document_title: Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman

question_text: who played colleen in dr quinn medicine woman

text: Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series begins in the year 1867 and centers on a proper and wealthy female physician from Boston, Massachusetts, Michaela Quinn (Seymour), familiarly known as "Dr. Mike". After her father's death, she sets out west to the small wild west town of Colorado Springs, to set up her own practice. She makes the difficult adjustment to life in Colorado with the aid of rugged outdoorsman and friend to the Cheyenne, Byron Sully (Joe Lando) and a midwife named Charlotte Cooper (played by Diane Ladd). After Charlotte is bitten by a rattlesnake, she asks Michaela on her deathbed to look after her three children: Matthew, Colleen, and Brian. Dr. Mike settles in Colorado Springs and adapts to her new life as a mother, with the children, while finding true love with Sully. Furthermore, she acts as a one-woman mission to convince the townspeople that a female doctor can successfully practice medicine.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jane Seymour – Dr. Michaela Quinn
Joe Lando – Byron Sully
Chad Allen – Matthew Cooper
Erika Flores – Colleen Cooper (seasons 1 - 3)
Jessica Bowman – Colleen Cooper Cook ( mid-season 3 – 6)
Shawn Toovey – Brian Cooper

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Orson Bean – Loren Bray
Jim Knobeloch – Jake Slicker
Frank Collison – Horace Bing
William Shockley – Hank Lawson
Geoffrey Lower – Rev. Timothy Johnson
Henry G. Sanders – Robert E.
Larry Sellers – Black Hawk (pilot), Cloud Dancing
Jonelle Allen – Grace
Nick Ramus – Chief Black Kettle (seasons 1-3)
Heidi Kozak – Emily Donovan (season 1)
Gail Strickland – Olive Davis (season 1)
Jennifer Youngs – Ingrid (seasons 1–4)
Helene Udy – Myra Bing (seasons 1–4; guest: season 5)
Haylie Johnson – Becky Bonner (seasons 1–6)
Barbara Babcock – Dorothy Jennings (seasons 2–6)
Georgann Johnson – Elizabeth Quinn (seasons 2–6)
Alley Mills – Marjorie Quinn (seasons 2–6)
Elinor Donahue – Rebecka Quinn Dickinson (seasons 2–6)
Charlotte Chatton – Emma (seasons 4 & 5)
Michelle Bonilla – Teresa Morales (season 5)
Alex Meneses – Teresa Morales Slicker (season 6)
Brandon Douglas – Randolph Cummings (episode 4.16), Dr. Andrew Cook (seasons 4–6)
Jason Leland Adams – George Armstrong Custer (seasons 2 & 3), Preston A. Lodge III (seasons 4–6)
John Schneider – Red McCall (episode 1.09), Daniel Simon (seasons 5 & 6)
Brenden Jefferson – Anthony (season 4)
Brandon Hammond – Anthony (seasons 5 & 6)
Ben Murphy - Ethan Cooper (seasons 1-3)

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Edward Albert – Dr. William Burke (episode 2.06)
David Beecroft – Sergeant Terence McKay (episodes 5.25, 26; 6.1–3, 11)
Verna Bloom – Maude Bray (pilot)
Guy Boyd – Loren Bray (pilot)
David Carradine – Houston Currier (episode 5.20)
June Carter Cash – Sister Ruth (episodes 2.05, 3.09, 5.16)
Johnny Cash – Kid Cole (episodes 1.05, 2.05, 3.09, 5.16)
Maxwell Caulfield – Andrew Strauss/David Lewis (episode 2.24)
Denise Crosby – Isabelle Maynard (episode 4.25)
Robert Culp – Dr. Elias Jackson (episode 1.07)
Steven Culp – Peter Doyle (episode 5.21)
Jon Cypher – Preston A. Lodge II (episode 5.10)
Kristin Davis – Carey McGee (episode 3.09)
Zach Galligan – Chester Barnes (episode 6.12)
Megan Gallivan – Abigail Bray Sully (episode 2.3)
Joseph Gordon-Levitt – Zach Lawson, Hank's son (episode 1.15)
Jerry Haynes – Mr. Royce (episodes 6.8, 9)
Christine Healy – Dr. Miriam Tilson (episode 4.22)
Richard Herd – Dr. John Hansen (episodes 2.6, 7)
James Keach – Brent Currier (episode 5.20)
Stacy Keach, Sr. – Judge Webster (episodes 5.3, 7, 14)
Diane Ladd – Charlotte Cooper (pilot, episode 2.11)
Matt Letscher – Tom Jennings, Dorothy's son (episode 2.19)
Anne Lockhart – Maureen (episodes 2.6, 7)
Barbara Mandrell – Gilda St. Clair (episode 5.04)
Colm Meaney – Jake Slicker (pilot)
Richard Moll – John (episodes 3.06, 3.28, 3.29)
Willie Nelson – Marshall Elias Burch (episodes 5.09, 6.19)
Ivory Ocean – Robert E. (pilot)
David Ogden Stiers – Theodore Quinn (episode 5.15)
Tom Poston – Mysterious 'Dead Man' (episode 2.03)
Andrew Prine – Thaddeus Birch (episode 1.09)
Fred Rogers – Reverend Thomas (episode 4.19)
Kenny Rogers – Daniel Watkins (episode 1.16)
Richard Roundtree – 'Barracuda' Jim Barnes (episode 6.21)
Nick Tate – Martin 'Avishominis' Chesterfield (episode 6.18)
Travis Tritt – Zachary Brett (episode 4.14)
Casper Van Dien – Jesse (episodes 3.3, 4)
Ray Walston – Lucius Slicker (episode 5.08)
Jane Wyman – Elizabeth Quinn (episode 1.03)
Trisha Yearwood – Choir Director (episode 3.10)

text: Production[edit]

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The pilot episode was shot in early 1992 and aired in a two-hour television special on New Year's Day 1993. CBS aired a second, hour-long episode the next night in order to attract and maintain the audience's attention. The pilot served more as a made-for-television movie – or mini-series suggestion – which could either be developed later into a full series or remain as a stand-alone two-hour movie. CBS ordered the show picked up immediately for the full season. However, the show made some imperative casting changes. Several pilot leads and a few of the supporting cast were replaced. Henry Sanders was recast as Robert E. in place of Ivory Ocean as a less folksy hard-nosed working man; Orson Bean replaced Guy Boyd as a more fatherly, cynically-comical Loren Bray; and Colm Meaney was replaced by Jim Knobeloch, a much younger, attractive, and contemptuously stoic Jake Slicker. Likewise, Larry Sellers's character, a Cheyenne brave called Black Hawk (listed under the closing credits as such) who played an auxiliary role as one of Chief Black Kettle's aides and spoke only their language, was quietly retooled into Cloud Dancing, Sully's blood brother and a major recurring character, who, in addition to aiding Black Kettle, plays a large role in quelling the tribulations of the Cheyenne and other neighboring tribes. He also acquired the ability to speak English, allowing him to act as a liaison alongside Sully. His character's name was never spoken on-screen during his first appearance, which can cause viewers to inadvertently re-interpret this look-alike as Cloud Dancing's first appearance before his formal debut.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Veteran actress Jane Seymour, labeled a mini-series "queen", was a last-minute casting choice for Michaela Quinn after reading the script only a day before production was set to begin on the pilot. She was instructed beforehand to review the script and make a decision of whether or not she felt the role was right for her, and, if so, that she truly wanted to commit to the strict contract Sullivan had demanded for the title character. The next day she began the wardrobe fittings for the series.

text: Colleen portrayer changes[edit]

text: There were various cast changes of minor characters during the series. The most controversial change took place during the show's third season, when the character of Colleen Cooper was recast halfway through the year.[citation needed] Unlike the other actors, who signed five-year contracts with the show, Erika Flores was hesitant. She asked to be offered a contract of less than five years. Rumors circulated that Flores's father gave her an ultimatum to end the contract unless they offered her more money, or he would cut her off financially. Flores has denied such rumors, saying that she left the series for personal reasons and to pursue other opportunities.

text: Beth Sullivan decided that she wanted the character to continue instead of being killed off or sent away. As a result, Jessica Bowman was cast as the new Colleen in Flores's place. Some of Erika Flores's fans were quite vocal in their anger over the change and wrote to CBS demanding to know why the actress had been replaced. The producers of the show felt that Jessica Bowman had the ability to successfully recreate the character on her own.

text: Other cast changes[edit]

text: Numerous cast changes occurred throughout the series, although none was as significant. Most notable was the replacement of Jane Wyman as Michaela's mother, Elizabeth Quinn. Wyman signed on to play the role for the third episode of Dr. Quinn in season one. Later Wyman turned down an invitation to return for another guest appearance in season two, as she had retired completely from acting by this stage (her previous appearance in season one marked her final acting role of any kind). Georgann Johnson was hired to replace Wyman in the role and continued throughout the remainder of the series, making one guest appearance each season and appearing in the final Dr. Quinn television movie.

