document_title: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

question_text: when does episode 9 of riverdale come out

text: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

text: Premise

text: The series follows Archie Andrews' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image.[1]

text: Cast and characters

text:
KJ Apa as Archibald "Archie" Andrews: A high school football player who has a passion for music. He is best friends with Jughead Jones and Betty Cooper.[2]
Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper: A smart girl with a longtime crush on Archie, she becomes friends with Veronica Lodge to help upend her perfect life.[3]
Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge: A former socialite from New York who moves to Riverdale and becomes friends with Archie and Betty.[4]
Cole Sprouse as Forsythe "Jughead" Jones III: A philosophically inclined social outcast who is Archie's best friend.[3]
Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge: Veronica's mother, who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter following the incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge.[5]
Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom: A wealthy, entitled, and manipulative girl who is a classmate of Archie and his friends.[6]
Ashleigh Murray as Josephine "Josie" McCoy: The lead singer of Josie and the Pussycats and a classmate of Archie and his friends.[2]
Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper: Betty and Polly's mother, who is the editor of the local paper.[7]
Luke Perry as Frederick "Fred" Andrews: Archie's father, who owns a construction company.[8]
Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge: Veronica's father, who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities. Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one.[9]
Casey Cott as Kevin Keller: An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie, Betty and Veronica and is the son of Riverdale's sheriff. Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season.[10]
Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe "F.P." Jones II: Jughead's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents, a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale.[11][12] Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season.[13]

text: Episodes

text: Series overview

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(in millions inc. DVR)

1
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
154
1.69[14]

2
22[15]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)[16]
TBA
TBA

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
T15.10136
1.38[17]

During an eventful summer, including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July, Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music. He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper, the sweet girl-next-door who harbors her own secret—her feelings for Archie. Meanwhile, Veronica Lodge, the daughter of Hermione and Hiram, a millionaire facing embezzlement charges, arrives in town, instantly capturing Archie's attention. Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing, Betty and Veronica become fast friends, united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad, Cheryl Blossom, who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother's death. Archie's former best friend, Jughead Jones, begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer, including what happened between him and Archie. Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason's body, which has a gunshot wound to the head, by the lake.

2
2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
T13.20302
1.15[18]

Veronica's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls, while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair. Kevin, disturbed by the discovery of Jason's body, refuses to acknowledge Moose's affections for him. Jughead, after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands, deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff, Kevin's father. Archie asks his father, Fred, for advice and decides to come clean. Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty, but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty's sister, Polly, for Jason's death. At a pep rally in his honor, Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field; in the locker room, where Veronica has followed to comfort her, Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to "come back." Against the wishes of her mother, Alice, Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica, while Archie also reconciles with Jughead. The next day, during science class, Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason's autopsy, which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July.

3
3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
Lee Toland Krieger
Yolonda E. Lawrence
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
T13.20303
1.20[19]

Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents, Clifford and Penelope, that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning. Betty, upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press, restarts the school newspaper, The Blue and Gold, and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died. Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton, whom she had one date with, has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and, when he refuses to stop, she, Betty, and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends, including Jason, to the shaming. Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop's Scoutmaster, Dilton Doiley, during a training exercise. Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean. Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice, Chuck is kicked off the football team, and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together. Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie's secret is at risk.

4
4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
Mark Piznarski
Michael Grassi
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
T13.20304
1.14[20]

Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive-in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem. At the diner, Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship. Under the guise of an interview, Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life, while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened. Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago. They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name "Jennifer Gibson." Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape. At the drive-in's final night, Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before. Alice exposes Archie's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial, but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town. Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason's murder has been stolen. Jughead vandalizes the projectionist's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader, who turns out to be his father.

5
5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
Jesse Warn
Ross Maxwell
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
T13.20305
0.98[21]

Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away, Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason's memorial, but Cheryl does so anyway, ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left. Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain. Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor, who ultimately decides not to teach him. Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs. Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner. He and Betty encounter Jason's grandmother, Rose, who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged. While cleaning the diner, Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it, a warning from the Serpents. Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great-grandfather Cooper decades before. Archie is named captain, but turns it down to focus on his music. Jughead and Betty deduce that her father, Hal, is responsible for stealing the sheriff's evidence.

6
6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
Steven A. Adelson
Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart
March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)
T13.20306
1.09[22]

With Riverdale High's annual variety show approaching, Valerie's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie. Meanwhile, Betty and Jughead's investigation into Jason's murder brings them face-to-face with Betty's sister Polly, who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth, unaware of Jason's death and seven months pregnant. As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother, she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes. At the same time, Hermione's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred. Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show. Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason's death to no avail, but grows closer to Jughead, eventually kissing him. After, they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason's belongings. However, an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive, around the same time that Polly escapes from the home.

7
7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
Allison Anders
Aaron Allen
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
T13.20307
1.03[23]

Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her, which fails. As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers, Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house. Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly. F.P., after being offered a job by Fred, reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together, but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail. Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice. Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason's murder, but Fred provides Keller with an alibi. Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly, so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead. F.P. is revealed to have Jason's jacket in his trailer.

8
8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
David Katzenberg
Julia Cohen
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
T13.20308
0.99[24]

Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for "some biker gang", implied to be the Southside Serpents, in exchange for money before both of them ran away. Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly. Fred's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford. Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project, but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop. After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents' bar, Archie realizes Jughead's father is a Serpent. At the baby shower, Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live. Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion, and when he refuses to let her come back, Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household. F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred's construction site. Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms.

9
9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
Lee Rose
James DeWille
April 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
T13.20309
0.91[25]

As the Blossom family's annual maple tree-tapping ceremony approaches, Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort. When he refuses, Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor. Veronica grows close to Ethel but, when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram's investors, she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship. Alice prepares to publish a full-blown exposé on the Blossoms, but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house. Betty gets a call from Archie, learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason's death. She and Jughead decide to write the tell-all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them. Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him, Archie attempts to reconcile with Val, but she breaks up with him.

10
10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
Dawn Wilkinson
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)
T13.20310
0.87[26]

Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce, leaving Archie alone. Betty learns that Jughead's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party. She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house. Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf. The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl, who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends. F.P. also shows up after Betty's insistence. Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave, but Cheryl forces him to stay for a "game" in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets. Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over. He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice, implying she was once a member of the Serpents. Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss. Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram's behalf. To Archie's surprise, his father returns home with his mother, Mary.

11
11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
Kevin Sullivan
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
T13.20311
0.89[27]

While Archie and his mother reconnect, Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison. F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead's novel, urging him to consider moving on. To learn the truth about Hiram, Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason's murder. The Blossoms, increasingly suspicious of Polly, forbid her from entering their master bedroom. Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together. Polly and Cheryl discover the former's engagement ring in Penelope's jewelry collection, which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford. At a contentious dinner, Alice tries to question F.P., but he shuts her down. Afterwards, he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family. While Archie and Veronica perform "Kids in America" at homecoming, the police execute a search warrant on F.P.'s trailer, find a gun, and arrest him for murder. Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason's death.

12
12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
Rob Seidenglanz
Michael Grassi
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
T13.20312
0.98[28]

Jughead calls his mother, but she refuses to let him move in with her. F.P. confesses to everything, including Jason's murder. Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret: the Coopers are, in fact, Blossoms by blood, making Jason and Polly's relationship technically incest. The Coopers take Polly back to their home. Mary, posing as F.P.'s lawyer, advises Jughead to visit his father, who tells him never to come see him again. With Joaquin's help, the group tracks down one of F.P.'s associates, but finds him dead of an apparent overdose. The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione's initials on it. With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects, Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason's varsity jacket. Inside one of the pockets, they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason, which they tell Cheryl. Nevertheless, Jughead learns that his father's other charges will not be dropped. Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago. When the police go to arrest Clifford, they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery.

