document_title: Doctrine of lapse

question_text: doctrine of lapse is one of the causes of which rebellion

text: Doctrine of lapse

text: History[edit]

text: At the time of its adoption, the British East India Company had imperial administrative jurisdiction over wide regions of the subcontinent. The company took over the princely states of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Nagpur and Jhansi (1854), Tanjore and Arcot (1855) and Udaipur (Chhattisgarh) under the terms of the doctrine of lapse. Oudh (1856) is widely believed to have been annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. However it was annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the pretext of mis-governance. Mostly claiming that the ruler was not ruling properly, the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by virtue of this doctrine.[2] Udaipur State, however, would have local rule reinstated by the British in 1860.[3]

text: With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company, renounced the doctrine.[4]

text: The princely state of Kittur was taken over by the East India Company in 1824 by imposing a 'doctrine of lapse'. So it is debatable whether it was devised by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, though he arguably made it official by documenting it. Dalhousie's annexations and the doctrine of lapse had caused suspicion and uneasiness among most ruling princes in India.

text: Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie[edit]

text: Dalhousie applied the doctrine of lapse vigorously for annexing Indian princely states, but the policy was not solely of his invention. The Court of Directors of the East India Company had articulated this early in 1834.[5] As per this policy, the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839, Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842.

text: Princely states annexed under the doctrine[edit]

text:
Angul (1848)
Arcot (1855)
Banda (1858)
Guler (1813)
Jaintia (1835)
Jaitpur (1849)
Jalaun (1840)
Jaswan (1849)
Jhansi (1854)
Kachari (1830)
Kangra (1846)
Kannanur (1819)
Kittur (1824)
Kodagu (1834)
Kolaba (1840)
Kozhikode (1806)
Kullu (1846)
Kurnool (1839)
Kutlehar (1825)
Makrai (1890); local rule reinstated by the British in 1893
Nagpur (1854)
Nargund (1858)
Oudh (1854)
Punjab (1849)
Ramgarh (1858)
Sambalpur (1849)
Satara (1848)
Surat (1842)
Siba (1849)
Tanjore (1855)
Tulsipur (1854)
Udaipur, Chhattisgarh (1854); local rule reinstated by the British in 1860


document_title: Winnie-the-Pooh

question_text: when was winnie the pooh sold to disney

question_tokens: when was winnie the pooh sold to disney

root

text: Winnie-the-Pooh

text: History

text: Origin

text: A. A. Milne named the character Winnie-the-Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne, who was the basis for the character Christopher Robin. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger, were incorporated into Milne's stories.[2][3] Two more characters, Owl and Rabbit, were created by Milne's imagination, while Gopher was added to the Disney version. Christopher Robin's toy bear is on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York City.[4]

tag: p

text: Christopher Milne had named his toy bear after Winnie, a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo, and "Pooh", a swan they had met while on holiday. The bear cub was purchased from a hunter for $20 by Canadian Lieutenant Harry Colebourn in White River, Ontario, Canada, while en route to England during the First World War.[5] He named the bear "Winnie" after his adopted hometown in Winnipeg, Manitoba. "Winnie" was surreptitiously brought to England with her owner, and gained unofficial recognition as The Fort Garry Horse regimental mascot. Colebourn left Winnie at the London Zoo while he and his unit were in France; after the war she was officially donated to the zoo, as she had become a much loved attraction there.[6] Pooh the swan appears as a character in its own right in When We Were Very Young.

text: In the first chapter of Winnie-the-Pooh, Milne offers this explanation of why Winnie-the-Pooh is often called simply "Pooh":

text: But his arms were so stiff ... they stayed up straight in the air for more than a week, and whenever a fly came and settled on his nose he had to blow it off. And I think – but I am not sure – that that is why he is always called Pooh.

text: Ashdown Forest: the setting for the stories

text: The Winnie-the-Pooh stories are set in Ashdown Forest, East Sussex, England. The forest is a large area of tranquil open heathland on the highest sandy ridges of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty situated 30 miles (50 km) south of London. In 1925 Milne, a Londoner, bought a country home a mile to the north of the forest at Cotchford Farm, near Hartfield. According to Christopher Milne, while his father continued to live in London "...the four of us—he, his wife, his son and his son's nanny—would pile into a large blue, chauffeur-driven Fiat and travel down every Saturday morning and back again every Monday afternoon. And we would spend a whole glorious month there in the spring and two months in the summer."[7] From the front lawn the family had a view across a meadow to a line of alders that fringed the River Medway, beyond which the ground rose through more trees until finally "above them, in the faraway distance, crowning the view, was a bare hilltop. In the centre of this hilltop was a clump of pines." Most of his father's visits to the forest at this time were, he noted, family expeditions on foot "to make yet another attempt to count the pine trees on Gill's Lap or to search for the marsh gentian". Christopher added that, inspired by Ashdown Forest, his father had made it "the setting for two of his books, finishing the second little over three years after his arrival".[8]

text: Many locations in the stories can be linked to real places in and around the forest. As Christopher Milne wrote in his autobiography: "Pooh’s forest and Ashdown Forest are identical". For example, the fictional "Hundred Acre Wood" was in reality Five Hundred Acre Wood; Galleon's Leap was inspired by the prominent hilltop of Gill's Lap, while a clump of trees just north of Gill's Lap became Christopher Robin's The Enchanted Place because no-one had ever been able to count whether there were sixty-three or sixty-four trees in the circle.[9]

text: The landscapes depicted in E. H. Shepard's illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh books were directly inspired by the distinctive landscape of Ashdown Forest, with its high, open heathlands of heather, gorse, bracken and silver birch punctuated by hilltop clumps of pine trees. Many of Shepard's illustrations can be matched to actual views, allowing for a degree of artistic licence. Shepard's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[10]

text: The game of Poohsticks was originally played by Christopher Milne on a footbridge across a tributary of the River Medway in Posingford Wood, close to Cotchford Farm. The wooden bridge is now a tourist attraction, and it has become traditional to play the game there using sticks gathered in nearby woodland.[11][12] When the footbridge recently had to be replaced, the engineer designed a new structure based closely on the drawings of the bridge by Shepard in the books, which were somewhat different than the original structure.

text: First publication

text: Christopher Robin's teddy bear, Edward, made his character début in A. A. Milne's poem, "Teddy Bear", in the 13 February 1924 edition of Punch, and the same poem was published in Milne's book of children's verse When We Were Very Young (6 November 1924).[13] Winnie-the-Pooh first appeared by name on 24 December 1925, in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London newspaper The Evening News. It was illustrated by J. H. Dowd.[14]

text: The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book Winnie-the-Pooh. The Evening News Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book. At the beginning, it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin's Edward Bear, who had been renamed by the boy. He was renamed after a black bear at London Zoo called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from Winnipeg, Canada. The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne's earlier children's work, Methuen, in England, and E. P. Dutton in the United States.[15]

text: Character

text: In the Milne books, Pooh is naive and slow-witted, but he is also friendly, thoughtful, and steadfast. Although he and his friends agree that he "has no Brain", Pooh is occasionally acknowledged to have a clever idea, usually driven by common sense. These include riding in Christopher Robin's umbrella to rescue Piglet from a flood, discovering "the North Pole" by picking it up to help fish Roo out of the river, inventing the game of Poohsticks, and getting Eeyore out of the river by dropping a large rock on one side of him to wash him towards the bank.

text: Pooh is also a talented poet, and the stories are frequently punctuated by his poems and "hums." Although he is humble about his slow-wittedness, he is comfortable with his creative gifts. When Owl's house blows down in a storm, trapping Pooh and Piglet and Owl inside, Pooh encourages Piglet (the only one small enough to do so) to escape and rescue them all by promising that "a respectful Pooh song" will be written about Piglet's feat. Later, Pooh muses about the creative process as he composes the song.