text: Michelle Bonilla originated the role of Theresa Morales in season five and was replaced by Alex Meneses in season six. Bonilla was abruptly let go for reasons that were never publicly stated. Meneses's portrayal was well received and she was featured throughout the sixth season, when her character fell in love with Jake Slicker.

text: The role of Anthony (Grace and Robert E.'s adopted son) was played by Brenden Jefferson for four episodes in season four. He was replaced by Brandon Hammond, who continued in the role throughout seasons five and six.

text: Jennifer Youngs did not begin playing Ingrid until the character's second appearance; the first time the character appeared, she was played by Ashley Jones.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Dr. Quinn was best known for its large, supporting cast, and its high-concept storytelling. The series often used its semi-historical setting as a vehicle to address issues of gender and race within the community. For example, one episode took on homophobia when the famous poet Walt Whitman came to town. Religion played a somewhat minor role in the series, but was also used to address certain issues and new ideas.

text: In the season-three finale, "For Better or Worse", Michaela and Sully were married during a special two-hour episode. During season four, Seymour's real-life pregnancy was written into the show. The following season saw the birth of Michaela and Sully's daughter, Katie.

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: During its entire original run on CBS, the show aired from 8–9 pm Eastern time on Saturday nights. It was the last successful TV Western drama to date until the premiere of Deadwood on HBO in March 21, 2004, and the premiere AMC Western series Hell on Wheels on November 6, 2011; and also one of the last original series to find long-term success in a Saturday timeslot.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Dr. Quinn was one of the few dramatic shows that allowed fans full access to their filming sets at the Paramount Ranch in Agoura Hills, California. Fans were permitted, often invited, to watch episodes being shot each week. Cast members were known to speak with their fans and sign autographs during shooting breaks. During the show's final season run, an official website was established, which remains active. Two fans went on to create the Dr. Quinn Times, a newsletter in which interviews with the cast, producers, directors, and technical specialists were conducted and distributed to fans, twice each year.

text: Seymour and Barbara Babcock were the only cast members to receive Emmy nominations for their work on the series. Seymour was nominated several times during the series' run, while Babcock received a single nomination in 1995 for the episode entitled "Ladies' Night". Her character, Dorothy Jennings, underwent a mastectomy.

text: The show did win many technical awards, as well as hair and make-up honors.[citation needed] Seymour also won a Golden Globe in 1996 for her portrayal of Michaela Quinn.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
U.S. ratings
Rank

1
1993
N/A
#19

2
1993–94
13.46 million
#25

3
1994–95
10.7 million
#49

4
1995–96
9.6 million
#55

5
1996–97
8.5 million
#58

6
1997–98
11.7 million
#51

text: Demographics change and cancellation[edit]

text: The show was a major hit in the United States for CBS and drew large ratings even though it aired on Saturday nights. Despite the high ratings, CBS claimed that the demographics changed during the show's run. During its final season, the majority of Dr. Quinn's viewers were women 40 years of age and older, and not the male and female 18-to-49 demographic that networks try to reach. In response, CBS ordered the writers to give the show a slightly darker feel than in previous seasons. As a result, season six was darker than any previous season, with the death of several characters as well as some highly sensitive subject matter: the painful miscarriage of Michaela's second child, as well as an episode entitled Point Blank, where Michaela was shot by a man and then later developed post-traumatic stress disorder. Many fans did not like the changes, while others felt that the tensions and high drama benefited the show after the overall pleasant past seasons. Despite these opposing opinions, the ratings still proved to be steady and consistent (finishing at #51 for the year). The series was suddenly canceled in 1998 after its sixth season.[1] Despite this, the series concluded on a bookend by seeing Colleen marry Andrew and prepare to embark as a doctor in her own right, following her stepmother's footsteps.

text: There is still an active fan club for William Shockley, who played Hank Lawson on the show, known as "Hank's Hussies." In January 2014, they attended a red carpet movie premiere together in Nashville for his new movie.

text: Post-series[edit]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The show has enjoyed strong ratings in reruns. Dr. Quinn was one of the rare instances of a show entering rerun syndication in the middle of a TV season. It debuted reruns in most American markets on Monday, December 30, 1996, just two days shy of the show's 4th anniversary. With 4 seasons being the minimum requirement for syndication pickup, Dr. Quinn reruns could have started at the more traditional launch date of September 1996, but the show's distributor, like many, had an additional minimum episode limit in order for the show to be eligible for syndication. This episode count was not reached until several episodes into Dr. Quinn's fifth season (1996–1997), and since stations had already purchased the show at the beginning of that season, the distributor decided not to hold off until the next fall and let the stations start airing reruns right away.

text: When PAX TV launched in August 1998, it acquired reruns of current family-friendly series from CBS, including Dr. Quinn. Because dedicated Dr. Quinn fans were angered by the show's cancellation by CBS that year, these national reruns via PAX helped relieve the blow, especially in markets where local stations were not airing reruns in syndication.

text: Until late 2005, the Hallmark Channel aired it daily, but in late 2005 Hallmark removed Dr. Quinn from its lineup, citing a drop in viewership. It is also believed that the high cost in Dr. Quinn distribution rights played a role in its removal. Dr. Quinn continues to be seen throughout the world and has been translated to several languages.

text: Starting in June 2009, the Gospel Music Channel began airing Dr. Quinn weekdays at 5:00 and 6:00. More recently Vision TV Canada began airing Dr Quinn week nights at 6PM AT. It also airs on CHNU10 in the Lower Mainland of BC, Canada, at 3 PM PST Weekdays. It has also been shown continuously in Denmark since 2001, with plans on to keep it at its daily broadcast time of 1:00, Monday to Friday, on Danish TV station, tv2.

text: Since the last movie in 2001, many of the show's cast members have expressed interest in reprising their roles and would like to do another reunion movie, or even a new season. Jane Seymour, Joe Lando, Chad Allen, and other cast members have stated they would all like to work together again and would reprise their Dr. Quinn roles if the opportunity arises.[citation needed] The show's creator, Beth Sullivan, has also stated her interest in writing another Dr. Quinn movie.[citation needed]

text: In 2003, A&E Network managed to buy the distribution rights for Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman from CBS. All six seasons plus the two made-for-TV movies have been released on DVD. The series appears on the GMC Network. GMC aired all the series episodes, including the season-six episodes not shown in a decade, during the summer of 2010. Joe Lando did several teasers and promotions for the weekend marathons, and says he finds GMC's ad campaign "funny", saying: "Truthfully, I haven't had that many opportunities to make fun of Sully. No one's really found me that funny. But it's fun to do it now. GMC came up with a great ad campaign. My kids were entertained by it and my wife got a kick out of it."[2]

text: Movies[edit]

text: Dr. Quinn: Revolutions[edit]

text: The cancellation of Dr. Quinn caused a massive fan uproar, the likes of which had not been seen since Star Trek in the 1960s.[3] CBS decided that instead of producing another season, as the cost involved was deemed too high, it would instead produce a TV movie. In May 1999, one year after its cancellation, CBS aired Dr. Quinn: Revolutions, a television movie special, set in 1877. However, the actual date should have been 1875, two years following the final episode, which would have been in 1873. In this TV movie, Katie Sully, now age 4, is kidnapped, and Dr. Mike and Sully, with help from some townsfolk, embark on a desperate search for their missing daughter in Mexico. Fans were delighted that a special movie was being produced, but they were not altogether impressed with its overall concept. The movie was very different in tone from the rest of the series, incorporating more guns and violence in an effort to please the twenty-something male audience demographics. Furthermore, both Jessica Bowman and Chad Allen declined appearances in that episode, due to its content, and William Olvis' entire score was scrapped in favor of more cost-effective music that was completely unlike that of the original series.

text: Fans were shocked to find a Dr. Quinn episode that did not include the main title sequence or theme. Moreover, the script, acting, and interpretations of the original characters came across as unfamiliar and very unlike their portrayals in the series. Beth Sullivan was so furious with CBS's control over the whole project that she declined any involvement. It was critically panned and failed in the ratings. Following this backlash from having excessive creative say over the film, CBS profoundly softened its involvement with the next attempt to produce a TV movie.

