document_title: Deal or No Deal

question_text: who has won one million on deal or no deal

text: Deal or No Deal

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The gameplay of the show differs from country to country. In some countries, there is a preliminary contest in which the studio audience is whittled down to one final contender by several trivia question rounds, this final contender then proceeds to the main game. There are also some versions with the number of players equal to the number of cases, each player receives one case. Via a short trivia round or a random selection, one player is selected to be the contestant for the main game with his case. In other countries, there is only one preselected contestant who will play the main game without any preliminary contest.

text: The main game revolves around the opening of a set of numbered briefcases, each of which contains a different prize (cash or otherwise).  The contents (i.e., the values) of all of the cases are known at the start of the game, but the specific location of any prize is unknown.  The contestant claims (or is assigned) a case to begin the game. The case's value is not revealed until the conclusion of the game.

text: The contestant then begins choosing cases that are to be removed from play. The amount inside each chosen case is immediately revealed; by process of elimination, the amount revealed cannot be inside the case the contestant initially claimed (or was assigned). Throughout the game, after a predecided number of cases have been opened, the "Banker" offers the contestant an amount of money and/or prizes to quit the game; the offer is based roughly on the amounts remaining in play and the contestant's demeanor, so the bank tries to 'buy' the contestant's case for a lower price than what's inside the case. The player then answers the titular question, choosing:

text:
"Deal", accepting the offer presented and ending the game, or
"No Deal", rejecting the offer and continuing the game.

text: This process of removing cases and receiving offers continues, until either the player accepts an offer to 'deal', or all offers have been rejected and the values of all unchosen cases are revealed. Should a player end the game by taking a deal, a pseudo-game is continued from that point to see how much the player could have won by remaining in the game. Depending on subsequent choices and offers, it is determined whether or not the contestant made a "good deal", i.e. won more than if the game were allowed to continue.

text: Since the range of possible values is known at the start of each game, how much the banker offers at any given point changes based on what values have been eliminated (i.e. the offer increases if lower values are eliminated and decreases if upper values are eliminated).  To promote suspense and lengthen games, the banker's offer is usually less than the expected value dictated by probability theory, particularly early in the game.[2] Generally, the offers early in the game are very low relative to the values still in play, but near the end of the game approach (or even exceed) the average of the remaining values.

text: Only a few people have ever won the top prize on any version of the show (see table below). For a contestant to win the top prize the player would have to select the case containing the top prize and reject every offer the banker makes during the game. The chances of a player selecting the top prize are 4–5% depending on how many amounts are in the game.

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Country

Name

Host

Channel

Language

Premiere date

End date

hideTop prize

 Afghanistan

گنجینهGanjina

Rahim MehrzadMukhtar Lashkari

Tolo TV

Persian

May 30, 2010

May 14, 2013

Af.]] 1,000,000

 Albania

Kutia

Enkel Demi

TV Klan

Albanian

September 2004

2011

€5,000€10,000€20,000€25,000

Dilema Deal or no Deal

Eno Popi

Top Channel

Albanian

September 2018

present

1,000,000 ALL

 Algeria

ادي ولا خليÉddi Ouela Kheli

Sofiane Dani

Echourouk TV

Algerian Arabic

June 17, 2015

present

5,000,000 DA10,000,000 DA

 Arab Maghreb

الصندوقAl Sandouk

Moez Toumi

Nessma TV

Arabic

November 24, 2012

2013

د.ت.500,000 د.ج.25,000,000 د.م.2,500,000

 Arab world

الصفقةAl Safqa

Amir Karara

MBC1

September 14, 2004

late 2004

US$1,000,000

Deal or No Deal

Michel Sanan

LBC

April 1, 2005

2006

US$250,000

 Argentina

Trato Hecho

Julian Weich

Telefe

Spanish

July 13, 2003

March 2006

AR$500,000

 Armenia

Դիլ կամ Նո ԴիլDil kam No Dil

Armenia TV

Armenian

November 2006

2008

դր.50,000,000

 Australia

Deal or No Deal

Andrew O'Keefe

Seven Network

English

July 13, 2003

October 4, 2013

A$200,000  A$2,000,000

 Austria

Deal or No Deal

Rainhard Fendrich

ORF1

German

July 1, 2005

September 2, 2005

€250,000

 Azerbaijan

Davam Ya Tamam

Space TV

Azerbaijani

2010

2011

10,000 AZN

Murad Dadashov

Azad Azerbaijan TV

October 31, 2016

August 6, 2017

30,000 AZN

 Belgium

Miljoenenjacht

Walter Grootaers

Vtm

Dutch

October 16, 2004

2005

€1,000,000

Te Nemen Of Te Laten

Felice

VijfTV

August 21, 2006

2009

€200,000

 Belize

Tek It Or Leave It

Angela Gegg

Channel 5

English

December 2, 2008

March 3, 2009

BZ$15,000

 Brazil

Topa ou Não Topa

Silvio SantosRoberto Justus

SBT

Portuguese

August 6, 2006

August 8, 2011

R$1,000,000

 Bulgaria

Сделка или неSdelka ili ne

Rumen Lukanov

Nova Television

Bulgarian

September 19, 2005September 6, 2010September 10, 2017

July 3, 2009January 29, 2016January 7, 2018

100,000лв (1-10)1kg gold (11)

 Cambodia

ព្រម ឬមិនព្រមProm Rer Min Prom

Ith Setha

CTN

Khmer

2009

2009

10,000,000 KHR

 Canada

Deal or No Deal Canada

Howie Mandel

Global

English

February 4, 2007

March 1, 2007

CA$1,000,000

 Canada  ( Quebec)

Le Banquier

Julie Snyder

TVA

French

January 24, 2007

May 21, 2017

CA$500,000

 Chile

Trato Hecho

Don Francisco

Canal 13

Spanish

October 19, 2004

2006

CL$120,000,000

¡Allá Tú!

Julián Elfenbein

Chilevision

April 16, 2007

December 28, 2007

CL$10,000,000

 China

动感秀场Dong Gan Xiu Chang

Cheng Qian

BTV-8

Mandarin

2007

2007

1,000,000 points

爱唱才会赢Ai Chang Cai Hui Ying

Chen HuanTian YueZuo YanHuang Ziwen

ZJSTV

November 15, 2008

October 31, 2010

CN¥100,000

 Colombia[3]

¡Hay Trato!

Julio CorrealCarlos Calero

Canal Caracol

Spanish

July 16, 2005

2006

COL$210,000,000

 Costa Rica

Trato Hecho

Gustavo Rojas

Teletica

April 10, 2012

2012

₡25,000,000

 Croatia

Uzmi ili ostavi

Željko Pervan Mirko Fodor Mario Petreković

HRT 2

Croatian

2006

2007

500,000Kn

 Czech Republic

Ber nebo neber

Pavel Zuna

TV Prima

Czech

February 11, 2007

December 27, 2008

5,000,000 Kč

 Denmark

Deal or No Deal

Casper Christensen

TV 2

Danish

August 28, 2006

November 22, 2007

2,000,000 Kr

 Dominican Republic

Trato Hecho con Nestlé

Frank Perozo  Mía Taveras

Antena Latina

Spanish

July 2008

2009

RD$3,000,000

 Ecuador

Trato Hecho

Roberto Angelelli

Teleamazonas

April 9, 2006

2007

US$100,000

El Familión Nestlé Trato Hecho

Daniel Sarcos

Gama TV andRed Telesistema

January 26, 2010

late 2010

US$100,000

 Egypt

لعبة الحياةLebet el Hayat

Razan Maghrebi

Al-Hayat TV

Arabic

August 24, 2009

2010

ج.م. 250,000ج.م. 500,000

ديل أور نو ديل: الإختيارDeal or no deal: El Ikhtiyar

Maya Diab

Al-Nahar TV

May 27, 2012

late 2012

ج.م. 250,000

 El Salvador

Trato Hecho

Daniel Rucks

TCS

Spanish

May 1, 2012

2014

US$50,000

 Estonia

Võta või jäta

Alari Kivisaar

TV3

Estonian

2007

2010

1,000,000 krooni

March 8, 2013

2013

€100,000

 Finland

Ota tai jätä

Pauli Aalto-Setälä

Nelonen

Finnish

January 10, 2007

November 29, 2007

€500,000

 France

À prendre ou à laisser

Arthur

TF1

French

January 12, 2004

June 3, 2010

€500,000€1,000,000

Julien Courbet

D8

October 8, 2014

October 30, 2015

€100,000

 Georgia

ვა-ბანკიVa-Bank

Misha Mshvildadze (2008) Duta Skhirtladze (2009)

Rustavi 2

Georgian

November 11, 2008

June 23, 2009

50,000 ლარი

 Germany

Die Chance deines Lebens

Kai Pflaume

Sat.1

German

April 30, 2000

December 18, 2000

DM10,000,000

Der MillionenDeal

Linda de Mol

May 1, 2004

June 12, 2004

€2,000,000

Deal or No Deal – Die Show der Glücksspirale

Guido Cantz

June 23, 2005

December 20, 2008

€250,000

Deal or No Deal

Wayne Carpendale

July 30, 2014

August 5, 2015

€250,000

 Greece Cyprus

Deal

Christos Ferendinos

ANT1

Greek

February 12, 2005

March 4, 2011

€200,000€150,000

Alpha TV

October 3, 2016

present

€60,000

Super Deal (weekends)

ANT1

2006

2007

€500,000

 Honduras

Trato Hecho

Erick Chavarría

Televicentro

Spanish

April 19, 2015

2015

Lps.1,000,000

 Hong Kong

一擲千金Deal or No Deal

Michael Hui

TVB Jade

Cantonese

October 29, 2006

January 21, 2007

HK$3,000,000

Alfred Cheung

April 22, 2007

February 17, 2008

 Hungary

Áll az alku

Gábor Gundel Takács

TV2

Hungarian

April 4, 2004

September 29, 2006

50,000,000 Ft

October 2, 2006

December 31, 2006

100,000,000 Ft

Áron Kovács

May 4, 2009

June 4, 2010

21,000,000 Ft

Gábor Gundel Takács

August 28, 2017

October 6, 2017

100,000,000 Ft

February 5, 2018

April 27, 2018

100,000,000 Ft

 India

Deal Ya No Deal

R. MadhavanMandira BediRajeev Khandelwal

SET

Hindi, English

November 23, 2005

July 26, 2006

₹10,000,000

 Deala No Deala

Rishi

Sun TV

Tamil

October 31, 2009

3 March 2012

₹5,000,000

Deal or No Deal

Mukesh

Surya TV

Malayalam

November 7, 2009

Sai Kumar

Gemini TV
Telugu

Udaya TV

Kannada

Ronit Roy

&TV

Hindi, English

September 5, 2015

November 29, 2015

₹10,000,000

 Indonesia

Deal Or No Deal Indonesia

Tantowi Yahya

RCTI

Indonesian

May 19, 2007

December 18, 2008

Rp. 2,000,000,000

Deal or No Deal

Deddy Corbuzier

antv

December 1, 2011

February 3, 2012

Rp. 1,000,000,000

Deal Or No Deal Indonesia

Cak Lontong

Global TV

October 20, 2014

January 29, 2015

Rp. 500,000,000

 Iran

تمام یا دوامTamam Ya Davam

Sina Valiollah

FARSI1

Persian

January 16, 2012

April 27, 2012

US$20,000

 Ireland

Deal or No Deal

Keith Barry

TV3

English

November 13, 2009

March 12, 2010

€250,000

 Israel

הדיל הגדולHadil Hagadol

Moran Atias

Channel 10

Hebrew

March 16, 2005

2006

₪ 1,500,000

דיל או לא דילDil o Lo Dil

 Italy

Affari Tuoi

Paolo Bonolis (2003-2005)Pupo (2005-2006)Antonella Clerici (2006)Flavio Insinna (2006-2008; 2013-2017)Max Giusti (2008-2013)

Rai 1

Italian

October 14, 2003

March 17, 2017

€500,000€1,000,000

 Jamaica

The Digicel Deal or No Deal

Simon Crosskill

TVJ

English

September 23, 2009

2009

JM$3,000,000

 Japan

ザ・ディールZa Dīru

Shinsuke Shimada

TBS

Japanese

September 8, 2006

April 5, 2007

¥10,000,000

 Lebanon

Deal or No Deal

Michel Sannan

Murr Television

Arabic

October 20, 2009

June 7, 2010

ل.ل. 200,000,000

 Lithuania

Taip arba Ne

Marijonas Mikutavičius

TV3 Lithuania

Lithuanian

March 31, 2007

2010

500,000Lt.

