document_title: Refrigerator

question_text: when was the first refrigerator invented and by whom

text: Refrigerator

text: History[edit]

text: Refrigeration technology[edit]

text: Before the invention of the refrigerator, icehouses were used to provide cool storage for most of the year. Placed near freshwater lakes or packed with snow and ice during the winter, they were once very common. Natural means are still used to cool foods today. On mountainsides, runoff from melting snow is a convenient way to cool drinks, and during the winter one can keep milk fresh much longer just by keeping it outdoors. The word "refrigeratory" was used at least as early as the 17th century[2]

text: The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerating machine in 1755. Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled, absorbing heat from the surrounding air.[3] The experiment even created a small amount of ice, but had no practical application at that time.

text: In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans described a closed vapor-compression refrigeration cycle for the production of ice by ether under vacuum. In 1820, the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia and other gases by using high pressures and low temperatures, and in 1834, an American expatriate in Great Britain, Jacob Perkins, built the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system. It was a closed-cycle device that could operate continuously.[4] A similar attempt was made in 1842, by American physician, John Gorrie,[5] who built a working prototype, but it was a commercial failure. American engineer Alexander Twining took out a British patent in 1850 for a vapor compression system that used ether.

text: The first practical vapor compression refrigeration system was built by James Harrison, a British journalist who had emigrated to Australia. His 1856 patent was for a vapor compression system using ether, alcohol or ammonia. He built a mechanical ice-making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong, Victoria, and his first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854. Harrison also introduced commercial vapor-compression refrigeration to breweries and meat packing houses, and by 1861, a dozen of his systems were in operation.

text: The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia") was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859 and patented in 1860. Carl von Linde, an engineering professor at the Technological University Munich in Germany, patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876. His new process made possible the use of gases such as ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl) as refrigerants and they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s.

text: Domestic refrigerator[edit]

text: In 1913, refrigerators for home and domestic use were invented by Fred W. Wolf of Fort Wayne, Indiana with models consisting of a unit that was mounted on top of an ice box.[6] In 1914, engineer Nathaniel B. Wales of Detroit, Michigan, introduced an idea for a practical electric refrigeration unit, which later became the basis for the Kelvinator. A self-contained refrigerator, with a compressor on the bottom of the cabinet was invented by Alfred Mellowes in 1916. Mellowes produced this refrigerator commercially but was bought out by William C. Durant in 1918, who started the Frigidaire company to mass-produce refrigerators. In 1918, Kelvinator company introduced the first refrigerator with any type of automatic control. The absorption refrigerator was invented by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters from Sweden in 1922, while they were still students at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. It became a worldwide success and was commercialized by Electrolux. Other pioneers included Charles Tellier, David Boyle, and Raoul Pictet. Carl von Linde was the first to patent and make a practical and compact refrigerator.

text: These home units usually required the installation of the mechanical parts, motor and compressor, in the basement or an adjacent room while the cold box was located in the kitchen. There was a 1922 model that consisted of a wooden cold box, water-cooled compressor, an ice cube tray and a 9-cubic-foot (0.25 m3) compartment, and cost $714. (A 1922 Model-T Ford cost about $450.) By 1923, Kelvinator held 80 percent of the market for electric refrigerators. Also in 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit. About this same time porcelain-covered metal cabinets began to appear. Ice cube trays were introduced more and more during the 1920s; up to this time freezing was not an auxiliary function of the modern refrigerator.

text: The first refrigerator to see widespread use was the General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator introduced in 1927, so-called because of its resemblance to the gun turret on the ironclad warship USS Monitor of the 1860s. The compressor assembly, which emitted a great deal of heat, was placed above the cabinet, and enclosed by a decorative ring. Over a million units were produced. As the refrigerating medium, these refrigerators used either sulfur dioxide, which is corrosive to the eyes and may cause loss of vision, painful skin burns and lesions, or methyl formate, which is highly flammable, harmful to the eyes, and toxic if inhaled or ingested. Many of these units are still functional today, after requiring little more service than a replacement start relay or thermostat if at all. These cooling systems cannot legally be recharged with the hazardous original refrigerants if they leak or break down.

text: The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s and provided a safer, low-toxicity alternative to previously used refrigerants. Separate freezers became common during the 1940s; the popular term at the time for the unit was a deep freeze. These devices, or appliances, did not go into mass production for use in the home until after World War II.[7] The 1950s and 1960s saw technical advances like automatic defrosting and automatic ice making. More efficient refrigerators were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, even though environmental issues led to the banning of very effective (Freon) refrigerants. Early refrigerator models (from 1916) had a cold compartment for ice cube trays. From the late 1920s fresh vegetables were successfully processed through freezing by the Postum Company (the forerunner of General Foods), which had acquired the technology when it bought the rights to Clarence Birdseye's successful fresh freezing methods.

text: The first successful application of frozen foods occurred when General Foods heiress Marjorie Merriweather Post (then wife of Joseph E. Davies, United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union) deployed commercial-grade freezers in Spaso House, the US Embassy in Moscow, in advance of the Davies’ arrival. Post, fearful of the USSR's food processing safety standards, fully stocked the freezers with products from General Foods' Birdseye unit. The frozen food stores allowed the Davies to entertain lavishly and serve fresh frozen foods that would otherwise be out of season. Upon returning from Moscow, Post (who resumed her maiden name after divorcing Davies) directed General Foods to market frozen product to upscale restaurants.

text: Home freezers as separate compartments (larger than necessary just for ice cubes), or as separate units, were introduced in the United States in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became commonplace.

text: Freezer[edit]

text: Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce. Food stored at or below −18 °C (0 °F) is safe indefinitely.[8] Most household freezers maintain temperatures from −23 to −18 °C (−9 to 0 °F), although some freezer-only units can achieve −34 °C (−29 °F) and lower. Refrigerators generally do not achieve lower than −23 °C (−9 °F), since the same coolant loop serves both compartments: Lowering the freezer compartment temperature excessively causes difficulties in maintaining above-freezing temperature in the refrigerator compartment. Domestic freezers can be included as a separate compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a separate appliance. Domestic freezers are generally upright units resembling refrigerators or chests (upright units laid on their backs). Many modern upright freezers come with an ice dispenser built into their door. Some upscale models include thermostat displays and controls, and sometimes flatscreen televisions as well.

text: Commercial and domestic refrigerators[edit]

text: Commercial refrigerator and freezer units, which go by many other names, were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. They used gas systems such as ammonia (R-717) or sulfur dioxide (R-764), which occasionally leaked, making them unsafe for home use. Practical household refrigerators were introduced in 1915 and gained wider acceptance in the United States in the 1930s as prices fell and non-toxic, non-flammable synthetic refrigerants such as Freon-12 (R-12) were introduced. However, R-12 damaged the ozone layer, causing governments to issue a ban on its use in new refrigerators and air-conditioning systems in 1994. The less harmful replacement for R-12, R-134a (tetrafluoroethane), has been in common use since 1990, but R-12 is still found in many old systems today.