text: Dr. Quinn: The Heart Within[edit]

text: A second TV movie entitled Dr Quinn: The Heart Within, aired in May 2001. The movie was set a year after Revolutions, making it 9 years since the first episode of Dr. Quinn in the year 1876. This time around, CBS gave Beth Sullivan total creative control; however, there were some strong ground rules. To save money, the movie had to be filmed in Canada, and only the principal cast could be involved. Jane Seymour also served as an executive producer. The plot revolved around Michaela and the Sully family returning to Boston to attend Colleen's graduation from Harvard Medical School. Having transferred from The Women's Medical College to the male dominated university since the series finale, Colleen has met harsh criticism from the board as well as from Andrew's father, who resents the fact that she continues to pursue medicine, despite his misgivings. Unfortunately, Michaela's mother, Elizabeth, has fallen ill due to a heart condition, and eventually passes, leaving her entire estate to Michaela to establish a hospital back in Colorado Springs, echoing the demise of her father at the very beginning of the series. Colleen soon finds herself in a situation similar to the one her mother, Michaela, had just nine years earlier – in the same Bostonian sector — in that she is not respected or taken seriously as a woman doctor.

text: The movie is a proper finale to the series, depicting the now-adult Cooper children's farewell to Colorado Springs, and finding their new futures in Boston, while Michaela and Sully inevitably return to Colorado Springs to begin a new chapter in their own, now older, adult lives.

text: While this movie was far better received by fans, they did complain that more of the townspeople and original supporting cast were not involved, due to CBS's demands, as well as the last-minute absence of Chad Allen's Matthew (Allen had declined after learning that none of his original supporting costars were offered any appearances). Despite these criticisms, the movie was a success. It was filmed in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

text: Historical facts and filming information[edit]

text:
While much of Dr. Quinn was fictional, some of the events and people were based on historical fact:

Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania actually existed and is today part of Drexel University College of Medicine.
The Sand Creek Massacre in 1864 was referred to in the pilot episode (though it was historically inaccurate as the pilot took place in 1867).
Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, and Chief Black Kettle, are true historical figures.
The Battle of Washita River, seen in the third-season episode Washita, was an actual historical event. In the show, the battle took place in 1869 in Colorado, while in fact it took place in the fall of 1868 in Oklahoma.

In what most consider the final episode of the series, the town's often-antagonist banker, Preston A. Lodge III, went bankrupt as a result of the great stock market crash, caused by the Panic of 1873, a historically-accurate event. Lodge lost much of the townspeople's money along with his own, in the Panic.
The episode The Body Electric features Walt Whitman, who was a poet and a true historical figure.
One of the major historical oversights of the show is that Colorado Springs was not technically founded until 1871, by General William Palmer, and was mainly a resort town. There were no saloons, as Palmer declared Colorado Springs to be alcohol-free. Colorado Springs stayed "dry" until the end of Prohibition in 1933. However, nearby towns, including Old Colorado City and Manitou Springs did permit saloons.
Dr. Quinn was largely filmed at the western set on Paramount Ranch in Agoura Hills. Fans of the show were able to visit the sets, talk to the actors, and watch episodes being shot during its six-year run. Since Dr. Quinn ended, the ranch has been used numerous times for other filming projects. Numerous buildings, including the church, Sully's homestead, the school house, and the Spring Chateau Resort, were leveled soon after the series was canceled. However, the entire town still remains. Despite minor changes over the years, it is still recognizable as the Dr. Quinn set, and is a popular tourist attraction for many fans today.
Other areas used throughout the series were the back lot at Universal Studios in Hollywood, including the New England street as the location of Quinn family home; and the New York streets, doubling as the streets of Boston and Washington. The setting of Boston in the final movie was filmed in Canada, using various locations in Old Montreal.
William Olvis wrote the underscoring music for the series, except for a few episodes in season one (where he either alternated with Star Trek spin-off series composer David Bell, or co-scored with Bell) and the Revolutions movie.
Jane Seymour's husband, James Keach, directed and produced numerous episodes of the show, and guest starred in the season 5 episode entitled, "The Hostage."
Due to child labor laws, the role of Katie, Dr. Mike and Sully's young daughter, was portrayed by identical triplets: Alexandria, McKenzie, and Megan Calabrese.
Jane Seymour is the only cast member who appeared in every episode of the series. Shawn Toovey missed only one episode as did Chad Allen, who also did not appear in episode titled "Reunion" (Season 4), as well as the two made-for-TV movies. Joe Lando came in third, missing only a few episodes in the sixth and final season.
Starting in season 5, several episodes featured real world trivia relevant to the episode's context, usually about medical knowledge. These segments would appear at the end of the episode in the form of white text on a black background, narrated by Jane Seymour. In the episode "A Place to Die", the inclusion of the trivia was particularly significant because it revealed that Dr. Mike's practice was besieged by a staph infection, a malady that was completely unknown at the time. No one, Dr. Mike, included, actually figured out what was behind this mysterious blight, which killed several of her patients and forced her to fumigate the building and cremate everything inside, including some irreplaceable keepsakes.
In the earliest episodes of the series, Shawn Toovey was still losing his baby teeth and spoke with a noticeable lisp until his permanent teeth grew in.

text: Other media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: A&E Home Video has released all six seasons of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman on DVD in Region 1. It has released also the two television movies that were made after the series ended.

text: In Region 2, Revelation Films has released all six seasons on DVD in the UK. The two TV-movies were released separately, the first was entitled Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman – The Movie and the second was entitled Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman – The Heart Within.

text:
DVD name
Ep #
Release dates

Region 1
Region 2

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season One
17
May 27, 2003
March 20, 2006

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season Two
24
September 30, 2003
June 19, 2006

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season Three
25
March 30, 2004
March 26, 2007

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season Four
27
October 26, 2004
June 18, 2007

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season Five
26
January 25, 2005
October 22, 2007

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season Six
22
July 26, 2005
March 10, 2008

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Movies
2
June 27, 2006
March 8, 2010
July 19, 2010

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Series
151
October 20, 2009
October 4, 2010

text: Novels[edit]

text: There were several books based on the series written by as follows. Some of them were also released abroad, including in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Poland.

text: The books by Dorothy Laudan were originally released in Germany and have never appeared in an English version. However, it was these books that were most commonly translated into other languages. The series of nine covers most of the series, although the episodes on which they are based were shortened and some scenes were left out or were mentioned only briefly.

text:
No.
Title
Year
Notes

Dorothy Laudan[4]

1.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft
1995
based on the episodes: 1.01 "Pilot", 1.02 "Epidemic", 1.03 "The Visitor", 1.11 "The Prisoner", 1.06 "Father's Day" and 1.12 "Happy Birthday"

2.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Sprache des Herzens
1995
based on the episodes: 2.01 "The Race", 1.13 "Rite of Passage", 1.15 "The Operation", 2.02 "Sanctuary", 2.03 "Halloween", 2.04 "The Incident", 2.06–07 "Where the Heart Is" and 2.09 "Best Friends"

3.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Zwischen zwei Welten
1996
based on the episodes: 2.13 "The Offering", 2.15 "Another Woman", 2.16 "Orphan Train", 2.22–23 "The Abduction", 2.24 "The Campaign" and 2.26–27 "Return Engagement"

4.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Was ist Liebe?
1996
based on the episodes: 3.02 "Fathers and Sons", 3.03–04 "Cattle Drive", 3.09 "Money Trouble", 3.11–12 "Ladies Night", 3.14 "Indian Agent", 3.17–18 "Cooper vs. Quinn", 3.19 "What is Love?"

5.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Auf immer und ewig
1996
based on the episodes: 3.20 "Things My Father Never Taught Me", 3.23 "The Permanence of Change", 3.24–25 "Washita", 3.26 "Sully's Recovery", 3.27 "Ready or Not", 3.28–29 "For Better or Worse"

6.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Die Geschichte von Sully und Abigail
1997
Michaela and Sully are finally happily married. It seems nothing will stand in their way until Michaela finds in their new house some old keepsakes from Sully's late first wife. Sully eventually decides to tell her about his dramatic childhood and what happedned after his parents' death.

7.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Eine Frau geht ihren Weg
1998
Sully is worried about Michaela who clearly seems to be bothered by something. When all the children are out of home, Sully makes her talk and she starts talking about her father and her former fiancé David.

8.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Ein neues Leben
1998
based on the episodes: 4.04 "Brother's Keeper", 4.06" Dorothy's Book", 4.10 "One Touch of Nature" and others

9.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Zeit der Erwartung
1999
based on the episodes: 4.11 "Hell on Wheels" and others

Dorothy Laudan[5]

1.
Dr. Quinn, Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Büffeljagd
1997
based on the episode 3.01 "The Train"

2.
Dr. Quinn, Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Tödliches Wasser
1997
based on the episode 1.07 "Bad Water"

3.
Dr. Quinn, Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Das Geheimnis
1997
based on the episode 1.16 "The Secret"

4.
Dr. Quinn, Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Die Macht der Liebe
1998
based on the episode 2.05 "Saving Souls"

Teresa Warifield[6]

1.
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
1996
Young Michaela Quinn is determined to become a doctor, but she faces many obstacles in her hometown of Boston. Her perseverance will fuel her dreams throughout childhood and medical school. And one day it will even lead her to America's untamed frontier.

