question_text: when was the center for disease control created

text: History[edit]

text: The Communicable Disease Center was founded July 1, 1946, as the successor to the World War II Malaria Control in War Areas program[4] of the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities.[5]

text: Preceding its founding, organizations with global influence in malaria control were the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation.[6] The Rockefeller Foundation greatly supported malaria control,[6] sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts, and collaborated with the agency.[7]

text: The new agency was a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States.[8] The agency changed names (see infobox on top) before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946. Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street.

text: With a budget at the time of about $1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States[9] (see National Malaria Eradication Program).

text: Among its 369 employees, the main jobs at CDC were originally entomology and engineering. In CDC's initial years, more than six and a half million homes were sprayed, mostly with DDT. In 1946, there were only seven medical officers on duty and an early organization chart was drawn, somewhat fancifully, in the shape of a mosquito. Under Joseph Walter Mountin, the CDC continued to advocate for public health issues and pushed to extend its responsibilities to many other communicable diseases.[10]

text: In 1947, the CDC made a token payment of $10 to Emory University for 15 acres (61,000 m2) of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County, still the home of CDC headquarters today. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase. The benefactor behind the “gift” was Robert W. Woodruff, chairman of the board of The Coca-Cola Company. Woodruff had a long-time interest in malaria control, which had been a problem in areas where he went hunting. The same year, the PHS transferred its San Francisco based plague laboratory into the CDC as the Epidemiology Division, and a new Veterinary Diseases Division was established.[4] An Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) was established in 1951, originally due to biological warfare concerns arising from the Korean War; it evolved into two-year postgraduate training program in epidemiology, and a prototype for Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP), now found in numerous countries, reflecting CDC's influence in promoting this model internationally.[11]

text: The mission of CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include sexually transmitted diseases when the Venereal Disease Division of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) was transferred to the CDC in 1957. Shortly thereafter, Tuberculosis Control was transferred (in 1960) to the CDC from PHS, and then in 1963 the Immunization program was established.[12]

text: It became the National Communicable Disease Center (NCDC) effective July 1, 1967.[5] The organization was renamed the Center for Disease Control (CDC) on June 24, 1970, and Centers for Disease Control effective October 14, 1980.[5] An act of the United States Congress appended the words "and Prevention" to the name effective October 27, 1992. However, Congress directed that the initialism CDC be retained because of its name recognition.[13]

text: Currently the CDC focus has broadened to include chronic diseases, disabilities, injury control, workplace hazards, environmental health threats, and terrorism preparedness. CDC combats emerging diseases and other health risks, including birth defects, West Nile virus, obesity, avian, swine, and pandemic flu, E. coli, and bioterrorism, to name a few. The organization would also prove to be an important factor in preventing the abuse of penicillin. In May 1994 the CDC admitted having sent several biological warfare agents to the Iraqi government from 1984 through 1989, including Botulinum toxin, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis and Dengue fever virus.[14]

text: On April 21, 2005, then–CDC Director Julie Gerberding formally announced the reorganization of CDC to "confront the challenges of 21st-century health threats".[15] The four Coordinating Centers—established under the G. W. Bush Administration and Gerberding—"diminished the influence of national centers under [their] umbrella",[clarification needed] and were ordered cut under the Obama Administration in 2009.[16]

text: Today, the CDC's Biosafety Level 4 laboratories are among the few that exist in the world,[17] and serve as one of only two official repositories of smallpox in the world. The second smallpox store resides at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in the Russian Federation. The CDC revealed in 2014 that it had discovered several misplaced smallpox samples and also that lab workers had potentially been infected with anthrax.[18]

text: Organization[edit]

text: The CDC is organized into "Centers, Institutes, and Offices" (CIOs), with each organizational unit implementing the agency's activities in a particular area of expertise while also providing intra-agency support and resource-sharing for cross-cutting issues and specific health threats. Generally, CDC "Offices" are subdivided into Centers, which in turn are composed of Divisions and Branches.[19] However, the Center for Global Health and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are freestanding organizational units and do not belong to a parent Office.

text: The current CIOs are:

text:
CDC Washington Office
Center for Global Health
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Office for State, Tribal, Local and Territorial Support
Office of Equal Employment Opportunity
Office of Infectious Diseases
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Office of Minority Health and Health Equity
Office of Noncommunicable Diseases, Injury and Environmental Health
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
Office of Public Health Scientific Services
Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services
National Center for Health Statistics
Office of the Associate Director for Communication
Office of the Associate Director for Laboratory Science and Safety
Office of  the Associate Director for Policy
Office of the Associate Director for Science
Office of the Chief of Staff
Office of the Chief Operating Officer

text: Budget and operations[edit]

text: CDC’s budget for fiscal year 2018 is $11.9 billion.[20]

text: In addition to its Atlanta headquarters, the CDC has other locations in the United States and Puerto Rico. Those locations include Anchorage; Cleveland; Cincinnati; Detroit; Fort Collins; Hyattsville; Morgantown; Pittsburgh; Research Triangle Park; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Spokane, Washington; and Washington, D.C.

text: The CDC offers grants that help many organizations each year advance health, safety and awareness at the community level throughout the United States. The CDC awards over 85 percent of its annual budget through these grants.[21]

text: Workforce[edit]

text: As of 2008, CDC staff numbered approximately 15,000 (including 6,000 contractors and 840 Commissioned Corps officers) in 170 occupations. Eighty percent held bachelor's degrees or higher; almost half had advanced degrees (a master's degree or a doctorate such as a PhD, D.O., or M.D.).[22]

text: Common CDC job titles include engineer, entomologist, epidemiologist, biologist, physician, veterinarian, behavioral scientist, nurse, medical technologist, economist, public health advisor, health communicator, toxicologist, chemist, computer scientist, and statistician.[23]

text: The CDC also operates a number of notable training and fellowship programs, including those indicated below.

text: Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS)[edit]

text: The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is composed of "boots-on-the-ground disease detectives" who investigate public health problems domestically and globally.[24] When called upon by a governmental body, EIS officers may embark on short-term epidemiological assistance assignments, or "Epi-Aids", to provide technical expertise in containing and investigating disease outbreaks.[25][26][27] The EIS program is a model for the international Field Epidemiology Training Program.

text: Public Health Associates Program[edit]

text: The CDC also operates the Public Health Associate Program (PHAP), a two-year paid fellowship for recent college graduates to work in public health agencies all over the United States. PHAP was founded in 2007 and currently has 159 associates in 34 states.[28]

text: Leadership[edit]

text: The Director of CDC is a Senior Executive Service position[29] that may be filled either by a career employee, or as a political appointment that does not require Senate confirmation, with the latter method typically being used. The director serves at the pleasure of the President and may be fired at any time.[30][31][32] The CDC director concurrently serves as the Administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.[33]

text: Sixteen directors have served the CDC or its predecessor agencies.[34][35]

text:
Louis L. Williams Jr., MD (1942–1943)
Mark D. Hollis, ScD (1944–1946)
Raymond A. Vonderlehr, MD (1947–1951)
Justin M. Andrews, ScD (1952–1953)
Theodore J. Bauer, MD (1953–1956)
Robert J. Anderson, MD, MPH (1956–1960)
Clarence A. Smith, MD, MPH (1960–1962)
James L. Goddard, MD, MPH (1962–1966)
David J. Sencer, MD, MPH (1966–1977)
William H. Foege, MD, MPH (1977–1983)
James O. Mason, MD, MPH, Ph.D (1983–1989)
William L. Roper, MD, MPH (1990–1993)
David Satcher, MD, PhD (1993–1998)
Jeffrey P. Koplan, MD, MPH (1998–2002)[36]
Julie Gerberding, MD, MPH (2002–2008)
Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH (2009–Jan 2017)[30]
Anne Schuchat, MD, RADM USPHS (Jan–July 2017, acting)[37]
Brenda Fitzgerald, MD (July 2017–Jan 2018)[38]
Anne Schuchat, MD (Jan–Mar 2018, acting)
Robert R. Redfield, MD (March 2018–present)[39]

text: Datasets and survey systems[edit]

text:
CDC Scientific Data, Surveillance, Health Statistics, and Laboratory Information.[40]
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), the world’s largest, ongoing telephone health-survey system.[41]
Mortality Medical Data System.[42]
Abortion statistics in the United States[43]

text: Areas of focus[edit]

text: Communicable diseases[edit]

text: The CDC's programs address more than 400 diseases, health threats, and conditions that are major causes of death, disease, and disability. The CDC's website has information on various infectious (and noninfectious) diseases, including smallpox, measles, and others.