text: A common commercial refrigerator is the glass fronted beverage cooler. These type of appliances are typically designed for specific re-load conditions meaning that they generally have a larger cooling system. This ensures that they are able to cope with a large throughput of drinks and frequent door opening. As a result, it is common for these types of commercial refrigerators to have energy consumption of >4 kWh/day.[9]

text: Styles of refrigerators[edit]

text: In the early 1950s most refrigerators were white, but from the mid-1950s through present day designers and manufacturers put color onto refrigerators. In the late-1950s/early-1960s, pastel colors like turquoise and pink became popular, brushed chrome-plating (similar to stainless finish) was available on some models from different brands. In the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, earth tone colors were popular, including Harvest Gold, Avocado Green and almond. In the 1980s, black became fashionable. In the late 1990s stainless steel came into vogue, and in 2009, one manufacturer introduced multi-color designs.

text: Production by country[edit]

text:
[10]

[show]Country
Production
Year

China
29,871,000
(2005)

United States
11,639,000
(2003)

Italy
7,201,000
(2004)

South Korea
7,122,000
(2004)

Turkey
4,867,000
(2003)

India
3,715,000
(2003)

Brazil
3,544,000
(2003)

Japan
2,821,000
(2005)

Mexico
2,291,000
(2004)

Thailand
2,246,000
(1996)

Germany
2,061,000
(2004)

Hungary
1,625,000
(2004)

Poland
1,618,000
(2005)

Spain
1,269,000
(1995)

Romania
1,169,000
(2005)

Belarus
995,000
(2005)

Slovenia
863,000
(1995)

Egypt
808,000
(2003)

United Kingdom
745,000
(2003)

South Africa
711,000
(2003)

Sweden
639,000
(2004)

Ukraine
562,000
(1995)

France
544,000
(2003)

Australia
423,000
(1995)

Portugal
399,000
(2004)

Bulgaria
353,000
(2005)

Slovakia
330,000
(1995)

Indonesia
291,000
(1995)

Malaysia
187,000
(2003)

Algeria
150,000
(2003)

Lithuania
107,000
(2004)

Finland
104,000
(1995)

Argentina
49,000
(1995)

Republic of Moldova
24,300
(1995)

Uzbekistan
18,600
(1995)

Azerbaijan
13,400
(2005)

Kazakhstan
10,900
(1995)

Tajikistan
50
(1995)

tag: table

text: General technical explanation[edit]

text: A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator–freezers and freezers. In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such as R134a enters a compressor as low-pressure vapor at or slightly below the temperature of the refrigerator interior. The vapor is compressed and exits the compressor as high-pressure superheated vapor. The superheated vapor travels under pressure through coils or tubes that make up the condenser; the coils or tubes are passively cooled by exposure to air in the room. The condenser cools the vapor, which liquefies. As the refrigerant leaves the condenser, it is still under pressure but is now only slightly above room temperature. This liquid refrigerant is forced through a metering or throttling device, also known as an expansion valve (essentially a pin-hole sized constriction in the tubing) to an area of much lower pressure. The sudden decrease in pressure results in explosive-like flash evaporation of a portion (typically about half) of the liquid. The latent heat absorbed by this flash evaporation is drawn mostly from adjacent still-liquid refrigerant, a phenomenon known as auto-refrigeration. This cold and partially vaporized refrigerant continues through the coils or tubes of the evaporator unit. A fan blows air from the refrigerator or freezer compartment ("box air") across these coils or tubes and the refrigerant completely vaporizes, drawing further latent heat from the box air. This cooled air is returned to the refrigerator or freezer compartment, and so keeps the box air cold. Note that the cool air in the refrigerator or freezer is still warmer than the refrigerant in the evaporator. Refrigerant leaves the evaporator, now fully vaporized and slightly heated, and returns to the compressor inlet to continue the cycle.

text: Domestic refrigerators are extremely reliable because the moving parts and fluids are sealed from the atmosphere for life, with no possibility of leakage or contamination. In comparison, mechanically-driven refrigeration compressors, such as those in automobile air conditioning, inevitably leak fluid and lubricant past the shaft seals. This leads to a requirement for periodic recharging and, if ignored, possible compressor failure.

text: An absorption refrigerator works differently from a compressor refrigerator, using a source of heat, such as combustion of liquefied petroleum gas, solar thermal energy or an electric heating element. These heat sources are much quieter than the compressor motor in a typical refrigerator. A fan or pump might be the only mechanical moving parts; reliance on convection is considered impractical.

text: The Peltier effect uses electricity to pump heat directly; refrigerators employing this system are sometimes used for camping, or in situations where noise is not acceptable. They can be totally silent (if a fan for air circulation is not fitted) but are less energy-efficient than other methods.

text: Other uses of an absorption refrigerator (or "chiller") include large systems used in office buildings or complexes such as hospitals and universities. These large systems are used to chill a brine solution that is circulated through the building.

text: Many modern refrigerator/freezers have the freezer on top and the refrigerator on the bottom. Most refrigerator-freezers—except for manual defrost models or cheaper units—use what appears to be two thermostats. Only the refrigerator compartment is properly temperature controlled. When the refrigerator gets too warm, the thermostat starts the cooling process and a fan circulates the air around the freezer. During this time, the refrigerator also gets colder. The freezer control knob only controls the amount of air that flows into the refrigerator via a damper system.[11] Changing the refrigerator temperature will inadvertently change the freezer temperature in the opposite direction. Changing the freezer temperature will have no effect on the refrigerator temperature. The freezer control may also be adjusted to compensate for any refrigerator adjustment.

text: This means the refrigerator may become too warm. However, because only enough air is diverted to the refrigerator compartment, the freezer usually re-acquires the set temperature quickly, unless the door is opened. When a door is opened, either in the refrigerator or the freezer, the fan in some units stops immediately to prevent excessive frost build up on the freezer's evaporator coil, because this coil is cooling two areas. When the freezer reaches temperature, the unit cycles off, no matter what the refrigerator temperature is. Modern computerized refrigerators do not use the damper system. The computer manages fan speed for both compartments, although air is still blown from the freezer.

text: A few manufacturers offer dual compressor models. These models have separate freezer and refrigerator compartments that operate independently of each other, sometimes mounted within a single cabinet. Each has its own separate compressor, condenser and evaporator coils, insulation, thermostat, and door. Typically, the compressors and condenser coils are mounted at the top of the cabinet, with a single fan to cool them both.

text: This design, where no air passes between the two compartments, provides for more appropriate humidity levels and much tighter temperature control in each compartment. It also requires much less energy to operate, since each compressor & coolant system can be optimized for a specific temperature range. Further, opening the door of one compartment does not affect the temperature of the air or humidity level in the other compartment. Thus, it avoids many of the disadvantages of the much more common single compressor designs described above, although at a higher initial cost and increased system noise.[citation needed] Manufacturers of such designs argue that the increased cost is compensated over time due to reduced energy use and less food waste due to reduced spoilage.

