document_title: Muscle contraction

question_text: where does the stimulus for muscle contraction normally originate in the body

root

text: Muscle contraction

text: Types[edit]

text: Muscle contractions can be described based on two variables: force and length. Force itself can be differentiated as either tension or load. Muscle tension is the force exerted by the muscle on an object whereas a load is the force exerted by an object on the muscle.[1] When muscle tension changes without any corresponding changes in muscle length, the muscle contraction is described as isometric.[1][3][4][5] If the muscle length changes while muscle tension remains the same, then the muscle contraction is isotonic.[1][3][4][5] In an isotonic contraction, the muscle length can either shorten to produce a concentric contraction or lengthen to produce an eccentric contraction.[1][6] In natural movements that underlie locomotor activity, muscle contractions are multifaceted as they are able to produce changes in length and tension in a time-varying manner.[7] Therefore, neither length nor tension is likely to remain constant when the muscle is active during locomotor activity.

tag: p

text: Isometric contraction[edit]

text: An isometric contraction of a muscle generates tension without changing length.[1][3][4][5] An example can be found when the muscles of the hand and forearm grip an object; the joints of the hand do not move, but muscles generate sufficient force to prevent the object from being dropped.

text: Isotonic contraction[edit]

text: In isotonic contraction, the tension in the muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle length.[1][3][4][5] This occurs when a muscle's force of contraction matches the total load on the muscle.

text: Concentric contraction[edit]

text: In concentric contraction, muscle tension is sufficient to overcome the load, and the muscle shortens as it contracts.[8] This occurs when the force generated by the muscle exceeds the load opposing its contraction.

text: During a concentric contraction, a muscle is stimulated to contract according to the sliding filament theory. This occurs throughout the length of the muscle, generating a force at the origin and insertion, causing the muscle to shorten and changing the angle of the joint. In relation to the elbow, a concentric contraction of the biceps would cause the arm to bend at the elbow as the hand moved from the leg to the shoulder (a biceps curl). A concentric contraction of the triceps would change the angle of the joint in the opposite direction, straightening the arm and moving the hand towards the leg.

text: Eccentric contraction[edit]

text: In eccentric contraction, the tension generated is insufficient to overcome the external load on the muscle and the muscle fibers lengthen as they contract.[9] Rather than working to pull a joint in the direction of the muscle contraction, the muscle acts to decelerate the joint at the end of a movement or otherwise control the repositioning of a load. This can occur involuntarily (e.g., when attempting to move a weight too heavy for the muscle to lift) or voluntarily (e.g., when the muscle is 'smoothing out' a movement). Over the short-term, strength training involving both eccentric and concentric contractions appear to increase muscular strength more than training with concentric contractions alone.[10] However, exercise-induced muscle damage is also greater during lengthening contractions.[11]

text: During an eccentric contraction of the biceps muscle, the elbow starts the movement while bent and then straightens as the hand moves away from the shoulder. During an eccentric contraction of the triceps muscle, the elbow starts the movement straight and then bends as the hand moves towards the shoulder. Desmin, titin, and other z-line proteins are involved in eccentric contractions, but their mechanism is poorly understood in comparison to crossbridge cycling in concentric contractions.[9]

text: Though the muscle is doing a negative amount of mechanical work, (work is being done on the muscle), chemical energy (in fat, glucose or ATP) is nevertheless consumed, although less than would be consumed during a concentric contraction of the same force. For example, one expends more energy going up a flight of stairs than going down the same flight.

text: Muscles undergoing heavy eccentric loading suffer greater damage when overloaded (such as during muscle building or strength training exercise) as compared to concentric loading. When eccentric contractions are used in weight training, they are normally called negatives. During a concentric contraction, muscle fibers slide across each other, pulling the Z-lines together. During an eccentric contraction, the filaments slide past each other the opposite way, though the actual movement of the myosin heads during an eccentric contraction is not known. Exercise featuring a heavy eccentric load can actually support a greater weight (muscles are approximately 40% stronger during eccentric contractions than during concentric contractions) and also results in greater muscular damage and delayed onset muscle soreness one to two days after training. Exercise that incorporates both eccentric and concentric muscular contractions (i.e., involving a strong contraction and a controlled lowering of the weight) can produce greater gains in strength than concentric contractions alone.[10][12] While unaccustomed heavy eccentric contractions can easily lead to overtraining, moderate training may confer protection against injury.[10]

text: Eccentric contractions in movement[edit]

text: Eccentric contractions normally occur as a braking force in opposition to a concentric contraction to protect joints from damage. During virtually any routine movement, eccentric contractions assist in keeping motions smooth, but can also slow rapid movements such as a punch or throw. Part of training for rapid movements such as pitching during baseball involves reducing eccentric braking allowing a greater power to be developed throughout the movement.

text: Eccentric contractions are being researched for their ability to speed rehabilitation of weak or injured tendons. Achilles tendinitis[13][14] and patellar tendonitis[15] (also known as jumper's knee or patellar tendonosis) have been shown to benefit from high-load eccentric contractions.

text: Vertebrate animals[edit]

text: In vertebrate animals, there are three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle constitutes the majority of muscle mass in the body and is responsible for locomotor activity. Smooth muscle forms blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, and other areas in the body that produce sustained contractions. Cardiac muscle make up the heart, which pumps blood. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are called striated muscle because of their striped appearance under a microscope, which is due to the highly organized alternating pattern of A bands and I bands.

text: Skeletal muscle[edit]

text: Excluding reflexes, all skeletal muscles contractions occur as a result of conscious effort originating in the brain. The brain sends electrochemical signals through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers.[16] In the case of some reflexes, the signal to contract can originate in the spinal cord through a feedback loop with the grey matter. Other actions such as locomotion, breathing, and chewing have a reflex aspect to them: the contractions can be initiated both consciously or unconsciously.

text: Neuromuscular junction[edit]

text: A neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.[17] It is the site in which a motor neuron transmits a signal to a muscle fiber to initiate muscle contraction. The sequence of events that results in the depolarization of the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential is initiated in the cell body of a motor neuron, which is then propagated by saltatory conduction along its axon toward the neuromuscular junction. Once it reaches the terminal bouton, the action potential causes a Ca2+ ion influx into the terminal by way of the voltage-gated calcium channels. The Ca2+ influx causes synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft between the motor neuron terminal and the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle fiber. Acetylcholine diffuses across the synapse and binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the neuromuscular junction. Activation of the nicotinic receptor opens its intrinsic sodium/potassium channel, causing sodium to rush in and potassium to trickle out. As a result, the sarcolemma reverses polarity and its voltage quickly jumps from the resting membrane potential of -90mV to as high as +75mV as sodium enters. The membrane potential then becomes hyperpolarized when potassium exits and is then adjusted back to the resting membrane potential. This rapid fluctuation is called the end-plate potential[18] The voltage-gated ion channels of the sarcolemma next to the end plate open in response to the end plate potential. These voltage-gated channels are sodium and potassium specific and only allow one through. This wave of ion movements creates the action potential that spreads from the motor end plate in all directions.[18] If action potentials stop arriving, then acetylcholine ceases to be released from the terminal bouton. The remaining acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is either degraded by active acetylcholine esterase or reabsorbed by the synaptic knob and none is left to replace the degraded acetylcholine.

text: Excitation-contraction coupling[edit]

text: Excitation–contraction coupling is the process by which a muscular action potential in the muscle fiber causes the myofibrils to contract.[19] In skeletal muscle, excitation–contraction coupling relies on a direct coupling between key proteins, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release channel (identified as the ryanodine receptor, RyR) and voltage-gated L-type calcium channels (identified as dihydropyridine receptors, DHPRs). DHPRs are located on the sarcolemma (which includes the surface sarcolemma and the transverse tubules), while the RyRs reside across the SR membrane. The close apposition of a transverse tubule and two SR regions containing RyRs is described as a triad and is predominantly where excitation–contraction coupling takes place. Excitation–contraction coupling occurs when depolarization of skeletal muscle cell results in a muscle action potential, which spreads across the cell surface and into the muscle fiber's network of T-tubules, thereby depolarizing the inner portion of the muscle fiber. Depolarization of the inner portions activates dihydropyridine receptors in the terminal cisternae, which are in close proximity to ryanodine receptors in the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum. The activated dihydropyridine receptors physically interact with ryanodine receptors to activate them via foot processes (involving conformational changes that allosterically activates the ryanodine receptors). As the ryanodine receptors open, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the local junctional space, which then diffuses into the bulk cytoplasm to cause a calcium spark. Note that the sarcoplasmic reticulum has a large calcium buffering capacity partially due to a calcium-binding protein called calsequestrin. The near synchronous activation of thousands of calcium sparks by the action potential causes a cell-wide increase in calcium giving rise to the upstroke of the calcium transient. The Ca2+ released into the cytosol binds to Troponin C by the actin filaments, to allow crossbridge cycling, producing force and, in some situations, motion. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA) actively pumps Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As Ca2+ declines back to resting levels, the force declines and relaxation occurs.

