document_title: South Carolina Gamecocks football

question_text: when did university of south carolina start playing football

question_tokens: when did university of south carolina start playing football

text: South Carolina Gamecocks football

text: History[edit]

text: Early history (1892–1927)[edit]

text: Carolina fielded its first football team on Christmas Eve, in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1892 versus Furman.[3] At that time the football team was not sanctioned by the University.[3] They provided their own uniforms and paid their own train fare in order to participate in the game.[3] They were nicknamed the "College Boys" by The News and Courier and their supporters wore garnet and black.[4]

text: USC won its first game in its third season, on November 2, 1895 against Columbia AA.[3] The squad designated their first head coach, W. H. "Dixie" Whaley, the following year.[3] The 1896 season also saw the inaugural game against arch-rival Clemson on November 12, which Carolina won 12–6.[3] From 1902 to 1903, coach Bob Williams led the Gamecocks to a 14–3 record.[5]

text: In 1902, South Carolina beat Clemson, coached by John Heisman, for the first time since 1896, the first year of the rivalry.[6] "The Carolina fans that week were carrying around a poster with the image of a tiger with a gamecock standing on top of it, holding the tiger's tail as if he was steering the tiger by the tail", Jay McCormick said. "Naturally, the Clemson guys didn't take too kindly to that, and on Wednesday and again on Thursday, there were sporadic fistfights involving brass knuckles and other objects and so forth, some of which resulted, according to the newspapers, in blood being spilled and persons having to seek medical assistance. After the game on Thursday, the Clemson guys frankly told the Carolina students that if you bring this poster, which is insulting to us, to the big parade on Friday, you're going to be in trouble. And naturally, of course, the Carolina students brought the poster to the parade. If you give someone an ultimatum and they're your rival, they're going to do exactly what you told them not to do."[7]

text: As expected, another brawl broke out before both sides agreed to mutually burn the poster in an effort to defuse tensions. The immediate aftermath resulted in the stoppage of the rivalry until 1909.[8][9]

text: 1903 also heralded the program's first 8-win season with an overall record of 8–2.[5] Future senator and former star player for South Carolina and UVA, Christie Benet led the Gamecocks from 1904 to 1905 and 1908 to 1909. 1904's captain Gene Oliver played against Georgia with a broken jaw.

text: The Board of Trustees banned participation in football for the 1906 season after the faculty complained that the coarseness of chants and cheers, yelled by the students at football games, were not gentlemanly in nature. Within months The Board of Trustees reversed their decision after hearing pleas, and receiving petitions, from students and alumni alike. Play was allowed to resume in 1907. A hastily assembled football team, coached by Board of Trustees member Douglas McKay, competed in an abbreviated season that same year, and the squad won all three games.[10]

text: In 1910, South Carolina hired John Neff from UVA. Norman Edgerton coached the team from 1912 to 1915. A. B. Stoney played on the team. Yet another UVA grad, W. Rice Warren coached the 1916 team. Frank Dobson led the war-torn 1918 team to a 2–1–1 record.

text: Coach Sol Metzger led the 1921 team to a 5–1–2 record, losing only to Billy Laval's Furman. Branch Bocock coached the 1925 and 1926 teams.

text: Billy Laval era (1928–1934)[edit]

text: Billy Laval, a Columbia, South Carolina native, came to USC from Furman.[11] Laval accepted a three-year contract worth $8,000 per year to coach the Gamecocks, which made him the highest-paid coach in the state.[12] From 1928 to 1934, he led the Gamecocks to seven consecutive winning seasons and a 39–26–6 overall record, which included a perfect 3–0 Southern Conference campaign in 1933. Laval is one of only two South Carolina football coaches to have produced seven consecutive winning seasons (Steve Spurrier is the other, from 2008-2014). In 2009, The State called him "the greatest collegiate coach" in the history of South Carolina.[12] Laval left USC after six seasons to coach multiple sports at Emory and Henry College, partly due to differences over his contract with the USC athletics department. 1934 was the first season that Williams-Brice Stadium was used. Prior to this, South Carolina played its home games on the school's campus.[13]

text: Don McCallister era (1935–1937)[edit]

text: Don McCallister led the Gamecocks for three seasons before being replaced. His final record is 13–20–1.[14]

text: Rex Enright era (1938–1955)[edit]