2.
Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman: The Bounty
1997
When scheming bounty hunter George Hagan returns to town in pursuit of a fugitive whom he claims is being sheltered by the local Pawnee, it is up to Michaela Quinn and her husband, Sully, who must confront his own past, to stop him before he ignites a war.

3.
Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman: Growing Pains
1998
Settling of the once-limitless West gives Colorado Springs a new problem—overcrowding. Boarding houses are overflowing, saloons are rowdier, and Dr. Quinn has too many patients to count. And because of this new flow of patients, she has to find someone to take care of her little girl. As arguments escalate over how to control the swarms of citizens without damaging new-found freedoms, Dr. Mike can tell that if the chaos isn't calmed soon, she'll have to find a cure for this town's growing pains.

Colleen O'Shaughnessy McKenna[7]

1.
Dr. Quinn Medicine, Woman, No 1: New Friends
1995
Unable to understand why the troublesome Laura McCoy has been causing problems for her lately, Colleen Cooper tries to keep her distance, until both girls are thrust together in a strange town and forced to stick together.

2.
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, No 2: Queen of the May
1996
When Dr. Mike gets overly busy with seasonal flu cases, Colleen decides to keep her school problems to herself, a situation that teaches her a lesson in communication when things spiral out of control.

Becky H[8]

1.
Vanished
2011
When David is wounded in the war, Michaela rushes to her fiance's side to nurse him back to health. The happy couple soon marry and start a family in Boston, but David's battle scars go much deeper when he develops a powerful addiction to morphine. Michaela soon finds she and her young children are trapped in a cycle of terrible violence. The only way out could be to leave David forever and hide in a far-away land out West. Could a kind stranger and his young daughter be their only hope?

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: In 1997, there were plans of making a spin-off series centered around the Hank Lawson character. Some of the other regular Dr. Quinn characters, including the ones of Jane Seymour, Joe Lando, Jim Knobeloch, Frank Collison and Orson Bean, were in as well.

text: It was directed by Jerry London, with Robert Brooks Mendel as the first assistant director, Timothy O. Johnson as the executive producer, and Beth Sullivan as the producer. The rest of the cast members were Laura Harring (Christina Guevara), Edward Albert (Ted McKay), James Brolin (Sheriff), Eddie Albert (Ben McKay), Carlos Gómez (Father Thomas Guevara) and John Saxon (Rafael Guevara).[9]

text: The show was entitled California and it is likely that only the pilot episode was filmed. It remains unclear whether it has ever aired on television, but it is still available on the YouTube service.


document_title: List of highest paid American television stars

question_text: who is the highest paid person on tv

question_tokens: who is the highest paid person on tv

root

text: Network primetime salaries per episode[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Peter Dinklage
Game of Thrones
Tyrion Lannister
£2,000,000[a]
2017–18
[2]

Nikolaj Coster-Waldau
Jaime Lannister

Lena Headey
Cersei Lannister

Emilia Clarke
Daenerys Targaryen

Kit Harington
Jon Snow

Charlie Sheen
Two and a Half Men
Charlie Harper
$1.8 million
2010-11
[3]

Ray Romano
Everybody Loves Raymond
Raymond Barone
$1.7 million
2003–05
[4]

Kelsey Grammer
Frasier
Frasier Crane
$1.6 million
2002–04
[5]

Tim Allen
Home Improvement
Tim Taylor
$1.25 million
1998–99
[3]

James Gandolfini
The Sopranos
Tony Soprano
$1 million
2006–07
[6]

Jennifer Aniston
Friends
Rachel Green
$1 million
2002–04
[7]

Courteney Cox
Monica Geller

Lisa Kudrow
Phoebe Buffay

Matt LeBlanc
Joey Tribbiani

David Schwimmer
Ross Geller

Matthew Perry
Chandler Bing

Helen Hunt
Mad About You
Jamie Buchman
$1 million
1998–99
[8]

Paul Reiser
Paul Buchman

Jerry Seinfeld
Seinfeld
Jerry Seinfeld
$1 million
1997–98
[9]

Johnny Galecki
The Big Bang Theory
Leonard Hofstadter
$900,000
2017-19
[10]

Jim Parsons
Sheldon Cooper

Kunal Nayyar
Raj Koothrapali

Simon Helberg
Howard Wolowitz

Kaley Cuoco
Penny

Ashton Kutcher
Two and a Half Men
Walden Schmidt
$755,000

[3]

Drew Carey
The Drew Carey Show
Drew Carey
$750,000
2001–04
[3]

Lauren Graham
Gilmore Girls
Lorelai Gilmore
$750,000
2016
[11]

Alexis Bledel
Rory Gilmore

David Hyde Pierce
Frasier
Niles Crane
$750,000

[12]

Hugh Laurie
House
Dr. Gregory House
$700,000

Andrew Lincoln
The Walking Dead
Rick Grimes
$650,000
2017–18
[2]

Jon Cryer
Two and a Half Men
Alan Harper
$620,000
2013–15
[13]

Julia Louis-Dreyfus
Seinfeld
Elaine Benes
$600,000
1997–98
[3]

Jason Alexander
George Costanza

Michael Richards
Cosmo Kramer

Norman Reedus
The Walking Dead
Daryl Dixon
$550,000
2017–18
[2]

tag: table

text: Network primetime salaries per season[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Simon Cowell
The X Factor
Judge
$75 million
2012–13
[14]

Katy Perry
American Idol
$25 million
2017–18
[15]

Jennifer Lopez
$20 million
2011–12
[16]

Mariah Carey
$18 million
2012–13
[17]

Hugh Laurie
House
Gregory House
$15 million
2013
[14]

Ryan Seacrest
American Idol
Host
2013–16
[14]

Britney Spears
The X Factor
Judge
2012
[17]

Miley Cyrus
The Voice
Coach
$13 million
2016–17
[18]

Adam Levine
2016–18
[18]

Blake Shelton
2016–18
[18]

Christina Aguilera
$12.5 million
2013
[19]

Kelly Clarkson
$12 million
2018
[20]

Shakira
2013
[19]

Gwen Stefani
2017
[21]

Nicki Minaj
American Idol
Judge
2012–13
[19]

text: Morning annual salaries[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Judith Sheindlin
Judge Judy
Judge
$47 million
2013
[22]

Barbara Walters
The View
Host
$13 million
2007
[23]

Bob Barker
The Price Is Right
Game show host
$10 million
2001
[24]

Ellen DeGeneres
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
Host
$5 million
2007
[25]

Jerry Springer
The Jerry Springer Show
Host
$3–4 million
1999
[26]

Tyra Banks
The Tyra Banks Show
Host
$3.5 million

[27][28]

text: News presenter annual salaries[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Matt Lauer
Today
Anchor
$21 million

[29]

Meredith Vieira
Today
Anchor
$15 million

[30][31]

Katie Couric
CBS Evening News
News anchor
$15 million

[32]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The ''Daily Express gives a £2 million figure, though sources differ. This figure possibly includes the percentage the cast makes from reruns and overseas syndications.[1]

tag: ol


document_title: A Way Out (video game)

question_text: who does the voices in a way out

question_tokens: who does the voices in a way out

text: A Way Out (video game)

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: A Way Out is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective. It is specifically designed for split-screen cooperative multiplayer, which means that it must be played with another player through either local or online play.[1] In the game, players control Leo and Vincent, two convicted prisoners who must break out of prison and stay on the run from authorities. As the story of both protagonists is told simultaneously, their progress may not be synchronized, which may result in one player being able to control their character, while another watching a cutscene.[2] Players need to cooperate with each other in order to progress, and each situation can be approached differently, with both characters taking different roles. For instance, during a prison escape scene, one player needs to distract the guard, while another player needs to find a tool to aid their escape. These roles are not fixed, so Leo and Vincent can swap their roles in another playthrough. Players can interact with many non-playable characters, and there are dialogue options for players to choose.[3]

tag: p

text: Similar to the PlayStation 4 version of Far Cry 4, players will be able to join online sessions (hosted by the player's friends) whether or not the joining player owns the actual game.[4]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Vincent Moretti (Eric Krogh) is freshly incarcerated and sent to jail for murder. In jail, he meets thief Leo Caruso (Fares Fares), who had been arrested for grand theft. A group of thugs sent in by crime boss Harvey tries to murder Leo, but Vincent intervenes. While the two recover in the infirmary, they get to know each other and Leo requests Vincent's help to steal a file from the office. Vincent complies. After the theft, Vincent senses that Leo is planning on a prison break and offers to help so he can escape too. Leo initially refuses, but begrudgingly agrees to collaborate when Vincent reveals he also has a grudge with Harvey.

