document_title: World energy consumption

question_text: what is the level of india's energy consumption in the world for the year 2016

question_tokens: what is the level of india 's energy consumption in the world for the year 2016

text: World energy consumption

text: Overview[edit]

text: Energy supply, consumption and electricity[edit]

text:
Key figures (TWh)

Year

Primary energysupply (TPES)1

Final energyconsumption1

Electricitygeneration

Ref

1973

71,013(Mtoe 6,106)

54,335(Mtoe 4,672)

6,129

[3]

1990

102,569

–

11,821

–

2000

117,687

–

15,395

–

2010

147,899(Mtoe 12,717)

100,914(Mtoe 8,677)

21,431

[6]

2011

152,504(Mtoe 13,113)

103,716(Mtoe 8,918)

22,126

[7]

2012

155,505(Mtoe 13,371)

104,426(Mtoe 8,979)

22,668

[8]

2013

157,482(Mtoe 13,541)

108,171(Mtoe 9,301)

23,322

[9]

2014

155,481(Mtoe 13,369)

109,613(Mtoe 9,425)

23,816

[10]

2015

168,519(Mtoe 13,647)

[11][12]

1 converted from Mtoe into TWh (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh) and from Quad BTU into TWh (1 Quad BTU = 293.07 TWh)

text: World total primary energy supply (TPES), or "primary energy" differs from the world final energy consumption because much of the energy that is acquired by humans is lost as other forms of energy during the process of its refinement into usable forms of energy and its transport from its initial place of supply to consumers. For instance, when oil is extracted from the ground it must be refined into gasoline, so that it can be used in a car, and transported over long distances to gas stations where it can be used by consumers. World final energy consumption refers to the fraction of the world's primary energy that is used in its final form by humanity.

text: In 2014, world primary energy supply amounted to 155,481 terawatt-hour (TWh) or 13,541 Mtoe, while the world final energy consumption was 109,613 TWh or about 29.5% less than the total supply.[10] World final energy consumption includes products as lubricants, asphalt and petrochemicals which have chemical energy content but are not used as fuel. This non-energy use amounted to 9,404 TWh (809 Mtoe) in 2012.[13]

text: 2014 World electricity generation (23,816 TWh) by source (IEA, 2016)[14]

text: The United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. For 2013, estimated world energy consumption was 5.67 × 1020 joules, or 157,481 TWh. According to the IEA the total world energy consumption in past years was 143,851 TWh in 2008, 133,602 TWh in 2005, 117,687 TWh in 2000, and 102,569 TWh in 1990.[3] In 2012 approximately 22% of world energy was consumed in North America, 5% was consumed South and Central America, 23% was consumed in Europe and Eurasia, 3% was consumed in Africa, and 40% was consumed in the Asia Pacific region.[1]

text: Electricity generation[edit]

text:
The total amount of electricity consumed worldwide was 19,504 TWh in 2013, 16,503 TWh in 2008, 15,105 TWh in 2005, and 12,116 TWh in 2000.
By the end of 2014, the total installed electricity generating capacity worldwide was nearly 6.142 TW (million MW) which only includes generation connected to local electricity grids.[15]
In addition there is an unknown amount of heat and electricity consumed off-grid by isolated villages and industries.
In 2014, the share of world energy consumption for electricity generation by source was coal at 40.8%, natural gas at 21.6%, nuclear at 10.6%, hydro at 16.4%, other sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.) at 6.3% and oil at 4.3%.
Coal and natural gas were the most used energy fuels for generating electricity.
The world's electricity consumption was 18,608 TWh[citation needed] in 2012.
This figure is about 18% smaller than the generated electricity, due to grid losses, storage losses, and self-consumption from power plants (gross generation).
Cogeneration (CHP) power stations use some of the heat that is otherwise wasted for use in buildings or in industrial processes.

text: In 2016 while total world energy came from 80% fossil fuels, 10% biofuels, 5% nuclear and 5% renewable (hydro, wind, solar, geothermal), only 18% of that total world energy was in the form of electricity.[16] Most of the other 82% was used for heat and transportation.

text: Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas.[4][17] One such initiative was the United Nations Development Programme's World Energy Assessment in 2000 that highlighted many challenges humanity would have to overcome in order to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.[4] From 2000–2012 renewable energy grew at a rate higher than any other point in history, with a consumption increase of 176.5 million tonnes of oil. During this period, oil, coal, and natural gas continued to grow and had increases that were much higher than the increase in renewable energy. The following figures illustrate the growth in consumption of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas as well as renewable sources of energy during this period.[1]

text: Trends[edit]

text: The energy consumption growth in the G20 slowed down to 2% in 2011, after the strong increase of 2010. The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth. For several years now, the world energy demand is characterized by the bullish Chinese and Indian markets, while developed countries struggle with stagnant economies, high oil prices, resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption.[21]

text: According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008, the average energy use per person increased 10% while world population increased 27%. Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008: the Middle East increased by 170%, China by 146%, India by 91%, Africa by 70%, Latin America by 66%, the USA by 20%, the EU-27 block by 7%, and world overall grew by 39%.

text: In 2008, total worldwide primary energy consumption was 132,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) or 474 exajoules (EJ).[22] In 2012, primary energy demand increased to 158,000 TWh (567 EJ).[23]

text: Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5% in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009. In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years by 1.1%, or about 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), as a result of the financial and economic crisis, which reduced world GDP by 0.6% in 2009.[24]

text: This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends: Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North America, Europe and the CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.

text: Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008, the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm) and hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt).[25]

text: Most of the world's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via solar PV/thermal, wind, hydro- or wave power. The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter (see solar constant), though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun. This value, after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth, is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89,000 TW, reaches the Earth's surface.[26]

text: The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4  yottajoule (YJ) or 4 × 1023 joules, and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year, though not all of this is available for human consumption. The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and "credible policy frameworks."[27]

text: According to IEA (2012) the goal of limiting warming to 2 °C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes. If action is not taken before 2017, CO2 emissions would be locked-in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017. Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix, supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011, up almost 30% on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables.[28]

text:
Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 1990–2008 (%)[29][30]

kWh/capita

Population (million)

Energy use (1,000 TWh)

Region

1990

2008

Growth

1990

2008

Growth

1990

2008

Growth

USA

89,021
87,216
−2%

250
305
22%

22.3
26.6
20%

EU-28

40,240
40,821
1%

473
499
5%

19.0
20.4
7%

Middle East

19,422
34,774
79%

132
199
51%

2.6
6.9
170%

China

8,839
18,608
111%

1,141
1,333
17%

10.1
24.8
146%

Latin America

11,281
14,421
28%

355
462
30%

4.0
6.7
66%

Africa

7,094
7,792
10%

634
984
55%

4.5
7.7
70%

India

4,419
6,280
42%

850
1,140
34%

3.8
7.2
91%

Others*

25,217
23,871
nd

1,430
1,766
23%

36.1
42.2
17%

The World

19,422
21,283
10%

5,265
6,688
27%

102.3
142.3
39%

Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
Energy use = kWh/capita * billion capita (population) = 1 TWh
Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.

text: Emissions[edit]

text: Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem. Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol, which is a UN agreement aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts, which a number of nations have signed. Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius, thought to be a risk by the SEI, is now doubtful.

text: To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75% decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 billion in 2050.[31] Across 40 years, this averages to a 2% decrease every year. In 2011, the emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. Hypothetically, according to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute), in order to prevent collapse, human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population (2009).[32]

text: Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption. Large amounts of pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SOx), nitrous oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution.[33] Biomass combustion is a major contributor.[33][34][35] In addition to producing air pollution like fossil fuel combustion, most biomass has high CO2 emissions.[36]

text: By source[edit]

text: Total primary energy supply of  13,699 mega-toe by source in 2014 (IEA, 2016)[14][8]:28

text: Fossil fuels[edit]

text: The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.[22] According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004, was divided as given in the table above, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:

text: Coal[edit]

text: In 2000, China accounted for 28% of world coal consumption, other Asia consumed 19%, North America 25% and the EU 14%. The single greatest coal-consuming country is China. Its share of the world coal production was 28% in 2000 and rose to 48% in 2009. In contrast to China's ~70% increase in coal consumption, world coal use increased 48% from 2000 to 2009. In practice, the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia.[37] China's energy consumption is mostly driven by the industry sector, the majority of which comes from coal consumption.[38]

text: World annual coal production increased 1,905 Mt or 32% in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005, of which over 70% was in China and 8% in India. Coal production was in 2011 7,783 Mt, and 2009 6,903 Mt, equal to 12.7% production increase in two years.[39]

text: If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008, proven and economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years. This is much more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe. Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. According to James Hansen the single most important action needed to tackle the climate crisis is to reduce CO2 emissions from coal.[40] Indonesia and Australia exported together 57.1% of the world coal export in 2011. China, Japan, South Korea, India and Taiwan had 65% share of all the world coal import in 2011.[41]

text:
Regional coal supply (TWh), share 2010 (%) and share of change 2000–2010[37][42]

Region

2000

2008

2009*

2010*

%*

Change2000–2009*

North America

6,654
6,740
6,375
6,470
16%
−1.2%

Asia excl. China

5,013
7,485
7,370
7,806
19%
18.9%

China

7,318
16,437
18,449
19,928
48%
85.5%

EU

3,700
3,499
3,135
3,137
8%
−3.8%

Africa

1,049
1,213
1,288
1,109
3%
0.4%

Russia

1,387
1,359
994
1,091
3%
−2.0%

Others

1,485
1,763
1,727
1,812
4%
2.2%

Total

26,607
38,497
39,340
41,354
100%
47.9%

Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP*Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009

text:
Top 10 coal exporters (Mt)[43]