text: Alternatives to the vapor-compression cycle not in current use include:

text:
Acoustic cooling
Air cycle
Magnetic cooling
Malone engine
Pulse tube
Stirling cycle
Thermoelectric cooling and thermionic cooling
Vortex tube
Water cycle systems.[12]

text: Features[edit]

text: Newer refrigerators may include:

text:
Automatic defrosting
A power failure warning that alerts the user by flashing a temperature display. It may display the maximum temperature reached during the power failure, and whether frozen food has defrosted or may contain harmful bacteria.
Chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door. Water and ice dispensing became available in the 1970s. In some refrigerators, the process of making ice is built-in so the user doesn't have to manually use ice trays. Some refrigerators have water chillers and water filtration systems.
Cabinet rollers that lets the refrigerator roll out for easier cleaning
Adjustable shelves and trays
A status indicator that notifies when it is time to change the water filter
An in-door ice caddy, which relocates the ice-maker storage to the freezer door and saves approximately 60 litres (2 cu ft) of usable freezer space. It is also removable, and helps to prevent ice-maker clogging.
A cooling zone in the refrigerator door shelves. Air from the freezer section is diverted to the refrigerator door, to cool milk or juice stored in the door shelf.
A drop down door built into the refrigerator main door, giving easy access to frequently used items such as milk, thus saving energy by not having to open the main door.
A Fast Freeze function to rapidly cool foods by running the compressor for a predetermined amount of time and thus temporarily lowering the freezer temperature below normal operating levels. It is recommended to use this feature several hours before adding more than 1 kg of unfrozen food to the freezer. For freezers without this feature, lowering the temperature setting to the coldest will have the same effect.

text: Early freezer units accumulated ice crystals around the freezing units. This was a result of humidity introduced into the units when the doors to the freezer were opened condensing on the cold parts, then freezing. This frost buildup required periodic thawing ("defrosting") of the units to maintain their efficiency. Manual Defrost (referred to as Cyclic) units are still available. Advances in automatic defrosting eliminating the thawing task were introduced in the 1950s, but are not universal, due to energy performance and cost. These units used a counter that only defrosted the freezer compartment (Freezer Chest) when a specific number of door openings had been made. The units were just a small timer combined with an electrical heater wire that heated the freezer's walls for a short amount of time to remove all traces of frost/frosting. Also, early units featured freezer compartments located within the larger refrigerator, and accessed by opening the refrigerator door, and then the smaller internal freezer door; units featuring an entirely separate freezer compartment were introduced in the early 1960s, becoming the industry standard by the middle of that decade. These older freezer compartments were the main cooling body of the refrigerator, and only maintained a temperature of around −6 °C (21 °F), which is suitable for keeping food for a week.

text: In the early 1950s, the butter conditioner's patent was filed and published by the inventor Nave Alfred E. This feature was supposed to "provide a new and improved food storage receptacle for storing butter or the like which may quickly and easily be removed from the refrigerator cabinet for the purpose of cleaning."[13] Because of the high interest to the invention, companies in UK, New Zealand, and Australia started to include the feature into the mass fridge production and soon it became a symbol of the local culture. However, not long after that it was removed from production as according to the companies this was the only way for them to meet new ecology regulations and they found it inefficient to have a heat generating device inside a fridge.

text: Later advances included automatic ice units and self compartmentalized freezing units.

text: An increasingly important environmental concern is the disposal of old refrigerators— initially because freon coolant damages the ozone layer—but as older generation refrigerators wear out, the destruction of CFC-bearing insulation also causes concern. Modern refrigerators usually use a refrigerant called HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane), which does not deplete the ozone layer, instead of Freon. A R-134a is now becoming very uncommon in Europe. Newer refrigerants are being used instead. The main refrigerant now used is R-600a, or isobutane which has a smaller effect on the atmosphere if released. There have been reports of refrigerators exploding if the refrigerant leaks isobutane in the presence of a spark. If the coolant leaks into the fridge, at times when the door is not being opened (such as overnight) the concentration of coolant in the air within the fridge can build up to form an explosive mixture that can be ignited either by a spark from the thermostat or when the light comes on as the door is opened, resulting in documented cases of serious property damage and injury or even death from the resulting explosion.[14]

text: Disposal of discarded refrigerators is regulated, often mandating the removal of doors; children playing hide-and-seek have been asphyxiated while hiding inside discarded refrigerators, particularly older models with latching doors. Since 2 August 1956, under U.S. federal law, refrigerator doors are no longer permitted to latch so they cannot be opened from the inside.[15] Modern units use a magnetic door gasket that holds the door sealed but allows it to be pushed open from the inside.[16] This gasket was invented, developed and manufactured by Max Baermann (1903-1984) of Bergisch Gladbach/Germany.[17]

text: Types of domestic refrigerators[edit]

text: Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes. Among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer. A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Some models for small households fit under kitchen work surfaces, usually about 86 cm high. Refrigerators may be combined with freezers, either stacked with refrigerator or freezer above, below, or side by side. A refrigerator without a frozen food storage compartment may have a small section just to make ice cubes. Freezers may have drawers to store food in, or they may have no divisions (chest freezers).

text: Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing, or built into a kitchen.

text:
Compressor refrigerators are by far the most common type; they make a noticeable noise.
Absorption refrigerators or thermo-electric Peltier units are used where quiet running is required; Peltier coolers are used in the smallest refrigerators as they have no bulky mechanism. These units are the only option for dwellings lacking electricity, such as farms or rural cabins.
Compressor and Peltier refrigerators are powered by electricity. Absorption units can be designed to get power from any heat source. A noticeable difference between the two types is the absence of refrigerant with Peltier coolers (these use a different method of cooling). But Peltier coolers use more electricity because they are thermodynamically inefficient.
Oil, gas (natural gas or propane) and dual power gas/electricity units are also available (typically found in RV's).
Solar refrigerators and Thermal mass refrigerators are designed to reduce electrical consumption. Solar refrigerators have the added advantage that they do not use refrigerants that are harmful to the environment or flammable. Typical solar designs are absorption refrigerators that use ammonia as the working gas, and employ large mirrors to concentrate sufficient sunlight to reach the temperature required to free gaseous ammonia from the solvent.[18][19] Most thermal mass refrigerators are designed to use electricity intermittently. As these units are heavily insulated, cooling load is limited primarily to heat introduced by new items to be refrigerated, and ambient air transfer when the unit is open. Very little power is therefore required if opened infrequently. Refrigeration units for commercial and industrial applications can be made in various size, shape or style to fit customer needs.

text: Other specialised cooling mechanisms may be used for cooling, but have not been applied to domestic refrigerators.

text:
Magnetic refrigerators are refrigerators that work on the magnetocaloric effect. The cooling effect is triggered by placing a metal alloy in a magnetic field.[20]
Acoustic refrigerators are refrigerators that use resonant linear reciprocating motors/alternators to generate a sound that is converted to heat and cold using compressed helium gas. The heat is discarded and the cold is routed to the refrigerator.