text: Sliding filament theory[edit]

text: The sliding filament theory describes a process used by muscles to contract. It is a cycle of repetitive events that cause a thin filament to slide over a thick filament and generate tension in the muscle.[20] It was independently developed by Andrew Huxley and Rolf Niedergerke and by Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson in 1954.[21][22] Physiologically, this contraction is not uniform across the sarcomere; the central position of the thick filaments becomes unstable and can shift during contraction. However the actions of elastic proteins such as titin are hypothesised to maintain uniform tension across the sarcomere and pull the thick filament into a central position.[23]

text: Crossbridge cycling[edit]

text: Crossbridge cycling is a sequence of molecular events that underlies the sliding filament theory. A crossbridge is a myosin projection, consisting of two myosin heads, that extends from the thick filaments.[1] Each myosin head has two binding sites: one for ATP and another for actin. The binding of ATP to a myosin head detaches myosin from actin, thereby allowing myosin to bind to another actin molecule. Once attached, the ATP is hydrolyzed by myosin, which uses the released energy to move into the "cocked position" whereby it binds weakly to a part of the actin binding site. The remainder of the actin binding site is blocked by tropomyosin.[24] With the ATP hydrolyzed, the cocked myosin head now contains ADP + Pi. Two Ca2+ ions bind to troponin C on the actin filaments. The troponin-Ca2+ complex causes tropomyosin to slide over and unblock the remainder of the actin binding site. Unblocking the rest of the actin binding sites allows the two myosin heads to close and myosin to bind strongly to actin.[24] The myosin head then releases the inorganic phosphate and initiates a power stroke, which generates a force of 2 pN. The power stroke moves the actin filament inwards, thereby shortening the sarcomere. Myosin then releases ADP but still remains tightly bound to actin. At the end of the power stroke, ADP is released from the myosin head, leaving myosin attached to actin in a rigor state until another ATP binds to myosin. A lack of ATP would result in the rigor state characteristic of rigor mortis. Once another ATP binds to myosin, the myosin head will again detach from actin and another crossbridges cycle occurs.

text: Crossbridge cycling is able to continue as long as there are sufficient amounts of ATP and Ca2+ in the cytoplasm.[24] Termination of crossbridge cycling can occur when Ca2+ is actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When Ca2+ is no longer present on the thin filament, the tropomyosin changes conformation back to its previous state so as to block the binding sites again. The myosin ceases binding to the thin filament, and the muscle relaxes. The Ca2+ ions leave the troponin molecule in order to maintain the Ca2+ ion concentration in the sarcoplasm. The active pumping of Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum creates a deficiency in the fluid around the myofibrils. This causes the removal of Ca2+ ions from the troponin. Thus, the tropomyosin-troponin complex again covers the binding sites on the actin filaments and contraction ceases.

text: Gradation of skeletal muscle contractions[edit]

text: The strength of skeletal muscle contractions can be broadly separated into twitch, summation, and tetanus. A twitch is a single contraction and relaxation cycle produced by an action potential within the muscle fiber itself.[25] The time between a stimulus to the motor nerve and the subsequent contraction of the innervated muscle is called the latent period, which usually takes about 10 ms and is caused by the time taken for nerve action potential to propagate, the time for chemical transmission at the neuromuscular junction, then the subsequent steps in excitation-contraction coupling.[26]

text: If another muscle action potential were to be produced before the complete relaxation of a muscle twitch, then the next twitch will simply sum onto the previous twitch, thereby producing a summation. Summation can be achieved in two ways:[27] frequency summation and multiple fiber summation. In frequency summation, the force exerted by the skeletal muscle is controlled by varying the frequency at which action potentials are sent to muscle fibers. Action potentials do not arrive at muscles synchronously, and, during a contraction, some fraction of the fibers in the muscle will be firing at any given time. In a typical circumstance, when a human is exerting a muscle as hard as he/she is consciously able, roughly one-third of the fibers in that muscle will be firing at once, though this ratio can be affected by various physiological and psychological factors (including Golgi tendon organs and Renshaw cells). This 'low' level of contraction is a protective mechanism to prevent avulsion of the tendon—the force generated by a 95% contraction of all fibers is sufficient to damage the body. In multiple fiber summation, if the central nervous system sends a weak signal to contract a muscle, the smaller motor units, being more excitable than the larger ones, are stimulated first. As the strength of the signal increases, more motor units are excited in addition to larger ones, with the largest motor units having as much as 50 times the contractile strength as the smaller ones. As more and larger motor units are activated, the force of muscle contraction becomes progressively stronger. A concept known as the size principle, allows for a gradation of muscle force during weak contraction to occur in small steps, which then become progressively larger when greater amounts of force are required.

text: Finally, if the frequency of muscle action potentials increases such that the muscle contraction reaches its peak force and plateaus at this level, then the contraction is a tetanus.

text: Length-tension relationship[edit]

text: Length-tension relationship relates the strength of an isometric contraction to the length of the muscle at which the contraction occurs. Muscles operate with greatest active tension when close to an ideal length (often their resting length). When stretched or shortened beyond this (whether due to the action of the muscle itself or by an outside force), the maximum active tension generated decreases.[28] This decrease is minimal for small deviations, but the tension drops off rapidly as the length deviates further from the ideal. Due to the presence of elastic proteins within a muscle cell (such as titin) and extracellular matrix, as the muscle is stretched beyond a given length, there is an entirely passive tension, which opposes lengthening. Combined together, there is a strong resistance to lengthening an active muscle far beyond the peak of active tension.

text: Force-velocity relationships[edit]

text: Force–velocity relationship relates the speed at which a muscle changes its length (usually regulated by external forces, such as load or other muscles) to the amount of force that it generates. Force declines in a hyperbolic fashion relative to the isometric force as the shortening velocity increases, eventually reaching zero at some maximum velocity. The reverse holds true for when the muscle is stretched – force increases above isometric maximum, until finally reaching an absolute maximum. This intrinsic property of active muscle tissue plays a role in the active damping of joints which are actuated by simultaneously-active opposing muscles. In such cases, the force-velocity profile enhances the force produced by the lengthening muscle at the expense of the shortening muscle. This favoring of whichever muscle returns the joint to equilibrium effectively increases the damping of the joint. Moreover, the strength of the damping increases with muscle force. The motor system can thus actively control joint damping via the simultaneous contraction (co-contraction) of opposing muscle groups.[29]

text: Smooth muscle[edit]

text: Smooth muscles can be divided into two subgroups: single-unit (unitary) and multi-unit. Single-unit smooth muscle cells can be found in the gut and blood vessels. Because these cells are linked together by gap junctions, they are able to contract as a syncytium. Single-unit smooth muscle cells contract myogenically, which can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system.

text: Unlike single-unit smooth muscle cells, multi-unit smooth muscle cells are found in the muscle of the eye and in the base of hair follicles. Multi-unit smooth muscle cells contract by being separately stimulated by nerves of the autonomic nervous system. As such, they allow for fine control and gradual responses, much like motor unit recruitment in skeletal muscle.

text: Mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction[edit]

text: The contractile activity of smooth muscle cells is influenced by multiple inputs such as spontaneous electrical activity, neural and hormonal inputs, local changes in chemical composition, and stretch.[1] This is in contrast to the contractile activity of skeletal muscle cells, which relies on a single neural input. Some types of smooth muscle cells are able to generate their own action potentials spontaneously, which usually occur following a pacemaker potential or a slow wave potential. These action potentials are generated by the influx of extracellular Ca2+, and not Na+. Like skeletal muscles, cytosolic Ca2+ ions are also required for crossbridge cycling in smooth muscle cells.

text: The two sources for cytosolic Ca2+ in smooth muscle cells are the extracellular Ca2+ entering through calcium channels and the Ca2+ ions that are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ results in more Ca2+ binding to calmodulin, which then binds and activates myosin light-chain kinase. The calcium-calmodulin-myosin light-chain kinase complex phosphorylates myosin on the 20 kilodalton (kDa) myosin light chains on amino acid residue-serine 19, initiating contraction and activating the myosin ATPase. Unlike skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle cells lack troponin, even though they contain the thin filament protein tropomyosin and other notable proteins – caldesmon and calponin.  Thus, smooth muscle contractions are initiated by the Ca2+-activated phosphorylation of myosin rather than Ca2+ binding to the troponin complex that regulates myosin binding sites on actin like in skeletal and cardiac muscles.

text: Termination of crossbridge cycling (and leaving the muscle in latch-state) occurs when myosin light chain phosphatase removes the phosphate groups from the myosin heads. Phosphorylation of the 20 kDa myosin light chains correlates well with the shortening velocity of smooth muscle. During this period, there is a rapid burst of energy utilization as measured by oxygen consumption. Within a few minutes of initiation, the calcium level markedly decreases, the 20 kDa myosin light chains' phosphorylation decreases, and energy utilization decreases; however, force in tonic smooth muscle is maintained. During contraction of muscle, rapidly cycling crossbridges form between activated actin and phosphorylated myosin, generating force. It is hypothesized that the maintenance of force results from dephosphorylated "latch-bridges" that slowly cycle and maintain force. A number of kinases such as rho kinase, ZIP kinase, and protein kinase C are believed to participate in the sustained phase of contraction, and Ca2+ flux may be significant.

text: Neuromodulation[edit]

text: Although smooth muscle contractions are myogenic, the rate and strength of their contractions can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system. Postganglionic nerve fibers of parasympathetic nervous system release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) on smooth muscle cells. These receptors are metabotropic, or G-protein coupled receptors that initiate a second messenger cascade. Conversely, postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system release the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine, which bind to adrenergic receptors that are also metabotropic. The exact effects on the smooth muscle depend on the specific characteristics of the receptor activated—both parasympathetic input and sympathetic input can be either excitatory (contractile) or inhibitory (relaxing).

text: Cardiac muscle[edit]

text: There are two types of cardiac muscle cells: autorhythmic and contractile. Autorhythmic cells do not contract, but instead set the pace of contraction for other cardiac muscle cells, which can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system. In contrast, contractile muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) constitute the majority of the heart muscle and are able to contract.

text: Excitation-contraction coupling[edit]

text: Unlike skeletal muscle, excitation–contraction coupling in cardiac muscle is thought to depend primarily on a mechanism called calcium-induced calcium release.[30] Though the proteins involved are similar, the L-type calcium channels and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are not physically coupled. Instead, RyRs are activated by a calcium trigger, which is brought about by the flow of Ca2+through the L-type calcium channels. Furthermore, cardiac muscle tend to exhibit diad (or dyad) structures, rather than triads.