text: Pooh is very fond of food, especially "hunny" but also condensed milk and other items. When he visits friends, his desire to be offered a snack is in conflict with the impoliteness of asking too directly. Though intending to give Eeyore a pot of honey for his birthday, Pooh cannot resist eating the honey on his way to deliver the present, and so instead gives Eeyore "a useful pot to put things in". When he and Piglet are lost in the forest during Rabbit's attempt to "unbounce" Tigger, Pooh finds his way home by following the "call" of the honeypots from his house. Pooh makes it a habit to have "a little something" around eleven o'clock in the morning. As the clock in his house "stopped at five minutes to eleven some weeks ago," any time can be Pooh's snack time.

text: Pooh is very social. After Christopher Robin, his closest friend is Piglet, and he most often chooses to spend his time with one or both of them. But he also habitually visits the other animals, often looking for a snack or an audience for his poetry as much as for companionship. His kind-heartedness means he goes out of his way to be friendly to Eeyore, visiting him and bringing him a birthday present and building him a house, despite receiving mostly disdain from Eeyore in return.

text: Sequel

text: An authorised sequel Return to the Hundred Acre Wood was published on 5 October 2009. The author, David Benedictus, has developed, but not changed, Milne's characterisations. The illustrations, by Mark Burgess, are in the style of Shepard.[16]

text: Another authorised sequel, The Best Bear in All the World, was published by Egmont in 2016. The sequel consists of four short stories by four leading children's authors, Kate Saunders, Brian Sibley, Paul Bright, and Jeanne Willis. Illustrations are by Mark Burgess.[17] The Best Bear in All The World sees the introduction of a new character, a Penguin, which was inspired by a long-lost photograph of Milne and his son Christopher with a toy penguin.[18] A further special story, Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen, was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of Milne's creation and the 90th birthday of Elizabeth II. It sees Winnie the Pooh meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace.[19]

text: Stephen Slesinger

text: On 6 January 1930, Stephen Slesinger purchased U.S. and Canadian merchandising, television, recording and other trade rights to the "Winnie-the-Pooh" works from Milne for a $1000 advance and 66% of Slesinger's income, creating the modern licensing industry. By November 1931, Pooh was a $50 million-a-year business.[20] Slesinger marketed Pooh and his friends for more than 30 years, creating the first Pooh doll, record, board game, puzzle, US radio broadcast (NBC), animation, and motion picture film.[21]

text: Red Shirt Pooh

text: The first time Pooh and his friends appeared in colour was 1932, when he was drawn by Slesinger in his now-familiar red shirt and featured on an RCA Victor picture record. Parker Brothers introduced A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh Game in 1933, again with Pooh in his red shirt. In the 1940s, Agnes Brush created the first plush dolls with Pooh in his red shirt. Shepard had drawn Pooh with a shirt as early as the first Winnie-The-Pooh book, which was subsequently coloured red in later coloured editions.

text: Disney ownership era (1966–present)

text: After Slesinger's death in 1953, his wife, Shirley Slesinger Lasswell, continued developing the character herself. In 1961, she licensed rights to Walt Disney Productions in exchange for royalties in the first of two agreements between Stephen Slesinger, Inc. and Disney.[22] The same year, A. A. Milne's widow, Daphne Milne, also licensed certain rights, including motion picture rights, to Disney.

text: Since 1966, Disney has released numerous animated productions starring Winnie the Pooh and related characters. These have included theatrical featurettes, television series, and direct-to-video films, as well as the theatrical feature-length films The Tigger Movie, Piglet's Big Movie, Pooh's Heffalump Movie, and Winnie the Pooh.

text: Merchandising revenue dispute

text: Pooh videos, soft toys, and other merchandise generate substantial annual revenues for Disney. The size of Pooh stuffed toys ranges from Beanie and miniature to human-sized. In addition to the stylised Disney Pooh, Disney markets Classic Pooh merchandise which more closely resembles E.H. Shepard’s illustrations.

text: In 1991, Stephen Slesinger, Inc. filed a lawsuit against Disney which alleged that Disney had breached their 1983 agreement by again failing to accurately report revenue from Winnie the Pooh sales. Under this agreement, Disney was to retain approximately 98% of gross worldwide revenues while the remaining 2% was to be paid to Slesinger. In addition, the suit alleged that Disney had failed to pay required royalties on all commercial exploitation of the product name.[23] Though the Disney corporation was sanctioned by a judge for destroying forty boxes of evidential documents,[24] the suit was later terminated by another judge when it was discovered that Slesinger's investigator had rummaged through Disney's garbage in order to retrieve the discarded evidence.[25] Slesinger appealed the termination, and on 26 September 2007, a three-judge panel upheld the lawsuit dismissal.[26]

text: After the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, Clare Milne, Christopher Milne's daughter, attempted to terminate any future U.S. copyrights for Stephen Slesinger, Inc.[27] After a series of legal hearings, Judge Florence-Marie Cooper of the US District Court in California found in favour of Stephen Slesinger, Inc., as did the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. On 26 June 2006, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the case, sustaining the ruling and ensuring the defeat of the suit.[28]

text: On 19 February 2007 Disney lost a court case in Los Angeles which ruled their "misguided claims" to dispute the licensing agreements with Slesinger, Inc. were unjustified,[29] but a federal ruling of 28 September 2009, again from Judge Florence-Marie Cooper, determined that the Slesinger family had granted all trademark and copyright rights to Disney, although Disney must pay royalties for all future use of the characters. Both parties have expressed satisfaction with the outcome.[30][31]

text: Adaptations

text: Theatre

text:
Winnie-the-Pooh at the Guild Theater | Sue Hastings Marionettes, 1931[32]
Winnie-the-Pooh, a play in three acts | Dramatized by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1957
Winnie-the-Pooh, a musical comedy in two acts | Lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, Music by Allan Jay Friedman, Book by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1964
A Winnie-the-Pooh Christmas Tail, In Which Winnie-the-Pooh and His Friends Help Eeyore Have a Very Merry Christmas (Or a Very Happy Birthday.) | Book, Music and Lyrics by James W. Rogers, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1977
"Bother! The Brain of Pooh" | Peter Dennis, 1986
Winnie-the-Pooh, small cast musical version | Dramatized by le Clanché du Rand, Music by Allan Jay Friedman, Lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, Additional Lyrics by le Clanché du Rand, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1992

tag: ul

text: Audio

text: Selected Pooh stories read by Maurice Evans released on vinyl LP:

text:
Winnie-the-Pooh (consisting of three tracks: "Introducing Winnie-the-Pooh and Christopher Robin"; Pooh Goes Visiting and Gets into a Tight Place"; "Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle") 1956
More Winnie-the-Pooh (consisting of three tracks: "Eeyore Loses a Tail"; "Piglet Meets a Heffalump"; "Eeyore Has a Birthday".)

text: In 1960 HMV recorded a dramatised version with songs (music by Harold Fraser-Simson) of two episodes from The House at Pooh Corner (Chapters 2 and 8), starring Ian Carmichael as Pooh, Denise Bryer as Christopher Robin (who also narrated), Hugh Lloyd as Tigger, Penny Morrell as Piglet, and Terry Norris as Eeyore. This was released on a 45 rpm EP.[33]

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, Carol Channing recorded Winnie the Pooh, The House at Pooh Corner and The Winnie the Pooh Songbook, with music by Don Heckman. These were released on vinyl LP and audio cassette by Caedmon Records.

text: Unabridged recordings read by Peter Dennis of the four Pooh books:

text:
When We Were Very Young
Winnie-the-Pooh
Now We Are Six
The House at Pooh Corner

text: In 1979 a double audio cassette set of "Winnie the Pooh" was produced featuring British actor Lionel Jeffries reading all characters in the stories. This was followed in 1981 by an audio cassette set of stories from "House at Pooh Corner" also read by Lionel Jeffries.[34]

text: In the 1990s, the stories were dramatised for audio by David Benedictus, with music composed, directed and played by John Gould. They were performed by a cast that included Stephen Fry as Winnie-the-Pooh, Jane Horrocks as Piglet, Geoffrey Palmer as Eeyore and Judi Dench as Kanga.[35]

text: Radio

text:
Winnie-the-Pooh was broadcast by Donald Calthrop over all BBC stations on Christmas Day, 1925.[14]
Pooh made his US radio debut on 10 November 1932, when he was broadcast to 40,000 schools by The American School of the Air, the educational division of the Columbia Broadcasting System.[36]

text: Film

text: 2017: Goodbye Christopher Robin, a drama film exploring the creation of Winnie-the-Pooh by A.A. Milne.