Rank

Nation

2010

2011

Share% 2011

2012

1

Indonesia

162
309
29.7%
383

2

Australia

298
285
27.4%
302

3

Russia

89
99
9.5%
103

4

US

57
85
8.2%
106

5

Colombia

68
76
7.3%
82

6

South Africa

68
70
6.7%
72

7

Kazakhstan

33
34
3.3%
32

8

Canada

24
24
2.3%
25

9

Vietnam

21
23
2.2%
18

10

Mongolia

17
22
2.1%
22

x

Others

19
14
1.3%

Total (Mt)

856
1,041

1,168

Top ten

97.8%
98.7%

text: Oil[edit]

text: Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, aeroplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.[44] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world.[45] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel.[46]

text: It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes of oil has been consumed between 1850 and the present.[47]

text: Natural Gas[edit]

text: In 2009, the world use of natural gas grew 31% compared to 2000. 66% of this growth was outside EU, North America, Latin America, and Russia. Others include the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8.6% in the EU and 16% in the North America 2000–2009.[48]

text:
Regional gas supply (TWh) and share 2010 (%)[42][48]

Land

2000

2008

2009

2010

%

North America

7,621
7,779
8,839
8,925
27%

Asia excl. China

2,744
4,074
4,348
4,799
14%

China

270
825
1,015
1,141
3%

EU

4,574
5,107
4,967
5,155
16%

Africa

612
974
1,455
1,099
3%

Russia

3,709
4,259
4,209
4,335
13%

Latin America

1,008
1,357
958
nd
nd

Others

3,774
5,745
6,047
7,785
23%

Total
24,312
30,134
31,837
33,240
100%

Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP

text: Nuclear power[edit]

text: As of 1 July 2016, the world had 444 operable grid-electric nuclear power reactors with 62 others under construction.[49] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009.[50][51]

text: Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh, and another 1.6% in 2011 to 2518 TWh, despite increases in production from most countries worldwide, because those increases were more than offset by decreases in Germany and Japan. Nuclear power met 11.7% of the world's electricity demand in 2011. Source: IEA/OECD[7]

text: Renewable energy[edit]

text: Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources that are not significantly depleted by their use, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.[53] Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.[54]

text: Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels.[55] Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.[56] In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.[57] At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.[58]

text: The following table shows increasing nameplate capacity, and has capacity factors that range from 11% for solar, to 40% for hydropower.[59]

text:
Selected renewable energy global indicators
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015

Investment in new renewable capacity (annual) (109 USD)[60]
182
178
237
279
256
232
270
285

Renewables power capacity (existing) (GWe)
1,140
1,230
1,320
1,360
1,470
1,578
1,712
1,849

Hydropower capacity (existing) (GWe)
885
915
945
970
990
1,018
1,055
1,064

Wind power capacity (existing) (GWe)
121
159
198
238
283
319
370
433

Solar PV capacity (grid-connected) (GWe)
16
23
40
70
100
138
177
227

Solar hot water capacity (existing) (GWth)
130
160
185
232
255
373
406
435

Ethanol production (annual) (109 litres)
67
76
86
86
83
87
94
98

Biodiesel production (annual) (109 litres)
12
17.8
18.5
21.4
22.5
26
29.7
30

Countries with policy targets  for renewable energy use
79
89
98
118
138
144
164
173

Source: The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21)–Global Status Report[61][62][63][64][65]

text:
Renewable energy 2000-2013 (TWh)[66]

2000

2010

2013

North-America
1,973
2,237
2,443

EU
1,204
2,093
2,428

Russia
245
239
271

China
2,613
3,374
3,847

Asia (-China)
4,147
4,996
5,361

Africa
2,966
3,930
4,304

Latin America
1 502
2,127
2,242

Other
567
670
738

Total renewable
15,237
19,711
21,685

Total energy
116,958
148,736
157,485

Share
13.0%
13.3%
13.8%

Total nonrenewable
101,721
129,025
135,800

text: From 2000 to 2013 the total renewable energy use has increased 6,450 TWh and total energy use 40,500 TWh.

text: Hydro[edit]

text: Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water. In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity,[67] which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009.[68] Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 2,600 PJ (721 TWh) of production in 2010, representing around 17% of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam in Brazil, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.[68] Nine of the worlds top 10 renewable electricity producers are primarily hydroelectric, one is wind.

text: Marine energy[edit]

text: Marine energy, also known as ocean energy and marine and hydrokinetic energy (MHK) includes tidal and wave power and is a relatively new sector of renewable energy, with most projects still in the pilot phase, but the theoretical potential is equivalent to 4–18 million tonne of oil equivalent (toe). MHK development in U.S. and international waters includes projects using devices such as, wave energy converters in open coastal areas with significant waves, tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas, in-stream turbines in fast-moving rivers, ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents, and ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters.[69]

text: Wind[edit]

text: Wind power is growing at the rate of 17% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 432,883 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2015,[70][71][72] and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.[73][74] Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark,[75] 18% in Portugal,[75] 16% in Spain,[75] 14% in Ireland[76] and 9% in Germany in 2010.[75][77] As of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.[77] Continuing strong growth, by 2016 wind generated 3% of global power annually.[78]

text: Solar[edit]

text: Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, concentrated solar power and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide "a third of the global final energy demand after 2060, while CO2 emissions would be reduced to very low levels."[79] Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. From 2012 to 2016 solar capacity tripled and now provides 1.3% of global energy.[80]

text: Geothermal[edit]

text: Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.[81] In 2004, 200 petajoules (56 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 petajoules (75 TWh) of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 7010100000000000000♠10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 7010280000000000000♠28 GW of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps.[82][83] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 7011100000000000000♠100 GW.[81]

text: Bio energy[edit]

text: Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.[82] World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres (8.7×109 US gal), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil.[82] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 gigalitres (1.0×109 US gal), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.[82]

text: By country[edit]

text: World total final consumption of 13,699 Mtoe by region in 2014 (IEA, 2016)[14]

text: Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person. In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person.

text: The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4.59%.[84] The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1.3 billion people (19.6% of the world population[84]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person.

text: One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product.

text: Oil[edit]

text: Saudi Arabia, Russia and the United States accounted for 34% of oil production in 2011. Saudi Arabia, Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36% of oil export in 2011.

text:
Top 10 oil producers (Mt)[43]

Rank

Nation

2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

Share %2011

2012

1

Saudi Arabia

519
509
452
471
517
12.9%
544

2

Russia

470
485
494
502
510
12.7%
520

3

United States

307
300
320
336
346
8.6%
387

4

Iran

205
214
206
227
215
5.4%
186

5

China

183
190
194
200
203
5.1%
206

6

Canada

143
155
152
159
169
4.2%
182

7

UAE

nd
136
120
129
149
3.7%
163

8

Venezuela

162
137
126
149
148
3.7%
162

9

Mexico

188
159
146
144
144
3.6%
nd

10

Nigeria

133
nd
nd
130
139
3.5%
nd

x

Kuwait

nd
145
124
nd
nd
nd
152

x

Iraq

nd
nd
114
140
nd
nd
148

x

Norway

139
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total

3,923
3,941
3,843
3,973
4,011
100%

Top ten

62%
62%
61%
62%
63%

text:
Top 10 oil exporters (Mt)[85]

Rank

Nation

2011

Share %2011

2012

1

Saudi Arabia

333
17.0%

2

Russia

246
12.5%

3

Nigeria

129
6.6%

4

Iran

126
6.4%

5

UAE

105
5.4%

6

Iraq

94
4.8%

7

Venezuela

87
4.4%

8

Angola

84
4.3%

9

Norway

78
4.0%

10

Mexico

71
3.6%

x

Others

609
31.0%

Total (Mt)

1,962

text: Coal[edit]

text:
Top 10 coal producers (Mt)[43]

Rank

Nation

2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

Share %2011

2012

1

China

2,226
2,761
2,971
3,162
3,576
46%
3,549

2

US

1,028
1,076
985
997
1,004
13%
935

3

India

430
521
561
571
586
8%
595

4

Australia

372
397
399
420
414
5%
421

5

Indonesia

318
284
301
336
376
5%
443

6

Russia

222
323
297
324
334
4%
354

7

South Africa

315
236
247
255
253
3%
259

8

Germany

nd
nd
nd
nd
189
2%
197

9

Poland

160
144
135
134
139
2%
144

10

Kazakhstan

79
108
101
111
117
2%
126

11

Colombia

65
79
73
74
1%
nd
nd

Total

5,878
6,796
6,903
7,229
7,783
100%
7,831

Top ten

89%
87%
88%
88%
nd
90%

*include hard coal and brown coal

text:
Top 10 coal importers (Mt)[86]

Rank

Nation

2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

1

China

25
nd
114
157
177

2

Japan

178
186
165
187
175

3

South Korea

77
100
103
119
129

4

India

37
58
66
88
101

5

Taiwan

61
66
60
63
66

6

Germany

38
46
38
45
41

7

UK

44
43
38
26
32

8

Turkey

nd
19
20
27
24

9

Italy

24
25
19
22
23

10

Malaysia

nd
nd
nd
19
21

x

Spain

25
19
16
nd
nd

x

France

nd
21
nd
nd
nd

x

US

28
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total

778
778
819
949
1,002

Top ten

69%
75%
78%
79%
79%

Import of production

16%
13%
14%
15%
13%

*2005–2010 hard coal

text: Natural gas[edit]

text:
Top 10 natural gas producers (bcm)[85]

