
 Timor-Leste
 Comoros
 Tuvalu[BF]
5

2014
none
none
none
none
none
none
0

2018
 Gibraltar
 Kosovo
none
none
 Bhutan[BG]
 South Sudan
none
4

Total
215[BH]

text:
^ The Czechoslovakia team was officially renamed as the  Representation of Czechs and Slovaks during the 1994 qualification, and was then succeeded by the  Czech Republic (first appearance: 1998).
^ Germany was later succeeded by  West Germany (first appearance: 1954), which in turn was succeeded by the reunified  Germany (first appearance: 1994).
^ The Irish Free State was later succeeded by  Ireland (first appearance: 1950), which later became officially known as the  Republic of Ireland (first appearance: 1954).
^ Italy had to qualify for the tournament despite being the host.
^ The  Kingdom of Yugoslavia was later succeeded by the  Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (first appearance: 1950), which was then succeeded by the  Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (first appearance: 1998), which was later renamed as  Serbia and Montenegro (first appearance: 2006), which in turn was succeeded by  Serbia (first appearance: 2010).
^ Mandatory Palestine was later succeeded by  Israel (first appearance: 1950).
^ Egypt was later succeeded by the  United Arab Republic, a political union between Egypt and Syria, which entered the 1962 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches. Later, Egypt entered the 1966 qualification independently but still under the name "United Arab Republic", but withdrew yet again before playing any matches. The team's first appearance after it changed its name back to  Egypt came in 1974.
^ Ireland was later succeeded by  Northern Ireland (first appearance: 1954).
^ Turkey entered the 1934 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Brazil entered the 1934 and 1938 qualifications, but on both occasions qualified by walkover due to other teams' withdrawals. It also qualified automatically for the 1950 World Cup as host.
^ Chile entered the 1934 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches. It also entered the 1950 qualification, but qualified by walkover due to other teams' withdrawals.
^ Paraguay entered the 1950 qualification, but qualified by walkover due to other teams' withdrawals.
^ Japan entered the 1938 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ The Soviet Union was later succeeded by  Russia (first appearance: 1994).
^ Argentina entered the 1934 qualification, but qualified by walkover due to other teams' withdrawals. It also entered the 1938 and 1950 qualifications, but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Bolivia entered the 1950 qualification, but qualified by walkover due to other teams' withdrawals.
^ Colombia entered the 1938 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Peru entered the 1934, 1950 and 1954 qualifications, but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Uruguay entered the 1950 qualification, but qualified by walkover due to other teams' withdrawals. It also qualified automatically for the 1954 World Cup as defending champion.
^ Costa Rica entered the 1938 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ The  Territory of Curaçao (six islands) was later succeeded by the  Netherlands Antilles (first appearance: 1962), which in turn was succeeded by  Curaçao (one island; first appearance: 2014).
^ Indonesia entered the 1938 qualification as  Dutch East Indies, but qualified by walkover due to other teams' withdrawals. It also entered the 1950 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Cyprus entered the 1958 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Ecuador entered the 1950 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Dutch Guyana entered the 1938 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches. It was later succeeded by  Suriname (first appearance: 1978).
^ Venezuela entered the 1958 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ El Salvador entered the 1938 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Algeria entered the 1966 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Cameroon entered the 1966 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Libya entered the 1966 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Rhodesia was later succeeded by  Zimbabwe (first appearance: 1982).
^ Senegal entered the 1966 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ South Vietnam was later succeeded by  Vietnam (first appearance: 1994).
^ Dahomey was later renamed as  Benin (first appearance: 1986).
^ Guinea entered the 1966 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Zaire was renamed as  DR Congo during the 1998 qualification.
^ The Republic of China entered the 1954 and 1958 qualifications, but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches. It later became officially known as  Chinese Taipei (first appearance: 1982).
^ Upper Volta was later renamed as  Burkina Faso (first appearance: 1990).
^ Liberia entered the 1966 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Madagascar entered the 1974 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ India entered the 1950 qualification, but qualified by walkover due to other teams' withdrawals, and subsequently withdrew from participation in the finals. It also entered the 1974 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ North Yemen was later succeeded by  Yemen (first appearance: 1994).
^ The United Arab Emirates entered the 1978 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Oman entered the 1986 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Gabon entered the 1966 and 1974 qualifications, but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Lebanon entered but was disqualified during the 1986 qualification, and the team's matches from that campaign were annulled.
^ Sri Lanka entered the 1974 and 1978 qualifications, but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Liechtenstein entered the 1994 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ The Maldives entered the 1990 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ The Philippines entered the 1950 and 1974 qualifications, but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Rwanda entered the 1990 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Western Samoa entered the 1994 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches. It was later renamed as  Samoa (first appearance: 2002).
^ The Bahamas entered the 1998 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ The Central African Republic entered the 1978 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches. It also entered the 1982 qualification, but was disqualified before playing any matches.
^ Mali entered the 1966, 1994 and 1998 qualifications, but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches.
^ São Tomé and Príncipe entered the 1994 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Myanmar entered the 1950 (as  Burma), 1994 and 2002 qualifications, but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Tuvalu was not a member of FIFA at the time of qualification and had not entered the FIFA World Cup, although matches in the Football tournament of the South Pacific Games did count towards the qualification tournament for the OFC, and Tuvalu's results did count in determining advancement from this stage.
^ Bhutan entered the 2010 qualification, but withdrew before playing any matches.
^ Confederation subtotals are not given because a few teams have appeared in World Cup qualifiers in multiple confederations.