text: Influenza[edit]

text: The CDC has launched campaigns targeting the transmission of influenza, including the H1N1 swine flu, and launched websites to educate people in proper hygiene.[44]

text: Select Agents Program[edit]

text: The CDC runs a program that protects the public from rare and dangerous substances such as anthrax and the Ebola virus. The program, called the Select Agents Program, calls for inspections of labs in the U.S. that work with dangerous pathogens.[45]

text: During the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the CDC helped coordinate the return of two infected American aid workers for treatment at Emory University Hospital, the home of a special unit to handle highly infectious diseases.[46]

text: As a response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak, Congress passed a Continuing Appropriations Resolution allocating $30,000,000 towards CDC's efforts to fight the virus.[47]

text: Non-communicable diseases[edit]

text: The CDC also works on non-communicable diseases, including chronic diseases caused by obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco-use.[48]

text: Antibiotic resistance[edit]

text: The CDC implemented their National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria as a measure against the spread of antibiotic resistance in the United States. This initiative has a budget of $161 million and includes the development of the Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network.[49]

text: Global health[edit]

text: The CDC works with other organizations around the world to address global health challenges and contain disease threats at their source. It works closely with many international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as ministries of health and other groups on the front lines of outbreaks. The agency maintains staff in more than 60 countries, including some from the U.S. but even more from the  countries in which it operates.[50] The agency's global divisions include the Division of Global HIV and TB (DGHT), the Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (DPDM), the Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), and the Global Immunization Division (GID).[51]

text: The CDC is integral in working with the WHO to implement the International Health Regulations (IHR), a legally binding agreement between 196 countries to prevent, control, and report on the international spread of disease, through initiatives including the Global Disease Detection Program (GDD).[52]

text: The CDC is also a lead implementer of key U.S. global health initiatives such as the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the President's Malaria Initiative.[53]

text: Travelers' health[edit]

text: The CDC collects and publishes health information for travelers in a comprehensive book, CDC Health Information for International Travel, which is commonly known as the "yellow book."[54] The book is available online and in print as a new edition every other year and includes current travel health guidelines, vaccine recommendations, and information on specific travel destinations. The CDC also issues travel health notices on its website, consisting of three levels:

text: "Watch" - Level 1 (practice usual precautions),

text: "Alert" - Level 2 (practice enhanced precautions), and

text: "Warning" - Level 3 (avoid nonessential travel).[55]

text: Foundation[edit]

text: The CDC Foundation operates independently from CDC as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization incorporated in the State of Georgia. The creation of the Foundation was authorized by section 399F of the Public Health Service Act to support the mission of CDC in partnership with the private sector, including organizations, foundations, businesses, educational groups, and individuals.[56][57]

text: Popular culture and controversies[edit]

text: Historically, the CDC has been relatively free of political manipulation.[58]

text: Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male[edit]

text: For 15 years, the CDC had direct oversight over the Tuskegee syphilis experiment.[59] In the study, which lasted from 1932 to 1972, a group of African American men (nearly 400 of whom had syphilis) were studied to learn more about the disease. Notably, the disease was left untreated in the research subjects and they never gave their informed consent to serve as research subjects. The Tuskegee Study was initiated in 1932 by the Public Health Service.  The CDC took over the study in 1957.[60]

text: The CDC's response to the AIDS crisis in the 1980s has been criticized for promoting some public health policies that harmed HIV+ people and for providing ineffective public education. The agency's response to the 2001 anthrax attacks was also criticized for ineffective communication with other public health agencies and with the public.[58]

text: CDC zombie apocalypse outreach campaign[edit]

text: On May 16, 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's blog published an article instructing the public on what to do to prepare for a zombie invasion. While the article did not claim that such a scenario was possible, it did use the popular culture appeal as a means of urging citizens to prepare for all potential hazards, such as earthquakes, tornadoes, and floods.[61]

text: According to David Daigle, the Associate Director for Communications, Public Health Preparedness and Response, the idea arose when his team was discussing their upcoming hurricane-information campaign and Daigle mused that "we say pretty much the same things every year, in the same way, and I just wonder how many people are paying attention." A social-media employee mentioned that the subject of zombies had come up a lot on Twitter when she had been tweeting about the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and radiation. The team realized that a campaign like this would most likely reach a different audience from the one that normally pays attention to hurricane-preparedness warnings and went to work on the zombie campaign, launching it right before hurricane season began. "The whole idea was, if you're prepared for a zombie apocalypse, you're prepared for pretty much anything," said Daigle.[62]

text: Once the blog article became popular, the CDC announced an open contest for YouTube submissions of the most creative and effective videos covering preparedness for a zombie apocalypse (or apocalypse of any kind), to be judged by the "CDC Zombie Task Force". Submissions were open until October 11, 2011.[63] They also released a zombie-themed graphic novella available on their website.[64] Zombie-themed educational materials for teachers are available on the site.[65]

text: Gun violence[edit]

text: One area of current partisan dispute related to CDC funding is studying gun violence. The 1996 Dickey Amendment states "none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control".[66]  Advocates for gun control oppose the amendment and have tried to overturn it.[67]

text: In 1992, Mark L. Rosenberg and five CDC colleagues founded the CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, with an annual budget of c. $260,000 that focused on "identifying the root causes of firearm deaths and the best methods to prevent them".[68] Their first report which was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1993, entitled "Gun Ownership as a Risk Factor for Homicide in the Home" reported that the "mere presence of a gun in a home increased the risk of a firearm-related death by 2.7 percent, and suicide fivefold—a "huge" increase."[68] In response, the NRA launched a "campaign to shut down the Injury Center." Doctors for Responsible Gun Ownership and Doctors for Integrity and Policy Research joined the pro-gun effort and by 1995, politicians also supported the pro-gun initiative. In 1996, Jay Dickey (R) Arkansas introduced the Dickey Amendment statement "which stated "none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control" as a rider[66] in the 1996 appropriations bill."[68] In 1997, "Congress redirected all of the money previously earmarked for gun violence research to the study of traumatic brain injury."[68] David Satcher, who was the CDC head from 1993 to 1998[69] advocated for gun violence research until he left in 1998. In 1999 Rosenberg was fired.[68] Over a dozen "public health insiders, including current and former CDC senior leaders" told The Trace interviewers that CDC senior leaders took an overly cautious stance in their interpretation of the Dickey amendment. They could have done much more.[68] Rosenberg told The Trace in 2016, "Right now, there is nothing stopping them from addressing this life-and-death national problem.”[68]

text: The American Medical Association, the American Psychological Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics sent a letter to the leaders of the Senate Appropriations Committee in 2013 asking them "to support at least $10 million within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in FY 2014 along with sufficient new funding at the National Institutes of Health to support research into the causes and prevention of gun violence. Furthermore, we urge Members to oppose any efforts to reduce, eliminate, or condition CDC funding related to gun violence prevention research."[70] Congress maintained the ban in subsequent budgets.[67]

text: Language guidelines[edit]

text: In December 2017, the Washington Post reported that the Trump administration had issued a list of seven words that were forbidden in official CDC documentation.[71][72] Yuval Levin, after contacting HHS officials, wrote in National Review that the Post story was not accurate.[73][74][75]

text: Publications[edit]

text:
CDC publications[76]
State of CDC report[77]
CDC Programs in Brief[78]
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report[79]
Emerging Infectious Diseases (monthly journal)[80]
Preventing Chronic Disease
Vital statistics[81]


document_title: The Night of the Iguana

question_text: where does night of the iguana take place

root

text: The Night of the Iguana

text: Description[edit]

text: In 1940s Mexico an ex-minister, the Reverend T. Lawrence Shannon, has been locked out of his church after characterizing the Western image of God as a "senile delinquent", during one of his sermons. Shannon is not de-frocked, but he is institutionalized for a "nervous breakdown". Some time after his release, the Rev. Shannon obtains employment as a tour guide for a second-rate travel agency. Shortly before the opening of the play, Shannon is accused of having committed statutory rape of a sixteen-year-old girl,[1] Charlotte Goodall, who is accompanying his current group of tourists.

tag: p

text: As the curtain rises, Shannon and a group of women arrive at a cheap hotel on the coast of Mexico that had been managed by his friends Fred and Maxine Faulk. The former has recently died, and Maxine Faulk has assumed sole responsibility for managing the establishment.

text: Struggling emotionally, Shannon tries to manage his tour party, who have turned against him for entering into sexual relations with the minor, and Maxine, who is interested in him for purely carnal reasons. Adding to this chaotic scenario, spinster Hannah Jelkes appears with her moribund grandfather Nonno who, despite his failing health, is composing his last poem. Jelkes, who scrapes by as a traveling painter and sketch artist, is soon at Maxine's mercy. Shannon, who wields considerable influence over Maxine, offers Hannah Jelkes shelter for the night. The play's main axis is the development of the deeply human bond between Hannah Jelkes and Lawrence Shannon.

text: Minor characters in the play include a group of German tourists whose Nazi marching songs paradoxically lighten the heavier themes of the play but suggest the horrors of World War II;[2] the Mexican "boys" Maxine employs to help run the hotel who ignore her laconic commands; and Judith Fellowes, the "butch" vocal teacher charged with Charlotte's care during the trip.

text: The Reverend T. Lawrence Shannon was partly based on Williams' cousin and close friend, the Reverend Sidney Lanier, the iconoclastic Rector of St Clement's Episcopal Church, New York.[3] Lanier was a significant figure in the New York theatre scene in the 1950 and 1960s, started a Ministry to the Theatre Arts and would become co-founder of the experimental American Place Theatre in 1962.[4] Lanier resigned from his ministry in May 1965.