text: Disney adaptations

text: Theatrical shorts

text:
1966: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
1968: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
1974: Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too
1981: Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons
1983: Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore

text: Theatrical feature films

text:
1977: The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (compilation of Honey Tree, Blustery Day, and Tigger Too)
2000: The Tigger Movie
2003: Piglet's Big Movie
2005: Pooh's Heffalump Movie
2011: Winnie the Pooh

text: A live action film is in development with screenwriter Alex Ross Perry on board to write the screenplay and Marc Forster to direct. The story is planned to focus on an adult Christopher Robin returning to the Hundred Acre Wood.[37][38]

text: Soviet adaptation

text: In the Soviet Union, three Winnie-the-Pooh, (transcribed in Russian as "Vinni Pukh") (Russian language: Винни-Пух) stories were made into a celebrated trilogy[39] of short films by Soyuzmultfilm (directed by Fyodor Khitruk) from 1969 to 1972.

text:
Винни-Пух (Winnie-the-Pooh, 1969) – based on chapter 1
Винни-Пух идёт в гости (Winnie-the-Pooh Pays a Visit, 1971) – based on chapter 2
Винни-Пух и день забот (Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, 1972) – based on chapters 4 and 6.

text: Films use Boris Zakhoder's translation of the book. Pooh was voiced by Yevgeny Leonov. Unlike the Disney adaptations, the animators did not base their depictions of the characters on Shepard's illustrations, creating a different look. The Soviet adaptations make extensive use of Milne's original text, and often bring out aspects of Milne's characters' personalities not used in the Disney adaptations.

text: Television

text: A version of Winnie The Pooh, in which the animals were played by marionettes designed, made and operated by Bil And Cora Baird, was presented on 3 October 1960, on NBC Television's The Shirley Temple Show. Pooh himself is voiced by Franz Fazakas.

text: During the 1970s the BBC children's television show Jackanory serialised the two books, which were read by Willie Rushton.[40]

text: Magical World of Winnie the Pooh (Note: These are episodes from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)

text: Television shows

text:
Welcome to Pooh Corner (*) (Disney Channel, 1983–1986)
Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Disney Junior, 2011-2014[41])
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (ABC, 1988–1991)
The Book of Pooh (*) (Disney Channel (Playhouse Disney), 2001–2003)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh (Disney Channel (Playhouse Disney), 2007–2010)

text: (*): Puppet/live-action show

text: Holiday TV specials

text:
1991: Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too, included in A Very Merry Pooh Year
1996: Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh, included in Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie
1998: A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving, included in Seasons of Giving
1999: A Valentine for You

text: Direct-to-video shorts

text: 1990: Winnie the Pooh's ABC of Me

text: Direct-to-video features

text:
1997: Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin
1999: Seasons of Giving*
2001: The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart
2002: A Very Merry Pooh Year*
2004: Springtime with Roo
2005: Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie
2007: Super Sleuth Christmas Movie
2009: Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too
2010: Super Duper Super Sleuths

text: These features integrate stories from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and/or holiday specials with new footage.

text: Legacy

text: Winnie the Pooh has inspired multiple texts to explain complex philosophical ideas. Benjamin Hoff used Milne's characters in The Tao of Pooh and The Te of Piglet to explain Taoism. Similarly, Frederick Crews wrote essays about the Pooh books in abstruse academic jargon in The Pooh Perplex and Postmodern Pooh to satirise a range of philosophical approaches.[42] Pooh and the Philosophers by John T. Williams uses Winnie the Pooh as a backdrop to illustrate the works of philosophers including Descartes, Kant, Plato and Nietzsche.[43]

text: One of the best known characters in British children's literature, a 2011 poll saw Winnie the Pooh voted onto the list of icons of England.[44] Forbes magazine ranked Pooh the most valuable fictional character in 2002, with merchandising products alone generating more than $5.9 billion that year.[45] In 2005, Pooh generated $6 billion, a figure surpassed by only Mickey Mouse.[46] In 2006, Pooh received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, marking the 80th birthday of Milne's creation.[46] The bear is such a popular character in Poland that a Warsaw street is named for him, Ulica Kubusia Puchatka. There is also a street named after him in Budapest (Micimackó utca).[47]

text: In music, Kenny Loggins wrote the song "House at Pooh Corner", which was originally recorded by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.[48] Loggins later rewrote the song as "Return to Pooh Corner", featuring on the album of the same name in 1991. In Italy, a pop band took their name from Winnie, and were titled Pooh. In Estonia there is a punk/metal band called Winny Puhh.

text: In the "sport" of Poohsticks, competitors drop sticks into a stream from a bridge and then wait to see whose stick will cross the finish line first. Though it began as a game played by Pooh and his friends in the book The House at Pooh Corner and later in the films, it has crossed over into the real world: a World Championship Poohsticks race takes place in Oxfordshire each year. Ashdown Forest in England where the Pooh stories are set is a popular tourist attraction, and includes the wooden Pooh Bridge where Pooh and Piglet invented Poohsticks.[49] The Oxford University Winnie the Pooh Society was founded by undergraduates in 1982.

text: In the Peoples Republic of China images of Pooh are censored as internet memes comparing Chinese president Xi Jinping to Pooh became popular in mid-2017.[50]


document_title: List of Shadowhunters episodes

question_text: when is the next episode of shadowhunters season 3 coming out

text: List of Shadowhunters episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)
April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)

2
20
10
January 2, 2017 (2017-01-02)
March 6, 2017 (2017-03-06)

10
June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
August 14, 2017 (2017-08-14)

3
22[4]
10
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)
May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)

12[4]
2019 (2019)[4]
2019 (2019)[4]

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Mortal Cup"
McG
Ed Decter
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)
267314-1
1.82[5]

On Clary Fray's eighteenth birthday, her mother, Jocelyn, is kidnapped. Soon after, Clary discovers that her mother belongs to a supernatural group called Shadowhunters, a half-angel/half-human race tasked to protect the Downworld (faeries, werewolves, vampires, and warlocks) from demons. Clary learns she also belongs to this race, after being saved by a fellow Shadowhunter named Jace – who then introduces her to his adoptive siblings Alec and Isabelle. Clary overhears her mother's friend, Luke, claim that he cares nothing about her or her mother. Clary is at a crossroads not knowing who to trust – her best friend Simon or the Shadowhunters – to help save Jocelyn from Valentine, a dangerous rogue Shadowhunter.

2
2
"The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy"
Mick Garris
Ed Decter & Hollie Overton
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)[a]
267314-2
1.01[7]

The Circle has returned, as has Valentine. With the Shadowhunters searching for the Mortal Cup, the Institute is on alert. After Hodge tells Clary that Jocelyn was once a Circle member, they realize Clary's significance in the cause. Jace realizes Clary's memories are the only way to find Jocelyn and the Cup. Unfortunately, without her memories they are unable to help her or the Shadowhunter team. Thus Jace, Isabelle and a reluctant Alec take Clary and Simon to visit the powerful Silent Brothers in the City of Bones, where Clary fails to retrieve any memories but finds out her biological father is Valentine himself. Meanwhile, Luke is worried about Clary's whereabouts, while Simon comes to terms with Clary's new life and gets kidnapped by vampires.

3
3
"Dead Man's Party"
Andy Wolk
Marjorie David
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)
267314-3
0.98[8]

The Shadowhunters plan to rescue Simon, who has been taken captive by vampires in exchange for the Mortal Cup. Jace, Isabelle, Alec and Clary locate Simon's whereabouts to the Hotel Dumort, where he is being held by Camille Belcourt, Raphael Santiago and the rest of Camille's outfit. Alec and Jace have a dispute over Clary and her loyalty, since her father is their enemy. Isabelle visits Meliorn, her Seelie lover, in order to extract information about the Hotel Dumort, so the group can get into the building unnoticed. The Shadowhunters retrieve Simon and he is reunited with Clary, but he appears to be turning into a vampire after drinking Camille's blood.