 Macedonia

Земи или оставиZemi ili ostavi

Igor Dzambazov

ALFA TV

Macedonian

November 3, 2007

2008

MKD6,000,000

Се или нештоSe ili nešto

Lila Stojanovska

Sitel

December 18, 2011

present

MKD1,000,000

 Malaysia

Deal or No Deal Malaysia

Aanont Wathanasin

ntv7

English

November 3, 2007

2009

RM100,000

一擲千金Yi zhi qian jin

Goh Wee PingOwen Yap

Mandarin

March 12, 2007

2008

 Malta

Deal or No Deal Malta

Paulo Micallef

TVM

Maltese

October 1, 2007

2010

€25,000

 Mexico

Vas o No Vas

Héctor Sandarti

Televisa

Spanish

2005

2007

MX$1,000,000MX$5,000,000

Yoo si voy

Raul Araiza

September 2009

2010

MX$2,500,000

 Moldova

Da sau Nu

Dan Negru

Prime

Romanian

20102014

present

250,000 lei

 Myanmar

Deal or No Deal Myanmar

Kaung Htet Zaw

MRTV-4

Burmese

January 5, 2015

2015

2,000,000 Ks

 Netherlands

Miljoenenjacht(original version) and season

Linda de Mol

TROS, Tien, RTL4

Dutch

November 25, 2000

present

€5,000,000

Deal or No Deal(direct version) small program

Beau van Erven Dorens

Tien, RTL5

August 27, 2006

May 15, 2009

€250,000

 New Zealand

Deal or No Deal

Jeremy Corbett

TV3

English

June 6, 2007

December 26, 2007

NZ$200,000

 Nigeria

Deal or No Deal Nigeria

John Fashanu

M-Net Africa

July 7, 2007

December 29, 2007

US$100,000

 Norway

Deal or No Deal

Sturla Berg-Johansen

TV2

Norwegian

September 30, 2006

2007

3,000,000Kr

 Panama

El Familion Nestle

Nelson Bustamante

Telemetro

Spanish

2006

2007

US$125,000

Deal or No Deal

March 29, 2010

2012

US$50,000

 Peru

Trato Hecho

Adolfo Aguilar

ATV

Spanish

August 8, 2005

December 9, 2005

S/.1,000,000

Vas o No Vas

Jesús Alzamora

Panamericana

Spanish

September 12, 2016

December 21, 2016

S/.20,000

 Philippines

Kapamilya, Deal or No Deal

Kris Aquino

ABS-CBN

Filipino (Tagalog), English

June 5, 2006

March 27, 2009

₱1,000,000₱2,000,000₱3,000,000₱4,000,000

Luis Manzano

February 25, 2012

September 28, 2013

February 9, 2015

March 4, 2016

₱1,000,000

 Poland

Grasz czy nie grasz

Zygmunt Chajzer

Polsat

Polish

October 1, 2005

August 31, 2007

1,000,000zł

 Portugal

Pegar ou Largar

Rui Unas

SIC

Portuguese

January 28, 2006

2006

€300,000

 Romania

Da sau nu

Virgil IanţuMihai Dobrovolschi

Prima TV

Romanian

September 5, 2005

2006

150,000lei

Accepți sau nu

Gabriel Coveşanu

Kanal D

March 1, 2008

2009

100,000lei

 Russia

Пан или пропалPan ili Propal

Nikolay Fomenko

Channel One

Russian

September 20, 2004

January 5, 2005

3,000,000рyб.

СделкаSdelka

Alexei Veselkin

REN TV

April 17, 2006

September 22, 2006

 Serbia

Uzmi ili ostavi

Milorad Mandić Manda

B92

Serbian

May 7, 2007

June 12, 2008

1,500,000din.

 Singapore

Deal or No Deal

Adrian Pang

MediaCorp TV Channel 5

English

May 13, 2007

January 31, 2008

S$250,000

 Slovakia

Ruku na to

Peter Šarkan Novák

STV

Slovak

September 2005

November 7, 2006

5,000,000 Sk

Veľký balík

Marcel Forgáč

JOJ

January 5, 2018

€250,000

 Slovenia

Vzemi ali pusti

Bojan Emeršič

POP TV

Slovene

2005

2007

15,000,000 SIT

2007

2008

€70,000

 South Africa

Deal or No Deal

Ed Jordan

M-Net

English

February 4, 2007

2008

R1,000,000

Doen met 'n Miljoen!

Casper de Vries

kykNET

Afrikaans

October 19, 2007

January 9, 2009

 South Korea

Yes or No

Shin Dong-Yeob

tvN

Korean

2006

July 2007

₩100,000,000

 Spain

¡Allá tú!

Jesús Vázquez Silvia Jato  Arturo Valls

Telecinco

Spanish

January 26, 2004

2008

€300,000€600,000€1,000,000

Jesús Vázquez

Cuatro

January 10, 2011

November 4, 2011

€300,000

 Sri Lanka

Gando Nogando

Mahendra Perera

SirasaTV

Sinhalese

December 12, 2008

March 6, 2009

₨2,500,000

 Sweden

Deal or No Deal

Martin Timell

TV4

Swedish

March 25, 2006

December 1, 2007

5,000,000Kr

MiljonJakten [4]

Renée Nyberg

TV3

March 4, 2012

January 3, 2014

10,000,000Kr

Deal or no Deal med Miljonjakten

TV4

November 18, 2014

December 22, 2014

  Switzerland

Deal or No Deal – Das Risiko

Roman Kilchsperger

SF 1

German

September 1, 2004

2010

SFr250,000

 Taiwan

齊天大勝 Who's the Winner   Topic: The Deal 孤注一擲

Jacky Wu
TTV

Mandarin

July 9, 2005

September 29, 2007

NT$1,500,000

平民大富翁Yes or No

Dennis NiehJacky Wu
CTS

September 12, 2009

December 12, 2009

NT$500,000

 Thailand

เอาหรือไม่เอา

Dom Hetrakul

ThaiTV 3

Thai

2005

2006

฿1,000,000

 Tunisia

دليلك ملكDlilek Mlek

Sami El Fihri

Tunisie 7

Tunisian Arabic

2005

2007

300,000 د.ت.500,000 د.ت.1,000,000 د.ت.2,000,000 د.ت.

El Hiwar Ettounsi

June 29, 2014

June 25, 2017

January 29, 2018

current

 Turkey

Trilyon Avı

Zafer Ergin

aTV

Turkish

December 9, 2003

February 3, 2004

YTL1,000,000

Büyük Teklif

Halit Ergenç

Kanal D

June 5, 2006

2006

YTL500,000

Var mısın? Yok musun?

Acun Ilıcalı

Show TV

September 10, 2007

September 16, 2010

Asuman Krause

Fox

November 8, 2011

March 29, 2012

TL500,000

Ahmet Çakar

Show TV

September 11, 2013

2014

 Ukraine

Граєш чи не граєш?Hrayesh chy ne hrayesh?

Dmitriy Shepelev

TRK Ukrayina

Russian

March 7, 2010

December 19, 2010

₴1,000,000

 United Kingdom

Deal or No Deal

Noel Edmonds

Channel 4

English

October 31, 2005

December 23, 2016

£250,000

 United States

Deal or No Deal

Howie Mandel

NBC

December 19, 2005

May 18, 2009

US$1,000,000

Syndication

September 8, 2008

May 28, 2010

US$500,000

CNBC

December 5, 2018[5]

US$1,000,000

Vas o No Vas

Héctor Sandarti

Telemundo

Spanish

October 8, 2006

May 26, 2007

US$250,000

 Vietnam

Đi tìm ẩn số

Thanh Bạch

HTV7

Vietnamese

June 19, 2005

October 8, 2017

100,000,000Đ

Ần số vàng

Chí Trung

H1

September 10, 2006

2008

50,000,000Đ

text: The first German version "Die Chance deines Lebens" hosted by Kai Pflaume did not have the case game as the final round (they played a trivia game instead), however this was the show the original "Deal or No Deal" version (the Dutch "Miljoenenjacht" hosted by Linda de Mol) was actually based on. Miljoenenjacht started in November 2000 and introduced the case game in December 2002 after a 15-month hiatus of the show.

text: Véronique Landry is the only model to appear on more than one version of the show, on both the French and English Canadian versions.[citation needed] Howie Mandel, Héctor Sandarti, and Linda de Mol each have hosted multiple versions of the show: Mandel, with the American English and Canadian English versions, Sandarti with both the American Spanish and Mexican Spanish versions, and de Mol with both the Netherlands Dutch and German (in 2004) versions of the show. In the UK version Deal Or No Deal helped relaunch Noel Edmonds's career.

text: Top prize winners[edit]

text: All amounts below the prizes are their equivalents in United States dollars at the time of their win.

text:
Country
Name(s)
Date
Amount won
Previous offer
Other amount
Notes

 گنجین/Ganjina
Mohammad Easa Sediqi
Prior to October 25, 2010
Af. 1,000,000($23,240)
Box Swap(declined)
Af. 2,500($58.10)
[6][7]First top prize winner in Afghan history

(unknown)
Prior to November 28, 2012
Af. 1,000,000($19,569)
Af. 342,000($6,693)
Af. 10,000($196)
[8]The banker first offered Af. 311,000, then Af. 342,000, then a chance to swap the boxes. All were declined. Rebroadcast June 5, 2013.