Rank

Nation

2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

Share %2011

1

Russia

627
657
589
637
677
20.0%

2

US

517
583
594
613
651
19.2%

3

Canada

187
175
159
160
160
4.7%

4

Qatar

nd
79
89
121
151
4.5%

5

Iran

84
121
144
145
149
4.4%

6

Norway

90
103
106
107
106
3.1%

7

China

nd
76
90
97
103
3.0%

8

Saudi Arabia

70
nd
nd
82
92
2.7%

9

Indonesia

77
77
76
88
92
2.7%

10

Netherlands

79
85
79
89
81
2.4%

x

Algeria

93
82
81
nd
nd
nd

x

UK

93
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total

2,872
3,149
3,101
3,282
100%
3,388

Top ten

67%
65%
65%
65%
67%

bcm = billion cubic meters

text:
Top 10 natural gas importers (bcm)[85]

Rank

Nation

2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

Share %2011

1

Japan

81
95
93
99
116
13.9%

2

Italy

73
77
69
75
70
8.4%

3

Germany

91
79
83
83
68
8.2%

4

US

121
84
76
74
55
6.6%

5

South Korea

29
36
33
43
47
5.6%

6

Ukraine

62
53
38
37
44
5.3%

7

Turkey

27
36
35
37
43
5.2%

8

France

47
44
45
46
41
4.9%

9

UK

nd
26
29
37
37
4.4%

10

Spain

33
39
34
36
34
4.1%

x

Netherlands

23
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total

838
783
749
820
834
100%

Top ten

70%
73%
71%
69%
67%

Import of production

29%
25%
24%
25%
25%

bcm = billion cubic meters

text: Wind power[edit]

text:
Top 10 countriesby nameplate windpower capacity(2011 year-end)[87]

Country

Windpower capacity(MW) ǂprovisional

% world total

China

62,733ǂ
26.3

United States

46,919
19.7

Germany

29,060
12.2

Spain

21,674
9.1

India

16,084
6.7

France

6,800ǂ
2.8

Italy

6,747
2.8

United Kingdom

6,540
2.7

Canada

5,265
2.2

Portugal

4,083
1.7

(rest of world)

32,446
13.8

World total

238,351 MW
100%

text:
Top 10 countriesby windpower electricity production(2010 totals)[88]

Country

Windpower production(TWh)

% world total

United States

95.2
27.6

China

55.5
15.9

Spain

43.7
12.7

Germany

36.5
10.6

India

20.6
6.0

United Kingdom

10.2
3.0

France

9.7
2.8

Portugal

9.1
2.6

Italy

8.4
2.5

Canada

8.0
2.3

(rest of world)

48.5
14.1

World total

344.8 TWh
100%

text: By sector[edit]

text:
World energy use by sector, 2012[89]

Sector

1015Btu

Petawatt-hours

percentage

Residential

53.0
15.5
13

Commercial

29.3
8.6
7

Industrial

222.3
65.1
54

Transportation

104.2
30.5
26

Total*

408.9
119.8
100

Source: US DOE. PWh from 0.293 times Btu column.Numbers are the end use of energy

text: The table to the right shows the amounts of energy consumed worldwide in 2012 by four sectors, according to the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy:

text:
Residential (heating, lighting, and appliances)
Commercial (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services)
Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction)
Transportation (passenger, freight, and pipeline)

text: Of the total 120 PWh (7020432000000000000♠120×1015 Wh) consumed, 19.4 were in the form of electricity, but this electricity required 61.7 PWh to produce. Thus the total energy consumption was around 160 PWh (ca 7020580280718941000♠550×1015 Btu).[89] The efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%.[90] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.[91]

text: Another report gives different values for the sectors, apparently due to different definitions. According to this, total world energy use per sector in 2008 was industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000.[92]

text:
World energy use per sector[92]

Year

2000

2008

2000

2008

Sector

TWh

%*

Industry

21,733
27,273
26.5
27.8

Transport

22,563
26,742
27.5
27.3

Residential and service

30,555
35,319
37.3
36.0

Non-energy use

7,119
8,688
8.7
8.9

Total*

81,970
98,022
100
100

Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectorsNumbers are the end use of energyTotal world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh

text: European Union[edit]

text: The European Environmental Agency (EEA) measures final energy consumption (does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.8% of final energy consumption, households 26.2%, industry 25.6%, services 13.5% and agriculture 2.9% in 2012.[93] The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions (79%), with the energy sector representing 31%, transport 19%, industry 13%, households 9% and others 7%.[94]

text: While efficient energy use and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues, more than 70% of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32–40%.[95] Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40–45% at newer plants.[95] However, according to an impact assessment by the European Commission, this is still below the best available technological (BAT) efficiency levels of 46–49%.[95] With gas-fired power plants the average efficiency is 52% compared to 58–59% with best available technology (BAT), and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36% efficiency (BAT delivers 47%).[95] According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission, raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants, through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions, to an average generation efficiency of 51.5% in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of natural gas and 25 Mt (25,000,000 long tons; 28,000,000 short tons) of coal.[95]


document_title: The Blacklist (TV series)

question_text: how many seasons are there for the blacklist

root

text: The Blacklist (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Raymond "Red" Reddington, a former US Naval Intelligence officer who had disappeared twenty years earlier to become one of the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, surrenders himself to FBI Assistant Director Harold Cooper at the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C. Taken to an FBI "black site", Reddington claims he wishes to help the FBI track down and apprehend the criminals and terrorists he spent the last twenty years associating with; individuals that are so dangerous and devious that the United States government is unaware of their very existence.

tag: p

text: He offers Cooper his knowledge and assistance on two conditions: immunity from prosecution, and that he wants to work exclusively with Elizabeth Keen, a rookie profiler newly assigned to Cooper. Keen and Cooper are suspicious of Reddington's interest in her, but he will only say that she is "very special". After Cooper tests Reddington's offer in locating and killing a terrorist in the first episode, Reddington reveals that this man was only the first on his "blacklist" of global criminals, which he has compiled over his criminal career, and states that he and the FBI have a mutual interest in eliminating them. The mysteries of Reddington's and Liz's lives, and his interest in her, are gradually revealed as the series progresses. Each episode features one of the global criminals, and Reddington assisting the team tracking and apprehending them.

text: The rank and name or alias of the featured criminal on the list is displayed at the start of every episode. Three episodes in the series, "Cape May," "Requiem," and "Ruin", do not follow this format.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
James Spader as Raymond "Red" Reddington: A master criminal turned confidential informant for the FBI, later revealed to be Liz Keen's biological father, only to find out at end of season 5 he was neither her father or the real Raymond Reddington.
Megan Boone as Elizabeth "Liz" Keen: Born Masha Rostova, Keen is a special agent with the FBI on Harold Cooper's team, and Tom Keen's wife.
Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler: A special agent with the FBI on Cooper's team, who also became the Acting Assistant Director of the FBI Counterterrorism Division.
Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen: Born Christopher Hargrave, later taking the adoptive name Jacob Phelps, Keen works as a covert operative and is Liz's husband. (seasons 1–5)
Parminder Nagra as Meera Malik: A field agent with the CIA who worked with Cooper's FBI team (season 1).
Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper: The Assistant Director of the FBI Counterterrorism Division who uses Reddington to stop people on his Blacklist.
Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai: A computer specialist with the FBI on Cooper's team (recurring, season 1; main, season 2–present).
Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi: A Mossad agent who works with Cooper's FBI team (season 2–present).
Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma: Reddington's bodyguard and confidante (recurring, seasons 1–2; main, season 3–present).

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

tag: table

text: Production and development[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: After showing a screening of the pilot at Comic-Con, producers revealed that their inspiration for The Blacklist came from the capture of Whitey Bulger.[19] Recalling the experience in an interview with Collider, executive producer John Eisendrath stated:

text:
“

So, the idea was, 'Well, what would happen if a man like Whitey Bulger turned himself in and said, "I am here. I have some rules that I want you to follow, but if you follow them I will give you the names of people that I have worked with, during the 20 years that I have been a fugitive."' So, there was a real world influence that affected the shaping of the show that was already being thought about. How can you put someone that you don't trust in the center of a show about trying to find criminals? And here was an example in the real world of just such a person. It was a fortuitous turn of events, where the idea for a show was being considered, and then here comes a real life story that helped give it some shape.[20]