4
4
"Raising Hell"
Tawnia McKiernan
Michael Reisz
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
267314-4
0.96[9]

Simon quarrels with Jace and leaves the Institute. The Shadowhunters lure warlock Magnus Bane out of hiding with a prized necklace, in order to gain his help in retrieving Clary's memories. Magnus informs them that he fed the memories to a memory demon for safekeeping. The Shadowhunters track Magnus to his lair, where the Circle has attacked. Magnus transports the group to his loft, where they summon the demon. Alec's personal insecurities about his feelings for Jace disrupt the ritual when they are each asked to relinquish a beloved memory, forcing Clary to kill the demon before recovering any memories. Meanwhile, Simon is plagued with visions of Camille, and ends up returning to the Hotel Dumort.

5
5
"Moo Shu to Go"
Kelly Makin
Angel Dean Lopez
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
267314-5
0.95[10]

The Lightwood family matriarch, Maryse, arrives at the Institute with a Seelie intel mission for Isabelle and Jace. Alec is ordered to watch over Clary, but she escapes the Institute for her old apartment to locate her mother's secret box – that once belonged to a "Jonathan Clark". Clary and Simon are subsequently kidnapped by werewolves while searching the apartment, to Alec's chagrin. Clary is interrogated about the location of the Mortal Cup, and the alpha werewolf threatens to kill Simon if she does not reveal the information. Jace, Isabelle and Alec then head to rescue the two, after Simon calls for help. The Shadowhunters are assisted in their escape by an unlikely ally – werewolf Luke, who defeats his alpha and assumes the title.

6
6
"Of Men and Angels"
Oz Scott
Y. Shireen Razack
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)
267314-6
0.98[11]

Clary, Jace and Simon take a mortally wounded Luke to Magnus for help. At Luke's insistence, Magnus informs Clary of the Circle's past and her mother's involvement with the group. Meanwhile, Robert Lightwood arrives at the Institute, and he and Maryse task Isabelle with mending the Seelies' broken ties with the Clave and restoring the family name. When Isabelle informs Alec that their parents plan to marry him off, he angrily leaves the Institute for Magnus' loft. There, he, Magnus and the others save Luke's life with magic. Luke informs Clary that she had a brother, Jonathan Christopher, who died in a fire caused by Valentine. Clary then discovers one of her powers, making her realize she knows the whereabouts of Mortal Cup.

7
7
"Major Arcana"
J. Miles Dale
Peter Binswanger
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
267314-7
0.84[12]

Clary reveals that the Cup is hidden in a tarot card that Luke took for safekeeping. When Luke goes to retrieve it from his desk at the precinct, he is detained by internal affairs officers due to demonic murders whose real killer was Valentine. While being questioned about his part in the demonic murders, Luke's boss is killed by a shapeshifter. Clary, Jace, Isabelle and Alec enact a plan to obtain the Cup, but are tracked by demons. When a demon posing as Jace attempts to take the Cup from Clary, she kills it. Afterward, Clary and the real Jace share a kiss at the Institute. Meanwhile, Simon's odd behavior worries Maureen and his family, who fear he is on drugs. He returns to the Hotel Dumort looking for answers and is met by Camille.

8
8
"Bad Blood"
Jeremiah S. Chechik
Allison Rymer
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
267314-8
0.87[13]

Raphael arrives at the Institute with Simon, who has been attacked and killed by Camille. He informs Clary that, unless Simon is staked or turned before sunset, his soul will be trapped for eternity. An envoy from the Clave, Lydia Branwell, arrives to temporarily take over the Institute. Valentine sends a Forsaken to attack the werewolf pack, but Luke kills it. While retrieving the corpse from Luke, Lydia inadvertently reveals to Alec that his parents are ex-Circle members. Isabelle performs a pathology test on the Forsaken and finds that it has angel blood. Alec decides to restore his family's honor (due to the current situation) by proposing to Lydia. Later, another Forsaken attacks Hodge and Alec at the Institute, but they eventually defeat it. Clary decides to bury Simon in order for him to turn into a vampire, but he emerges thinking of himself as a monster.

9
9
"Rise Up"
J. Miller Tobin
Hollie Overton
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
267314-9
0.95[14]

Following the Forsaken attack, the Institute is on high alert. Lydia arrests Meliorn for supposedly leaking Shadowhunter information to Valentine. During his interrogation, Meliorn lets slip that Clary is in possession of the Mortal Cup. Jace, Isabelle and Clary decide to take matters into their own hands to prevent the Cup from reaching the Clave. With the help of Magnus, the three Shadowhunters sneak the Cup out of the Institute. Later, Isabelle, Clary, Jace, Simon, Luke and Raphael team up to rescue Meliorn from his impending torture in the City of Bones. Afterward, Meliorn informs Clary that he can help find her father. Meanwhile, Alec's siding with Lydia and the Clave causes rifts with his personal relationships, and Simon makes peace with his newfound status as a vampire.

10
10
"This World Inverted"
J. Miles Dale
Y. Shireen Razack
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
267314-10
0.78[15]

Meliorn takes Clary and Jace to the Seelie realm where he reveals a portal to an alternate dimension. He tells Clary that if she locates another portal within this dimension, she will be transported to her father. However, when Clary arrives, she finds that Shadowhunters have ceased to exist in this peaceful world and may assimilate to Clary from that dimension. Jace and Meliorn protect the entrance to the dimension from demons, but when one slips through, Jace ventures in to stop it. With the help of Magnus, Clary finds the portal at the Institute, and she and Jace step through it. When they arrive at Valentine's hideout, they discover Jace's father, Micheal Wayland, assumed to be dead, is being held captive there. Meanwhile, in reality, Isabelle is arrested for the Meliorn mission, much to the anguish of Alec, who tries in vain to prevent her from going on trial.

11
11
"Blood Calls to Blood"
Mairzee Almas
Marjorie David
March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)
267314-11
0.78[16]

Clary, Jace and Michael Wayland head to Luke's for help. While there, Michael discloses the location of Valentine's new hideout – an abandoned hospital in Long Island. Jace, Michael, Luke and Clary go to rescue a still-unconscious Jocelyn, but are surrounded by demons. Michael takes the Mortal Cup to command the demons, but then reveals himself to be Valentine in disguise. Clary subsequently reveals that Valentine is holding a duplicate Cup. Before fleeing through a portal, he informs Clary and Jace that they are siblings. Meanwhile, Isabelle's trial begins, with Magnus as her defense attorney. During questioning, Lydia states that the trial is nonsense and withdraws the charges, but Inquisitor Herondale states that Isabelle will still be banished from Shadowhunter society if the Clave does not receive the Cup within 24 hours. Jace and Clary arrive back at the Institute with the Cup, dropping the charges against Isabelle.

12
12
"Malec"
James Marshall
Michael Reisz
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)
267314-12
0.82[17]

Jace is conflicted over his feelings for his sister Clary, and Alec is conflicted over his feelings for Magnus as his wedding approaches. Isabelle throws her brother a bachelor party, where Alec and Jace mend their broken bond. Meanwhile, Jace and Clary are led by Magnus to visit Ragnor Fell, a former friend and warlock, for help on waking Jocelyn, believing that he is the one who created the spell that she is under. A demon follows them and kills Ragnor, but before he dies, he tells them that the Book of the White holds the antidote. Isabelle invites Magnus to Alec's wedding; seeing him, Alec realizes that he cannot go through with the marriage. After apologizing to an understanding Lydia, he approaches Magnus and kisses him in front of the guests. Later, Maryse expresses her disappointment in Alec at publicly shaming them, though Robert offers support. Magnus finds that the Book of the White is in Camille's possession. Packing up to head back to Idris, Lydia retrieves the Cup from a safe but is attacked by Hodge. It is revealed that Hodge has stolen the Cup for Valentine in order to be freed from his binding curse.

