document_title: A Little Night Music

question_text: in which country was a little night music set

text: A Little Night Music

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Act One[edit]

text: The setting is Sweden, around the year 1900. One by one, the Quintet – five singers who comment like a Greek chorus throughout the show – enter, tuning up. Gradually, their vocalizing becomes an overture blending fragments of "Remember", "Soon" and "The Glamorous Life", leading into the first "Night Waltz". The other characters enter waltzing, each uncomfortable with their particular partner. After they drift back off, the aging and severe Madame Armfeldt and her solemn granddaughter, Fredrika, enter. Madame Armfeldt tells the child that the summer night "smiles" three times: first on the young, second on fools, and third on the old. Fredrika vows to watch the smiles occur. Middle-aged Fredrik Egerman is a successful lawyer. He has recently married an 18-year-old trophy wife, Anne, a vain girl who is in love with Fredrik, but too immature to grasp the concept of marriage. The two have been married for eleven months, but Anne still protects her virginity. Fredrik laments his inability to make love to his wife ("Now"). Meanwhile, his son Henrik, a year older than his stepmother, is feeling extremely frustrated. He is a seminary student and everyone is always teasing him, never taking him seriously or letting him talk ("Later"). Anne is intrigued by him, but fails to understand his real meaning. Anne promises her husband that shortly she will consent to have sex ("Soon"). Anne's maidservant Petra, an experienced and forthright girl, slightly older than the teen herself, offers her worldly but crass advice.

text: Desiree Armfeldt is a prominent and glamorous actress who is now reduced to touring in small towns. Madame Armfeldt, Desiree's mother, has taken over the care of Desiree's daughter Fredrika. Fredrika misses her mother, but Desiree continually delays going to see her, preferring, somewhat ironically, "The Glamorous Life". She is performing near Fredrik's home, and he brings Anne to see the play. While there, Desiree notices Fredrik; the two had been lovers years earlier. Anne, suspicious and annoyed because of Desiree's amorous glances, demands that Fredrik take her home immediately. Meanwhile, Petra has been trying to seduce Henrik.

text: That night, as Fredrik remembers his past with Desiree, he sneaks out to see her; the two share a happy but strained reunion, as they "Remember". They reflect on their new lives, and Fredrik tries to explain how much he loves Anne ("You Must Meet My Wife"). Desiree responds sarcastically, boasting of her own adultery, as she has been seeing the married dragoon, Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm. Upon learning that Fredrik has gone for eleven months without sex, she agrees to accommodate him as a favor for an old friend.

text: Madame Armfeldt offers advice to young Fredrika. The elderly woman reflects poignantly on her own checkered past, and wonders what happened to her refined "Liaisons". Back in Desiree's apartment, Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm proclaims his unannounced arrival in his typical booming voice. Fredrik and Desiree fool the gullible Count into believing that their disheveled appearance was entirely innocent, but he is still suspicious. He instantly dislikes Fredrik and returns to his wife, Countess Charlotte. Charlotte is quite aware of her husband's infidelity, but Carl-Magnus is too absorbed in his suspicions of Desiree to talk to her ("In Praise of Women"). When she persuades him to blurt out the whole story, a twist is revealed—Charlotte's little sister is a schoolfriend of Anne's.

text: Charlotte visits Anne, who is talking with Petra. Charlotte describes Fredrik's meeting with Desiree; Anne reacts with shock and horror. The older woman explains to Anne that such is the lot of a wife, and that marriage brings pain ("Every Day A Little Death"). Meanwhile, Desiree asks Madame Armfeldt to host a party for Fredrik, Anne and Henrik. Though reluctant, Madame Armfeldt agrees. She sends out a personal invitation; its receipt sends the women into a frenzy, imagining "A Weekend in the Country". Anne does not want to accept the invitation, but Charlotte convinces her to do so to heighten the contrast between the older woman and the young teenager. Meanwhile, the Count has plans of his own—as a birthday present to his wife, the pair will attend the party uninvited. Carl-Magnus plans to challenge Fredrik to a duel, while Charlotte hopes to seduce the lawyer to make her husband jealous and end his philandering. The day of the party dawns.

text: Act Two[edit]

text: Armfeldt's country estate is bathed in the golden glow of perpetual summer sunset at this high latitude ("Night Waltz One and Two"). Everyone arrives, each carrying their own amorous purposes and desires—even Petra, who catches the eye of Armfeldt's fetching manservant, Frid. The women begin to act against each other. Fredrik is astonished to learn the name of Desiree's daughter. Henrik meets Fredrika, and confesses his deep love for Anne to her. Meanwhile, in the garden, Fredrik and Carl-Magnus reflect on how difficult it is to be annoyed with Desiree, agreeing "It Would Have Been Wonderful" had she not been quite so wonderful. Dinner is served, and the characters' "Perpetual Anticipation" enlivens that meal.

text: At dinner, Charlotte attempts to flirt with Fredrik, while Anne and Desiree trade insults. Soon, everyone is shouting and scolding everyone else, except for Henrik, who finally stands up for himself. He shrieks at them for being completely amoral, and flees the scene. Stunned, everyone reflects on the situation and wanders away. Fredrika tells Anne of Henrik's secret love, and the two dash off searching for him. Meanwhile, Desiree meets Fredrik and asks if he still wants to be "rescued" from his life. Fredrik answers honestly that he loves Desiree, but only as a dream. Hurt and bitter, Desiree can only reflect on the nature of her life ("Send in the Clowns"). Anne finds Henrik, who is attempting to commit suicide. The clumsy boy cannot complete the task, and Anne tells him that she has feelings for him, too. The pair begins to kiss, which leads to Anne's first sexual encounter. Meanwhile, not far away, Frid sleeps in Petra's lap. The maid thinks of the joy and freedom that she longs for before becoming trapped in marriage ("The Miller's Son"). Henrik and Anne, happy together, run away to start their new life. However, Carl-Magnus is enraged by this and attempts to shoot the lovers, but Desiree and Charlotte prevent him, while lamenting both the pains of marriage and the strange behavior of married people ("The World Won't End/Every Day a Little Death (reprise)"). With Carl-Magnus calmed, Charlotte confesses her plan to Fredrik, and the two commiserate on a bench. Carl-Magnus, preparing to romance Desiree, sees this and challenges Fredrik to Russian Roulette, at which a nervous Fredrik misfires and simply grazes his own ear. Victorious, Carl-Magnus begins to romance Charlotte, granting her wish at last.

text: After the Count and Countess leave, Fredrika and Madame Armfeldt discuss the chaos of the recent turns-of-events. The elderly woman then asks Fredrika a surprising question: "What is it all for?" Fredrika thinks about this, and decides that it "must be worth it". Madame Armfeldt is surprised, ruefully noting that she rejected love for material wealth at Fredrika's age. She praises her granddaughter and remembers true love's fleeting nature.

text: Fredrik finally confesses his love for Desiree, acknowledges that Fredrika is his daughter, and the two promise to start a new life together ("Finale"). Armfeldt sits alone with Fredrika. Fredrika tells her grandmother that she has watched carefully, but still has not seen the night smile. Armfeldt laughs and points out that the night has indeed smiled twice: first on Henrik and Anne, the young, and second on Desiree and Fredrik, the fools. As the two wait for the "third smile... on the old", it happens: Madame Armfeldt closes her eyes, and dies peacefully with Fredrika beside her.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Act I

Overture – Mr. Lindquist, Mrs. Nordstrom, Mrs. Anderssen, Mr. Erlanson and Mrs. Segstrom (the "Quintet")
"Night Waltz" – Company
"Now" – Fredrik Egerman
"Later" – Henrik Egerman
"Soon" – Anne Egerman
"Soon/Later/Now" – Anne, Henrik and Fredrik
"The Glamorous Life" – Fredrika Armfeldt, Desiree Armfeldt, Madame Armfeldt and Quintet
"Remember?" – Quintet
"You Must Meet My Wife" – Desiree and Fredrik
"Liaisons" – Madame Armfeldt
"In Praise of Women" – Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm
"Every Day a Little Death" – Countess Charlotte Malcolm and Anne
"Weekend in the Country" – Company

Act II

Entr'acte – Orchestra
"Night Waltz I (The Sun Won't Set)" – Quintet
"Night Waltz II (The Sun Sits Low)" – Quintet
"It Would Have Been Wonderful" – Fredrik and Carl-Magnus
"Perpetual Anticipation" – Mrs. Nordstrom, Mrs. Segstrom and Mrs. Anderssen
"Dinner Table Scene" – Orchestra
"Send in the Clowns" – Desiree
"The Miller's Son" – Petra
"The World Won't End/Every Day a Little Death (reprise)" – Desiree and Charlotte
Reprises ("Soon", "You Must Meet My Wife", "A Weekend in the Country" and "Every Day a Little Death") – Quintet
"Send in the Clowns" (Reprise) – Desiree and Fredrik
"Last Waltz" – Orchestra

text: Stage:

text:
"Two Fairy Tales" – Henrik and Anne (cut for time)
"Silly People" – Frid (cut for time)
"Bang!" – Carl-Magnus (replaced by "In Praise of Women")
"My Husband the Pig" – Charlotte (replaced by the second half of "In Praise of Women")

text: Screen:

text:
"Love Takes Time" – Company (lyrics added to Night Waltz)
"The Glamorous Life" – Fredrika (solo version)

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Fredrik Egerman: A successful widowed middle-aged lawyer. He is married to the 18-year-old Anne and has one son from his previous marriage, Henrik. In the past, he and Desiree were lovers. Baritone A2-E4
Anne Egerman: Fredrik's new, naive wife, who is still a virgin after 11 months of marriage. Soprano G#3-A5
Henrik Egerman: Fredrik's son, 20 years old and Anne's stepson. He is serious but confused; he reads the works of philosophers and theologians whilst studying for the Lutheran priesthood. His sexual repression is a great cause of his turmoil, as he lusts after Anne and attempts to have a sexual encounter with Petra. Tenor G3-B4
Petra: Anne's maid and closest confidante, brash, bold and flirtatious. Mezzo F#3-F5
Desiree Armfeldt: Self-absorbed, once-successful actress, now touring the country-side in what is clearly not the "glamorous life". Harboured love for Fredrik for years since their affair. Mezzo F#3-Ab5
Fredrika Armfeldt: Desiree's thirteen-year-old daughter, who may or may not be the product (unbeknownst to Fredrik) of the actress's and Fredrik's affair. Soprano C4-Eb5
Madame Leonora Armfeldt: Desiree's mother, a former courtesan who has had "liaisons" with royalty. Alto C3-F#4
Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm: A military dragoon who is Desiree's latest lover. Hypocritically places value on fidelity, being hugely possessive when it comes to both his wife and mistress. Baritenor G2-F#4
Countess Charlotte Malcolm: Carl-Magnus' wife, to whom he flaunts his infidelities. She despises her husband for his behaviour, but obeys his orders due to her hopeless love for him. Self-loathing and borderline alcoholic, yet the more intelligent half of the Malcom couple. Mezzo G3-F5
Frid: Madame Armfeldt's manservant. Has a tryst with Petra.
The Quintet: Mr. Lindquist, Mrs. Nordstrom, Mrs. Anderssen, Mr. Erlanson and Mrs. Segstrom. A group of five singers that act as a Greek chorus. Sometimes referred to as the Liebeslieder Singers although Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler did not script them to have that title, using Quintet instead. The first usage of Liebeslieders for the Quintet came during the 1990 New York Opera production. Prince said that these characters represent "people in the show who aren't wasting time ... the play is about wasting time."[1]
Malla: Desiree's maid, who is with her constantly. (silent part)
Osa: Maid at Madame Armfeldt's manse. (silent part)
Bertrand: Page at Madame Armfeldt's manse. (silent part)

text: Productions[edit]