text: Leo and Vincent make progress on their escape plan, stealing sheets to make a rope and smuggling a wrench to open a grating. Using teamwork and gathered tools, the two escape from the jail on a rainy night. After evading the police in the wilderness, the two find an empty camp and fish to make food, while Vincent reveals that Harvey murdered his brother. The two steal new clothes and a truck from an old couple's house, evade the chasing police, and reach a city after surviving through a rapids and a waterfall on a wooden boat. Leo tells Vincent that he and Harvey stole a valuable gem named Black Orlov. When they tried to sell it, Harvey betrayed Leo and killed their dealer, leading to Leo's arrest.

text: At a trailer park in the city, Leo confirms the safety of his wife Linda and his son Alex. Leo and Vincent go to a construction site to find one of Harvey's underlings, Ray, who is working as a construction foreman. After a chase, the two capture Ray and interrogate him to find Harvey's location, which is in Mexico. To take revenge upon Harvey, the duo robs a gas station to buy guns from an arms dealer, Jasmine. When the two leave, Jasmine betrays them and gives their location to Harvey. Vincent calls a pilot named Emily at a telephone booth to fly to Mexico, and Emily tells Vincent that his pregnant wife Carol had just went through childbirth. A hitman sent by Harvey arrives to kill the two, but the two kill the hitman after a struggle. They then go to a hospital to see Vincent's child. At the hospital, the police surround the building but the two manage to escape.

text: The next day, Emily flies Leo and Vincent to Mexico and the two find their way to Harvey's mansion. After a firefight with Harvey's guards and Harvey himself, the two overpower Harvey, force him to return the Black Orlov, and kill him. Escaping with the Black Orlov, Vincent and Leo return to the United States on Emily's plane, but are immediately surrounded by police upon landing. The police takes the Black Orlov and hands Vincent a gun, revealing that Vincent and Emily are both undercover police officers. Leo and Harvey's Black Orlov deal was actually arranged by the police, and the dealer killed by Harvey was Vincent's brother Gary. Devastated by his brother's death, Vincent volunteered to go to jail and gain Leo's trust so they can reach Harvey.

text: Feeling betrayed, Leo subdues Vincent and takes him hostage, and hijacks a police car to escape. Leo crashes the car into water and tries to escape on a boat, while Vincent is picked up by Emily in a police helicopter and tries to stop Leo by shooting his boat. The chase ends at a portside warehouse, where Leo ambushes Emily and takes her gun, ordering her to leave while he and Vincent fight. The fight ends with both sides injured, unarmed, and exhausted on the top of a roof. Seeing that one of their guns is dropped nearby, both try to reach it. Either Leo or Vincent reaches the gun and shoots the other, and the two share a final moment of friendship before the person shot dies from his injuries.

text: If Leo survives, after laying low for some time, he finally delivers Vincent's apology letter to Carol, then proceeds to leave town with his family.

text: If Vincent survives, he informs Linda of Leo's death and then returns to Carol to try a mend their marriage and raise their daughter.

text: Development[edit]

text: A Way Out was developed by Hazelight Studios, a small team of developers in Sweden led by film director Josef Fares. Both Fares and several members of his team previously worked on the acclaimed title, Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons from Starbreeze Studios.[5] Production of the game began in the second half of 2014.[6] The design philosophy for the game is that the team wanted to create a cooperative game that is unique and different. As a result, the team opted not use the traditional drop-in and drop-out cooperative format featured dominantly in mainstream cooperative games, and instead, they team decided to create a full game that must be played cooperatively with another player.[7] According to Fares, the game was his passion project and he cancelled an upcoming feature film in order to devote more time to working on the game.[6] The game uses Unreal Engine 4.[8]

text: Despite the game's heavy focus on multiplayer, the game was described as an "emotional adventure".[9] As a result, cutscenes will play out even during online play to ensure that players can understand the story of the other character.[3] The game features a wide variety of gameplay sequences from stealth to driving to ensure that players are often presented with different gameplay situations and generally make the game and its characters more interesting.[7] To make the two protagonists more realistic, the team ensured that Leo and Vincent have distinct personalities and that they have different opinions and responses while interacting with the game's world.[10] Fares Fares, a Swedish-Lebanese actor and Josef Fares' older brother, plays Leo.[11]

text: The title will be part of publisher Electronic Arts' EA Originals program, dedicated to funding small independent games. The partnership came to fruition when Patrick Söderlund, the Executive Vice President of Electronic Arts, approached Fares personally for collaboration after being impressed by Brothers.[12] EA offered $3.7 million for the development of the game and gave Fares and his team complete creative control over the game's development.[7] According to Fares, all revenue from sales of the game will go back to Hazelight.[13] The formation of Hazelight Studios and the partnership between Hazelight and EA was officially unveiled at The Game Awards 2014.[14] The game's title and gameplay was revealed at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 during EA's press conference. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on March 23, 2018.[15]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(PC) 79/100[16]
(PS4) 78/100[17]
(XONE) 80/100[18]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Edge
6/10[19]

EGM
8/10[20]

Game Informer
7/10[21]

Game Revolution
[22]

GameSpot
6/10[23]

GamesRadar+
[24]

IGN
8.3/10[25]

PC Gamer (US)
64/100[26]

Polygon
7.5/10[27]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: A Way Out received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[16][17][18] It sold over a million copies in two weeks.[28]


document_title: Hotel Transylvania

question_text: who sings the last song on hotel transylvania

text: Hotel Transylvania

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the aftermath of the death of his wife Martha (Jackie Sandler) at the hands of an angry human mob, Count Dracula (Adam Sandler) commissions and builds a massive five-star, monsters-only hotel in Transylvania in which he raises his daughter Mavis (Selena Gomez) and to serve as a safe-place getaway for the world's monsters from fear of human persecution.

text: Famous monsters such as Frank (Kevin James) and his wife Eunice (Fran Drescher), Wayne and Wanda Werewolf (Steve Buscemi and Molly Shannon) and their massive immediate family, Griffin The Invisible Man (David Spade), and Murray the Mummy (CeeLo Green) often come to stay at the hotel which is completely human-free and safe for monsters.

text: On Mavis's 118th birthday, Dracula allows his daughter to leave the castle in order to explore the human world, but he sets up an elaborate plan using his zombie bellhops disguised as humans to make them seem intimidating, but without her being in any danger, and frighten her home. The plan works, but the zombies inadvertently lead a 21-year-old[12] human named Jonathan (Andy Samberg) back to the hotel. Dracula frantically disguises him as a Frankensteinesque Monster and passes him off as "Johnnystein", 'a distant cousin of Frank's right arm'.

text: Jonathan soon encounters Mavis and the two "Zing" (a form of romantic attraction). Unable to get Johnny out of the hotel without notice, Drac quickly improvises that Jonathan is a party planner, brought in to bring a fresher approach to his own traditional and boring parties. Jonathan quickly becomes a hit to the other monsters, especially Mavis, but this disgusts and worries Dracula greatly. Drac orders Johnny to leave, but Johnny is brought back by Mavis. After being shown the beauty of a sunrise by Johnny, Mavis is inspired to give humans another chance.

text: Meanwhile, the hotel chef Quasimodo (Jon Lovitz) with the help of his pet rat Esmeralda learns that Johnny is a human and kidnaps him in order to cook him. Dracula intervenes and magically freezes Quasimodo to keep him from telling anyone that Jonathan is human. Dracula leads Jonathan to his quarters and shows him a painting of his wife. Much to Dracula's surprise, Jonathan knows the woman in the painting from a legend he has recently heard and relates a story about how she fell perfectly in love with a count, but died in a mysterious fire. Dracula reveals the full painting with himself in it and confirms the truth of the tale, and proceeds to tell the full version, thus explaining why Dracula built the hotel and the origin of his overprotective behaviour with Mavis. Jonathan is understanding and Dracula develops respect for his knowledge, and the two bond, recognising that Jonathan is a good person. Jonathan then tries to leave for good, but Dracula convinces him to stay for the time-being to avoid ruining Mavis's birthday.

text: The party is a great success the next night, and Mavis looks forward to opening a gift from her deceased mother. However, when Jonathan and Mavis share their first kiss, Dracula overreacts, and, in his outburst, inadvertently confesses to deceiving Mavis with the town. A still-frozen Quasimodo bursts in and the Fly (Chris Parnell) translates from his frozen speech that Johnny is a human disguised by Dracula. The guests are outraged by the deceit at play, but Mavis is undeterred and wants to be with Johnny, even knowing he is human. Jonathan feigns disinterest in Mavis and rejects her out of respect for her father and leaves the hotel. Mavis then angrily yells at Dracula and flies off.