text: National teams results in World Cup preliminary competition (1934–2018)[edit]

text:
Legend

Team has won the World Cup

Team has qualified for the main tournament through a qualifying process

Team has qualified for the main tournament only by walkover (Cuba, and Indonesia as Dutch East Indies)

Team has qualified for the main tournament by walkover but hasn't participated there because it withdrew (India)

Team hasn't qualified for the main tournament but is assured of an automatic spot in 2022 as host (Qatar)

Team hasn't qualified for the main tournament

Defunct team that has qualified for the main tournament (East Germany)

Defunct team that never qualified for the main tournament (Saar and South Yemen)

Team is not a member of FIFA and is not eligible for the main tournament (Tuvalu)

text: Up to and including the 2018 qualification.

text:
Rank
Team
App's[n 1]
Overall qualification record
Points[n 2]
Confederation

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Total
Avg

1
 Mexico
16
175
113
37
25
436
126
+310
376
2.149
CONCACAF

2
 Costa Rica
16
172
85
43
44
295
176
+119
298
1.733
CONCACAF

3
 Australia
14
141
82
36
23
362
113
+249
282
2.000
AFC

4
 South Korea
14
135
82
36
17
264
86
+178
282
2.089
AFC

5
 Netherlands
18
125
82
24
19
296
93
+203
270
2.160
UEFA

6
 Spain
18
117
81
25
11
276
76
+200
268
2.291
UEFA

7
 Iran
10
128
78
34
16
267
81
+186
268
2.094
AFC

8
 United States
18
154
77
36
41
266
181
+85
267
1.734
CONCACAF

9
 Sweden
19
131
80
21
30
267
121
+146
261
1.992
UEFA

10
 Portugal
20
139
76
33
30
262
139
+123
261
1.878
UEFA

11
 Argentina
13
136
75
36
25
235
127
+108
261
1.919
CONMEBOL

12
 Serbia (2010—)
 Serbia and Montenegro (2006)
 FR Yugoslavia (1998–2002)
 SFR Yugoslavia (1950–1990)
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1934–1938)
19
128
75
31
22
269
114
+155
256
2.000
UEFA

13
 Belgium
19
133
77
25
31
277
141
+136
256
1.925
UEFA

14
 Czech Republic (1998—)
 Representation of Czechs and Slovaks (1994)
 Czechoslovakia (1934–1994)
19
138
75
29
34
266
116
+150
254
1.841
UEFA