(unknown)
Prior to June 6, 2013
Af. 1,000,000($18,484)
Af. 355,500($6,571)
Af. 30,000($555)
The banker first offered Af. 263,300, then Af. 355,500. Both were declined. Rebroadcast June 6, 2013.

 ادي ولا خلي/Eddi Ouela Kheli
Mohamed Meziane
July 7, 2015
10,000,000 DA($100,450)
3,200,000 DA($32,144)
200 DA($2.01)

Khemisti Mohammed bin Sayeh
March 15, 2016
5,000,000 DA + 1,000,000 DA($45,117 + $9,023)
177,000 DA($1,597)
10,000 DA($90.23)
[9]Won 5,000,000 DA from the box along with a 1,000,000 DA bonus.

 Deal or No Deal

Abbas Hussein

May 5, 2006

$250,000

$71,000

$25,000

[10]

 Deal or No Deal

Dean Cartechini
June 17, 2004
A$200,000($137,384)
A$102,500($70,409)
A$5($3.43)
First top prize winner.

Anh Do (celebrity)
September 19, 2007
A$200,000($167,238)
A$125,000($104,524)
A$75,000($62,714)
Second top prize winner. Money went to home viewer. The second celebrity (since David Graham) and the first to actually won the prize.

Leanne Benbow
June 2, 2010
A$200,000($166,630)
A$115,000($95,812)
A$100,000($83,315)
The first woman (and the third) to win the top prize. Had the "Dream Finish" - the last 2 cases were the highest 2 in the game.

Chris Doyle
August 23, 2011
A$200,000($208,014)
A$130,000($135,209)
A$100,000($104,007)
Last winner of the top prize before the series ends in 2013. Also had the "Dream Finish" - the last 2 cases were the highest 2 in the game.

 Davam Ya Tamam

Sevda

March 26, 2017

30,000 AZN($17,595)

15,000 AZN($8,798)

1 AZN($0.59)

[11]

Rashad

July 9, 2017

30,000 AZN($17,627)

11,030 AZN($6,481)

1,500 AZN($881)

[12]

 Tek It Or Leave It

Valerie Stevens
March 3, 2009
BZ$15,000($7,615)
(Unknown)
(Unknown)
[13]

 Topa ou Não Topa
Paulo
April 2007
R$1,000,000($490,000)
R$444,000($218,000)
R$100($49)

 Сделка или не Sdelka ili ne
Veneta Raykova (Венета Райкова)(celebrity)
February 2006
75,000 BGN($46,000)
(unknown)
(unknown)

(unknown)
December 8, 2006
100,000 BGN($67,986)
(unknown)
5,000 BGN($3,399)
[14]

Niki Kitaetsa (Ники Китаеца)(celebrity)
September 18, 2007
100,000 BGN($70,871)
40,000 BGN($28,348)
1,000 BGN($709)
[15]

Sevil Saliev(Севил Салиев)
December 22, 2008
100,000 BGN($71,179)
(unknown)
(unknown)
[16]

Mariela Pepeldzhiyska(Мариела Пепелджийска)
January 23, 2012
100,000 BGN($65,862)
Box Swap(accepted)
2,500 BGN($1,647)
[17]

Plevenchaninat Iskren(Плевенчанинът Искрен)
January 24, 2013
100,000 BGN($67,988)
25,000 BGN($16,997)
0.20 BGN($0.14)
[18]

 ព្រម ឬមិនព្រម Prom Rer Min Prom
(Unknown)
February 2009
10,000,000 KHR($2,410)
(unknown)
(unknown)
[19]

(Unknown)
February 2009
10,000,000 KHR
(unknown)
750,000 KHR($181)

 ¡Allá Tú!
Mauricio Hermosilla
May 4, 2007
CL$10,000,000($19,050)
CL$6,500,000($12,383)
CL$5,000,000($9,525)

Farándula
August 29, 2007
CL$10,000,000($19,010)
Box Swap
CL$50,000($95.05)

 لعبة الحياةLebet el Hayat
Amal Mohammad
Prior to November 16, 2009
EGP250,000($45,825)
(unknown)
EGP0.50($0.09)

Sameh
Prior to April 15, 2010
EGP250,000($45,323)
(unknown)
EGP0.50($0.09)

Marwa Ali
Prior to September 3, 2010
EGP500,000($87,660)
Box Swap
EGP250($43.83)
[20]

 ديل أور نو ديل: الإختيارDeal or no deal: El Ikhtiyar
Sibai Wahba
September 12, 2012
EGP250,000($41,037)
Box Swap(accepted)
EGP10,000($1,641)
[21]

 À prendre ou à laisser
Mylène
March 4, 2004
€500,000($609,850)
(unknown)
(unknown)
[22]

Sabrina
November 29, 2005
€500,000($590,030)
€350,000($413,021)
€75,000($88,505)
The banker also offered €200,000 and €300,000; it is rare for a contestant to have more than one offer after a single round

Marie-Ange Franceschi
January 23, 2009
€500,000($650,280)
€210,000($273,118)
€100,000($130,056)
[23]

Sébastien
November 25, 2014
€100,000($124,240)
€31,000($38,514)
€10($12.42)
[24]

 ვა-ბანკი Va-Bank
Rezo and Archil Arveladze (celebrities)
February 3, 2009
50,000 lari($30,018)
25,000 lari($15,009)
50 lari($30.02)

 Deal
Georgia Kastrada(Γεωργία Καστράντα)
November 10, 2006
€200,000($256,702)
€80,000($102,681)
€1,000($1,284)
[25]Received €100,000, another half was received by a text winner

Giorgos Gkantadakis(Γιώργος Γκανταδάκης)
April 6, 2017
€60,000($63,858)
€47,000($50,022)
€40,000($42,572)
[26]

 Áll az alku
Szőke Sándor
May 23, 2006
50,000,000 Ft($238,000)
13,000,000 Ft($61,900)
6,000,000 Ft($28,600)
[27]

Csorba Árpád
April 26, 2010
21,000,000 Ft($106,680)
15,000,000 Ft($76,200)
13,000,000 Ft($66,040)
[28]

 Deal or No Deal
Ayushmann Khurrana (celebrity)
November 15, 2015
₹9,000,000($136,445)
₹7,000,000($106,124)
₹5,000,000($75,803)
His briefcase contained the top prize ₹10,000,000 but his winnings were reduced by 10% due to answering the final question wrong.

 Affari Tuoi
Roberto Pepi
February 4, 2004
€500,000($627,805)
€250,000
€15,000
[29]

Francesca Madeddu
December 16, 2004
€500,000($671,175)
€300,000($402,705)
€25,000($33,559)
[30][31]

Clarissa Meneghini
December 19, 2007
€500,000($719,525)
€170,000($244,639)
€30,000($43,172)
[32]

Danilo Anderlini
September 17, 2008
€500,000($714,575)
€170,000($242,956)
€30,000($42,875)
[32][33]

Francesca Cataldo
October 22, 2008
€500,000($666,895)
€185,000($230,408)
€30,000($40,014)
[34]

Roberto Caterina
November 23, 2008
€500,000($629,450)
€375,000($472,088)
€250,000($314,725)
[35]

Mara Ancelotti
January 1, 2009
€500,000($707,045)
€375,000($530,284)
€250,000($353,523)
[36]

Stefania Menegazzo
February 23, 2010
€500,000($680,020)
€104,000($141,444)
Maghetto
[37]

Gabriele Calvello
March 17, 2012
€1,000,000($1,317,440)
€313,000($412,359)
€0.20($0.26)
[38]The top prize was originally €500,000 as usual, but was doubled during the game when the player opened Pacco Matto (crazy box) and found Raddoppia (double).

Mauro Ghiraldini
November 21, 2012
€500,000($640,625)
€150,000($192,188)
€30,000($38,438)
[39]

Patrizia Montalbano
January 25, 2013
€500,000($668,467)
€350,000($467,927)
€250,000($334,234)
[40]

Pierangela Zaccaria
May 29, 2014
€500,000($682,054)
€172,000($234,626)
€100($136)
[41]Also won a €1,000 Provaci bonus.

Alberto Bindi
May 17, 2016
€500,000($564,512)
€375,000($423,384)
€250,000($282,256)
[42]

Alessandro Corona
February 22, 2017
€500,000($528,650)
€200,000($211,460)
€100,000($105,730)

 Deal or No Deal Malta
Maria (Doris) Abela
October 17, 2008
€25,000($33,601)
€19,500($26,209)
€15,000($20,160)

 Vas o No Vas
Elena
June 11, 2005
Mex$5,000,000($460,050) (Saturday)
(unknown)
(unknown)

Luis
December 6, 2005
Mex$1,000,000($95,360) (weekday)
(unknown)
(unknown)

Laura
March 2, 2006
Mex$1,000,000($95,580) (weekday)
Mex$700,000($66,906)
Mex$400,000($38,232)

Paty
June 3, 2006
Mex$1,000,000($88,130) (weekday)
Mex$550,000($48,472)
Mex$100,000($8,813)

 (in English) Deal or No Deal Malaysia
Timothy Shim
March 2, 2008
RM100,000($31,307)
RM 50,800($15,904)
RM 250($78.27)

 Deal or No Deal
Min Thu Rein (မင်းသူရိန်)
March 16, 2015
2,000,000 Ks($1,930)
790,000 Ks($762)
200,000 Ks($193)
Rebroadcast March 31, 2015.

 MiljoenenjachtDeal or No Deal
Arno Woesthoff
September 2, 2001
Fl10,000,000($4,142,220/€4,537,802)
Format not yet introduced[note 1]
Woesthoff was the biggest winner in worldwide game show history at the time of the show's airing; he would hold the record for almost 13 years until it was broken by Brad Rutter in 2014.

Eelco Schumacher
April 2, 2009
€250,000($331,468)
€170,000($225,398)
€125,000($165,734)

 Trato Hecho/Vas o No Vas

Licet

October 14, 2016

S/.20,000($5,877)

Box Swap(accepted)

S/.7,500($2,204)

[43]

 Kapamilya, Deal or No Deal

Terry Lim Cua
December 29, 2006
P2,000,000 ($40,740)
P1,400,000($28,518)
P1,000,000($20,370)
Cua was the only contestant to win P2,000,000 or more on the Filipino version.