text: Energy efficiency[edit]

text: In a house without air-conditioning (space heating and/or cooling) refrigerators consumed more energy than any other home device.[21] In the early 1990s a competition was held among the major manufacturers to encourage energy efficiency.[22] Current US models that are Energy Star qualified use 50% less energy than the average models made in 1974.[23] The most energy-efficient unit made in the US consumes about half a kilowatt-hour per day (equivalent to 20 W continuously).[24] But even ordinary units are quite efficient; some smaller units use less than 0.2 kWh per day (equivalent to 8 W continuously). Larger units, especially those with large freezers and icemakers, may use as much as 4 kW·h per day (equivalent to 170 W continuously). The European Union uses a letter-based mandatory energy efficiency rating label instead of the Energy Star; thus EU refrigerators at the point of sale are labelled according to how energy-efficient they are.

text: For US refrigerators, the Consortium on Energy Efficiency (CEE) further differentiates between Energy Star qualified refrigerators. Tier 1 refrigerators are those that are 20% to 24.9% more efficient than the Federal minimum standards set by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA). Tier 2 are those that are 25% to 29.9% more efficient. Tier 3 is the highest qualification, for those refrigerators that are at least 30% more efficient than Federal standards.[25] About 82% of the Energy Star qualified refrigerators are Tier 1, with 13% qualifying as Tier 2, and just 5% at Tier 3.[26]

text: Besides the standard style of compressor refrigeration used in normal household refrigerators and freezers, there are technologies such as absorption refrigeration and magnetic refrigeration. Although these designs generally use a much larger amount of energy compared to compressor refrigeration, other qualities such as silent operation or the ability to use gas can favor these refrigeration units in small enclosures, a mobile environment or in environments where unit failure would lead to devastating consequences.

text: Many refrigerators made in the 1930s and 1940s were far more efficient than most that were made later. This is partly attributable to the addition of new features, such as auto-defrost, that reduced efficiency. Additionally, after World War 2, refrigerator style became more important than efficiency. This was especially true in the 1970s, when side-by-side models with ice dispensers and water chillers became popular. However, the reduction in efficiency also arose partly from reduction in the amount of insulation to cut costs. Because of the introduction of new energy efficiency standards, refrigerators made today are much more efficient than those made in the 1930s; they consume the same amount of energy while being three times as large.[27][28]

text: The efficiency of older refrigerators can be improved by defrosting (if the unit is manual defrost) and cleaning them regularly, replacing old and worn door seals with new ones, adjusting the thermostat to accommodate the actual contents (a refrigerator needn't be colder than 4 °C (39 °F) to store drinks and non-perishable items) and also replacing insulation, where applicable. Some sites recommend you clean condenser coils every month or so on units with coils on the rear. It has been proven that this does very little for improving efficiency,[citation needed] however, the unit should be able to "breathe" with adequate spaces around the front, back, sides and above the unit. If the refrigerator uses a fan to keep the condenser cool, then this must be cleaned, at the very least, yearly.[citation needed]

text: Frost-free refrigerators or freezers use electric fans to cool the appropriate compartment. This could be called a "fan forced" refrigerator, whereas manual defrost units rely on colder air lying at the bottom, versus the warm air at the top to achieve adequate cooling. The air is drawn in through an inlet duct and passed through the evaporator where it is cooled, the air is then circulated throughout the cabinet via a series of ducts and vents. Because the air passing the evaporator is supposedly warm and moist, frost begins to form on the evaporator (especially on a freezer's evaporator). In cheaper and/or older models, a defrost cycle is controlled via a mechanical timer. This timer is set to shut off the compressor and fan and energize a heating element located near or around the evaporator for about 15 to 30 minutes at every 6 to 12 hours. This melts any frost or ice build up and allows the refrigerator to work normally once more. It is believed that frost free units have a lower tolerance for frost, due to their air-conditioner like evaporator coils. Therefore, if a door is left open accidentally (especially the freezer), the defrost system may not remove all frost, in this case, the freezer (or refrigerator) must be defrosted.[citation needed]

text: If the defrosting system melts all the ice before the timed defrosting period ends, then a small device (called a defrost limiter) acts like a thermostat and shuts off the heating element to prevent too large a temperature fluctuation, it also prevents hot blasts of air when the system starts again, should it finish defrosting early. On some early frost-free models, the defrost limiter also sends a signal to the defrost timer to start the compressor and fan as soon as it shuts off the heating element before the timed defrost cycle ends. When the defrost cycle is completed, the compressor and fan are allowed to cycle back on.[citation needed]

text: Frost-free refrigerators, including some early frost free refrigerator/freezers that used a cold plate in their refrigerator section instead of airflow from the freezer section, generally don't shut off their refrigerator fans during defrosting. This allows consumers to leave food in the main refrigerator compartment uncovered, and also helps keep vegetables moist. This method also helps reduce energy consumption, because the refrigerator is above freeze point and can pass the warmer-than-freezing air through the evaporator or cold plate to aid the defrosting cycle.

text: Regarding total life-cycle costs, many governments offer incentives to encourage recycling of old refrigerators. One example is the Phoenix refrigerator program launched in Australia. This government incentive picked up old refrigerators, paying their owners for "donating" the refrigerator. The refrigerator was then refurbished, with new door seals, a thorough cleaning and the removal of items, such as the cover that is strapped to the back of many older units. The resulting refrigerators, now over 10% more efficient, were then distributed to low income families.[citation needed]

text: Effect on lifestyle[edit]

text: The refrigerator allows the modern family to keep food fresh for longer than before. The most notable improvement is for meat and other highly perishable wares, which needed to be refined to gain anything resembling shelf life.[citation needed] (On the other hand, refrigerators and freezers can also be stocked with processed, quick-cook foods that are less healthy.) Refrigeration in transit makes it possible to enjoy food from distant places.

text: Dairy products, meats, fish, poultry and vegetables can be kept refrigerated in the same space within the kitchen (although raw meat should be kept separate from other food for reasons of hygiene).

text: Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure, and bulk purchases save money. Ice cream, a popular commodity of the 20th century, could previously only be obtained by traveling to where the product was made and eating it on the spot. Now it is a common food item. Ice on demand not only adds to the enjoyment of cold drinks, but is useful for first-aid, and for cold packs that can be kept frozen for picnics or in case of emergency.

text: Temperature zones and ratings[edit]

text: Some refrigerators are now divided into four zones to store different types of food:

text:
−18 °C (0 °F) (freezer)
0 °C (32 °F) (meat zone)
5 °C (41 °F) (cooling zone)
10 °C (50 °F) (crisper)

text: The capacity of a refrigerator is measured in either liters or cubic feet. Typically the volume of a combined refrigerator-freezer is split with 1/3rds to 1/4th of the volume allocated to the freezer although these values are highly variable.