15
 England
16
112
76
25
11
275
67
+208
253
2.259
UEFA

16
 Uruguay
16
154
69
42
43
218
164
+54
249
1.617
CONMEBOL

17
 Italy
16
109
74
26
9
221
69
+152
248
2.275
UEFA

18
 Honduras
14
150
69
40
41
255
173
+82
247
1.647
CONCACAF

19
 Russia (1994—)
 Soviet Union (1958–1990)
15
115
73
23
19
227
75
+152
242
2.104
UEFA

20
 Germany (1994—)
 West Germany (1954–1990)
 Germany (1934–1938)
14
94
74
18
2
292
70
+222
240
2.553
UEFA

21
 Brazil
12
110
68
30
12
240
70
+170
234
2.127
CONMEBOL

22
 Saudi Arabia
11
118
68
28
22
232
93
+139
232
1.966
AFC

23
 Japan
14
120
68
26
26
247
85
+162
230
1.917
AFC

24
 Paraguay
17
154
66
30
58
201
189
+12
228
1.481
CONMEBOL

25
 Romania
17
128
67
26
35
223
134
+89
227
1.773
UEFA

26
  Switzerland
19
132
64
33
35
205
146
+59
225
1.705
UEFA

27
 France
17
111
65
23
23
216
88
+128
218
1.964
UEFA

28
 El Salvador
13
140
63
28
49
233
168
+65
217
1.550
CONCACAF

29
 Colombia
16
152
57
46
49
180
159
+21
217
1.428
CONMEBOL

30
 China PR
11
108
66
16
26
230
74
+156
214
1.981
AFC

31
 Scotland
18
125
62
28
35
192
136
+56
214
1.712
UEFA

32
 Chile
15
146
61
29
56
217
195
+22
212
1.452
CONMEBOL

33
 Republic of Ireland (1954—)
 Ireland (1950)
 Irish Free State (1934–1938)
20
141
56
43
42
199
169
+30
211
1.496
UEFA

34
 Bulgaria
19
129
60
27
42
209
177
+32
207
1.605
UEFA

35
 Austria
18
123
59
28
36
212
136
+76
205
1.667
UEFA

36
 Nigeria
14
104
58
30
16
176
78
+98
204
1.962
CAF

37
 Denmark
15
122
58
30
34
212
141
+71
204
1.672
UEFA

38
 Poland
18
117
60
21
36
228
143
+85
201
1.718
UEFA

39
 Hungary
18
122
58
26
38
216
163
+53
200
1.639
UEFA

40
 Tunisia
14
104
57
28
19
180
84
+96
199
1.913
CAF

41
 Trinidad and Tobago
14
137
55
27
55
201
183
+18
192
1.401
CONCACAF

42
 Morocco
14
111
51
38
22
150
80
+70
191
1.721
CAF

43
 Greece
19
128
54
29
45
159
171
−12
191
1.492
UEFA

44
 Guatemala
15
122
49
31
42
194
150
+44
178
1.459
CONCACAF

45
 Canada
14
117
48
34
35
161
136
+25
178
1.521
CONCACAF

46
 New Zealand
13
96
53
18
25
221
99
+122
177
1.844
OFC

47
 Cameroon
13
87
51
22
14
144
66
+78
175
2.011
CAF

48
 Egypt
14
93
52
19
22
165
89
+76
175
1.882
CAF

49
 Ecuador
15
143
47
33
63
169
202
−33
174
1.217
CONMEBOL

50
 Qatar
11
112
50
22
40
181
121
+60
172
1.536
AFC

51
 Iraq
11
101
48
24
29
201
103
+98
168
1.663
AFC

52
 Uzbekistan
6
94
49
19
26
177
95
+82
166
1.766
AFC

53
 Peru
16
149
43
37
69
164
211
−47
166
1.114
CONMEBOL

54
 Turkey
17
128
47
24
57
176
187
−11
165
1.289
UEFA

55
 Northern Ireland (1954—)
 Ireland (1950)
18
134
43
36
55
149
161
−12
165
1.231
UEFA

56
 Norway
18
126
44
30
52
170
178
−8
162
1.286
UEFA

57
 Kuwait
12
93
48
14
31
160
92
+68
158
1.699
AFC

58
 Zambia
13
96
45
20
31
145
88
+57
155
1.615
CAF

59
 Israel (1950—)
 Palestine, British Mandate (1934–1938)
20
122
40
34
48
166
178
−12
154
1.262
UEFA

60
 Ivory Coast
11
78
41
25
12
144
67
+77
148
1.897
CAF

61
 United Arab Emirates
9
97
42
20
35
161
111
+50
146
1.505
AFC

62
 Bolivia
16
150
39
29
82
177
284
−107
146
0.973
CONMEBOL

63
 Ghana
13
83
40
22
21
132
66
+66
142
1.711
CAF

64
 Algeria
13
89
39
24
26
124
92
+32
141
1.584
CAF

65
 Jamaica
11
104
37
27
40
115
132
−17
138
1.327
CONCACAF

66
 Wales
18
120
37
26
57
151
170
−19
137
1.142
UEFA

67
 North Korea
10
83
39
19
25
116
77
+39
136
1.639
AFC

68
 Haiti
14
90
39
17
34
152
120
+32
134
1.489
CONCACAF

69
 Syria
14
84
36
20
28
174
97
+77
128
1.524
AFC

70
 Ukraine
6
70
35
22
13
108
52
+56
127
1.814
UEFA

71
 Croatia
6
62
36
18
8
108
47
+61
126
2.032
UEFA

72
 DR Congo (1998—)
 Zaire (1974–1998)
10
76
36
17
23
128
84
+44
125
1.645
CAF

73
 Finland
19
129
32
23
74
134
287
−153
119
0.922
UEFA

74
 Bahrain
10
88
31
25
32
105
94
+11
118
1.341
AFC

75
 Guinea
12
75
35
10
30
114
97
+17
115
1.533
CAF

76
 Slovakia
6
64
32
14
18
110
64
+46
110
1.719
UEFA

77
 Oman
8
70
29
19
22
115
70
+45
106
1.514
AFC

78
 Panama
11
94
27
22
45
104
157
−53
103
1.096
CONCACAF

79
 Iceland
13
106
28
19
59
116
215
−99
103
0.972
UEFA

80
 Senegal
12
63
26
22
15
90
56
+34
100
1.587
CAF

81
 Venezuela
13
140
25
25
90
120
314
−194
100
0.714
CONMEBOL

82
 Jordan
9
70
28
14
28
105
92
+13
98
1.400
AFC

83
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
6
58
28
10
20
112
69
+43
94
1.621
UEFA