Aiko Melendez and Candy Pangilinan (celebrities)
November 25, 2008
P1,000,000($20,220)
P345,001($6,976)
P10($0.20)
Christmas Edition (5 P1,000,000 cases)

Jhaphet Flordeliza
December 1, 2008
P1,000,000($20,400)
P150,000($3,060)
P50($1.02)

Arnel Pineda (celebrity)
December 11, 2008
P1,000,000($20,570)
P249,999($5,142)
P200($4.11)

Bearwin Meily (celebrity)
March 23, 2015
P1,000,000($22,312)
P614,000($13,700)
P100,000($2,231)

Ara Mina (celebrity)
April 17, 2015
P1,000,000($22,626)
P355,000($8,032)
P100($2.26)

Joyce E. Bernal and Bela Padilla (celebrities)
August 14, 2015
P1,000,000($21,656)
P699,000($15,138)
P400,000($8,662)

Kaye Abad and Nikki Valdez (celebrities)
September 7, 2015
P1,000,000($21,281)
P510,000($10,853)
P50,000($1,064)

Janine Tugonon (celebrity)
January 8, 2016
P1,000,000($21,164)
P650,000($13,757)
P300,000($6,349)

 Uzmi ili ostavi

Vidoje
October 19, 2007
RSD1,500,000($24,475)
RSD615,000($10,035)
RSD500,000($8,158)

 Yes or No

Lee Chang-geun (이창근)
June 23, 2007
₩100,000,000($107,750)
₩45,000,000($48,488)
₩30,000,000($32,325)
[44]

 ¡Allá tú!
Gilbert
June 19, 2007
€600,000($804,018)
€240,000($321,607)
€1,500($2,010)
Received €300,000; another half was received by an SMS winner.

María del Carmen Bonilla
July 25, 2011
€300,000($431,622)
€29,999($43,161)
€20($28.77)
[45]

 齊天大勝 Who's the Winner Topic: The Deal 孤注一擲

JUNIOR (celebrity)
April 14, 2007
NT$1,500,000($45,250)
NT$330,000($9,955)
NT$1, NT$100, NT$10,000, NT$20,000 and NT$50,000($0.03, $3.02, $302, $603 and $1,508)
The host Jacky Wu, who also acted as the banker, decided to give the final offer with 6 out of 16 cases remaining.

 دليلك ملك

Mohamed Mabrouk
March 22, 2006
TND300,000($221,706)
(unknown)
(unknown)
[46][47][48][49]Each winner shared the prize with an SMS participant.

Mohamed Bashir Menchari
November 13, 2006
TND500,000($379,765)
(unknown)
(unknown)

Marbrouk
September 13, 2007
TND1,000,000($792,390)
(unknown)
TND500,000($396,195)

Aichoucha
June 13, 2017
TND2,000,000($813,960)
TND1,100,000($447,678)
Joke prize

The banker also offered 200.000 dinars ($81,396), which was refused. The winner also shared the prize with an SMS participant.[49]

 Var mısın? Yok musun?
Ülkühan Yılmaz
October 24, 2009
500,000TL($339,790)
128,000TL($86,986)
20,000TL($13,591)

 Deal or No Deal

Laura Pearce
January 7, 2007
£250,000($482,625)
£45,000($86,873)
£3,000($5,792)
Pearce was the first top prize winner on the UK version.

Alice Munday
March 12, 2009
£250,000($344,678)
Banker's Gamble  (box swap declined)
1p($0.014)
Munday initially dealt at £17,500 but was offered the Banker's Gamble when the 1p and £250,000 were remaining. She accepted the gamble, which forfeited the offer and brought the game back into live play.

Suzanne Mulholland
May 13, 2011
£250,000($407,055)
£165,000($268,656)  (box swap accepted)
£100,000($162,822)
Mulholland also won an additional prize of a 2-week holiday in Florida as part of "Banker's Birthday" special.

Tegen Roberts
September 22, 2011
£250,000($387,735)
£77,000($119,422)
£20,000($31,019)
Tegen had the strongest board ever after round 3 to the end of the show; a staggering £560,250.60 was still in play after 10 boxes had been opened.

Nong Nig Ham Nam
August 5, 2012
£250,000($390,932)
£68,000($106,334)
£5($7.82)

Patrick "Paddy" Roberts
August 12, 2013
£250,000($386,700)
£140,000($216,622)
£75,000($116,010)
Paddy was the first male top prize winner on the UK version.

Roop Singh
February 12, 2014
£250,000($414,528)
£46,000($76,273)
£500($829)
Singh declined to buy Box 23, which would have doubled his winnings to £500,000.

Ann Crawford
October 15, 2015
£250,000($387,438)
£64,000($99,184)
50p($0.77)
Crawford declined to buy Box 23, which would have reduced her winnings to £0.

Vikki Heenan
December 23, 2016
£250,000($306,735)
£66,666($81,795)
£750($920)
The episode that contains Heenan's win was the final episode of the UK version.[50]

 Deal or No Deal
Jessica Robinson
September 1, 2008
$1,000,000
$561,000
$200,000
Robinson was the first top prize winner on the American version.  Million Dollar Mission game (5 $1,000,000 cases)

Tomorrow Rodriguez
October 29, 2008
$1,000,000
$677,000
$300 and 3x $1,000,000
The final offer of $677,000 (which Rodriguez declined) was given when there were five cases remaining.  Million Dollar Mission game (9 $1,000,000 cases)

 Đi tìm ẩn số
Lê Bình (celebrity)
October 9, 2011
100,000,000Đ($4,808)
75,411,000Đ($3,626)
50,000,000Đ($2,404)
[51]

Minh Trang
July 15, 2012
100,000,000Đ($4,801)
40,010,000Đ($1,921)
25,000Đ($1.20)
[52]

Nguyễn Thị Đào
February 28, 2016
100,000,000Đ($4,459)
26,100,000Đ($1,164)
20,000,000Đ($892)
[53]

Giáng Tiên (celebrity)
September 3, 2017[note 2]
100,000,000Đ($4,400)
18,340,000Đ($807)
75,000Đ($3.30)
Fourth top prize winner on the Vietnamese version.[54]

text:
Jump up ^ Arno Woesthoff was on Miljoenenjacht when the bonus round consisted of seven questions that could add up to 10,000,000 guilders (based on the German game show "Die Chance deines Lebens") instead of the case game, which is why there were no other amounts.

Jump up ^ Most recent top prize winner in the Deal or No Deal franchise to date.

tag: ol

text: At the other end of the spectrum, in the UK edition broadcast on 7 December 2009, a contestant named Corinne opened her box to reveal (and thus win) 1p, having turned down first an offer of £88,000 and then an offer to swap boxes, which would have given her the top £250,000 prize. A similar event occurred on the U.S. version on August 25, 2008, where contestant Koshka Blackburn won $5,000 which was in her case after turning down the banker's offer of $530,000 and then the option to switch cases, which would've made her the first $1,000,000 winner. Also in the U.S. on September 22, 2006, Michelle Falco kept in $750,000 and $1,000,000 in play all the way to the end, she turned down the biggest offer of $880,000 and refused to switch her case, in her case was $750,000. She also would have been the first $1,000,000 winner had she switched cases. And again, in the U.S. on October 22, 2008, contestant Richie Bell won $1 which was in his case after rejecting the final offer of $416,000 and the option to switch cases, which would've made him the second $1,000,000 winner. Richie also won an additional $10,000 after completing the "Banker's Challenge" minigame, thus making his total winnings $10,001. Had he had switched, he would have won $1,010,000. Many other contestants around the world would have won the top prize if they had swapped their box/case.

text: Basis and antecedents[edit]

text: The game show has attracted attention from mathematicians, statisticians, and economists as a natural decision-making experiment. In 2008 a team of economists analyzed the decisions of people appearing in Dutch, German and U.S. episodes and found, among other things, that contestants are less risk-averse or even risk-seeking when they saw their expected winnings drop.[55]  They went so far as to say that the show, “almost appears to be an economics experiment rather than a TV show.”[56] They found that contestants behave similarly in different versions of the show, despite large differences in the amounts at stake; amounts appear to be evaluated in relative terms, for example in proportion to the initial average, and not in terms of their absolute monetary value.[57]  The research received a great deal of media attention, appearing on the front page of The Wall Street Journal[58] and being featured on National Public Radio.[59] This work was built upon by de Roos and Sarafidis, who analysed the Australian version of the show and determined that the risk-taking behaviour of a number of contestants would be inconsistent within each game (i.e. their aversion to risk would change), depending on the state of play and relative risk aversion of their confidant on the show.[60]

text: Australian Deal or No Deal contestants are selected "on the basis of being 'outgoing', but there is no screening of contestants on the basis of their risk preferences".[60] It is thought that other versions may screen contestants for being amicable to risk-taking behaviour.

text: Despite its air of originality and huge international success—there are more than 60 versions worldwide—there have been, in fact, numerous antecedents to the current run of shows. The first was the It's in the Bag, a New Zealand radio game show invented by Selwyn Toogood which began in the 1950s and which ran for decades after it was later adapted for television (1970s–90s). The show popularized the catch-phrases, "By hokey," and "What will it be, customers--the money or the bag?" in New Zealand. Similarly, in the 1950s, the UK TV show Take Your Pick offered contestants the choice of taking a money offer or risking opening a box. Later, in the 1980s, The Bong Game, a radio call-in show created by UK’s Capital FM, tested contestants by offering them increasing returns in tandem with increasing risk.

text: Another long-running game show, Let's Make a Deal, involved contestants deciding whether or not to take offers based on what may or may not be behind a curtain/door or inside a box. Let's Make a Deal ran in the U.S. for nearly three decades from 1963 to 1991, during which time Monty Hall was the program's "Big Dealer," and has recently been revived with Wayne Brady as the Big Dealer. Also in the U.S., in the 1970s and 1980s, was a game show called Treasure Hunt, hosted by Geoff Edwards and produced by Chuck Barris's company, which featured a similar concept to Deal or No Deal. The show featured contestants selecting a treasure chest or box with surprises inside in the hope of winning large prizes or a cash jackpot. Both game shows, however, also featured worthless or nearly-worthless joke prizes, which Let's Make a Deal called "zonks" and which Treasure Hunt called "klunks." Deal or No Deal does not feature such joke prizes. Finally, from 1997 to 2003, Win Ben Stein's Money pitted contestants against an in-house adversary.

text: Algorithm used by "The Bank"[edit]

text: There are several theories concerning the algorithm that "The Bank" uses to determine the appropriate bank offer. Naturally, this is a secret held by the various publishers around the world, however a number of people have approximated the algorithm with various levels of accuracy. It is a common understanding that the Bank does not know the contents of the briefcase, and therefore the Monty Hall Problem does not apply to the probability calculations.

text: User 'George Jones' suggested on the NSLog(); blog that a simple approximation could be banker's offer = average value * turn number / 10.[61]

text: Statistical studies of the US version of the show were undertaken by Daniel Shifflet in 2011, and showed a linear regression of bank offers against expected value.[62] In summary, Shifflet found that the bank would offer a percentage of the expected value (EV) of the remaining cases, and this percentage increased linearly from approximately 37% of EV at the first offer to approximately 84% of EV at the seventh offer. This version of the program also allowed players to 'hypothetically' play out the remainder of the game from the point where they accepted the bank's offer, and Shiffler noted that the hypothetical bank offers were significantly higher than real bank offers at equivalent points in the game.