text: Temperature settings for refrigerator and freezer compartments are often given arbitrary numbers by manufacturers (for example, 1 through 9, warmest to coldest), but generally 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F)[1] is ideal for the refrigerator compartment and −18 °C (0 °F) for the freezer. Some refrigerators must be within certain external temperature parameters to run properly. This can be an issue when placing units in an unfinished area, such as a garage. European freezers, and refrigerators with a freezer compartment, have a four star rating system to grade freezers.[citation needed]

text:
[∗]  : min temperature = −6 °C (21 °F). Maximum storage time for (pre-frozen) food is 1 week
[∗∗]  : min temperature = −12 °C (10 °F). Maximum storage time for (pre-frozen) food is 1 month
[∗∗∗]  : min temperature = −18 °C (0 °F). Maximum storage time for (pre-frozen) food is between 3 and 12 months depending on type (meat, vegetables, fish, etc.)
[∗∗∗∗] : min temperature = −18 °C (0 °F). Maximum storage time for pre-frozen or frozen-from-fresh food is between 3 and 12 months

text: Although both the three and four star ratings specify the same storage times and same minimum temperature of −18 °C (0 °F), only a four star freezer is intended for freezing fresh food, and may include a "fast freeze" function (runs the compressor continually, down to as low as −26 °C (−15 °F)) to facilitate this. Three (or fewer) stars are used for frozen food compartments that are only suitable for storing frozen food; introducing fresh food into such a compartment is likely to result in unacceptable temperature rises. This difference in categorisation is shown in the design of the 4-star logo, where the "standard" three stars are displayed in a box using "positive" colours, denoting the same normal operation as a 3-star freezer, and the fourth star showing the additional fresh food/fast freeze function is prefixed to the box in "negative" colours or with other distinct formatting.[citation needed]

text: Most European refrigerators include a moist cold refrigerator section (which does require (automatic) defrosting at irregular intervals) and a (rarely frost free) freezer section.

text: Commercial refrigeration temperatures[edit]

text: (from warmest to coolest)[29]

text:
Refrigerators 35 °F to 38 °F, and not greater than maximum refrigerator temperature at 41 °F
Freezer, Reach-in -10 °F to +5 °F
Freezer, Walk-in -10 °F to 0 °F
Freezer, Ice Cream -20 °F to -10 °F


document_title: List of Barbie's friends and family

question_text: what happened to barbie's little sister kelly

question_tokens: what happened to barbie 's little sister kelly

root

text: List of Barbie's friends and family

text: Barbie family and other principal characters[edit]

text:
Barbara Millicent "Barbie" Roberts (1959–present) Described as a "Teen Age Fashion Model" on the original packaging. According to the Random House books, the character's full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts.
George Roberts (1960–present) He is an engineer. He has a wife named Margaret and children: Barbie, Skipper, Stacie, Todd, Chelsea, Kelly, and Krissy. A book character, he has not been issued in doll form.
Margaret Roberts (1960–present) Margaret's maiden name is Rawlins. She is a homemaker. She has an older sister named Millicent. A book character, she has not been issued in doll form.
Kenneth "Ken" Carson (1961–1967, 1969–present) The second character added to the line, Ken has been Barbie's boyfriend for much of the character's existence. After a short break, they got back together. According to the 1960s Random House books, Ken's full name is Kenneth Carson. In Barbie Fashion Comic #34 (1993), Ken's mother is named Edna. In Barbie Fashion Comic #52 (1995), Edna's father is named Kenneth. In Brazil in the 1980s, the Estrela company named the doll Bob instead of Ken (from the book, Barbie Doll Around the World).
Skipper Roberts (1964–2003, 2010–present) The first character added to Barbie's family, Skipper is Barbie's 14-year-old younger sister. She was first introduced with blue eyes and a variety of hair colors like blonde and brown. She is a main character in the "Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse" series. In the series, she has been remodeled as a teenager with brown hair and a purple streak.
Tutti and Todd (1965–1971) Twins, both Tutti and Todd were younger siblings of Barbie and Skipper, and had seamless 'bendy' bodies. Tutti's packaging did not mention Todd, but many sets were made for both. The two were only sold together in one set.
Anastasia 'Stacie' (1990–present) Introduced as Kelly in the 2005 December 30 Wedding Day Midge gift set as the flower girl, this doll is often confused with Tutti, though the Tutti character had been discontinued for years at this time. Kelly was renamed Stacie shortly thereafter, and the Kelly name was used for a younger character. Todd's packaging did say "Twin Brother of Stacie."
Francie Fairchild (1966–1977) Marketed as "Barbie's Modern Cousin," Francie paved the way for Barbie's transition into the MOD era. Francie appeared to be only slightly younger than Barbie, and had a much less shapely figure. The Francie doll was the first to feature rooted eyelashes. In the March 1966 issue of Barbie Magazine, she is the daughter of Claude and Lily Fairchild.
Jazzie (1988–1992) Another cousin of Barbie and part of a small group of high school age dolls.
Kelly/Shelly Roberts (1995–present) This character is of toddler age, and is a sister to Barbie. Originally the baby of the family, in Europe, she is known as Shelly. Kelly dolls ceased production in late 2010 and were replaced by Chelsea. Excluding a brief period when the design of the Kelly doll was changed to have an oval-shaped head, larger eyes, and longer limb, Kelly dolls have stayed true to their original design. A doll named Kelly was introduced in 1992 as part of the Midge and Allan Wedding Day Set, this Kelly doll is 7 1/2 inches tall, exactly the same size as the ring bearer, Todd, who is wearing a Tux. She is wearing a peach dotted Swiss dress and carries a white basket of flowers as she is the flower girl. This "Kelly" was later renamed and turned into the Stacie doll. The Todd doll which is made from the same mold has fuzzy brown hair. Chelsea's name, "Kelly" is mentioned in the web series, Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse.
Chelsea, Barbie's younger sister. She replaced Kelly. She appears to be approximately 5–6 years old and is slightly taller than Kelly. The doll was first produced in 2011 as part of the "My Fab Sisters" line. She is the youngest sister of Barbie currently sold (Mattel discontinued Kelly shortly before Chelsea was produced). She has blonde hair and blue eyes (very similar to Kelly). Mattel has also made African American versions of Chelsea. She is a main character in the "Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse" series.
Kristine "Krissy" Roberts (1998–2001) This character is an infant, and is Barbie's sibling. Released as a set with Barbie and Ken (1999).
Blaine Gordon (2004) Barbie's Australian ex-boyfriend, whom she dated during her much-publicized "breakup" with the Ken character. Blaine is said to be the brother of Summer, one of Barbie's friends. Blaine does not show in any of the Barbie series.
Millicent Rawlins is Barbie's aunt and Margaret's sister. Her first appearance was in Barbie: A Fashion Fairytale.
Lillian Fairchild is Barbie's aunt, George's sister and Margaret's sister-in-law.
Claude Fairchild is Barbie's uncle and Margaret and George's brother-in-law.
Marlene Roberts is Barbie's aunt and George's sister and Margaret's sister-in-law.
Grandmother is Barbie's grandmother and Margaret Roberts' mother. She passed her love of reading onto Barbie. She is encouraging and supportive of her granddaughter. She gave Barbie a book to read that Barbie related to. Her first appearance is in Barbie and the Secret Door as Alexa's grandmother. Note: Alexa is Barbie's Role in Barbie and the Secret Door. She also appears in The Great Puppy Adventure as herself.
Max and Marie Roberts are the twin children of Marlene Roberts. Cousins of Barbie and her siblings. Niece and nephew of Margaret Roberts and George Roberts. Showed up in Barbie a pony tale.
Kristen Rawlins is a cousin of Barbie, appearing in the picture book, The Wedding Party.