84
 Angola
9
61
24
22
15
79
57
+22
94
1.541
CAF

85
 South Africa
7
50
28
8
14
66
45
+21
92
1.840
CAF

86
 Slovenia
6
62
25
15
22
81
68
+13
90
1.452
UEFA

87
 Thailand
12
89
24
18
47
116
156
−40
90
1.011
AFC

88
 Burkina Faso (1990—)
 Upper Volta (1978)
8
60
26
10
24
87
78
+9
88
1.467
CAF

89
 Kenya
12
68
23
16
29
77
91
−14
85
1.250
CAF

90
 Hong Kong
12
73
23
14
36
91
128
−37
83
1.137
AFC

91
 Cuba
12
68
20
20
28
85
102
−17
80
1.176
CONCACAF

92
 Zimbabwe (1982—)
 Rhodesia (1970)
10
61
21
16
24
62
75
−13
79
1.295
CAF

93
 Togo
10
63
21
14
28
68
86
−18
77
1.222
CAF

94
 Libya
10
56
21
13
22
63
62
+1
76
1.357
CAF

95
 Congo
9
62
21
13
28
70
83
−13
76
1.226
CAF

96
 East Germany
9
47
22
8
17
87
65
+22
74
1.574
defunct

97
 Gabon
8
57
21
11
25
57
65
−8
74
1.298
CAF

98
 Indonesia (1958—)
 Dutch East Indies (1938)
12
71
19
16
36
87
143
−56
73
1.028
AFC

99
 Solomon Islands
7
54
21
9
24
112
113
−1
72
1.333
OFC

100
 Latvia
8
75
19
15
41
82
130
−48
72
0.960
UEFA

101
 Lebanon
7
56
19
14
23
87
77
+10
71
1.268
AFC

102
 Suriname (1978—)
 Dutch Guyana (1962–1974)
14
65
19
14
32
91
111
−20
71
1.092
CONCACAF

103
 Fiji
9
53
20
10
23
111
98
+13
70
1.321
OFC

104
 Albania
12
104
18
14
72
72
188
−116
68
0.654
UEFA

105
 Singapore
11
68
19
10
39
74
121
−47
67
0.985
AFC

106
 Lithuania
9
73
17
16
40
59
111
−52
67
0.918
UEFA

107
 New Caledonia
4
35
18
8
9
87
36
+51
62
1.771
OFC

108
 Malaysia
12
59
16
14
29
69
111
−42
62
1.051
AFC

109
 Sudan
12
64
15
17
32
56
101
−45
62
0.969
CAF

110
 Tahiti
7
43
17
8
18
66
81
−15
59
1.372
OFC

111
 Estonia
9
76
16
11
49
65
166
−101
59
0.776
UEFA

112
 Malawi
10
58
14
16
28
56
83
−27
58
1.000
CAF

113
 Cyprus
15
114
15
13
86
87
299
−212
58
0.509
UEFA

114
 Liberia
9
58
15
12
31
39
84
−45
57
0.983
CAF

115
 Curaçao (2014—)
 Netherlands Antilles (1962–2010)
 Territory of Curaçao (1958)
16
60
13
18
29
53
116
−63
57
0.950
CONCACAF

116
 Turkmenistan
6
40
17
5
18
64
59
+5
56
1.400
AFC

117
 Bermuda
7
36
15
9
12
76
46
+30
54
1.500
CONCACAF

118
 Uganda
9
42
15
9
18
41
57
−16
54
1.286
CAF

119
 Macedonia
6
60
14
12
34
71
102
−31
54
0.900
UEFA

120
 Mali
5
40
14
11
15
50
52
−2
53
1.325
CAF

121
 Belarus
6
58
13
12
33
61
97
−36
51
0.879
UEFA

122
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7
58
14
8
36
77
170
−93
50
0.862
CONCACAF

123
 Yemen (1994—)
 North Yemen (1986–1990)
9
50
12
11
27
52
80
−28
47
0.940
AFC

124
 Kazakhstan
6
60
12
11
37
71
128
−57
47
0.783
UEFA

125
 Tajikistan
6
36
13
7
16
63
55
+8
46
1.278
AFC

126
 Benin (1986—)
 Dahomey (1974)
8
44
13
7
24
46
89
−43
46
1.045
CAF

127
 Madagascar
9
36
12
8
16
45
51
−6
44
1.222
CAF

128
 Antigua and Barbuda
10
42
13
5
24
66
93
−27
44
1.048
CONCACAF

129
 Armenia
6
62
10
14
38
52
122
−70
44
0.710
UEFA

130
 Georgia
6
56
9
16
31
51
89
−38
43
0.768
UEFA

131
 Cape Verde
5
34
13
3
18
34
46
−12
42
1.235
CAF

132
 Sierra Leone
10
45
11
9
25
39
69
−30
42
0.933
CAF

133
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
6
30
11
8
11
64
54
+10
41
1.367
CONCACAF