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text: The play premiered on Broadway at the Royale Theatre on December 28, 1961, and ran for 316 performances. It starred Patrick O'Neal as Rev. Shannon, two-time Oscar winner Bette Davis as Maxine and Margaret Leighton as Hannah. Davis left the production after four months and was replaced by Shelley Winters.

text: Davis' role was Maxine, a lusty life-force of a woman, with some good comic lines, who is offstage for a significant part of the play, while Hannah is on. Hannah is a role along the lines of Williams' greatest female characters, like Blanche DuBois and Summer and Smoke's Alma Winemuller, women possessed of extraordinarily refined sensibilities and grace. But for her intrinsic strength of character, Hannah is a departure for Williams. Hannah, a single woman in service to others, serves as an inspiration to Shannon for her inner strength, a strength denied to Blanche and Alma in their plays, although they share other similarities. The play featured Alan Webb as the dying grandfather to whom Hannah is devoted, Louis Guss, Bruce Glover and James Farentino. The production was directed by Frank Corsaro (Bette Davis in her memoir Dark Victory, wrote that she banned Corsaro from rehearsals shortly before opening). The play was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Play. Leighton, as Hannah, won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play.

text: Film versions[edit]

text: The 1964 film version was directed by John Huston and starred Richard Burton as Rev. Shannon, Ava Gardner as Maxine and Deborah Kerr as Hannah. It also featured Sue Lyon, Cyril Delevanti, Grayson Hall (who received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance) and Barbara Joyce (later an acclaimed artist). The screenplay was written by Huston and Anthony Veiller.

text: The film won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design (B&W), and in addition to Hall's nomination, was also nominated for Cinematography (by Gabriel Figueroa) and for Art Direction. The film removed the Nazi tourist characters from the original stage version. The character of Jake Latta is also eliminated and Shannon is fired through a comical telephone call.

text: There is also a 2000 Serbo-Croatian film adaptation of the play, directed by Janusz Kica.

text: 1976 Broadway revival[edit]

text: The 1976 Broadway revival at the Circle in the Square Theatre was directed by Joseph Hardy, scenery and lighting H. R. Poindexter, costumes by Noel Taylor, production stage manager Randall Brooks, and stage manager James Bernadi.

text: The opening night cast featured Richard Chamberlain (Rev. Shannon), Gary Tacon (Pedro), William Paulson (Pancho), Ben Van Vacter (Wolfgang), Jennifer Savidge (Hilda), John Rose (Herr Fahrenkopf), Amelia Laurenson (Frau Fahrenkopf), Matt Bennett (Hank), Barbara Caruso (Judith Fellows), Allison Argo (Charlotte Goodall), William Roerick (Nonno), Benjamin Stewart (Jake Latta), Dorothy McGuire (Hannah), and Sylvia Miles (Maxine).

text: Other stage productions[edit]

text:
The Circle in the Square Theatre also staged a 1988 revival starring Nicolas Surovy as Rev. Shannon, Maria Tucci as Maxine and Jane Alexander as Hannah.
In 1996, a Broadway revival was directed by Robert Falls, and featured William Petersen as Rev. Shannon, Marsha Mason as Maxine and Cherry Jones as Hannah. This was based on a 1994 production staged by the Goodman Theatre in Chicago.
In London, a 1992 production at the Royal National Theatre featured performances by Alfred Molina as Rev. Shannon and Eileen Atkins as Hannah. This production was directed by Richard Eyre.
A critically acclaimed 2005 London production at Lyric Theatre starred Woody Harrelson as Rev. Shannon, Clare Higgins as Maxine and Jenny Seagrove as Hannah. This production was directed by Anthony Page.
In 2017, the American Repertory Theater production included James Earl Jones as Nonno, Amanda Plummer as Hannah, Dana Delany as Maxine, and Bill Heck as Rev. Shannon.

tag: ul

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: "The Night of the Iguana" is a song by Joni Mitchell from her 2007 album, Shine. It is a thematic and lyrical adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play.


document_title: 2012 Summer Olympics medal table

question_text: which country has the most gold medals in the 2012 olympics

text: 2012 Summer Olympics medal table

text: Medal table[edit]

text: This is the table of the medal count of the 2012 Summer Olympics, based on the medal count of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). These rankings sort by the number of gold medals, earned by a National Olympic Committee (NOC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC Country Code. Although this information is provided by the IOC, the IOC itself does not recognize or endorse any ranking system.[13]

text: In boxing, judo, taekwondo, and wrestling, two bronze medals are awarded in each weight class. Two silver medals (and no bronze) were awarded for second place ties in both the men's 200 metre freestyle swimming and the men's 100 metre butterfly swimming events.[14][15] Two bronze medals were awarded for a third-place tie in the men's keirin cycling race;[16] three bronze medals were awarded for a three-way third-place tie in the men's high jump.[17]

text: *   Host nation (Great Britain)

text: ‡   Changes in medal standings (see below)

text: (Note. The table includes the official changes in medal standings, but does not include the possible changes announced in 2015 (see below). IOC has not yet decided on these cases and has not yet stripped the medals.)

text:
2012 Summer Olympics medal table[18]

Rank
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States (USA)‡
46
28
29
103

2
 China (CHN)‡
38
31
22
91

3
 Great Britain (GBR)*
29
17
19
65

4
 Russia (RUS)‡
20
19
30
69

5
 South Korea (KOR)‡
13
9
8
30

6
 Germany (GER)‡
11
20
13
44

7
 France (FRA)‡
11
11
13
35

8
 Australia (AUS)‡
8
15
12
35

9
 Italy (ITA)
8
9
11
28

10
 Hungary (HUN)‡
8
4
6
18

11
 Japan (JPN)
7
14
17
38

12
 Netherlands (NED)
6
6
8
20

13
 Ukraine (UKR)‡
6
4
10
20

14
 New Zealand (NZL)‡
6
2
5
13

15
 Iran (IRI)‡
5
6
2
13

16
 Cuba (CUB)‡
5
3
7
15

17
 Spain (ESP)‡
4
10
4
18

18
 Jamaica (JAM)‡
4
5
3
12

19
 Czech Republic (CZE)‡
4
3
4
11

20
 South Africa (RSA)‡
4
1
1
6

21
 North Korea (PRK)
4
0
2
6

22
 Brazil (BRA)
3
5
9
17

23
 Ethiopia (ETH)‡
3
2
2
7

24
 Poland (POL)‡
3
1
7
11

25
 Kazakhstan (KAZ)‡
3
1
6
10

26
 Croatia (CRO)
3
1
2
6

27
 Canada (CAN)‡
2
5
11
18

28
 Belarus (BLR)‡
2
5
3
10

29
 Romania (ROU)
2
5
2
9

30
 Kenya (KEN)‡
2
4
6
12

31
 Denmark (DEN)
2
4
3
9

32
 Azerbaijan (AZE)
2
2
6
10

33
 Switzerland (SUI)
2
2
0
4

34
 Lithuania (LTU)
2
1
2
5

35
 Norway (NOR)
2
1
1
4

36
 Tunisia (TUN)‡
2
0
1
3

37
 Sweden (SWE)
1
4
3
8

38
 Colombia (COL)
1
3
4
8

 Mexico (MEX)‡
1
3
4
8

40
 Georgia (GEO)
1
3
3
7

41
 Ireland (IRL)‡
1
1
4
6

42
 Argentina (ARG)
1
1
2
4

 Serbia (SRB)
1
1
2
4

 Slovenia (SLO)
1
1
2
4

45
 Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)‡
1
1
2
4

46
 Turkey (TUR)‡
1
1
1
3

47
 Dominican Republic (DOM)
1
1
0
2

48
 Uzbekistan (UZB)‡
1
0
2
3

49
 Latvia (LAT)
1
0
1
2

 Chinese Taipei (TPE)‡
1
0
1
2

51
 Algeria (ALG)
1
0
0
1

 Bahamas (BAH)
1
0
0
1

 Bahrain (BRN)‡
1
0
0
1

 Grenada (GRN)
1
0
0
1

 Uganda (UGA)
1
0
0
1

 Venezuela (VEN)
1
0
0
1

57
 Egypt (EGY)‡
0
3
1
4

58
 India (IND)
0
2
4
6

59
 Mongolia (MGL)
0
2
3
5

60
 Thailand (THA)‡
0
2
2
4

61
 Bulgaria (BUL)‡
0
2
1
3

 Finland (FIN)‡
0
2
1
3

 Indonesia (INA)‡
0
2
1
3

64
 Slovakia (SVK)
0
1
3
4

65
 Belgium (BEL)
0
1
2
3

66
 Armenia (ARM)‡
0
1
1
2

 Estonia (EST)
0
1
1
2

 Malaysia (MAS)
0
1
1
2

 Puerto Rico (PUR)
0
1
1
2

70
 Botswana (BOT)
0
1
0
1

 Cyprus (CYP)
0
1
0
1

 Gabon (GAB)
0
1
0
1

 Guatemala (GUA)
0
1
0
1

 Montenegro (MNE)
0
1
0
1

 Portugal (POR)
0
1
0
1

76
 Greece (GRE)
0
0
2
2

 Qatar (QAT)
0
0
2
2

 Singapore (SIN)
0
0
2
2

79
 Afghanistan (AFG)
0
0
1
1

 Hong Kong (HKG)
0
0
1
1

 Cameroon (CMR)‡
0
0
1
1

 Saudi Arabia (KSA)
0
0
1
1

 Kuwait (KUW)
0
0
1
1

 Morocco (MAR)
0
0
1
1

 Tajikistan (TJK)
0
0
1
1

–
 Moldova (MDA)‡
0
0
0
0

Total (85 NOCs)
302
303
353
958

tag: table

text: Changes in medal standings[edit]