text: Under coach Rex Enright, who came to USC from his post as an assistant coach at Georgia,[15] the Gamecocks produced another undefeated Southern Conference season, (4–0–1), in 1941.[16] After the 1942 season, Enright joined the United States Navy serving as a lieutenant and working mostly in their athletic program in the United States.[15] After three head coaches (James P. Moran, Williams Newton, John D. McMillan) who had gone 10–10–5 combined in four years with one bowl appearance, Enright returned to the Gamecocks in 1946 as head football coach, and remained until 1955 when he resigned for health reasons.[15] He hired Warren Giese as his successor, and continued as athletic director until 1960. The Rex Enright Athletic Center on the South Carolina campus was named for him and the Rex Enright Award (also known as the Captain's Cup) given to the football captains of the previous season.[15] Enright gave-up his coaching duties in 1955 due to reasons related to poor health.[15] Enright retired with the distinction of being the head coach with the most wins and losses in school history (64–69–7), and he still retains the record for most school losses and is 2nd in wins.[15]

text: Warren Giese era (1956–1960)[edit]

text: Warren Giese, who was previously an assistant coach at Maryland, was hired as head coach in 1956, and he led the Gamecocks to a 28–21–1 overall record in his 5-year tenure.[17] Giese employed a conservative, run-first game strategy, but he enthusiastically adopted the two-point conversion when it was made legal in 1958. That year, he also correctly predicted the rise of special teams after the NCAA relaxed its player substitution rules.[18] The Giese era included two 7–3 campaigns (1956 and 1958),[17] an 18–15–1 ACC record, and a 27–21 victory over Darrell Royal's 1957 Texas squad in Austin. Griese was replaced after a 3–6 season in 1960.

text: Marvin Bass era (1961–1965)[edit]

text: Marvin Bass was hired away from Georgia Tech, where he served as defensive coordinator, as the Gamecocks head football coach.[19] He posted a 17–29–4 record in his four-year tenure and was replaced after five seasons due to the team's struggles and low fan support.[19][20]

text: Paul Dietzel era (1966–1974)[edit]

text: Paul Dietzel arrived in Columbia prior to the 1966 season, having previously coached at LSU, where he won a national championship, and Army.[21]

text: In 1969, he led the Gamecocks to an ACC championship and an appearance in the Peach Bowl. As a result, Dietzel was named ACC Coach of the Year that season.[21] Soon after, South Carolina left the ACC and became an Independent program prior to the 1971 season.[22] Dietzel finished his USC tenure with a 42–53–1 overall record (18–10–1 ACC).[21] In addition to the 1969 ACC title, Dietzel's legacies at Carolina include his improvement of athletic facilities and his penning of a new fight song, which is still used to this day ("The Fighting Gamecocks Lead the Way").[23] Amid growing fan unrest after an upset loss to Duke, Dietzel announced that he would resign at the end of the season, which ended in a 4–7 record.[23]

text: Jim Carlen era (1975–1981)[edit]

text: Jim Carlen, previously head football coach at Texas Tech and West Virginia, took over as coach in 1975.[24] Under his leadership the program achieved a measure of national prominence. Carlen led the Gamecocks to three bowl games,[24] coached 1980 Heisman Trophy winner George Rogers, and produced a 45–36–1 record during his tenure.[22] The Carlen Era included consecutive 8–4 finishes (1979–1980) and only one losing season in seven years.[24] In addition, the 1980 Gamecocks defeated a heavily favored Michigan squad coached by the legendary Bo Schembechler. The 17–14 victory in Ann Arbor, which made Rogers a household name, was one of the biggest wins in both the Carlen Era and the program's history. Carlen retired from coaching after seven seasons at USC.[25]

text: Joe Morrison era (1983–1988)[edit]

text: Joe Morrison was hired in 1983 following a one-year stint by Richard Bell.[26] After a 5–6 mark in his first year, the "Man in Black" led South Carolina to a 10–2 record, No. 11 final AP Poll ranking, and a Gator Bowl appearance in 1984. It was also before the 1984 season began that the team removed the Astroturf that had been in place at Williams-Brice Stadium since the early 1970s and reinstalled the natural grass that remains today. The 1984 season included victories over Georgia, Pittsburgh, Notre Dame, Florida State, and Clemson. The 1984 defense was called the "Fire Ant" defense. In 1987, the Gamecocks posted an 8–4 record, No. 15 Final AP Poll ranking, and another Gator Bowl trip.[27] The 1987 Gamecocks were led by the "Black Death" defense, which held seven opponents to 10 or fewer points and yielded just 141 points in 12 games played. Morrison coached his last game in the 1988 Liberty Bowl,[27] as he died of a heart attack on February 5, 1989 at the age of 51.[26] He finished his USC tenure with a 39–28–2 overall record, three bowl appearances, and three seasons with 8 or more wins.[22][27] Due to his on-field success and "Man in Black" image, Morrison remains a popular figure in Gamecock lore. Morrison also began the tradition at Carolina, with his first game in 1983, of the pre-game entrance of the football team to the beginning of Also sprach Zarathustra, the theme from the film "2001: A Space Odyssey". This is still part of the Carolina football game day experience over 30 years later.[28]

text: Sparky Woods era (1989–1993)[edit]