134
 India
8
43
10
11
22
43
87
−44
41
0.953
AFC

135
 Montenegro
3
30
10
10
10
47
43
+4
40
1.333
UEFA

136
 Kyrgyzstan
6
31
12
4
15
38
49
−11
40
1.290
AFC

137
 Ethiopia
11
41
10
10
21
47
65
−18
40
0.976
CAF

138
 Vanuatu
7
37
12
3
22
76
89
−13
39
1.054
OFC

139
 Vietnam (1994—)
 South Vietnam (1974)
8
41
11
3
27
43
81
−38
36
0.878
AFC

140
 Namibia
7
42
9
9
24
37
82
−45
36
0.857
CAF

141
 Dominican Republic
8
29
10
5
14
42
50
−8
35
1.207
CONCACAF

142
 Botswana
6
34
10
5
19
33
52
−19
35
1.029
CAF

143
 Azerbaijan
6
58
7
14
37
29
104
−75
35
0.603
UEFA

144
 Barbados
8
37
10
4
23
35
73
−38
34
0.919
CONCACAF

145
 Mozambique
8
34
8
8
18
30
50
−20
32
0.941
CAF

146
 Niger
7
30
9
5
16
27
48
−21
32
1.067
CAF

147
 Bangladesh
9
48
9
5
34
33
122
−89
32
0.667
AFC

148
 Palestine
5
26
8
7
11
46
37
+9
31
1.192
AFC

149
 Tanzania
9
33
7
10
16
35
50
−15
31
0.939
CAF

150
 Samoa (2002—)
 Western Samoa (1998)
6
26
9
1
16
37
88
−51
28
1.077
OFC

151
 Faroe Islands
7
70
7
7
56
34
184
−150
28
0.400
UEFA

152
 Papua New Guinea
4
22
7
6
9
43
36
+7
27
1.227
OFC

153
 Belize
6
26
7
6
13
32
54
−22
27
1.038
CONCACAF

154
 Rwanda
6
36
6
9
21
29
54
−25
27
0.750
CAF

155
 Guyana
10
34
7
6
21
36
81
−45
27
0.794
CONCACAF

156
 Moldova
6
58
5
12
41
35
115
−80
27
0.466
UEFA

157
 Luxembourg
20
134
5
10
119
69
433
−364
25
0.187
UEFA

158
 Grenada
7
25
7
3
15
49
54
−5
24
0.960
CONCACAF

159
 Burundi
6
20
7
3
10
17
26
−9
24
1.200
CAF

160
 Gambia
8
24
6
6
12
20
36
−16
24
1.000
CAF

161
 Maldives
6
32
7
2
23
36
120
−84
23
0.719
AFC

162
 Nicaragua
7
22
7
1
14
25
44
−19
22
1.000
CONCACAF

163
 Saint Lucia
7
24
7
1
16
32
62
−30
22
0.917
CONCACAF

164
 Tonga
6
22
7
1
14
23
82
−59
22
1.000
OFC

165
 Chinese Taipei (1982—)
 Republic of China (1978)
11
58
6
4
48
35
200
−165
22
0.379
AFC

166
 Puerto Rico
9
25
5
6
14
22
55
−33
21
0.840
CONCACAF

167
 Chad
5
16
6
1
9
15
23
−8
19
1.187
CAF

168
 Swaziland
7
19
4
4
11
15
39
−24
16
0.842
CAF

169
   Nepal
7
30
4
4
22
23
100
−77
16
0.533
AFC

170
 Malta
12
102
2
10
90
33
300
−267
16
0.157
UEFA

171
 Bahamas
5
14
4
3
7
20
43
−23
15
1.071
CONCACAF

172
 Philippines
4
21
4
3
14
16
57
−41
15
0.714
AFC

173
 Sri Lanka
7
31
3
6
22
21
75
−54
15
0.484
AFC

174
 Equatorial Guinea
5
20
4
2
14
17
36
−19
14
0.700
CAF

175
 Lesotho
7
24
2
8
14
14
51
−37
14
0.583
CAF

176
 Aruba
6
16
4
1
11
23
42
−19
13
0.812
CONCACAF

177
 Dominica
6
20
3
4
13
15
54
−39
13
0.650
CONCACAF

178
 Laos
4
26
3
3
20
23
124
−101
12
0.462
AFC

179
 Liechtenstein
6
60
2
6
52
23
185
−162
12
0.200
UEFA

180
 Myanmar
3
14
3
2
9
11
38
−27
11
0.786
AFC

181
 Macau
9
35
3
2
30
15
165
−150
11
0.314
AFC

182
 Afghanistan
4
14
3
1
10
10
45
−35
10
0.714
AFC

183
 Cook Islands
6
20
3
1
16
16
63
−47
10
0.500
OFC

184
 American Samoa
5
18
3
1
14
11
136
−125
10
0.556
OFC

185
 Mauritania
6
16
2
3
11
13
31
−18
9
0.562
CAF

186
 U.S. Virgin Islands
5
15
3
0
12
8
80
−72
9
0.600
CONCACAF

187
 Cambodia
5
26
2
3
21
16
90
−74
9
0.346
AFC

188
 Andorra
5
52
2
3
47
14
162
−148
9
0.173
UEFA

189
 Timor-Leste
3
14
2
2
10
11
55
−44
8
0.571
AFC

190
 Guinea-Bissau
6
12
1
4
7
8
19
−11
7
0.583
CAF

191
 São Tomé and Príncipe
4
8
2
1
5
4
22
−18
7
0.875
CAF

192
 Guam
2
10
2
1
7
3
51
−48
7
0.700
AFC

193
 Mauritius
7
18
1
3
14
14
49
−35
6
0.333
CAF

194
 Bhutan
1
10
2
0
8
8
53
−45
6
0.600
AFC

195
 Cayman Islands
6
16
0
5
11
6
35
−29
5
0.313
CONCACAF

196
 Saar
1
4
1
1
2
4
8
−4
4
1.000
defunct

197
 Central African Republic
3
10
1
1
8
8
21
−13
4
0.400
CAF

198
 Mongolia
5
14
1
1
12
6
51
−45
4
0.286
AFC

199
 Djibouti
4
13
1
1
11
6
56
−50
4
0.308
CAF

200
 Pakistan
8
30
0
4
26
12
118
−106
4
0.133
AFC

201
 Eritrea
4
8
0
3
5
3
16
−13
3
0.375
CAF

202
 Comoros
3
8
0
3
5
4
18
−14
3
0.375
CAF

203
 Somalia
6
11
0
3
8
1
26
−25
3
0.273
CAF

204
 British Virgin Islands
5
10
0
3
7
7
34
−27
3
0.300
CONCACAF

205
 Turks and Caicos Islands
5
10
1
0
9
6
46
−40
3
0.300
CONCACAF

206
 Brunei
3
14
1
0
13
3
59
−56
3
0.214
AFC

207
 Seychelles
5
14
0
2
12
6
36
−30
2
0.143
CAF

208
 San Marino
7
66
0
2
64
11
310
−299
2
0.030
UEFA

209
 South Yemen
1
2
0
1
1
4
7
−3
1
0.500
defunct

210
 South Sudan
1
2
0
1
1
1
5
−4
1
0.500
CAF

211
 Tuvalu
1
4
0
1
3
2
22
−20
1
0.250
OFC

212
 Kosovo
1
10
0
1
9
3
24
−21
1
0.100
UEFA

213
 Montserrat
5
9
0
1
8
8
45
−37
1
0.111
CONCACAF

214
 Anguilla
5
10
0
1
9
2
41
−39
1
0.100
CONCACAF

215
 Gibraltar
1
10
0
0
10
3
47
−44
0
0.000
UEFA

text:
^ Only qualifying campaigns are counted where the team played at least one match that was not annulled.
^ The three points for a win system is used. Note that these columns do not represent any official rankings.