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text: A Little Night Music opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre on February 25, 1973. It played there until September 15, 1973, then moved to the Majestic Theatre, on September 17, and closed there on August 3, 1974, after 601 performances and 12 previews. It was directed by Harold Prince with choreography by Patricia Birch and design by Boris Aronson. The cast included Glynis Johns (Desiree Armfeldt), Len Cariou (Fredrik Egerman), Hermione Gingold (Madame Armfeldt), Victoria Mallory (Anne Egerman), Judith Kahan (Fredrika Armfeldt), Mark Lambert (Henrik Egerman), Laurence Guittard (Carl-Magnus Malcolm), Patricia Elliott (Charlotte Malcolm), George Lee Andrews (Frid), and D. Jamin Bartlett (Petra). It won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award and the Tony Award for Best Musical.

text: United States tour[edit]

text: A US national tour began on February 26, 1974, at the Forrest Theatre, Philadelphia, and ended on February 13, 1975, at the Shubert Theatre, Boston. Jean Simmons as Desiree Armfeldt, George Lee Andrews as Fredrik Egerman and Margaret Hamilton as Madame Armfeldt headed the cast.[2]

text: West End premiere[edit]

text: The musical premiered in the West End at the Adelphi Theatre on April 15, 1975, and starred Jean Simmons, Joss Ackland, David Kernan, Liz Robertson, and Diane Langton, with Hermione Gingold reprising her role as Madame Armfeldt. It ran for 406 performances. During the run, Angela Baddeley replaced Gingold, and Virginia McKenna replaced Simmons.

text: 1989 West End revival[edit]

text: A revival opened in the West End on October 6, 1989, at the Piccadilly Theatre, directed by Ian Judge, designed by Mark Thompson, and choreographed by Anthony Van Laast. It starred Lila Kedrova as Madame Armfeldt, Dorothy Tutin as Desiree Armfeldt, Peter McEnery as Fredrick, and Susan Hampshire. The production ran for 144 performances, closing on February 17, 1990.

text: 1995 London revival[edit]

text: A revival by the Royal National Theatre opened at the Olivier Theatre on September 26, 1995. It was directed by Sean Mathias, with set design by Stephen Brimson Lewis, costumes by Nicky Gillibrand, lighting by Mark Henderson and choreography by Wayne McGregor. It starred Judi Dench (Desiree), Siân Phillips (Madame Armfeldt), Joanna Riding (Anne Egerman), Laurence Guittard (Fredrik Egerman), Patricia Hodge (Countess Charlotte) and Issy van Randwyck (Petra). The production closed on August 31, 1996. Dench received the Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical.[3]

text: 2008 London revival[edit]

text: The third London revival ran at the Menier Chocolate Factory from November 22, 2008 until March 8, 2009. The production was directed by Trevor Nunn, with choreography by Lynne Page, sets and costumes by David Farley and new orchestrations by Jason Carr. The cast included Hannah Waddingham as Desiree, Alexander Hanson as Frederik, Jessie Buckley (Anne), Maureen Lipman (Mme. Armfeldt), Alistair Robins (the Count), Gabriel Vick (Henrik), Grace Link and Holly Hallam (shared role Fredrika) and Kasia Hammarlund (Petra).[4] This critically acclaimed[5][6][7] production transferred to the Garrick Theatre in the West End for a limited season, opening on March 28, 2009 and running until July 25, 2009.[8] The production then transferred to Broadway with a new cast.

text: 2009 Broadway revival[edit]

text: The 2008 Menier Chocolate Factory production opened on Broadway at the Walter Kerr Theatre in previews on November 24, 2009 and officially on December 13, 2009, with the same creative team. The cast starred Angela Lansbury as Madame Armfeldt and, in her Broadway debut, Catherine Zeta-Jones as Desiree. Also featured were Alexander Hanson as Frederik,[9] Ramona Mallory (the daughter of original Broadway cast members Victoria Mallory and Mark Lambert) as Anne, Hunter Ryan Herdlicka as Henrik, Leigh Ann Larkin as Petra, Erin Davie as the Countess, Aaron Lazar as the Count, and Bradley Dean as Frid. Zeta-Jones was recognized as Best Leading Actress in a Musical at the 64th Tony Awards.[10]

text: When the contracts of Zeta-Jones and Lansbury ended, the production temporarily closed on June 20, 2010 and resumed on July 13, with new stars Bernadette Peters as Desiree Armfeldt and Elaine Stritch as Madame Armfeldt.[11][12] In an interview, Peters said that Sondheim had "proposed the idea to her this spring and urged the producers of the revival to cast her."[13] Trevor Nunn directed rehearsals with the two new stars, and the rest of the original cast remained.[14][15] Peters and Stritch extended their contracts until January 9, 2011, when the production closed with 20 previews and 425 regular performances.[16] Before the production closed, it recouped its initial investment.[17]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Zarah Leander played Madame Armfeldt in the original Austrian staging (in 1975) as well as in the original Swedish staging in Stockholm in 1978 (here with Jan Malmsjö as Fredrik Egerman), performing "Send In The Clowns" and "Liaisons" in both stagings. The successful Stockholm staging was directed by Stig Olin. In 2010 the musical was scheduled to return to Stockholm and the Stockholm Stadsteater. The cast included Pia Johansson, Dan Ekborg, Yvonne Lombard and Thérese Andersson.[citation needed]

text: The Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris production ran from February 15, 2010 through February 20, 2010. Lee Blakeley directed and Andrew George was the choreographer.[18] Italian-born actress Greta Scacchi played Désirée, and Leslie Caron played Madame Armfeldt. [19]

text: The Turku City Theatre staged the musical in 2011 with Kirsi Tarvainen in the role as Désirée. Tuomas Parkkinen directed and Jussi Vahvaselkä was musical director.

text: Opera companies[edit]

text: The musical has also become part of the repertoire of a few opera companies. Michigan Opera Theatre was the first major American opera company to present the work in 1983, and again in November 2009. Light Opera Works (Evanston, IL) produced the work in August 1983. New York City Opera staged it in 1990, 1991 and 2003, the Houston Grand Opera in 1999, the Los Angeles Opera in 2004, and Hartford Opera Theater in 2014. New York City Opera's production in August 1990 and July 1991 (a total of 18 performances) won the 1990 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival and was telecast on the PBS show "Live at Lincoln Center" on November 7, 1990.[20][20] The cast included both stage performers: Sally Ann Howes and George Lee Andrews as Desiree and Frederick and opera regular Regina Resnik as Madame Armfeldt (in 1991).[21] The 2003 production featured a young Anna Kendrick as Fredrika Armfeldt, alongside Jeremy Irons as Frederick, Juliet Stevenson as Desiree, Claire Bloom as Madame Armfeldt, Danny Gurwin as Henrik, Michelle Pawk as Charlotte, and Marc Kudisch as Carl-Magnus.[22]

text: Opera Australia presented the piece in Melbourne in May 2009, starring Sigrid Thornton as Desiree Armfeldt and Nacye Hayes as Madame Armfeldt. The production returned in 2010 at the Sydney Opera House with Anthony Warlow taking on the role of Fredrik Egerman. The production was directed by Stuart Maunder, designed by Roger Kirk, and conducted by Andrew Greene.[23] Opera Theatre of Saint Louis performed the musical in June 2010. Designer Isaac Mizrahi directed and designed the production, with a cast that starred Amy Irving, Siân Phillips and Ron Raines.[24]

text: The piece has also become a popular choice for amateur musical theatre and light opera companies. In 2017, the musical was performed by students at The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.[25]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: A film version of A Little Night Music was released in 1977, starring Elizabeth Taylor, Lesley-Anne Down and Diana Rigg, with Len Cariou, Hermione Gingold and Laurence Guittard reprising their Broadway roles. The setting for the film was moved from Sweden to Austria. Stephen Sondheim wrote lyrics for the "Night Waltz" theme ("Love Takes Time") and wrote an entirely new version of "The Glamorous Life", which has been incorporated into several subsequent productions of the stage musical. However, other songs, including "In Praise of Women", "The Miller's Son" and "Liaisons", were cut and remain heard only as background orchestrations. The film marked Broadway director Hal Prince's second time as a motion picture director. Critical reaction to the film was mostly negative, with much being made of Taylor's wildly fluctuating weight from scene to scene.[26] Some critics talked more positively of the film, with Variety calling it "an elegant looking, period romantic charade".[27] There was praise for Diana Rigg's performance, and orchestrator Jonathan Tunick received an Oscar for his work on the score. A soundtrack recording was released on LP, and a DVD release was issued in June 2007.[28]

text: Music analysis[edit]

text: The score for A Little Night Music has elements not often found in musical theater, presenting challenges for performers, with complex meters, pitch changes, polyphony, and high notes for both males and females. The difficulty is heightened when songs merge, as in "Now"/"Later"/"Soon", because all three have to be performed in the same key, limiting the ability to pick a comfortable key for each singer. Critic Rex Reed noted that "The score of 'Night Music' ...contains patter songs, contrapuntal duets and trios, a quartet, and even a dramatic double quintet to puzzle through. All this has been gorgeously orchestrated by Jonathan Tunick; there is no rhythm section, only strings and woodwinds to carry the melodies and harmonies aloft."[29]

text: Sondheim's engagement with threes extends to his lyrics. He organizes trios with the singers separated, while his duets are sung together, about a third person.[30]

text: The work is performed as an operetta in many professional opera companies. For example, it was added to the New York City Opera Company repertoire in 1990.[31]

text: 3/4 time[edit]

text: Virtually all of the music in the show is written in waltz time (3/4). Some parts adopt compound meter, with a time signature such as 12/8.[30] Passages in "Overture", "Glamorous Life", "Liaisons", and "The Miller's Son" are in duple meter.[32]

text: Counterpoint and polyphony[edit]

text: At several points, Sondheim has multiple performers each sing a different song simultaneously. This use of counterpoint maintains coherence even as it extends the notion of a round, familiar in songs such as the traditional "Frère Jacques", into something more complex. Sondheim said: "As for the three songs... going together well, I might as well confess. In those days I was just getting into contrapuntal and choral writing...and I wanted to develop my technique by writing a trio. What I didn't want to do is the quodlibet method...wouldn't it be nice to have three songs you don't think are going to go together, and they do go together... The trick was the little vamp on "Soon" which has five-and six-note chords."[33] Steve Swayne comments that the "contrapuntal episodes in the extended ensembles... stand as testament to his interest in Counterpoint."[33]

text: "Send In The Clowns"[edit]

text: The show's best-known and Sondheim's biggest hit song was almost an afterthought, written several days before the start of out-of-town tryouts.[34] Sondheim initially conceived Desiree as a role for a more-or-less non-singing actress. When he discovered that the original Desiree, Glynis Johns, was able to sing (she had a "small, silvery voice")[35] but could not "sustain a phrase", he devised the song "Send in the Clowns" for her in a way that would work around her vocal weakness, e.g., by ending lines with consonants that made for a short cut-off.[35] "It is written in short phrases in order to be acted rather than sung...tailor-made for Glynis Johns, who lacks the vocal power to sustain long phrases."[36]

text: In analyzing the text of the song, Max Cryer wrote that it "is not intended to be sung by the young in love, but by a mature performer who has seen it all before. The song remains an anthem to regret for unwise decisions in the past and recognition that there's no need to send in the clowns-they're already here."[37]

text: Graham Wolfe has argued, "What Desirée is referring to in the famous song is a conventional device to cover over a moment when something has gone wrong on stage. Midway through the second Act she has deviated from her usual script by suggesting to Fredrik the possibility of being together seriously and permanently, and, having been rejected, she falters as a show-person, finds herself bereft of the capacity to improvise and wittily cover. If Desirée could perform at this moment – revert to the innuendos, one-liners and blithe self-referential humour that constitutes her normal character – all would be well. She cannot, and what follows is an exemplary manifestation of Sondheim’s musico-dramatic complexity, his inclination to write music that performs drama. That is, what needs to be covered over (by the clowns sung about in the song) is the very intensity, ragged emotion and utter vulnerability that comes forward through the music and singing itself, a display protracted to six minutes, wrought with exposed silences, a shocked Fredrik sitting so uncomfortably before Desirée while something much too real emerges in a realm where he – and his audience – felt assured of performance."[38]

text: Influences[edit]

text: There is a Mozart reference in the title—A Little Night Music is an occasionally used translation of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, the nickname of Mozart's Serenade No. 13 for strings in G major, K. 525. The elegant, harmonically-advanced music in this musical pays indirect homage to the compositions of Maurice Ravel, especially his Valses nobles et sentimentales[39] (whose opening chord is borrowed for the opening chord of the song "Liaisons"); part of this effect stems from the style of orchestration that Jonathan Tunick used.