text: List of official changes[edit]

text: On 29 August 2016, a report indicated that a retested sample for Besik Kudukhov of Russia, the silver medalist in the men's 60 kg freestyle wrestling event, had returned a positive result (later disclosed as dehydrochlormethyltestosterone).[19] Kudakhov died in a car crash in December 2013. On 27 October 2016, the IOC dropped all disciplinary proceedings against Kudukhov, stating that such proceedings cannot be conducted against a deceased person. As a result, it said, Olympic results that would have been reviewed will remain uncorrected, which is the unavoidable consequence of the fact that the proceedings cannot move forward.[20]

text: On 9 November 2015, WADA Independent report was published in which Russian athlete Ekaterina Poistogova was mentioned as the violator of anti-doping rules.[21] After an investigation, Poistogova was one of five Russian runners whom the World Anti-Doping Agency recommended to receive a lifetime ban for doping during the London Olympics. On 7 April 2017, CAS refused to decide on disqualification from 2012, and disqualify Ekaterina Poistogova from 2015.[22] Thus, Ekaterina Poistogova retained her Olympic 2012 medal at women's 800 metres athletic event.

text:
Ruling date
Sport/Event
NOC
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
Comment

List of official changes in medal standings (during the Games)

13 August 2012
Athletics
Women's shot put
 Belarus (BLR)
−1

−1
On 13 August 2012, the IOC stripped Belarusian athlete Nadzeya Ostapchuk of her gold medal in the women's shot put after she tested positive for the anabolic steroid metenolone. As a result, New Zealand silver medallist Valerie Adams was awarded gold, Russian bronze medallist Yevgeniya Kolodko was awarded silver, and the fourth-placed Gong Lijiao from China was awarded bronze.[23]

 New Zealand (NZL)
+1
−1

0

 Russia (RUS)

+1
−1
0

 China (CHN)

+1
+1

List of official changes in medal standings (after the Games)

6 November 2012
Wrestling
Men's freestyle 74 kg
 Uzbekistan (UZB)

−1
−1
On 6 November 2012, the IOC stripped Uzbek wrestler Soslan Tigiev of his bronze medal in the men's freestyle 74 kg division after he tested positive for the banned stimulant methylhexaneamine.[24] Hungary's Gábor Hatos was elevated to the bronze medal position.[25]

 Hungary (HUN)

+1
+1

1 May 2013
Athletics
Women's discus throw
 Russia (RUS)

−1

−1
On 1 May 2013, the Russian Anti-Doping Agency confirmed that Russian discus thrower Darya Pishchalnikova had been banned for 10 years and stripped of her silver medal in the women's discus throw after testing positive for oxandrolone (an anabolic steroid).[26] China's Li Yanfeng will be elevated to silver and Cuba's Yarelys Barrios will be awarded bronze.[27][28] The IOC has decided on the case and reallocated the medals in 2015.[29][30]

 China (CHN)

+1
−1
0

 Cuba (CUB)

+1
+1

20 May 2015
Athletics
Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
 United States (USA)

−1

−1
In May 2014, the US 4 × 100 metres relay team member Tyson Gay received a one-year suspension for anabolic steroid use and was stripped of his medals after 15 July 2012 when he first used.[31] In May 2015, the IOC wrote to US Olympic Committee telling them to collect the medals from teammates Trell Kimmons, Justin Gatlin, Ryan Bailey, Jeffery Demps and Darvis Patton.[32] Two of Gay's teammates who ran with him in the final, Kimmons and Bailey, had previously also served suspensions. The medals were reallocated, with Trinidad and Tobago awarded silver, and France taking bronze.[33][34]

 Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)

+1
−1
0

 France (FRA)

+1
+1

17 August 2015
Athletics
Women's 1500 metres
 Turkey (TUR)
−1

−1
On 17 August 2015, the Court of Arbitration for Sport says it approved a settlement agreed to by Turkish athlete Aslı Çakır Alptekin, Turkish Athletic Federation and the IAAF.[35] Alptekin has agreed to forfeit her 1500 metres Olympic title and serve an eight-year ban for blood doping.[36][37]

For reallocation of medals see 29 March 2017

24 March 2016
Athletics
Men's 50 kilometres walk
 Russia (RUS)
−1

−1
On 24 March 2016, the Court of Arbitration for Sport issued a decision that all competitive results obtained by Sergey Kirdyapkin from 20 August 2009 to 15 October 2012 are disqualified.[38] The IOC has confirmed the stripping of Sergey Kirdyapkin's gold medal in the men's 50 km walk and the redistribution of the medals. As a result, Australian walker Jared Tallent was awarded the gold, China's Si Tianfeng was awarded the silver and Ireland's Robert Heffernan awarded the bronze.[39][40]

 Australia (AUS)
+1
−1

0

 China (CHN)

+1
−1
0

 Ireland (IRL)

+1
+1

24 March 2016
Athletics
Women's 20 kilometres walk
 Russia (RUS)

−1

−1
On 24 March 2016, the Court of Arbitration for Sport issued a decision that all competitive results obtained by Olga Kaniskina from 15 August 2009 to 15 October 2012 are disqualified and stated that the possible re-allocation of medals is a matter for IAAF to determine.[38] IOC has confirmed the stripping of Olga Kaniskina's silver medal in women's 20 km walk.[41]
The IOC requested the IAAF to modify the results of this event accordingly, and medals were redistributed.[42]

 China (CHN)

+1

+1

24 March 2016
Athletics
Women's 3000 metres steeplechase
 Russia (RUS)
−1

−1
On 30 January 2015, the Russian Anti-Doping Agency confirmed that runner Yuliya Zaripova was serving a back-dated ban and her Olympic gold medal placing in the 3,000 metres steeplechase had already been annulled, after testing positive for anabolic steroids. Tunisia's Habiba Ghribi was in line for the reallocated gold medal, Ethiopia's Sofia Assefa for the silver, and Kenya's Milcah Chemos Cheywa for the bronze.[43] On 24 March 2016, the Court of Arbitration for Sport disqualified Yuliya Zaripova for doping and confirmed that she would be stripped of her gold medal.[38] On 4 June 2016, the gold medal was officially reallocated to second place Habiba Ghribi from Tunisia by the IOC,[44] and the IAAF updated the results. Marta Dominguez from Spain was also disqualified.[45] On 5 June 2016, Ghribi received her gold medal.[46][47]

 Tunisia (TUN)
+1
−1

0

 Ethiopia (ETH)

+1
−1
0

 Kenya (KEN)

+1
+1

List of official changes in medal standings (2016 wave of retesting)

13 July 2016
Weightlifting
Women's 58 kg
 Ukraine (UKR)

−1
−1
On 13 July 2016, the IOC announced that Yuliya Kalina of Ukraine has been disqualified from the 2012 Summer Olympics and ordered to return the bronze medal from the 58 kg weightlifting event. Reanalysis of Kalina's samples from London 2012 resulted in a positive test for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol).[48]
The IOC has requested IWF to modify the results of the weightlifting events, and IWF has reallocated medals accordingly.[49]

 Thailand (THA)

+1
+1

9 August 2016
Athletics
Men's javelin throw
 Ukraine (UKR)

−1

−1
On 9 August 2016, the IOC announced that Oleksandr Pyatnytsya of Ukraine would be stripped of his silver medal in the javelin throw after he tested positive for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol).[50]
The IOC requested the IAAF to modify the results of this event accordingly.[51] On 22 February 2017, Antti Ruuskanen received the silver medal in Finland.[52] Vítězslav Veselý received the bronze medal during Golden Spike Ostrava on 28 June 2017.[53]

 Finland (FIN)

+1
−1
0

 Czech Republic (CZE)

+1
+1

20 August 2016
Athletics
Women's shot put
 Russia (RUS)

−1

−1
On 20 August 2016, the IOC announced that Yevgeniya Kolodko of Russia would be stripped of her silver medal in shot put after she tested positive of dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol) and ipamorelin.[54] Kolodko had been upgraded to a silver medal during the 2012 London games after the first-place finisher had been stripped of her gold medal for doping.
The IOC requested the IAAF to modify the results of this event accordingly, and medals were redistributed.[55]

 China (CHN)

+1

+1

11 October 2016
Athletics
Women's hammer throw
 Russia (RUS)
−1

−1
On 11 October 2016, Tatyana Lysenko of the Russian Federation was disqualified from the women's hammer throw, in which she won the gold medal. She had tested positive for a banned substance.[56]
The IOC has requested IAAF to modify the results accordingly, and medals were redistributed.[57]

 Poland (POL)
+1
−1

0

 Germany (GER)

+1
−1
0

 China (CHN)