text: Top scorers in preliminary competition (1934–2018)[edit]

text:
#
Nation
Player
Goals
Games
played
Goal
ratio
Qualification tournaments

1

Carlos Ruiz
39
47
0.75
2002 (8 goals), 2006 (10), 2010 (6), 2014 (6), 2018 (9)

2

Ali Daei
35
50
0.70
1994 (7 goals), 1998 (9), 2002 (10), 2006 (9)

3

Cristiano Ronaldo
30
38
0.79
2006 (7 goals), 2014 (8), 2018 (15)

4

Karim Bagheri
28
29
0.97
1998 (19 goals), 2002 (8), 2010 (1)

5

Kazu Miura
27
25
1.08
1994 (13 goals), 1998 (14)

6

Andriy Shevchenko
26
40
0.65
1998 (4 goals), 2002 (10), 2006 (6), 2010 (6)

7

Tim Cahill
25
36
0.69
2006 (7 goals), 2010 (4), 2014 (3), 2018 (11)

8

Carlos Pavón
25
37
0.68
1998 (2 goals), 2002 (15), 2006 (1), 2010 (7)

9

Edin Džeko
24
31
0.77
2010 (9 goals), 2014 (10), 2018 (5)

10

Jared Borgetti
23
24
0.96
2002 (6 goals), 2006 (14), 2010 (3)

11

Robert Lewandowski
21
28
0.75
2010 (2 goals), 2014 (3), 2018 (16)

12

Paulo Wanchope
21
37
0.57
1998 (6 goals), 2002 (7), 2006 (8)

13

Lionel Messi
21
45
0.47
2010 (4 goals), 2014 (10), 2018 (7)

14

Luis Suárez
21
48
0.44
2010 (5 goals), 2014 (11), 2018 (5)

15

Archie Thompson
20
15
1.33
2002 (16 goals), 2006 (2), 2014 (2)

16

Stern John
20
49
0.41
1998 (3 goals), 2002 (3), 2006 (12), 2010 (2)

17

Vaughan Coveny
19
19
1.00
1998 (4 goals), 2002 (9), 2006 (6)

18

Emmanuel Sanon
19
20
0.95
1974 (11 goals), 1978 (8)

19

Pauleta
19
24
0.79
2002 (8 goals), 2006 (11)

20

Zlatan Ibrahimović
19
29
0.66
2002 (1 goal), 2006 (8), 2010 (2), 2014 (8)

21

Hernán Crespo
19
33
0.58
1998 (3 goals), 2002 (9), 2006 (7)

22

Didier Drogba
18
19
0.95
2006 (9 goals), 2010 (6), 2014 (3)

23

Moumouni Dagano
18
24
0.75
2002 (1 goal), 2006 (5), 2010 (12)

24

Samuel Eto'o
18
29
0.62
2002 (3 goals), 2006 (4), 2010 (9), 2014 (2)

25

Raúl Díaz Arce
18
29
0.62
1994 (2 goals), 1998 (9), 2002 (7)

26

Marcelo Salas
18
32
0.56
1998 (11 goals), 2002 (4), 2006 (1), 2010 (2)

27

Robbie Keane
18
37
0.49
2002 (2 goals), 2006 (4), 2010 (6), 2014 (6)

28

Clint Dempsey
18
43
0.42
2010 (5 goals), 2014 (8), 2018 (5)

29

Iván Zamorano
17
11
1.54
1990 (1 goal), 1998 (12), 2002 (4)

30

Deon McCaulay
17
16
1.06
2010 (2 goals), 2014 (11), 2018 (4)

31

Dimitar Berbatov
17
24
0.71
2002 (6 goals), 2006 (8), 2010 (5)

32

Alexander Frei
17
25
0.68
2002 (5 goals), 2006 (7), 2010 (5)

33

Alvaro Saborio
17
41
0.41
2006 (3 goals), 2010 (6), 2014 (8)

text: (updated as of FIFA World Cup 2018 qualifiers)

text: First games and goalscorers in preliminary competition (1934–2018)[edit]

text:
World Cup
First game
First goal

1934
11 June 1933; Sweden  6–2  Estonia
11 June 1933; Knut Kroon for  Sweden vs.  Estonia

1938
16 June 1937; Sweden  4–0  Finland
16 June 1937; Lennart Bunke for  Sweden vs.  Finland

1950
2 June 1949; Sweden  3–1  Republic of Ireland
2 June 1949; Davy Walsh for  Republic of Ireland vs.  Sweden

1954
9 May 1953; Yugoslavia  1–0  Greece
9 May 1953; Frane Matošić for  Yugoslavia vs.  Greece

1958
30 September 1956; Austria  7–0  Luxembourg
30 September 1956; Gerhard Hanappi for  Austria vs.  Luxembourg

1962
21 August 1960; Costa Rica  3–2  Guatemala
21 August 1960; unknown

1966
24 May 1964; Netherlands  2–0  Albania
24 May 1964; Daan Schrijvers for  Netherlands vs.  Albania

1970
19 May 1968; Austria  7–1  Cyprus
19 May 1968; Erich Hof for  Austria vs.  Cyprus

1974
14 November 1971; Malta  0–2  Hungary
14 November 1971; Ferenc Bene for  Hungary vs.  Malta

1978
4 April 1976; Panama  3–2  Costa Rica
4 April 1976; Javier Jiménez for  Costa Rica vs.  Panama