13
13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
T13.20313
0.96[29]

It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out. Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business. F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder, but remains in police custody. Alice reveals to Betty that, in high school, she found out she was pregnant, but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child, a baby boy, for adoption. Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High. Devastated by her father's secrets and suicide, Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River, but Archie, along with Veronica, Betty, and Jughead, saves her. Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion, much to Penelope's dismay. The next day, Archie meets Fred at Pop's, where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money. He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint. When Archie tries to intervene, the gunman shoots Fred.

text: Season 2 (2017–18)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
Rob Seidenglanz
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
T13.20801
2.34[30]

After being shot, Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie, who is soon joined by his friends. Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup, but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter. When Veronica searches Fred's belongings, Archie sees that his wallet is missing. Betty and Jughead visit Pop's to look for the wallet but find nothing; instead, they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register, meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred. Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting, but to no avail. Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred, but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth. Meanwhile, Cheryl intimidates Penelope—who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized—into lying that it was an accident. Fred survives his shooting. Hiram returns to Riverdale, further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family. In the nearby town of Greendale, Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred's shooter.

15
2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
Allison Anders
Michael Grassi
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
T13.20802
1.76[31]

After learning of Ms. Grundy's murder, an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred's shooting, which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley. Following the shooting, business at Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined, leading Pop to consider selling the diner, but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business. Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody, a Serpent lawyer, who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P.'s behalf. Cheryl initially refuses, but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason's murder. With Cheryl's testimony, the judge decides to revisit F.P's sentence. Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop, but tells Veronica he made a "charitable donation". In the woods, Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle (a new drug to Riverdale), and as they do so, they are shot by Fred's shooter.

16
3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
Kevin Sullivan
Ross Maxwell
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
T13.20803
1.62[32]

Kevin, who was in the forest, hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying. Moose, who shielded Midge from the gunfire, is hospitalized and survives. Following the incident, Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle, to protect Riverdale High students. The Coopers receive a letter from "the Black Hood", taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy, and detailing his intentions to target sinners. Polly leaves town, fearing for her babies. Meanwhile, Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High, befriends Toni Topaz, a Serpent, and refounds the school newspaper, the Red and Black, under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips. Kevin keeps going out late at night, which concerns Betty. Betty follows him on one of his runs, which leads to him lashing out at her. Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood's main weapons for the Red Circle. Inspired by this, the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood.

17
4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"
Jason Stone
Amanda Lasher
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
T13.20804
1.51[33]

Archie's viral video results in negative repercussions, as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle. Though Archie refuses, the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble, in which Dilton is injured. Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun. Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood, revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve. Mayor Sierra McCoy (Josie's mother) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood, in which Alice blames the Serpents, but Fred argues against letting fear rule them. Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated, before showing the letter to her parents, Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy. Later, Betty receives a call from the Black Hood.

18
5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"
Ellen Pressman
Aaron Allen
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
T13.20805
1.47[34]

The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice, which she does. Hiram invites the St. Clair's, friends of the Lodges from New York. On the Southside, Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening. The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood. At the Lodge's open house event, Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her, but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats. Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer, where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over; they kiss. Back at Betty's house, the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a "sinner" to kill, to which Betty names Nick St. Clair.

19
6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"
Maggie Kiley
Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
T13.20806
1.43[35]

The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman, who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale. Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick, whom the Black Hood did not attack, but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair's. Archie goes to Southside High, where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller. Tall Boy, F.P.'s right hand man, reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies, the dealers of jingle jangle. Jughead and Archie visit F.P., who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race. During the race, Archie pulls the brake on Jughead's car, and reveals he called Sheriff Keller, who arrests the Ghoulies leader. Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair's, while Cheryl does the same with Penelope. Later, the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair's have been run off the road, but will recover in months. Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips; Cheryl later tells Betty, who exposes him in the Blue and Gold. Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail.

20
7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"
Dawn Wilkinson
James DeWille
November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
T13.20807
1.45[36]

After killing Phillips, the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning, or he will kill again. Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help, which he does with Archie. She says this is a one-time thing, but Jughead later finds she was lying. Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer, implied to be Cheryl, including a box with a pig's heart. Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late, revealing she has received death threats. Betty, realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff's office, believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood. She investigates, but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood. However, Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy. Archie, Jughead, Betty, Veronica, Josie, and Cheryl all gather at Pop's. After Jughead leaves to visit F.P., the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge, and Pop grimly announces that "The reckoning is upon us".

21
8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"
Kevin Sullivan
Yolonda Lawrence
December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
T13.20808
1.48[37]

F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop's, intending to quit the Serpents. Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a "retirement" party at the Whyte Worm, so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work. While Jughead reconnects with his dad, Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party. There, she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead. Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper, who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob. Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family, which they discover to be the school's janitor, Joseph Svenson. Archie and Veronica confront Svenson, but decide he isn't the Black Hood. At the party, F.P., who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody, decides to stay with the Serpents. Outside, Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love. Jughead, not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents' business, also ends their relationship.

22
9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"
Rob Seidenglanz
Shepard Boucher
December 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)
T13.20809
1.43[38]

Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000. Failing to convince her parents to help Fred, Veronica sneaks into Hiram's study and finds out that he bought Pop's. She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred. Jughead rallies the younger Serpents, who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo. Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood, containing Svenson's finger. They then receive a call from the Black Hood, who challenges them to find Svenson. They are able to find Svenson's location, but instead find an empty coffin. The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive, but flees when the police arrive. After a chase, Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape. The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself. Later, with the Black Hood dead, Veronica and Archie get back together, while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson, but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier.

23
10
"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"
Tim Hunter
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
T13.20810
1.44[39]

The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High, causing Jughead, Toni, Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High, putting them at odds with other students. Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams, who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram's criminal dealings. Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred. Archie investigates Nick, who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash, which broke both of his legs. Despite Hal's objections, Betty and Alice track down Alice's son she gave up for adoption, Chic. Chic initially refuses to come with them, but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault, bringing him to the Cooper household. Jughead, following advice from F.P., gets his fellow Serpents to lay low. Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood. That night, Chic lurks in Betty's room while she sleeps.

24
11
"Chapter Twenty-Four: The Wrestler"
Gregg Araki
Greg Murray & Devon Turner
January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
T13.20811
1.39[40]

Pickens' Day, a day in remembrance of Riverdale's founder, nears. Archie tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram, a former wrestler. Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model, and attempts to reach out to him. Jughead interviews Toni's grandfather for a school project, learning that he is a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens. Jughead publishes the story, escalting tensions with the two sides. At the Pickens' Day fest, the Serpents protest the event, but Hiram spins their words positively. That night, Archie meets with Hiram, who offers him his business tutelage, which Archie accepts. The next morning, Mayor McCoy, Sheriff Keller, and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens, which has been decapitated.

25
12
"Chapter Twenty-Five: The Wicked and the Divine"
Rachel Talalay
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
T13.20812
1.34[41]

Veronica's confirmation nears, bringing many Lodge family members and business associates to Riverdale. While serving at a poker game with Hiram and his associates, Archie learns that Hiram is a mobster and his associates are planning his 'removal' after Veronica's confirmation. Archie alerts Hiram to this, and Hiram later arranges that mobster's death. Meanwhile, Mayor McCoy orchestrates the eviction of all Serpents from their trailer park. Jughead and Betty are alerted to the location of the Pickens head by a scrapyard owner, who gives them evidence that Tall Boy decapitated the statue. Jughead and F.P. put Tall Boy on trial, who reveals that Hiram assisted him launching a mutiny so that Tall Boy could remove F.P. and Jughead from the Serpents. Betty and Jughead get back together. A strange man comes to the Cooper house asking for Chic. Later, Betty returns home to find Alice cleaning up the man's blood.

26
13
"Chapter Twenty-Six: The Tell-Tale Heart"
Julie Plec
Michael Grassi
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
T13.20813
1.28[42]

Betty and Alice clean up the man's body and dispose of it with help from Jughead and F.P. Jughead sends the Pickens' statue head to the Lodges, which Hiram believes may be a declaration of war. Mayor McCoy attempts to take control of her deal with the Lodges, and the Lodges prepare to expose her affair with Sheriff Keller. Veronica, however, warns her of this, and McCoy resigns from office. Agent Adams attempts to strong-arm Archie into giving him the information, including blackmailing Archie in order for him to plant a bug in Hiram's office. Archie instead reveals this to Hiram. Hiram's driver takes Archie to a private location to meet with "the boss", revealed to be Hermione. Hermione tells Archie that Adams is actually one of the Lodges' capos and it was a test, which Archie has passed. Hermione welcomes him to the family.