text: Cast recordings[edit]

text: In addition to the original Broadway and London cast recordings, and the motion picture soundtrack (no longer available), there are recordings of the 1990 studio cast, the 1995 Royal National Theatre revival (starring Judi Dench), and the 2001 Barcelona cast recording sung in Catalan. In 1997 an all-jazz version of the score was recorded by Terry Trotter.[40]

text: The 2009 Broadway revival with Catherine Zeta-Jones and Angela Lansbury recorded a cast album on January 4, 2010, which was released on April 6.[41]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: In his review of the original 1973 Broadway production, Clive Barnes in the New York Times called the musical "heady, civilized, sophisticated and enchanting." He noted that "the real triumph belongs to Stephen Sondheim...the music is a celebration of 3/4 time, an orgy of plaintively memorable waltzes, all talking of past loves and lost worlds...There is a peasant touch here." He commented that the lyrics are "breathtaking".[42]

text: In its review of the 1989 London revival, the reviewer for The Guardian wrote that the "production also strikes me as infinitely superior to Harold Prince's 1975 version at the Adelphi. Mr Judge's great innovation is to transform the Liebeslieder Singers from the evening-dressed, after-dinner line-up into 18th century ghosts weaving in and out of the action...But Mr Judge's other great realisation is that, in Sondheim, the lyrics are not an adornment to a song but their very essence: understand them and the show will flow. Thus Dorothy Tutin as Desiree, the touring thesp eventually reunited with her quondam lover, is not the melting romantic of previous productions but a working mother with the sharpness of a hat-pin."[43]

text: The Independent review of the 1995 National Theatre revival praised the production, writing "For three hours of gloriously barbed bliss and bewitchment, Sean Mathias's production establishes the show as a minor miracle of astringent worldly wisdom and one that is haunted by less earthy intimations." The review went on to state that "The heart of the production, in both senses, is Judi Dench's superb Desiree Armfeldt...Her husky-voiced rendering of "Send in the Clowns" is the most moving I've ever heard."[44]

text: In reviewing the 2008 Menier Chocolate Factory production, the Telegraph reviewer wrote that "Sondheim's lyrics are often superbly witty, his music here, mostly in haunting waltz-time, far more accessible than is sometimes the case. The score positively throbs with love, regret and desire." But of the specific production, the reviewer went on to note: "But Nunn's production, on one of those hermetic sets largely consisting of doors and tarnished mirrors that have become such a cliché in recent years, never penetrates the work's subtly erotic heart. And as is often the case with this director's work, the pace is so slow and the mood so reverent, that initial enchantment gives way to bored fidgeting."[7]

text: In his New York Times review of the 2009 Broadway production, Ben Brantley noted that "the expression that hovers over Trevor Nunn's revival...feels dangerously close to a smirk...It is a smirk shrouded in shadows. An elegiac darkness infuses this production." The production is "sparing on furniture and heavy on shadows", with "a scaled-down orchestra at lugubriously slowed-down tempos..." He goes on to write that "this somber, less-is-more approach could be effective were the ensemble plugged into the same rueful sensibility. But there is only one moment in this production when all its elements cohere perfectly. That moment, halfway through the first act, belongs to Ms. Lansbury, who has hitherto been perfectly entertaining, playing Madame Armfeldt with the overripe aristocratic condescension of a Lady Bracknell. Then comes her one solo, "Liaisons", in which her character thinks back on the art of love as a profession in a gilded age, when sex 'was but a pleasurable means to a measurable end.' Her face, with its glamour-gorgon makeup, softens, as Madame Armfeldt seems to melt into memory itself, and the wan stage light briefly appears to borrow radiance from her. It's a lovely example of the past reaching out to the present..."[45]

text: Steven Suskin, reviewing the new Broadway cast for Variety, wrote "What a difference a diva makes. Bernadette Peters steps into the six-month-old revival of 'A Little Night Music' with a transfixing performance, playing it as if she realizes her character's onstage billing -- "the one and only Desiree Armfeldt"—is cliched hyperbole. By figuratively rolling her eyes at the hype, Peters gives us a rich, warm and comedically human Desiree, which reaches full impact when she pierces the facade with a nakedly honest, tears-on-cheek 'Send in the Clowns.'"[46]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

1973
Drama Desk Award
Outstanding Book of a Musical
Hugh Wheeler
Won

Outstanding Music
Stephen Sondheim
Won

Outstanding Lyrics
Won

Outstanding Actress in a Musical
Glynis Johns
Nominated

Patricia Elliott
Won

Outstanding Director
Harold Prince
Won

Most Promising Performer
D'Jamin Bartlett
Won

Grammy Award
Best Musical Show Album
Won

Theatre World Award
Laurence Guittard
Won

Patricia Elliott
Won

D'Jamin Bartlett
Won

Tony Award
Best Musical
Won

Best Book of a Musical
Hugh Wheeler
Won

Best Original Score
Stephen Sondheim
Won

Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical
Len Cariou
Nominated

Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical
Glynis Johns
Won

Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical
Laurence Guittard
Nominated

Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical
Patricia Elliott
Won

Hermione Gingold
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Florence Klotz
Won

Best Scenic Design
Boris Aronson
Nominated

Best Lighting Design
Tharon Musser
Nominated

Best Direction of a Musical
Harold Prince
Nominated

text: 1995 London revival[edit]

text:
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

1995
Laurence Olivier Award
Best Actress in a Musical
Judi Dench
Won

Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical
Siân Phillips
Nominated

Best Theatre Choreographer
Wayne McGregor
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Nicky Gillibrand
Nominated

text: 2009 London Revival[edit]

text:
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

2010
Laurence Olivier Award
Best Revival of a Musical
Nominated

Best Actress in a Musical
Hannah Waddingham
Nominated

Best Actor in a Musical
Alexander Hanson
Nominated

Best Performance in a Supporting role in a Musical
Maureen Lipman
Nominated

Best Performance in a Supporting role in a Musical
Kelly Price
Nominated

text: 2009 Broadway revival[edit]

text:
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

2010
Drama Desk Award
Outstanding Revival of a Musical
Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Musical
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Won

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical
Angela Lansbury
Nominated

Outer Critics Circle Award
Outstanding Revival of a Musical
Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Musical
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Won

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical
Angela Lansbury
Nominated

Tony Award
Best Revival of a Musical
Nominated

Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Won

Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical
Angela Lansbury
Nominated

Best Sound Design
Dan Moses Schreier and Gareth Owen
Nominated

2011
Grammy Award[47]
Best Musical Show Album
Nominated


document_title: Balearic Sea

question_text: where is the balearic sea located on a map

root

text: Balearic Sea

text: Coordinates: 40°0′N 1°30′E / 40.000°N 1.500°E / 40.000; 1.500

tag: p

text: The Balearic Sea (endotoponym: Mar Balear in Catalan and Spanish) is a body of water in the Mediterranean Sea near the Balearic Islands.[1] It is not to be confused with the Alboran sea or the Iberian shelf waters. The Ebro River flows into this small sea.

text: Extent[edit]

text: The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Balearic Sea as follows:[2]

text: Between the Islas Baleares and the coast of Spain, bounded:

text: On the Southwest. A line from Cape San Antonio, Spain (38°50′N 0°12′E / 38.833°N 0.200°E / 38.833; 0.200) to Cabo Berberia, the Southwest extreme of Formentera (Islas Baleares).

text: On the Southeast. The South Coast of Formentera, thence a line from Punta Rotja, its Eastern extreme, to the Southern extreme of Isla Cabrera (39°07′N 2°54′E / 39.117°N 2.900°E / 39.117; 2.900) and to Isla del Aire, off the Southern extreme of Menorca.

text: On the Northeast. The East coast of Menorca up to Cap Favaritx (40°00′N 4°14′E / 40.000°N 4.233°E / 40.000; 4.233) thence a line to Cabo San Sebastian (Spain) (41°54′N 3°10′E / 41.900°N 3.167°E / 41.900; 3.167).


document_title: List of World Series champions

question_text: what was the first team to win the world series

text: List of World Series champions

text: Winners[edit]

text: Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series, and are used as follows:

text: Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a World Series as well as each respective teams' World Series record to date.

tag: ul

text:
Year
Winning team
Manager
Games
Losing team
Manager
Ref.

1903
Boston Americans (1, 1–0)
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins
5–3[V]
Pittsburgh Pirates (1, 0–1)
Clarke, FredFred Clarke
[9]

1904
No World Series
[1]

1905
New York Giants (1, 1–0)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
4–1
Philadelphia Athletics (1, 0–1)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
[10]

1906
Chicago White Sox (1, 1–0)
Jones, FielderFielder Jones
4–2
Chicago Cubs (1, 0–1)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance
[11]

1907
Chicago Cubs (2, 1–1)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance
4–0–(1)[T]
Detroit Tigers (1, 0–1)
Jennings, HughHugh Jennings
[12]

1908
Chicago Cubs (3, 2–1)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance
4–1
Detroit Tigers (2, 0–2)
Jennings, HughHugh Jennings
[13]

1909
Pittsburg Pirates (2, 1–1)
Clarke, FredFred Clarke
4–3
Detroit Tigers (3, 0–3)
Jennings, HughHugh Jennings
[14]

1910
Philadelphia Athletics (2, 1–1)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
4–1
Chicago Cubs (4, 2–2)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance
[15]

1911
Philadelphia Athletics (3, 2–1)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
4–2
New York Giants (2, 1–1)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[16]

1912
Boston Red Sox (2, 2–0)
Stahl, JakeJake Stahl
4–3–(1)[T]
New York Giants (3, 1–2)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[17]

1913
Philadelphia Athletics (4, 3–1)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
4–1
New York Giants (4, 1–3)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[18]

1914
Boston Braves (1, 1–0)
Stallings, GeorgeGeorge Stallings
4–0
Philadelphia Athletics (5, 3–2)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
[19]

1915
Boston Red Sox (3, 3–0)
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan
4–1
Philadelphia Phillies (1, 0–1)
Moran, PatPat Moran
[20]