”

text: NBC bought the rights to The Blacklist from Sony Pictures Television in August 2012[21] and greenlighted the show in January 2013.[22] During an NBC upfront presentation in May 2013, it was announced that The Blacklist was NBC's highest-testing drama in 10 years.[23]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Eisendrath said the casting process was difficult.[20] In February 2013, NBC offered Kiefer Sutherland the lead role of Raymond Reddington.[24] After considering other actors for the role, Eisendrath and Bokenkamp called James Spader to see if he would be interested in it.[20] Feeling confident in Spader's understanding of the character, they cast him three days before filming began.[20]

text: Megan Boone took a week to prepare for her audition as FBI profiler Elizabeth Keen.[25] Feeling like her initial audition was one of the better auditions of her career, Boone later was called back for multiple auditions.[25] In March 2013, Deadline Hollywood reported that Boone accepted the role as the female lead in the series.[26]

text: Filming locations and technique[edit]

text: Despite being set in Washington, D.C., the series is mainly filmed in the same Manhattan studio where Law & Order was filmed for 20 years.[27] Producer Richard Heus said they chose to film specific Washington, D.C. locations for the series, including the Lincoln Memorial, the Washington Monument, and the National Mall, because they were "iconic American locations".[28]

text: The series is filmed in 4K using Sony PMW-F55 cameras that are adapted to use Panavision lenses.[29] It is edited using Avid Media Composer, and editor Christopher Brookshire says the show has "a very distinctive look and pace".[30] An average of three cameras are used at one time, but as many as six cameras are sometimes rolling.[31]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series is broadcast simultaneously on Global in Canada.[32][33] In New Zealand, the show premiered on TV3 on February 2, 2014.[34] The second season premiered on September 23.[35] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the show premiered on Sky Living on October 4, 2013.[36] The second season premiered on October 3, 2014.[37] Netflix has streaming rights to seasons 1–5 in the United States, 1–4 in Australia, Latin America, Finland, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, The Netherlands, and Canada.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The first season of The Blacklist received strong reviews from television critics. On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 85% approval rating, based on 52 reviews, with an average score of 7.18/10. The consensus reads, "James Spader is riveting as a criminal-turned-informant, and his presence goes a long way toward making this twisty but occasionally implausible crime procedural compelling".[39] The second season received a rating of 80%, based on 15 reviews, with an average score of 7.77/10. The consensus reads, "Though The Blacklist flirts with narrative overload, it's held together by James Spader's scenery-eating performance and wildly entertaining action."[40] The third season received a rating of 93%, based on 14 reviews, with an average score of 7.41/10. The consensus reads, "The Blacklist is back in top form with fresh dangers that put Red on the ropes while giving James Spader room to shine."[41] The fourth season received a rating of 88%, based on eight reviews, with an average score of 7/10.[42] The fifth season received a rating of 100%, based on five reviews, with an average score of 8.5/10.[43]

text: David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle said about the pilot, "You think you know this situation and how it will turn out, but there are surprising, yet entirely credible, twists throughout Monday's episode".[11] Robert Bianco of USA Today said, "The Blacklist is a solid weekly crime show built around a genuine TV star. That's the kind of series the networks have to be able to pull off to survive. And with Spader in command, odds are NBC will".[44] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter praised both Spader's performance and the procedural elements of the show, writing "there's an overarching element to the premise as well that makes it intriguing without making it overly complicated."[45]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1
Monday 10:00 p.m.

22

September 23, 2013 (2013-09-23)

12.58[46]

May 12, 2014 (2014-05-12)

10.44[47]
2013–14
6
14.95[48]

2
Monday 10:00 p.m. (1–8)Sunday 10:38 p.m. (episode 9)Thursday 9:00 p.m. (10–22)

22

September 22, 2014 (2014-09-22)

12.34[49]

May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)

7.49[50]
2014–15
14
13.76[51]

3
Thursday 9:00 p.m.

23

October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01)

7.76[52]

May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)

6.88[53]
2015–16
22
11.19[54]

4
Thursday 10:00 p.m.

22

September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)

6.40[55]

May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)

4.92[56]
2016–17
30
9.25[57]

5
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.

22

September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)

6.39[58]

May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)[59]

5.18[60]
2017–18
42
8.41[18]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Association

Category

Nominee

Result

2014

Golden Globe Awards[61]

Best Actor – Television Series Drama

James Spader

Nominated

People's Choice Awards[62]

Favorite New Television Drama

The Blacklist

Nominated

Entertainment WeeklySeason Finale Awards[63]

Best Non-Romantic Cliffhanger

"Berlin (No. 8) Conclusion"

Nominated

Funniest Moment in a Drama

Nominated

Weakest/Most Divisive Twist

Nominated

Best Final Shot

Nominated

Most Likely to Earn Someone an Emmy Nomination

Nominated

Biggest Regret That I Didn't See It, I Just Heard or Read About It

Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series, Miniseries, or Movie

The Blacklist

Won

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Top TV Series

The Blacklist (Dave Porter)

Won

Saturn Award

Best Network Television Series Release

The Blacklist

Nominated

Best Actor in a Television Series

James Spader

Nominated

2015

Golden Globe Awards[64]

Best Actor -Television Series Drama

James Spader

Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series

Alan Alda

Nominated

2016

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series, Miniseries, or Movie

The Blacklist

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series

stunt castnote 1

Nominated

2017

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Crime Drama

The Blacklist

Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series, Miniseries, or Movie

Nominated

text: ^ The stunt cast included Airon Armstrong, Kevin Ball, Chris Barnes, Nitasha Bhambree, Michael C. Brennan, Bryce Burke, Jared Burke, Kachina Dechert, Neimah Djourabchi, Paul Drechsler-Martell, Stefanie Flores, Edward Gabree, Christopher Jon Gombos, Tony Guida, Gene Harrison, Greg Harvey, Chad Hessler, Cort Hessler, Donald John Hewitt, Scott Kelly, Pete Klein, Drew Leary, Luke Lesko, Roberto Lopez, Terence Lorino, Stephen Mann, Michael Matera, Chazz Menendez, Luis Moco, Declan Mulvey, James Newman, Josiah Nolan, Christopher Parker, Ashley Pynn, Jodi Michelle Pynn, Bob Roseman, Akos Schenek, Hannah Scott, Derrick Simmons, Brian Smyj, Matt Triplett, Thad Turner, and Aaron Vexler.

tag: ol

text: Other media[edit]

text: Comics[edit]

text: Titan Books released an official comic book series based on the series, written by Nicole Phillips and drawn by Beni Lobel. The series' crew is working in the project as well.

text: Editor David Leach told The Hollywood Reporter that the comic is "a true extension of the television series" giving "new dimensions of the characters that have captured the audiences worldwide". The series will open with a six-issue story arc, which will be "a journey deep into the dark world of international espionage, conspiracies and intrigue on a global scale".

text: Issue #1 was launched July 22, 2015, in both comic book and digital stores.[65]

text: Games[edit]

text: A mobile game by Gameloft based on the series, The Blacklist: Conspiracy, was released on June 23, 2016, for Android, iOS and Windows devices.[66] The game consists of the player as a member of the task force. Players can interact with Reddington and Cooper, other members of the task force, as well as interrogate potential suspects and witnesses. The game mainly consists of searching for missing items in different environments, as well as mini games to further the investigations. Players can also make decisions that alter the route of the story.[67]

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: In March 2016, NBC began developing a spin-off series created by Bokenkamp and Eisendrath, who would also serve as executive producers with Davis and Fox. The project was set to star Famke Janssen as Susan "Scottie" Hargrave (formerly Halsted) and Eggold, in his role as Tom Keen, as well as Edi Gathegi reprising his role as Matias Solomon. Tawny Cypress has been cast as Nez Rowan, a character already recurring during the third season.[68] Hargrave first appeared on The Blacklist episode "Susan Hargrave", with "Alexander Kirk" serving as a backdoor pilot for the potential series. That episode was written by Bokenkamp and Eisendrath and directed by Michael Dinner.[69] On May 14, 2016, a pilot for the series, The Blacklist: Redemption, was ordered.[70] The series was canceled after one season,[71] and Eggold will continue his role on The Blacklist.[72]


document_title: Pig farming

question_text: where are hogs and pigs raised in the world

text: Pig farming

text: Use as food[edit]

text: Almost all of the pig can be used as food. Preparations of pig parts into specialties include: sausage (and casings made from the intestines), bacon, gammon, ham, skin into pork scratchings, feet into trotters, head into a meat jelly called head cheese (brawn), and consumption of the liver, chitterlings and blood (blood pudding or black pudding). This is also, technically, the case for all other mammals, although the demand isn't really there.

text: Production and trade[edit]

text:
Global pig stocks
in 2014

(million)

 People's Republic of China
474.1

 United States
67.7

 Brazil
37.9

 Germany
28.3

 Denmark
28.1

 Vietnam
26.8

 Spain
26.6

 Russia
19.1

 Mexico
16.1

 Myanmar
13.9

World total
986.6

Source:
UN Food & Agriculture Organisation
(FAO)

text: Pigs are farmed in many countries, though the main consuming countries are in Asia, meaning there is a significant international and even intercontinental trade in live and slaughtered pigs. Despite having the world's largest herd, China is a net importer of pigs, and has been increasing its imports during its economic development. The largest exporters of pigs are the United States, the European Union, and Canada. As an example, more than half of Canadian production (22.8 million pigs) in 2008 was exported, going to 143 countries.[7] Older pigs will consume eleven to nineteen litres (three to five US gallons) of water per day[8]

text: Relationship between handlers and pigs[edit]

text: The way in which a stockperson interacts with pigs affects animal welfare which in some circumstances can correlate with production measures. Many routine interactions can cause fear, which can result in stress and decreased production.

text: There are various methods of handling pigs which can be separated into those which lead to positive or negative reactions by the animals. These reactions are based on how the pigs interpret a handler’s behavior.

text: Negative interactions[edit]

text: Many negative interactions with pigs arise from stock-people dealing with large numbers of pigs. Because of this, many handlers can become complacent about animal welfare and fail to ensure positive interactions with pigs. Negative interactions include overly-heavy tactile interactions (slaps, punches, kicks and bites), the use of electric goads and fast movements. It can also include killing them. However, it is not a commonly held view that death is a negative interaction. These interactions can result in fear in the animals, which can develop into stress. Overly-heavy tactile interactions can cause increased basal cortisol levels (a "stress" hormone).[9] Negative interactions that cause fear mean the escape reactions of the pigs can be extremely vigorous, thereby risking injury to both stock and handlers. Stress can result in immunosuppression,[10] leading to an increased susceptibility to disease. Studies have shown that these negative handling techniques result in an overall reduction in growth rates of pigs.