13
13
"Morning Star"
J. Miles Dale
Peter Binswanger
April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)
267314-13
0.76[18]

The Shadowhunters cannot prevent Hodge from giving the Mortal Cup to Valentine, and he proceeds with creating his Shadowhunter army. Valentine betrays Hodge by refusing him protection from the Clave after getting the cup. Jace and Alec hunt down Hodge with Luke's help, and Jace chops off Hodge's hand in the ensuing battle. Jace then goes after Valentine with Hodge as guide, sending the others to aid Clary. Meanwhile, Clary, Isabelle and Simon visit the Hotel Dumort to ask Camille (imprisoned for Simon's unlawful death) about the Book of the White. In exchange for her help, Camille demands that they break her out from her prison and provide a signed statement from Simon that he asked her to turn him into a vampire. Magnus, at his warlock loft, drafts the contract. The group then heads to Camille's apartment, where she believes the book was hidden by Dot. They do find the Book, but are then ambushed by the Circle. Jace arrives to fight Valentine, but they are all captured. Jace agrees to join Valentine for the safe release of his friends. Back at the Institute, the devastated group uses the spell and wakes Jocelyn, who reunites with her daughter and Luke.

text: Jump up ^ The second episode, "The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy", was released online on January 12, 2016, after the premiere of the first episode.[6]

tag: ol

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"This Guilty Blood"
Matt Hastings
Michael Reisz
January 2, 2017 (2017-01-02)
267314-14
1.19[19]

Jace is held captive on Valentine's ship. He attempts to kill Valentine, but his victim turns out to be one of Valentine's thugs under glamour, and Jace is whipped for disloyalty. Maryse goes behind Lydia's back to the Clave, and representative Victor Aldertree is instated as the new head of the New York Institute. Clary's debriefing wrongly convinces him that Jace is in league with Valentine; Jace is declared a criminal wanted dead or alive, the Institute is put on lockdown, and Clary, Alec, and Isabelle are forbidden to take part in the search, but they do anyway. Clary tells a newly awakened Jocelyn that Jace is her son, and she is shocked having believed that JC (Jonathan Christopher) had died in a fire with his father. Magnus and Alec quarrel over how to retrieve Jace, and also about Alec's motivation in calling off the wedding. Valentine tells Jace that Valentine experimented on him in-vitro using demon blood to make him stronger, this cause self-doubt in Jace. Valentine opens a portal to land, allowing their location to be revealed to the various parties tracking them. He wants Jace to break the accords and execute a rogue vampire, Jace refuses, but the vampire dies in the resulting altercation. When Jocelyn attempts to shoot Jace with a crossbow, Valentine steps in front of the shot. Jace supports a wounded Valentine and they escape.

15
2
"A Door Into the Dark"
Andy Wolk
Y. Shireen Razack
January 9, 2017 (2017-01-09)
267314-15
0.75[20]

Jocelyn defends her attempt on Jace's life by explaining the effect Valentine's experiments had on him as a baby. Upset, Clary seeks solace at the Brooklyn Academy of Art where she is kidnapped by Dot and taken to Valentine. With Clary missing, Jocelyn offers her assistance to Isabelle and Alec by providing adamas, a metal that can be used to track Jace using his and Alec's bond. Meanwhile at Camille's Indian residence, Simon and Magnus search for the vampire, whom Raphael is being pressured by the Clave to produce, and find some items from Magnus' past. With Dot's help, Jace and Clary flee Valentine's ship, but not before the risky parabatai tracking renders Alec comatose.

16
3
"Parabatai Lost"
Gregory Smith
Peter Binswanger
January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)
267314-16
0.81[21]

Magnus works to stabilize a failing Alec with magic, but only Jace can save him. After escaping from Valentine's ship, Clary loses Jace and returns to the Institute. Meanwhile, Jace is hunted by werewolves, including a girl named Maia, who believe he has killed one of their own. Isabelle makes a deal with Aldertree in order to find Jace and save Alec's life. Magnus transports Alec to his loft, where Jace arrives to revive him. As the parabatai reunite, Clave representatives appear and arrest Jace for high treason.

17
4
"Day of Wrath"
Joe Lazarov
Jamie Gorenberg
January 23, 2017 (2017-01-23)
267314-17
0.64[22]

Jace is imprisoned in the City of Bones, where he encounters Hodge. Valentine arrives to break him out, but Jace fights back. Valentine kills Hodge and steals the Soul Sword before disappearing. Clary helps Alec and Isabelle search for a powerful demon with the ability to possess others, but it infiltrates the Institute. Meanwhile, Raphael is tortured by Aldertree for Camille's whereabouts and goes to Magnus for help. With Camille's grave dirt found at her house in India, an emotionally conflicted Magnus summons his ex-girlfriend and sends her to the Clave. At the Institute, a possessed Alec kills Jocelyn. The demon then inhabits Isabelle but Clary breaks its hold and succeeds in killing it.

18
5
"Dust and Shadows"
Salli Richardson-Whitfield
Zac Hug
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)
267314-18
0.58[23]

Jace is freed from the City of Bones, but Aldertree, still suspicious of Jace, bans him from the field of duty. Clary seeks the help of a warlock named Iris Rouse to resurrect Jocelyn and swears a blood oath to provide a favor in return for the spell. Isabelle's wound from her possession is not healing, so Aldertree prescribes a drug named yin fen. Iris traps Clary with the intention of claiming her favor: mating her with a demon in order to create more warlocks. Jace, Isabelle, and Alec arrive to save her, but Clary creates a new rune that helps her escape. Simon struggles with his double life as he moves back home and eventually admits his vampirism to his mother, but his confession goes awry and Raphael wipes his mother's memory. The Shadowhunters hold a funeral for Jocelyn and some of the deceased Shadowhunters, and a distraught Luke wakes naked in the wilderness.

19
6
"Iron Sisters"
Mike Rohl
Allison Rymer
February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06)
267314-19
0.65[24]

Simon and Maia team up to find Luke and begin to form a bond. Alec and Magnus go on their first date and discover a disparity in their romantic pasts. Isabelle and Clary go to the Iron Sisters for help in defeating Valentine and meet Luke's sister, Cleophas. To enter the Citadel, the two must endure a trial which detects demon impurities; Clary passes, but Isabelle fails and is informed that yin fen she has been using is made of vampire venom. Maia and Simon find Luke and convince him to return to the pack. Cleophas tells Clary that the Soul Sword has a second purpose: it can kill all demon-blooded creatures, including Downworlders. Clary shows Cleophas her runic power. Magnus and Alec decide to begin a relationship, despite their differences, but are surprised by Jace's appearance: he has left the Institute due to Aldertree's treatment and asks to stay with Magnus. Later, Cleophas kills Magdelena, an Iron Sister, and activates a Circle rune, indicating her allegiance to Valentine.

20
7
"How Are Thou Fallen"
Ben Bray
Hollie Overton
February 13, 2017 (2017-02-13)
267314-20
0.55[25]

Cleophas tells Valentine of Clary's rune-creating ability, then approaches Luke and Clary, but her brother is unwilling to trust her. Simon goes on a wholly unsuccessful first date with Maia, and Isabelle, now addicted to yin fen, is caught by Magnus at the Hunter's Moon seeking the drug. She convinces Magnus her search is for a mission, and he tells her to go straight to the source: vampires themselves. Clary hears strange noises, and is convinced that Valentine is responsible. Alec, after going to Isabelle for advice, finds Magnus at his loft and the two consummate their relationship. Figuring out the noises Clary is hearing are the distress calls of an angel Valentine is holding captive, Jace, Clary, Luke, and Cleophas infiltrate his lair, and Clary creates a rune to free the angel. The angel shows Clary and Jace a vision of a cloaked figure destroying the Soul Sword.

21
8
"Love is a Devil"
Catriona McKenzie
Y. Shireen Razack
February 20, 2017 (2017-02-20)
267314-21
0.67[26]

Alec asks Magnus to hold his little brother Max's Rune Party at his loft, Magnus agrees. Simon confesses his love for Clary and they start dating. Isabelle is now getting her yin fen fix straight from the source by letting Raphael feed on her. Max's party is in full swing when things take a turn for the worse, and guests begin seeing their fears and insecurities manifest. Magnus determines that they have all been be-spelled by a hostile warlock and undoes the curse. Magnus identifies the culprit as Iris Rouse, captures her and sends her to Idris. However, Iris invokes the blood oath Clary swore her and instructs her to find the warlock child Madzie who has been kidnapped by Valentine. Jace and Clary tell their friends what they have learned of the Soul Sword and of Clary's runic abilities, which Magnus identifies marks her as angel-blooded, and thus able to activate the Soul Sword herself. Maryse tells Alec and Jace their father has been cheating on her.