text: Dracula finds Mavis on the roof with her mother's present. He learns it is a book about how her mother and Dracula "Zinged" and fell in love. Dracula realizes humankind has become tolerant of monsters, and manages to convince Frank, Wayne, Griffin, and Murray to head out into the human world to help him find Jonathan, and with the scent-tracking ability of Wayne's daughter, Winnie, they learn that he is bound on a flight to America soon. The four head to the airport, but are held up in a town celebrating a Monster Festival along the way. Instead of being frightened by the appearance and powers of real monsters, the humans admire the group, and a team of men dressed as vampires help Dracula by providing him shelter from the sunlight while he rushes to the airport. Drac arrives to see Jonathan's plane taking off, and he gives chase in bat form, burning in the sunlight. After getting Jonathan's attention, Dracula makes his way to the front of the plane and uses his mind-controlling power on the pilot (Brian Stack) to help him apologize for his actions. Jonathan accepts his apology; Dracula then manipulates the pilot to return to the Transylvanian airport for a "refuel".

text: Dracula returns Jonathan to Mavis. Jonathan confesses that their 'Zing' was mutual and the two kiss, making Dracula realize his daughter has grown up and can make her own decisions. The monsters finish celebrating Mavis's party as Dracula, Mavis, Jonathan and their monster friends sing "The Zing" to the audience of hotel guests.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Count Dracula, the 532-year-old owner and hotel manager of Hotel Transylvania, and Mavis' over-protective father.[12]
Andy Samberg as Jonathan ("Johnnystein"), a 21-year-old human who stumbles upon Hotel Transylvania in his travels.[12]
Selena Gomez as Mavis, Dracula's 118-year-old "teenage" vampire daughter who is interested in the outside world and falls in love with Johnny.[13]

Sadie Sandler voices Mavis as a child, as well as Wayne's daughter Winnie.

Kevin James as Frank/Frankenstein, Eunice's husband and one of Dracula's best friends who acts as an uncle to Mavis and mostly hangs out with Murray.
Fran Drescher as Eunice, Frankenstein's wife and Wanda's best friend.[12]
Steve Buscemi as Wayne, a male werewolf who is also one of Dracula's best friends and Wanda's husband.[12]
Molly Shannon as Wanda, a female werewolf, Wayne's heavily-pregnant wife and Eunice's best friend.[12]
David Spade as Griffin the Invisible Man, one of Dracula's best friends.[7]
CeeLo Green as Murray the Mummy, a short fat mummy who is one of Dracula's best friends and mostly hangs out with Frankenstein.[7]
Jon Lovitz as Quasimodo Wilson, a Hunchback gourmet chef and the former Bell-ringer of Notre Dame who desires to make a dish with human as the main ingredient.[12][14]
Luenell as a wisecracking shrunken head that serves as a "Do Not Disturb" sign on the door of Mavis's room.[15]
Chris Parnell as Mr. Fly, Hotel Transylvania's fitness coordinator who can also translate any speech.
Brian George as a Suit of Animated Armor, the head of Hotel Transylvania's security guards.
Brian Stack as the pilot of Jonathan's airplane back to America.
Jackie Sandler as Martha, Dracula's wife and Mavis's mother who was killed by an angry mob when Mavis was young.
Rob Riggle as Skeleton Husband
Paul Brittain as a Zombie Plumber, as well as one of the Hydra heads.
Robert Smigel as Fake Dracula, an attendee at a Transylvanian festival.

Robert Smigel also voices Marty, a pink Gill-man at Hotel Transylvania.

Jonny Solomon as Gremlin Man, one of the Gremlins at Hotel Transylvania.

Jonny Solomon also voices one of the Hydra heads.

Jim Wise as a shrunken head, as well as one of the Hydra heads.
Craig Kellman as a guy who shouts in the crowd at the festival.

Craig Kellman also voices one of the Hydra heads.

Brian McCann as a hairy monster that almost resembles a Yeti.

Brian McCann also voices one of the Hydra heads.

Tom Kenny as one of the Hydra heads.
James C. J. Williams as a deformed Igor-esque humanoid construction foreman who helped to build Hotel Transylvania.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania was originally created and developed by comedy writer Todd Durham, which he based on his book of the same name; after creating the bible for a franchise of several films, television series, video games, books, merchandising, hotel chain, and theme park, he took the package unsolicited to Columbia Pictures and set it up at Sony Pictures Animation where he became the first of several screenwriters on the project.[18][19][20] The development process ultimately went through six directors: in 2006 Anthony Stacchi and David Feiss became the first directors set to helm the film.[21] They were replaced by Jill Culton in 2008,[22] who was followed by Chris Jenkins,[23] with Todd Wilderman in 2010.[24] In February 2011,[25] Genndy Tartakovsky took over as the sixth scheduled director,[26] and made his feature directorial debut with the film.[12][24] He reimagined the film to follow the energy, organic nature, and exaggeration of 2D animation, particularly as seen in the work of director Tex Avery.[27] "I took all the aesthetics I like from 2-D and applied them here," Tartakovsky said. "I don't want to do animation to mimic reality. I want to push reality."[26] "I wanted to have an imprint so you'd go, 'Well, only Genndy can make this.' It's hard, especially with CG, but I feel there's a lot of moments that feel that they're very me, so hopefully it'll feel different enough that it has a signature to it."[28]

text: In November 2011, it was announced that Miley Cyrus would voice Mavis, Dracula's teenage daughter,[7] but in February 2012, Cyrus left the film to coordinate a musical comeback.[29] It was later announced that Selena Gomez would replace Cyrus.[30]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Where Did the Time Go Girl (Party Version)" Written by Robert Smigel, Adam Sandler, and Dennis White. Produced by Static Revenger.
"Daddy's Girl" Written by Adam Sandler and Robert Smigel. Performed by Adam Sandler.[31]
"Call Me Mavy" Performed by Traci L.[32]
"Problem (The Monster Remix)" Written by Henry Walter, Lukasz Gottwald, Becky Gomez (as Rebbeca Marie Gomez) & Will.i.am (as William Adams). Performed by Becky Gomez (as Becky G) featuring Will.i.am.
"Overprotected" Written by Max Martin. Performed by Britney Spears.
"Sexy and I Know It", performed by LMFAO
"The Zing" Written by Adam Sandler, Robert Smigel, and Dennis White. Produced by Static Revenger. Performed by Adam Sandler, Andy Samberg, Cee Lo Green, Kevin James, and Selena Gomez.[31]
"Helpless", written and performed by Peter Tvrznik[31]
"Sweet 118", written by Andy Samberg, Stuart Hart and Trevor Simpson. Performed by Andy Samberg.[31]
"Hush Little Baby", performed by Adam Sandler.[31]
"Monster Mash", performed by Bobby Pickett.[31]

text: Release[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania premiered on September 8, 2012, at the Toronto International Film Festival.[5] Distributed by Columbia Pictures, the film received a wide release on September 28, 2012.[2] On October 26, 2012, Regal Entertainment Group Cinemas began exclusively playing the traditionally animated short film Goodnight Mr. Foot before the film. Based on Hotel Transylvania, the short was directed and animated by Genndy Tartakovsky.[33]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania was released on Blu-ray (2D and 3D) and DVD on January 29, 2013. It was accompanied by the short animated film, Goodnight Mr. Foot.[34]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 45% of critics gave the film positive reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10, based on 140 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Hotel Transylvania's buoyant, giddy tone may please children, but it might be a little too loud and thinly-scripted for older audiences."[35] Another review aggregate, Metacritic, calculated an average score of 47 out of 100, based on 32 reviews.[36] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed that the average grade cinemagoers gave Hotel Transylvania was an A- on an A+ to F scale.[37]

text: IGN editor Geoff Chapman rated the film 9 out of 10 and wrote "This is a fun film, full of quirky gags and lovable characters. There are a few songs that smack a bit like soundtrack marketing for the kids, and the story is of course fairly predictable, but this movie is about enjoying a fun journey with great characters. It's a romp that kids and families will all enjoy. Hotel Transylvania is definitely somewhere you'll want to check in."[38]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania earned $148,313,048 in North America, and $210,062,555 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $358,375,603.[6] The officially reported budget for the film was $85 million,[6] although Deadline.com claimed that the film actually cost $104 million.[39] For the film's marketing, Sony spent $52.1 million in the United States, and $31 million in other countries.[40]

text: Hotel Transylvania topped the box office with $11 million on its first Friday, and $42.5 million domestically and $50.6 million worldwide for its opening weekend, which at the time of its release broke the record for the largest-grossing September opening,[39] a record which was overtaken by its sequel Hotel Transylvania 2 in 2015, with a weekend gross of $48.5 million.[41] The film also earned the highest-grossing domestic debut for Sony Pictures Animation (also later overtaken by Hotel Transylvania 2).[41][42] According to Sony's president of worldwide distribution, Rory Bruer, Sony was very satisfied with the film's performance, which was "beyond anyone's imagination, and the holds are ridiculous. It exceeds expectations in every new market it opens in."[43] Hotel Transylvania was theatrically released in China on October 28, 2013,[44] more than a year after the worldwide premiere, and contributed $11,180,000 to the overall gross.[45]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