text: Positive interactions[edit]

text: Various interactions can be considered either positive or neutral. Neutral interactions are considered positive because, in conjunction with positive interactions, they contribute to an overall non-negative relationship between a stock-person and the stock. Pigs are often fearful of fast movements. When entering a pen, it is good practice for a stock-person to enter with slow and deliberate movements. These minimize fear and therefore reduce stress. Pigs are very curious animals. Allowing the pigs to approach and smell whilst patting or resting a hand on the pig's back are examples of positive behavior. Pigs also respond positively to verbal interaction. Minimizing fear of humans allow handlers to perform husbandry practices in a safer and more efficient manner. By reducing stress, stock are made more comfortable to feed when near handlers, resulting in increased productivity.[11] In other words, pigs are very social and intelligent animals, and if they are treated well, better meat can be obtained. Prohand for pigs is a training program that teaches handlers to interact with pigs in a way that promotes safe handling. It promotes the development of positive behaviors and elimination of negative behaviors. This program has been seen to improve productivity without any capital investment.[12]

text: Terminology[edit]

text: Pigs are extensively farmed, and therefore the terminology is well developed:

text:
Pig, hog or swine, the species as a whole, or any member of it. The singular of "swine" is the same as the plural.
Shoat, piglet or (where the species is called "hog") pig, unweaned young pig, or any immature pig.
Sucker, a pig between birth and weaning.
Weaner, a young pig recently separated from the sow.
Runt, an unusually small and weak piglet, often one in a litter.
Boar or hog, male pig of breeding age.
Barrow, male pig castrated before puberty.
Stag, male pig castrated later in life (an older boar after castration).
Gilt, young female not yet mated, or not yet farrowed, or after only one litter (depending on local usage).[13]
Sow, breeding female, or female after first or second litter.

text: Pigs for slaughter[edit]

text:
Suckling pig, a piglet slaughtered for its tender meat.
Feeder pig, a weaned gilt or barrow weighing between 18 kg (40 lb) and 37 kg (82 lb) at 6 to 8 weeks of age that is sold to be finished for slaughter.
Porker, market pig between 30 kg (66 lb) and about 54 kg (119 lb) dressed weight.
Baconer, a market pig between 65 kg (143 lb) and 80 kg (180 lb) dressed weight. The maximum weight can vary between processors.
Grower, a pig between weaning and sale or transfer to the breeding herd, sold for slaughter or killed for rations.[clarification needed].
Finisher, a grower pig over 70 kg (150 lb) liveweight.
Butcher hog, a pig of approximately 100 kg (220 lb), ready for the market. In some markets (Italy) the final weight of butcher pig is in the 180 kg (400 lb) range. They to have hind legs suitable to produce cured ham.
Backfatter, cull breeding pig sold for meat; usually refers specifically to a cull sow, but is sometimes used in reference to boars.

text: Groups[edit]

text:
Herd, a group of pigs, or all the pigs on a farm or in a region.
Sounder, a small group of pigs (or wild boar) foraging in woodland.

text: Pig parts[edit]

text: Trotters, the hooves of pigs (they have four hoofed toes on each foot, walking mainly on the larger central two).

text: Biology[edit]

text:
In pig, pregnant.
Farrowing, giving birth.
Hogging, a sow when on heat (during estrus).

text: Housing[edit]

text:
Sty, a small pig-house, usually with an outdoor run or a pig confinement.
Pig-shed, a larger pig-house.
Ark, a low semi circular field-shelter for pigs.
Curtain-barn, a long, open building with curtains on the long sides of the barn. This increases ventilation on hot, humid summer days.

text: Environmental and health impacts[edit]

text: Industrial pig farming, a subset of CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding operations) poses numerous threats to environmental health and justice. Deforestation is a common occurrence under the placement of new farms. Feces and waste often spread to surrounding neighborhoods, polluting air and water with toxic waste particles.[14] Waste from swine on these farms carry a host of pathogens and bacteria as well as heavy metals. These toxins can leach down through the soil into groundwater, polluting local drinking water supplies. Pathogens can also become airborne, polluting the air and harming individuals when ingested.[15] Contents from waste have been shown to cause many detrimental health implications, as well as harmful algal blooms in surrounding bodies of water.[16]

text: Drug[edit]

text: Growth Promoter[edit]

text: Ractopamine[edit]

text: Most pigs in America get ractopamine to put on more muscle instead of fat, to put on weight more quickly, to reduce costs and to reduce pollutants in the environment because pigs on ractopamine do not need as much feed to reach finishing weight and do not produce as much manure. However, ractopamine has not been approved for use by the European Union, China, Russia and several other countries.[17]

text: Colistin (Antibiotic)[edit]

text: China once used colistin as growth promoter (subtherapeutic antibiotic use) but discovered of a colistin resistant form of E. coli bacteria in a pig from a Shanghai farm in 2013. Investigations then led to the identification of "a gene called MCR-1 that allowed bacteria to survive colistin treatment in animals and humans."[18] In 2016, these findings led China to ban colistin as growth promoter.[18][19]

text: Antibiotics[edit]

text: China uses sulfamethazine, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, florfenicol, sulfonamide, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, fluoroquinolone, macrolide, trimethoprim,[20] and stopped using colistin as of 26 July 2016.[18][19]


document_title: Timeline of women's colleges in the United States

question_text: when was the first women's college opened

question_tokens: when was the first women 's college opened

text: First and oldest[edit]

text:
Education in the United States

By state and in insular areas
By subject area
History of
Issues: Finance – Law – Literacy – Reform
Levels: Primary – Secondary – Higher
Organizations

 Education portal
 United States portal

v
t
e

text: Many of the schools began as either schools for girls, academies (which during the late 18th and early 19th centuries was the equivalent of secondary schools), or as a teaching seminary (which during the early 19th century were forms of secular higher education), rather than as a chartered college. During the 19th century in the United States, "Seminaries educated women for the only socially acceptable occupation: teaching. Only unmarried women could be teachers. Many early women's colleges began as female seminaries and were responsible for producing an important corps of educators."[1]

text: The following is a list of "oldest" and "first" schools:

text:
1742: Bethlehem Female Seminary, (now Moravian College): established as a seminary for girls, it eventually became the Moravian Seminary and College for Women and later merged with nearby schools to become the coeducational school, Moravian College.
1772: Salem College, North Carolina: Formed as the Little Girls' School by the Moravian Single Sisters and then renamed as the Salem Female Academy, it is the oldest women's educational institution to be in continuous operation.[2][3]
1803: Bradford Academy - First Academy in Massachusetts to admit women. The first graduating class had 37 women and 14 men.
1818: Elizabeth Female Academy: first female educational institution in Mississippi; it closed in 1843
1821: Clinton Female Seminary in Clinton, Georgia; later merged to become Georgia Female College (now Wesleyan College in Macon) chartered in 1836; the first college charted from its inception as a full college for women.
1827: The Linden Wood School for Girls (now Lindenwood University): is the first institution of higher education for women west of the Mississippi River.
1833: Columbia Female Academy (now Stephens College): Originally established as an academy (for both high school and college-aged women), it later became a four-year college. It is the second oldest female educational establishment that is still a women's college.
1837: St. Mary's Hall (now Doane Academy): Originally established as a female seminary by George Washington Doane 2nd Bishop of the Episcopal Church of New Jersey. First academic school founded on church principles in the United States. Now a PK-12 Co-educational day school.
1837: Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (now Mount Holyoke College): It is the oldest (and first) of the Seven Sisters. It is also the oldest school which was established from inception (chartered in 1836) as an institution of higher education for women (teaching seminary) that is still a women's college.
1838: Judson College for Women, Marion, Alabama. It was also intended as an institute of higher learning from inception. It is still carrying on its mission "Since 1838, Judson College has been committed to preparing young women for lives of purpose through the transmission of knowledge, the refinement of intellect, the nurturing of faith, the promotion of service, and the development of character. A private, four-year, Christian college with degree programs in liberal arts and the sciences, Judson College helps each student reach her full potential by providing her with opportunities to engage her mind, practice her faith, and live her purpose."
1839: Georgia Female College (now Wesleyan College): It is the oldest (and the first) school which was established from inception (chartered in 1836) as a full college for women.
1844: Saint Mary's College (Indiana): Founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross. The first women's college in the Great Lakes region (founded in southern Michigan, and moved to its present site in Notre Dame, Indiana in 1855).
1848: Philadelphia School of Design for Women (now Moore College of Art and Design): It is the first and only art school which is a women's college.
1850 "Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania" (now part of "Drexel University") trained and graduated the first female physicians in the country and the first black female physicians.
1851: Cherokee Female Seminary: It is the first institute of higher learning exclusively for women the United States west of the Mississippi River. Along with the Cherokee Male Seminary, this was the first college created by a tribe instead of the US federal government.
1851: Auburndale Female Seminary (now Lasell College): A private institution founded by Edward Lasell, becomes the first "successful and persistent" junior college in the United States, and the first junior college for women. It began offering four-year bachelor's degrees in 1989 and became coeducational in 1997.
1851: Tennessee and Alabama Female Institute (later Mary Sharp College): It was the first women's college to grant college degrees to women that were the equivalent of those given to men; the college closed due to financial hardship in 1896.
1851: "College of Notre Dame" (now Notre Dame de Namur University): This was the first women's college in California and the first in the state authorized to grant the baccalaureate degree to women. The university is now coed.
1852: Young Ladies Seminary (now Mills College): It is the first women's college in United States west of the Rocky Mountains
1853: Mt. Carroll Seminary (now Shimer College): A women's seminary started by Frances Shimer, became coeducational in 1950.
1854: Columbia Female College (now Columbia College): Located Columbia, South Carolina. The college has survived the march of General Sherman and 3 campus fires. Georgia O'Keeffe taught for a year before she created her own artistic way. The college's day program is still all-female, but its evening program is coed.
1855: Davenport Female College (later Davenport College): Founded in Lenoir, North Carolina. Merged with Greensboro College in 1938.[1]
1855: Elmira Female College (now Elmira College): It is the oldest college still in existence which (as a women's college) granted degrees to women that were the equivalent of those given to men; the college became coeducational in 1969.
1861: Vassar College: One of the Seven Sisters which was established from inception as a college for women; it became coeducational in 1969.
1867: Cedar Crest College: Established in 1867 in the basement of a church, it now is one of the top modern female colleges.
1867: Scotia Seminary (now Barber-Scotia College): It was the first historically black female institution of higher education established after the American Civil War and became a women's college in 1946. It became coeducational school in 1954 and lost its accreditation in 2004.
1868: Wells College: Located in Aurora, N.Y. Went coed in 2005.
1869: Chatham University: Located in Pittsburgh, PA. Established as Pennsylvania Female College, renamed Pennsylvania College for Women in 1890 and to Chatham College in 1955. Chatham gained University status in 2007.
1870: Wellesley College chartered; opened in 1875. One of the Seven Sisters which was established from inception as a college for women and remains such to this day.
1871: Smith College chartered; opened in 1875. One of the Seven Sisters which was established from inception as a college for women and remains such to this day.
1871: Ursline College was established from inception as a college for women in Cleveland, Ohio by the Sisters o Ursline. The Sisters of Ursline had come to Cleveland from France and were granted a charter by the state of Ohio. Ursline College is still an all women's institution of higher education