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Innovative Concepts in Entertainment developed and currently sells an arcade redemption adaptation of the show, replacing prize money with redemption tickets.[63]
The U.K. version of Deal or No Deal was converted into a mobile game by Gameloft and featured the same rules and format as the TV show. The game was so well-received that versions of it were developed for other countries as well.[64] Its international success landed it on the top-sellers list.[65]
Almost all major formats of the game were converted into games for various gaming consoles, the PC, Macromedia Flash, and even a dedicated handheld made in China.
Various online gambling and gaming sites have adapted the Deal or No Deal concept for their games.[66]

text: Online Gambling[edit]

text: The Deal or No Deal television game show, based on the original Dutch Miljoenenjacht (Hunt for Millions), was introduced to the world by Endemol. The popular format, which requires the contestant to choose from 26 boxes or cases to reveal cash values, grew in popularity and eventually made its way into the online gambling industry as a result of the 2009 partnership between Playtech’s Virtue Fusion and Endemol Games.

text: Online Bingo licensees of Virtue Fusion, previously acquired by Playtech, introduced DOND themed 75-ball and 90-ball rooms in addition to a slot game based on the game show, scratch cards and the launch of a new bingo brand named after the game show, Deal or No Deal Bingo.

text: Online gamblers experience the show’s concept when securing a Full House win in the themed bingo rooms. The winner or winners enter a round of negotiations with the banker where they must make the ultimate decision, Deal or No Deal. The sense of community, often embraced by bingo players, is called upon as they assist the winner in determining the best option by commenting in the room’s chat section. The Community Jackpot is divided among the Full House winner (50%) and all game participants (50%).

text: In February 2016, Playtech announced the renewal of its licensing agreement with Endemol UK, which will see the availability of DOND licensed online products continue for an additional three years. Under this contract, Playtech is granted exclusive rights to deliver these themed games to the UK market.[67]

text: The range of DOND games are available at Virtue Fusion powered bingo brands such as bet365, Gala Bingo, Ladbrokes, Mecca Bingo and William Hill.


document_title: King (chess)

question_text: what direction can the king move in chess

root

text: King (chess)

text: Movement[edit]

text:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

tag: table

text: White starts with the king on the first rank to the right of the queen. Black starts with the king directly across from the white king. The white king starts on e1 and the black king on e8.

tag: p

text: A king can move one square in any direction (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally) unless the square is already occupied by a friendly piece or the move would place the king in check. As a result, the opposing kings may never occupy adjacent squares (see opposition), but the king can give discovered check by unmasking a bishop, rook, or queen. The king is also involved in the special move of castling.

text: Castling[edit]

text: In conjunction with a rook, the king may make a special move called castling, in which the king moves two squares toward one of its rooks and then the rook is placed on the square over which the king crossed. Castling is allowed only when neither the king nor the castling rook has previously moved, no squares between them are occupied, the king is not in check, and the king will not move across or end its movement on a square that is under enemy attack.

text: Status in games[edit]

text: Check and checkmate[edit]

text: If a player's move places the opponent's king under attack, that king is said to be in check, and the player in check is required to immediately remedy the situation. There are three possible methods to remove the king from check:

text:
Moving the king to an adjacent non-threatened square. A king cannot castle to get out of check.
Interposing a piece between the king in check and the attacking piece in order to break the line of threat (not possible when the attacking piece is a knight or pawn, or when in double check).
Capturing the attacking piece (not possible in double check, unless the king captures)

tag: ul

text: If none of these three options are possible, the player's king has been checkmated and the player loses the game.

text: Stalemate[edit]

text: A stalemate occurs when, for the player with the move:

text:
The player has no legal moves, and
The player's king is not in check

text: If this happens, the king is said to have been stalemated and the game ends in a draw. A player who has very little or no chance of winning will often try to entice the opponent to inadvertently place the player's king in stalemate in order to avoid a loss.

text: Role in gameplay[edit]

text: In the opening and middlegame, the king will rarely play an active role in the development of an offensive or defensive position. Instead, a player will normally try to castle and seek safety on the edge of the board behind friendly pawns. In the endgame, however, the king emerges to play an active role as an offensive piece as well as assisting in the promotion of their remaining pawns.

text: It is not meaningful to assign a value to the king relative to the other pieces, as it cannot be captured or exchanged. In this sense, its value could be considered infinite. As an assessment of the king's capability as an offensive piece in the endgame, it is often considered to be slightly stronger than a bishop or knight – Emanuel Lasker gave it the value of a knight plus a pawn (i.e. four points on the scale of chess piece relative value) (Lasker 1934:73). It is better at defending nearby pawns than the knight is, and it is better at attacking them than the bishop is (Ward 1996:13).

text: Unicode[edit]

text: Unicode defines two codepoints for king:

text: ♔ U+2654 White Chess King (HTML ♔)

text: ♚ U+265A Black Chess King (HTML ♚)


document_title: List of the largest trading partners of the United States

question_text: what is the united states' total largest export (in u.s. dollars) to canada

question_tokens: what is the united states ' total largest export ( in u.s. dollars ) to canada

text: The 20 largest trade partners of the United States represent 76.6% of U.S. exports, and 81.0% of U.S. imports as of December 2014[update].[1] These figures do not include services or foreign direct investment.

text: The largest US partners with their total trade (sum of imports and exports) in millions of US dollars for calendar year 2016 are as follows:[2]

text:
Rank
Country/District
Exports
Imports
Total Trade
Trade Balance

-
World
1,454,624
2,188,940
3,643,564
-734,316

-
 European Union[3]
270,325
416,666
686,991
-146,340

1
 China
115,775
462,813
578,588
-347,038

2
 Canada
266,827
278,067
544,894
-11,240

3
 Mexico
230,959
294,151
525,110
-63,192

4
 Japan
63,264
132,202
195,466
-68,938

5
 Germany
49,362
114,227
163,589
-64,865

6
 South Korea
42,266
69,932
112,198
-27,666

7
 United Kingdom
55,396
54,326
109,722
+1,070

8
 France
30,941
46,765
77,706
-15,824

9
 India
21,689
45,998
67,687
-24,309

10
 Taiwan
26,045
39,313
65,358
-13,268

11
 Italy
16,754
45,210
61,964
-28,456

12
  Switzerland
22,701
36,374
59,075
-13,673

13
 Netherlands
40,377
16,152
56,529
+24,225

14
 Brazil
30,297
26,176
56,473
+4,121

15
 Ireland
9,556
45,504
55,060
-35,948

16
 Vietnam
10,151
42,109
52,260
-31,958

17
 Belgium
32,271
17,020
49,291
+15,251

18
 Malaysia
11,867
36,687
48,554
-24,820

19
 Singapore
26,868
17,801
44,669
+9,067

20
 Hong Kong
34,908
7,386
42,294
+27,522

21
 Thailand
10,573
29,493
40,066
-18,920

22
 Israel
13,197
22,206
35,403
-9,009

23
 Saudi Arabia
18,023
16,926
34,949
+1,097

24
 Australia
22,225
9,534
31,759
+12,691

25
 Colombia
13,099
13,796
26,895
-697

26
 United Arab Emirates
22,382
3,356
25,738
+19,026

27
 Indonesia
6,037
19,203
25,240
-13,166

28
 Spain
10,373
13,468
23,841
-3,095

29
 Chile
12,941
8,799
21,740
+4,142

30
 Russia
5,798
14,512
20,310
-8,714

-
Top 30
1,272,922
1,979,506
3,252,428
-706,584

-
Remaining Countries
181,702
209,434
391,136
-27,732

text:
Imports / Exports / Trade Deficits of the United States in 2014 ($Millions)[4][5]

Country
Exports
Imports
Trade Deficit

 China

123,676

446,754

343,078

 European Union

276,142

418,754

142,059

 Germany

49,363

123,260

73,897

 Japan

66,827

134,004

67,117

 Mexico

240,249

294,074

53,825

 Canada

312,421

347,798

35,377

 Saudi Arabia

18,705

47,041

28,336

 Ireland

7,806

33,956

26,150

 Italy

16,968

42,115

25,147

 South Korea

44,471

69,518

25,047

 India

21,608

45,244

23,636

 Malaysia

13,068

30,420

17,352

 France

31,301

46,874

15,573

 Thailand

11,810

27,123

15,313

 Taiwan

26,670

40,581

13,911

  Switzerland

22,176

31,191

9,015

 Israel

15,083

22,962

7,879

 United Kingdom

53,823

54,392

569

text:
Balance of Trade 2014[6]

China
Euro Area
Japan
Mexico
Pacific
Canada
Middle East
Lat. America
Total by Product

Computer
-151.9
3.4
-8.0
-11.0
-26.1
20.9
5.8
12.1

-155.0

Oil, Gas, Minerals
1.9
6.4
2.4
-20.8
1.1
-79.8
-45.1
-15.9

-149.7

Transportation
10.9
-30.9
-46.2
-59.5
-0.5
-6.1
17.1
8.8

-106.3

Apparel
-56.3
-4.9
0.6
-4.2
-6.3
2.5
-0.3
-1.1

-69.9

Electrical Equipment
-35.9
-2.4
-4.0
-8.5
-3.3
10.0
1.8
2.0

-40.4

Misc. Manufacturing
-35.3
4.9
2.7
-2.8
-1.4
5.8
-1.5
1.8

-25.8

Furniture
-18.3
-1.2
0.0
-1.6
-2.1
0.4
0.2
0.0

-22.6

Machinery
-19.9
-27.0
-18.8
3.9
7.6
18.1
4.5
9.1

-22.4

Primary Metals
-3.1
3.1
-1.8
1.0
1.9
-8.9
-0.9
-10.4

-19.1

Fabricated Metals
-17.9
-5.9
-3.5
2.8
-4.3
7.3
1.2
1.9

-18.5

Plastics
-15.7
-1.9
-2.0
5.7
-4.1
2.6
-0.1
0.5

-15.0

Textile
-12.3
-1.1
-0.3
2.8
-4.6
1.5
-0.9
0.2

-14.7

Beverages, Tobacco
1.3
-9.9
0.6
-3.3
0.0
1.0
0.2
-0.6

-10.6

Nonmetallic Minerals
-6.1
-1.9
-0.4
-1.2
0.1
1.9
-0.5
-0.8

-8.9

Paper
-2.7
1.2
1.1
4.3
1.2
-9.8
0.9
-1.9

-5.8

Chemical
-3.9
-39.5
-1.5
19.1
3.2
4.6
-2.4
15.8

-4.7

Food
0.7
-3.6
6.1
4.9
0.9
0.1
1.4
-1.1

9.5

Agriculture
17.8
6.2
7.3
-3.0
5.7
-0.8
2.8
-6.5

29.5

Petroleum
0.6
-1.2
0.1
16.6
-2.0
-0.1
0.6
18.3

32.9

Total by Country/Area
-346.1
-106.1
-65.6
-54.9
-33.0
-29.0
-15.1
32.3

text: Countries of which United States is the largest trading partner[edit]

text: The United States is also the primary export or import partner of several countries. The percentages on these tables are based on 2014 data as shown on the CIA World Factbook. Some countries are repeated from the previous table.

text:
Exports[7]