text: Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle cells occurs when an action potential is initiated by pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node or Atrioventricular node and conducted to all cells in the heart via gap junctions. The action potential travels along the surface membrane into T-tubules (the latter are not seen in all cardiac cell types) and the depolarisation causes extracellular Ca2+ to enter the cell via L-type calcium channels and possibly sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) during the early part of the plateau phase. This Ca2+ influx causes a small local increase in intracellular Ca2+. The increase in Ca2+ is detected by ryanodine receptors in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases Ca2+ in a positive feedback physiological response. This positive feedback is known as calcium-induced calcium release[30] and gives rise to calcium sparks (Ca2+ sparks[31]). The spatial and temporal summation of ~30,000 Ca2+ sparks gives a cell-wide increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration.[32] The increase in cytosolic calcium following the flow of calcium through the cell membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum is moderated by calcium buffers which bind a large proportion of intracellular calcium.  As a result, a large increase in total calcium leads to a relatively small rise in free Ca2+.[33]

text: The cytoplasmic calcium binds to Troponin C, moving the tropomyosin complex off the actin binding site allowing the myosin head to bind to the actin filament. From this point on, the contractile mechanism is essentially the same as for skeletal muscle (above). Briefly, using ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head pulls the actin filament toward the centre of the sarcomere.

text: Following systole, intracellular calcium is taken up by the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA) pump back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum ready for the next cycle to begin. Calcium is also ejected from the cell mainly by the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) and, to a lesser extent, a plasma membrane calcium ATPase.  Some calcium is also taken up by the mitochondria.[34] An enzyme, phospholamban, serves as a brake for SERCA. At low heart rates, phospholamban is active and slows down the activity of the ATPase so that Ca2+ does not have to leave the cell entirely. At high heart rates, phospholamban is phosphorylated and deactivated thus taking most Ca2+ from the cytoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.  Once again, calcium buffers moderate this fall in Ca2+concentration, permitting a relatively small decrease in free Ca2+concentration in response to a large change in total calcium. The falling Ca2+concentration allows the troponin complex to dissociate from the actin filament thereby ending contraction.  The heart relaxes, allowing the ventricles to fill with blood and begin the cardiac cycle again.

text: Invertebrate animals[edit]

text: Circular and longitudinal muscles[edit]

text: In annelids such as earthworms and leeches, circular and longitudinal muscles cells form the body wall of these animals and are responsible for their movement.[35] In an earthworm that is moving through a soil, for example, contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles occur reciprocally while the coelomic fluid serves as a hydroskeleton by maintaining turgidity of the earthworm.[36] When the circular muscles in the anterior segments contract, the anterior portion of animal's body begins to constrict radially, which pushes the incompressible coelomic fluid forward and increasing the length of the animal. As a result, the front end of the animal moves forward. As the front end of the earthworm becomes anchored and the circular muscles in the anterior segments become relaxed, a wave of longitudinal muscle contractions passes backwards, which pulls the rest of animal's trailing body forward.[35][36] These alternating waves of circular and longitudinal contractions is called peristalsis, which underlies the creeping movement of earthworms.

text: Obliquely striated muscles[edit]

text: Invertebrates such as annelids, mollusks, and nematodes, possess obliquely striated muscles, which contain bands of thick and thin filaments that are arranged helically rather than transversely, like in vertebrate skeletal or cardiac muscles.[37] In bivalves, the obliquely striated muscles can maintain tension over long periods without using too much energy. Bivalves use these muscles to keep their shells closed.

text: Asynchronous muscles[edit]

text: Advanced insects such as wasps, flies, bees, and beetles possess asynchronous muscles that constitute the flight muscles in these animals.[37] These flight muscles are often called fibrillar muscles because they contain myofibrils that are thick and conspicuous.[38] A remarkable feature of these muscles is that they do not require stimulation for each muscle contraction. Hence, they are called asynchronous muscles because the number of contractions in these muscles do not correspond (or synchronize) with the number of action potentials. For example, a wing muscle of a tethered fly may receive action potentials at a frequency of 3 Hz but it is able to beat at a frequency of 120 Hz.[37] The high frequency beating is made possible because the muscles are connected to a resonant system, which is driven to a natural frequency of vibration.

text: History[edit]

text: In 1780, Luigi Galvani discovered that the muscles of dead frogs' legs twitched when struck by an electrical spark.[40] This was one of the first forays into the study of bioelectricity, a field that still studies the electrical patterns and signals in tissues such as nerves and muscles.

text: In 1952, the term excitation–contraction coupling was coined to describe the physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response.[19] This process is fundamental to muscle physiology, whereby the electrical stimulus is usually an action potential and the mechanical response is contraction. Excitation–contraction coupling can be dysregulated in many diseases.Though excitation–contraction coupling has been known for over half a century, it is still an active area of biomedical research. The general scheme is that an action potential arrives to depolarize the cell membrane. By mechanisms specific to the muscle type, this depolarization results in an increase in cytosolic calcium that is called a calcium transient. This increase in calcium activates calcium-sensitive contractile proteins that then use ATP to cause cell shortening.

text: The mechanism for muscle contraction evaded scientists for years and requires continued research and updating.[41] The sliding filament theory was independently developed by Andrew F. Huxley and Rolf Niedergerke and by Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson. Their findings were published as two consecutive papers published in the 22 May 1954 issue of Nature under the common theme "Structural Changes in Muscle During Contraction".[21][22]


document_title: European Economic Community

question_text: the first organization that helped promote european economic cooperation was founded in 1951 as the

text: European Economic Community

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: In 1951, the Treaty of Paris was signed, creating the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). This was an international community based on supranationalism and international law, designed to help the economy of Europe and prevent future war by integrating its members.

text: In the aim of creating a federal Europe two further communities were proposed: a European Defence Community and a European Political Community. While the treaty for the latter was being drawn up by the Common Assembly, the ECSC parliamentary chamber, the proposed defense community was rejected by the French Parliament. ECSC President Jean Monnet, a leading figure behind the communities, resigned from the High Authority in protest and began work on alternative communities, based on economic integration rather than political integration.[3] After the Messina Conference in 1955, Paul Henri Spaak was given the task to prepare a report on the idea of a customs union. The so-called Spaak Report of the Spaak Committee formed the cornerstone of the intergovernmental negotiations at Val Duchesse conference centre in 1956.[4] Together with the Ohlin Report the Spaak Report would provide the basis for the Treaty of Rome.

text: In 1956, Paul Henri Spaak led the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at the Val Duchesse conference centre, which prepared for the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The conference led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, of the Treaty of Rome establishing a European Economic Community.

text: Creation and early years[edit]

text: The resulting communities were the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM or sometimes EAEC). These were markedly less supranational than the previous communities,[citation needed] due to protests from some countries that their sovereignty was being infringed (however there would still be concerns with the behaviour of the Hallstein Commission). The first formal meeting of the Hallstein Commission was held on 16 January 1958 at the Chateau de Val-Duchesse. The EEC (direct ancestor of the modern Community) was to create a customs union while Euratom would promote co-operation in the nuclear power sphere. The EEC rapidly became the most important of these and expanded its activities. One of the first important accomplishments of the EEC was the establishment (1962) of common price levels for agricultural products. In 1968, internal tariffs (tariffs on trade between member nations) were removed on certain products.

text: Another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy, which came into force in 1962. The transitional period whereby decisions were made by unanimity had come to an end, and majority-voting in the Council had taken effect. Then-French President Charles de Gaulle's opposition to supranationalism and fear of the other members challenging the CAP led to an "empty chair policy" whereby French representatives were withdrawn from the European institutions until the French veto was reinstated. Eventually, a compromise was reached with the Luxembourg compromise on 29 January 1966 whereby a gentlemen's agreement permitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest.[5][6]

text: On 1 July 1967 when the Merger Treaty came into operation, combining the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC, they already shared a Parliamentary Assembly and Courts. Collectively they were known as the European Communities. The Communities still had independent personalities although were increasingly integrated. Future treaties granted the community new powers beyond simple economic matters which had achieved a high level of integration. As it got closer to the goal of political integration and a peaceful and united Europe, what Mikhail Gorbachev described as a Common European Home.

text: Enlargement and elections[edit]

text: The 1960s saw the first attempts at enlargement. In 1961, Denmark, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom applied to join the three Communities. However, President Charles de Gaulle saw British membership as a Trojan horse for U.S. influence and vetoed membership, and the applications of all four countries were suspended.[citation needed] Greece became the first country to join the EC in 1961 as an associate member, however its membership was suspended in 1967 after the Colonels coup d' etat. [7]

text: A year later, in February 1962, Spain attempted to join the European Communities. However, because Spain, then ruled by Francisco Franco was not a democracy, all members rejected the request in 1964.

text: The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French president in 1969, the veto was lifted. Negotiations began in 1970 under the pro-European government of Edward Heath, who had to deal with disagreements relating to the Common Agricultural Policy and the UK's relationship with the Commonwealth of Nations. Nevertheless, two years later the accession treaties were signed so that Denmark, Ireland and the UK joined the Community effective 1 January 1973. The Norwegian people had finally rejected membership in a referendum on 25 September 1972.[citation needed]

text: The Treaties of Rome had stated that the European Parliament must be directly elected, however this required the Council to agree on a common voting system first. The Council procrastinated on the issue and the Parliament remained appointed,[8] French President Charles de Gaulle was particularly active in blocking the development of the Parliament, with it only being granted Budgetary powers following his resignation.[citation needed]

text: Parliament pressured for agreement and on 20 September 1976 the Council agreed part of the necessary instruments for election, deferring details on electoral systems which remain varied to this day.[8] During the tenure of President Jenkins, in June 1979, the elections were held in all the then-members (see European Parliament election, 1979).[9] The new Parliament, galvanised by direct election and new powers, started working full-time and became more active than the previous assemblies.[8]

text: Shortly after its election, the Parliament proposed that the Community adopt the flag of Europe design used by the Council of Europe.[citation needed] The European Council in 1984 appointed an ad hoc committee for this purpose.[10] The European Council in 1985 largely followed the Committee's recommendations, but as the adoption of a flag was strongly reminiscent of a national flag representing statehood, was controversial, the "flag of Europe" design was adopted only with the status of a "logo" or "emblem".[1]

text: The European Council, or European summit, had developed since the 1960s as an informal meeting of the Council at the level of heads of state. It had originated from then-French President Charles de Gaulle's resentment at the domination of supranational institutions (e.g. the Commission) over the integration process. It was mentioned in the treaties for the first time in the Single European Act (see below).[11]

text: Towards Maastricht[edit]

text: Greece re-applied to join the community on 12 June 1975, following the restoration of democracy, and re-joined on 1 January 1981.[12] Following on from Greece, and after their own democratic restoration, Spain and Portugal applied to the communities in 1977 and joined together on 1 January 1986.[13] In 1987 Turkey formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country.