22
9
"Bound by Blood"
Matt Hastings
Peter Binswanger
February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)
267314-22
0.52[27]

Clary's hand suddenly begins to burn and turn to stone, a symptom of blood oath she swore to Iris Rouse. Clary goes to Magnus, who tells her that her only cure lies in finding Madzie. Maia, who fears Clary's power to activate the Soul Sword and kill all Downworlders, tries to kill her. A Downworlder council meeting takes place where Meliorn and Raphael both agree that Clary must be killed, while Magnus and Luke disagree. Alec is searching for Isabelle, and Magnus, having figured out her yin fen addiction, sends him to Raphael. Alec discovers Isabelle being fed on, and the siblings quarrel; Magnus also expresses his displeasure with Raphael. Jace tracks Madzie and brings her back to heal Clary, but the young warlock portals Clary to Valentine. Jace and Simon find and save Clary, but Simon is captured by Valentine.

23
10
"By the Light of Dawn"
Joshua Butler
Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer
March 6, 2017 (2017-03-06)
267314-23
0.64[28]

Madzie infiltrates the Institute on Valentine's behalf, killing many Shadowhunters, but sparing Alec. Jace, Clary and Luke take Dot to Magnus'. She reveals that Valentine believes that Jace can destroy the Soul Sword and Clary receives a video call from Valentine: he slits Simon's throat to draw her to the Institute. The group head to the Institute, and Clary, who goes to feed Simon to heal him, is revealed to be a glamoured Jace. Magnus finds and comforts Madzie. Jace attempts to destroy the Sword but inadvertently charges it and Valentine activates it as a Downworlder army storms in, killing all of them. Jace and Valentine battle for the Sword outside and it is revealed that Valentine is actually not Jace's father. Alec frantically searches for Magnus in the aftermath, and upon finding him safe, the two profess their love for each other. Simon discovers he can now be in the sunlight without being burned. Valentine is taken into custody as the Soul Sword disappears and is picked up by a strange figure in black.

24
11
"Mea Maxima Culpa"
Matt Hastings
Michael Reisz
June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
267314-24
0.71[29]

The Inquisitor Imogen Herondale arrives at the Institute and tortures Valentine for the whereabouts of The Mortal Cup. The Greater Demon Azazel arrives in town also looking for The Cup. The wolves of the New York pack challenge the leadership of their alpha Luke. Isabelle, in the throes of yin fen withdrawal, seeks out Raphael for help, but he refuses to feed on her. She is attacked by Azazel, but is saved by a new Shadowhunter, Sebastian Verlac. Simon talks to Maia about his new ability to survive sunlight. Raphael tells Magnus and Alec about Isabelle coming to him; Alec thinks that Isabelle has been taken by Azazel. Jace and Clary go to Valentine for help finding the Greater Demon, and he reveals they are not related. Luke's new police partner Ollie is suspicious of his actions. Isabelle accompanies Sebastian to his apartment where he gives advice on overcoming yin fen addiction. Upon Alec's request, Magnus summons Azazel, with Valentine as bait. But the demon manages to escape the summoning circle and appears to cast a spell on Magnus and Valentine.

25
12
"You Are Not Your Own"
Bille Woodruff
Jamie Gorenberg
June 12, 2017 (2017-06-12)
267314-25
0.55[30]

Azazel has cast a body-swapping spell on Magnus and Valentine. Isabelle brings Sebastian back to the institute to help catch the still-at-large Azazel; Alec heads to Magnus' loft for help with tracking the demon. When Alec arrives, Azazel attacks him but is vanquished, leaving Valentine and Magnus trapped in one another's bodies. Magnus, in Valentine's body, is locked up in the Institute; he tries to explain the body-swap to Alec, but Alec does not believe him and he is tortured in Valentine's place for information about the Mortal Cup. Simon fights with Raphael over revealing how he became a daylighter. Imogen prepares to execute Valentine against Clave orders, but Valentine, masquerading as Magnus, has kidnapped Jace and sends a visual message to the cells revealing that Jace is actually a Herondale; he demands his body be sent to him at Magnus' loft. The demands are met, and the body-swapping spell is undone. At the last second, Clary pushes Valentine, now back in his own body, through a portal back to the cells at the Institute. Alec tries to comfort Magnus in the aftermath.

26
13
"Those of Demon Blood"
Michael Goi
Zac Hug
June 19, 2017 (2017-06-19)
267314-26
0.59[31]

Several Shadowhunters are killed and their runes cut-off. Imogen Herondale appoints Jace as the head of the New York Institute. Alec goes to Magnus loft to get a DNA sample to prove he isn't involved in the killings; the two fight and Magnus demands he leave. Imogen suggests micro-chipping all Downworlders to be constantly aware of their whereabouts, Alec vehemently disagrees, but Jace seems amenable to the idea. Max arrives and Isabelle is appointed his tutor. Clary is attacked and injured but Simon rescues her and takes her to the Institute. Jace heads to the Hunter's Moon to begin chipping werewolves and he and Maia get into a physical fight which results in her being chipped. Luke, angered at the Shadowhunters' behaviour, tells Jace to leave. An upset and tipsy Magnus spends some time with Dot. Isabelle meets Raphael for help finding the killer, Max follows her and is kidnapped. With Meliorn's help, they find Max and kill the culprit, a Seelie named Kaelie. Jace appoints Alec head of the Institute. Alec apologises to Magnus, and the two reconcile. Jace, on Alec's orders, de-chips Maia, and the two sleep together.

27
14
"The Fair Folk"
Chris Grismer
Taylor Mallory
June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)
267314-27
0.67[32]

Alec sends Clary and Jace on a mission to the Seelie Court; Simon insists on joining them. At the Institute, Alec begins the Downworlder Cabinet, a weekly meeting with representatives from the warlocks, vampires, Seelies, and werewolves. Alec discusses the Institute's new policy of complete transparency with Magnus, Luke, Meliorn and Raphael. Maryse is back in town; her and Isabelle discuss her father's infidelity and Isabelle's yin fen addiction. They reconcile. At the Seelie Court, the Seelie Queen drives a wedge between Simon and the Shadowhunters by revealing Clary still harbors feelings for Jace. An unknown individual with a plot to execute Valentine contacts Luke. Luke heads down to the Institute cells to kill Valentine, but is foiled by Sebastian and Alec. Alec decides not to press charges. Isabelle asks Raphael to pursue a relationship with her and he refuses. Sebastian plays piano next to several burner phones on a chair. Hearing a noise from a closet, he threatens a bound man he has kept inside.

28
15
"A Problem of Memory"
Peter DeLuise
Allison Rymer
July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)
267314-28
0.46[33]

Alec is worried about Magnus' wellbeing, he questions Magnus, but is assured by the warlock nothing is amiss. Simon breaks up with Clary, and Isabelle comforts her. That night Simon is introduced to a Bleeder's Den, where vampires bite mundanes to get high; a girl is found dead the next morning and Simon worries he may be the culprit. Sebastian's cousin, Aline, arrives at the New York Institute; the man captive in Sebastian's apartment is revealed to be the real Sebastian. After being arrested by Luke's police partner Ollie, Simon returns to the Bleeder's Den and stakes the real murderer of the dead girl. As a result of the torture he suffered in Valentine's body, Magnus is having flashbacks of the night he found his mother, dead. He finally confesses his struggles to Alec, who consoles him. The real Sebastian escapes and tries to warn Aline, but his captor kills him before he can reach her. The Shadowhunters portal Valentine to Idris, but are circumvented with Valentine ending up at Sebastian's apartment. Sebastian's true form is revealed and he calls Valentine "father".