Region
Percentage

 American Samoa
100%

 Haiti
83.2%

 Mexico
80.2%

 Chad
77.6%

 Canada
76.8%

 Nicaragua
52.3%

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
49.9%

 El Salvador
46.5%

 Ecuador
43.9%

 Dominican Republic
40.1%

 Jamaica
39.5%

 Costa Rica
38.4%

 Guatemala
36.1%

 Honduras
35.2%

 Venezuela
34.6%

 Suriname
32.1%

 Guyana
31.9%

 Trinidad and Tobago
29.1%

 Israel
26.9%

 Colombia
26.3%

 Sri Lanka
25.0%

 Cambodia
24.1%

 Ireland
20.6%

 Belize
20.5%

 Vietnam
20.0%

 Panama
19.8%

 Japan
18.9%

 China
16.9%

 Jordan
15.8%

 Bangladesh
14.3%

 India
13.4%

 Pakistan
12.4%

 Fiji
11.8%

Imports[8]

Region
Percentage

 Aruba
56.0%

 Canada
54.5%

 Mexico
48.8%

 Dominican Republic
45.8%

 Costa Rica
44.4%

 Honduras
43.3%

 El Salvador
41.0%

 Guatemala
40.3%

 Jamaica
39.3%

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
39.3%

 Trinidad and Tobago
34.6%

 Ecuador
31.9%

 Suriname
31.3%

 Bahamas
30.8%

 Colombia
28.5%

 Panama
25.1%

 Venezuela
24.2%

 Equatorial Guinea
23.5%

 Guyana
21.9%

 Belize
21.8%

 Peru
21.0%

 Nicaragua
16.2%

 Kuwait
12.7%

 Israel
11.8%

 Qatar
11.5%


document_title: Thrissur

question_text: why thrissur is called cultural capital of kerala

text: Thrissur

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The name Thrissur is a shortened form of Thiru-Shiva-Per-Ur (Malayalam: തിരു-ശിവ-പേര്-ഊര്, Lord-Shiva-Name-Town) literally translates to 'The City or Town with the name of the "Lord Shiva"'. The name owes itself to the most prominent feature of the city, that is the Vadakkumnathan Temple, which has Shiva as its presiding deity.[6] Alternately, Thri-Shiva-Perur (Malayalam: ത്രി-ശിവ-പേരൂർ, Three-Shiva-Palace) means the place with three famous Shiva temples which are said to be – the Vadakkumnathan Temple, Kottapuram Shiva temple and the Poonkunnam Siva Temple. Thrissur was known by its anglicised name Trichur until 1990, when the government decided to replace it with its Malayalam name. Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" (Kailasam of the South) in ancient days.[7]

text: Cultural and Business Significance[edit]

text: Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history.[8] It contains the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalithakala Akademi and Kerala Sahitya Academy.[9] The city hosts the Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.[10][11] The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May.[8] Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the Vadakkumnathan temple, Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple and Paramekkavu temple, and the Guruvayur temple as well as two famous churches, the Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral and the Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica, the largest Christian church in India.[12]

text: Thrissur has historically been a centre of Hindu scholarship. The city has one of the most important temples of Hindu Shaivism, that is the Vadakunnathan temple. The district is also home of one of the most holiest Hindu Vaishnava temples, the Guruvayur temple. Christianity, Islam and Judaism entered into the Indian subcontinent through the Thrissur District. The works of scholars and Eastern Christian writings claim Thomas the Apostle to have set foot in Muziris near Thrissur 2,000 years ago. (AD 51–52)[13][14] India's first mosque, Cheraman Juma Masjid, opened in AD 629.[15][16][16][17][18][19] Thrissur has opened the gates for Arabs, Romans, Portuguese, Dutch and English.

text: The city has served as an incubator for many Malayali entrepreneurs,[20] and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala.[21] It flexes its economic muscle in India as the headquarters of three major scheduled banks, South Indian Bank Ltd, Catholic Syrian Bank and Dhanalakshmi Bank Ltd and a clutch of Chit funds.[22] The city is also a big centre for shopping in Kerala for silks and gold jewellery. Thrissur attracts the largest number of domestic tourists in Kerala.[23]

text: Apart from being the cultural nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the Kerala Kalamandalam, St Thomas College which is more than a century old, Jawahar Bal Bhavan Thrissur, Kerala Police Academy, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala University of Medical and Allied Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Institute of Local Administration and Kerala Forest Research Institute.[24][25][26]

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-history[edit]

text: [27] The Ramavarmapuram monument is in granite and is of the menhir type. The monument in Ramavarmapuram is 15 feet (4.6 m) in height and 12 feet 4 inches (3.76 m) wide. Since 1944, it has been protected by the Department of Archaeology. The monument is locally known as Padakkallu or Pulachikkallu. These menhirs are memorials put up at burial sites for the departed souls. They belong to the Megalithic Age of Kerala, which is roughly estimated between 1000 BCE and 500 CE.[28] All such monuments have not been dated exactly. Some experts are of the view that these are the remnants of the Neolithic Age in the development of human technology. The Ramavarmapuram menhir is also believed to be a monument belonging to the Sangam period in the South Indian history.[29]

text: Another monolithic monuments like Dolmens and rock-cut caves are at Porkulam, Chiramanengad, Eyyal, Kattakambal and Kakkad. According to historians, the dolmens are burial sites. Though most of the monuments were well protected, the dolmen at Porkulam was in a neglected condition. The monument excavated under eminent Archaeologist B. K. Thapar, between 1949 and 1950, was under the Department of Archaeology.[27] Another megalithic monument is situated at Ariyannur in Thrissur. This place has unravelled monuments such as the Kudakkallu or Thoppikkallu (Mushroom stones or Umbrella stones) and 'Munimada' (Saint's abode).[30] The laterite hillocks of Ariyannur rise to about 50 metres. Another reference in Ariyannur dates back to the early 15th century in the poem Chandrotsavam.[30]

text: Pre-colonial history[edit]

text: The region can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Kerala and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period. The early political history of Thrissur is interlinked with that of the Chera Dynasty of the Sangam age, who ruled over vast portions of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. After the Cheras, the place was later ruled by the Kingdom of Cochin (Perumpadapu Swaroopam). Later, a powerful dynasty known as Zamorins of Calicut captured most of the Thrissur in 14th and 15th century.

text: Colonial period[edit]

text: Next was the turn of Portuguese who ruled Thrissur in the 16th century. In the beginning of the 17th century the Portuguese power was reduced and Dutch became the main power. With the help of Dutch, Cochin Royal Family recaptured Thrissur from Samoothiri in 1710.[31]

text: The modern City of Thrissur rose to importance after Sakthan Thampuran ascended the throne of Kingdom of Cochin (1769–1805). He changed the capital of Cochin Royal Family to Thrissur from Mattancherry and abolished the power of Namboothiri community, which controlled most of the temples of Thrissur district. The maharaja destroyed the forest around the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple, and started the most spectacular cultural festival called Thrissur Pooram. Sakthan Thampuran laid the modern foundation stone of Thrissur and made the city into a major financial and commercial hub of South India, by inviting Syrian Christian families and Brahmins from adjoining areas.[31]

text: However, during 1750–60 Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore, attacked Thrissur and became tributary of the Kingdom of Mysore. Tipu Sultan, his son led another invasion in 1786 to Thrissur, where he destroyed the churches of Syrian Malabar Nasrani community and Hindu temples. Tipu Sultan's Army set fire to the church at Palayoor and attacked the Ollur church.[32] The economy of Thrissur totally collapsed because of this invasion.[33] Later he made a retreat from Thrissur, which served as the headquarters of Kerala region, after the Srirangapattanam war. In the meantime, Rama Varma X, the successor of Sakthan Thampuran signed a treaty with East Indian Company, and made Cochin a subsidiary of the British.

text: Anti-Colonial movements[edit]

text: The Indian freedom movement struggle also grew in momentum in Thrissur after a Committee was formed in 1919 of the Indian National Congress. In 1921, the Civil Disobedience Movement also attracted a large number of people into the freedom struggle. In 1927 Mahatma Gandhi visited Vivekodayam School in the city.[34] In 1934, father of the nation, again visited the city for the housewarming of Barrister Krishna Menon. The house afterwards was known "Gandhi Mandiram" in Chembukkavu.[35] In the mean time, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, the controversial Diwan of Cochin Kingdom from 1935 to 1941, was developing City by constructing Thrissur Town Hall and Ramanilayam. Even now also two monuments remain as the epicentre of Kerala politics. DR M R Menon, a minister in Government of Kochi was instrumental in building the Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur and the Municipal Office Road. He even concerted Swaraj Round and other peripheries of the city road.[36][37]

text: Post-Colonial[edit]

text: In 1947, when India gained independence from the British rule, Thrissur was under Kingdom of Cochin. Thrissur district was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur City. The city is usually referred to as the Cultural Capital of Kerala. The city had been a breeding ground of famous politicians and bureaucrats like R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, P.C. Rao, C. Achutha Menon, K. Karunakaran, Joseph Mundassery, Vinod Rai etc. after the independence. These individuals have changed the trajectory of Thrissur City afterwards.

text: P.S. Rao, advisor to the Rajapramukh and acting Governor of Kerala, is another person who Thrissurian is indebted to. He expanded Thrissur City by shifting all the administrative and government offices like Thrissur Collectorate to Ayyanthole from Chembukavu.[36] Government Engineering College, Thrissur, is another gift from Joseph Mundassery, the controversial former education minister who introduced Kerala Education Act. C. Achutha Menon, the former Chief Minister of Kerala gifted Kerala Agricultural University in 1971, a university for all agricultural related activities.[36]

text: K. Karunakaran, the Bhishma of Kerala politics started his career in Thrissur as a painter. Later on he became the "Leader" of city. During his regime Thrissur-Guruvayur Section and Poonkunnam Over Bridge was built.[38][39] Vinod Rai, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, is another person who turned fortunes of the city by building Sakthan Thampuran Nagar (S.T.Nagar) when he was collector of Thrissur district. He is also known as the second Sakthan Thampuran of Thrissur by shifting the Municipal Stand near the M.O. Road to Shaktan Thampuran Nagar, now known as Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur.[40] Another IAS officer who made remarkable contributions to the development of Trichur is Raju Narayana Swamy. He single-handedly widened five roads of the city- Pattalom Road, Inner Ring Road, Ragam Theatre Road, Padinjare Kotta and Chemputti Lane – thereby changing the face of the town.