text: With the prospect of further enlargement, and a desire to increase areas of co-operation, the Single European Act was signed by the foreign ministers on the 17 and 28 February 1986 in Luxembourg and the Hague respectively. In a single document it dealt with reform of institutions, extension of powers, foreign policy cooperation and the single market. It came into force on 1 July 1987.[14] The act was followed by work on what would be the Maastricht Treaty, which was agreed on 10 December 1991, signed the following year and coming into force on 1 November 1993 establishing the European Union.

text: European Community[edit]

text: The EU absorbed the European Communities as one of its three pillars. The EEC's areas of activities were enlarged and were renamed the European Community, continuing to follow the supranational structure of the EEC. The EEC institutions became those of the EU, however the Court, Parliament and Commission had only limited input in the new pillars, as they worked on a more intergovernmental system than the European Communities. This was reflected in the names of the institutions, the Council was formally the "Council of the European Union" while the Commission was formally the "Commission of the European Communities".

text: However, after the Treaty of Maastricht, Parliament gained a much bigger role. Maastricht brought in the codecision procedure, which gave it equal legislative power with the Council on Community matters. Hence, with the greater powers of the supranational institutions and the operation of Qualified Majority Voting in the Council, the Community pillar could be described as a far more federal method of decision making.

text: The Treaty of Amsterdam transferred responsibility for free movement of persons (e.g., visas, illegal immigration, asylum) from the Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) pillar to the European Community (JHA was renamed Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC) as a result).[15] Both Amsterdam and the Treaty of Nice also extended codecision procedure to nearly all policy areas, giving Parliament equal power to the Council in the Community.

text: In 2002, the Treaty of Paris which established the ECSC expired, having reached its 50-year limit (as the first treaty, it was the only one with a limit). No attempt was made to renew its mandate; instead, the Treaty of Nice transferred certain of its elements to the Treaty of Rome and hence its work continued as part of the EC area of the European Community's remit.

text: After the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 the pillar structure ceased to exist. The European Community, together with its legal personality, was absorbed into the newly consolidated European Union which merged in the other two pillars (however Euratom remained distinct). This was originally proposed under the European Constitution but that treaty failed ratification in 2005.

text: Aims and achievements[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2007)

tag: table

text: The main aim of the EEC, as stated in its preamble, was to "preserve peace and liberty and to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe". Calling for balanced economic growth, this was to be accomplished through:[16]

text:
The establishment of a customs union with a common external tariff
Common policies for agriculture, transport and trade, including standardization (for example, the CE marking designates standards compliance)
Enlargement of the EEC to the rest of Europe

tag: ol

text: For the customs union, the treaty provided for a 10% reduction in custom duties and up to 20% of global import quotas. Progress on the customs union proceeded much faster than the twelve years planned. However, France faced some setbacks due to their war with Algeria.[17]

text: Members[edit]

text: The six states that founded the EEC and the other two Communities were known as the "inner six" (the "outer seven" were those countries who formed the European Free Trade Association). The six were France, West Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries: Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The first enlargement was in 1973, with the accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Greece, Spain and Portugal joined in the 1980s. The former East Germany became part of the EEC upon German reunification in 1990. Following the creation of the EU in 1993, it has enlarged to include an additional sixteen countries by 2013.

text:
Flag
State
Accession
Language(s)
Currency
Population
(1990)[18]

Belgium
000000001957-03-25-000025 March 1957
Dutch, French and German
Belgian franc[19]
7007100160000000000♠10,016,000

France
000000001957-03-25-000025 March 1957
French
French franc
7007567180000000000♠56,718,000

West Germany/Germany[note 1]
000000001957-03-25-000025 March 1957
German
German mark
7007632540000000000♠63,254,000[20]

Italy
000000001957-03-25-000025 March 1957
Italian
Italian lira
7007567627000000000♠56,762,700

Luxembourg
000000001957-03-25-000025 March 1957
French, German and Luxembourgish
Luxembourgish franc[19]
7005384400000000000♠384,400

Netherlands
000000001957-03-25-000025 March 1957
Dutch and Frisian
Dutch guilder
7007148923000000000♠14,892,300

Denmark
000000001973-01-01-00001 January 1973
Danish
Danish krone
7006514650000000000♠5,146,500

Ireland
000000001973-01-01-00001 January 1973
Irish and English
Irish pound
7006352100000000000♠3,521,000

United Kingdom[21]
000000001973-01-01-00001 January 1973
English
Pound sterling
7007576810000000000♠57,681,000

Greece
000000001981-01-01-00001 January 1981
Greek
Greek drachma
7007101200000000000♠10,120,000

Portugal
000000001986-01-01-00001 January 1986
Portuguese
Portuguese escudo
7006986250000000000♠9,862,500

Spain
000000001986-01-01-00001 January 1986
Spanish[note 2]
Spanish peseta
7007389938000000000♠38,993,800

text: Member states are represented in some form in each institution. The Council is also composed of one national minister who represents their national government. Each state also has a right to one European Commissioner each, although in the European Commission they are not supposed to represent their national interest but that of the Community. Prior to 2004, the larger members (France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom) have had two Commissioners. In the European Parliament, members are allocated a set number seats related to their population, however these (since 1979) have been directly elected and they sit according to political allegiance, not national origin. Most other institutions, including the European Court of Justice, have some form of national division of its members.

text: Institutions[edit]

text: There were three political institutions which held the executive and legislative power of the EEC, plus one judicial institution and a fifth body created in 1975. These institutions (except for the auditors) were created in 1957 by the EEC but from 1967 onwards they applied to all three Communities. The Council represents governments, the Parliament represents citizens and the Commission represents the European interest.[22] Essentially, the Council, Parliament or another party place a request for legislation to the Commission. The Commission then drafts this and presents it to the Council for approval and the Parliament for an opinion (in some cases it had a veto, depending upon the legislative procedure in use). The Commission's duty is to ensure it is implemented by dealing with the day-to-day running of the Union and taking others to Court if they fail to comply.[22] After the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, these institutions became those of the European Union, though limited in some areas due to the pillar structure. Despite this, Parliament in particular has gained more power over legislation and security of the Commission. The Court was the highest authority in the law, settling legal disputes in the Community, while the Auditors had no power but to investigate.

text: Background[edit]

text: The EEC inherited some of the Institutions of the ECSC in that the Common Assembly and Court of Justice of the ECSC had their authority extended to the EEC and Euratom in the same role. However the EEC, and Euratom, had different executive bodies to the ECSC. In place of the ECSC's Council of Ministers was the Council of the European Economic Community, and in place of the High Authority was the Commission of the European Communities.

text: There was greater difference between these than name: the French government of the day had grown suspicious of the supranational power of the High Authority and sought to curb its powers in favour of the intergovernmental style Council. Hence the Council had a greater executive role in the running of the EEC than was the situation in the ECSC. By virtue of the Merger Treaty in 1967, the executives of the ECSC and Euratom were merged with that of the EEC, creating a single institutional structure governing the three separate Communities. From here on, the term European Communities were used for the institutions (for example, from Commission of the European Economic Community to the Commission of the European Communities).[23][24][25]

text: Council[edit]

text: The Council of the European Communities was a body holding legislative and executive powers and was thus the main decision making body of the Community. Its Presidency rotated between the member states every six months and it is related to the European Council, which was an informal gathering of national leaders (started in 1961) on the same basis as the Council.[26]

text: The Council was composed of one national minister from each member state. However the Council met in various forms depending upon the topic. For example, if agriculture was being discussed, the Council would be composed of each national minister for agriculture. They represented their governments and were accountable to their national political systems. Votes were taken either by majority (with votes allocated according to population) or unanimity. In these various forms they share some legislative and budgetary power of the Parliament.[26] Since the 1960s the Council also began to meet informally at the level of national leaders; these European summits followed the same presidency system and secretariat as the Council but was not a formal formation of it.

text: Commission[edit]

text: The Commission of the European Communities was the executive arm of the community, drafting Community law, dealing with the day to running of the Community and upholding the treaties. It was designed to be independent, representing the Community interest, but was composed of national representatives (two from each of the larger states, one from the smaller states). One of its members was the President, appointed by the Council, who chaired the body and represented it.

text: Parliament[edit]

text: Under the Community, the European Parliament (formerly the European Parliamentary Assembly) had an advisory role to the Council and Commission. There were a number of Community legislative procedures, at first there was only the consultation procedure, which meant Parliament had to be consulted, although it was often ignored. The Single European Act gave Parliament more power, with the assent procedure giving it a right to veto proposals and the cooperation procedure giving it equal power with the Council if the Council was not unanimous.

text: In 1970 and 1975, the Budgetary treaties gave Parliament power over the Community budget. The Parliament's members, up-until 1980 were national MPs serving part-time in the Parliament. The Treaties of Rome had required elections to be held once the Council had decided on a voting system, but this did not happen and elections were delayed until 1979 (see European Parliament election, 1979). After that, Parliament was elected every five years. In the following 20 years, it gradually won co-decision powers with the Council over the adoption of legislation, the right to approve or reject the appointment of the Commission President and the Commission as a whole, and the right to approve or reject international agreements entered into by the Community.