1916
Boston Red Sox (4, 4–0)
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan
4–1
Brooklyn Robins (1, 0–1)
Robinson, WilbertWilbert Robinson
[21]

1917
Chicago White Sox (2, 2–0)
Rowland, PantsPants Rowland
4–2
New York Giants (5, 1–4)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[22]

1918
Boston Red Sox (5, 5–0)
Barrow, EdEd Barrow
4–2
Chicago Cubs (5, 2–3)
Mitchell, FredFred Mitchell
[23]

1919
Cincinnati Reds (1, 1–0)
Moran, PatPat Moran
5–3[V]
Chicago White Sox (3, 2–1)
Gleason, KidKid Gleason
[24]

1920
Cleveland Indians (1, 1–0)
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker
5–2[V]
Brooklyn Robins (2, 0–2)
Robinson, WilbertWilbert Robinson
[25]

1921
New York Giants (6, 2–4)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
5–3[V]
New York Yankees (1, 0–1)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
[26]

1922
New York Giants (7, 3–4)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
4–0–(1)[T]
New York Yankees (2, 0–2)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
[27]

1923
New York Yankees (3, 1–2)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
4–2
New York Giants (8, 3–5)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[28]

1924
Washington Senators (1, 1–0)
Harris, BuckyBucky Harris
4–3
New York Giants (9, 3–6)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[29]

1925
Pittsburgh Pirates (3, 2–1)
McKechnie, BillBill McKechnie
4–3
Washington Senators (2, 1–1)
Harris, BuckyBucky Harris
[30]

1926
St. Louis Cardinals (1, 1–0)
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby
4–3
New York Yankees (4, 1–3)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
[31]

1927
New York Yankees (5, 2–3)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
4–0
Pittsburgh Pirates (4, 2–2)
Donie Bush
[32]

1928
New York Yankees (6, 3–3)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
4–0
St. Louis Cardinals (2, 1–1)
McKechnie, BillBill McKechnie
[33]

1929
Philadelphia Athletics (6, 4–2)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
4–1
Chicago Cubs (6, 2–4)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
[34]

1930
Philadelphia Athletics (7, 5–2)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
4–2
St. Louis Cardinals (3, 1–2)
Street, GabbyGabby Street
[35]

1931
St. Louis Cardinals (4, 2–2)
Street, GabbyGabby Street
4–3
Philadelphia Athletics (8, 5–3)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
[36]

1932
New York Yankees (7, 4–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–0
Chicago Cubs (7, 2–5)
Grimm, CharlieCharlie Grimm
[37]

1933
New York Giants (10, 4–6)
Terry, BillBill Terry
4–1
Washington Senators (3, 1–2)
Cronin, JoeJoe Cronin
[38]

1934
St. Louis Cardinals (5, 3–2)
Frisch, FrankFrank Frisch
4–3
Detroit Tigers (4, 0–4)
Cochrane, MickeyMickey Cochrane
[39]

1935
Detroit Tigers (5, 1–4)
Cochrane, MickeyMickey Cochrane
4–2
Chicago Cubs (8, 2–6)
Grimm, CharlieCharlie Grimm
[40]

1936
New York Yankees (8, 5–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–2
New York Giants (11, 4–7)
Terry, BillBill Terry
[41]

1937
New York Yankees (9, 6–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–1
New York Giants (12, 4–8)
Terry, BillBill Terry
[42]

1938
New York Yankees (10, 7–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–0
Chicago Cubs (9, 2–7)
Hartnett, GabbyGabby Hartnett
[43]

1939
New York Yankees (11, 8–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–0
Cincinnati Reds (2, 1–1)
McKechnie, BillBill McKechnie
[44]

1940
Cincinnati Reds (3, 2–1)
McKechnie, BillBill McKechnie
4–3
Detroit Tigers (6, 1–5)
Baker, DelDel Baker
[45]

1941
New York Yankees (12, 9–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–1
Brooklyn Dodgers (3, 0–3)
Durocher, LeoLeo Durocher
[46]

1942
St. Louis Cardinals (6, 4–2)
Southworth, BillyBilly Southworth
4–1
New York Yankees (13, 9–4)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
[47]

1943
New York Yankees (14, 10–4)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–1
St. Louis Cardinals (7, 4–3)
Southworth, BillyBilly Southworth
[48]

1944
St. Louis Cardinals (8, 5–3)
Southworth, BillyBilly Southworth
4–2
St. Louis Browns (1, 0–1)
Sewell, LukeLuke Sewell
[49]

1945
Detroit Tigers (7, 2–5)
O'Neill, SteveSteve O'Neill
4–3
Chicago Cubs (10, 2–8)
Grimm, CharlieCharlie Grimm
[50]

1946
St. Louis Cardinals (9, 6–3)
Dyer, EddieEddie Dyer
4–3
Boston Red Sox (6, 5–1)
Cronin, JoeJoe Cronin
[51]

1947
New York Yankees (15, 11–4)
Harris, BuckyBucky Harris
4–3
Brooklyn Dodgers (4, 0–4)
Shotton, BurtBurt Shotton
[52]

1948
Cleveland Indians (2, 2–0)
Boudreau, LouLou Boudreau
4–2
Boston Braves (2, 1–1)
Southworth, BillyBilly Southworth
[53]

1949
New York Yankees (16, 12–4)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–1
Brooklyn Dodgers (5, 0–5)
Shotton, BurtBurt Shotton
[54]

1950
New York Yankees (17, 13–4)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–0
Philadelphia Phillies (2, 0–2)
Sawyer, EddieEddie Sawyer
[55]

1951
New York Yankees (18, 14–4)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–2
New York Giants (13, 4–9)
Durocher, LeoLeo Durocher
[56]

1952
New York Yankees (19, 15–4)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–3
Brooklyn Dodgers (6, 0–6)
Dressen, CharlieCharlie Dressen
[57]

1953
New York Yankees (20, 16–4)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–2
Brooklyn Dodgers (7, 0–7)
Dressen, CharlieCharlie Dressen
[58]

1954
New York Giants (14, 5–9)
Durocher, LeoLeo Durocher
4–0
Cleveland Indians (3, 2–1)
Lopez, AlAl Lopez
[59]

1955
Brooklyn Dodgers (8, 1–7)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
4–3
New York Yankees (21, 16–5)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
[60]

1956
New York Yankees (22, 17–5)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–3
Brooklyn Dodgers (9, 1–8)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
[61]

1957
Milwaukee Braves (3, 2–1)
Haney, FredFred Haney
4–3
New York Yankees (23, 17–6)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
[62]

1958
New York Yankees (24, 18–6)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–3
Milwaukee Braves (4, 2–2)
Haney, FredFred Haney
[63]

1959
Los Angeles Dodgers (10, 2–8)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
4–2
Chicago White Sox (4, 2–2)
Lopez, AlAl Lopez
[64]

1960
Pittsburgh Pirates (5, 3–2)
Murtaugh, DannyDanny Murtaugh
4–3
New York Yankees (25, 18–7)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
[65]

1961
New York Yankees (26, 19–7)
Houk, RalphRalph Houk
4–1
Cincinnati Reds (4, 2–2)
Hutchinson, FredFred Hutchinson
[66]

1962
New York Yankees (27, 20–7)
Houk, RalphRalph Houk
4–3
San Francisco Giants (15, 5–10)
Dark, AlvinAlvin Dark
[67]

1963
Los Angeles Dodgers (11, 3–8)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
4–0
New York Yankees (28, 20–8)
Houk, RalphRalph Houk
[68]

1964
St. Louis Cardinals (10, 7–3)
Keane, JohnnyJohnny Keane
4–3
New York Yankees (29, 20–9)
Berra, YogiYogi Berra
[69]

1965
Los Angeles Dodgers (12, 4–8)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
4–3
Minnesota Twins (4, 1–3)
Mele, SamSam Mele
[70]

1966
Baltimore Orioles (2, 1–1)
Bauer, HankHank Bauer
4–0
Los Angeles Dodgers (13, 4–9)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
[71]

1967
St. Louis Cardinals (11, 8–3)
Schoendienst, RedRed Schoendienst
4–3
Boston Red Sox (7, 5–2)
Williams, DickDick Williams
[72]

1968
Detroit Tigers (8, 3–5)
Smith, MayoMayo Smith
4–3
St. Louis Cardinals (12, 8–4)
Schoendienst, RedRed Schoendienst
[73]

1969
New York Mets (1, 1–0)
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
4–1
Baltimore Orioles (3, 1–2)
Weaver, EarlEarl Weaver
[74]

1970
Baltimore Orioles (4, 2–2)
Weaver, EarlEarl Weaver
4–1
Cincinnati Reds (5, 2–3)
Anderson, SparkySparky Anderson
[75]

1971
Pittsburgh Pirates (6, 4–2)
Murtaugh, DannyDanny Murtaugh
4–3
Baltimore Orioles (5, 2–3)
Weaver, EarlEarl Weaver
[76]

1972
Oakland Athletics (9, 6–3)
Williams, DickDick Williams
4–3
Cincinnati Reds (6, 2–4)
Anderson, SparkySparky Anderson
[77]

1973
Oakland Athletics (10, 7–3)
Williams, DickDick Williams
4–3
New York Mets (2, 1–1)
Berra, YogiYogi Berra
[78]

1974
Oakland Athletics (11, 8–3)
Dark, AlvinAlvin Dark
4–1
Los Angeles Dodgers (14, 4–10)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
[79]

1975
Cincinnati Reds (7, 3–4)
Anderson, SparkySparky Anderson
4–3
Boston Red Sox (8, 5–3)
Johnson, DarrellDarrell Johnson
[80]

1976
Cincinnati Reds (8, 4–4)
Anderson, SparkySparky Anderson
4–0
New York Yankees (30, 20–10)
Martin, BillyBilly Martin
[81]

1977
New York Yankees (31, 21–10)
Martin, BillyBilly Martin
4–2
Los Angeles Dodgers (15, 4–11)
Lasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda
[82]

1978
New York Yankees (32, 22–10)
Lemon, BobBob Lemon
4–2
Los Angeles Dodgers (16, 4–12)
Lasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda
[83]

1979
Pittsburgh Pirates (7, 5–2)
Tanner, ChuckChuck Tanner
4–3
Baltimore Orioles (6, 2–4)
Weaver, EarlEarl Weaver
[84]

1980
Philadelphia Phillies (3, 1–2)
Green, DallasDallas Green
4–2
Kansas City Royals (1, 0–1)
Frey, JimJim Frey
[85]

1981
Los Angeles Dodgers (17, 5–12)
Lasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda
4–2
New York Yankees (33, 22–11)
Lemon, BobBob Lemon
[86]

1982
St. Louis Cardinals (13, 9–4)
Herzog, WhiteyWhitey Herzog
4–3
Milwaukee Brewers[L1] (1, 0–1)
Kuenn, HarveyHarvey Kuenn
[87]

1983
Baltimore Orioles (7, 3–4)
Altobelli, JoeJoe Altobelli
4–1
Philadelphia Phillies (4, 1–3)
Owens, PaulPaul Owens
[88]

1984
Detroit Tigers (9, 4–5)
Anderson, SparkySparky Anderson
4–1
San Diego Padres (1, 0–1)
Williams, DickDick Williams
[89]

1985
Kansas City Royals (2, 1–1)
Howser, DickDick Howser
4–3
St. Louis Cardinals (14, 9–5)
Herzog, WhiteyWhitey Herzog
[90]