text: Following Morrison's death, Sparky Woods was hired away from Appalachian State as head coach in 1989 and coached the Gamecocks until the end of the 1993 season.[29] He posted winning seasons in 1989 and 1990, but could not produce another winning campaign during his tenure.[29] Woods led the USC football program through the transition to the SEC and has the distinction of being South Carolina's first head coach in SEC play, as the Gamecocks entered the conference in 1992. Woods' overall record at South Carolina was 25–27–3.[29]

text: Brad Scott era (1994–1998)[edit]

text: Brad Scott left his post as offensive coordinator at Florida State and took over as the Gamecocks head coach in December 1993.[30] Despite modest preseason expectations, he led USC to a 7–5 record and a Carquest Bowl victory over West Virginia in his first season.[31] The bowl win was the first post-season victory in the program's long history. However, Scott was unable to capitalize on his early success. USC only had one non-losing record in SEC play during his tenure, only one other winning overall record, and won only six games in his final two seasons.[22] Scott was fired by athletics director Mike McGee after a 1–10 season in 1998 in which the Gamecocks lost their final ten games of the season.[32] Scott's final record at South Carolina was 23–32–1 in five seasons.[31]

text: Lou Holtz era (1999–2004)[edit]

text: Former Notre Dame head coach Lou Holtz came out of retirement and was hired as USC's head coach in 1999.[33] He inherited a relatively young SEC program (joined in 1992) that posted only three winning seasons from 1990 to 1998. USC won just a single game the year before Holtz's arrival and, subsequently, went 0–11 in his inaugural campaign.[34]

text: It didn't take long for Holtz to improve the Gamecocks' fortunes, however, as he engineered 8–4 and 9–3 records in the 2000 and 2001 seasons.[35] In addition, USC won consecutive Outback Bowls over Ohio State and produced the most successful two-year run in program history (at the time), going 17–7 overall and 10–6 in SEC play.[35] The 2000 and 2001 campaigns also saw USC's return to the polls, as the Gamecocks turned in No. 19 and No. 13 rankings in the Final AP ballots for those years. After consecutive 5–7 finishes in 2002 and 2003 (in which the team was ranked in the Top 25 during both seasons),[35] Holtz ended his USC tenure on a winning note with a 6–5 record in 2004[35] before retiring again.[36] Holtz finished with a 33–37 overall record at South Carolina.[22][35]

text: In 2005, USC was placed on 3 years probation by the NCAA for actions during the coaching tenure of Lou Holtz, all of which were self-reported by the school. Five of these actions were considered major violations, and included such activities as impermissible tutoring and non-voluntary summer workouts as well as a "lack of institutional control".[37] Coach Holtz pointed out following the close of the investigation, "There was no money involved. No athletes were paid. There were no recruiting inducements. No cars. No jobs offered. No ticket scandal, etc."[38]

text: Steve Spurrier era (2005–2015)[edit]

text: Former Washington Redskins head coach Steve Spurrier, who achieved fame after a very successful stint as head coach at his alma mater Florida, was hired in 2005 to replace the retiring Holtz.[39] Spurrier led the Gamecocks to a 7–5 record and Independence Bowl appearance in his first season.[40] As a result, Spurrier was named the 2005 SEC Coach of the Year.[40] The 2006 season saw continued success under Spurrier, as the Gamecocks posted an 8–5 record and a victory over Houston in the Liberty Bowl.[40] South Carolina posted consecutive 7–6 records in 2008 and 2009, returning to postseason play with appearances in the Outback Bowl and PapaJohns.com Bowl.[40]

text: In 2010, Spurrier scored another first with the first SEC Eastern Division Championship in school history.[41] On November 13, 2010, the Gamecocks defeated Florida 36–14 to clinch the division.[41] Prior to this contest, USC had an all-time record of 0–12 at The Swamp.[41] Freshman RB Marcus Lattimore rushed for 212 yards and 3 touchdowns in the game.[41] Spurrier got his first win in Gainesville as a Gamecock, received a "Gatorade Bath" from his players, and became the first coach to win the SEC East with two different teams.[41] Earlier in the season, the Gamecocks posted the program's first win over a No. 1 team in program history, with a 35–21 victory over top-ranked, defending national champion Alabama.[42]

text: In 2011, Spurrier led USC to its most successful season in program history. The Gamecocks posted an 11–2 overall record, went 6–2 in SEC play,[40] and defeated No. 20 Nebraska in the Capital One Bowl[43] to earn Final Top 10 rankings in the AP and Coaches' Polls (No. 9 and No. 8, respectively). Along the way, USC defeated Georgia, Tennessee, Florida, and Clemson in the same season for the first time in program history.