text: Court[edit]

text: The Court of Justice of the European Communities was the highest court of on matters of Community law and was composed of one judge per state with a president elected from among them. Its role was to ensure that Community law was applied in the same way across all states and to settle legal disputes between institutions or states. It became a powerful institution as Community law overrides national law.

text: Auditors[edit]

text: The fifth institution is the European Court of Auditors, which despite its name had no judicial powers like the Court of Justice. Instead, it ensured that taxpayer funds from the Community budget have been correctly spent. The court provided an audit report for each financial year to the Council and Parliament and gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions. It is the only institution not mentioned in the original treaties, having been set up in 1975.[27]

text: Policy areas[edit]

text: At the time of its abolition, the European Community pillar covered the following areas;[15]

text:
Asylum policy
Border control
Common Agricultural Policy
Common Fisheries Policy
Competition
Consumer protection
Customs Union and Single market

Economic and monetary union
Education and Culture
Employment
Environmental law
EU Citizenship
Healthcare

Immigration policy
Research
Schengen treaty
Social policy
Trade policy
Trans-European Networks


document_title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)

question_text: what is the name of the band in freaky friday

text: Freaky Friday (2003 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Anna Coleman is an average teenager with a stressful life due to her stodgy widowed mother, Tess, and annoying younger brother, Harry. The conflicts revolve around: Tess's upcoming second marriage to Ryan, which Anna is not emotionally ready for due to her father's death three years before; Anna's pop rock band - Pink Slip - which Tess hates because according to Anna, she thinks that they are all noise; Anna's claims about her archrival, Stacey Hinkhouse, who doesn't stop tormenting her and has Tess convinced that she and Anna are still best friends like they used to be; and her sadistic English teacher, Mr. Elton Bates, who gives her an "F" on everything she does no matter how hard she tries. Tess also disapproves of Anna's crush, Jake, an older student. To make matters worse, Anna gets detention twice during the school day. One for backtalking to Mr. Bates in the hallway, and another for hitting Stacey in the back with a volleyball on purpose during physical education after Stacey did it multiple times to her on purpose and got away scot free.

text: The Colemans eat out at Pei-Pei's Chinese restaurant, where Anna begs Tess to let her go on an important audition with her band. However, Tess refuses since the show is on the same Friday as the rehearsal dinner. They begin arguing again until Pei-Pei's mother interrupts to give them fortune cookies, which contain a body switching spell, causing an earthquake only they felt. The next morning, they wake up in each other's bodies, figuring that the fortune cookies are responsible for the switch, but can't go directly back to the restaurant as Anna has to go to school and Tess has to see her therapy patients, taking each other's roles. At school, Tess finds that Anna is not only right about Stacey when she assaults her, but Mr. Bates also gives her an "F" on a pop quiz about Hamlet even though she answered everything right. She soon recognizes him as a former classmate who asked her out to the prom, but she turned him down, and he is now taking it out on Anna. She threatens to report him to the school board unless he stops abusing Anna.

text: Before Anna goes to Tess's office, she gives Tess's body a makeover, much to her dismay. At Tess's practice, Anna has some difficulty handling her patients apart from a mother who has concerns over her daughter. At lunchtime, they go back to the restaurant to confront Pei-Pei and her mother, but she explains that only showing selfless love to one another will break the spell. In the afternoon, Anna attends Harry's parent-teacher conference, where she reads a composition about how much he actually admires her. She sees him in a different light, and vows to treat him nicer. Meanwhile, Tess attempts to make amends with Stacey, but she frames her for cheating. Jake helps her finish the test, which makes her realize that she has misjudged him. Unfortunately, he is no longer enamored with "Anna" after Tess sabotages Stacey's test.

text: Meanwhile, Ryan surprises Anna with an interview on a talk show to discuss Tess's new psychology book. However, she turns the interview into a wild romp to cover the fact she hasn't read the book. Tess and Jake catch it on TV and while she is embarrassed, he is impressed. Later, Anna bumps into him at a coffee shop, and they bond over their favorite music. He begins to fall in love with "Tess" and attempts to pursue her, much to the real Tess' horror.

text: At the rehearsal dinner, Anna's bandmates come to try to convince "Anna" to sneak off to the audition, but they are caught by security. Ryan surprises Tess and Anna by giving "Anna" permission to go. He explains that he just wants the kids to accept him, and he urges "Tess" to go support the band, finally winning her over. Since Tess can't play, Anna unplugs her guitar, and plays while Tess mimes along and enjoys doing so. Jake is in the audience, and he realizes that Anna is the one for him. Tess also realizes how fun music is, and promises to treat Anna's band with more respect. Back at the rehearsal dinner, Tess tells Anna to ask Ryan to postpone the wedding, so that Anna will not have to go through marrying him in Tess's body. Instead, she proposes a toast where she finally accepts him because of how happy he makes Tess. This is the final act of selfless love needed to break the spell, and another earthquake has them switch back to their own selves. On the wedding day, Tess and Ryan marry, and she and Anna finally make up after such long conflict by saying "I love you" to each other. Also, Anna and Jake start dating with Tess's approval. Anna's band also plays at the reception. Pei-Pei's mother attempts to give Harry and Grandpa Alan the body switching fortune cookies when they argue, but her daughter confiscates them in the nick of time (by tackling them to the ground).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jamie Lee Curtis as Dr. Tess Coleman/Anna Coleman
Lindsay Lohan as Anna Coleman/Dr. Tess Coleman
Chad Michael Murray as Jake
Mark Harmon as Ryan, Tess's Love interest
Harold Gould as Grandpa Alan
Stephen Tobolowsky as Mr. Elton Bates
Christina Vidal as Maddie
Ryan Malgarini as Harry Coleman
Haley Hudson as Peg
Rosalind Chao as Pei-Pei
Lucille Soong as Pei-Pei's mother
Willie Garson as Evan
Dina Waters as Dottie Robertson
Julie Gonzalo as Stacey Hinkhouse
Cayden Boyd as Harry's friend
Christopher Guest as Mr. Coleman

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The film's producer Andrew Gunn said he initially hoped Jodie Foster (who played Annabel in the original 1976 Freaky Friday film) would be interested in playing the mother in the remake. She declined in order to spend more time with her family and because of concerns that the stunt casting would overshadow the film's overall merit.[2] Annette Bening was then cast in the role, but dropped out because of family obligations. Jamie Lee Curtis was given the role only four days before filming began.[3] Lindsay Lohan's character was originally written as a Goth, but she did not think anyone would relate to that, and decided to dress in a preppy style for her audition. The character ended up being rewritten.[4] Marc McClure, who played Boris Harris, Annabel's love interest in the original film, has a brief cameo as Boris the delivery man.[2] Director Mark Waters also makes a cameo holding a baby at the wedding. In the end scene when Anna is dancing with Jake, there is a woman in the background dancing with an older gentleman, and she looks directly at the camera. That is Lindsay Lohan's mother, Dina Lohan. Ryan Shuck coached Jamie Lee Curtis to play the guitar solo for the concert scene. Lohan trained for one year to learn to play the guitar before production.[5] The snapshots in the opening credits are photos of Jamie Lee Curtis and her daughter, Annie Guest. Kelly Osbourne was originally set to play Maddie, but dropped out because she did not want to do a children's movie. She was replaced by Christina Vidal.[6][7] Principal photography began on October 5, 2002 and Principal photography ended on December 18, 2002

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and VHS on December 16, 2003 by Walt Disney Home Video. It is now also available on Blu-Ray disc.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed $22.2 million in 2,954 theaters, finishing second at the box office, behind S.W.A.T. ($37.1 million).

text: The film went on to gross $110.2 million in North America and $50.6 million in other territories for a total of $160.8 million.[1]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Freaky Friday received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 88%, based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan charm in Mark Waters' nicely pitched -- and Disney's second -- remake of the 1976 hit." On Metacritic the film has a score of 70 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

text: Jamie Lee Curtis's performance was singled out for praise by many critics. David Ansen of Newsweek noted that, "the most startling metamorphosis is Curtis' transformation from fading horror-flick queen to dazzling comedienne. She goes on a teenage tear—tormenting Anna's younger brother (who wonders why Mom's acting so weird), getting down and dirty on a TV talk show where Tess is supposed to discuss her book on aging—with fiercely funny conviction."[8] Lisa Schwarzbaum from Entertainment Weekly called her performance "glorious,"[9] and A. O. Scott from The New York Times contended that she "does some of her best work ever [in Freaky Friday]."[10] Nick Davis described her as "so frisky and pouty and incandescent in Freaky Friday, she made the whole movie feel like something special."[11] Her performance was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.

text: Lohan's performance was also praised. Roger Ebert wrote that she "has that Jodie Foster sort of seriousness and intent focus beneath her teenage persona."[12] The film earned her the award for Breakthrough Performance at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards.[13]

text: Some critics, however, objected to the caricatured portrayal of Chinese people in the body switching scene, with Nick Schager of Slant Magazine calling it "a strange bit of 'Oriental mysticism' stereotyping that seems at odds with the film’s thematic focus on tolerance and understanding."[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The orchestral score was written by Rolfe Kent and orchestrated by Tony Blondal.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: List awards to film and actress/actors.