27
14
"Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Hills Have Eyes"
David Katzenberg
Ross Maxwell
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
T13.20814
1.26[43]

Hiram suggests Archie, Veronica, Betty, and Jughead go to the Lodge's lake house for a romantic getaway. Cheryl, upset over not being invited, calls Jughead and informs him of Betty's kiss with Archie, which causes tension within the group. Veronica and Jughead kiss to "level the playing field". Later, the girls go into town while the guys have a discussion over the close mutual bonds between the four. Back in Riverdale, Josie informs Kevin of their parents affair. Cheryl reveals to Toni that she had a "friendship-turned-lesbian-relationship" broken up by Penelope. At the lake house, tensions arise again when Jughead and Betty learn that Hiram bought the trailer park and the Riverdale Register. A group of men that Veronica interacted with in town break into the house, but Veronica activates a silent alarm. One of Hiram's men arrive and kills one of the intruders, and the four return to Riverdale.

28
15
"Chapter Twenty-Eight: There Will Be Blood"
Mark Piznarski
Aaron Allen
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
T13.20815
1.19[44]

Jughead keeps investigating the Lodges' plans, but he cannot use what he finds. Hiram and Hermione want Fred to run for mayor, including financing his run. Hal asks Alice for a divorce, and Polly comes back to Riverdale. Clifford's secret will is read, which entitles money to anyone of Blossom's blood. Clifford's twin brother Claudius returns. When Chic refuses the DNA test, Betty steals his dental floss to do her own test and discovers that Chic is not who he says to be. After Smithers points Jughead to Shankshaw Prison, F.P.'s inside contact allows them to learn the truth about the Lodge's plans: they want to turn Southside High into a private prison and the housing Fred is building will be for the employees of the prison. After the Lodges are forced to tell Fred, he refuses to run for Mayor, so Hermione announces her run instead. Archie undergoes a blood ritual with Hiram, pledging loyalty. Meanwhile, Claudius and Penelope plot to get their house "in order", including Nana and Cheryl, who overhears the plan.

29
16
"Chapter Twenty-Nine: Primary Colors"
Sherwin Shilati
James DeWille
March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)
T13.20816
1.16[45]

Jughead learns Southside High will be turned into a prison, and goes on a hunger strike to protest. Hiram accelerates the timeline for demolition, but the high school Serpents chain themselves to the school. Fred attempts to end his contract with the Lodges, leading to a legal dispute. Hiram asks Archie to cut the Serpents' chains, which Archie does in exchange for Fred being released from his contract. Betty learns Chic's father is not Hal. Penelope and Claudius attempt to kill Nana Rose, but she survives. Veronica runs for student president and Jughead considers running against her. Betty moves in with Jughead to avoid Chic. Cheryl tells Penelope she knows what she did, leading Penelope to get Cheryl committed. Free of his contract with the Lodges, Fred announces he is running for mayor against Hermione.

30
17
"Chapter Thirty: The Noose Tightens"
Alexis Ostrander
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
March 28, 2018 (2018-03-28)
T13.20817
0.96[46]

Hermione's run for mayor is considered risky by fellow mobsters Kowalski and Martin, believing it may lead to unwanted investigation. They demand a 25% cut of the prison's profits, which Hiram refuses. Kowalski and Martin, however, turn Hiram's capo Adams into hospitalizing Andre, leaving the Lodges shorthanded on security. Archie scares the two into abandoning the deal with the help of Reggie and other Riverdale athletes. Meanwhile, the car belonging to the man Chic killed is found. The owner of the car demands $10,000 from the Coopers to prevent her from going to the police, but Jughead and the Serpents scare her away. Alice sends Chic away and apologizes the Serpents for her years of badmouthing them. Toni and Veronica discover that Cheryl has been admitted into conversion therapy, and with help from Nana Rose, find out she's at Sister of the Quiet Mercy. Toni, Veronica, and Kevin rescue Cheryl, and Toni and Cheryl kiss. Cheryl soon returns to Riverdale High, which she declares 'will burn'.

31
18
"Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember"[48]
Jason Stone
Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)
T13.20818
TBD

This episode will be a musical event covering songs from Carrie: The Musical.[47]

32
19
"Chapter Thirty-Two: Prisoners"[49]
Jennifer Phang
Cristine Chambers
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)[50]
T13.20819
TBD

33
20
"Chapter Thirty-Three: Shadow of a Doubt"[51]
Gregory Smith
Yolanda E. Lawrence
May 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)[50]
T13.20820
TBD

34
21
"Chapter Thirty-Four: Judgment Night"[52]
Cherie Nowlan
Shepard Boucher
May 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)[50]
T13.20821
TBD

35
22
"Chapter Thirty-Five: Brave New World"[53]
Steven A. Adelson
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)[50]
T13.20822
TBD

text: Production

text: Development

text: Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013, after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition.[54] The duo brought the project to Warner Bros., where a VP recommended a more high-concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals, suggesting Louis C. K. to portray an older Archie.[55] Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project, which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series.[54] Riverdale was originally in development at Fox, with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty.[56] However, Fox did not go forward with the project. In 2015, the show's development was moved to The CW,[57] which officially ordered a pilot on January 29, 2016.[58] On March 7, 2017, The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.[59] On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a third season.[60]

text: Casting

text: Casting Archie was a difficult process, with Aguirre-Sacasa stating "I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way."[61] The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network, which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation.[61]

text: In April 2017, it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge's father, Hiram Lodge.[62] The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1, 2017.[63] The next month, it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why.[64] It was also announced that Casey Cott, who played Kevin Keller, was promoted to a series regular.[65] In July 2017, it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody, an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run-ins with the law.[66] In August 2017, it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair, Veronica's ex-boyfriend from New York.[67][68]

text: In March 2018, Andy Cohen appeared in the sixteenth episode of the second season as himself. In the series, he and Hermione are friends. He previously offered her a role as a cast member on The Real Housewives of New York City; however, Hermione turned down the offer to keep things private for the Lodge family.[69]

text: Filming

text: Filming of the pilot began on March 14, 2016, and ended on April 1 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[70][71] Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7, 2016, in Vancouver.[72] Sets include Pop Tate's Chock'lit Shoppe, a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18-wheeler there, believing that it was open.[73] Season two will also be filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley.[74] The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars, Gilmore Girls, and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie.[75] Filming for the second season occurred from June 22, 2017,[76] til March 27, 2018.[77]

text: Homages to other films and TV series

text: Several reviewers had noted that the series' episode titles, are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films.[78][79] For example, De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale's pilot episode was named "River's Edge" after the 1986 film of the same name, and the season finale also takes its name from 1997's The Sweet Hereafter.[80] Executive producer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice, in order to hint at what will happen in that episode.[80]

text: Additionally, Katie-Kouise Smith, of Popbuzz, notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series, and are intended as an homage to that series' creator, David Lynch.[75]

text: Release

text: Broadcast

text: Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale,[81] making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast.[82]

text: Marketing

text: In July 2016, members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic-Con to promote the upcoming series, where they premiered the first episode "Chapter One: The River's Edge".[83] The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016.[84] The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos, where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe.[85][86][87]

text: Comic-book adaptation

text: Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017, Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale, featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series' own continuity. The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa himself, along with various other writers from the show. Alongside a one-shot pilot issue, illustrated by Alitha Martinez, released in March 2017,[88] the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017.[89]

text: In addition to the adaptation, Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale. This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line, introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it. Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines. The first volume was released in March 2017.[89]

text: Music

text: Musical performances are featured throughout the series,a blend of cover versions and originals. Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12, 2017.[90]

text: An album of Blake Neely's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La-La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18, 2017.[91]

text: Season 1

text:
[show]Riverdale: Season 1 (Original Television Soundtrack)[92]