1982
26 March 1980; Israel  0–0  Northern Ireland
26 March 1980; Cyprus  2–3  Republic of Ireland
26 March 1980; Paul McGee for  Republic of Ireland vs.  Cyprus

1986
2 May 1984; Cyprus  1–2  Austria
2 May 1984; Martin Gisinger for  Austria vs.  Cyprus

1990
17 April 1988; Guyana  0–4  Trinidad and Tobago
17 April 1988; Paul Elliot-Allen for  Trinidad and Tobago vs.  Guyana

1994
21 March 1992; Dominican Republic  0–4  Puerto Rico
21 March 1992; Marcos Lugris for  Puerto Rico vs.  Dominican Republic

1998
10 March 1996; Dominica  3–3  Antigua and Barbuda
10 March 1996; Anthony Dominique for  Dominica vs.  Antigua and Barbuda

2002
4 March 2000; Trinidad and Tobago  5–0  Netherlands Antilles
4 March 2000; Honduras  3–0  Nicaragua
4 March 2000; Marvin Andrews for  Trinidad and Tobago vs.  Netherlands Antilles

2006
6 September 2003; Ecuador  2–0  Venezuela
6 September 2003; Giovanny Espinoza for  Ecuador vs.  Venezuela

2010
25 August 2007; Tahiti  0–1  New Caledonia
25 August 2007; Pierre Wajoka for  New Caledonia vs.  Tahiti

2014
15 June 2011; Montserrat  2–5  Belize
15 June 2011; Deon McCauley for  Belize vs.  Montserrat

2018
12 March 2015; Timor-Leste  4–1  Mongolia
12 March 2015; Chiquito do Carmo for  Timor-Leste vs.  Mongolia

text: Current format[edit]

text: Currently, 32 places are available in the final tournament until 2022. One of them is reserved for the host nation, but if two or more nations host the competition jointly, each is awarded a place. From 1934 to 2002, one berth was reserved for the winners of the previous World Cup. In November 2001, FIFA announced that the defending champion would no longer get automatic entry to the subsequent tournament, starting with the 2006 finals. This decision was made to address the issue of the returning champions being at a disadvantage to their fellow competitors due to having not played a competitive match in the previous two years.[3] The problem was amply demonstrated at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, as returning champions France tumbled out in the first round, finishing bottom of their group without scoring a single goal. 2002 winner Brazil qualified for 2006 at the top of their qualifiers group. However, Italy, defending champions from 2006, finished bottom of their group in 2010, despite playing in the qualifying matches. At Brazil 2014, 2010 champions Spain finished third in their group and failed to advance to the Round of 16, despite having qualified as first in their group.

text: FIFA decides beforehand the number of spots awarded to each of the continental zones. For the 2018 World Cup, the following numbers were used:[4]

text:
UEFA (Europe) – 13 berths, plus the host Russia
CAF (Africa) – 5 berths
AFC (Asia) – 4 berths
CONMEBOL (South America) – 4 berths
CONCACAF (North and Central America and Caribbean) – 3 berths
2 berths for the winners of intercontinental play-offs between the best team from the OFC (Oceania), as well as additional teams from the AFC, CONMEBOL and CONCACAF. The pairings for these play-offs were determined by an open draw.

text: The number of berths allocated per continent is widely debated, with the main point of contention being the extent to which berths should be allocated to regions based on sheer population vs. talent. A historically weaker continent, Africa has called for more places, as they are allocated only five in comparison to Europe's 13.[5]

text: In early October 2016, it was announced that the World Cup would have featured 40 teams starting with the 2026 tournament,[6] then FIFA President Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48-team World Cup,[7] mainly to address African concerns. On 10 January 2017, the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand the World Cup to a 48 team tournament that will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams, with two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32.[8] The new format for the qualifying process has yet to be confirmed, other than a play-off tournament that consists of one team from each confederation (except UEFA) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country for the last two World Cup berths.[9]

text: These numbers vary slightly between tournaments (see above).

text: Qualification in all zones ends at approximately the same time, in September–November of the year preceding the finals.

text: The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations and over time. The systems used in 2018 are outlined below.

text: Africa[edit]

text: The CAF qualification process began with two preliminary rounds (to narrow the field of 53 entrants to 20 teams) in October 2015. Zimbabwe were disqualified and therefore ineligible.

text: The group stage consisted of 5 groups of 4, with the group winners advancing to the World Cup finals.

text: Asia[edit]

text: Bhutan and Guam entered the AFC qualification process, while Indonesia were suspended and therefore ineligible.

text: Qualifying was altered significantly from the 2014 method, with changes to the structure of the preliminary rounds – which were held before the main draw. One home-and-away preliminary round reduced the 12 entrants to 6, followed by a first group stage with the 6 first round winners joining the top sides and 4 best runners-up from 5 groups of 5 advancing to a final group stage. The winners and runners-up of the two final groups of 5 advanced to the World Cup finals with the two third-placed sides playing off in the fourth round for the right to play in an inter-confederation play-off for a final World Cup spot. The first two rounds also acted as the qualifiers for the expanded 2019 AFC Asian Cup.[10]

text: A total of 24 teams eliminated from World Cup qualification in the second round competed in the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification (which was separate from the third round of 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification), where they were divided into six groups of four teams and competed for the remaining slots of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. The 24 teams consisted of the 16 highest ranked teams eliminated in the second round, and the eight teams that advanced from the play-off round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification which were contested by the remaining 12 teams eliminated in the second round.[11]