text: The University of South Carolina was investigated in 2011–12 by the NCAA after it came to light that student-athletes (including some football players) had received an estimated $59,000 in impermissible benefits, mainly the result of discounted living expenses at a local hotel. The school imposed its own punishment, paying $18,500 in fines and cutting three football scholarships in each of the 2013 and 2014 seasons.[44] The school also reduced its official visits for the 2012–13 year, from 56 to 30. The NCAA ruled this self-imposed punishment as adequate, stating that "the violations were limited in scope" and "there was no unethical conduct in this case", and went on to praise the school's handling of the affair, with the chairman of the NCAA infractions committee stating, "This has been one of the best cases I have seen from a process standpoint. . . . In this case, it was obvious to the committee that the university wanted to get to the truth." The commissioner went on to state that USC "wanted to ask all the hard questions of all the right people and, in some cases, they even went beyond what the NCAA staff was doing."[45]

text: In 2012 Steve Spurrier, once again, led his South Carolina football team to double-digit wins during the course of the regular season campaign.[40] The 2012 regular season culminated with the annual season-ending game against arch-rival Clemson at Clemson's Memorial Stadium. Spurrier and his Gamecocks emerged with a fourth consecutive victory over the Tigers – a victory marked by Spurrier winning his 65th game at Carolina and, in doing so, becoming the winningest coach in Gamecock football history surpassing Rex Enright's 64-win total.[46] Spurrier led the Gamecocks to a thrilling 33–28 victory in the Outback Bowl against the winningest program in college football, Michigan.[47] The victory elevated the Gamecocks to an 11–2 record for the second consecutive season. Additionally, by finishing 8th in the Associated Press poll and 7th in the Coaches poll, South Carolina finished in Top 10 of both polls for the second consecutive year.

text: In 2013, Spurrier and the Gamecocks finished with another extremely successful 11–2 season. The season started off with a convincing 27–10 win over North Carolina,[48] although they fell to Georgia for the first time in four years, 41–30.[49] Carolina went on a four-game winning streak before falling to Tennessee in Knoxville after starting quarterback Connor Shaw left the game with a knee injury.[50] In the following game against division-leading #5 Missouri, Shaw was sidelined due to injury, and backup Dylan Thompson got the start.[51] After a weak performance from the Gamecocks in the first three quarters, Shaw was put in the game in the fourth quarter with South Carolina down 0–17. Shaw went on to lead a historic comeback in which the Gamecocks beat Missouri in double overtime, 27–24.[52] That game was the first of a six-game winning streak in which Spurrier and Carolina won the rest of their games, posting another 11–2 season. In the highest-ranked meeting of rivals, the #9 Gamecocks defeated #4 Clemson for the fifth year in a row, a school record, by a score of 31–17.[53] Spurrier led the Gamecocks to a 34–22 victory over the #19 Wisconsin in the 2014 Capital One Bowl.[54][55] South Carolina finished with the highest ranking in school history in the AP poll, ranked at #4 in the country.[54]

text: South Carolina opened the 2014 season at home against Texas A&M, and the Aggies' 52–28 upset over the #9 Gamecocks snapped college football's longest active home winning streak.[56] Carolina earned a measure of redemption two weeks later, knocking off the #6 Georgia Bulldogs at home.[57] Two weeks later, the 13th-ranked Gamecocks would again suffer a home upset, falling to Missouri, 21–20.[58] This loss dropped USC out of the top 25 for the first time since the 2010 season.[59][60] The Gamecocks closed out the regular season with their first loss in six years to their in-state rival, #21 Clemson, 35–17.[61] Spurrier and his team finished the 2014 campaign with the program's fourth-straight bowl win, a victory over the Miami Hurricanes in the 2014 Independence Bowl and a 7–6 overall record.[62]

text: On October 12, 2015, after a 2–4 start to the season, Spurrier announced to his team that he would be resigning, effective immediately.[63] Offensive line coach/co-offensive coordinator Shawn Elliott was named the team's interim head coach.[64] Elliott led the Gamecocks to victory the following week against Vanderbilt but lost the final five games of the season;[65] including a 23–22 loss to FCS opponent The Citadel, their first since 1990,[66] and ended the season with a 3–9 overall record.

text: Many of South Carolina's most successful seasons came during the Steve Spurrier era, including a SEC East Division championship in 2010 and three consecutive eleven win seasons (2011–13). Spurrier also boasted a 6–4 record against the school's in-state rival, Clemson, including five consecutive wins during the 2009–2013 seasons.

text: Will Muschamp era (2016–present)[edit]

text: Auburn defensive coordinator and former Florida head coach Will Muschamp was named as South Carolina's new head coach on December 6, 2015.[67] On September 1, 2016, the Will Muschamp era began with a win, as the Gamecocks defeated Vanderbilt by a score of 13–10.[68] After a 2-4 start, Carolina won four of their final six regular season contests, including a 24-21 victory over 18th-ranked Tennessee.[69] The Gamecocks' 2016 campaign ended with a 46-39 overtime loss to the #25 South Florida Bulls in the Birmingham Bowl,[70] and USC finished 6-7, their first back-to-back losing seasons since 2002-2003.