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"The Song That Everyone Sings"
KJ Apa
3:46

2.
"Fear Nothing"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law
2:37

3.
"All Through The Night"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law
2:37

4.
"Dance Dance Dance"
KJ Apa
1:00

5.
"Candy Girl (Sugar Sugar)" (Cover of the Inner Circle version feat. Flo Rida; full-length version, Petsch is not heard on the aired version.)
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch
2:19

6.
"I Feel Love"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Camila Mendes
3:11

7.
"I'll Try"
KJ Apa
3:15

8.
"I Got You"
KJ Apa and Hayley Law
3:32

9.
"Kids in America"
KJ Apa and Camila Mendes
2:55

10.
"Our Fair Riverdale"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law
1:19

11.
"Astronaut"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Camila Mendes
3:28

12.
"These Are the Moments I Remember"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law, Camila Mendes and KJ Apa
2:58

text:
[show]Riverdale: Season 1 (Original Television Score)[93]

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Riverdale"
Blake Neely
2:58

2.
"If You Love Me"
Blake Neely
2:06

3.
"Viral Gossip in Town"
Blake Neely
3:08

4.
"Everyone a Suspect"
Blake Neely
2:33

5.
"Receiving the Jersey"
Blake Neely
1:56

6.
"Doubts and Accusations"
Blake Neely
2:24

7.
"All is OK With Milkshakes"
Blake Neely
2:48

8.
"Long Reach"
Blake Neely
3:47

9.
"Ended Up Drowning"
Blake Neely
4:11

10.
"Irreconcilable"
Blake Neely
3:25

11.
"So Many Questions"
Blake Neely
2:42

12.
"A Gift / Forced to Leave"
Blake Neely
3:23

13.
"Not Making the Play"
Blake Neely
3:25

14.
"Overwhelming Evidence"
Blake Neely
3:53

15.
"Realizations"
Blake Neely
2:02

16.
"Do You Feel Guilty?"
Blake Neely
2:38

17.
"Into the Woods"
Blake Neely
3:21

18.
"Name of the Game"
Blake Neely
3:38

19.
"Angry and Vulnerable Girls"
Blake Neely
2:52

20.
"Results of the Father"
Blake Neely
4:39

21.
"Your Father Was Arrested"
Blake Neely
2:44

22.
"The Recording"
Blake Neely
4:12

23.
"Oh, Mommy!"
Blake Neely
3:51

24.
"What Floats Beneath"
Blake Neely
3:29

25.
"Never Safe"
Blake Neely
1:59

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
88% (54 reviews)
68 (36 reviews)

2
87% (13 reviews)
TBD

text: The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a fresh rating of 88% based on 54 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.27/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Riverdale offers an amusingly self-aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie, odd, daring, and above all addictive."[94] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[95] Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a "B+" saying that it turned, "out to be an artfully crafted, instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential."[96]

text: Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters. While reviewing the first season, Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared "the show marginalizes and ignores the [people of color] in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there."[97] In an article for Vulture, Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats (who are each played by African Americans), noting, "They're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message. Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past, even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting."[98] Monique Jones of Ebony noted, "Despite the show's multi-racial casting choices, it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town." She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown, but declared "Archie shouldn't be what makes Valerie interesting to us".[99]

text: Ratings

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Thursday 9:00 pm
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
1.38[17]
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
0.96[29]
2016–17
154
1.69
0.7/2[14]

2
Wednesday 8:00 pm
22[15]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
2.34[30]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
January 26, 2017
0.5/2
1.38[17]
0.4
1.01
0.9
2.38[102]

2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
February 2, 2017
0.4/2
1.15[18]
0.4
0.76
0.8
1.91[103]

3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
February 9, 2017
0.5/2
1.20[19]
N/A
0.71
N/A
1.90[104]

4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
February 16, 2017
0.4/1
1.14[20]
0.4
0.73
0.8
1.87[105]

5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
February 23, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[21]
0.4
0.71
0.7
1.69[106]

6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
March 2, 2017
0.4/1
1.09[22]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
March 9, 2017
0.4/1
1.03[23]
0.3
0.76
0.7
1.80[107]

8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
March 30, 2017
0.4/2
0.99[24]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.54[108]

9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
April 6, 2017
0.3/1
0.91[25]
N/A
0.63
N/A
1.54[109]

10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
April 13, 2017
0.3/1
0.87[26]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.48[110]

11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
April 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.89[27]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
May 4, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[28]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.56[111]

13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
May 11, 2017
0.4/2
0.96[29]
N/A
0.56
N/A
1.52[112]

text: Season 2 (2017–18)

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
October 11, 2017
0.8/3
2.34[30]
0.6
1.40
1.4
3.74[113]

2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
October 18, 2017
0.6/2
1.76[31]
0.6
1.34
1.2
3.10[114]

3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
October 25, 2017
0.6/2
1.62[32]
0.6
1.32
1.2
2.94[115]

4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"
November 1, 2017
0.6/2
1.51[33]
0.5
1.30
1.1
2.80[116]

5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"
November 8, 2017
0.5/2
1.47[34]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.70[117]

6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"
November 15, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[35]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.66[118]

7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"
November 29, 2017
0.5/2
1.45[36]
0.5
1.19
1.0
2.64[119]

8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"
December 6, 2017
0.5/2
1.48[37]
0.6
1.20
1.1
2.68[120]

9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"
December 13, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[38]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"
January 17, 2018
0.5/2
1.44[39]
0.5
1.14
1.0
2.59[121]

11
"Chapter Twenty-Four: The Wrestler"
January 24, 2018
0.5/2
1.39[40]
0.5
1.15
1.0
2.54[122]

12
"Chapter Twenty-Five: The Wicked and the Divine"
January 31, 2018
0.5/2
1.34[41]
0.5
1.06
1.0
2.40[123]

13
"Chapter Twenty-Six: The Tell-Tale Heart"
February 7, 2018
0.5/2
1.28[42]
0.4
0.96
0.9
2.24[124]

14
"Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Hills Have Eyes"
March 7, 2018
0.5/2
1.26[43]
0.4
0.95
0.9
2.22[125]

15
"Chapter Twenty-Eight: There Will Be Blood"
March 14, 2018
0.4/2
1.19[44]
0.4
0.91
0.8
2.20[126]

16
"Chapter Twenty-Nine: Primary Colors"
March 21, 2018
0.4/2
1.16[45]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

17
"Chapter Thirty: The Noose Tightens"
March 28, 2018
0.3/1
0.96[46]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Action-Thriller Television Series
Riverdale
Won
[127]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series
KJ Apa
Nominated

Breakthrough Performance
KJ Apa
Won
[128]

Leo Awards
Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series
Tyler Harron for "Pilot - Chapter 1"
Nominated
[129]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Breakout TV Show
Riverdale
Won
[130]

Choice Breakout TV Star
K.J. Apa
Nominated

Lili Reinhart
Won

Choice Drama TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Won

Choice Drama TV Show
Riverdale
Won

Choice Hissy Fit
Madelaine Petsch
Won

Choice Scene Stealer
Camila Mendes
Won

Choice TV Ship
Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse
Won

2018
Dorian Awards
Campy TV Show of the Year
Riverdale
Nominated
[131]

Saturn Awards
Best Action-Thriller Television Series
Riverdale
Pending
[132]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series
KJ Apa
Pending