1986
New York Mets (3, 2–1)
Johnson, DaveyDavey Johnson
4–3
Boston Red Sox (9, 5–4)
McNamara, JohnJohn McNamara
[91]

1987
Minnesota Twins (5, 2–3)
Kelly, TomTom Kelly
4–3
St. Louis Cardinals (15, 9–6)
Herzog, WhiteyWhitey Herzog
[92]

1988
Los Angeles Dodgers (18, 6–12)
Lasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda
4–1
Oakland Athletics (12, 8–4)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
[93]

1989
Oakland Athletics (13, 9–4)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
4–0
San Francisco Giants (16, 5–11)
Craig, RogerRoger Craig
[94]

1990
Cincinnati Reds (9, 5–4)
Piniella, LouLou Piniella
4–0
Oakland Athletics (14, 9–5)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
[95]

1991
Minnesota Twins (6, 3–3)
Kelly, TomTom Kelly
4–3
Atlanta Braves (5, 2–3)
Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
[96]

1992
Toronto Blue Jays (1, 1–0)
Gaston, CitoCito Gaston
4–2
Atlanta Braves (6, 2–4)
Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
[97]

1993
Toronto Blue Jays (2, 2–0)
Gaston, CitoCito Gaston
4–2
Philadelphia Phillies (5, 1–4)
Fregosi, JimJim Fregosi
[98]

1994
No World Series due to a players' strike

1995
Atlanta Braves (7, 3–4)
Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
4–2
Cleveland Indians (4, 2–2)
Hargrove, MikeMike Hargrove
[99]

1996
New York Yankees (34, 23–11)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
4–2
Atlanta Braves (8, 3–5)
Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
[100]

1997
Florida Marlins[W] (1, 1–0)
Leyland, JimJim Leyland
4–3
Cleveland Indians (5, 2–3)
Hargrove, MikeMike Hargrove
[101]

1998
New York Yankees (35, 24–11)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
4–0
San Diego Padres (2, 0–2)
Bruce Bochy
[102]

1999
New York Yankees (36, 25–11)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
4–0
Atlanta Braves (9, 3–6)
Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
[103]

2000
New York Yankees (37, 26–11)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
4–1
New York Mets[W] (4, 2–2)
Valentine, BobbyBobby Valentine
[104]

2001
Arizona Diamondbacks (1, 1–0)
Brenly, BobBob Brenly
4–3
New York Yankees (38, 26–12)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
[105]

2002
Anaheim Angels[W] (1, 1–0)
Scioscia, MikeMike Scioscia
4–3
San Francisco Giants[W] (17, 5–12)
Baker, DustyDusty Baker
[106]

2003
Florida Marlins[W] (2, 2–0)
McKeon, JackJack McKeon
4–2
New York Yankees (39, 26–13)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
[107]

2004
Boston Red Sox[W] (10, 6–4)
Francona, TerryTerry Francona
4–0
St. Louis Cardinals (16, 9–7)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
[108]

2005
Chicago White Sox (5, 3–2)
Guillén, OzzieOzzie Guillén
4–0
Houston Astros[W][L2] (1, 0–1)
Garner, PhilPhil Garner
[109]

2006
St. Louis Cardinals (17, 10–7)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
4–1
Detroit Tigers[W] (10, 4–6)
Leyland, JimJim Leyland
[110]

2007
Boston Red Sox (11, 7–4)
Francona, TerryTerry Francona
4–0
Colorado Rockies[W] (1, 0–1)
Hurdle, ClintClint Hurdle
[111]

2008
Philadelphia Phillies (6, 2–4)
Manuel, CharlieCharlie Manuel
4–1
Tampa Bay Rays (1, 0–1)
Maddon, JoeJoe Maddon
[112]

2009
New York Yankees (40, 27–13)
Girardi, JoeJoe Girardi
4–2
Philadelphia Phillies (7, 2–5)
Manuel, CharlieCharlie Manuel
[113]

2010
San Francisco Giants (18, 6–12)
Bochy, BruceBruce Bochy
4–1
Texas Rangers (1, 0–1)
Washington, RonRon Washington
[114]

2011
St. Louis Cardinals[W] (18, 11–7)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
4–3
Texas Rangers (2, 0–2)
Washington, RonRon Washington
[115]

2012
San Francisco Giants (19, 7–12)
Bochy, BruceBruce Bochy
4–0
Detroit Tigers (11, 4–7)
Leyland, JimJim Leyland
[116]

2013
Boston Red Sox (12, 8–4)
Farrell, JohnJohn Farrell
4–2
St. Louis Cardinals (19, 11–8)
Matheny, MikeMike Matheny
[117]

2014
San Francisco Giants[W] (20, 8–12)
Bochy, BruceBruce Bochy
4–3
Kansas City Royals[W] (3, 1–2)
Yost, NedNed Yost
[118]

2015
Kansas City Royals (4, 2–2)
Yost, NedNed Yost
4–1
New York Mets (5, 2–3)
Collins, TerryTerry Collins
[119]

2016
Chicago Cubs (11, 3–8)
Maddon, JoeJoe Maddon
4–3
Cleveland Indians (6, 2–4)
Francona, TerryTerry Francona
[120]

2017
Houston Astros[L2] (2, 1–1)
Hinch, A. J.A. J. Hinch
4–3
Los Angeles Dodgers (19, 6–13)
Roberts, DaveDave Roberts
[121]

tag: table

text: Series appearances by club[edit]

text: Appearances by club[edit]

text:
Series
appearances
Team
League
Winners
Runners-up
Win %
Most recent
Games
won
Games
lost
Games
tied
Game
win %
Most Recent
game win
Founded

win
appearance

40
New York Yankees
AL
27
13
.675
2009
2009
134
90
1
.598
2009
1903

20
San Francisco Giants (New York)
NL
8
12
.400
2014
2014
57
57
2
.500
2014
1883

19
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
11
8
.579
2011
2013
58
60
0
.492
2011
1882

19
Los Angeles Dodgers (Brooklyn)
NL
6
13
.316
1988
2017
48
64
0
.429
2017
1884

14
Oakland Athletics (Kansas City/Philadelphia)
AL
9
5
.643
1989
1990
41
34
0
.547
1989
1901

12
Boston Red Sox (Boston)
AL
8
4
.667
2013
2013
45
28
1
.615
2013
1901

11
Detroit Tigers
AL
4
7
.364
1984
2012
27
37
1
.423
2006
1901

11
Chicago Cubs
NL
3
8
.273
2016
2016
23
36
1
.392
2016
1870

9
Cincinnati Reds
NL
5
4
.556
1990
1990
26
25
0
.510
1990
1881

9
Atlanta Braves (Milwaukee/Boston)
NL
3
6
.333
1995
1999
24
29
0
.453
1996
1871

7
Pittsburgh Pirates
NL
5
2
.714
1979
1979
23
24
0
.489
1979
1887

7
Baltimore Orioles (St. Louis Browns)
AL
3
4
.429
1983
1983
21
18
0
.538
1983
1900

7
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
2
5
.286
2008
2009
14
23
0
.378
2009
1883

6
Minnesota Twins (Washington Senators)
AL
3
3
.500
1991
1991
19
21
0
.475
1991
1901

6
Cleveland Indians
AL
2
4
.333
1948
2016
17
20
0
.459
2016
1901

5
Chicago White Sox
AL
3
2
.600
2005
2005
17
13
0
.567
2005
1900

5
New York Mets
NL
2
3
.400
1986
2015
13
16
0
.448
2015
1962

4
Kansas City Royals
AL
2
2
.500
2015
2015
13
12
0
.520
2015
1969

2
Miami Marlins (Florida)
NL
2
0
1.000
2003
2003
8
5
0
.615
2003
1993

2
Toronto Blue Jays
AL
2
0
1.000
1993
1993
8
4
0
.667
1993
1977

2
Houston Astros
NL/AL[L2]
1
1
.500
2017
2017
4
7
0
.364
2017
1962

2
Texas Rangers (Washington Senators)
AL
0
2
.000
0 !—
2011
4
8
0
.333
2011
1961

2
San Diego Padres
NL
0
2
.000
0 !—
1998
1
8
0
.111
1984
1969

1
Los Angeles Angels
(Anaheim/California/Los Angeles)
AL
1
0
1.000
2002
2002
4
3
0
.571
2002
1961

1
Arizona Diamondbacks
NL
1
0
1.000
2001
2001
4
3
0
.571
2001
1998

1
Tampa Bay Rays
AL
0
1
.000
0 !—
2008
1
4
0
.200
2008
1998

1
Colorado Rockies
NL
0
1
.000
0 !—
2007
0
4
0
.000
0 !—
1993

1
Milwaukee Brewers (Seattle Pilots)
AL/NL[L1]
0
1
.000
0 !—
1982
3
4
0
.429
1982
1969

0
Washington Nationals (Montreal Expos)
NL
0
0
0 !—
0 !—
0 !—
0
0
0
–
0 !—
1969

0
Seattle Mariners
AL
0
0
0 !—
0 !—
0 !—
0
0
0
–
0 !—
1977

text: Years of appearance[edit]

text: In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by year of first appearance. In the "Season(s)" column, bold years indicate winning World Series appearances.

text:
Series
appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Win %
Season(s)

40
New York Yankees
27
13
.675
1921, 1922, 1923, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2009

20
San Francisco Giants (New York)
8
12
.400
1905, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1917, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1951, 1954, 1962, 1989, 2002, 2010, 2012, 2014

19
St. Louis Cardinals
11
8
.579
1926, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1982, 1985, 1987, 2004, 2006, 2011, 2013

19
Los Angeles Dodgers (Brooklyn)
6
13
.316
1916, 1920, 1941, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1988, 2017

14
Oakland Athletics (Kansas City/Philadelphia)
9
5
.643
1905, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1914, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1988, 1989, 1990

12
Boston Red Sox (Americans)
8
4
.667
1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1946, 1967, 1975, 1986, 2004, 2007, 2013

11
Detroit Tigers
4
7
.364
1907, 1908, 1909, 1934, 1935, 1940, 1945, 1968, 1984, 2006, 2012

11
Chicago Cubs
3
8
.273
1906, 1907, 1908, 1910, 1918, 1929, 1932, 1935, 1938, 1945, 2016

9
Cincinnati Reds
5
4
.556
1919, 1939, 1940, 1961, 1970, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1990

9
Atlanta Braves (Milwaukee/Boston)
3
6
.333
1914, 1948, 1957, 1958, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1999

7
Pittsburgh Pirates
5
2
.714
1903, 1909, 1925, 1927, 1960, 1971, 1979

7
Baltimore Orioles (St. Louis Browns)
3
4
.429
1944, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979, 1983

7
Philadelphia Phillies
2
5
.286
1915, 1950, 1980, 1983, 1993, 2008, 2009

6
Minnesota Twins (Washington Senators)
3
3
.500
1924, 1925, 1933, 1965, 1987, 1991

6
Cleveland Indians
2
4
.333
1920, 1948, 1954, 1995, 1997, 2016

5
Chicago White Sox
3
2
.600
1906, 1917, 1919, 1959, 2005

5
New York Mets
2
3
.400
1969, 1973, 1986, 2000, 2015

4
Kansas City Royals
2
2
.500
1980, 1985, 2014, 2015

2
Toronto Blue Jays
2
0
1.000
1992, 1993

2
Miami Marlins (Florida)
2
0
1.000
1997, 2003

2
Houston Astros
1
1
.500
2005, 2017

2
San Diego Padres
0
2
.000
1984, 1998

2
Texas Rangers (Washington Senators)
0
2
.000
2010, 2011

1
Arizona Diamondbacks
1
0
1.000
2001

1
Los Angeles Angels
(Anaheim/California/Los Angeles)
1
0
1.000
2002

1
Milwaukee Brewers (Seattle Pilots)
0
1
.000
1982

1
Colorado Rockies
0
1
.000
2007

1
Tampa Bay Rays
0
1
.000
2008

0
Washington Nationals (Montreal Expos)
0
0
0 !—

0
Seattle Mariners
0
0
0 !—

text: Frequent matchups[edit]

text: The following are the 19 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series. All teams which have participated in these were "Classic Eight" members of either the American or National League; no expansion team (created in 1961 or later) has faced an opponent more than once in a World Series.