text: Conference affiliations[edit]

text: South Carolina has affiliated with three conferences and twice been an independent.[71][72]

text:
1892–1921 Independent
1922–1952 Southern Conference
1953–1970 Atlantic Coast Conference
1971–1991 Independent
1992–present Southeastern Conference

text: Current coaching staff[edit]

text:
Name
Position

Will Muschamp
Head Coach

Lance Thompson
Assistant Head Coach/Defensive Coach/ Defensive Line Coach

Bryan McClendon
Offensive Coordinator/Wide Receivers Coach

Travaris Robinson
Defensive Coordinator/Defensive Backs Coach

Coleman Hutzler
Special Teams Coordinator/Linebacker Coach

Eric Wolford
Offensive Line Coach

Bobby Bentley
Running Backs Coach

Pat Washington
Tight Ends Coach

Mike Peterson
Outside Linebackers Coach

Dan Werner
Quarterbacks Coach

Jeff Dillman
Strength & Conditioning Coach

text: Rivals[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Clemson[edit]

text: The Clemson–South Carolina rivalry is the largest annual sporting event by ticket sales in the state of South Carolina. Clemson holds a 69–42–4 lead in the series which dates back to 1896. Historically the final score in the game on average has been decided by less than a touchdown.[73][74]

text: From 1896 to 1959, the Carolina-Clemson game was played on the fairgrounds in Columbia, South Carolina and was referred to as "Big Thursday." In 1960 an alternating-site format was implemented utilizing both teams' home stadiums. The annual game has since been designated "The Palmetto Bowl". The last nine contests between the programs have been nationally televised (5 on ESPN, 4 on ESPN2).

text: Georgia[edit]

text: The South Carolina-Georgia Rivalry, a "border rivalry", back to 1894, with Georgia holding a 50–18–2 overall lead in the series. However, the series has been far more competitive since USC joined the SEC in 1990, with Georgia holding a 14–9 advantage.[75]

text: The 1980 game was between future Heisman Trophy winners George Rogers and Herschel Walker. Led by Walker's 219 rushing yards, Georgia won 13–10 and would go on to capture the National Championship. Rogers turned in 168 rushing yards during the course of the battle, setting the stage for a successful finish to his senior season and eventual Heisman Trophy award. The last 17 match-ups between the schools have been nationally televised, dating back to 1997 (6 on ESPN2, 5 on ESPN and 5 on CBS).

text: North Carolina[edit]

text: The "Battle of the Carolinas" rivalry began in 1903. North Carolina holds a 34–19–4 overall lead in the series.[76] While no longer a conference rivalry, since South Carolina left the ACC in 1971, the teams still meet occasionally. In the 2010s decade the series has always been played on a Thursday. It was announced in September 2015 that USC and UNC will play every four years in 2019 and 2023.[77]

text: Florida[edit]

text: The rivalry was born when former Florida player (1963–1966) and head football coach (1990–2001) Steve Spurrier was hired as USC's head football coach in 2005. In Spurrier's first season at the helm in South Carolina, USC spoiled UF's SEC championship hopes by upsetting the Gators in Columbia, South Carolina, and thus igniting the rivalry almost instantly. In 2010, South Carolina clinched their first SEC Eastern Division title with a commanding 36–14 win in The Swamp in Gainesville, Florida. Florida currently holds a 24–8–3 lead in the series, while Spurrier holds a 5–5 record versus his alma mater while wearing the garnet and black colors of the Gamecocks.[78] Current Gamecocks head coach Will Muschamp also served as the Florida Gators head coach from 2011–2014.

text: Missouri[edit]

text: The rivalry known as the Battle of Columbia started when Missouri was added to the SEC in 2012. Both of Missouri and South Carolina campuses are located in cities named Columbia. Before 2012, the schools met twice in 1979 and in 2005 in post season play. Whoever wins the matchup brings home the Mayors' Cup, which was inaugurated in 2012. Though the overall series is tied at 4–4, The Gamecocks lead the Tigers 4–2 in the Battle of Columbia matchups.[79]

text: Texas A&M[edit]

text: The new rivalry of Texas A&M vs. South Carolina, which began with the first meeting in 2014, was one of the byproducts of conference expansion by the South Eastern Conference. The permanent cross-divisional rivalry means that under the current scheduling framework, Texas A&M will play South Carolina every year, even though the Aggies only play two SEC East teams per year. South Carolina and Texas A&M have only met four times, but the first meeting of the teams and fan bases provided quite a launching point for a great rivalry moving forward. The teams compete for the James Bonham Trophy, named after James Butler Bonham, who was a soldier that died at the Battle of the Alamo who also attended South Carolina College, which later became University of South Carolina. Texas A&M currently leads the series 4–0.