Lili Reinhart
Pending

Cole Sprouse
Pending

text: Spin-off

text: In September 2017, it was reported that a live-action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions, with a planned release in the 2018–2019 television season. Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch, the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot, which will be written by Aguirre-Sacasa. Both are executive producers along with Berlanti, Schechter, and Goldwater.[133] In December 2017, it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet-to-be-announced new title. Two seasons, comprising ten episodes each, have been ordered by the streaming service.[134] In January 2018, it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka,[135] and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that, "at the moment, there is no discussion about crossing over" with Riverdale.[136] Filming for first season began on March 19, 2018, just as filming of the second season of Riverdale concludes, which will allow the same crew members to work on both series.[137] It is expected to film back-to-back with the second season.[138]


document_title: Gold mining in Colorado

question_text: who was the first person to find gold in colorado

root

text: Gold mining in Colorado

text: Denver-area placers[edit]

text: On June 22, 1850, a wagon train bound for California crossed the South Platte River just north of the confluence with Clear Creek, and followed Clear Creek west for six miles. Lewis Ralston dipped his gold pan in a stream flowing into Clear Creek, and found almost $5 in gold (about a quarter of a troy ounce) in his first pan. John Lowery Brown, who kept a diary of the party's journey from Georgia to California, wrote on that day: "Lay bye. Gold found." In a notation above the entry, he wrote, "We called this Ralston's Creek because a man of that name found gold here." Ralston continued on to California, but returned to 'Ralston's Creek' with the Green Russell party eight years later. Members of this party founded Auraria (later absorbed into Denver City) in 1858 and touched off the gold rush to the Rockies. The confluence of Clear Creek and Ralston Creek, the site of Colorado's first gold discovery is now in Arvada, Colorado.[2]:6–7

tag: p

text: A gold discovery in 1858 in the vicinity of present-day Denver sparked the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. In 1858, prospectors focused on the placers east of the mountains in the sands of Cherry Creek, Clear Creek, and the South Platte River. However, the placer deposits on the plains were small, and when the first rich discoveries were made in early 1859 in the mountains farther west, the miners abandoned the placers around Denver.

text: Although the economic portions of the gold placers around Denver were quickly exhausted, producers of construction aggregate in the area sometimes recover small amounts of gold from their sand and gravel washing. The plains counties of Adams, Arapahoe, Douglas, Denver, Elbert and Jefferson are each credited with having produced small amounts of gold.[3]

text: Central City-Idaho Springs district[edit]

text: On January 5, 1859, during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush, prospector George A. Jackson discovered placer gold at the present site of Idaho Springs, where Chicago Creek empties into Clear Creek. It was the first substantial gold discovery in Colorado. Jackson, a Missouri native with experience in the California gold fields, was drawn to the area by clouds of steam rising from some nearby hot springs. Jackson kept his find secret for several months, but after he paid for some supplies with gold dust, others rushed to Jackson's diggings. The settlement was later renamed Idaho Springs, after the hot springs.[4]

text: In May 1859 John H. Gregory found a gold-bearing vein (the Gregory Lode) in Gregory Gulch between Black Hawk and Central City. Within two months many other veins were discovered, including the Bates, Gunnell, Kansas, and Burroughs.[5] Other early mining towns in the district included Nevadaville and Russell Gulch.

text: Hardrock mining boomed for a few years, but then declined in the mid-1860s as the miners exhausted the shallow parts of the veins that contained free gold, and found that their amalgamation mills could not recover gold from the deeper sulfide ores.[6]

text: Nathaniel P. Hill built Colorado's first successful ore smelter in Blackhawk in 1868. Hill's smelter could recover gold from the sulfide ores, an achievement that saved hardrock mining in the district. Other smelters were built nearby. Through 1959, the district produced about 6,300,000 troy ounces (200 t), mostly from sulfide veins in gneiss and granodiorite.[1]

text: The early gold discoveries were at the northeast end of the Colorado Mineral Belt, a large alignment of mineral deposits that stretches northeast-southwest across the mountainous part of Colorado. From Idaho Springs, prospectors followed the Colorado Mineral Belt west along Clear Creek, then over the mountain passes to South Park and to the headwaters of the Blue River.

text: Breckenridge district[edit]

text: Placer gold was discovered in the Breckenridge, or Blue River district, in 1859 at Gold Run by the Weaver Brothers, at Georgia, American, French, and Humbug Gulches on the Swan River, on the Blue River itself, and at the confluence of French Gulch and the Blue River.[2]:22

text: Harry Farncomb found the source of the French Gulch placer gold on Farncomb Hill in 1878. His strike, Wire Patch, consisted of alluvial gold in wire, leaf and crystalline forms. By 1880, he owned the hill. Farncomb later discovered a gold vein, which became the Wire Patch Mine. Other vein discoveries included Ontario, Key West, Boss, Fountain, and Gold Flake.[2]:57

text: Lode deposits were developed in the 1880s, as prospectors followed the gold to its source veins in the hills. Gold in some upper gravel benches north of the Blue River was recovered by hydraulic mining. Gold production decreased in the late 1800s, but revived in 1908 by gold dredging operations along the Blue River and Swan River. The Breckenridge mining district is credited with production of about 1,000,000 troy ounces (31 t) of gold.[7]

text: The gold mines around Breckenridge are all shut down, although some are open to tourist visits. The characteristic gravel ridges left by the gold dredges can still be seen along the Blue River and Snake River, and the remains of a dredge are still afloat in a pond off the Swan River.

text: South Park districts[edit]

text: Prospectors discovered rich placer deposits on the west side of South Park in 1859. The deposits were in valleys on the east side of the Mosquito Range. The principal districts were the Alma-Fairplay district on the headwaters of the South Platte River, and the Tarryall district along Tarryall Creek northwest of Como, Colorado. Important lode gold deposits were later discovered above Alma. A floating dredge worked the floor of the South Park valley east of Fairplay from 1941 to 1952, leaving the distinctive gravel ridges that can still be seen. Production from the Tarryall district was 67,000 troy ounces (2.1 t), almost all from placers. The Alma-Fairplay district produced 1,550,000 troy ounces (48 t), more than two-thirds of which came from lode deposits.[8]

text: Leadville district[edit]

text: The history of the Leadville district began in April 1860, with one of the richest discoveries of Colorado placer gold at California Gulch, the site of Oro City.[2]:23[9] Another rich discovery was made at McNulty Gulch along the headwaters of Tenmile Creek.[2]:24 The placers were exhausted within four years, but lode gold was discovered in 1868. The gold discoveries led to the discovery of the silver deposits in 1877, and the founding of the city of Leadville. The Little Johnny silver and lead mine, dating from 1879, was further developed in 1893, by John F. Campion and James Joseph Brown, which resulted in the production of large deposits of high-grade gold-copper ore.[2]:60–61 The Leadville district produced 3,200,000 troy ounces (100 t) of gold, mostly as a byproduct of silver mining.[10]

text: Summitville district[edit]

text: Prospectors found placer gold in 1870 in the Wrightman Fork of the Alamosa River. Gold veins were discovered in 1871, and large-scale production started in 1875 after the construction of a mill. By 1880, the Little Annie vein helped make Summitville Colorado's largest gold producer. Over 100,000 ounces of gold were produced by 1890.[2]:60 Operations were continuous until 1906, then sporadic after that.[11] Gold production up to 1990 was 520,000 troy ounces (16 t).[12]

text: In 1985, Summitville Consolidated Mining Company, a subsidiary of Galactic Resources of Vancouver, British Columbia started open pit heap-leach mining at the Summitville mine. Mining ceased in 1992, and remediation started. However, Galactic Resources declared bankruptcy in December 1992, and the US Environmental Protection Agency stepped in to prevent releases of pollution from the property.[13] The EPA declared it a federal Superfund site in May 1993.[14] The total cost of environmental cleanup at the site has been estimated to be between $100 and $120 million.[15]

text: In 1998, the general manager and the environmental manager of the mine pleaded guilty to federal pollution charges, and were each sentenced to six months probation and $20,000 fines.[16]

text: Sneffels-Red Mountain-Telluride district[edit]

text: The Sneffels-Red Mountain-Telluride district, in San Miguel and Ouray counties at the southwest end of the Colorado Mineral Belt, was discovered in 1875. Thomas Walsh developed the Camp Bird Mine in 1896.[2]:84–91 The district is within and adjacent to a Tertiary volcanic caldera. Deposits are chimneys and veins in Tertiary volcanics and intrusives, and in older sedimentary rocks. Production through 1959 was 6,800,000 troy ounces (210 t) of gold, as well as considerable silver, lead, and copper.[12]