1881: Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary (now Spelman College): It was the first historically black female institution of higher education to receive its collegiate charter in 1924, making it the oldest historically black women's college.
1884: Industrial Institute & College, (now Mississippi University for Women): It was the first public women's college; became coeducational in 1982 as a result of the Supreme Court's Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan case, but maintained its original name.
1885: Bryn Mawr College founded. One of the Seven Sisters which was established from inception as a college for women and remains such to this day. The College’s mission was to offer women rigorous intellectual training and the chance to do to original research, a European-style program that was then available only at a few elite institutions for men. The College established undergraduate and graduate programs that were widely viewed as models of academic excellence in both the humanities and the sciences, programs that elevated standards for higher education nationwide.
1893: the Woman's College of Frederick (now [Hood College]): The Potomac Synod purchased the building and equipment from the failing Frederick Female Seminary (in Frederick, MD) to move the women's department from Mercersburg College in Pennsylvania to a spot below the Mason-Dixon Line.
1895: College of Notre Dame of Maryland (now Notre Dame of Maryland University): First Catholic women's college in the United States to offer the four-year baccalaureate degree.

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Colonial–era schools[edit]

text:
1742: Bethlehem Female Seminary: Founded in Germantown and later moved to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It received its collegiate charter in 1863 and in 1913, it became the Moravian Seminary and College for Women. In 1954, it merged with the male institution Moravian College and Theological Seminary and became the coeducational school, Moravian College[4]
1772: Little Girls' School (now Salem College), Winston-Salem, North Carolina: Originally established as a primary school, it later became an academy (high school) and finally a college. It is the oldest female educational establishment that is still a women's college, and the oldest female institution in the Southern United States.

text:
1787: Young Ladies' Academy of Philadelphia [2]
1792: Mrs. Rowson's Academy for Young Ladies, Boston, MA: Prolific writer and actress Susanna Rowson founded this progressive school for middle-class young women.[5]
1792: Litchfield Female Academy, Litchfield, CT: Sarah Pierce founded the school and developed its curriculum; it closed in 1833.[6]
1803: Bradford Academy (now Bradford College), Bradford, MA: Formed as a coeducational secondary school, it became a college-level women's institution in 1836; it became coeducational again in 1972.[7]
1814: Louisburg Female Academy (now Louisburg College): Founded in North Carolina; Louisburg Female College, founded in 1857. Later merged with Franklin Male Academy
1814: Nazareth Academy (now Spalding University): Founded near Bardstown, Kentucky; given degree-granting authority in 1829. Opened its current Louisville campus in 1920; all instruction moved to Louisville in 1971. Became coeducational in 1973.
1814: Troy Female Seminary, Troy, NY: It became the Emma Willard School in 1895
1818: Elizabeth Female Academy: First female educational institution in Mississippi; it closed in 1843
1821: Clinton Female Seminary: Georgia. Forerunner to Wesleyan College [3]
1822: Gummere Academy, Burlington, NJ: Founded by Quaker Sammuel Gummere who then sold the school to George Washington Doane who then founded St. Mary's Hall.
1822: Athens Female Academy (now Athens State University), Athens, Alabama.
1823: Hartford Female Seminary, Hartford, CT: It closed towards the later half of the 19th century
1827: The Linden Wood School for Girls (now Lindenwood University), St. Charles, Missouri: became coeducational in 1969.
1828: Ipswich Female Seminary, Ipswich, MA: Founded by two female educators, Zilpah Grant and Mary Lyon, it was the first women's seminary in the nation to be endowed and to offer its graduates diplomas; it closed in 1876.[8]

text:
1831: LaGrange Female Academy (now LaGrange College): Founded in LaGrange, Georgia, it became LaGrange Female College in 1851, and coeducational in 1953
1833: Columbia Female Academy (now Stephens College): Originally established as an academy (high school), it later became a college. It is the second oldest female educational establishment that is still a women's college
1834: Green River Female Academy: founded in Todd County, Kentucky was an all-female preparatory school until 1861 when it became co-educational; the building is now restored and run as a museum by the Green River Academy Preservation Society
1834: Wheaton Female Seminary (now Wheaton College, Massachusetts): Founded with the help of Mary Lyon; Wheaton became a college in 1912 and coeducational in 1987
1835: Livingston Female Academy and State Normal College (now University of West Alabama); It became coeducational in the 1950s
1836: Holly Springs Female Institute, Holly Springs, MS: Destroyed by the Union Army in 1864.
1836: Washington Female Seminary: closed in 1948
1836: Wesleyan College: Chartered as the Georgia Female College on December 23, 1836, Wesleyan is the world's oldest women's college. Still a women's college
1837: St. Mary's Hall (now Doane Academy): Originally established as a female seminary by George Washington Doane, the 2nd Bishop of the Episcopal Church of New Jersey. First academic school for women in the United States founded on church principles.
1837: Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (now Mount Holyoke College): It is the oldest (and first) of the Seven Sisters
1837: Sharon Female College: closed in 1873.
1837: Female Collegiate Institute founded in Georgetown, Kentucky; moved to Millersburg in 1848 and in 1862 renamed Millersburg Female College; in 1931 incorporated into Millersburg Military Institute, now defunct
1838: Judson Female Institute (Judson College (Alabama)): Founded in Marion, Alabama, it became Judson College in 1903 and later Judson College
1839: Farmville Female Seminary Association (now Longwood University): Founded in Farmville, Virginia; it became coeducational in 1976.

text:
1841: Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College: The college was founded as an academy for young women in 1841 by a French nun, Saint Mother Theodore Guerin. Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College is the nation's oldest Catholic liberal arts college for women. In 1846, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College was granted the first charter for the higher education of women in the state of Indiana. SMWC conferred its first bachelor of arts degree in 1899. The College's campus program remains an all-female institute. However, SMWC now offers co-educational distance and graduate programs.
1841: Academy of the Sacred Heart (now Manhattanville College)
1842: Fulton Female Academy (now Synodical College): Founded in Fulton, Missouri, it closed in 1928
1842: Valley Union Seminary (now Hollins University): Established in Roanoke, Virginia as a coeducational school, it became a school for women in 1852, and was renamed Hollins Institute in 1855, Hollins College in 1911, and Hollins University in 1998
1842: Augusta Female Seminary (now Mary Baldwin College): Founded in Staunton, Virginia, it became the Mary Baldwin Seminary in 1895, and the Mary Baldwin College in 1923. While the school has had a coeducational adult degree program since 1977, and later added coeducational graduate degree programs, its undergraduate college for traditional students, the Residential College for Women, remains women-only.
1843: Memphis Conference Female Institute (later Lambuth University): Became coeducational in 1923. Closed in 2011; the former Lambuth campus now houses a branch campus of the University of Memphis.
1843: Port Gibson Female College: closed in 1908
1844: Saint Mary's College (Indiana): Founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross. In the mid-1950s, it became the first college in the United States to grant advanced degrees in theology to women.[9]
1845: Baylor Female Department (established alongside Baylor University as the Female Department. Obtained separate charter in 1866, moved to Belton, TX 1886. Later names were Baylor Female College, Baylor College for Women, Mary Hardin-Baylor College, and now known as University of Mary Hardin-Baylor
1845: Limestone Springs Female High School: (now Limestone College) Founded in Gaffney, South Carolina, it began accepting a few male students in the 1920s (who did not live on campus) and became fully coeducational in the late 1960s
1846: Greensboro Female College: Charted in 1838 in Greensboro, North Carolina; it is now the coeducational school Greensboro College
1846: Illinois Conference Female Academy: It is now the coeducational school, MacMurray College
1847: Kentucky Female Orphan School (now Midway University): The school's day program at its main campus became fully coeducational in 2016; evening, weekend, and online classes and programs had been coeducational for many years. It planned to open a coeducational pharmacy school at a separate campus in 2011, but withdrew that school's accreditation application for unknown reasons.
1847: Academy of Mount Saint Vincent: (now College of Mount Saint Vincent). Founded by the Sisters of Charity of New York; moved from Manhattan to current Riverdale, Bronx site in the 1850s and began service as degree-granting, four-year liberal arts college in 1911. Became coeducational in 1974.
1848: Philadelphia School of Design for Women (now Moore College of Art and Design): It is the first and only art school which is a women's college
1848: Chowan Baptist Female Institute; it is now the coeducational school Chowan University
1848: Drexel University College of Medicine: It is now, after several changes including becoming co-ed, Drexel University's College of Medicine

text:
1849: The Oread Institute, Worcester, MA: It closed in 1881.
1849: Forsyth Female Collegiate Institute: It became Tift College, which is now a part of Mercer University.