text: Europe[edit]

text: The European qualification was unchanged from the 2010 system. The 54 national teams were divided into nine groups of six teams, with the group winners qualifying directly to the finals, and the best eight runners-up playing home-and-away ties for the remaining four places.[12]

text: With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016, both national teams made their debuts in World Cup qualifying.[13] With two groups of only five teams in the first round, Kosovo was assigned to group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons, and Gibraltar was then added to group H.[14][15]

text: North and Central America and Caribbean[edit]

text: The 2018 CONCACAF qualification process changed significantly from the 2014 qualification cycle. The first three rounds had teams play home-and-away over two legs. A first preliminary round involved the 14 lowest ranked teams and the seven winners advanced to the second round. The 13 higher ranked sides received byes in the second round and were joined by the seven first round winners; the ten winners advanced to the third round. Two higher ranked teams received byes in the third round and were joined by ten second round winners; the six winners advanced to the preliminary group stage.

text: As in 2014, the remaining 12 teams played in 3 semifinal groups of 4 teams with the top two in each group advancing to a final six-team group.

text: The final round – often referred to as the "hexagonal" because there are six teams involved – saw the top three teams advance to the World Cup finals, while the fourth placed side entered an inter-confederation play-off for a final World Cup spot.

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Qualification in Oceania was held as part of a further competition. The first stage took place with one group of four lowest ranked teams and the winner advanced to the second stage (which also acted as the 2016 OFC Nations Cup). In the second stage the top three teams advanced to the third round, among them Nations Cup champions New Zealand. Two groups of three teams contested the third round, or final group stage, and the winners of each group entered a two-leg final. The winners of this final advanced to an inter-confederation play-off for a World Cup spot.

text: South America[edit]

text: As in recent qualification series CONMEBOL qualification consisted of a single group of all entrants. Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined, the fixtures were determined by a draw, which was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw, on 25 July 2015.[16]

text: The top 4 teams from the 10-team group advanced to the World Cup finals, while the fifth placed team entered an inter-confederation play-off for a World Cup spot.

text: Intercontinental play-offs[edit]

text: Like the previous 2014 tournament, the pairings for the two play-offs were determined by an open draw on 25 July 2015, as part of the aforementioned preliminary draw. Intercontinental play-offs are played as home-and-away ties.

text: Qualification tournament rules[edit]

text: Qualification tournaments generally consist of a number of stages, made up of groups or knock-out ties.

text: Groups[edit]

text: In all group tournaments, three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw, and none for a loss. FIFA has set the order of the tie-breakers for teams that finish level on points:

text:
goal difference in all group matches
greater number of goals scored in all group matches

text: Where teams are still not able to be separated, the following tie-breakers are used:

text:
greater number of points obtained in matches between the tied teams
goal difference in matches between the tied teams
greater number of goals scored in matches between the tied teams

text: Where teams are still equal, then a play-off on neutral ground, with extra time and penalties if necessary will be played if FIFA deems such a play-off able to be fitted within the coordinated international match calendar. If this is not deemed feasible, then the result will be determined by the drawing of lot.

text: Note that this order of tie-breaker application has not always been applied. While it was used in the 2010 qualifiers, the qualification for the 2006 World Cup used the head-to-head comparison prior to goal difference (although this system was – where applicable – used in the 2006 finals themselves). If these rules had applied in 2006, then Nigeria would have qualified rather than Angola.

text: Home-and-away ties[edit]

text: Most knock-out qualifiers (such as the inter-confederation play-offs, the second round of UEFA qualifying and many preliminary ties) are played over two legs. The team that scores a greater aggregate number of goals qualifies. Away goals rule applies. If these rules fail to determine the winner, extra time and penalty shootouts are used.

text: Occasionally – usually when one entrant lacks adequate facilities to host international matches – ties are played over a single leg, in which case matches level after 90 minutes will go to extra time and then to a penalty shootout if required.

text: Alternatively, "home" matches can be played in neutral countries, or occasionally one team will host both matches. In the latter case the visiting team will still be considered as the "home" team for one of the legs – which may determine which side advances under the away goals rule, as occurred in CONCACAF qualification in 2010.


document_title: List of people executed in Pennsylvania

question_text: when was the last time the death penalty was used in pa

text: List of people executed in Pennsylvania

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As of 2018, a total of 1,043 people have been executed in Pennsylvania since 1693,[1] the 3rd highest of any other state or commonwealth in the Union, after New York (1,130) and Virginia (1,361).[2]

text: Until 1915, hanging was the common method of execution. 1915 saw the first use of the electric chair, even though it was approved by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in 1913. The delay was due to the time needed to finish the Western Penitentiary in Centre County, now the State Correctional Institution – Rockview. On November 29, 1990, Governor Casey changed the form of execution to lethal injection.[3]

text: Since 1976[edit]

text: Since the re-instatement of the Death Penalty by the Supreme Court in 1976, 3 individuals, all convicted of murder, have been executed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. All were executed by lethal injection, and in all three cases, they waived their appeals and asked that the execution be carried out.

text:
Executed person
Date
Victim(s)
Governor

1
Keith Zettlemoyer[4]
2 May 1995
Charles DeVetsco.
Tom Ridge

2
Leon Moser[5]
15 August 1995
Linda Moser, Donna Moser, and Joanne Moser.

3
Gary M. Heidnik
6 July 1999
Deborah Dudley and Sandra Lindsay.