text: Cripple Creek district[edit]

text: "Part-time cowboy and full-time drinker" Womack found gold float in 1879, which led him to digging countless prospecting holes in an attempt to find its lode, earning him the name "Crazy Bob". His efforts finally paid off in 1890, when he found the El Paso lode. Winfield Scott Stratton discovered what became his Portland Mine at the site of Victor. By 1893, 10,000 miners working the district, produced one third of Colorado's gold output. Gold cyanidation was introduced in 1895, and used alongside chlorination in the mills for gold extraction. By 1895, half of Colorado's gold production of 660,000 ounces came from the district. In 1897, half a million Troy ounces of gold was produced, and in 1900, 900,000 troy ounces, two thirds of the US output. By 1920, 41 mines were active, and cumulative gold production was over 500 tons.[2]:66,69,72,81

text: Located a few miles southwest of Pike's Peak, the Cripple Creek district wasn't discovered until later in the "rush", which was known as the "Pike's Peak Gold Rush" because Pike's Peak was a landmark visible 100 miles (160 km) out on the plains. The towns of Cripple Creek and Victor were established to serve the mines and miners of the district. Among the principal mines were the Mollie Kathleen Gold Mine at Cripple Creek and Stratton's Independence mine, at Victor, Colorado. Gold production up to 1990 was 21,000,000 troy ounces (650 t) worth about US$17 billion at 2008 prices), making it the most productive gold-producing district in Colorado,[12] and the third-most productive in the United States (after Carlin, Nevada and Lead, South Dakota). Many of the mines in the district were quite deep and difficult to drain. The almost 5-mile Roosevelt Tunnel was a mine drainage tunnel dug between 1907 and 1919 below the Cripple Creek area to drain the mines and simplify ore haulage.[18][19]

text: The Cripple Creek mining district covers a Miocene volcanic caldera filled with quartz latite porphyry. The ore bodies are veins and replacement zones within the quartz latite. The ore minerals are gold and silver tellurides, with accessory fluorite.

text: The Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mining Company formed in 1976 as a joint venture to restart mining in the district. From 1976 to 1989, the company produced 150,000 troy ounces (4.7 t) of gold by reprocessing tailings and mining two small surface deposits. The Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mining Company began the first large-scale open pit mining in the district in 1994.[20] The Cresson mine open pits are located a few miles north of Victor. Mining continues today under the ownership of Newmont Mining Corporation, which boosted gold production from 211,000 troy ounces (6.6 t) in 2014 to 451,000 troy ounces (14.0 t) in 2017.[21]

text: Gold mining today[edit]

text: Colorado gold production was 270,000 ounces in 1892, 660,000 ounces in 1895, peaked in 1900 at 1,400,000 ounces, and reached over one million ounces in 1916 for the last time. Gold production in 1922 was 300,000 ounces, and 200,000 ounces in 1928. The Gold Reserve Act helped increase production to 370,000 ounces in 1936. Production was 380,000 ounces, before the War Production Board limitation order L-208 stopped gold mining in 1942. Production restarted after World War II with 168,000 ounces in 1947. Gold production was 66,000 ounces in 1960 and 22,000 ounces in 1967. Production reached 37,000 ounces in 1972 and 72,000 ounces in 1978.[2]:60,69,98,101,108,111,114,118,121,123

text: Only one Colorado mine continues to produce gold, the Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mine at Victor near Colorado Springs, an open-pit heap leach operation owned by Newmont Mining Corporation, which produced 451,000 troy ounces of gold in 2017 and reported 3.5 million troy ounces of gold reserves as at December 31, 2017.[21]


document_title: List of wealthiest historical figures

question_text: who is the richest person to ever live

question_tokens: who is the richest person to ever live

text: List of wealthiest historical figures

text: Early modern to modern period[edit]

text: Listed individuals have the lowest net worth estimate of at least 100 billion in 2010 USD. Therefore, it excludes figures such as Andrew W. Mellon, Richard B. Mellon, Stephen Van Rensselaer, A.T. Stewart, Heshen, J.P. Morgan, and others.

text:
Name
Photograph/Portrait
Lifetime
Net worth (billion 2010 USD)[12]
Description

John D. Rockefeller

1839–1937
(98 years)

336[3][6]
On September 29, 1916, Rockefeller became the first person ever to reach a nominal personal fortune of US$1 billion. Rockefeller amassed his fortune from the Standard Oil company, of which he was a founder, chairman and major shareholder. By the time of his death in 1937, estimates place his net worth in the range of US$300 billion to US$400 billion in adjusted dollars for the late 2000s (decade). When considering the real value of his wealth, Rockefeller is widely held to have been the wealthiest American, as well as the richest person in modern history.[13][14][15][16][17][18]

Andrew Carnegie

1835–1919
(84 years)

310[3]
Carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel Company, which was the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations in the United States; in 1901, Carnegie sold his company for US$480 million to J.P. Morgan, who then merged his company into U.S. Steel.[19] Capitalized at US$1.4 billion at the time, U.S. Steel was the first billion dollar company in the world. In his final years, Carnegie's net worth was US$475 million, but by the time of his death in 1919 he had donated most of his wealth to charities and other philanthropic endeavors and had only US$30 million left to his personal fortune. Carnegie's hundreds of millions accounted for about 0.60% of the U.S. annual GDP and has a real value estimated at about US$75 billion adjusted for the late 2000s (decade).[13][14]

Jakob Fugger

1459–1525
(66 years)

277[12]–400[4]
German merchant, mining entrepreneur and banker. He expanded Fugger family's assets by making their operations European wide. At one point, Fugger & family had an almost monopolistic hold on the European copper market.[20] At his death, Jakob Fugger bequeathed to his nephew Anton Fugger company assets totaling 2,032,652 guilders.[21] Referred to as "Fugger the Rich".

Nicholas II of Russia

1868–1918
(50 years)

250[22]–300
Emperor of All Russia from 1894 to 1917. Estimates of the wealth of Nicholas II remain wildly speculative. As emperor, and an autocrat, the resources under Nicholas II's command were virtually incalculable. However, the vast majority of this was officially owned by the State as Crown property. From this, supplemented by an annuity from the Treasury, he derived an annual income of 24 million roubles, from which he had to fund staff, the upkeep of imperial palaces and imperial theatres, annuities for the royal family, pensions, bequests, and other outgoings.[23] "Before the end of the year, the Tsar was usually penniless; sometimes he reached this embarrassing state by autumn."[23] According to the Grand Marshall of the Court, Count Paul Benckendorff, his personal wealth only amounted to between 12.5 and 17.5 million roubles.[24]

Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII

1886–1967
(81 years)

210[6]
The last Nizam of Hyderabad State in British India. Regarded as the wealthiest person in the world during his lifetime, his portrait was on the cover of Time magazine in 1937.[25] As a semi-autonomous monarch, he had his own mint, printing his own currency, the Hyderabadi rupee, and had a private treasury that was said to contain £100m in gold and silver bullion, and a further £400m of jewels (in 2008 terms). Among them was the Jacob Diamond, valued at some £50m (in 2008 terms),[26][27][28] and used by the Nizam as a paperweight.[29]

Muammar Gaddafi

1942–2011
(69 years)

200
Autocrat of Libya during 1969–2011. During the Libyan civil war leading up to his death in 2011, the United Nations froze assets with a value of over £100 billion.[30] However, with Gaddafi as an autocrat the division between his personal wealth and that of the Libyan state was unclear, and the majority of these assets nominally belonged to the state, although Gaddafi effectively controlled them.[31]

Henry Ford

1863–1947
(84 years)

188–199
Henry Ford was an American automotive engineer, entrepreneur, and founder of the Ford Motor Company. Through his designing of the Model T Ford and employing the assembly line means of rapid production, he was able to lower the base price of his product in order to reach a wider market. As production increased, Ford further reduced prices and increased salaries to reduce worker turnover. This resulted in a rapid increase in output, with Ford production rising from roughly 18,000 cars in 1909 to over 1 million cars in 1920. Despite Ford stating that his focus was increasing Ford Motor Company's benefit to society and to its employees, even at one point being sued by the Dodge brothers based on this premise, his company was massively profitable. His highest earnings were recorded at age 57 and he died at the age of 83 in 1947 at a net worth of US$188.1 billion (inflation-adjusted value in 2008 dollars).