+1
+1

18 October 2016
Weightlifting
Men's 85 kg
 Russia (RUS)

−1

−1
On 18 October 2016, the IOC disqualified Apti Aukhadov of the Russian Federation for doping and stripped him of the silver medal.[58]
The IOC has requested IWF to modify the results of the weightlifting events, and IWF has reallocated medals accordingly.[49]

 Iran (IRI)

+1
−1
0

 Egypt (EGY)

+1
+1

27 October 2016
Weightlifting
Women's 53 kg
 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
−1

−1
On 27 October 2016 the IOC disqualified a further eight athletes for failing doping tests at the games. This included 4 medal winners including Zulfiya Chinshanlo, Maiya Maneza and Svetlana Podobedova all from Kazakhstan, and Maryna Shkermankova of Belarus.[59]
The IOC has requested IWF to modify the results of the weightlifting events, and IWF has reallocated medals accordingly.[49]

For reallocation of medals see 21 November 2016

Weightlifting
Women's 63 kg
 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
−1

−1

For reallocation of medals see 5 April 2017

Weightlifting
Women's 69 kg
 Belarus (BLR)

−1
−1

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)

+1
+1

Weightlifting
Women's 75 kg
 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
−1

−1

For reallocation of medals see 21 November 2016

21 November 2016
Weightlifting
Men's 94 kg
 Russia (RUS)

−1

−1
On 21 November 2016 the IOC disqualified a further 12 athletes for failing doping tests at the games. This included 6 medal winners in weightlifting including Alexandr Ivanov (Russia), Anatoli Ciricu (Moldova), Cristina Iovu (Moldova), Nataliya Zabolotnaya (Russia), Iryna Kulesha (Belarus), Hripsime Khurshudyan (Armenia).[60]
The IOC has requested IWF to modify the results of the weightlifting events, and IWF has reallocated medals accordingly.[49]
Moldova has lost all its London-2012 medals.

 Moldova (MDA)

−1
−1

For reallocation of medals see 25 November 2016

Weightlifting
Women's 53 kg
 Moldova (MDA)

−1
−1

 Chinese Taipei (TPE)
+1
−1

0

 Indonesia (INA)

+1

+1

 Ukraine (UKR)

+1
+1

Weightlifting
Women's 75 kg
 Russia (RUS)

−1

−1

 Belarus (BLR)

−1
−1

 Spain (ESP)
+1

+1

 Egypt (EGY)

+1

+1

 Cameroon (CMR)

+1
+1

Weightlifting
Women's +75 kg
 Armenia (ARM)

−1
−1

 South Korea (KOR)

+1
+1

25 November 2016
Weightlifting
Men's 94 kg
 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
−1

−1
On 25 November 2016 the IOC disqualified Ilya Ilin for failing anti-doping test.[61]
The IOC has requested IWF to modify the results of the weightlifting events, and IWF has reallocated medals accordingly.[49]

 Iran (IRI)
+1

+1

 South Korea (KOR)

+1

+1

 Poland (POL)

+1
+1

29 November 2016
Athletics
Women's heptathlon
 Russia (RUS)

−1
−1
On 29 November 2016 the Court of Arbitration for Sport has issued decision that all competitive results of Tatyana Chernova between 15 August 2011 and 22 July 2013 are annulled.[62]

1 February 2017
Athletics
Women's 4 × 400 metres relay
 Russia (RUS)

−1

−1
On 1 February 2017, the Russian 4 × 400 metres relay women's team was disqualified due doping of Antonina Krivoshapka [63]
The IOC has requested IAAF to modify the results accordingly, and medals were redistributed.[64]
On 30 November 2017, Yuliya Gushchina was also banned for doping[65]

 Jamaica (JAM)

+1
−1
0

 Ukraine (UKR)

+1
+1

10 February 2017
Athletics
Women's 800 metres
 Russia (RUS)
−1

−1
On 10 February 2017, the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld a four-year ban that effectively stripped off the gold medal of Mariya Savinova, based upon her biological passport.[66]
IOC has confirmed the redistribution of the gold and the silver medals in this event and has not yet confirmed the redistribution of the bronze medal in this event.

 South Africa (RSA)
+1
−1

0

 Russia (RUS)

+1
−1
0

29 March 2017
Athletics
Women's 1500 metres
 Turkey (TUR)

−1

−1
On 29 March 2017, Turkish Gamze Bulut was banned for doping and lost its Olympic silver medal.[67] Previously, on 17 August 2015, the Court of Arbitration for Sport Turkish athlete Aslı Çakır Alptekin lost the Olympic title and serve an eight-year ban for blood doping.[36] Fourth-placed finisher Russian Tatyana Tomashova has a previous doping violation and fifth-placed Ethiopian Abeba Aregawi, later representing Sweden was suspended for doping violation on 29 February 2016.[68]
When reallocating medals, the IOC has previously elected not to advance athletes with a history of doping violations. So IOC has confirmed the redistribution of the gold medals in this event and has not yet confirmed the redistribution of the silver and bronze medals in this event.

 Bahrain (BRN)
+1

−1
0

5 April 2017
Weightlifting
Women's 63 kg
 Russia (RUS)

−1

−1
On 5 April 2017, the IOC disqualified the Russian weightlifter Svetlana Tsarukayeva due to use of turinabol [69]
The IOC has requested IWF to modify the results of the weightlifting events, and IWF has reallocated medals accordingly.[49]

 Canada (CAN)
+1

−1
0

 Bulgaria (BUL)

+1

+1

 Mexico (MEX)

+1
+1

text:
List of official changes by country

NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

 Russia (RUS)
−4
−6
−3
−13

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
−4
0
1
−3

 Belarus (BLR)
−1
0
−2
−3

 Turkey (TUR)
−1
−1
0
−2

 Moldova (MDA)
0
0
−2
−2

 United States (USA)
0
−1
0
−1

 Armenia (ARM)
0
0
−1
−1

 Uzbekistan (UZB)
0
0
−1
−1

 Bahrain (BRN)
+1
0
−1
0

 Canada (CAN)
+1
0
−1
0

 Australia (AUS)
+1
−1
0
0

 New Zealand (NZL)
+1
−1
0
0

 South Africa (RSA)
+1
−1
0
0

 Chinese Taipei (TPE)
+1
−1
0
0

 Tunisia (TUN)
+1
−1
0
0

 Germany (GER)
0
+1
−1
0

 Ethiopia (ETH)
0
+1
−1
0

 Finland (FIN)
0
+1
−1
0

 Jamaica (JAM)
0
+1
−1
0

 Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)
0
+1
−1
0

 Ukraine (UKR)
0
−1
+1
0

 Iran (IRI)
+1
+1
−1
+1

 Spain (ESP)
+1
0
0
+1

 Poland (POL)
+1
−1
+1
+1

 Bulgaria (BUL)
0
+1
0
+1

 Indonesia (INA)
0
+1
0
+1

 Cameroon (CMR)
0
0
+1
+1

 Cuba (CUB)
0
0
+1
+1

 Czech Republic (CZE)
0
0
+1
+1

 France (FRA)
0
0
+1
+1

 Hungary (HUN)
0
0
+1
+1

 Ireland (IRL)
0
0
+1
+1

 Kenya (KEN)
0
0
+1
+1

 Mexico (MEX)
0
0
+1
+1

 Thailand (THA)
0
0
+1
+1

 Egypt (EGY)
0
+1
+1
+2

 South Korea (KOR)
0
+1
+1
+2

 China (CHN)
0
+4
0
+4

text: List of possible changes in medal standings[edit]

text: 2016 wave of retesting[edit]

text:
List of possible changes in medal standings

Ruling date
Sport/Event
NOC
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
Comment

29 November 2016
Athletics
Women's heptathlon
 Lithuania (LTU)

+1
+1
See above

10 February 2017
Athletics
Women's 800 metres
 Kenya (KEN)

+1
+1
IOC has not yet confirmed the redistribution of the bronze medal in this event.

29 March 2017
Athletics
Women's 1500 metres
 United States (USA)

+1

+1
When reallocating medals, the IOC has previously elected not to advance athletes with a history of doping violations. Therefore, it is possible that runners from the U.S. and Slovakia in the original sixth and seventh positions could be awarded medals.