tag: ul

text: Current Barbie-sized female friends[edit]

text:
Midge Hadley Sherwood (1963–1966, 1988–present) This character was Barbie's best friend according to promotional materials and packaging. She was the third character introduced to the Barbie line, following Barbie and Ken. In the Random House novels, her last name is Hadley. She was paired with Allan Sherwood, Ken's best friend, when Allan was introduced in 1964. After she married Allan/Alan in 1991, she became Midge Hadley Sherwood. In the 1990s Price Stern Sloan series Adventures with Barbie, she and Alan are married, and in book 5, The Phantom of Shrinking Pond, by Suzanne Weyn, copyright 1992, it's implied that she is named after her Aunt Margaret (not the same person as Margaret Roberts). She is named Viky in Brazil (from the book Barbie Doll Around the World, by J. Michael Augustyniak, copyright 2008 Collector Books). In 2013, she was brought back in the "Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse" web series. In the series, she undergoes a makeover to look more modern, though the character tends to act like she is still in the 1960s. There is no mention of Allan/Alan in the series.
Christie (1968–2005 2015–present) Barbie doll's first African-American friend character, Christie was part of the new group of Talking dolls for 1968. Christie was later issued as a Twist 'N Turn version. The character appeared in the product line continuously for many years, though the original Christie face sculpt was discontinued in 1978. Christie is notable in that she has been romantically linked with several different male characters over the years. In 1970, she was linked with Brad, the Talking Brad doll even said "Christie is the greatest". In 1982, the Sunsational Malibu Christie doll had a boyfriend named Ken who used the Brad face sculpt with rooted hair. In the late 80s, Christie was paired with Steven. The surname O'Neill is associated with the Nikki character, who is purported to be Christie's sister, but the surname has not been associated directly with Christie.
Teresa (1988–present; Barbie's best friend) Originally used the 1983 Spanish Barbie face sculpt for the Island Fun Teresa doll and the Beach Blast Teresa doll. Starting with the Wet 'N Wild Teresa doll, the character began using the 1972 Steffie face sculpt. Beginning with the Rollerblade Teresa doll, the character began using an all-new face sculpt that has become known as the Teresa face sculpt. In the Grolier book High Sea Adventure from 1999, her last name is Rivera. She is currently known as one of Barbie's friends. She is named Debora in Brazil (from the book Barbie Doll Around the World, by J. Michael Augustyniak, copyright 2008 Collector Books). She starred in the web series "Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse".
Summer Gordon (2004–present) This doll used an all-new face sculpt. Summer is Blaine's little sister with strawberry blonde hair and brown eyes. She is a frequent character in the web series Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse. She is supposedly from Australia, but she does not have an Australian accent when she speaks in the show.
Nikki (2006–present) This doll appears as one of Barbie's current friends. Her last name is O'Neil in a collection of short stories published by Random House in 2010. The book is "Barbie/I Can be a Movie Star" and the story is "A Dream Come True" by Alison Inches. Nikki is Christie's little sister. Nikki was introduced in 1997 as part of the "Teen Skipper" line. She is a frequent character in the web series Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse.
Raquelle (2007–present) This doll used the Summer face sculpt. In 2011, she debuted with an all-new face sculpt in the Barbie Fashionistas line with a Caucasian appearance, and later the character took on a more Asian appearance. Her new face is often used on Asian dolls, such as the Asian "I Can Be President" doll. She is mixed race Asian-American. She is Barbie's frenemy as shown in Barbie: A Fairy Secret and her web series Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse.
Grace (2009–present) This doll made its first appearance in the 2009 SIS Line, she used to be a friend of Barbie who moves to Chicago and makes new Friends. She also appears in A Fashion Faitytale. In 2014 she moves back to Malibu. Her backstory is reboothed when she starts appearing in Life in the Dreamhouse. She is very smart and interested in science.

text: Barbie's friends[edit]

text:
Stacey (1968–1971) Introduced as "Barbie's British chum" during the musical British Invasion of the USA, Stacey first appeared with long hair, either blonde, brunette, or redhead, tied in a side ponytail. A second edition had much shorter hair, styled in a curly flip. It is the Stacey face sculpt that is used for Malibu Barbie.
PJ (1969–1983) Fully representing the "groovy", "hippie" era of the late 1960s, PJ originally appeared using Midge's face sculpt, but with much longer hair, tied into beaded pigtails. In 1972, with PJ's addition to the Malibu Barbie line (consisting at that time of Barbie, Ken, Skipper, and Francie), she changed to the Steffie face sculpt, which continued until the end of her production. She was billed as Barbie's best friend, again replacing Midge. One of the final iterations of the doll, "Dream Date PJ", erroneously lists her as Barbie's cousin. It is the only such reference, and should not be considered canon.
Steffie (1972) Although only three versions of Steffie were produced, all of which appeared in 1972, her face sculpt was used for several Barbie-family dolls for decades after, primarily the PJ doll. Some Barbies of that era, issued outside the USA, use the Steffie face sculpt. It should be noted that, in at least one Mattel advertisement from 1972, Busy Steffie is pictured, but is referred to as "Busy PJ", indicating that, even though Barbie fans refer to her as having the Steffie face sculpt, it is actually Steffie that has the PJ face sculpt. However, because PJ had used the Midge face sculpt for three years prior, Steffie was the first Mattel doll to use it as her only face sculpt, hence the name "Steffie face".