text:
Count
Matchup
Record
Years

11
Brooklyn & Los Angeles Dodgers vs. New York Yankees
Yankees, 8–3
1941, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1963, 1977, 1978, 1981

7
New York Yankees vs. New York & San Francisco Giants
Yankees, 5–2
1921, 1922, 1923, 1936, 1937, 1951, 1962

5
New York Yankees vs. St. Louis Cardinals
Cardinals, 3–2
1926, 1928, 1942, 1943, 1964

4
Milwaukee & Atlanta Braves vs. New York Yankees
Yankees, 3–1
1957, 1958, 1996, 1999

4
Boston Red Sox vs. St. Louis Cardinals
Tied, 2–2
1946, 1967, 2004, 2013

4
Chicago Cubs vs. Detroit Tigers
Tied, 2–2
1907, 1908, 1935, 1945

4
Philadelphia & Oakland Athletics vs. New York & San Francisco Giants
Athletics, 3–1
1905, 1911, 1913, 1989

3
Cincinnati Reds vs. New York Yankees
Yankees, 2–1
1939, 1961, 1976

3
Detroit Tigers vs. St. Louis Cardinals
Cardinals, 2–1
1934, 1968, 2006

2
Boston & Atlanta Braves vs. Cleveland Indians
Tied, 1–1
1948, 1995

2
Baltimore Orioles vs. Pittsburgh Pirates
Pirates, 2–0
1971, 1979

2
Chicago Cubs vs. New York Yankees
Yankees, 2–0
1932, 1938

2
Chicago Cubs vs. Philadelphia Athletics (now Oakland)
Athletics, 2–0
1910, 1929

2
Cincinnati Reds vs. Oakland Athletics
Tied, 1–1
1972, 1990

2
Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Oakland Athletics
Tied, 1–1
1974, 1988

2
Washington Senators (now Minnesota Twins) vs. New York Giants (now San Francisco)
Tied, 1–1
1924, 1933

2
New York Yankees vs. Philadelphia Phillies
Yankees, 2–0
1950, 2009

2
New York Yankees vs. Pittsburgh Pirates
Tied, 1–1
1927, 1960

2
Philadelphia Athletics (now Oakland) vs. St. Louis Cardinals
Tied, 1–1
1930, 1931

text: Notes[edit]

text:
T The 1907, 1912, and 1922 World Series each included one tied game.
V The 1903, 1919, 1920, and 1921 World Series were in a best-of-nine format (carried by the first team to win five games).
W Indicates a team which made the playoffs as a wild card team (rather than by winning a division).[1]
L1 The Brewers were in the American League from 1969–1997, after which they switched to the National League.[122]
L2 The Astros were in the National League from 1962–2012, after which they switched to the American League.


document_title: Bioenergetic systems

question_text: where does the atp cp system take place

question_tokens: where does the atp cp system take place

text: Bioenergetic systems

text: Overview[edit]

text: The cellular respiration process that converts food energy into ATP (a form of energy) is largely dependent on oxygen availability. During exercise, the supply and demand of oxygen available to muscle cells is affected by duration and intensity and by the individual's cardiorespiratory fitness level. Three exercise energy systems can be selectively recruited, depending on the amount of oxygen available, as part of the cellular respiration process to generate the ATP for the muscles. They are ATP, the anaerobic system and the aerobic system.

text: Adenosine triphosphate[edit]

text: ATP is the usable form of chemical energy for muscular activity. It is stored in most cells, particularly in muscle cells. Other forms of chemical energy, such as those available from food, must be transformed into ATP before they can be utilized by the muscle cells.[1]

text: Coupled reactions[edit]

text: Since energy is released when ATP is broken down, energy is required to rebuild or resynthesize it. The building blocks of ATP synthesis are the by-products of its breakdown; adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The energy for ATP resynthesis comes from three different series of chemical reactions that take place within the body. Two of the three depend upon the type of food eaten, whereas the other depends upon a chemical compound called phosphocreatine. The energy released from any of these three series of reactions is coupled with the energy needs of the reaction that resynthesizes ATP. The separate reactions are functionally linked together in such a way that the energy released by the one is always used by the other.[1]:8–9

text: Three methods can synthesize ATP:

text:
ATP–CP system (phosphogen system) – This system is used for durations of up to 10 seconds. The ATP–CP system neither uses oxygen nor produces lactic acid if oxygen is unavailable and is thus said to be alactic anaerobic. This is the primary system behind very short, powerful movements like a golf swing, a 100 m sprint or powerlifting.
Anaerobic system – Predominates in supplying energy for exercises lasting less than two minutes. Also known as the glycolytic system. An example of an activity of the intensity and duration that this system works under would be a 400 m sprint.
Aerobic system – This is the long-duration energy system. After five minutes of exercise, the O2 system is dominant. In a 1 km run, this system is already providing approximately half the energy; in a marathon run it provides 98% or more.[2]

text: Aerobic and anaerobic systems usually work concurrently. When describing activity, it is not a question of which energy system is working, but which predominates.[3]

text: Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism[edit]

text: The term metabolism refers to the various series of chemical reactions that take place within the body. Aerobic refers to the presence of oxygen, whereas anaerobic means with series of chemical reactions that does not require the presence of oxygen. The ATP-CP series and the lactic acid series are anaerobic, whereas the oxygen series is aerobic.[1]:9

text: ATP–CP: the phosphagen system[edit]

text: Creatine phosphate (CP), like ATP, is stored in muscle cells. When it is broken down, a large amount of energy is released. The energy released is coupled to the energy requirement necessary for the resynthesis of ATP.

text: The total muscular stores of both ATP and CP are small. Thus, the amount of energy obtainable through this system is limited. The phosphogen stored in the working muscles is typically exhausted in seconds of vigorous activity. However, the usefulness of the ATP-CP system lies in the rapid availability of energy rather than quantity. This is important with respect to the kinds of physical activities that humans are capable of performing.[1]:9–11

text: Anaerobic system[edit]

text: This system is known as anaerobic glycolysis. "Glycolysis" refers to the breakdown of sugar. In this system, the breakdown of sugar supplies the necessary energy from which ATP is manufactured. When sugar is metabolized anaerobically, it is only partially broken down and one of the byproducts is lactic acid. This process creates enough energy to couple with the energy requirements to resynthesize ATP.

text: When H+ ions accumulate in the muscles causing the blood pH level to reach very low levels, temporary muscle fatigue results. Another limitation of the lactic acid system that relates to its anaerobic quality is that only a few moles of ATP can be resynthesized from the breakdown of sugar as compared to the yield possible when oxygen is present. This system cannot be relied on for extended periods of time.

text: The lactic acid system, like the ATP-CP system, is important primarily because it provides a rapid supply of ATP energy. For example, exercises that are performed at maximum rates for between 1 and 3 minutes depend heavily upon the lactic acid system for ATP energy. In activities such as running 1500 meters or a mile, the lactic acid system is used predominately for the "kick" at the end of a race.[1]:11–12

text: Aerobic system[edit]

text:
Glycolysis – The first stage is known as glycolysis, which produces 2 ATP molecules, 2 reduced molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and 2 pyruvate molecules that move on to the next stage – the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of normal body cells, or the sarcoplasm of muscle cells.
The Krebs cycle – This is the second stage, and the products of this stage of the aerobic system are a net production of one ATP, one carbon dioxide molecule, three reduced NAD molecules, one reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FAD molecule (The molecules of NAD and FAD mentioned here are electron carriers, and if they are said to be reduced, this means that they have had one H+ ion added to them). The metabolites are for each turn of the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle turns twice for each molecule of glucose that passes through the aerobic system – as two pyruvate molecules enter the Krebs cycle. In order for the pyruvate molecules to enter the Krebs cycle they must be converted to acetyl coenzyme A. During this link reaction, for each molecule of pyruvate that gets converted to acetyl coenzyme A, a NAD is also reduced. This stage of the aerobic system takes place in the matrix of the cells' mitochondria.
Oxidative phosphorylation – The last stage of the aerobic system produces the largest yield of ATP out of all the stages – a total of 34 ATP molecules. It is called oxidative phosphorylation because oxygen is the final acceptor of the electrons and hydrogen ions that leave this stage of aerobic respiration (hence oxidative) and ADP gets phosphorylated (an extra phosphate gets added) to form ATP (hence phosphorylation).

text: This stage of the aerobic system occurs on the cristae (infoldings on the membrane of the mitochondria). The NADH+ from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and the FADH+ from the Krebs cycle produce electron carriers at decreasing energy levels, in which energy is released to reform ATP. Each NADH+ that travels this electron transport chain provides enough energy for 3 molecules of ATP, and each molecule of FADH+ provides enough energy for 2 molecules of ATP. If you do your math this means that 10 total NADH+ molecules allow the rejuvenation of 30 ATP, and 2 FADH+ molecules allow for 4 ATP molecules to be rejuvenated (the total being 34 from oxidative phosphorylation, plus the 4 from the previous 2 stages meaning a total of 38 ATP being produced during the aerobic system). The NADH+ and FADH+ get oxidized to allow the NAD and FAD to return to be used in the aerobic system again, and electrons and hydrogen ions are accepted by oxygen to produce water, a harmless byproduct.


document_title: List of Three's Company characters

question_text: who played mr. furley on three's company

question_tokens: who played mr. furley on three 's company

text: List of Three's Company characters

text: Jack Tripper[edit]

text: Jack E. Tripper, Jr. is portrayed by John Ritter. The character is based on the character Robin Tripp of the British sitcom Man About the House and Robin's Nest. Jack is the main character on Three's Company and its spinoff Three's a Crowd.

text: Jack E. Tripper is a San Diego native who is a veteran of the United States Navy, where he was a member of a boxing team. He is discovered in the bathroom of Janet Wood and Chrissy Snow's apartment in Santa Monica on the morning after a going-away party they threw for their departing roommate Eleanor, explaining, "I came with a friend who knew one of the gatecrashers." He previously lived at the YMCA and needed a place to stay, and the girls needed a new roommate to replace Eleanor. Janet reasoned with their landlord, Stanley Roper, who lived straight downstairs from the girls' apartment, and he agreed that Jack could stay because Janet told Mr. Roper that Jack is gay, without Jack's knowledge. Jack was, of course, straight (the comedy stemming from having to "play gay" provided much of the story for the sitcom), but to bypass Mr. Roper's policy against single men sharing an apartment with single women, Jack had to pose as a homosexual to Mr. Roper (and later to Mr. Furley, as well).

text: Jack attended LA Tech on the G.I. Bill to follow his dreams of running a small French restaurant one day. He pursues a degree in culinary arts and works odd jobs from time to time. After completion of his schooling, he finds full-time employment as a chef, working for a popular restaurant owner named Frank Angelino (Jordan Charney). He worked his way up to head chef, and, around season seven, finally opened his own French restaurant called Jack's Bistro.