text: Bowl games[edit]

text: South Carolina has 22 bowl appearances, with a 9–13 record overall.

text:
Date
Bowl
W/L
Opponent
PF
PA
Head Coach

January 1, 1946
Gator
L
Wake Forest
14
26
McMillan

December 30, 1969
Peach
L
West Virginia
3
14
Dietzel

December 20, 1975
Tangerine
L
Miami (OH)
7
20
Carlen

December 20, 1979
Hall of Fame
L
Missouri
14
24
Carlen

December 29, 1980
Gator
L
Pittsburgh
9
37
Carlen

December 28, 1984
Gator
L
Oklahoma State
14
21
Morrison

December 31, 1987
Gator
L
LSU
13
30
Morrison

December 28, 1988
Liberty
L
Indiana
10
34
Morrison

January 2, 1995
Carquest
W
West Virginia
24
21
Scott

January 1, 2001
Outback
W
Ohio State
24
7
Holtz

January 1, 2002
Outback
W
Ohio State
31
28
Holtz

December 30, 2005
Independence
L
Missouri
31
38
Spurrier

December 29, 2006
Liberty
W
Houston
44
36
Spurrier

January 1, 2009
Outback
L
Iowa
10
31
Spurrier

January 2, 2010
PapaJohns.com
L
Connecticut
7
20
Spurrier

December 31, 2010
Chick-fil-A
L
Florida State
17
26
Spurrier

January 2, 2012
Capital One
W
Nebraska
30
13
Spurrier

January 1, 2013
Outback
W
Michigan
33
28
Spurrier

January 1, 2014
Capital One
W
Wisconsin
34
24
Spurrier

December 27, 2014
Independence
W
Miami (FL)
24
21
Spurrier

December 29, 2016
Birmingham
L
South Florida
39
46 (OT)
Muschamp

January 1, 2018
Outback
W
Michigan
26
19
Muschamp

Total
22 Bowl Games
9–13

458
564

text: South Carolina has played four teams multiple times in bowl games.

text:
Opponent
Meetings
Won
Lost
Streak
First
Last

Ohio State
2
2
0
Won 2
2000
2001

Michigan
2
2
0
Won 2
2012
2017

West Virginia
2
1
1
Won 1
1969
1994

Missouri
2
0
2
Lost 2
1979
2005

text: Championships and notable seasons[edit]

text: Notable seasons[edit]

text: 1933 Undefeated in the Southern Conference[edit]

text: In 1933, under the direction of the legendary Billy Laval, the Gamecocks went undefeated in conference play. However, Duke would finish with a better conference record by one win and be awarded the championship.[80]

text: 1969 ACC champions[edit]

text: In 1969, the Gamecocks won the ACC Championship by going undefeated in conference play. In its six ACC matchups, USC outscored its opponents by a 130–61 margin. The squad posted a 7–4 overall record with a Peach Bowl appearance against West Virginia to close the season (14–3 loss). Two years later, South Carolina left the ACC and competed as an Independent for two decades before joining the SEC in 1992.

text: 1984 – "Black Magic"[edit]

text: Led by Coach Morrison, the 1984 Gamecocks became the first team in school history to win 10 games (10–2 record) and were ranked as high as No. 2 in the polls.. The Gamecocks finished No. 11 in the Final AP Poll. Along the way, they defeated Georgia, Pittsburgh, Notre Dame, Florida State, and Clemson to earn an appearance in the Gator Bowl against Oklahoma State (21–14 loss). At the time, the No. 11 final ranking was the highest ever achieved by South Carolina.

text: 2010 SEC East champions[edit]

text: In 2010, the Gamecocks won their first SEC Eastern Division Championship, going 5–3 in conference play.[81] For the first time in school history, they defeated the No. 1 ranked team in the country (Alabama) and won at Florida in the division-clinching game.[81] The season also included victories over division foes Georgia, Tennessee, and Vanderbilt as well as instate Atlantic Coast Conference rival Clemson.[81] In their first appearance in the SEC Championship Game, the Gamecocks lost to No. 1 Auburn, 56–17.

text: 2011 – "First 11-Win Season"[edit]

text: Led by Coach Spurrier, the 2011 Gamecocks achieved its most wins in a single season and finished in the Top 10 for the first time in program history. USC posted an 11–2 overall record, went 6–2 in SEC play, and won the Capital One Bowl to finish No. 9/8 in the Final AP and Coaches' Polls (respectively). Along the way, USC defeated Georgia, Tennessee, Florida, and Clemson to extend its winning streak over its biggest rivals to 3 games. This was also the first season that USC posted a 5–0 record against their SEC Eastern Division opponents.