William Henry Vanderbilt

1821–1885
(64 years)

52[32]–239[12]
Railroad owner. Inherited much of his wealth from his father, Cornelius Vanderbilt,[33] who initiated the Vanderbilt family's involvement in railroad and shipping business. He doubled the fathers fortune, to an amount estimated between $52 billion and $239 billion.[6][12][32]

John Jacob Astor

1763–1848
(85 years)

120–138[34]
American businessman, merchant, opium smuggler, fur trader, and investor. In 1801, Astor's nominal wealth was some US$250,000, and by the time of his death in 1848 his fortune had grown to US$20 million, making him America's first multi-millionaire.[13][14][15]

Cornelius Vanderbilt

1794–1877
(83 years)

105[35]–205[36]
American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.

Stephen Girard

1750–1831
(81 years)

105[33]–120[37]
French-born American banker. Before becoming a banker, he was a merchant and owned a fleet of trading ships.

tag: table

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: Absolute rulers or conquerors are sometimes listed for the territory they controlled rather than for their immediate personal wealth (Davidson (2015) for TIME.com listed Akbar I, Genghis Khan and Emperor Shenzong of Song for their imperial possessions, while Alan Rufus is listed for his immediate possessions within the feudal system of Norman England).[3]

text:
Name
Photograph/Portrait
Lifetime
Net worth (billion 2010 USD)[12]
Description

Musa I of Mali

c. 1280 – c. 1337
400
Mansa Musa, or Musa I of Mali is considered to be the richest man ever with his wealth at $400 billion (at the time of his death in 1331).[38] Musa was the tenth emperor of the Mali Empire, one of the prosperous Sahelian kingdoms that developed along the Saharan slave trade routes in the later medieval period. Mansa Musa made his fortune by exploiting his country’s salt and gold production.[3][39][40] Musa is said to have brought several tonnes of gold to Mecca when he made a pilgrimage there in 1324. Reported as being inconceivably rich by contemporaries, "There’s really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth."[41]

William the Conqueror

d. 1087
209[33]–230[42]
The estimate "209 billion" is based on the spoils of war William made in the conquest of England, apart from his subsequent position as monarch.[42]

Basil II

958–1025
170[6]
Byzantine emperor from 960 to 1025.

Alan Rufus

c. 1040–1093
149[43]–180[33]
Alan Rufus, 1st Lord of Richmond, was a relative and companion of William the Conqueror (Duke William II of Normandy) during the Norman Conquest of England. By 1086 he had become one of the richest and most powerful men of England.

William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey

d. 1088
134[33][43]

Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel

c. 1306–1376
108[33][43]–120

John of Gaunt

1340–1399
101[33][43]–110

text: Antiquity[edit]

text: For Classical Antiquity, even more than for the High Middle Ages, the definition of personal wealth becomes difficult to compare with the modern period; especially in the case of divine kings, where an entire empire might be considered the personal property of a deified emperor.

text:
Name
Lifetime
Description

Marcus Licinius Crassus
c. 115 BC – 53 BC
Crassus inherited a fortune of 7 million sesterces after the death of his father in 87 BC. After several years of exile, Crassus was able to rebuild his family fortune by seizing the property of executed convicts for himself.[44] Crassus also expanded his wealth by trading in slaves and by purchasing whole neighborhoods of Rome as they burned, for drastically less than market value. Crassus was known in Rome as Dives, meaning "The Rich". It is believed that Crassus expanded his personal fortune to 170 million sesterces, while Pliny the Elder surmised his fortune to be valued even higher, at 200 million sesterces. This would place Crassus's net worth equal to the total annual budget of the Roman treasury.
Crassus has often been listed among the "wealthiest individuals in history", although depending on the estimate of the "adjusted value" of a Roman sesterce, his net worth may also be placed in the range of US$200 million to US$20 billion.[45][46]

Augustus Caesar
63 BC – 19 August 14 AD
Listed by Time Magazine with "$4.6 trillion" because he "personally owned all of Egypt".[3]

Croesus
died c. 546 BC
The name of Croesus, a historical king of Lydia, was proverbial for wealth already in antiquity; this is probably due to his being the first ruler to issue true gold coins with a standardised purity for general circulation and not necessarily for his personal wealth.


document_title: Deep South

question_text: which region of texas is culturally an extension of the old south

text: Deep South

text: Usage[edit]

text: The term "Deep South" is defined in a variety of ways:

text:
Most definitions include the states Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana.[3]
Texas is also included,[4] due to its history of slavery and as being a part of the Confederate States of America. The eastern part of the state is the westernmost extension of the Deep South.[3]

Arkansas is sometimes included[5][6] or else considered "in the Peripheral or Rim South rather than the Deep South."[7]

The seven states that seceded from the United States before the firing on Fort Sumter and the start of the American Civil War, and were the first to form the Confederate States of America. Ultimately the Confederacy included eleven states. In order of secession they are: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The first six states to secede were those that held the largest number of slaves.
A large part of the original "Cotton Belt". This was considered to extend from eastern North Carolina to South Carolina and through the Gulf States as far west as East Texas, and including those parts of western Tennessee and eastern Arkansas in the Mississippi embayment.[8] Some of this is coterminous with the Black Belt, originally referring to upland areas of Alabama and Mississippi with fertile soil, which were developed for cotton under slave labor. The term came to be used for much of the Cotton Belt, which had a high percentage of African-American slave labor.

tag: ul

text: Origins[edit]

text: Though often used in history books to refer to the seven states that originally formed the Confederacy, the term "Deep South" did not come into general usage until long after the Civil War ended. Up until that time, "Lower South" was the primary designation for those states. When "Deep South" first began to gain mainstream currency in print in the middle of the 20th century, it applied to the states and areas of Georgia, southern Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, north Louisiana, and East Texas, all historic areas of cotton plantations and slavery. This was the part of the South many considered the "most Southern".[9][page needed]

text: Later, the general definition expanded to include all of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and often taking in bordering areas of East Texas and North Florida. In its broadest application today, the Deep South is considered to be "an area roughly coextensive with the old cotton belt from eastern North Carolina through South Carolina west into East Texas, with extensions north and south along the Mississippi".[8] Houston is the largest city of the Deep South region.[10][11][12]

text: Major metropolitan areas[edit]

text: Metropolitan areas[edit]

text: Metropolitan areas with more than 1,000,000 people:

text:
Houston-The Woodlands- Sugar Land, TX CSA
Atlanta-Athens-Clarke-Sandy Springs, GA CSA
Birmingham-Hoover-Talladega, AL CSA
Jacksonville-St. Marys-Palatka, FL-GA CSA
New Orleans-Metarie-Hammond, LA-MS CSA
Memphis-Forrest City, TN-MS-AR CSA
Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC CSA

text: People[edit]

text: In the 1980 census, of those people who identified solely by one European national ancestry, most European Americans identified as being of English ancestry in every Southern state except Louisiana, where more people identified as having French ancestry.[13][14] A significant number also have Irish and Scots-Irish ancestry.

text: With regards to people in the Deep South who reported only a single European-American ancestry group in 1980, the census showed the following self-identification in each state in this region:

text:
Alabama - 857,864 persons out of a total of 2,165,653 people in the state identified as "English," making them 41% of the state and the largest national ancestry group at the time by a wide margin.
Georgia - 1,132,184 out of 3,009,484 people identified as "English," making them 37.62% of the state's total.
Mississippi - 496,481 people out of 1,551,364 people identified as "English," making them 32.00% of the total, the largest national group by a wide margin.
Florida - 1,132,033 people out of 5,159,967 identified "English" as their only ancestry group, making them 21.94% of the total.
Louisiana - 440,558 people out of 2,319,259 people identified only as "English," making them 19.00% of the total people and the second-largest ancestry group in the state at the time. Those who wrote only "French" were 480,711 people out of 2,319,259 people, or 20.73% of the total state population.
Texas - 1,639,322 people identified as "English" only out of a total of 7,859,393 people, making them 20.86% of the total people in the state and the largest ancestry group by a large margin.