text: Jack has an older brother named Lee, who once cames to town for a visit (in the episode "Lee Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"), and Jack displays his feelings of inferiority when compared to Lee (Jack felt perpetually in Lee's shadow since they were children, because Lee was always more successful). Jack and Lee's father, Jack Tripper, Sr. (played by comedian Dick Shawn), appeared in the episode "Like Father, Like Son". In the season-7 episode "Extra, Extra", Jack's mother was played by actress Georgann Johnson.

text: Jack is known for being a klutz. Much of the character's humor is derived from slapstick comedy. He is extremely clumsy and accident-prone, and is well known for his comic pratfalls. Jack is somewhat of a ladies' man and a playboy, but is also kind, loyal - and protective of his roommates, family, and friends. Despite having been a boxer in the Navy, he often cowered and allowed other men to bully him (mainly because of their larger size). Also, Jack is plagued by a fear of flying, as revealed in the episodes "Up in the Air" and "Cupid Works Overtime." Jack has his own bedroom, while Janet and Chrissy share a second bedroom. A poster of The Beatles as they appeared late in their career can be seen hanging on the wall above Jack's bed. (The Beatles poster actually belonged to Ritter, an avid Beatles fan, and he lent it to the producers to hang on Jack's bedroom wall.)

text: After Three's Company[edit]

text: When Janet marries Phillip Dawson in the series finale "Friends and Lovers", Jack proposes to flight attendant Vicky Bradford. Though she loves him, Vicky turns Jack down since she does not want to marry and prefers that they live together instead. Jack refuses at first, but then he changes his mind and they move into the apartment above his bistro. Three's Company then ends its series run and the spin-off series Three's a Crowd begins, with Vicky and Jack living above the bistro and Vicky's father having purchased the restaurant from Mr. Angelino.

text: Janet Wood[edit]

text: Janet Wood was portrayed by Joyce DeWitt.

text: Janet and her roommate Chrissy Snow (and later roommates Cindy Snow and Terri Alden) share an apartment in Santa Monica, California, and need a third roommate to help pay the rent after their old roommate, Eleanor, just had her baby, married, and moved out. On the morning after a going-away party they threw for Eleanor, Janet and Chrissy find Jack Tripper sleeping in their bathtub. Upon getting to know Jack, who at the time is staying at the local YMCA, Janet and Chrissy suggest that he move in as their new roommate (primarily because he is skilled in cooking, a skill that both girls lack). Their old-fashioned and curmudgeonly landlord, Stanley Roper, is opposed to the idea of a young man sharing an apartment with two young attractive women. However, Janet convinces Roper that Jack is gay to alleviate the landlord's concern about the living arrangement. Thus, Jack is allowed to move in under this guise.

text: Janet worked in and ultimately manages the Arcade Flower Shop. She is very fond of plants, which are seen throughout the apartment.

text: Janet is from Speedway, Indiana. She has a sister named Jenny (who came for a visit in the episode "My Sister's Keeper"), and a brother whose name is never mentioned. She graduated from college, but her major is never revealed. She is the daughter of Ruth and Roland Wood. In the episode "Chrissy Come Home", Janet states that her father is of Italian descent. She speaks Italian, although not fluently (as displayed in the episode "Loan Shark"). (Like her character, DeWitt is from Speedway and her father is of Italian descent.)

text: Janet was portrayed as the intelligent, responsible, and "reliable" roommate as opposed to her more ditzy blonde counterparts Chrissy, Cindy, and Terri, with early episodes focusing on her self-consciousness over being less endowed than her female roommates, or at being perceived as less spontaneous. Perhaps because of her above-mentioned responsibility, Janet is the one who often reprimands Jack over his mischief.

text: In the episode leading to the series finale of Three's Company, she meets Phillip Dawson at a reading of a will. In the series finale "Friends and Lovers", Janet and Phillip marry in the apartment with the rest of the gang in attendance. After Janet returns from her honeymoon, Phillip and she settle in their newly married life in another part of town.

text: Chrissy Snow[edit]

text: Christmas Noelle "Chrissy" Snow was portrayed by Suzanne Somers.

text: In the original unaired pilot of Three's Company; Samantha, the character who would become Chrissy, was portrayed by Susanne Zenor. Zenor was not picked for the second filming of the pilot, so actress Susan Lanier took over the role of Chrissy.  Somers ultimately won the permanent role in the third and final pilot.

text: Chrissy was born in Fresno, the eldest child of Reverend Luther Snow (Peter Mark Richman) and his wife (Priscilla Morrill). In one episode, she explains that she was named "Christmas" because her father was a big fan of Bing Crosby (whose song "White Christmas" became a signature song of his). In another episode, she states that her name is Christmas due to having been born in December.  However, in the episode "Roper's Niece", Janet states that Chrissy's birth was "not until January." Yet, in the season-four episode "Chrissy's Hospitality", Chrissy falls and hits her head, ending up in the hospital as a result. She explains to the nurse that her father named her Christmas because "she was the best present he ever got."

text: Chrissy was born into a religious family and always loved her family traditions, such as Christmas with the family. Every Sunday, the Snow family would go to church to hear her father preach. She always loved her family and friends, and upon moving to Santa Monica, she assured them that she would eventually return home to Fresno.

text: In her early 20s, Chrissy moved to Santa Monica, where she found a job as a typist. She found an apartment, owned and operated by Stanley and Helen Roper, which she shared with two other women, Janet Wood and Eleanor Garvey.

text: In the pilot, a pregnant Eleanor got married in a reception in the apartment, but went into labor just as she was cutting the cake. After Eleanor had her baby and moved away, Janet and Chrissy were left needing a new roommate to help with living expenses. On the morning after a going-away party the girls threw for Eleanor, they find a man in their bathtub who had passed out and, after waking up, claimed that he was a friend of one of the party crashers. The girls suggested that the man, Jack Tripper, move in as their new roommate instead of other, less desirable candidates (one of them being a pompous, nasal-voiced woman named Patricia, nicknamed "Pattikins").

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: Chrissy's personality was an exaggerated characterization of the "dumb blonde" stereotype, as evidenced by her repeated confusion and misunderstandings, malapropisms, and girlish behavior. Chrissy is depicted as being quick to laugh at her own jokes, and quick to cry in an exaggerated, whining fashion (as a young child would do). Chrissy's behavior was reflected somewhat by her cousin, and eventual replacement, Cindy Snow, although Cindy was more klutzy, and less dim.

text: Chrissy is modeled as an ingenue, a minister's daughter who seeks her fortune in the big city. As the naif, she frequently and unknowingly makes suggestive double entendres and is often oblivious to the attention she receives from ill-intentioned men. Her roommate Janet remarked that Chrissy totally fell apart at the littlest hint of "sweet talk." In one episode, Chrissy was picked up by a police officer who assumed she was a prostitute, despite her innocence and good intentions.

text: Regarding the character's look, for season three the makeup artist said that Chrissy should have snow-white hair, pink cheeks and dark eyes, and Somers suggested the hairstyle of an Afghan hound, and her signature side ponytail was created to hide an over-bleaching mishap.[1]

text: Departure[edit]

text: Somers had emerged as a breakout character in the show. In 1978, she appeared on 50 magazine covers. Also, best-selling Chrissy Snow posters were produced and ABC even launched a doll which portrayed Somers as Chrissy. Somers was promoted as a rival to Farrah Fawcett by her manager, Jay Bernstein, who also managed Fawcett and other actresses of the day, such as Cheryl Ladd. After marrying former game show host Alan Hamel (whom Somers met for the first time while modeling prizes on a game show he hosted), Somers made him her manager. Somers was eventually axed from the series in the fifth season after a bitter and highly publicized salary dispute with the producers. On the series, her character of Chrissy was written out as having moved back home to Fresno to care for her ill mother. However, for a brief time (and to finish Somers' contract), Chrissy continued to appear briefly on the show in the episode's closing tag wherein she would call Janet or Jack from home and speak to one of them over the telephone, and more often than not Jack or Janet would fill Chrissy in on what happened on that episode. A couple episodes after Chrissy left, her cousin Cindy moved into the apartment with Jack and Janet for the remainder of the season. Upon the arrival of Terri Alden in season six; references to Chrissy vanished, only to be referred to once when the trio was being interviewed and Chrissy was mentioned as "the other girl" with whom Janet was living when she met Jack. From what is implied, especially by the time of Terri's arrival, Chrissy simply decided to stay home in Fresno and never kept in contact with her old roommates again.

text: Cindy Snow[edit]

text: Cindy Snow was portrayed by Jenilee Harrison during the show's fifth and sixth seasons (1980–82). The cousin of the character Chrissy Snow, Cindy was phased out to make way for Chrissy's permanent replacement Terri Alden. Ironically, Priscilla Barnes, who landed the role of Terri, had auditioned for the role of Cindy, but was turned down.

text: Cindy hails from Fresno, the daughter of Mr. Snow (Alan Manson), niece of Reverend Luther Snow and first cousin of Chrissy Snow. Raised on a farm, she grew to have a great love of animals, and enjoyed helping her father and mother out on the farm. Although Cindy is a very pretty girl, she claims she always "played second fiddle to Chrissy, because she was so beautiful." She was raised to enjoy the Snows' many wonderful traditions, such as going to church on Sundays to hear Reverend Snow preach, and being together for lavish, old-fashioned Christmas celebrations.

text: One day when Cindy was a young woman, Mrs. Snow found her daughter's diary and read it from start to finish, and subsequently fell asleep! She said it was the most boring thing she had ever read and told Cindy that it would be a good idea if she did more with her life and got out of Fresno. When Chrissy went back to Fresno to care for her mother, Cindy took the opportunity to move out and into the apartment, taking Chrissy's place as the third member of the trio.

text: Cindy debuted on the show in 1980 after producers needed a replacement for Chrissy after Suzanne Somers was fired over her salary dispute.

text: At first, Jack Tripper and Janet Wood, Chrissy's roommates, worried about what it would be like to live with the klutzy farm girl, but they soon adjusted and became close friends with Cindy. When Chrissy declines to return (and Somers' contract expired), Cindy's temporary stay became permanent. She also takes Chrissy's old office job, working for Mr. Charles Hadley.

text: Although she shares some of her cousin Chrissy's dim-witted and naive attitude, Cindy's trademark was that she was highly clumsy and accident-prone, often bumping into things or spilling things (with Jack more often than not bearing the brunt).

text: Departure[edit]

text: In the season-six premiere, "Jack Bares All", Cindy announced that she was moving out of the apartment to attend UCLA. Her replacement would be Terri Alden, a nurse. Producers of the show were seeking a permanent third roommate and were not confident with Jenilee Harrison in that role. Cindy did, however, continue to make appearances on the show during the sixth season, and was retained as a supporting character (and given cast billing credit). She has many pivotal appearances through midseason, and becomes the trio's part-time housekeeper in the episode "Maid to Order", but still hung out with the trio.

text: Her last appearance is in the episode "Janet Wigs Out" near the end of season six. Cindy and Janet have a falling out when Janet buys a blonde wig and develops a condescending attitude toward her friends. When Janet wants to keep her wig a secret from her date, Cindy tries to prevent herself from revealing the truth.

text: Terri Alden[edit]

text: Terri Alden was portrayed by Priscilla Barnes.