text:
2004 – MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance to Lindsay Lohan
2004 – Teen Choice Awards for Choice Breakout Movie Star – Female to Lindsay Lohan
2004 – Teen Choice Award for Choice Hissy Fit to Lindsay Lohan
2004 – Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards for Best Live Action Family Film
2004 – BMI Film Music Award to Rolfe Kent

text:
2003 – Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy to Jamie Lee Curtis
2004 – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy to Jamie Lee Curtis
2004 – Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film
2004 – Saturn Award for Best Actress to Jamie Lee Curtis
2004 – Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor to Lindsay Lohan
2004 – Saturn Award for Best Writing to Heather Hach & Leslie Dixon
2004 – Critics Choice Award for Best Family Film – Live Action
2004 – Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards for Best Live Action Family Film
2004 – Teen Choice Awards for Choice Movie – Comedy
2004 – Young Artist Awards for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress to Lindsay Lohan
2004 – Young Artist Awards for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actor Age Ten or Younger to Ryan Malgarini


question_text: who controls and monitors the drugs in india

text:
Central Drugs Standard Control Organization

Agency overview

Type
Governmental Organization

Headquarters
New Delhi,  India
Coordinates: 28°37′56″N 77°14′08″E / 28.632309°N 77.235531°E / 28.632309; 77.235531

Annual budget
USD $ 256,000,000 (approx.) [1]

Minister responsible

J P Nadda[2]

Parent department
Minister of Health and Family Welfare

Parent agency
Government of India

Website
www.cdsco.nic.in

text: The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is the national regulatory body for Indian pharmaceuticals and medical devices, and serves parallel function to the European Medicines Agency of the European Union, the PMDA of Japan and the Food and Drug Administration of the United States.

text: Within the CDSCO, the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) regulates pharmaceutical and medical devices, under the gamut of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The DCGI is advised by the Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and the Drug Consultative Committee (DCC). It is divided into zonal offices which do pre-licensing and post-licensing inspections, post-market surveillance, and recalls when needed. [3][4]

text: Though the CDSCO has a good track record with the World Health Organization,[5] it has also been accused of past collusion with independent medical experts and pharmaceutical companies.[6] CDSCO plans to open international offices in Beijing, China.[7]


document_title: List of current Indian chief ministers

question_text: who is the newly appointed chief minister of gujarat

text: List of current Indian chief ministers

text: In the Republic of India, a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty-nine states and the two union territories (Delhi and Puducherry). According to the Constitution of India, at the state-level, the governor is de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given he has the assembly's confidence, the chief minister's term is usually for a maximum of five years; there are no limits to the number of terms he/she can serve.[1]

text: Of the thirty-one incumbents, three are women—Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal, Mehbooba Mufti in Jammu and Kashmir, and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan. Serving since December 1994 (for 23 years, 107 days), Sikkim's Pawan Kumar Chamling has the longest incumbency. Amarinder Singh (b. 1942) of Punjab is the oldest chief minister while Arunachal Pradesh's Pema Khandu (b. 1979) is the youngest.[2] Fifteen incumbents belong to the Bharatiya Janata Party, four to the Indian National Congress no other party has more than one chief minister in office.

text: Current Indian chief ministers[edit]

text:
Colour key for parties

  Aam Aadmi Party
  All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
  All India Trinamool Congress
  Bharatiya Janata Party
  Biju Janata Dal
  Communist Party of India (Marxist)
  Indian National Congress
  Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
  Janata Dal (United)
  Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
  National People's Party
  Sikkim Democratic Front
  Telangana Rashtra Samithi
  Telugu Desam Party

text:
State
(past chief ministers)
Name[3]
Portrait
Took office
(tenure length)
Party[a]
Alliance[b]
Ref

Andhra Pradesh
(list)
N. Chandrababu Naidu

000000002014-06-08-00008 June 2014
(7003139000000000000♠3 years, 294 days)
Telugu Desam Party

None
[4]

Arunachal Pradesh
(list)
Pema Khandu

000000002016-07-17-000017 July 2016
(7002620000000000000♠1 year, 255 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[5][6]

Assam
(list)
Sarbananda Sonowal

000000002016-05-24-000024 May 2016
(7002674000000000000♠1 year, 309 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[7]

Bihar
(list)
Nitish Kumar

000000002015-02-22-000022 February 2015
(7003113100000000000♠3 years, 35 days)
Janata Dal (United)

NDA
[8]

Chhattisgarh
(list)
Raman Singh

000000002003-12-07-00007 December 2003
(7003522600000000000♠14 years, 112 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[9]

Delhi[c]
(list)
Arvind Kejriwal

000000002015-02-14-000014 February 2015
(7003113900000000000♠3 years, 43 days)
Aam Aadmi Party

None
[10]

Goa
(list)
Manohar Parrikar

000000002017-03-14-000014 March 2017
(7002380000000000000♠1 year, 15 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[11]

Gujarat
(list)
Vijay Rupani

000000002016-08-07-00007 August 2016
(7002599000000000000♠1 year, 234 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[12]

Haryana
(list)
Manohar Lal Khattar

000000002014-10-26-000026 October 2014
(7003125000000000000♠3 years, 154 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[13]

Himachal Pradesh
(list)
Jai Ram Thakur

000000002017-12-27-000027 December 2017
(7001920000000000000♠92 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[14]

Jammu and Kashmir
(list)
Mehbooba Mufti

000000002016-04-04-00004 April 2016
(7002724000000000000♠1 year, 359 days)
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party

NDA
[15]

Jharkhand
(list)
Raghubar Das

000000002014-12-28-000028 December 2014
(7003118700000000000♠3 years, 91 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[16]

Karnataka
(list)
Siddaramaiah

000000002013-05-13-000013 May 2013
(7003178100000000000♠4 years, 320 days)
Indian National Congress

UPA
[17]

Kerala
(list)
Pinarayi Vijayan

000000002016-05-25-000025 May 2016
(7002673000000000000♠1 year, 308 days)
Communist Party of India (Marxist)

LDF
[18]

Madhya Pradesh
(list)
Shivraj Singh Chouhan

000000002005-11-29-000029 November 2005
(7003450300000000000♠12 years, 120 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[19]

Maharashtra
(list)
Devendra Fadnavis

000000002014-10-31-000031 October 2014
(7003124500000000000♠3 years, 149 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[20]

Manipur
(list)
N. Biren Singh

000000002017-03-15-000015 March 2017
(7002379000000000000♠1 year, 14 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[21]

Meghalaya
(list)
Conrad Sangma

000000002018-03-06-00006 March 2018
(7001230000000000000♠23 days)
National People's Party

NDA
[22]

Mizoram
(list)
Lal Thanhawla

000000002008-12-07-00007 December 2008
(7003339900000000000♠9 years, 112 days)
Indian National Congress

UPA
[23]

Nagaland
(list)
Neiphiu Rio

000000002018-03-08-00008 March 2018
(7001210000000000000♠21 days)
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party

NDA
[24]

Odisha
(list)
Naveen Patnaik

000000002000-03-05-00005 March 2000
(7003659800000000000♠18 years, 24 days)
Biju Janata Dal

None
[25]

Puducherry[c]
(list)
V. Narayanasamy

000000002016-06-06-00006 June 2016
(7002661000000000000♠1 year, 296 days)
Indian National Congress

UPA
[26]

Punjab
(list)
Amarinder Singh

000000002017-03-16-000016 March 2017
(7002378000000000000♠1 year, 13 days)
Indian National Congress

UPA
[27]

Rajasthan
(list)
Vasundhara Raje

000000002013-12-13-000013 December 2013
(7003156700000000000♠4 years, 106 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[28]

Sikkim
(list)
Pawan Kumar Chamling

000000001994-12-12-000012 December 1994
(7003850800000000000♠23 years, 107 days)
Sikkim Democratic Front

NDA
[29]

Tamil Nadu
(list)
Edappadi K. Palaniswami

000000002017-02-16-000016 February 2017
(7002406000000000000♠1 year, 41 days)
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

None
[30]

Telangana
(list)
K. Chandrashekhar Rao

000000002014-06-02-00002 June 2014
(7003139600000000000♠3 years, 300 days)
Telangana Rashtra Samithi

None
[31]

Tripura
(list)
Biplab Kumar Deb

000000002018-03-09-00009 March 2018
(20 Days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[32]

Uttar Pradesh
(list)
Yogi Adityanath

000000002017-03-19-000019 March 2017
(7002375000000000000♠1 year, 10 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[33]

Uttarakhand
(list)
Trivendra Singh Rawat

000000002017-03-18-000018 March 2017
(7002376000000000000♠1 year, 11 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

NDA
[34]

West Bengal
(list)
Mamata Banerjee

000000002011-05-20-000020 May 2011
(7003250500000000000♠6 years, 313 days)
All India Trinamool Congress

None
[35]

text:
Jump up ^ This column names only the chief minister's party. The ministry he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.
Jump up ^ This refers to any alliance government, both nationally or locally
^ Jump up to: a b Although Delhi and Puducherry each have an elected legislature and a council of ministers (headed by the chief minister), they are officially union territories.


document_title: Kath & Kim

question_text: who sings the theme song for kath and kim

text: Kath & Kim

text: History[edit]

text: The characters of Kath, Kim (created by Riley and Turner) and Sharon (created and played by Magda Szubanski[2]) first featured in the early 1990s as a weekly segment of the Australian comedy series Big Girl's Blouse (Seven, 1994–95).[3] They also appeared in Something Stupid (Seven, 1998).[3]

text: The skits were developed by Riley and Turner into a full series. The first series of Kath & Kim premiered on ABC TV on 16 May 2002, with three further series following, while a television movie, entitled Da Kath and Kim Code, was broadcast nationally on 25 November 2005. Kath & Kim has garnered much critical acclaim since its debut, winning two Logie Award, for "Outstanding Comedy Programme" and the "Best Television Drama Series" award at the Australian Film Institute Awards. In Australia, it has become a pop-culture phenomenon, and is a success with audiences nationwide. Internationally, the series has spawned a cult fanbase.