text: Real-world celebrity and movie character doll friends[edit]

text:
Twiggy (1967) Based on the top teen fashion model Lesley Hornby Lawson of the Mod era, the Twiggy doll was made using the same face sculpt as Francie doll's friend Casey.
Buffy & Mrs. Beasley (1968) Based on Anissa Jones' character from the TV show Family Affair, the Tutti-sized doll carried a miniature Mrs. Beasley doll.
Julia (1969–1970) The doll was based on Diahann Carroll's character from the TV show Julia and used the same face sculpt as the Christie doll, with different face paint and a different hairstyle.
Truly Scrumptious (1969) This doll, based on Sally Anne Howes' character from the movie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, was made from the Francie face sculpt, but used the Barbie body. There was a Talking Truly Scrumptious doll, as well as a basic version known as Standard Truly Scrumptious to collectors.
Miss America (1972–1977) This doll was introduced in 1972 as Walk Lively Miss America, and the following year was sold as Quick Curl Miss America. The Quick Curl Miss America doll was available with only slight variations for several years during the mid-1970s. She uses the Steffie/PJ face sculpt.
Marie Osmond (1977) Featured an all-new likeness face sculpt.
Donny Osmond (1977) Featured an all-new likeness face sculpt.
Chantal Goya (1977) This doll available only in Europe, and featured a unique likeness face sculpt.
Debby Boone (1977) Based on the popular singer, this doll featured a unique likeness face sculpt.
Kate Jackson (1978) Featured an all-new likeness face sculpt.
Cheryl Ladd (1978) Featured an all-new likeness face sculpt.
Kitty O'Neil (1978) Featured an all-new likeness face sculpt.
Buddy (1979) This doll was based on Kristy McNichol's Letitia Lawrence character from the TV show Family.
Jimmy Osmond (1979) Featured an all-new likeness face sculpt.
Wayne Gretzky (1983) the hockey player for the Edmonton Oilers, a doll sold only in Canada. He had his own line of clothing, which fits Ken.
Donna Martin, Dylan McKay, Kelly Taylor, Brandon & Brenda Walsh (1992) based on the Beverly Hills 90210 characters played by Tori Spelling, Luke Perry, Jennie Garth, Jason Priestley, and Shannen Doherty. They had their own lines of clothing, which fit Barbie and Ken.
MC Hammer (1992) the rapper, Stanley Burrell. He had his own line of clothing, which fits Ken.
Scarlett O'Hara and Rhett Butler (1994) based on the 1939 feature film, Gone with the Wind, played by Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable Hollywood Legends Collection.
Dorothy Gale, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, Glinda the Good Witch (1995, 1999, 2006, 2009), Wicked Witch of the West (2006, 2009), Munchkins (1999, 2006), Winkie Guard, Winged Monkey (2006) and Wicked Witch of the East (2009), based on the 1939 feature film, The Wizard of Oz; Hollywood Legends Collection; Pink Label Collection.
Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins (1995) Based on the 1964 feature film, My Fair Lady; played by Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison Hollywood Legends Collection
Maria (1995) Based on the 1965 film, The Sound of Music; played by Julie Andrews Hollywood Legends Collection.
Johnny Hallyday (1995) French singer, sold only in France.
Cher Horowitz, Amber Mariens and Dionne Davenport (1997) based on the Clueless characters played by Rachel Blanchard, Elisa Donovan and Stacey Dash.
Marilyn Monroe (1997, 2001), Hollywood Legends Collection, Timeless Treasures Collection
Elvis Presley (1997–?) The first version came in a gift set called "Barbie Loves Elvis."
Lucille Ball (1997–?) The first version was as the Vitameatavegamin Girl.
Audrey Hepburn (1998, 2013) Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany's; Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany's Pink Princess™ Fashion; Audrey Hepburn™ in Roman Holiday Doll; Audrey Hepburn™ as Sabrina Doll.
Rosie O'Donnell (1999), as host of The Rosie O'Donnell Show.
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen (1999–2005), fraternal twin actresses and fashion designers.
Brandy Norwood (1999–2000) R&B Singer and actress.
Frank Sinatra (1999–?) The first version came in a gift set called "Barbie Loves Frank Sinatra."
Elizabeth Taylor (1999, 2012) The Elizabeth Taylor Collection
James Dean (2000), From the Timeless Treasures Collection
Cher (2001–?), From the Timeless Treasures Collection; Black Label Collection
Shakira (2002) Colombian singer
Destiny's Child Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams(2005) international Superstars
Diana Ross (2005) American singer
Leann Rimes (2005) American country and pop singer
Martina McBride (2005) American country music singer and songwriter
Lindsay Lohan (2005) from My Scene Goes Hollywood, part of the My Scene line.[1]
Raven Baxter (2005) based on the That's So Raven character played by Raven-Symoné.
Mía Colucci, Lupita Fernandez, Roberta Pardo, Miguel Arango, Diego Bustamante and Giovanni Méndez (2007), based on the Mexican soap opera Rebelde.
Patrick Dempsey (2007) American actor and race car driver, Disney Movie Enchated Robert
Amy Adams (2007) American actress, Disney Movie Enchanted Giselle
Kimora Lee Simmons (2008) former American fashion model; created fashion label Baby Phat
Goldie Hawn (2009) From the Black Label Collection
Carol Burnett (2009) as seen on The Carol Burnett Show; Pink Label Collection
Debbie Harry (2009) From the "Ladies of the '80s" series.
Joan Jett (2009) From the "Ladies of the '80s" series.
Cyndi Lauper (2010) From the "Ladies of the '80s" series.
Bella Swan, Edward Cullen, Jacob Black, Alice Cullen, Jane, Victoria, Carlisle Cullen, Esme Cullen, Jasper Hale, Rosalie Hale, and Emmett Cullen (2009–2011), based on The Twilight Saga film series; Pink Label Collection
Barbra Streisand (2010) From the Pink Label Collection
Farrah Fawcett (2010) From the Black Label Collection
Rock Hudson and Doris Day (2011) from the 1959 feature film Pillow Talk; Pink Label Collection.
Grace Kelly (2011) To Catch a Thief Grace Kelly Doll; Grace Kelly The Bride Doll; Grace Kelly The Romance™ Doll; Rear Window Grace Kelly Doll
Faith Hill & Tim McGraw (2011) American country pop singers
Katniss Everdeen (2012–?) A character from the movie based on the Hunger Games books by Suzanne Collins. The doll is a likeness of actress Jennifer Lawrence.
Peeta Mellark (2012–?) A character from the movie based on the Hunger Games books by Suzanne Collins. The doll is a likeness of actor Josh Hutcherson.
Effie Trinket (2012–?) A character from the movie based on the Hunger Games books by Suzanne Collins. The doll is a likeness of actress Elizabeth Banks.
Finnick Odair (2012–?) A character from the movie based on the Hunger Games books by Suzanne Collins. The doll is a likeness of actor Sam Claflin.
Fifth Harmony (2014) Fifth Harmony had an appearance in "Barbie Life In The Dreamhouse".
Girls Aloud (2005) Cheryl Cole, Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts, and Kimberley Walsh. These dolls were available only in Europe.
Hilary Duff (2005) Featured an all-new likeness face sculpt.
Haylie Duff (2005) Featured an all-new likeness face sculpt.

text: Skipper's friends[edit]

text:
Skooter (1965–1968, 1975–1976) Skipper's first female friend.
Ricky (1965–1967) Skipper's first male friend (sometimes referred to as Skipper's first "boyfriend").
Fluff (1971–1972) Skipper's playmate.
Tiff (1972–1973) Skipper's tomboy friend.
Ginger (1975) Friend of "Growing Up Skipper".
Scott (1980) Skipper's Husband
Courtney (1989–2001) Skipper's best friend.
Kevin (1990–1995) Skipper's cool teen boyfriend.
Nikki (1997–2001) Skipper's first African-American friend.