text: 2012 – "Back-to-Back" 11-Win Seasons[edit]

text: Again led by Coach Spurrier, the 2012–13 Gamecocks squad went 11–2, with their only losses coming at LSU and at Florida in consecutive weeks. USC finished 2012 by defeating rival Clemson 27–17, in Death Valley, to end the regular season. They were invited to play in the Outback Bowl, with the Gamecocks defeating the Michigan Wolverines, 33–28, in a close game decided by a 28-yard touchdown pass from Dylan Thompson to Bruce Ellington with under a minute to go. The Gamecocks finished the season ranked No. 8/7 in the Final AP and Coaches' Polls (respectively)

text: 2013 – "Three consecutive" 11-Win Seasons[edit]

text: Coach Spurrier worked his magic once again during the 2013–14 season by leading the Gamecocks to their third consecutive eleven-win season, their two losses coming at the hands of Georgia in Athens and Tennessee in Knoxville. By the end of the 2013 campaign, Carolina held the longest home winning streak in the nation at 18. The 2013 regular season culminated with a fifth consecutive victory over instate rival Clemson, in Williams-Brice Stadium, and an invitation to play in the Capital One Bowl in Orlando versus the Wisconsin Badgers. Connor Shaw led the Gamecocks to a 34–24 victory and was named the MVP of the bowl. Carolina became only the twelfth program in NCAA D1 history to record three consecutive 11-win seasons, (Miami (FL), Nebraska, Florida State, Alabama, Southern California, LSU, Oklahoma, Boise State, Oregon, Stanford, Northern Illinois), and finished the season ranked No. 4 in both the AP and Coaches' Polls, the highest final ranking in program history.

text: Conference championships[edit]

text:
Season
Conference
Coach
Overall Record
Conference Record

1969
ACC
Paul Dietzel
7–4
6–0

Conference Championships
1

text: Divisional championships[edit]

text: The SEC has been split into two divisions since the 1992 season with USC competing in the SEC East since that time.

text:
Season
Division
SEC CG Result
Opponent
PF
PA

2010
SEC East
L
Auburn
17
56

Division Championships
1

text: All-time record vs. SEC teams[edit]

text:
Opponent
Won
Lost
Tied
Percentage
Streak
First
Last

Alabama
4
10
0
.200
Won 1
1937
2010

Arkansas
10
13
0
.435
Won 3
1992
2017

Auburn
1
10
1
.125
Lost 8
1930
2014

Florida
9
26
3
.276
Won 1
1911
2017

Georgia
18
50
2
.292
Lost 3
1894
2017

Kentucky
17
11
1
.603
Lost 4
1937
2017

LSU
2
18
1
.119
Lost 6
1930
2015

Mississippi State
9
7
0
.563
Lost 1
1992
2016

Missouri
4
4
0
.500
Won 2
1979
2017

Ole Miss
7
8
0
.467
Won 2
1947
2009

Tennessee
9
25
2
.278
Won 2
1903
2017

Texas A&M
0
4
0
.000
Lost 4
2014
2017

Vanderbilt
23
4
0
.852
Won 9
1961
2017

Totals
112
187
10
.377

text: Program achievements[edit]

text:
SEC East Champions
2010

ACC Champions
1969

Southern Conference Champions
1933**

Heisman Trophy
1980

Final Top 25 (AP)
1958, 1984, 1987, 2000, 2001, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Final Top 25 (Coaches)
1984, 1987, 2000, 2001, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Bowl Victories*
1994, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017

text:
Years listed for Bowl victories are seasons for which they occurred.

The Southern Conference erroneously lists Duke as the Champion

text: Award winners[edit]

text:
Heisman Trophy

George Rogers – 1980

Chic Harley Award

George Rogers – 1980

Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award

Joe Morrison – 1984

Southern Conference Player of the Year

Steve Wadiak – 1950

Atlantic Coast Conference Coach of the Year

Paul Dietzel – 1969

Atlantic Coast Conference Player of the Year

Alex Hawkins – 1958
Billy Gambrell – 1962

Southeastern Conference Coach of the Year

Lou Holtz – 2000
Steve Spurrier – 2005, 2010

Walter Camp Alumni of the Year

George Rogers – 2004

Disney Spirit Award

Tim Frisby – 2004

Southeastern Conference Freshman of the Year

Steve Taneyhill – 1992
Marcus Lattimore – 2010
Jadeveon Clowney – 2011

Ted Hendricks Award

Jadeveon Clowney – 2012

AT&T ESPN All-America Player of the Year

Jadeveon Clowney – 2012

text: College Football Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Inductee
Position(s)
Class
Year(s)