text:
1850 "Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania" (now part of "Drexel University") trained and graduated the first female physicians in the country and the first black female physicians.
1850: Carolina Female College: It was established in Anson County by an act of the North Carolina legislature. Closed in 1867 for financial reasons.[10]
1851: Christian College (later Columbia College): It was the first women's college west of the Mississippi River to be chartered by a state legislature.[11]
1851: Cherokee Female Seminary: It is the first institute of higher learning exclusively for women the United States west of the Mississippi River. Along with the Cherokee Male Seminary, this was the first college created by a tribe instead of the US federal government.
1851: Tennessee and Alabama Female Institute (later Mary Sharp College): It was the first women's college to grant college degrees to women that were the equivalent of those given to men; the college closed due to financial hardship in 1896.
1851: Yalobusha Female Institute: Later the Emma Mercer Institute and then Grenada Female College. Closed in 1936 for financial reasons.
1852: Young Ladies Seminary (now Mills College): It is the first women's college in United States west of the Rocky Mountains
1853: Beaver College: It became the coeducational school Arcadia University
1853: Ohio Wesleyan Female College: It merged with Ohio Wesleyan University in 1877
1853: Mt. Carroll Seminary Later Frances Shimer Academy (now Shimer College): became a coeducational in 1950 and later adopted the Great Books curriculum.
1854: Columbia College (Columbia, South Carolina)
1854: Andrew Female College (now Andrew College): Became coeducational in 1956
1854: Sayre Female Institute, Lexington, Kentucky, founded in 1854 as the Transylvania Female Institute; renamed in honor of founder David Sayre in 1855 and moved from Mill Street to present location (now Sayre School); chartered in 1856 to confer collegiate degrees; continues today as a private coeducational college preparatory school.
1855: Elmira Female College (now Elmira College): It is the oldest college still in existence which (as a women's college) granted degrees to women that were the equivalent of those given to men; the college became coeducational in 1969.
1855: Mansfield Female College: Merged into Centenary College of Louisiana in 1930.
1855: Western Female Seminary: Became Western College for Women and later merged with Miami University in 1974.
1855: Davenport Female College (later Davenport College), Lenoir, NC: Chartered by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1859. Merged with Greensboro College in 1938. [4]
1857: Peace Institute (now William Peace University), Raleigh, NC: became coeducational in 2012.
1857: Charlotte Female Institute, Charlotte, NC: became the coeducational Queens University of Charlotte in 1987 after World War II
1857: Corona Female College, Corinth, MS: Used as a hospital by the Union Army from 1862 and destroyed in 1864.
1858: Whitworth Female College, Brookhaven, MS

text:
1861: Vassar College: It is the first of the Seven Sisters which was established from inception as a college for women; it became coeducational in 1969.
1864: Visitation Academy: It later became Ottumwa Heights College and closed in 1980
1865: Meridian Female College
1866: Baylor Female College separated from Baylor, obtaining a separate charter (originally the Female Department of Baylor University, founded in 1845): Became the coeducational University of Mary Hardin–Baylor in 1971.
1867: Cedar Crest College
1867: Home School for Girls (now Southern Virginia University): Founded as a girls' secondary school, it added junior college classes in 1922, by which time it was known as Southern Seminary and Junior College. It became coeducational in 1994.
1867: Scotia Seminary (now Barber-Scotia College): It was the first historically black female institution of higher education established after the American Civil War and became a women's college in 1946. It became a coeducational school in 1954 and lost its accreditation in 2004. (historically black college)
1867: Lynnland Female Institute, also, Lynnland Female College: started in 1867 in Glendale, Kentucky the same year the Glendale Equal Rights Association started; closed in 1915
1868: Wells College: It became coeducational in 2005
1869: Pennsylvania Female College: It became Chatham College in 1955 and Chatham University in 2007. Although the University is coeducational, the undergraduate college, Chatham College for Women, remains women-only. The undergraduate college at its founding granted degrees to women that were the equivalent of those given to men.
1869: Wilson College: Became coeducational in 2013.
1869: Hamilton College (Kentucky): It closed in 1932

text:
1870: Hunter College: became coeducational in the 1950s
1870: Sullins College:[12] closed in 1976
1871: Ursuline College, Pepper Pike, Ohio: Still in operation, it was Ohio's first women's college, founded by the Catholic Ursuline Sisters of Cleveland.[13]
1872: St. Mary's Institute: Became Mount Mary College in 1929
1873: Bennett College: Founded in Greensboro, North Carolina as a coeducational school, it became a women's college in 1926
1873: College of Notre Dame of Maryland
1873: Blue Mountain Female Institute: Now Blue Mountain College
1873: Cherokee Baptist Female College: Became the coeducational school Shorter College during the 1950s
1875: Wellesley College: Originally charted in 1870 (Seven Sisters)
1875: Smith College: Originally chartered in 1871 (Seven Sisters)
1875: Mount Hermon Female Seminary: Founded in Clinton, Mississippi, it closed in 1924 (historically black college)
1875: Mount Vernon Seminary and College: Merged with George Washington University in 1999
1878:Georgia Baptist Female Seminary (now Brenau University): Founded in Gainesville, Georgia, it became Brenau College in 1900, and Brenau University in 1992
1879: Harvard Annex: It was chartered as Radcliffe College by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1894;Radcliffe closed in 1999 when its merger with Harvard University was complete (Seven Sisters)

text:
1881: Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary (now Spelman College): It was the first historically black female institution of higher education to receive its collegiate charter in 1924, making it the oldest historically black women's college
1881: Incarnate Word School: Originally chartered as a women's college, it absorbed an all-female secondary school in 1909, at which time it became the College and Academy of the Incarnate Word. After spinning off the secondary school later in the 20th century, it became coeducational in 1970, and is now known as the University of the Incarnate Word.
1881: Tillotson College: Founded as a coeducational, it was a women's college from 1926–1935. It is now the coeducational school, Huston-Tillotson University (historically black college)
1883: Seton Hill University: Some academic programs, mainly in the performing arts, became coeducational in the 1980s; became fully coeducational in 2002.
1883: Hartshorn Memorial College founded in Richmond, Virginia. In 1932, it merged with Virginia Union University.[14][15]
1884: Industrial Institute & College, (now Mississippi University for Women): It was the first public women's college; became coeducational in 1982 as a result of the Supreme Court's Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan case, but maintained its original name
1884: Cottey College is founded as "Vernon Seminary," a day and boarding school for girls.
1885: Bryn Mawr College (Seven Sisters)
1885: The Woman's College of Baltimore: Became Goucher College in 1910 and coeducational during the 1980s
1886: H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College: at Tulane University. It was the first coordinate women's college within a U.S. university. Closed in 2006, but descendants of the founder are suing under the terms of Mrs. Newcomb's will to reopen the college and restore the endowments.
1886: Mary Allen Seminary: Founded in Crockett, Houston County, Texas. It became coeducational in 1933.[16]
1887: Evelyn College for Women: It was the coordinate women's college of Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey; it closed in 1897
1887: Alverno College
1888: Women's College of Western Reserve University (renamed Flora Stone Mather College in 1931) ultimately merged with several other colleges to form the Case Western Reserve University Federation in 1967.
1888: Colorado Women's College known as the "Vassar of the West" was founded in Denver, Co; it merged with the University of Denver in 1982.
1889: Decatur Female Seminary (now Agnes Scott College): Founded in Decatur, Georgia, it became the Agnes Scott Institute in 1890, and Agnes Scott College in 1906
1889: Barnard College (Seven Sisters)
1889: Georgia Normal and Industrial College (now Georgia College & State University): The coordinate college for Georgia Tech, it awarded its first degrees in 1917 and became coeducational in 1967.
1889: Converse College: Founded in 1889 in Spartanburg, SC.