 Slovakia (SVK)

+1
+1


document_title: List of highest paid Major League Baseball players

question_text: who is the highest paid player in baseball

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key

Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

1B
First baseman

2B
Second baseman

3B
Third baseman

SS
Shortstop

LF
Left fielder

CF
Center fielder

RF
Right fielder

C
Catcher

SP
Starting pitcher

RP
Relief pitcher

DH
Designated hitter

text: Highest annual salaries in 2017[edit]

text: This table refers to the salary for 2017 alone, not the overall average value of the contract.

text:
Rank
Name
Position
Team(s)
Salary
Ref

1
Clayton Kershaw
SP
Los Angeles Dodgers
$33,000,000
[15]

2
Zack Greinke
SP
Arizona Diamondbacks
$31,876,966
[16]

3
David Price
SP
Boston Red Sox
$30,000,000
[17]

4
Miguel Cabrera
1B
Detroit Tigers
$28,000,000
[18]

4
Justin Verlander
SP
Detroit Tigers/Houston Astros
$28,000,000
[19]

6
Jason Heyward
OF
Chicago Cubs
$26,055,288
[20]

7
Albert Pujols
1B
Los Angeles Angels
$26,055,288
[21]

8
Felix Hernandez
SP
Seattle Mariners
$25,857,143
[22]

9
Jon Lester
SP
Chicago Cubs
$25,000,000
[23]

9
CC Sabathia
SP
New York Yankees
$25,000,000
[24]

text: Career earnings[edit]

text:
Name
Team(s)
Position
Years
Earnings
Ref

Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Seattle Mariners
Texas Rangers
New York Yankees
SS, 3B
1994–2016
$396,416,252
[25]

Jeter, DerekDerek Jeter
New York Yankees
SS
1995–2014
$265,159,364
[26]

Beltrán, CarlosCarlos Beltrán
Kansas City Royals
Houston Astros
New York Mets
San Francisco Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
New York Yankees
Houston Astros

CF, RF
1998–2017
$221,952,782
[27]

Ramirez, MannyManny Ramirez
Cleveland Indians
Boston Red Sox
Los Angeles Dodgers
Chicago White Sox
Tampa Bay Rays
LF
1993–2011
$206,827,769
[28]

Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
Pittsburgh Pirates
San Francisco Giants
LF
1986–2007
$188,245,322
[29]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
Montreal Expos
Seattle Mariners
Houston Astros
Arizona Diamondbacks
New York Yankees
San Francisco Giants
SP
1988–2009
$175,550,019
[30]

Hunter, ToriiTorii Hunter
Minnesota Twins
Los Angeles Angels
Detroit Tigers
CF
1997–2015
$171,055,000
[31]

Rivera, MarianoMariano Rivera
New York Yankees
RP
1995–2013
$169,441,825
[32]

Jones, ChipperChipper Jones
Atlanta Braves
3B
1993–2012
$168,552,133
[33]

Sheffield, GaryGary Sheffield
Milwaukee Brewers
San Diego Padres
Florida Marlins
Los Angeles Dodgers
Atlanta Braves
New York Yankees
Detroit Tigers
New York Mets
RF
1988–2009
$168,008,550
[34]

Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki
Seattle Mariners
New York Yankees
Miami Marlins
RF
2001–
$166,331,483
[35]

Helton, ToddTodd Helton
Colorado Rockies
1B
1998–2013
$161,490,000
[36]

Santana, JohanJohan Santana
Minnesota Twins
New York Mets
SP
2000–2012
$155,997,269
[37]

Maddux, GregGreg Maddux
Chicago Cubs
Atlanta Braves
Los Angeles Dodgers
San Diego Padres
SP
1986–2008
$153,845,000
[38]

Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners
Cincinnati Reds
Chicago White Sox
CF
1988–2010
$151,703,682
[39]

Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
Boston Red Sox
Toronto Blue Jays
New York Yankees
Houston Astros
SP
1984–2007
$150,601,000
[40]

Halladay, RoyRoy Halladay
Toronto Blue Jays
Philadelphia Phillies
SP
1998–2013
$148,991,666
[41]

Sabathia, CCCC Sabathia
Cleveland Indians
Milwaukee Brewers
New York Yankees
SP
2001–
$146,357,142
[42]

Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
Toronto Blue Jays
Florida Marlins
New York Mets
1B
1993–2009
$146,299,000
[43]

Martínez, PedroPedro Martínez
Los Angeles Dodgers
Montreal Expos
Boston Red Sox
New York Mets
Philadelphia Phillies
SP
1992–2009
$146,259,585
[44]

text: Salary progression[edit]

text:
Average annual salary
Date signed
Name
Team
Position
Contract duration
(Years)
Ref(s)

$01170000 !1,170,000
01 !November 19, 1979
Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
Houston Astros
SP
03 !3
[10][46]

$02500000 !2,500,000[a]
02 !December 15, 1980
Winfield, DaveDave Winfield
New York Yankees
RF
10
[47][48]

$02600000 !2,600,000
03 !September 4, 1985
Murray, EddieEddie Murray
Baltimore Orioles
1B
05 !5
[49][50]

$02633333 !2,633,333[b]
03.1 !February 16, 1989
Hershiser, OrelOrel Hershiser
Los Angeles Dodgers
SP
03 !3
[51][52]

$02970000 !2,970,000
04 !November 17, 1989
Saberhagen, BretBret Saberhagen
Kansas City Royals
SP
03 !3
[53][54]

$03000000 !3,000,000[c]
05 !November 22, 1989
Puckett, KirbyKirby Puckett
Minnesota Twins
CF
03 !3
[55][56]

$03200000 !3,200,000
06 !December 1, 1989
Langston, MarkMark Langston
California Angels
SP
05 !5
[57][58]

$03250000 !3,250,000
07 !December 11, 1989
Davis, MarkMark Davis
Kansas City Royals
SP
04 !4
[59][60]

$03500000 !3,500,000
08 !January 17, 1990
Stewart, DaveDave Stewart
Oakland Athletics
SP
02 !2
[61][62]

$03750000 !3,750,000
09 !January 22, 1990
Clark, WillWill Clark
San Francisco Giants
1B
04 !4
[63][64]

$03860000 !3,860,000
10 !April 9, 1990
Mattingly, DonDon Mattingly
New York Yankees
1B
05 !5
[65][66]

$04700000 !4,700,000
11 !June 28, 1990
Canseco, JoseJose Canseco
Oakland Athletics
RF/DH
05 !5
[67][68]

$05380000 !5,380,000
12 !February 2, 1991
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
Boston Red Sox
SP
04 !4
[40][69]

$05800000 !5,800,000
13 !December 2, 1991
Bonilla, BobbyBobby Bonilla
New York Mets
3B/RF
05 !5
[70][71]

$07100000 !7,100,000
14 !March 2, 1992
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg
Chicago Cubs
2B
04 !4
[72][73]

$07290000 !7,290,000
15 !December 6, 1992
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
LF
06 !6
[29][74]

$08500000 !8,500,000
16 !January 31, 1996
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners
CF
04 !4
[39][75]

$11000000 !11,000,000
17 !November 19, 1996
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
Chicago White Sox
LF
05 !5
[76][77]

$11450000 !11,450,000
18 !March 20, 1997
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
LF
02 !2
[29][78]

$11500000 !11,500,000
19 !August 10, 1997
Maddux, GregGreg Maddux
Atlanta Braves
SP
05 !5
[38][79]

$12500000 !12,500,000
20 !December 10, 1997
Martínez, PedroPedro Martínez
Boston Red Sox
SP
06 !6
[44][80]

$13000000 !13,000,000
21 !October 26, 1998
Piazza, MikeMike Piazza
New York Mets
C
07 !7
[81][82]

$13333333 !13,333,333
22 !November 25, 1998
Vaughn, MoMo Vaughn
Anaheim Angels
1B
06 !6
[83][84]

$15000000 !15,000,000
23 !December 12, 1998
Brown, KevinKevin Brown
Los Angeles Dodgers
SP
07 !7
[85][86]

$15450000 !15,450,000[d]
24 !August 11, 2000
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
New York Yankees
SP
02 !2[d]
[40][87]

$17000000 !17,000,000
25 !October 20, 2000
Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
Toronto Blue Jays
1B
04 !4
[43][88]

$25200000 !25,200,000
26 !December 10, 2000
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Texas Rangers
SS
10
[6][25]

$27500000 !27,500,000
27 !December 13, 2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
New York Yankees
3B
10
[8][25]


document_title: Entamoeba histolytica

question_text: what is the infective stage of entamoeba histolytica

text: Entamoeba histolytica

text: Transmission[edit]

text:
The active (trophozoite) stage exists only in the host and in fresh loose feces; cysts survive outside the host in water, in soils, and on foods, especially under moist conditions on the latter. The infection can occur when a person puts anything into their mouth that has touched the feces of a person who is infected with E. histolytica, swallows something, such as water or food, that is contaminated with E. histolytica, or swallows E. histolytica cysts (eggs) picked up from contaminated surfaces or fingers.[4] The cysts are readily killed by heat and by freezing temperatures, and survive for only a few months outside of the host.[5]  When cysts are swallowed they cause infections by excysting (releasing the trophozoite stage) in the digestive tract.
The pathogenic nature of E. histolytica was first reported by Lösch in 1875, but it was not given its Latin name until Fritz Schaudinn described it in 1903. E. histolytica, as its name suggests (histo–lytic = tissue destroying), is pathogenic; infection can be asymptomatic or can lead to amoebic dysentery or amoebic liver abscess.[1][6] Symptoms can include fulminating dysentery, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal pain, and amoeboma. The amoeba can actually 'bore' into the intestinal wall, causing lesions and intestinal symptoms, and it may reach the blood stream. From there, it can reach different vital organs of the human body, usually the liver, but sometimes the lungs, brain, spleen, etc. A common outcome of this invasion of tissues is a liver abscess, which can be fatal if untreated. Ingested red blood cells are sometimes seen in the amoeba cell cytoplasm.