text: Geography[edit]

text: The city of Thrissur is situated in Thrissur District of Central Kerala in India. The city is located at 10°31′N 76°13′E / 10.52°N 76.21°E / 10.52; 76.21 and has an average altitude of 2.83 metres. The city is 75 km north-east of Kochi, 133 km south-west of Coimbatore , 144 km south-east of Kozhikode and 151 km north of Changanacherry.[41] The city is located in a hillock called Thekkinkadu Maidan which is the second highest point in city after the Vilangan Hills. From the hillock, the geography of the city move towards middle land where Thrissur Kole Wetlands is situated. The Kole Wetlands act as a natural drainage for the city where the water is carried out to river and from there to the Laccadive Sea, thus keeping Thrissur city safe from flood waters which affect most of the other cities in Kerala. [42][43][44][45] Different ponds, rivers and canals also keep the ground water safe from salt waters. The city is located in midland regions of Kerala, with an extended part of Palakkad plains.[46] The city geologically is composed of Archaean gneisses and crystalline schists. Major parts of city is covered by Archaeans rocks.[47] The city lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate (the Indian Plate) and is subject to comparatively little seismic or volcanic activity.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Under the Köppen climate classification, City of Thrissur features a Tropical monsoon climate. Summer lasts from March to May which is the hottest time of the year. Summer months are uncomfortable due to higher levels of heat and humidity. Daytime temperatures can rise up to 36- 38°C coupled with excessive humidity. Summer is followed by the South-west monsoon from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is cooler, and windy, due to winds from the Western Ghats. Winter months are generally dry and less humid compared to other months of the year. Morning temperatures are usually cool and daytime temperatures hover around 30°C.[48]

text: The City is drained in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is 300 cm. The South-west monsoon generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the City in the summer season is 36-degree Celsius while the minimum temperature recorded is 27degrees Celsius. The winter season records a maximum average of 31-degree Celsius and a minimum average of 20-degree Celsius.[48]

text:
hideClimate data for Thrissur

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Average high °C (°F)
31
(88)
32
(90)
35
(95)
36
(97)
34
(93)
30
(86)
29
(84)
30
(86)
30
(86)
30
(86)
31
(88)
31
(88)
32
(89)

Average low °C (°F)
21
(70)
23
(73)
26
(79)
27
(81)
27
(81)
24
(75)
24
(75)
24
(75)
24
(75)
24
(75)
24
(75)
22
(72)
24
(76)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
32
(1.26)
26
(1.02)
39
(1.54)
147
(5.79)
391
(15.39)
576
(22.68)
391
(15.39)
367
(14.45)
417
(16.42)
467
(18.39)
223
(8.78)
47
(1.85)
3,123
(122.96)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
3
3
5
13
17
26
28
24
18
23
13
4
177

Source: [2]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Thrissur is home to many leading Malayali entrepreneurs,[20] and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala.[21] Historians say that King Sakthan Thampuran had invited several Syrian Christian families and Brahmins to settle in Thrissur city from their business centres in adjoining areas. Soon, Thrissur became a flourishing centre of internal trade in Kerala. Thrissur is one of the major manufacturing centres of plain gold and rolled gold jewellery in South India; up to 70% of Kerala's jewellery is manufactured in Thrissur. There are around 3,000 gold ornaments manufacturing units in the city and 40,000-odd artisans and others work in these units.[49][50] The industry provides direct and indirect employment to 200,000 people in Thrissur.[51][52] The artisans based in these units, craft nearly 85 percent of one tonne gold which is used per day in Kerala. About 90 tonnes of gold was being used annually in Kerala for manufacturing of ornaments daily.

text: According to Reserve Bank of India, the city in the 1930s boasted of head offices of 58 banks and was recognised by RBI as 'Banking Town'. Even now also it's the headquarters of major banks like South Indian Bank, Catholic Syrian Bank, Dhanalakshmi Bank, Lord Krishna Bank and non-banking institutions like Manappuram General Finance and Leasing Ltd, Kerala State Financial Enterprise and ESAF Microfinance and Investments.[53][54][55] The city's financial capabilities also saw the rise of Chit fund. According to All Kerala Kuri Foreman's Association, Kerala have around 5,000 chit companies, with Thrissur District accounting for the maximum of 3,000. These chit companies provide employment to about 35,000 persons directly and an equal number indirectly.[56][57]

text: The city is also emerging as the largest hub for Ayurvedic drug manufacturing industry in India. Out of the 850 ayurvedic drug-manufacturing units in Kerala, about 150 units, including some of the major ayurvedic drug manufacturers in the Kerala state are located in and around the city. Of these, some of the companies like the Oushadhi, Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala, KP Namboodiris, Sitaram Ayurvedic Pharmacy Ltd, Kandamkulathy Vaidyasala, SNA Oushadhasala etc. are among the leading ayurvedic drug manufacturers in the state.[58] Thrissur Ayurveda Cluster, anonther initiative by a group of Ayurvedic manufacturers of Thrissur, has developed a cluster in KINFRA Park in Koratty in Thrissur District.[59][60][61][62][63][64]

text: Modern retailing is a big business and revenue earner for the city. Jewellery and textile retailing occupies a major part of the retailing business in Thrissur. The city is considered as hub of jewellery and textile business in Kerala. Most of the jewellery groups have outlets in Thrissur and provide jobs to thousands of people. Kalyan Group, Jos Alukka & Sons, Joyalukkas and Josco Group have their bases in city.[65] InfoPark Thrissur, the fourth technology park in Kerala after Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi and Kozhikode is situated in Thrissur District.[66][67][68] Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Thrissur. Domestic tourists generally use the city as a hub to explore the highly promoted tourism industry of the state of Kerala. The city with its temples, old churches and its culture, is ranked first in the number of domestic tourists visiting Kerala.[23]

text: Administration[edit]

text:
Municipal Corporation Officials

Mayor
Ajitha Jayarajan

Police Commissioner
Rahul R Nair

Deputy mayor
Varghese Kandamkulathy

Members of Legislative Assembly

Thrissur Assembly Constituency
V. S. Sunil Kumar

Ollur Assembly Constituency
K Rajan

Member of Parliament

Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency
C. N. Jayadevan

text: Thrissur city functioned as a municipality since 1921 under the Cochin Municipal Regulations.[69][70] In 1932, the new corporation building was constructed, and in 1972 new areas from other Panchayats were added to the municipality.[69] On 1 October 2000, the municipal town was upgraded to the level of a Municipal Corporation with the Panchayats of Ayyanthole, Koorkkenchery, Nadathara, Vilvattom (part), Ollur and Ollukkara. The Corporation comprises three legislative assemblies Thrissur, Ollur and Cherpu.[71] The city is administered by the Thrissur Municipal Corporation, headed by a mayor. The corporation is the second-largest city corporation in the state of Kerala in India. The city is the only local body in Kerala which directly controls power, water supply and solid waste management system in the city.

text: For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 52 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. The corporation has its headquarters in Thrissur city.[69][72] The Thrissur Urban Development Authority and Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are the agencies that prepare development plan for the city.[73][74][75][76]

text: Law and order[edit]

text: The city is the headquarters of Thrissur City Police and Thrissur Rural Police. The Thrissur City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The city is divided into two sub divisions, Thrissur and Guruvayur. It also operates 14 police stations, including a woman police station and a traffic police station.[77][78][79]

text: The Thrissur City Police Commissionerate operates out of the erst-while District Armed Police headquarters at Ramavarmapuram. The Thrissur Rural Police has its headquarters at the District Collectorate complex at Ayyanthole. The city is also the headquarters of Inspector General of Police, Thrissur Range, which looks after the law and order of Thrissur District, Palakkad District and Malappuram district. All the Superintendent of Police of these three districts come under his jurisdiction. The city also contains the Kerala Police Academy,[80] Central Prison, Viyyur,[81] Police Dog Training Centre and Excise Academy and Research Centre. India Reserve Battalion, new commando unit of Kerala Police is headquartered in Ramavarmapuram.[82] Border Security Force (148 battalion) have its first centre in Kerala in Thrissur only.[83][84]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
hidePopulation Growth of Thrissur

Census
Pop.

%±

1941
57,500

—

1951
69,500

20.9%

1961
73,000

5.0%

1971
76,200

4.4%

1981
77,900

2.2%

1991
74,600

-4.2%

2001
317,526

325.6%

2011
315,957

-0.5%

source:[85]

text: As of 2011[update] India census, Thrissur city had a population of 315,957.[85] Males constitute 48.2% and females constitute 51.8% of the total population numbering 152,296 and 163,661 respectively.[85] The density of population is 3,130/km2. The sex ratio is 1,092/1,000 male. The total number of the households in the city is 66,827. The average family size in the city is 4.27 members. The city has a slum population equivalent to 0.30% of the total city population and 0.37% of the Kerala's slum population. The city has an average literacy rate of 95.5%: male literacy rate is 97% whereas female literacy rate is 94.6%.

text: Thrissur Municipal Corporation is spread over an area of 101.42 km2. The city alone accounts for 38% of the urban population in the Thrissur District. Thrissur Urban Development Authority area encompasses the municipal corporation area and adjoining panchayats. The total area under municipal corporation jurisdiction is 101.42 km2, and the area under the Panchayats is 18.83 km2 Together, these constitute an area covering 120.25 km2.

text: Hindus constitute the majority with 54.2% of the population and numbering 171,252.[85] Christians constitute 40% of the population with 126,443 members.[85] Muslims constitute 5.4% of the population with 17,375 members.[85]

text: Politics[edit]

text: Thrissur has played a significant part in the political history of South India. The city of Thrissur is represented in the Kerala State Assembly by two elected members, one from Thrissur Assembly Constituency and another from Ollur Assembly Constituency. Adv V.S Sunilkumar is the representative of Thrissur Assembly Constituency and K.Rajan from Ollur Assembly Constituency. Thrissur city is also a part of the Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. The current MP is C. N. Jayadevan. The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the Indian National Congress for six terms (1951–1957, 1984–1989, 1989–1991, 1991–1996, 1999–2004 and 2009–2014) and the Communist Party of India for ten terms (1957–1962, 1962–1967, 1967–1970, 1971–1977, 1977–1979, 1980–1984, 1996–1997, 1998–1999, 2004–2009 and 2014-present).

text: Transport[edit]

text: Road[edit]

text: The city is connected to the North-South Corridor National Highway (India) via the four-lane National Highway 47.[86] The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such of Kochi, Palakkad and Coimbatore. NH 47 provides two main exit points at Mannuthy and which is bypass to the Thrissur city and Thalore. The city is largely dependent on private buses, Taxis and auto rickshaws (called autos) for public transport. A transit terminal mobility hub situated in Puzhakkal is also under wraps to be made on lines of Vyttila Mobility Hub to reduce traffic congestion is recently approved to be realised soon.[87]

text: State-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services. Thrissur has three bus stations, the Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur in Sakthan Thampuran Nagar, Vadakke Stand (Northern Bus Stand) and the Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station near the Thrissur Railway Station. State Highway (SH 69) Thrissur-Kuttippuram Road, SH 22 Kodungallur – Shornur Road, SH 75 Thrissur – Kanjani – Vadanappally Road are the three state highways which connect city with its suburbs and municipalities.