Annie Awards[46][47]
Best Animated Feature

Nominated

Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Carlos Grangel

Carter Goodrich

Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Genndy Tartakovsky

Music in an Animated Feature Production
Mark Mothersbaugh

Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Marcello Vignali

Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Adam Sandler

Editorial in an Animated Feature Production
Catherine Apple

Golden Globe Awards[48]
Best Animated Feature Film
Genndy Tartakovsky

Visual Effects Society[49][50]
Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Lydia Bottegoni, James Crossley, Mike Ford, Daniel Kramer

Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Bill Haller, Tim Pixton, Jorge Vigara (for Dracula)

Kid's Choice Awards[51]
Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie
Adam Sandler (as Dracula)
Won

text: Video games[edit]

text: A social game based on the film, titled Hotel Transylvania Social Game and made by Sony Pictures Interactive, was released on August 15, 2012. The game allows players to create their own Hotel Transylvania, where they must take care of the hotel's guests.[52]

text: Another video game, titled Hotel Transylvania, developed by WayForward and published by GameMill Entertainment, was released on September 18, 2012, for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS at retail.[53][54] The game was also released in the Nintendo eShop in North America on November 15, 2012.[55]

text: A mobile game, titled Hotel Transylvania Dash, developed by Sony Pictures Consumer Products Inc. and PlayFirst, was released to iTunes App Store on September 20, 2012. The game is a variation of Hotel Dash mobile game and features the film's art and characters.[56]

text: A mobile digital storybook app, titled Hotel Transylvania BooClips Deluxe App, developed by Castle Builders and Sony Pictures Animation, was released to iTunes App Store, Nook Store, Google Play for the Android, iBookstore, Microsoft's Metro, and for the PC and Mac via www.BooClips.com, both in English and in Spanish, on September 20, 2012.[57]

text: Goodnight Mr. Foot[edit]

text: Goodnight Mr. Foot is a traditionally animated short film based on Hotel Transylvania, featuring Bigfoot from the film. Premiering in time for Halloween, on October 26, 2012, the short was shown exclusively in Regal Entertainment Group Cinemas, before the theatrical shows of Hotel Transylvania. As Sony Pictures Animation's first traditionally animated film, it was written and directed by Genndy Tartakovsky himself, who also animated the short with the help of Rough Draft Studios. Animated in the style of Bob Clampett, Tex Avery and Chuck Jones,[33] Tartakovsky created the short in four weeks during the final production stages of the main film.[58] Bigfoot (who has a non-speaking role in Hotel Transylvania) was voiced by Corey Burton while the Witch Maid was voiced by Rose Abdoo. Both voice actors provided additional voices in Hotel Transylvania.[59]

text: Taking place before the events of Hotel Transylvania, the short stars Bigfoot, whose rest in Hotel Transylvania is being constantly disturbed by an overly enthusiastic witch maid.[33]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Hotel Transylvania 2, was released on September 25, 2015.[9] Its story takes place seven years after the first film, with the hotel now open to human guests, and its owner, Count Dracula, having only one worry on his mind—that his 5-year-old grandson is not a pure-blood vampire.[8] The original crew and cast returned for the film, except CeeLo Green as the role of Murray, who was replaced by Keegan-Michael Key. New additions include Mel Brooks as Dracula's father, Vlad;[60] Nick Offerman and Megan Mullally as Jonathan's parents, Mike and Linda;[61] and Asher Blinkoff as Mavis and Johnny's half-human/half-vampire son, Dennis.[62]

text: In November 2015, Sony Pictures Animation announced that Hotel Transylvania 3 will be released on September 21, 2018 (now July 13, 2018).[63] Despite previously leaving the series to direct other projects, Genndy Tartakovsky will return as director for this installment.[64]

text: Television series[edit]

text: A television series based on the film premiered in June 2017, on Disney Channel.[65] Developed and produced by Nelvana Limited, in partnership with Sony Pictures Animation, the series will take place before the first film, focusing on the teenage years of Mavis and her friends at the Hotel Transylvania.[11]


document_title: Toxicology

question_text: who is known as the father of toxicology

text: Toxicology

text: History[edit]

text: Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the court of the Roman emperor Nero, made the first attempt to classify plants according to their toxic and therapeutic effect.[2] Ibn Wahshiyya wrote the Book on Poisons in the 9th or 10th century.[3] This was followed up in 1360 by Khagendra Mani Darpana.[4]

text: Mathieu Orfila is considered the modern father of toxicology, having given the subject its first formal treatment in 1813 in his Traité des poisons, also called Toxicologie générale.[5]

text: In 1850, Jean Stas became the first person to successfully isolate plant poisons from human tissue. This allowed him to identify the use of nicotine as a poison in the famous Bocarmé murder case, providing the evidence needed to convict the Belgian Count Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé of killing his brother-in-law.[6]

text: Theophrastus Phillipus Auroleus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493–1541) (also referred to as Paracelsus, from his belief that his studies were above or beyond the work of Celsus – a Roman physician from the first century) is also considered "the father" of toxicology.[7] He is credited with the classic toxicology maxim, "Alle Dinge sind Gift und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist." which translates as, "All things are poisonous and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not poisonous." This is often condensed to: "The dose makes the poison" or in Latin "Sola dosis facit venenum".[8]:30

text: Basic principles[edit]

text: The goal of toxicity assessment is to identify adverse effects of a substance.[9] Adverse effects depend on two main factors: i) routes of exposure (oral, inhalation, or dermal) and ii) dose (duration and concentration of exposure). To explore dose, substances are tested in both acute and chronic models.[10] Generally, different sets of experiments are conducted to determine whether a substance causes cancer and to examine other forms of toxicity.[10]

text: Factors that influence chemical toxicity:[8]

text:
Dosage

Both large single exposures (acute) and continuous small exposures (chronic) are studied.

Route of exposure

Ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption

Other factors

Species
Age
Sex
Health
Environment
Individual characteristics

text: Testing methods[edit]

text: Toxicity experiments may be conducted in vivo (using the whole animal) or in vitro (testing on isolated cells or tissues), or in silico (in a computer simulation).[11]

text: Non-human animals[edit]

text: The classic experimental tool of toxicology is testing on non-human animals.[8] As of 2014, such animal testing provides information that is not available by other means about how substances function in a living organism.[12]

text: Alternative testing methods[edit]

text: While testing in animal models remains as a method of estimating human effects, there are both ethical and technical concerns with animal testing.[13]

text: Since the late 1950s, the field of toxicology has sought to reduce or eliminate animal testing under the rubric of "Three Rs" - reduce the number of experiments with animals to the minimum necessary; refine experiments to cause less suffering, and replace in vivo experiments with other types, or use more simple forms of life when possible.[14][15]

text: Computer modeling is an example of alternative testing methods; using computer models of chemicals and proteins, structure-activity relationships can be determined, and chemical structures that are likely to bind to, and interfere with, proteins with essential functions, can be identified.[16] This work requires expert knowledge in molecular modeling and statistics together with expert judgment in chemistry, biology and toxicology.[16]

text: In 2007 the National Academy of Sciences published a report called "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy" which opened with a statement: "Change often involves a pivotal event that builds on previous history and opens the door to a new era. Pivotal events in science include the discovery of penicillin, the elucidation of the DNA double helix, and the development of computers. ...Toxicity testing is approaching such a scientific pivot point. It is poised to take advantage of the revolutions in biology and biotechnology. Advances in toxicogenomics, bioinformatics, systems biology, epigenetics, and computational toxicology could transform toxicity testing from a system based on whole-animal testing to one founded primarily on in vitro methods that evaluate changes in biologic processes using cells, cell lines, or cellular components, preferably of human origin."[17] As of 2010 that vision was still unrealized.[18] As of 2014 that vision was still unrealized.[12]

text: In some cases shifts away from animal studies has been mandated by law or regulation; the European Union (EU) prohibited use of animal testing for cosmetics in 2013.[19]

text: Dose response complexities[edit]

text: Most chemicals display a classic dose response curve – at a low dose (below a threshold), no effect is observed.[8]:80 Some show a phenomenon known as sufficient challenge – a small exposure produces animals that "grow more rapidly, have better general appearance and coat quality, have fewer tumors, and live longer than the control animals".[20] A few chemicals have no well-defined safe level of exposure. These are treated with special care. Some chemicals are subject to bioaccumulation as they are stored in rather than being excreted from the body;[8]:85–90 these also receive special consideration.