text: Risk factors[edit]

text: Poor sanitary conditions are known to increase the risk of contracting amebiasis E. hystolytica.[7] In the United States, there is a much higher rate of amebiasis-related mortality in California and Texas, which might be caused by the proximity of those states to E. histolytica-endemic areas, such as Mexico, other parts of Latin America, and Asia.[8] E. hystolytica is also recognized as an emerging sexually transmissible pathogen, especially in male homosexual relations, causing outbreaks in non-endemic regions.[9] As such, high-risk sex behaviour is also a potential source of infection.[10] Although it is unclear whether there is a causal link, studies indicate a higher chance of being infected with E. hystolytica if one is also infected with HIV.[11][12]

text: Genome[edit]

text:
The  E. histolytica genome was sequenced, assembled, and automatically annotated in 2005.[13]
The genome was reassembled and reannotated in 2010.[14] The 20 million basepair genome assembly contains 8,160 predicted genes; known and novel transposable elements have been mapped and characterized, functional assignments have been revised and updated, and additional information has been incorporated, including metabolic pathways, Gene Ontology assignments, curation of transporters, and generation of gene families.[15]
The major group of transposable elements in E. histolytica are non-LTR retrotransposons. These have been divided in three families called EhLINEs and EhSINEs (EhLINE1,2,3 and EhSINE1,2,3).[16] EhLINE1 encode an endonuclease (EN) protein (in addition to reverse transcriptase and nucleotide-binding ORF1), which have similarity with bacterial restriction endonuclease. This similarity with bacterial protein indicates that transposable elements have been acquired from prokaryotes by horizontal gene transfer in this protozoan parasite.[17]

text: Pathology[edit]

text: In the vast majority of cases, infection is asymptomatic and the carrier is unaware they are infected. However, in an estimated 10% of cases E. histolytica causes disease. Once the trophozoites are excysted they colonize the large bowel, remaining on the surface of the mucus layer and feeding on bacteria and food particles. Occasionally, and in response to unknown stimuli, trophozoites move through the mucus layer where they come in contact with the epithelial cell layer and start the pathological process. E. histolytica has a lectin that binds to galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine sugars on the surface of the epithelial cells, The lectin normally is used to bind bacteria for ingestion. The parasite has several enzymes such as pore forming proteins, lipases, and cysteine proteases, which are normally used to digest bacteria in food vacuoles but which can cause lysis of the epithelial cells by inducing cellular necrosis and apoptosis when the trophozoite comes in contact with them and binds via the lectin. Enzymes released allow penetration into intestinal wall and blood vessels, sometimes on to liver and other organs.[18] The trophozoites will then ingest these dead cells. This damage to the epithelial cell layer attracts human immune cells and these in turn can be lysed by the trophozoite, which releases the immune cell's own lytic enzymes into the surrounding tissue, creating a type of chain reaction and leading to tissue destruction. This destruction manifests itself in the form of an 'ulcer' in the tissue, typically described as flask-shaped because of its appearance in transverse section. This tissue destruction can also involve blood vessels leading to bloody diarrhea, amebic dysentery. Occasionally, trophozoites enter the bloodstream where they are transported typically to the liver via the portal system. In the liver a similar pathological sequence ensues, leading to amebic liver abscesses. The trophozoites can also end up in other organs, sometimes via the bloodstream, sometimes via liver abscess rupture or fistulas. In all locations, similar pathology can occur.

text: Pathogen interaction[edit]

text: E. histolytica may modulate the virulence of certain human viruses and is itself a host for its own viruses.

text: For example, AIDS accentuates the damage and pathogenicity of E. histolytica.[12] On the other hand, cells infected with HIV are often consumed by E. histolytica. Infective HIV remains viable within the amoeba, although there has been no proof of human reinfection from amoeba carrying this virus.[19]

text: A burst of research on viruses of E. histolytica stems from a series of papers published by Diamond et al. from 1972 to 1979. In 1972, they hypothesized two separate polyhedral and filamentous viral strains within E. histolytica that caused cell lysis. Perhaps the most novel observation was that two kinds of viral strains existed, and that within one type of amoeba (strain HB-301) the polyhedral strain had no detrimental effect but led to cell lysis in another (strain HK-9). Although Mattern et al. attempted to explore the possibility that these protozoal viruses could function like bacteriophages, they found no significant changes in Entamoeba histolytica virulence when infected by viruses. However, no newer published research has been conducted on this species since.[20]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text:
Diagnosis is confirmed by microscopic examination for trophozoites or cysts in fresh or suitably preserved faecal specimens, smears of aspirates or scrapings obtained by proctoscopy, and aspirates of abscesses or other tissue specimen. A blood test is also available but is only recommended when a healthcare provider believes the infection may have spread beyond the intestine (gut) to some other organ of the body, such as the liver. However, this blood test may not be helpful in diagnosing current illness because the test can be positive if the patient has had amebiasis in the past, even if they are not infected at present.[21]
Stool antigen detection and PCR are available for diagnosis, and are more sensitive and specific than microscopy.[2]

text:
Amoebic intestinal ulcer caused by E. histolytica

Trophozoites of E. histolytica with ingested erythrocytes

E. histolytica cyst

Immature E. histolytica cyst (mature cysts have 4 nuclei)

Multiplication by binary fission

E. hystolytica drawing

text: Treatment[edit]

text: There are a number of effective medications. Generally several antibiotics are available to treat entamoeba histolytica. The infected individual will be treated with only one antibiotic if the E. histolytica infection has not made the person sick and most likely be prescribed with two antibiotics if the person has been feeling sick.[22] Otherwise, below are other options for treatments.

text:
Intestinal infection:
Usually nitroimidazole derivatives (such as metronidazole) are used because they are highly effective against the trophozoite form of the amoeba.  Since they have little effect on amoeba cysts, usually this treatment is followed by an agent (such as paromomycin or diloxanide furoate) that acts on the organism in the lumen.[2]

text:
Liver abscess:
In addition to targeting organisms in solid tissue, primarily with drugs like metronidazole and chloroquine, treatment of liver abscess must include agents that act in the lumen of the intestine (as in the preceding paragraph) to avoid re-invasion.  Surgical drainage is usually not necessary except when rupture is imminent.[23]

text:
People without symptoms:
For people without symptoms (otherwise known as carriers, with no symptoms), non endemic areas should be treated by paromomycin, and other treatments include diloxanide furoate and iodoquinol.[citation needed]
There have been problems with the use of iodoquinol and iodochlorhydroxyquin, so their use is not recommended.
Diloxanide furoate can also be used by mildly symptomatic persons who are just passing cysts.

text:
Genus and species

Entamoeba histolytica

Etiologic agent of:

Amoebiasis; amoebic dysentery; extraintestinal amoebiasis, usually amoebic liver abscess; "anchovy sauce"); amoeba cutis; amoebic lung abscess ("liver-colored sputum")

Infective stage

Tetranucleated cyst (having 2-4 nuclei)

Definitive host

Human

Portal of entry

Mouth

Mode of transmission

Ingestion of mature cyst through contaminated food or water

Habitat

Colon and cecum

Pathogenic stage

Trophozoite

Locomotive apparatus

Pseudopodia ("false foot”")

Motility

Active, progressive and directional

Nucleus

'Ring and dot' appearance: peripheral chromatin and central karyosome

Mode of reproduction

Binary fission

Pathogenesis

Lytic necrosis (it looks like “flask-shaped” holes in Gastrointestinal tract sections (GIT)

Type of encystment

Protective and Reproductive

Lab diagnosis

Most common is direct fecal smear (DFS) and staining (but does not allow identification to species level); enzyme immunoassay (EIA); indirect hemagglutination (IHA); Antigen detection – monoclonal antibody; PCR for species identification. Sometimes only the use of a fixative (formalin) is effective in detecting cysts.  Culture: From faecal samples - Robinson's medium, Jones' medium

Treatment

Metronidazole for the invasive trophozoites PLUS a lumenal amoebicide for those still in the intestine. Paromomycin (Humatin) is the luminal drug of choice, since Diloxanide furoate (Furamide) is not commercially available in the United States or Canada (being available only from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). A direct comparison of efficacy showed that Paromomycin had a higher cure rate.[24] Paromomycin (Humatin) should be used with caution in patients with colitis, as it is both nephrotoxic and ototoxic.  Absorption through the damaged wall of the intestinal tract can result in permanent hearing loss and kidney damage.  Recommended dosage: metronidazole 750 mg three times a day orally, for 5 to 10 days followed by paromomycin 30 mg/kg/day orally in 3 equal doses for 5 to 10 days or Diloxanide furoate 500 mg 3 times a day orally for 10 days, to eradicate lumenal amoebae and prevent relapse.[25][26]

Trophozoite stage

Pathognomonic/diagnostic feature

Ingested RBC; distinctive nucleus

Cyst Stage

Chromatoidal body

'Cigar' shaped bodies (made up of crystalline ribosomes)