text: Terri was born in Longmeadow, Massachusetts,[2] works as a registered nurse, and is portrayed as far less "ditzy" than her predecessors.[3][4] She is written into the story as being Janet and Jack's new (and final) roommate.[5]

text: Although Jack originally disliked Terri, owing to a disastrous first meeting at the hospital when she administered a tetanus injection for a stubbed finger into his behind, he forgave her and warmed up to her eventually.  Terri, in fact, convinced Jack to move in with Victoria Bradford, thus paving the way for the spinoff series Three's a Crowd.

text: In response to complaints about the characterization of blondes on the show, the writers portrayed Terri as a "smart blonde", and a "woman with brains", electing to steer away from the ditziness of Chrissy Snow and the clumsiness of Cindy Snow, Terri's blonde roommate predecessors.  A dedicated professional at work, Terri is more relaxed when off duty and out of uniform.[6]

text: Stanley Roper[edit]

text: Stanley Roper was portrayed by Norman Fell.

text: Stanley owns and manages the apartment building in Santa Monica that is home to Jack Tripper, Janet Wood and Chrissy Snow. He has a love-hate relationship with his wife, Helen. Although they care deeply for each other, Helen and Stanley regularly bicker and engage in one-upmanship, with Helen usually the intellectual victor. A significant amount of their tension is due to Helen's ongoing desire for romance with Stanley, while Stanley is either clueless or uninterested. During the character's time on the series, he was known for breaking the fourth wall by smiling and snickering at the camera after telling a one-liner joke, often at his wife's expense. One of his catchphrases is "Not tonight, Helen; I got a headache." Although seemingly impotent, Stanley is sometimes known for spying on young women in bathing suits on the beach through his binoculars.

text: Stanley is generally friendly toward the trio, but can be very angry if the rent is late. He is also not above exploiting his tenants' fear of raised rents to get chores and favors done. He is told that Jack is homosexual to bypass any objections he might have to a man living with two women. He does not appear to dislike Jack or homosexuals in general, but he does keep his distance whenever Jack gets "too close" to him and sees Jack's supposed homosexuality as a source of amusement and makes several jokes at his expense, often calling Jack "Tinkerbell".

text: Stanley is extremely cheap (as revealed in the episode "Stanley's Hotline", in which the trio calls him "the cheapest man alive" and very much penny wise, pound foolish). Stanley drives a run-down 1958 Chevrolet Bel Air, which he attempted to sell to the trio, but reneged when he learned he could get a lot more money for it from another buyer (who thought it was the classic and far more valuable 1957 model). After the intended buyer learned it was actually a 1958 model, he added insult to injury by offering to tow it away if Stanley paid him $25.

text: After Stanley sold the building to Bart Furley, Bart's brother Ralph took over as landlord.

text: The Ropers[edit]

text: In the Three's Company spinoff series The Ropers, Stanley and Helen move to Cheviot Hills, California and live next door to snobby real estate agent Jeffrey P. Brookes III (who eventually sells them their house).

text: Stanley intensely disliked Jeffrey, and the feeling is mutual. When Stanley and Helen were investigating buying the house, Jeffrey's son David explained to Stanley that if his father did not like Stanley and Helen, he would never let them move in. When Jeffrey arrived for the showing, Stanley began telling a false story that the house was perfect for his "drums" and "wild parties." Very quickly, Stanley and Helen were thrown out of the building by Jeffrey, but with much prompting from Helen, soon came back to get another look at it. Jeffrey then posted a phony "sold" sign in front of the house to deter them. Stanley concealed his joy, but for Helen's sake he feigned sadness, saying, "I would buy it in an instant if it wasn't sold!" David reveals that the house was not sold and Stanley is stuck with buying it.

text: Helen Roper[edit]

text: Helen Roper was portrayed by Audra Lindley and appeared on both Three's Company and The Ropers.

text: The character was based on the character Mildred Roper on the series Man About the House and its spinoff George & Mildred (the British shows on which Three's Company and The Ropers were respectively based), which was played by Yootha Joyce.

text: Helen always yearns for romance and sex with her uninterested husband, Stanley, and he almost never delivers, which frustrates her.

text: Helen enjoys a friendship with the three tenants who live above her, to whom she affectionately refers as "the kids". Helen, unlike her husband, knows that Jack is not gay, but out of fondness for the trio, plays along with the charade. Contrary to her tightfisted and very suspicious husband, Helen does not mind that Jack lives with Janet and Chrissy, and is very understanding of their situation. She frequently tries to defuse tense situations between her husband and the trio.

text: Eventually, Stanley and she move to Cheviot Hills, an affluent neighborhood of Los Angeles, where her natural snobbishness asserts itself, often aided and abetted by her sister, Ethel Armbruster, who clearly despises Stanley.

text: Despite her attempts at adopting the behavior of her more affluent neighbors, she still retains her kindness. She befriends Anne Brookes, the wife of Jeffrey Brookes III, a real estate agent who lives next door, and enjoys the company of their son, David.

text: Return appearance on Three's Company[edit]

text: Helen and Stanley returned to the trio's apartment in a special guest appearance. Helen was frustrated with Stanley because he forgot their anniversary. She went downstairs to Ralph Furley's apartment to get some sleep (Mr. Furley was out of town at the time). A very tired Mr. Furley returned home early and went straight to bed, unaware that he was not alone. Soon, Mr. Roper came in the bedroom and said, "Helen, if this (a supposed affair with Mr. Furley) is what you want, so be it." Helen was upset and still angry. "Aren't you gonna fight for me?" she asked Stanley. Later, Stanley came back and started fighting for Helen against Mr. Furley, which made Helen happy. Soon, the two went to sleep in Mr. Furley's bed, which could have been the answer to Helen's wishes.

text: Ralph Furley[edit]

text: Ralph Furley was portrayed by Don Knotts.

text: Ralph Furley is the landlord and manager of a Santa Monica apartment building that is now owned by his brother, Bart, who acquired it from Stanley Roper. It is the home to Jack Tripper, Larry Dallas, Janet Wood, and Chrissy Snow (later to Cindy Snow, then Terri Alden). Mr. Furley fancies himself a playboy, a "ladies' man" and a "macho man", despite the fact he has not had a date in years and not appealing to women at all.

text: Mr. Furley is very subservient and seems to fear his brother Bart. Like Stanley Roper before him, he was also tricked into believing that Jack was gay for him to continue living with Janet and Chrissy (in fact, Mr. Roper was the one who told Mr. Furley about this when he sold the building). Because of his own playboy lifestyle, Mr. Furley probably would have approved of the situation himself; but he knew his brother Bart would never tolerate a straight man living with two women. Also, like Mr. Roper before him, Mr. Furley liked to occasionally crack gay jokes about Jack at his expense (calling Jack "Tippy Toes" as opposed to Mr. Roper's "Tinkerbell").

text: Mr. Furley often wears outlandish leisure suits in very loud colors with ascots, and has his apartment decorated like a playboy's pad. Usually, his shirts are very brightly colored. For his role of Mr. Furley, Knotts donned a toupee. Although Mr. Furley's brother Bart is frequently mentioned by him, the character only appears in one episode, played by Hamilton Camp. Mr. Furley defends his decisions as apartment manager by stating that his brother Bart, being the owner of the building, would (or would not) also approve of a decision. Many of the characteristics and mannerisms of Mr. Furley are comparable to Knotts' most famous character, Barney Fife from The Andy Griffith Show.

text: Larry Dallas[edit]

text: Larry Dallas was portrayed by Richard Kline.

text: The character is based on Larry Simmonds from Man About the House. He lives upstairs from the trio, and is Jack's best friend. He is also a womanizing playboy who often lies about his occupation to impress girls, claiming to be "Playboy's best photographer," a doctor, an airline pilot, etc.; his actual profession is a used car salesman. He habitually uses false names, including Jack's, when picking up women for one-night stands so that he might better forestall any attempts by such women to pursue a relationship, although the tactic backfired in "Will the Real Jack Tripper..." when a woman whom Larry impregnated was able to locate him because Jack's address and phone number were in the phone book (Larry's initial reaction was disgust at Jack for being "dumb" enough to allow such information to be available to the public). Larry is also constantly in debt, often owing Jack money. In one episode, when being questioned by his landlord Mr. Roper, Larry claimed to have served four years in the United States Marine Corps.  Larry is of Greek descent, though this fact and his original last name are mentioned only in the episode where Jack opens Jack's Bistro, in which Larry explains that he shortened it to "Dallas" because he "could never spell 'Dalliapoulos' ".

text: Larry has the distinction of being the only other character besides Jack Tripper to appear on Three's Company and both of its spin-offs, The Ropers and Three's a Crowd. When appearing on Three's a Crowd near the end of its single season, he states that he had moved to Bakersfield due to downturns in the used car business.

text: Lana Shields[edit]

text: Lana Shields was portrayed by Ann Wedgeworth.

text: Lana Shields is a bosomy, amorous, three-time older divorcee who had an unrequited crush on Jack. She is constantly flirting with Jack and tries to seduce him every time she is in his presence, while Jack, though, tries his best to avoid Lana at all costs, especially around new landlord Ralph Furley, who, like Mr. Roper before him, is deceived into believing Jack is a homosexual in order to allow Jack to continue living with Chrissy and Janet. Unlike Jack, though, Mr. Furley is attracted to Lana and regularly tries to "put the moves on her," but she dislikes him, which he never comes to realize.

text: Lana's first appearance was in the episode "Love Thy Neighbor" from season four, in which Jack takes a job as a male escort, which is how he first meets Lana, to make some quick cash. He soon learns that Lana wants to do much more with him than just have a casual dinner out on the town.

text: In the next episode "The New Landlord" (which introduces Mr. Furley), the trio accidentally sells all of Mr. Furley's furniture to a junk dealer, thinking it was furniture Mr. Roper left behind and not realizing it belongs to their new landlord (who has not met anyone in the building yet). Mr. Furley becomes angry and gives the trio an eviction notice, but upon meeting Lana, he immediately becomes smitten. Mr. Furley and the trio then make a deal: Mr. Furley gets a date with Lana, and the trio will not have to move.

text: Though she does not like Mr. Furley, Lana does seduce him on several occasions, to use him to get what she wants. For example, in one episode, she uses this tactic to convince Mr. Furley to accept the trio's rent money a few days late. In the episode "A-Camping We Will Go", Lana tricks Mr. Furley into going on a camping trip so she can be near Jack, who was talked into going by Larry Dallas, for the weekend.  However, not long after this now-legendary episode, Lana disappears from the show without any explanation. Her final appearance was in the episode "A Black Letter Day". In the episode, Lana reads a newspaper advice column about a man living with two female roommates and the man is having an affair with one of them, and she assumes the column was about the trio.

text: Character disappearance[edit]

text: According to the book Come and Knock on Our Door: A Hers and Hers and His Guide to Three's Company, the addition of Lana to the cast caused tension between John Ritter and the show's writers. Ritter believed it would be out of character for the sex-crazed Jack to inexplicably turn down the advances of a sexually voracious, attractive older woman. The writers reasoned that because Lana was older than Jack, he would be turned off. Ritter did not believe that the middle-aged Lana, only meant to be in her 40s (whereas Jack was in his late 20s/early 30s), would repel Jack. Ann Wedgeworth, in the same book, claimed that she asked to be released from her contract because of Lana's dwindling role in the show.

text: Frank Angelino[edit]

text: Frank Angelino was played by Jordan Charney. A restaurateur, he is Jack's short-tempered boss at Angelino's Restaurant and landlord/partner at Jack's Bistro. This character appeared in 13 episodes.[7][8]