text: Several measures are commonly used to describe toxic dosages according to the degree of effect on an organism or a population, and some are specifically defined by various laws or organizational usage. These include:

text:
LD50 = Median lethal dose, a dose that will kill 50% of an exposed population
NOEL = No Observed Effect Level, the highest dose known to show no effect
NOAEL = No Observed Adverse Effect Level, the highest dose known to show no adverse effects
PEL = Personal Exposure Limit, the highest concentration permitted under US OSHA regulations
STEL = Short-Term Exposure Limit, the highest concentration permitted for short periods of time, in general 15–30 minutes
TWA = Time-Weighted Average, the average amount of an agent's concentration over a specified period of time, usually 8 hours.
TTC = Threshold of Toxicological Concern have been established for the constituents of tobacco smoke[21]

text: Types[edit]

text: Medical toxicology[edit]

text: Medical toxicology is the discipline that requires physician status (MD or DO degree plus specialty education and experience).

text: Clinical toxicology[edit]

text: Clinical toxicology is the discipline that can be practiced not only by physicians but also other health professionals with a master's degree in clinical toxicology: physician extenders (physician assistants, nurse practitioners), nurses, pharmacists, and allied health professionals.

text: Computational toxicology[edit]

text: Computational toxicology is a discipline that develops mathematical and computer-based models to better understand and predict adverse health effects caused by chemicals, such as environmental pollutants and pharmaceuticals.[22] Within the Toxicology in the 21st Century project,[23][24] the best predictive models were identified to be Deep Neural Networks, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machines, which can reach the performance of in vitro experiments.[25][26][27][28]

text: Toxicology as a profession[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A toxicologist is a scientist or medical personnel who specializes in the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of venoms and toxins; especially the poisoning of people. To work as a toxicologist one should obtain a degree in toxicology or a related degree like biology, chemistry, pharmacology or biochemistry. Toxicologists perform many different duties including research in the academic, nonprofit and industrial fields, product safety evaluation, consulting, public service and legal regulation.

text: Requirements[edit]

text: To work as a toxicologist one should obtain a degree in toxicology or a related degree like biology, chemistry or biochemistry. Bachelor's degree programs in toxicology cover the chemical makeup of toxins and their effects on biochemistry, physiology and ecology. After introductory life science courses are complete, students typically enroll in labs and apply toxicology principles to research and other studies. Advanced students delve into specific sectors, like the pharmaceutical industry or law enforcement, which apply methods of toxicology in their work. The Society of Toxicology (SOT) recommends that undergraduates in postsecondary schools that don't offer a bachelor's degree in toxicology consider attaining a degree in biology or chemistry. Additionally, the SOT advises aspiring toxicologists to take statistics and mathematics courses, as well as gain laboratory experience through lab courses, student research projects and internships.

text: Duties[edit]

text: Toxicologists perform many more duties including research in the academic, nonprofit and industrial fields, product safety evaluation, consulting, public service and legal regulation. In order to research and assess the effects of chemicals, toxicologists perform carefully designed studies and experiments. These experiments help identify the specific amount of a chemical that may cause harm and potential risks of being near or using products that contain certain chemicals. Research projects may range from assessing the effects of toxic pollutants on the environment to evaluating how the human immune system responds to chemical compounds within pharmaceutical drugs. While the basic duties of toxicologists are to determine the effects of chemicals on organisms and their surroundings, specific job duties may vary based on industry and employment. For example, forensic toxicologists may look for toxic substances in a crime scene, whereas aquatic toxicologists may analyze the toxicity level of wastewater.

text: Compensation[edit]

text: The salary for jobs in toxicology is dependent on several factors, including level of schooling, specialization, experience. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) notes that jobs for biological scientists, which generally include toxicologists, were expected to increase by 21% between 2008 and 2018. The BLS notes that this increase could be due to research and development growth in biotechnology, as well as budget increases for basic and medical research in biological science.

text: Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

text: The word toxicology (/ˌtɒksɪˈkɒlədʒi/) is a neoclassical compound from New Latin, first attested circa 1799,[29] from the combining forms toxico- + -logy, which in turn come from the Ancient Greek words τοξικός toxikos, "poisonous", and λόγος logos, "subject matter").


document_title: Bible translations into Greek

question_text: when was the hebrew bible translated into greek

text: Bible translations into Greek

text: Before AD 1500[edit]

text: The first known translation of the Bible into Greek is called the Septuagint (LXX; 3rd–1st centuries BC). The LXX was written in Koine Greek.[1] It contains the Hebrew Bible translated from Hebrew and Aramaic. It also includes several other documents which are considered to have differing levels of authority by various Christian churches.[a] Some of these other documents are believed to have been written originally in Greek.

text: The LXX contains the oldest existing translation of Holy Scripture into any language. It was widely disseminated among ancient Hellenistic Jews, and was later used by Greek-speaking Christians for their Old Testament (refer canon). The LXX is the source of the majority of quotations from the Old Testament by writers of the New Testament. It is studied along with Hebrew and Aramaic texts as an ancient source of information about the Old Testament.

text: Other early Greek translations of Hebrew Scripture that survive only in fragments are those of Aquila of Sinope (2nd century AD), Theodotion (2nd century AD), Symmachus (3rd century AD) and Fragments of the Samaritikon.

text: After AD 1500[edit]

text: The New Testament part of the Christian Bible was originally written in Koine Greek, as most of the Church and scholars believe, and is therefore not a translation (notwithstanding that some reference material may have been from Aramaic). However, like other living languages, the Greek language has developed over time. Therefore, various translations have been completed over the centuries to make it easier for Greek speakers to understand Holy Scripture. Translations of the Old Testament, which is the other part of the Christian Bible, have been completed for similar reasons.

text: Agapius of Crete translated and published in 1543 the book of Psalms into modern Greek.[2]

text: A Greek and polyglot edition of the Pentateuch commonly called "Constantinople Pentateuch" published in Constantinople in 1547 by Romaniote Jews has the Hebrew text in the middle of the page, the Aramaic on the base, with a Yevanic translation on one side and a Judaeo-Spanish translation on the other.[3]

text: At the initiative of the pro-Reformed Patriarch Cyril Lucaris of Constantinople, Maximos of Gallipoli (or Callipolites, died 1633) translated a vernacular New Testament from 1629 which was printed at Geneva in 1638.[4][5][6]

text: An edition of the New Testament into Modern Greek translated by Seraphim of Mytilene was edited in London in 1703 by the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. This translation was formally condemned in 1704 by the reigning Patriarch Gabriel III of Constantinople.[7]

text: Frangiskos Soavios publishes in the year 1833 the Pentateuch and the Book of Josua translated from the Hebrew Original into the Modern Greek Language.[8]

text: A translation of the Bible (Old and New Testaments) in literary Katharevousa Greek (Καθαρεύουσα) by Neofytos Vamvas (Νεόφυτος Βάμβας) and his associates was first published in 1850 following nearly 20 years of work. The King James Version was used as a main source for this translation. Vamvas was dean and a professor of the University of Athens.[9]

text: In 1901, Alexandros Pallis translated the Gospels into Modern Greek. This translation was known as Evangelika (Ευαγγελικά). There were riots in Athens when this translation was published in a newspaper. University students protested that he tried to sell the country to the Slavs and the Turks in order to break Greek religious and national unity. All translations were confiscated.[10] The Holy Synod of the Greek Orthodox Church resolved that any translation of the Holy Gospels is “profane” and redundant. It also “contributes to scandalising the consciousness [of Greeks] and to the distortion of [the Gospels’] divine concepts and didactic messages.[11]

text: In 1967 a team of academic staff of the University of Athens led by Basil (Vasilios) Vellas (Βασίλειος Βέλλας) translated the New Testament, with support from the Hellenic Bible Society.[9] This translation was based on the Textus Receptus.[12]

text: A revision of the Vamvas translation of the Bible into the modern vernacular (Demotic Greek) by Spyros (Spiros) Filos (Σπύρος Φίλος) was first published in 1994. This translation is used in the Greek Evangelical Church[13] and is also recognized by the Orthodox Church.

text: Meanwhile, a team of 12 professors from the theological schools of the Universities of Athens and Thessaloniki had been working since the mid 1960s on another translation into the modern vernacular (Demotic Greek), with support from the Hellenic Bible Society.[9] The translation of the New Testament, first published in 1985[citation needed], was based on a critical text of the Koine Greek (κοινή) in which the New Testament was originally written. The translation of the Old Testament from Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic texts of the Jewish Scriptures was first published in 1997. This translation has the blessing and approval of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece[14] and is also used in Evangelical and Charismatic churches.[15] It is known in English as "Today's Greek Version (TGV)".