text: These figures to do not take into account people who identified as "English" and another ancestry group. When the two were added together, people who self identified as being of English with other ancestry, made up an even larger portion of southerners.[15] South Carolina was settled earlier than those states commonly classified as the Deep South. Its population in 1980 included 578,338 people out of 1,706,966 people in the state who identified as "English" only, making them 33.88% of the total population, the largest national ancestry group by a large margin.

text: The map to the right was prepared by the Census Bureau from the 2000 census; it shows the predominant ancestry in each county as self-identified by residents themselves. Note: The Census said that areas with the largest "American"-identified ancestry populations were mostly settled by descendants of colonial English and others from the British Isles, French, Germans and later Italians. Those who are African-descended tended to identify as African American, although many of historically mixed-race families also have ancestors of British Isles or Northern European ancestry.

text: As of 2003[update], the majority of African-descended Americans in the South live in the Black Belt counties.[16]

text: Politics[edit]

text: From the 1870s to the early 1960s, conservative whites of the Deep South held control of state governments and overwhelmingly identified as and supported the old version of the Democratic Party.[17] The most powerful leaders belonged to the party’s moderate-to-conservative wing. The Republicans also controlled many mountain districts on the fringe of the Deep South.[18]

text: At the turn of the 20th century, all of the Southern states, starting with Mississippi in 1890, passed new constitutions and other laws that effectively disenfranchised the great majority of blacks and sometimes many poor whites as well. Blacks were excluded subsequently from the political system entirely.[19] The white Democratic-dominated state legislatures passed laws to impose white supremacy and Jim Crow, including racial segregation of public facilities.[20] In politics the region became known for decades as the “Solid South”: while this disenfranchisement was enforced, all of the states in this region were one-party states dominated by white Southern Democrats. Southern representatives accrued outsized power in the Congress and the national Democratic Party, as they controlled all the seats apportioned to southern states based on total population but represented only the richer subset of their white populations.[21] During this same period, the number of lynchings of blacks by whites reached a peak in the region; the most deaths annually were in the years shortly before the turn of the century, when economic problems and stress were high in the region.[citation needed]

text: Major demographic changes ensued in the 20th century; during the two waves of the Great Migration, a total of six million African Americans left the South for opportunities in the North, Midwest and West Coast. In some areas, white migration increased into the South, especially since the late 20th century. Beginning with the Goldwater–Johnson election of 1964, a significant contingent of white conservative voters in the Deep South stopped supporting national Democratic Party candidates and switched to Republicans. They still voted for many Democrats at the state and local level into the 1990s.[22]

text: The Republican Party in the South had been crippled by the disenfranchisement of blacks, and the national party was unable to relieve their injustices in the South. During the Great Depression and the administration of Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, some New Deal measures were promoted as intending to aid African Americans across the country and in the poor rural South, as well as poor whites. In the post-World War II era, Democratic Party presidents and national politicians began to support desegregation and other elements of the Civil Rights Movement, from President Harry S. Truman's desegregating the military, to John F. Kennedy's support for non-violent protests.[23] These efforts culminated in Lyndon B. Johnson's important work in gaining Congressional approval for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.[24] Since then, upwards of ninety percent of African Americans in the South and the rest of the nation have voted for the Democratic Party,[25] including 93 percent for Obama in 2012 and 88 percent for Hillary Clinton in 2016.[26]

text: White southern voters consistently voted for the Democratic Party for many years, in order to hold onto Jim Crow Laws. Once Franklin Delano Roosevelt came to power in 1932, however, the limited southern electorate found itself supporting Democratic candidates who frequently did not share its views.

text: The weird thing about Jim Crow politics is that white southerners with conservative views on taxes, moral values, and national security would vote for Democratic presidential candidates who didn’t share their views. They did that as part of a strategy for maintaining white supremacy in the South. (Yglesias 2007).[27]

text: One opinion piece attributed the political and cultural changes, along with the easing of racial tensions, as the reason why southern voters began to vote for Republican national candidates, in line with their political ideology.[28] Since then, white Southern voters have voted for Republican candidates in every presidential election except in the 1976 election when Georgia native Jimmy Carter received the Democratic nomination, the 1980 election when Carter won Georgia, the 1992 election when Arkansas native and former governor Bill Clinton won Georgia and Louisiana, and Arkansas, and the 1996 election when the incumbent president Clinton again won Louisiana and Arkansas. In 1995, Georgia Republican Newt Gingrich was elected by representatives of a Republican-dominated House as Speaker of the House.

text: Since the 1990s the white majority has continued to shift toward Republican candidates at the state and local levels. This trend culminated in 2014, when the Republicans swept every statewide office in the region midterm elections. As a result, the Republican party came to control all the state legislatures in the region, as well as all House seats that were not representing majority-minority districts.[29]

text: Continuing demographic changes are likely to influence regional politics: many educated African Americans are migrating back to the South, and taking professional and middle-class jobs; there have been waves of immigration from Latino countries of Mexico, and Central and South America; and white northerners have also moved to the South for jobs or to retire.[citation needed]

text: Presidential elections in which the Deep South diverged noticeably from the Upper South occurred in 1928, 1948, 1964, 1968, and, to a lesser extent, in 1952, 1956, 1992, and 2008. Former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee fared well in the Deep South in 2008 Republican primaries, losing only one state (South Carolina) while running (he had dropped out of the race before the Mississippi primary).[30][page needed]


document_title: Heckle and Jeckle

question_text: what kind of birds were heckle and jekyll

text: Heckle and Jeckle

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Heckle and Jeckle
Terrytoons characters
First appearance
"The Talking Magpies"(Terrytoons, 1946)Last appearance
"Birds of Paradise"(Filmation, 1981)Created by
Paul TerryVoiced by
Dayton AllenSid RaymondRoy HaleeNed SparksFrank WelkerHarry Shearer (The Simpsons cameo)Shinsuke MinamiIsamu Nagato (CR TerryToons)Toby Huss & Bobcat Goldthwait (Curbside)InformationSpecies
MagpieGender
Male

text: Heckle and Jeckle are postwar animated cartoon characters created by Paul Terry, originally produced at his own Terrytoons animation studio and released through 20th Century Fox. The characters are a pair of identical anthropomorphic yellow-billed magpies; and both were voiced at different times by Sid Raymond (1946–47), Ned Sparks (1947–51), Roy Halee (1951–61), Dayton Allen (1956–66) and Frank Welker (1979–81).[1][2] While in the pilot for Curbside, Heckle was voiced by Toby Huss and Jeckle was voiced by comedian Bobcat Goldthwait.

text: Production history[edit]

text: Comic books and licensing[edit]

text: Heckle and Jeckle have been licensed for toys, T-shirts, puzzles, games, salt and pepper shakers, Halloween costumes, plush dolls, puppets, coloring books, cookie jars and other consumer products for decades, variously through Terrytoons, CBS Television and Viacom. Selected cartoons from the original series of 52 theatrical titles were briefly made available on VHS home video in the 1990s, but a major DVD release has yet to materialize. The characters also regularly appeared in comic books over the years, including "Mighty Mouse", "Terrytoons" and "Paul Terry's Comics", and even headlined a number of their own comic book titles:

text:
St. John Publications, Heckle and Jeckle #1–24 (1951–55)
Pines Comics, Heckle and Jeckle #25–34 (1956–59)
Dell Comics, New Terrytoons #6–8 (1962)
Gold Key Comics, New Terrytoons #1–43; 47 (1962–77)

text: Heckle and Jeckle was planned to be made as a cameo in the deleted scene "Acme's Funeral" from the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. [1]