text: Fourth series[edit]

text: The fourth series of Kath & Kim began airing on the Seven Network on 19 August 2007, due to the contract expiring with ABC. The first episode of series four attracted an Australian audience of 2.521 million nationally,[4] the highest rating ever for a first episode in the history of Australian television,[4] until the series premiere of Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities in 2009 with 2.58 million viewers.[5]

text: American version[edit]

text: Due to the success that Kath & Kim has achieved internationally, it was remade for US audiences by NBC.[6][7][8] Riley and Turner served as executive producers on the US version. In this remake, actress Molly Shannon has taken the role of Kath Day,[9] and Selma Blair the role of Kim.[10] The character of Sharon does not appear at the insistence of Szubanski.

text: NBC chose Jason Ensler to direct. Michelle Nader developed the series for American television, which premiered in the United States as part of the Fall schedule of 2008. The series started to shoot in California in July 2008. NBC debuted the US adaptation on 9 October 2008, while Seven started screening it to Australian viewers on 12 October 2008. After airing only two episodes, Seven dropped the sitcom from their lineup due to poor ratings, only to bring it back several weeks later as a late-night schedule filler. In America, reviews were poor, but it averaged roughly around 5 to 7 million viewers per week, and was rewarded with a full season order in October 2008.[11][12] On Tuesday, 19 May 2009, NBC announced that there would not be a second season of "Kath & Kim".

text: 2012 Film[edit]

text: On 9 March 2011, Turner and Riley announced plans for a movie, in which, Kath, Kim, Kel, Brett, Sharon and Epponnee would head overseas on holiday. Contracts were written to finance the film's production under the working title of The Kath & Kim Filum, with the word 'film' deliberately misspelt with the letter 'u' in typical Kath and Kim humour.[13] However, the title Kath & Kimderella was ultimately used, and the film was released in Australia on 6 September 2012.[14] It was directed by Ted Emery (director of the television series) and produced by Rick McKenna. The holiday scenes were shot in Positano, Italy and filming took a total of two weeks.[15]

text: The film was released in Australian cinemas on 6 September 2012.[14] It grossed in excess of $2.1 million in its first weekend on Australian movie screens.[16]

text: Re-runs[edit]

text: In 2017, the rights to the series were acquired by the Nine Network which began airing repeats of the series from 1 August 2017.[17]

text: Premise[edit]

text: Kath & Kim follows the day-to-day Australian suburban life of Kath Day-Knight (Jane Turner), her only child Kimberly (Kim) Diane Craig née Poole (Gina Riley), Kim's husband and Computa City salesman, Brett Craig (Peter Rowsthorn), Kath's love interest and eventual husband who works as a "purveyor of fine meats", Kel Knight (Glenn Robbins), and long-time family friend Sharon Strzelecki (Magda Szubanski).

text: The main setting is Kath's townhouse in Fountain Lakes. It is taped in a house in the waterfront street of Lagoon Place, Patterson Lakes, Victoria.[1] The house's exact location is 4 Lagoon Place, Patterson Lakes, Victoria.

text: The storyline of first series follows Kath's engagement and plans for her wedding to Kel. Kim frequently stays in her mother's house owing to her rocky relationship with Brett (most of which is due to her own childish, spoilt, and rude behaviour towards Brett). Sharon's always around with a helping hand and her own relationship problems. Her history with Brett is also explored.

text: The second series follows Kim's pregnancy and her rekindled relationship with Brett. Kath and Kel's relationship goes through some teething troubles. Kim and Brett have a baby in the final episode of the second series whom they name Epponn'knee-Raelene Kathleen Darlene Charlene Craig, shortened to Epponn'knee-Rae. Several episodes of the third series focus on Epponn'knee-Rae. The third-season finale features an adult Epponn'knee-Rae, played by Kylie Minogue.

text: Storylines follow the characters' day-to-day lives, and document their personal struggles and the banality of their achievements and aspirations. Kath & Kim satirises the mother-daughter relationship and the habits and values of modern suburban Australians, and emphasises the kitsch and superficial elements of contemporary society, particularly the traditional working class which has progressed to a level of affluence (or "effluence" as quoted by Kath) which previous generations had been unable to achieve. Despite this affluence, good taste and a sense of cultural sophistication still eludes the titular characters.

text: They visit places such as the Westfield Fountain Gate (some parts filmed at Westfield Southland), the local IKEA, Target, and various local restaurants.

text: It also occasionally mocks Australian and international mass popular culture, such as popular reality television shows Big Brother and Australian Idol. It sometimes makes statements about Australian politics. The crass and embarrassing behaviour of the characters, and their gaudy, out-dated fashion sense are popular features of the show. Processed and widely recognised Australian foods, such as Jatz crackers, Tim Tams and Fruiche yoghurt are frequently referenced in the series.

text: Catch phrases[edit]

text: The highly developed alternative vocabulary including the mixed metaphors, hypercorrection, malapropisms and mis-pronunciations of the regular characters are much-repeated by the show's fans. These include: "Look at moy" (look at me)—used by Kath to command attention during arguments, and "It's noice, different and unusual"—used by Kath, Kim and Sharon to express approval or agreement.

text: Costuming[edit]

text: Second-hand shops were used for Kath's clothing, whereas Kim was dressed in current trends.[18]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main Cast[edit]

text:
Jane Turner as Kath Day-Knight - A middle aged woman
Gina Riley as Kim Craig - Kath's lazy daughter, in her 20s
Magda Szubanski as Sharon Strzelecki - Kim's "second best friend", described as very unlucky in love
Glenn Robbins as Kel Knight - Kath's boyfriend and later husband, a metrosexual man
Peter Rowsthorn as Brett Craig - Kim's husband

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Zara Harrington, Emma Le Boeuf and Makayla Berkers as Epponnee-Rae Craig - Kim's baby (series 2, episode 8 and onwards)
Jane Turner and Gina Riley as Prue and Trude, two snobby women who work in a homewares store (8 episodes + TV movie)
Marg Downey as Marion, a new age marriage celebrant and counsellor (6 episodes)
Mick Molloy as Gary Poole, Kim's father (2 episodes)
William McInnes (credited as Rock Hampton) as Sandy Freckle, long-time friend of Kel (2 episodes)
Tony Martin as Mark, romantic interest of Sharon (4 episodes)
Peta Brady as Kelly, Brett's supervisor at work (4 episodes + TV movie)
Mark Trevorrow as Daryl Lee, a camp man who works in a men's wear shop (3 episodes + TV movie)
Luke Lennox as Brodie (1 episode + TV movie)
Matt Lucas (as Sharon's sister, 2 episodes)

text: Guest cast[edit]

text:
Eric Bana (as himself, 1 episode)
Alan Brough (first name used, 1 episode)
Michael Bublé (as himself, TV movie)
Sibylla Budd
Rhonda Burchmore (as herself, TV movie)
Glenn Butcher
John Clarke
Vince Colosimo
Gerry Connolly
Rachel Griffiths (as herself, 1 episode)
Donna Hay (as herself)
Mark Holden (as himself, 1 episode)
Barry Humphries (TV movie, and movie (as Edna Everage))
Colin Lane
Judith Lucy (1 episode, TV movie)
Rove McManus (as himself)
Andrew O'Keefe (as himself)
Geoffrey Rush (1 episode)
Rob Sitch (1 episode)
Shane Warne (as a Shane Warne impersonator who marries Sharon, 1 episode)
The Wiggles (as themselves, TV movie)
Frank Woodley (1 episode)
Kylie Minogue (as an adult Epponnee-Rae Craig in episode 3x8, also made brief appearance in episode 3x7)

text: Several guest stars are well-known Australian comedy performers, some of whom previously worked with Turner or Riley. Buble and Lucas were fans of the show and asked to appear in it. Humphries declared himself a fan of the series before taking part.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The title sequence shows the main five regular characters over a white background. In Series 3, it was amended to include Epponnee-Rae and Cujo. The five regular cast members are then credited over aerial shots of suburban houses. Szubanski is credited as "Special Guest Star," despite appearing in every episode. The theme song is "The Joker," performed by Gina Riley. A re-recording of it debuted in the telemovie opening sequence and has continued into Series 4.

text: Twenty-four episodes lasting approximately twenty-five minutes each across three series aired on ABC TV from 2002 to 2004. The series debuted on 15 May 2002 on the ABC Network with "Sex" and became one of the highest rated shows for ABC.[citation needed] A replacement of a full series occurred in 2005 with the telemovie Da Kath & Kim Code. The fourth series of Kath & Kim premiered on 19 August 2007 at 7:30 pm on the Seven Network with a total of eight episodes. As of late 2009, they've announced that writing has begun on Series 5.[19] In May 2010, when asked if there would be more Kath and Kim, Turner replied: "We sort of felt like it was the end two years ago. We thought, ‘We’ve done enough and the well is dry and we can’t think of any more ideas’ … We think we might just leave it for now."[20]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
DVD release

Season premiere
Season finale
Region 2
Region 4

1
8
16 May 2002
4 July 2002
20 June 2005
8 October 2002

2
8
18 September 2003
6 November 2003
27 November 2006
24 November 2003

3
8
7 October 2004
25 November 2004
TBA
30 November 2004

Telemovie
1
27 November 2005
TBA
1 December 2005

4
8
19 August 2007
14 October 2007
TBA
17 October 2007

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2007)

text: Kath & Kim premiered on 16 May 2002 and became one of ABC's highest rated shows. When the show premiered on the Seven Network, it became the highest rating episode in Australian television history, until the record was broken by Nine Network's Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities on 9 February 2009. The fourth series of Kath & Kim debuted with a record breaking 2.511 million viewers peaking at 2.731 million. In its second and third episodes viewers fell to 1.994 & 1.817 million respectively, however viewers then rebounded for its fourth and fifth episodes with ratings of 2.047 & 2.157 million respectively. Strong ratings continued with viewers of 2.049 and 2.066 million for the sixth and seventh episodes. The eighth episode and series finale rated 2.338 million giving the fourth series an average viewership of 2.122 million, making it the highest rating series in Australia for 2007 and the highest rating of all four series of the show.[citation needed]

text: Channel Seven have since started showing repeats of the show from series one onwards which had previously only aired on the ABC network. The repeats have proved quite successful, rating 1.465 and 1.530 so far, winning in a very competitive timeslot and being amongst the highest rating shows of the week.[21]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Network
Viewers (millions)
Rank