text: Railway[edit]

text: The Southern Railway Zone of the Indian Railways operates the main rail transport system in Thrissur. There are four railway stations in Thrissur city. Thrissur Railway Station, one of the four A+ railway station in Kerala provides trains to three directions and lies on the busy Shoranur-Cochin Harbour section. It has a satellite station, Punkunnam railway station[88] and two minor stations, Ollur Railway Station and Mulankunnathukavu Railway Station. Thrissur Railway Station also connects to the temple town of Guruvayur by Thrissur-Guruvayur Section. In addition, Southern Railways is running a suburban railway system connecting Thrissur to Kochi and Palakkad using Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit services (MEMU).[89][90][91]

text: Air[edit]

text: The city is served by Cochin International Airport (Nedumbassery), which is about 55 kilometres away. Direct domestic flights are available to major Indian cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore and Kolkata. International flights to Middle East cities like Dubai, Kuwait, Bahrain, Muscat, Sharjah, Jeddah, Riyadh, Doha and to Southeast Asian cities Singapore and Kuala Lumpur are available here. It has a dedicated Heli-taxi service and Chartered flights. Calicut International Airport at Karipur, is 80 kilometers from the city and Coimbatore Airport, which is 114 kilometers from the city also can be used by travellers.[92]

text: Culture and literature[edit]

text: Festivals[edit]

text: Known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala, the city enjoys a thriving cultural tradition dating back to centuries, and being the centre of Kerala's cultural activities. Thrissur Pooram also called as 'the pooram of all poorams' is celebrated in every year in the month of Medam (mid-April to mid-may) as per the malayalam calendar. It is the biggest of all poorams held in Kerala. The city plays host, for 36 hours from the wee hours of the pooram day, to one of the most largest collection of people and elephants.[93][94][95][96] Puli Kali also known as Kavakali is another festival, which attracts thousands of people to the city. It is performed by trained artists to entertain people on the occasion of Onam, an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in Kerala.[97][98] The most important festivals celebrated in the City include Christmas, Onam, Easter, Eid and Vishu. The City is widely acclaimed as the land of elephant lovers.[99][100] Aanayoottu (feeding of elephants), is the world largest elephant feeding ceremony held in Vadakkunnathan Temple in the City annually. The ceremony is conducted on the first day of the Malayalam month of Karkidakam.[101][102][103]

text: Literature[edit]

text: Literary lineage of city dates back to early history of Kerala but it came to prominence after Kerala Government set up Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi, Kerala Sahitya Academy, Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy and College of Fine Arts, Thrissur for promoting literature, music and arts in Kerala. After the Indian Independence, Thrissur became the literary capital of Kerala as turned to the playground of novelist, poets and orators. In 1952 when Current Books set its first shop in Thrissur by former education Minister Professor Joseph Mundassery, it become the abode of writer's like O. V. Vijayan, Kovilan, V. K. N., Uroob, Edasseri Govindan Nair, M. T. Vasudevan Nair, K. G. Sankara Pillai and Sarah Joseph. The area was later known as Current Moola ("Current Corner").[104] The building that housed the Current Books bookshop was demolished in 2011.[105]

text: Thrissur is home to prominent malayalam literary figures like Kovilan, Kunhunni Mash, Sukumar Azhikode, K. Satchidanandan, Mullanezhi, Sarah Joseph, Attoor Ravi Varma, Lalitha Lenin, P. Bhaskaran, Joseph Mundassery.[106]

text: Temples, Churches and Mosques[edit]

text: Temples The Vadakkunnathan temple, believed to have been founded by the legendary saint Parasurama, is a classic example of the Kerala style of architecture and houses several sacred shrines and with beautiful murals delineating graphically, various episodes from the Mahabharata. Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, one of the largest Sree Krishna temples in Kerala and Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple which is one of the largest Bagavathi temples in Kerala is also situated in the city. Sree Guruvayurappan Temple, is located in Guruvayur (municipal town), Thrissur District. It is also referred to as Bhuloka Vaikunta which means "Holy Abode of Vishnu on Earth".

text: Churches Asia's tallest church, the Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica (Puthan Pally), Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral which has an underground shrine, is a masterpiece of architecture. Mart Mariam Cathedral, the oldest church in the city, which belongs to the Assyrian Church of the East also known as Chaldean Syrian Church of the East, is situated in Thrissur. The St. Anthony's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, also known as Chinna Roma (Small Rome) are also in Thrissur.

text: Mosques The Chettiyangadi Hanafi Mosque in Thrissur City is one of the oldest mosque in Thrissur. Kalathode Mosque (Kalathode Juma Masjid) in Thrissur city has the facility of cemetery. Kokkalai Juma Masjid, Westfort Sunni Juma Masjid (West Fort), Salafi Juma Masjid near Railway Station, MIC Juma Masjid near Shakthan Bus Stand, Ayyanthole Juma Masjid (Ayyanthole), Olari Juma Masjid(Olari) are other mosques in Thrissur City. Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kodungalloor, ( 40 km from Thrissur ) is the First Mosque in India.

text: Cuisine[edit]

text: The cuisine of Thrissur is linked to its history, geography, demography and culture. Rice is the staple food. Achappam and Kuzhalappam are popular snacks. Vellayappam, a kind of rice hopper is another dish which is special to the city.

text: Education[edit]

text: Already known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala, it is also fast developing as an education hub.[107][108] The City has traditionally been a centre of learning from ancient times. With the decline of Buddhism and Jainism and due to the growing supremacy of Brahminism during the revival of Hinduism, the City became an important centre of Sanskrit learning.[109][110] Schools in city are either run publicly by the Kerala Government or privately, some with financial aid from the Government. The medium of education is either English or Malayalam, with the former being the majority. Most schools are affiliated with the Kerala State Education Board or Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the Montessori system.[110][111] There are 93 lower primary schools; 34 upper primary schools;[112][113] and 78 high schools;[114] and 157[115] higher secondary schools in the city.

text: With universities like Kerala Kalamandalam, Kerala Police Academy, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala University of Medical and Allied Sciences, National Research Institute for Panchakarma, Cheruthuruthy and Kerala Institute of Local Administration, the City would add another feather in its crown by having 'World Class University' and a 'Science City'. The Raj Kovu institute of Agriculture was made in 2012 to teach farmers about modern techniques of agriculture and better farming practices. The college currently has 300 students.[116][117][118] With the three medical colleges, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences and a medical university Kerala University of Medical and Allied Sciences, the city has become synonymous with medical education in Kerala there are has 2 kendriya vidyalayas.

text: Healthcare[edit]

text: The city serves as a centre for healthcare in the Central Kerala. The portion covers Thrissur District, Palakkad District, Malappuram District and northern part of Ernakulam District. Most of the people in these districts come to city of Thrissur for their medical care. There are three medical colleges, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences and Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, and few other hi-tech hospitals.

text: The city has an ancient tradition of Ayurvedic treatment. From the Ashtavaidya tradition, Oushadhi, Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala, Sitaram Ayurvedic Pharmacy Ltd and SNA Oushadhasala is located in city of Thrissur,[64] All these firms have been instrumental in spreading the fame of Kerala Ayurvedic treatment, as thousands of overseas patients visit the Ayurvedic treatment facilities in and around Thrissur, every year. Vaidyaratnam runs a medical college and Chikitsalayam, with global standards. Sitaram have a 100 bedded eight storied super speciality hospital in the city of Thrissur, envisaged as the first of its kind Ayurveda super speciality hospital in the country.[64]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The city has been the breeding ground for the Kerala footballers, and Football is the most popular sport in the city. There are two football stadiums in the city, Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium and Thope Stadium. Famous international players and former Indian captains C. V. Pappachan, I. M. Vijayan and Jo Paul Ancheri belong to Thrissur. The N.I. David Memorial Trophy, an annual inter-club football tournament is held in Thrissur every year. The football championship was started in 1996 by the then Superintendent of Police, Thrissur.[119][120][121][122][123] The city has a floodlit stadium, known as Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium.[124] It also has two indoor stadiums, V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium and a Sports Authority of India (SAI) maintained Thrissur Aquatic Complex with international facilities. Thrissur has contributed many national and international bodybuilding stars to India such as TV Poly and VM Basheer.[124] Chess prodigy Nihal Sarin is from Thrissur.

text: Media[edit]

text: The first Malayalam newspaper which published from Thrissur was Lokamanyan in 1920. Then came Deenabandhu edited by V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan. Ezhuthachan started publishing as a weekly in 1941 from Thrissur. It was one of the first periodicals that supported the national movement. As soon as the Quit India movement was started, its editor and staff were sent to jail and publications were banned.[125] Later Lokamanyan (1920); Kerala Chintamani (1905); Kerala Kesari (1924); Mahatma (1930); Gomathy (1930) and Navajeevan of Joseph Mundassery was also published from Thrissur.[126][127][128]The Express started in 1944 from Thrissur with K Krishanan as the editor is very popular in Central Kerala for its nationalist and socialist views.[125] Major Malayalam newspapers published in Thrissur include Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi, Deshabhimani, Mangalam, Veekshanam, Metro Vaartha and Janayugom. A number of evening papers, like General in Malayalam and City Journal in English, are also published from the City. Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu are also available in city.

text: The first cinema hall in Kerala, with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by Jose Kattookkaran in 1907. In 1913, the first electrically operated film projector was established in city again by Jose Kattookkaran and was called the Jose Electrical Bioscope now famously known as Jose Theatre.[129][130][131]

text: A film festival, known as ViBGYOR Film Festival, is held in the city every year. It is an international short and documentary film festival. Telephony services are provided by various players like Aircel, Airtel, Idea cellular, Vodafone, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Docomo, MTS, Uninor, Tata Indicom and the state owned BSNL. BSNL is also offering 3G services in Thrissur.[132] The city also have Broadband wireless services on WiMAX platform.[133][134]

text: Private FM radio stations in the Thrissur are Club FM 104.8 MHz, Radio Mango 91.9  MHz,[135] BEST FM 95 by (Asianet Communications Limited), Red FM 91.1 MHz.[136] All India Radio has an AM (630 kHz) and an FM (101.1 MHz) station for the city.[137] The transmitter of the All India Radio (630 kHz) was commissioned on 4 November 1956. The station started independent broadcasting in 1974.[138][139] Thrissur has a Doordarshan studio with a low power transmitter located near the studio.[140][141][142]

text: Tourism Circuit Tourism[edit]

text: 2017 is being celebrated by the United Nation Organisation as the year of sustainable development of tourism. Keeping this in mind, DTPC, Thrissur, under the department of tourism, Kerala has launched Tourism Circuits all across the District, with a view to promote and uplift these cherished hopes. In order to full fill the goals, six (06) Tourism Circuits have been formed in Thrissur District, namely,

text:
Blue Circuit
Brown Circuit
Yellow Circuit
Orange Circuit
Green Circuit
Red Circuit

text: These circuits were conceptualised by the Assistant Collector Under Trainee Mr. M.V.R Krishna Teja IAS under the aegis of the District Collector Dr. A. Kowsigan IAS. They were inaugurated by the Honb Minister of Industries Sri A.C. Moideen and Honb Agriculture Minister Sri V.S. Sunil Kumar on 7 April.

text: Picture gallery[edit]

text:
Entrance gate of Thrissur Zoo

Archaeological Museum, Thrissur

Shakthan Thampuran Palace

Shakthan Thampuran Palace

St. Thomas College, Thrissur

Thrissur Town Hall

Mural Art Museum