text: Tutti's and Todd's friends[edit]

text:
Chris (1967–68, 1976–77) This doll was a male character doll, with a different face sculpt from Tutti and Todd.
Carla (European release only, 1976) An African-American character doll.[2]

text: Stacie's friends[edit]

text:
Janet (1994–2006) was an African-American character doll
Whitney (1994–2006) was a Hispanic character doll.

text: Chelsea's friends[edit]

text:
Tommy (1997) — This character is Ken's little brother.
Melody Hadley (1996) — This name was also used for a Heart Family cousin in 1988. She is named Susie in Europe.
Lorena (1996)
Jenny (1996)
Keeya (1998)
Marisa (1998)
Deidre (1998)
Maria (1999)
Tamika (1999)
Nia — This name was used for a friend of Barbie's in 1990.
Kayla (1999, 2007) — This name was also used for an adult character in the 1990s and 2000s.
Liana (1999)
Desiree (1999)
Belinda (1999) — This name was also used for a friend of Barbie's in 1988.
Nikki (2001) — This name was also used for a friend of Skipper's in 1997 and currently a friend of Barbie.
Ryan (2001) — Became part of the Happy Family Show in 2010. This name was also used for Raquelle's brother and Barbie's friend in 2013 for "Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse" .
Kerstie (2003)
Gia (2006)
Tori (2007) — This name was also used for a friend of Barbie's in 1999.
Miranda (2007)
Whitney — This name was also used for a friend of Barbie's in the 1980s
Becky — This name was also used for a friend of Barbie's in 1997 and for a friend of Francie's in 2009.
Lola — Nicki's little sister
Johnny — This was one of Chelsea's Hawaiian friends.
Darrin — One of Chelsea's soccer friends

text: Francie's friends[edit]

text:
Casey (1967–70)
Becky (2009)

text: Jazzie's friends[edit]

text:
Dude (boyfriend – 1989) This doll was made from the 1986 Barbie And The Rockers Derek face sculpt.
Chelsie (1989) This doll was made from the 1979 Starr friend Tracey face sculpt.
Stacie (1989) This doll was made from the 1972 Steffie face sculpt, and was an African-American character doll.

text: Ken's family and friends[edit]

text:
Allan Sherwood (1964–1965, 1991, 2002) This character has been revived several times. Allan started out as "Ken's Buddy" and was paired with the Midge doll from the beginning. In 1991, a line of dolls was created depicting a wedding for Alan and Midge. Later, a family-themed line of dolls, much like the earlier Heart Family, had the two characters raising a family (see list below of characters from this line).
Brad (1970) This African-American male doll was available in two versions: Talking Brad and Brad With Bendable Legs. He was made from an all-new face sculpt that is known as the Brad face sculpt. The Brad character was introduced as a boyfriend for the Christie character.
Curtis (1975) This African-American male character is virtually identical to Brad, and was available as only one version, 1975 Free Moving Curtis. Curtis was the boyfriend of the Free Moving Cara doll.
Todd (1983) This doll was only available as a groom character, paired with the Tracy character from the same year. This Todd doll used the 1978 SuperStar Ken face sculpt.
Steven (boyfriend of Christie, 1988–present. Linked with Barbie's friend Nikki since 2007) This doll has been in the lineup intermittently over the years, and has used several different face sculpts during that time.
Tommy (1997) was Ken's little brother.
Derek (1985) was never advertised as a friend of Ken's, but was a member of Barbie And The Rockers along with Ken and the four female band members listed above.
Kurt (2005) new Fashion Fever friend of Barbie; first male doll in this line; Tango Ken/ Blaine face sculpt
Ryan (2012–present) is Raquelle's twin brother and Ken's rival. He is a main character in the "Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse" series, who has a thing for Barbie. Therefore, he competes with Ken for affection.

text: Shani's friends[edit]

text: When first introduced, the Shani line of dolls existed outside of the Barbie character continuity. After a couple of years the Shani character was introduced into the Barbie line.

tag: p

text:
Asha (1991–1994)
Nichelle (1991–1994)
Jamal (boyfriend – 1992–1994)

text: The Heart Family (friends of Barbie)[edit]

text:
Dad Heart (1985)
Mom Heart (1985)
Alyson Heart (1985)
Matthew Heart (1985)
Maya Heart (1987)
Grandma Heart (1987)
Grandpa Heart (1987)

text: Cousins[edit]

text:
Honey (1989)
Janet (1988)
Kenny (1988)
Kevin (1988)
Melody (1988)
Nellie (1988)
Hanna (1988)
Pearl (2004)

text: Friends[edit]

text:
Daria (1989) sold with a desk
Darrin (1989) sold with a desk
Dwane (1989) sold with a desk
Gian (1989) sold with a desk
Gillian (1989) sold with a giraffe
Nikita (1993) sold only in India
Pleasance (1989) sold with a pony
Sunny (1993) sold only in India
Susan (1993) sold only in India
Tawny (1989) sold with a tricycle
Windy (1989) sold with a wagon

text: Midge and Alan's Family[edit]

text: From Happy Family Playline Series

text:
Ryan Sherwood (Midge and Alan's son, 2002)
Nicole "Nikki" Sherwood (Midge and Alan's daughter, 2003)
Cassandra Sherwood (Midge and Alan's daughter, 2004)
Grandma Hadley (Midge's mother, 2004)
Grandpa Hadley (Midge's father, 2004)
Samantha the Puppy (2004)

text: S.I.S./So In Style characters[edit]

text: The S.I.S./So In Style characters are largely unrelated to the Barbie character continuity, except for text on the packaging that describes the Grace character moving to Chicago, away from her friend Barbie in Malibu.

text:
Grace (friend of Barbie, 2009); According to marketing materials, the Grace character enjoys cheerleading and is interested in science. Grace is the cousin of Christie, Nikki, Janet, Deidra, and Shawnee.
Alaina (Chelsea-sized "little sister" of Grace, 2009); According to marketing materials, the Alaina character is tomboy-ish and is interested in science.
Courtney (Chelsea-sized "little sister" of Grace, 2009)
Kara (friend of Grace, 2009); According to marketing materials, the Kara character enjoys music and is interested in math.
Kianna (Chelsea-sized "little sister" of Kara, 2009)
Trichelle (friend of Grace, 2009); According to marketing materials, the Trichelle character enjoys art and is interested in journalism.
Janessa (Chelsea-sized "little sister" of Trichelle, 2009)
Chandra (friend of Grace, 2010); According to marketing materials, the Chandra character enjoys drama/dance and is interested in history.
Zahara (Chelsea-sized "little sister" of Chandra, 2010)
Darren (boyfriend of Grace, 2010); According to marketing Graceaceterials, the Darren character enjoys football and making movies, and is interested in history.
Julian (Chelsea-sized "little brother" of Darren, 2010)
Marisa (friend of Grace, 2011); first latina character from S.I.S.