Season premiere
Season finale

1
8
16 May 2002
4 July 2002
ABC
1.254[22]
#15

2
8
18 September 2003
6 November 2003
1.755[22]
#1

3
8
7 October 2004
25 November 2004
1.829[23]
#1

4
8
19 August 2007
14 October 2007
Seven Network
2.127[23]
#1

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: The enduring public interest and popularity of Kath and Kim has led to a merchandising industry. The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from T-shirts to posters. The Kath & Kim series have been released on VHS (although titles are now discontinued in the VHS format) and DVD, in box-sets and separate series editions in both Region 4 (Australia, New Zealand, Latin America) as well as Region 2 (Europe). The series has also had a CD release, featuring songs from the series and recordings from Kath and Kim. In addition, there have been clothing (such as aprons, T-shirts and oven mitts). Merchandise is available to purchase online, from the Kath & Kim official website.

text: CD releases[edit]

text:
Album info

Kath & Kim's Party Tape

Release date: 2 May 2004 [1]
Chart positions: #17 (Australian Albums Chart)[2]
Accreditation: Gold (50,000+ units sold)[3]

In 2004, Kath & Kim's Party Tape was released in Australia under the Universal record label. It features 21 tracks including the full length version of the show's title theme, "The Joker" (as sung by Gina Riley) as well as Diana Ross and Lionel Richie's "Endless Love" and Donna Summer's "MacArthur Park".

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Gina Riley – "The Joker"
Kath & Kim (Jane Turner and Gina Riley) – "Wine Time #1"
The Tubes – "Don't Touch Me There"
Bobby Hebb – "Sunny"
Kath & Kim – "Wine Time #2"
Diana Ross and Lionel Richie – "Endless Love"
Status Quo – "Roll Over Lay Down"
Kath & Kim – "Wine Time #3"
The Supremes – "Rhythm of Life"
Van McCoy – "The Hustle"
Yvonne Elliman – "If I Can't Have You"
Donna Summer – "MacArthur Park"
Kath & Kim – "Wine Time #4"
The Commodores – "Three Times a Lady"
Sérgio Mendes and Brasil '66 – "Day Tripper"
Kath & Kim – "Wine Time #5"
Yvonne Fair – "It Should Have Been Me"
Stephanie Mills – "Never Knew Love Like This Before"
Kath & Kim – "Wine Time #6"
Captain & Tennille – "Love Will Keep Us Together"
Kath & Kim – "Lady Bump"

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Single seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 2
Region 4

1
8
2
United Kingdom: 20 June 2005
Australia: 8 October 2002

This release of the complete first season has a total running time of 202 minutes and contains all 8 episodes. Special features include features entitled "Being Stewpid", "Wine Time Philosophy" and "Scenes that are different, un-ewes-yewl" as well as re-living Brett And Kim's Connubials!

text:
Season
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 2
Region 4

2
8
2
United Kingdom: 27 November 2006
Australia: 24 November 2003

This release of the complete second season has a total running time of 215 minutes and contains all 8 episodes. Special features include features entitled "A bit of huffy puffy with Kath and Kel", "More Yumor", "More Wine Time philosophy" and "Scenes that are different, un-ewes-yewl".

text:
Season
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

3
8
2
Australia: 30 November 2004

This release of the complete third season has a total running time of 248 minutes and contains all 8 episodes. Special features includes a feature entitled "'In the Raw' with Kath & Kim" as well as goof reels, deleted scenes, a performance of "Lady Bump" at the Logies, interviews with Kath & Kim, bonus "Wine Time" material as well as Prue and Trued telling it how it is.

text:
Season
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

4
8
2
Australia: 17 October 2007

text: Box sets[edit]

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 2
Region 4

1 & 2
16
4
United Kingdom: 27 November 2006
Australia: 8 April 2004

This box set of the first and second seasons has a total running time of 431 minutes. It contains the same special features as the single season releases.

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

1–3
24
6
Australia: 7 April 2005

This box set of the first, second and third seasons has a total running time of 686 minutes. It contains the same special features as the single season releases.

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

1–4
32
8
Australia: 6 November 2008

Special box set featuring all four seasons. Called The Hornbag Collection.

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

1 & 2
16
4
Australia: 2 July 2009

Called Kath & Kim: Series 1 & 2. Total running time 417 minutes. Contains the same special features as single season releases. Released through Roadshow Entertainment. Cover artwork states that it is PAL Region 4 but the discs have All Regions printed.

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

3 & 4
16
4
Australia: 2 July 2009

Called Kath & Kim: Series 3 & 4. Total Running Time 513 minutes. Contains the same special features as single season releases. Released through Roadshow Entertainment. Cover artwork states that it is PAL Region 4 but the discs have All Regions printed.

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

1–4
32
8
Australia: 1 April 2010

Called Kath & Kim Kollection Series 1–4.

text: Other DVDs[edit]

text: Da Kath & Kim Code[edit]

text:
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

2
Australia: 1 December 2005

text: Da Kath & Kim Code repackage[edit]

text:
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

2
Australia: 1 April 2010

This release of Da Kath & Kim Code features two discs with a total running time of 164 minutes. It contains the telemovie as well as special features including an exended ending for the telemovie, behind the scenes, goofs, a feature entitled "Barry Humphries at 'The Buckingham'", deleted scenes as well as a feature entitled "Kath & Kim & Bert". The release also includes "Live in London" content which includes Kath & Kim live at the Toast Festival, wine tasting, talking to the BBC as well as having "A Current Affair".

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The show itself, and the cast, have been nominated several television awards in the past, including AFI Awards and Logies. In addition, Kath and Kim and Da Kath and Kim Code have won four major awards for the show itself.

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

2002
AFI Awards
Best Actress in a Supporting or Guest Role in a Television Drama at the AFI Awards
Magda Szubanski
Won

2002
AFI Awards
Best Screenplay in a Television Drama at the AFI Awards

Won

2002
AFI Awards
Best Television Drama Series at the AFI Awards

Won

2003
Logies
Most Outstanding Comedy Program at the Logies

Won

2004
Logies
Most Outstanding Comedy Program at the Logies (tied with CNNNN)

Won

2004
Logies
Most Popular Light Entertainment or Comedy Program

Won

text: Nominated[edit]

text:
2002: Best Screenplay in a Television Drama at the AFI Awards
2003, 2004, 2005: Most Popular Light Entertainment / Comedy Program at the Logies
2003, 2004: Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Television Drama or Comedy (Glenn Robbins) at the AFI Awards
2003, 2004: Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Television Drama or Comedy (Jane Turner) at the AFI Awards
2003, 2004: Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Television Drama or Comedy (Gina Riley) at the AFI Awards
2003, 2004: Best Comedy Series – Sitcom or Sketch
2004, 2005, 2006: Most Popular Actor (Glenn Robbins) at the Logies ('04 & '05 for Kath and Kim; '06 for Da Kath and Kim Code)
2004: Best Actress in a Supporting or Guest Role in a Television Drama or Comedy (Magda Szubanski) at the AFI Awards
2004: Best Screenplay in Television
2005: Most Popular Actress (Gina Riley) at the Logies
2005: Most Popular Actress (Magda Szubanski) at the Logies
2005: Most Outstanding Comedy Program at the Logies
2006: Most Outstanding Miniseries / Telemovie at the Logies (for Da Kath and Kim Code)


document_title: Chuck E.'s In Love

question_text: who sang the song chuck e's in love

question_tokens: who sang the song chuck e 's in love

text: Chuck E.'s In Love

text:
"Chuck E.'s In Love"

Single by Rickie Lee Jones

from the album Rickie Lee Jones

B-side
"On Saturday Afternoons in 1963"

Released
April 28, 1979

Length
3:31

Label
Warner Bros.

Songwriter(s)
Rickie Lee Jones

Producer(s)
Lenny Waronker, Russ Titelman

Rickie Lee Jones singles chronology

"Chuck E.'s In Love"
(1979)
"Young Blood"
(1979)

"Chuck E.'s In Love"
(1979)
"Young Blood"
(1979)

text: "Chuck E.’s In Love" is a song by American singer/songwriter Rickie Lee Jones. Released in 1979 on her eponymous debut album, Rickie Lee Jones from Warner Bros. Records, the song became her biggest hit, going to number 4 on the Billboard U.S. Hot 100 list.[1]

text: "Chuck E.’s In Love" is Track 1 on Side 1 of the Rickie Lee Jones LP, on which it runs 3:28 minutes long. It is Side A on the single; the B-side is “On Saturday Afternoon in 1963”.

text: Inspiration[edit]

text: Jones and her lover/fellow songwriter Tom Waits spent a lot of time hanging out with their friend Chuck E. Weiss at the seedy Tropicana Motel in Los Angeles. Eventually Weiss, affectionately referred to as "Chuck E.", disappeared. Later Weiss called the apartment where Jones and Waits lived. When Waits took the call, Weiss explained that he was in Denver, and that he had moved there because he had fallen in love with a cousin in Colorado. When Waits hung up he announced to Jones, "Chuck E.’s in love." Jones liked the sound of the sentence and wrote a song around it. Although toward the end of "Chuck E.’s In Love" the lyrics state, "Chuck E.’s in love with the little girl singing this song," the twist ending is fictional; Jones was never the girl with whom Chuck E. was in love.[2]

text: P.L.P.[edit]

text: The first line of the song says, "How come he don't come and PLP with me down at the meter no more?" PLP stands for Public Leaning Post, old American slang for one person (usually female) leaning against another (usually male) in a friendly fashion.[3]