text:
1890: Mount Saint Agnes College: It closed in 1972
1891: Pembroke College: Was the coordinate women's college for Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island; It merged with Brown in 1971
1891: Randolph-Macon Woman's College: It become coeducational and changed its name to Randolph College in 2007
1891: North Carolina Women's College: It became the coeducational University of North Carolina at Greensboro in 1963
1891:Baptist Female University, (now Meredith College): Founded in Raleigh, North Carolina, it became the Baptist University for Women, in 1891, and Meredith College in 1909
1893: The Woman's College of Frederick: in Frederick, MD. [now [Hood College]]: Became coeducational in 2002
1896: Barber Memorial College: Founded in Anniston, Alabama, it merged with Scotia Women's College (formerly Scotia Seminary) in Concord, North Carolina in 1930 to become Barber-Scotia Junior College (historically black college)
1897: Trinity College: Trinity Washington University since 2004
1897: Bay Path University
1899: Simmons College (Massachusetts)
1899: College of Saint Elizabeth

text:
1901: Sweet Briar College
1901: Girls Industrial College founded. Known as Texas Woman's University since 1957. Technically co-ed since 1994, but still has a primarily female student body.
1901: St. Clara's College: Became coeducational in 1970 and Dominican University (Illinois) in 1997
1903: Margaret Morrison Carnegie College: It was the coordinate women's college of Carnegie Mellon University between 1903 and 1973
1903: Young Woman's Industrial Club: It became Skidmore College in 1922 and coeducational in 1971
1904: The College of New Rochelle
1905: Florida State College for Women: Founded as the coeducational West Florida Seminary in 1851. After multiple name changes, it was converted into a women's college in 1905, with "for Women" attached to its then-current name of Florida State College. The school returned to coeducation in 1947 and changed its name yet again to the current Florida State University.
1905: St. Catherine University (known as the College of St. Catherine before 2009)
1907: College of Saint Teresa: It closed in 1989.
1908: All Saints' College: founded in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Associated with the Episcopal Church and admitted only white women.
1908: Georgian Court University: Admitted its first male day students in 2012, with men allowed to live on campus and participate in all activities since fall 2013.
1908: William Smith College is founded: Eventually becomes a coordinate college known as Hobart and William Smith
1908: The State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Harrisonburg: Founded as a junior college, it began awarding bachelor's degrees in 1916, and changed its name three times in its first 30 years. In 1946, when it was known as Madison College, it admitted its first male day students, becoming de facto coeducational, although it would not officially be recognized as a coeducational institution until 1966. In 1976, it adopted its current name of James Madison University.
1908: State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Fredericksburg: Developed as a normal and manual arts school and renamed Mary Washington College; it became the coordinate women's college of the University of Virginia in 1944. In 1970, UVA, which had previously admitted women only in its education, nursing, and postgraduate schools, became fully coeducational, as did Mary Washington. The two schools were separated due to changes of mission and geographic distance in 1972. The school's current name, University of Mary Washington, was adopted in 2004.
1908: Oklahoma College for Women: Founded as Oklahoma Industrial Institute and College for Girls, but name was changed to Oklahoma College for Women in 1912. Became coeducational in 1965 and simultaneously renamed Oklahoma College of Liberal Arts. Currently named University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma.[17]
1909: Lesley College: It became coeducational in 2005

text:
1911: Pine Manor College: became coeducational in 2014
1911: Connecticut College: became coeducational in 1969
1912: Saint Joseph's College of Maine: became coeducational in 1970
1913: College of Saint Benedict: Has been partnered with the all-male Saint John's University, located about 5 miles (8 km) away, since 1955, and the two schools have operated a common academic program with fully coeducational classes since 1961. CSB and SJU remain legally and administratively separate, with separate residential facilities and athletic programs.
1914: Westhampton College: Founded as the coordinate college for Richmond College (1830) and a component of its growth into the University of Richmond (1920). Today, the academic operations of the two colleges are merged, but Westhampton College remains as the co-curricular program for undergraduate women and curricular women's studies.
1914: Johnson & Wales School of Business: Started as a business school for women with one typewriter and one student. The mission “to teach a thing not for its own sake but for what lies beyond” is still in line with JWU’s current mission. The school, through many name changes is now Johnson & Wales University.
1916: Russell Sage College
1916: St. Joseph's College for Women: became coeducational in 1970 and renamed St. Joseph's College, New York
1918: New Jersey College for Women: Founded as the coordinate college for Rutgers University and became Douglass College in 1955. In 2007, it was merged with the other undergraduate liberal arts colleges at the main Rutgers campus, at that time becoming a non-degree granting unit of Rutgers and being renamed Douglass Residential College.
1919: Emmanuel College, Boston: became coeducational in 2001

text:
1920: College of Mount St. Joseph: Technically founded in 1920, when it received formal state approval to operate as a college, but predecessor institutions had offered two years of college education for females for several decades. Became coeducational in 1986, and adopted its current name of Mount St. Joseph University in 2014.
1920: Villa Maria College: Became Immaculata College in 1929 and Immaculata University in 2002. It became coeducational in 2005.
1921: Rosemont College
1921: Villa Madonna College: Although founded as a women's college, it was affiliated with the all-male St. Thomas More College. In 1945, Villa Madonna became coeducational, absorbing St. Thomas More College. The school adopted its current name of Thomas More College in 1968.
1922: Notre Dame College (Ohio): Became coeducational in the spring term of 2001.
1923: College of Saint Mary
1923: Marymount Junior College: Became Marymount College of Los Angeles in 1948 when it began offering bachelor's degrees. Merged with Loyola University of Los Angeles, originally all-male at the undergraduate level but later partially coed, in 1973 to create Loyola Marymount University.
1923: Mount St. Scholastica College: Merged with the all-male St. Benedict's College in 1971 to form the co-educational Benedictine College
1924: Chestnut Hill College: Began a coeducational graduate program in 1980, and became fully coeducational in 2003.
1925: Albertus Magnus College: It became coeducational in 1985
1925: Mount Saint Joseph College for Women: Originally located in the rural Daviess County, Kentucky community of Maple Mount, the school soon opened a coeducational extension branch in nearby Owensboro. The extension branch eventually grew into its own campus, and the school became coeducational when the two campuses were merged at the Owensboro location in 1950. Became Brescia College in 1951 and Brescia University in 1998.
1925: Mount St. Mary's College
1926: Mercyhurst College: It became coeducational in 1969, and adopted its current name of Mercyhurst University in 2012.
1926: Sarah Lawrence College: It became coeducational in 1968
1926: Scripps College
1927: Regis College: It become coeducational in 2007
1928: Elms College: It became coeducational in 1998.

text:
1932: Bennington College: It became coeducational in 1969
1932: Saint Joseph College (Connecticut)
1936: Marymount Manhattan College: It is currently coeducational
1938: Ursuline College (Kentucky): Merged into the previously all-male Bellarmine College in 1968; the merged school is now Bellarmine University.
1941: Annhurst College: It closed in 1980
1941: Mercy College of Detroit: Opened as a women's college, later became coeducational, and merged with the University of Detroit in 1990, creating the University of Detroit Mercy.
1946: Mount Sacred Heart College: It closed in 1997
1947: Garland Junior College: It was absorbed into Simmons College in 1976.
1954: Stern College for Women
1963: Pitzer College: It became coeducational in 1970
1968: Kirkland College: It merged with Hamilton College in 1979
1982: Women's College of the University of Denver reclaimed its historical name Colorado Women's College in 2013


document_title: Nokia 8

question_text: the nokia 8 is built on which qualcomm mobile platform

text: Nokia 8

text: Specifications[edit]

text: Design[edit]

text: The Nokia 8 has a 5.3-inch display and averages 7.3 mm thick and 4.3 mm thick at the edges. It is available in four colors: Polished Blue, Polished Copper, Tempered Blue and Steel.[6] The device features a full-length graphite-shielded copper cooling pipe that is designed to pull the heat away from the Snapdragon 835 chip and dissipate it across the full length and breadth of the smartphone.[7] The phone is not water-resistant, but is IP54 splash-resistant.[8]

text: Hardware[edit]

text: Nokia 8 comes with the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 CPU, backed by either 4 or 6 GB of RAM and 64 GB of internal storage (Tempered Blue, Steel and Polished Copper-coloured models), or 6 GB of RAM and 128 GB of internal storage (Polished Blue). Both are expandable with microSD cards. The QHD display is protected by Gorilla Glass 5. The device includes the USB-C 3.1 Gen 1 port for charging and data transfer (up to 5 Gbit/s).[citation needed]

text: Cameras and multimedia[edit]

text: Nokia 8 is the first Nokia-branded phone to feature a dual-lens camera system. The rear camera module includes a set of two 13 MP sensors, of which one is an RGB sensor, and the other a monochrome sensor. The rear camera is equipped with optical image stabilization (OIS), f/2.0 aperture, PDAF, an IR rangefinder, and a dual-LED flash.[9]

text: The front and rear cameras' combined standout feature is an advanced dualphotographic image camera (rebranded "Bothie" by Nokia), where the cameras can be used simultaneously by dividing the screen into a split-image setup, a technology Nokia calls Dual-Sight mode.[10] Both the front and main cameras use ZEISS optics.[11]

text: Video recording can be done in resolutions of 2160p at 30fps (4K) and 1080p at 30fps (FHD), with single-touch live streaming to social networks.[12] The cellphone contains several microphones able to record spatial audio 360° with binaural audio codecs, providing high fidelity playback through OZO Audio technology, which was derived from the Nokia OZO camera. The phone is equipped with a single rear mounted loudspeaker, so is not fully Dolby Atmos compatible.[13]

text: It is equipped with a 3.5 mm headphone jack and Bluetooth. These audio outputs use the OZO spatial audio playback to produce high quality 360° surround sound from two speakers(or ear buds) and use decoding standards compatible with Dolby Atmos and other earlier surround sound standards.[14]

text: Software[edit]

text: Like the Nokia 3, Nokia 5 and Nokia 6, it ran a near-stock version of Android 7.1.1 "Nougat" on release.[15] One difference is the camera mobile app, so as to cater for the phone's Dual-Sight feature. It also comes with an always-on display, similar to Nokia's previous Glance Screen on the Nokia Lumia series.[16]

text: On 24 November 2017, HMD started rolling out a partial (it will not include the Treble feature for device independent system updates)[1] software upgrade to Android 8.0 Oreo. The main rollout was phased over two days, however some network operators will release the software upgrade in the following weeks.[17]

text: On 13 February 2018, Nokia released Android 8.1 Oreo for the Nokia 8.[18][19]