29
16
"Day of Atonement"
Paul Wesley
Peter Binswanger
July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)
267314-29
0.59[34]

Sebastian holds Valentine captive; he intends to send him to Edom as punishment for Valentine doing the same to him. Jace suspects Valentine is hiding in a cabin in Idris where he spent time during his childhood. Clary draws a portal rune and the two are transported to Lake Lyn in Idris. Jace and Clary lose track of each other and Clary hallucinates the Angel Ithuriel who tells her that Jonathan is alive. Alec senses Jace is in trouble through their parabatai bond and with the help of his father Robert, sends Isabelle to find him. Isabelle finds Jace and together they retrieve Clary and cure her of the hallucinogenic effects of the waters of Lake Lyn. The three look for the cabin only to find it deserted. Robert reveals to Alec that the Clave never recovered the Soul Sword and has been lying to the Downworld. Valentine convinces Sebastian to work with him. With information they found at the cabin, Clary realizes that her real brother Jonathan is still alive.

30
17
"A Dark Reflection"
Jeffrey Hunt
Hollie Overton
July 24, 2017 (2017-07-24)
267314-30
0.60[35]

Sebastian is revealed to be in possession of the Soul Sword, thus with two of the three Mortal Instruments, he and Valentine hunt for the Mortal Mirror. Luke receives a message from Cleophas, still Valentine's captive, that the Clave lied about possessing the Soul Sword; he shares the information with Magnus. Magnus confronts Alec with the news and is furious that it was kept from him. No longer able to trust the Clave, he debates aligning with the Seelie Queen. Isabelle struggles with the fact that Max is growing up and convinces Maia to give a relationship with Simon a chance. Sebastian is torn about his loyalty to Valentine, as it pits him against his sister, Clary. Jace and Clary find out that her mother had hidden The Mortal Mirror. With the help of Dot, they recover it before being attacked by Sebastian. Dot stays behind to give them a chance to escape. Max uses a hair he found to track Jonathan to Sebastian. He challenges Sebastian with this knowledge.

31
18
"Awake, Arise, or Be Forever Fallen"
Amanda Row
Jamie Gorenberg
July 31, 2017 (2017-07-31)
267314-31
0.63[36]

Max lies in a coma following Jonathan's attack and the Institute is put on lockdown when it becomes clear Jonathan is inside. Magnus and Luke meet with the Seelie Queen, who proposes a Downworlder alliance against Valentine, even if it means starting a war with the Shadowhunters. Luke refuses immediately while Magnus is given time to decide. Jonathan steals the Mortal Mirror. Magnus chooses to serve his people over his relationship with Alec and breaks up with him. Clary discovers Sebastian is Jonathan when he fails a test and manages to get the Mirror back before he escapes the Institute. However, her attempt to disarm the Mirror destroys it, and she realizes the real Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris.

32
19
"Hail and Farewell"
Matt Hastings
Bryan Q. Miller
August 7, 2017 (2017-08-07)
267314-32
0.60[37]

Isabelle, Jace and Clary are trying to take out Valentine and Jonathan but get attacked by a possessing demon. Jace kills the demon. Clary tells the Inquisitor that the Mortal Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris. The Seelie Queen comes to the institute to meet with the Downworld Council but she refuses to give her support to capture and execute Valentine. Maia and Simon are dating.

33
20
"Beside Still Water"
Matt Hastings
Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer
August 14, 2017 (2017-08-14)
267314-33
0.59[38]

The dying Jonathan washed ashore on the shore of Manhattan, and using his blood, he summoned the wraith demons. Meanhwhile, Luke and Simon comes to Magnus after Maia's abduction, and in the final battle, Valentine eventually succedded in summoning Raziel and killed Jace. Clary, in a fit of rage, stabs Valentine, finally killing him. With Raziel's summoning, Clary wishes for Jace's resurrection. At the end, Magnus and Alec get back together.

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

34
1
"On Infernal Ground"
Matt Hastings
Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)
267314-34
0.49[39]

Clary becomes a fully fledged Shadowhunter but her and Jace are concealing the truth over what happened at Lake Lyn. An owl faced demon starts preying on mundanes. Magnus deals with the fall out of his decision to side with the Seelie Queen.

35
2
"The Powers That Be"
Peter DeLuise
Peter Binswanger
March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)
267314-35
0.44[40]

Jace asks Clary out on their first proper date but it ends up being an awkward double date. Whilst attending a party Magnus realises the ley lines have been corrupted, he and Alec work together to try and fix it.

36
3
"What Lies Beneath"
Amanda Row
Alex Schemmer
April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)
267314-36
0.46[41]

Alec hosts a dinner with his mother at Magnus' in which she reveals news which upsets him. Raphael faces an extremely upsetting personal loss. Simon tries desperately to enter the Seelie Realm and ask about the mysterious mark they gave him.

37
4
"Thy Soul Instructed"
Emile Levisetti
Jamie Gorenberg
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
267314-37
0.35[42]

Jace's friends and family begin to notice some changes within his personality. Simon happens to bump into the ideal roommate, who might have ulterior motives for befriending Simon. Clary and Izzy pursue a Vampire that is out of control.

38
5
"Stronger Than Heaven"
Geoff Shotz
Brian Millikin
April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)
267314-38
0.30[43]

Alec learns more about Magnus' past after asking to move in. To try and deal with the owl Clary seeks out Cleophas to see if she has any way to contact the angels. She manages to contact Ithuriel but he is killed by Lilith before he could say anything important. Jace is suspicious of Simons well timed new roommate and it is revealed he is a werewolf.

39
6
"A Window Into an Empty Room"
Alexis Korycinsk
Aisha Porter-Christie
April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)
267314-39
0.43[44]

Magnus and Alec have a fight about their varying experiences which is left unresolved. Magnus and Clary team up to investigate the demon and a face from Magnus' past appears to help them. Simon tries to make amends to visitor who won't seem to leave him alone. The Lightwoods go out for a meal at the hunters moon. While investigating the demon Clary and Magnus find the owl demon trying to possess Ollie, Luke comes along and helps. The Owls identity is revealed and Ollie has been possessed.

40
7
"Salt in the Wound"
Joshua Butler
Celeste Vasquez
May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)
267314-40
0.42[45]

Following the reveal of the Owl's identity, Jace and Clary fight upon the roof. Simon helps Clary after she was injured in the fight and takes her to the institute. Here its revealed to everyone that Jace is the owl and Lilith is controlling him. Clary finally reveals her secret about bringing Jace back at Lake Lyn. Magnus and Alec make up as the issues with Jace are more pressing. The shadowhunters head to Alicante to follow him. Alec, Isabelle and Clary tell the inquisitor that Jace has been possessed but it's too late for her to help as he murders her in her office. They manage to trap Jace and Clary sends them to Magnus' and allows herself to be taken to the Gard to buy them more time. While this is happening flashbacks show the past relationship of Maia and Jordan; they dated and eventually he turned her. Simon and Luke investigate Lilith's lair and the mark of Cain turns two of Lilith's children to salt.

41
8
"A Heart of Darkness"
Ari Sandel
Jamie Gorenberg
May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)
267314-41
0.42[46]

Clary is questioned by Jia Penhallow regarding her visit to the city and she reveals that she used the angel's wish to resurrect Jace. After this revelation, Penhallow sentences her to death. Simon, Maia and Jordan manage to locate the location that Lilith was using and try to find clues to her whereabouts. Ollie reveals to Lilith that Simon has the mark of Cain. Knowing that this is one of the only things that can banish her, Lilith goes to the Seelie realm. In order to preserve her life, the Seelie Queen tells Lilith where Jace is. Magnus uses his magic to send Alec and Isabelle into Jace's mind in hopes breaking Lilith's control over him. When he is found, Alec sees that he has been forced to kill Clary repeatedly and has tried to kill himself. Jace begs his siblings to kill him rather than remain under Lilith's control but Alec promises to get him out. Before they can, Lilith arrives. She threatens Magnus and takes back Jace.

42
9
"Familia Ante Omnia"
Matt Hastings
Taylor Mallory
May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)
267314-42
0.37[47]

Jia Penhallow wants to question Valentine about a demon, so Clary resurrects him using a rune. Heidi tricks Simon into returning to his family's home when he is desperate for blood by holding them hostage; once there, he feeds on his sister Rebecca, revealing he is a vampire to his mother and sister. Clary deactivates the resurrection rune and Valentine returns to the grave. Jace takes Valentine's flesh but still needs Clary's heart for Lilith to resurrect Jonathan.