Number of nuclei

1 in early stages, 4 when mature

Pathognomonic/diagnostic feature

'Ring and dot' nucleus and chromatoid bodies

text: Meiosis[edit]

text: In sexually reproducing eukaryotes, homologous recombination (HR) ordinarily occurs during meiosis.  The meiosis-specific recombinase, Dmc1, is required for efficient meiotic HR, and Dmc1 is expressed in E. histolytica.[27]  The purified Dmc1 from E. histolytica forms presynaptic filaments and catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and DNA strand exchange over at least several thousand base pairs.[27]  The DNA pairing and strand exchange reactions are enhanced by the eukaryotic meiosis-specific recombination accessory factor (heterodimer) Hop2-Mnd1.[27]  These processes are central to meiotic recombination, suggesting that E. histolytica undergoes meiosis.[27]

text: Several other genes involved in both mitotic and meiotic HR are also present in E. histolytica.[28]  HR is enhanced under stressful growth conditions (serum starvation) concomitant with the up-regulation of HR-related genes.[29]  Also, UV irradiation induces DNA damage in E. histolytica trophozoites and activates the recombinational DNA repair pathway.[28]  In particular, expression of the Rad51 protein (a recombinase) is increased about 15-fold by UV treatment.


question_text: who is the most paid mlb player 2017

question_tokens: who is the most paid mlb player 2017

text: List of highest paid Major League Baseball players

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key

Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

1B
First baseman

2B
Second baseman

3B
Third baseman

SS
Shortstop

LF
Left fielder

CF
Center fielder

RF
Right fielder

C
Catcher

SP
Starting pitcher

RP
Relief pitcher

DH
Designated hitter

text: Highest annual salaries in 2017[edit]

text: This table refers to the salary for 2017 alone, not the overall average value of the contract.

text:
Rank
Name
Position
Team(s)
Salary
Ref

1
Clayton Kershaw
SP
Los Angeles Dodgers
$33,000,000
[15]

2
Zack Greinke
SP
Arizona Diamondbacks
$31,876,966
[16]

3
David Price
SP
Boston Red Sox
$30,000,000
[17]

4
Miguel Cabrera
1B
Detroit Tigers
$28,000,000
[18]

4
Justin Verlander
SP
Detroit Tigers/Houston Astros
$28,000,000
[19]

6
Jason Heyward
OF
Chicago Cubs
$26,055,288
[20]

7
Albert Pujols
1B
Los Angeles Angels
$26,055,288
[21]

8
Felix Hernandez
SP
Seattle Mariners
$25,857,143
[22]

9
Jon Lester
SP
Chicago Cubs
$25,000,000
[23]

9
CC Sabathia
SP
New York Yankees
$25,000,000
[24]

text: Career earnings[edit]

text:
Name
Team(s)
Position
Years
Earnings
Ref

Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Seattle Mariners
Texas Rangers
New York Yankees
SS, 3B
1994–2016
$396,416,252
[25]

Jeter, DerekDerek Jeter
New York Yankees
SS
1995–2014
$265,159,364
[26]

Beltrán, CarlosCarlos Beltrán
Kansas City Royals
Houston Astros
New York Mets
San Francisco Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
New York Yankees
Houston Astros

CF, RF
1998–2017
$221,952,782
[27]

Ramirez, MannyManny Ramirez
Cleveland Indians
Boston Red Sox
Los Angeles Dodgers
Chicago White Sox
Tampa Bay Rays
LF
1993–2011
$206,827,769
[28]

Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
Pittsburgh Pirates
San Francisco Giants
LF
1986–2007
$188,245,322
[29]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
Montreal Expos
Seattle Mariners
Houston Astros
Arizona Diamondbacks
New York Yankees
San Francisco Giants
SP
1988–2009
$175,550,019
[30]

Hunter, ToriiTorii Hunter
Minnesota Twins
Los Angeles Angels
Detroit Tigers
CF
1997–2015
$171,055,000
[31]

Rivera, MarianoMariano Rivera
New York Yankees
RP
1995–2013
$169,441,825
[32]

Jones, ChipperChipper Jones
Atlanta Braves
3B
1993–2012
$168,552,133
[33]

Sheffield, GaryGary Sheffield
Milwaukee Brewers
San Diego Padres
Florida Marlins
Los Angeles Dodgers
Atlanta Braves
New York Yankees
Detroit Tigers
New York Mets
RF
1988–2009
$168,008,550
[34]

Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki
Seattle Mariners
New York Yankees
Miami Marlins
RF
2001–
$166,331,483
[35]

Helton, ToddTodd Helton
Colorado Rockies
1B
1998–2013
$161,490,000
[36]

Santana, JohanJohan Santana
Minnesota Twins
New York Mets
SP
2000–2012
$155,997,269
[37]

Maddux, GregGreg Maddux
Chicago Cubs
Atlanta Braves
Los Angeles Dodgers
San Diego Padres
SP
1986–2008
$153,845,000
[38]

Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners
Cincinnati Reds
Chicago White Sox
CF
1988–2010
$151,703,682
[39]

Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
Boston Red Sox
Toronto Blue Jays
New York Yankees
Houston Astros
SP
1984–2007
$150,601,000
[40]

Halladay, RoyRoy Halladay
Toronto Blue Jays
Philadelphia Phillies
SP
1998–2013
$148,991,666
[41]

Sabathia, CCCC Sabathia
Cleveland Indians
Milwaukee Brewers
New York Yankees
SP
2001–
$146,357,142
[42]

Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
Toronto Blue Jays
Florida Marlins
New York Mets
1B
1993–2009
$146,299,000
[43]

Martínez, PedroPedro Martínez
Los Angeles Dodgers
Montreal Expos
Boston Red Sox
New York Mets
Philadelphia Phillies
SP
1992–2009
$146,259,585
[44]

text: Salary progression[edit]

text:
Average annual salary
Date signed
Name
Team
Position
Contract duration
(Years)
Ref(s)

$01170000 !1,170,000
01 !November 19, 1979
Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
Houston Astros
SP
03 !3
[10][46]

$02500000 !2,500,000[a]
02 !December 15, 1980
Winfield, DaveDave Winfield
New York Yankees
RF
10
[47][48]

$02600000 !2,600,000
03 !September 4, 1985
Murray, EddieEddie Murray
Baltimore Orioles
1B
05 !5
[49][50]

$02633333 !2,633,333[b]
03.1 !February 16, 1989
Hershiser, OrelOrel Hershiser
Los Angeles Dodgers
SP
03 !3
[51][52]

$02970000 !2,970,000
04 !November 17, 1989
Saberhagen, BretBret Saberhagen
Kansas City Royals
SP
03 !3
[53][54]

$03000000 !3,000,000[c]
05 !November 22, 1989
Puckett, KirbyKirby Puckett
Minnesota Twins
CF
03 !3
[55][56]

$03200000 !3,200,000
06 !December 1, 1989
Langston, MarkMark Langston
California Angels
SP
05 !5
[57][58]

$03250000 !3,250,000
07 !December 11, 1989
Davis, MarkMark Davis
Kansas City Royals
SP
04 !4
[59][60]

$03500000 !3,500,000
08 !January 17, 1990
Stewart, DaveDave Stewart
Oakland Athletics
SP
02 !2
[61][62]

$03750000 !3,750,000
09 !January 22, 1990
Clark, WillWill Clark
San Francisco Giants
1B
04 !4
[63][64]

$03860000 !3,860,000
10 !April 9, 1990
Mattingly, DonDon Mattingly
New York Yankees
1B
05 !5
[65][66]

$04700000 !4,700,000
11 !June 28, 1990
Canseco, JoseJose Canseco
Oakland Athletics
RF/DH
05 !5
[67][68]

$05380000 !5,380,000
12 !February 2, 1991
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
Boston Red Sox
SP
04 !4
[40][69]

$05800000 !5,800,000
13 !December 2, 1991
Bonilla, BobbyBobby Bonilla
New York Mets
3B/RF
05 !5
[70][71]

$07100000 !7,100,000
14 !March 2, 1992
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg
Chicago Cubs
2B
04 !4
[72][73]

$07290000 !7,290,000
15 !December 6, 1992
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
LF
06 !6
[29][74]

$08500000 !8,500,000
16 !January 31, 1996
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners
CF
04 !4
[39][75]

$11000000 !11,000,000
17 !November 19, 1996
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
Chicago White Sox
LF
05 !5
[76][77]

$11450000 !11,450,000
18 !March 20, 1997
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
LF
02 !2
[29][78]

$11500000 !11,500,000
19 !August 10, 1997
Maddux, GregGreg Maddux
Atlanta Braves
SP
05 !5
[38][79]

$12500000 !12,500,000
20 !December 10, 1997
Martínez, PedroPedro Martínez
Boston Red Sox
SP
06 !6
[44][80]

$13000000 !13,000,000
21 !October 26, 1998
Piazza, MikeMike Piazza
New York Mets
C
07 !7
[81][82]

$13333333 !13,333,333
22 !November 25, 1998
Vaughn, MoMo Vaughn
Anaheim Angels
1B
06 !6
[83][84]

$15000000 !15,000,000
23 !December 12, 1998
Brown, KevinKevin Brown
Los Angeles Dodgers
SP
07 !7
[85][86]

$15450000 !15,450,000[d]
24 !August 11, 2000
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
New York Yankees
SP
02 !2[d]
[40][87]

$17000000 !17,000,000
25 !October 20, 2000
Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
Toronto Blue Jays
1B
04 !4
[43][88]

$25200000 !25,200,000
26 !December 10, 2000
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Texas Rangers
SS
10
[6][25]

$27500000 !27,500,000
27 !December 13, 2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
New York Yankees
3B
10
[8][25]