43
10
"Erchomai"
Jeff Hunt
Bryan Q. Miller
May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)
267314-43
0.31[47]

Magnus goes to Edom to look for his father Asmodeus who can help him save Jace. Simon enchants his mother, making her think that he is dead, but his sister forgives him and offers him help. Jace and Alec fight, but Magnus arrives just in time to free Jace from the possession, revealing that he traded his magic and now it is gone. Simon goads Lilith into attacking him, which triggers his mark and sends her back to Edom, but causes a huge explosion. Just before the explosion, Simon is knocked out of the window and when he regains consciousness, he tells Jace that Clary is dead and that he killed her.

44
11
"Lost Souls"[48]
Matt Hastings[49]
TBA
2019 (2019)
267314-44
TBD

45
12
"Original Sin"[50]
Matt Hastings[51]
TBA
2019 (2019)
267314-45
TBD

46
13
"Beati Bellicosi"[52]
Paul Wesley[53]
TBA
2019 (2019)
267314-46
TBD

47
14
"A Kiss from a Rose"[54]
Salli Richardson-Whitfield[55]
Zoe Broad[56]
2019 (2019)
267314-47
TBD

48
15
"To the Night Children"[57]
Siluck Saysanasy[51]
TBA
2019 (2019)
267314-48
TBD

49
16
"Stay With Me"[58]
Amanda Row[59]
Aisha Porter-Christie[60]
2019 (2019)
267314-49
TBD

50
17
"Heavenly Fire"[61]
Shannon Kohli[62]
Celeste Vasquez[62]
2019 (2019)
267314-50
TBD

51
18
"The Beast Within"[63]
Joshua Butler[64]
Taylor Mallory[65]
2019 (2019)
267314-51
TBD

52
19
"Aku Cinta Kamu"[66]
Todd Slavkin[67]
Jamie Gorenberg[68]
2019 (2019)
267314-52
TBD

53
20
"City of Glass"[69]
Matt Hastings[70]
Bryan Q. Miller[70]
2019 (2019)
267314-53
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Mortal Cup"
January 12, 2016
0.8
1.82[5]
0.4
0.88
1.2
2.70[71]

2
"The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy"
January 19, 2016
0.4
1.01[7]
0.3
0.75
0.7
1.76[72]

3
"Dead Man's Party"
January 26, 2016
0.5
0.98[8]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"Raising Hell"
February 2, 2016
0.4
0.96[9]
0.4
0.93
0.8
1.89[73]

5
"Moo Shu to Go"
February 9, 2016
0.4
0.95[10]
0.4
0.75
0.8
1.70[74]

6
"Of Men and Angels"
February 16, 2016
0.4
0.98[11]
0.4
N/A
0.8[75]
N/A

7
"Major Arcana"
February 23, 2016
0.4
0.84[12]
0.3
0.72
0.7
1.56[76]

8
"Bad Blood"
March 1, 2016
0.4
0.87[13]
0.3
0.74
0.7
1.61[77]

9
"Rise Up"
March 8, 2016
0.4
0.95[14]
0.3
0.77
0.7
1.72[78]

10
"This World Inverted"
March 15, 2016
0.3
0.78[15]
0.4
0.74
0.7
1.52[79]

11
"Blood Calls to Blood"
March 22, 2016
0.3
0.78[16]
0.3
N/A
0.6[80]
N/A

12
"Malec"
March 29, 2016
0.3
0.82[17]
0.3
N/A
0.6[81]
N/A

13
"Morning Star"
April 5, 2016
0.3
0.76[18]
0.3
N/A
0.6[82]
N/A

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"This Guilty Blood"
January 2, 2017
0.4
1.19[19]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"A Door Into the Dark"
January 9, 2017
0.3
0.75[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Parabatai Lost"
January 16, 2017
0.3
0.81[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"Day of Wrath"
January 23, 2017
0.3
0.64[22]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.19[83]

5
"Dust and Shadows"
January 30, 2017
0.2
0.58[23]
0.3
N/A
0.5[84]
N/A

6
"Iron Sisters"
February 6, 2017
0.3
0.65[24]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"How Are Thou Fallen"
February 13, 2017
0.2
0.55[25]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Love is the Devil"
February 20, 2017
0.3
0.67[26]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Bound by Blood"
February 27, 2017
0.2
0.52[27]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"By the Light of Dawn"
March 6, 2017
0.3
0.64[28]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

11
"Mea Maxima Culpa"
June 5, 2017
0.3
0.71[29]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"You Are Not Your Own"
June 12, 2017
0.2
0.55[30]
0.2
0.44
0.4
0.99[85]

13
"Those of Demon Blood"
June 19, 2017
0.2
0.59[31]
0.2
N/A
0.4[86]
N/A

14
"The Fair Folk"
June 26, 2017
0.3
0.67[32]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

15
"A Problem of Memory"
July 10, 2017
0.2
0.46[33]
0.2
0.47
0.4
0.92[87]

16
"Day of Atonement"
July 17, 2017
0.2
0.59[34]
0.2
N/A
0.4[88]
N/A

17
"A Dark Reflection"
July 24, 2017
0.2
0.60[35]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

18
"Awake, Arise, or Be Forever Fallen"
July 31, 2017
0.3
0.63[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

19
"Hail and Farewell"
August 7, 2017
0.2
0.60[37]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

20
"Beside Still Water"
August 14, 2017
0.2
0.59[38]
N/A
0.52
N/A
1.11[89]

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"On Infernal Ground"
March 20, 2018
0.2
0.49[39]
N/A
0.51
N/A
1.01[90]

2
"The Powers That Be"
March 27, 2018
0.2
0.44[40]
N/A
0.43
N/A
0.88[91]

3
"What Lies Beneath"
April 3, 2018
0.2
0.46[41]
0.2
N/A
0.4[92]
N/A

4
"Thy Soul Instructed"
April 10, 2018
0.1
0.35[42]
0.2
0.46
0.3
0.81[93]

5
"Stronger Than Heaven"
April 17, 2018
0.1
0.30[43]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"A Window Into an Empty Room"
April 24, 2018
0.2
0.43[44]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Salt in the Wound"
May 1, 2018
0.2
0.42[45]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"A Heart of Darkness"
May 8, 2018
0.2
0.42[46]
0.2
0.41
0.4
0.83[94]

9
"Familia Onte Omnia"
May 15, 2018
0.1
0.37[47]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10
"Erchomai"
May 15, 2018
0.1
0.31[47]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Three-field system

question_text: what was the purpose of the three-field system

text: Three-field system

text: This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Good start of article, but needs some additional work Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The three-field system is a regime of crop rotation that was used in medieval and early-modern Europe. Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons. Under this system, the arable land of an estate or village was divided into three large fields: one was planted in the autumn with winter wheat or rye; the second field was planted with other crops such as peas, lentils, or beans; and the third was left fallow, in order to allow the soil of that field to regain its nutrients. With each rotation, the field would be used differently, so that a field would be planted for two out of the three years used, whilst one year it "rested". Previously a "two field system" had been in place, with half the land being left fallow. The three field system allowed farmers to plant more crops and therefore to increase production and legumes have the ability to fix nitrogen and so fertilize the soil. With more crops available to sell, this also helped the economy in general to thrive.[1]

text: The three field system required more plowing of land and its introduction coincided with the adoption of the moldboard plow. These parallel developments worked hand in hand to increase the productivity of the land. The legume crop needed summer rain to succeed, and so the three-field system was less successful around the Mediterranean. Oats for horse food could also be planted in the spring, which, combined with the adoption of horse collars and horseshoes, led to the replacement of oxen by horses for many farming tasks, with a concomitant increase in agricultural productivity and the nutrition available to the population.[2]

text: One of the first Germans to question this system, and new ways of expanding beyond this medieval system was Johann Friedrich Mayer, in his 1769 work Lehre vom Gyps als vorzueglich guten Dung zu allen Erd-Gewaechsen auf Aeckern und Wiesen, Hopfen- und Weinbergen.[3]