George Rogers
Running back
1997
1977–1980

Lou Holtz
Head coach
2008
1999–2004

Sterling Sharpe
Wide receiver
2014
1983–1987

Steve Spurrier
Head coach
2017
2005–2015

text: George Rogers wins the Heisman[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: USC's 1980 season was headlined by senior running back George Rogers ("Big George"), who led the nation in rushing with 1,894 yards. For his efforts, the Downtown Athletic Club named Rogers the winner of the 1980 Heisman Trophy award. Rogers beat out a strong group of players, including Georgia running back Herschel Walker. Rogers also earned spots on eight All-American teams, all First-team honors. Behind the Rogers-led rushing attack, the Gamecocks went 8–4 overall and earned an appearance in the Gator Bowl. Rogers is also the recipient of the 1980 Chic Harley Award, the 2004 Walter Camp Alumni of the Year award, a Pro-Bowl selection, an SEC Football Legend, a Super Bowl champion and an NFL Rookie of the Year.

text: Syvelle Newton joins the "600 Club"[edit]

text: From 2003 to 2006, Syvelle Newton played multiple positions for the Gamecocks and left his mark on the national record books in the process. He became one of only four players in college football history to record 600+ yards passing, rushing, and receiving (each) in a collegiate career.[82] In Newton's four seasons, he posted 2,474 passing yards (20 TD, 13 INT), 786 rushing yards (10 TD), and 673 receiving yards (3 TD). He also returned 6 kickoffs for 115 yards (19.2 average) and made 18 tackles and an assisted sack in limited defensive action.

text: Gamecock traditions[edit]

text:
"Fighting Gamecock Logo – USC's helmet, regardless of color, has featured a fighting gamecock since 1969. This bird, which includes metal spurs, is usually featured inside a Block C but is also displayed by itself. Helmets have been white with garnet and black trim and Gamecock logo with or without the block C, Garnet with white and black trim with Gamecock Block C logo, Black with garnet and white trim with Gamecock Block C logo and in 2015 they unveiled some Block C logos with a chrome finish and a White helmet with oversized tail end of the Gamecock logo in Chrome Garnet.[83]
"2001" Entrance – The Gamecocks' enter Williams-Brice Stadium to the introduction of "Also sprach Zarathustra", popularly known from the film "2001: A Space Odyssey". This tradition was started by Coach Joe Morrison with his first game in 1983.
"Carolina" and "Gamecocks" on Jersey – USC has intermittently featured the script "Carolina" and "Gamecocks" on the front of its jersey since coach Jim Carlen's arrival in 1975. While the jersey used "Gamecocks" for much of the 1980s and early 1990s, it has solely used "Carolina" on its jersey since the late 1990s.
Cockaboose Railroad – In 1990, cabooses renovated in Gamecock colors and decor became part of the USC tailgate scene. They sit on a dormant railroad track near Williams-Brice Stadium.[84]
S.C. Flag and Palmetto Tree/Crescent – As South Carolina's flagship university,[85][86][87][88] USC prominently displays the state flag and Palmetto Tree/Crescent logo on game days. In addition to players entering the field with the state flag flying in advance during "2001", the stadium's playing surface is adorned with garnet and white Palmetto Tree/Crescent logos, and the state flag is represented by decals on the back of players' helmets.[89]
"If It Ain't Swayin', Then We Ain't Playin" – Originating from a Joe Morrison comment about the reported "swaying" of the Williams-Brice Stadium upper deck during a 38–14 win over USC in 1983, "if it ain't swayin', we ain't playin'" became a catchphrase for Carolina fans, even after the East Upper Deck of Williams-Brice Stadium had additional supports added to reduce the swaying.
Sir Big Spur – Sir Big Spur (originally called Cocky Doodle Lou), the university's official live gamecock, attends USC football and baseball games.
Cocky – Cocky has been the USC mascot since 1980. Cocky is the four-time "national champion", five-time "All-American" mascot & 2003 winner of the Capital One National Mascot of the Year for the Gamecocks. The "son" of Carolina's original mascot Big Spur, Cocky appears at every USC home football contest, making a "magical" appearance at the climax of the 2001 opening sequence.[90]
Sandstorm – Beginning in October 2008, the song "Sandstorm" by Darude is played after USC is kicking the ball to the opposing team after a score; the song is stopped when the kicker makes contact with the football. As the song is played, fans wave white "Spirit Towels" over their heads."[91]

text: Logos and uniforms[edit]

text: In the 2009 season, USC wore a special uniform against Florida in support of the Wounded Warrior Project.[92] This was repeated in the 2011 season against Auburn, and during the 2012 season against LSU.

text: Before the start of the 2013 season, USC debuted new uniforms made by Under Armour. The stripes on the front of the shoulders were moved to the top of the shoulder. The uniforms contain 11 total stripes – the same number of buildings as the national historic landmark that is The Horseshoe on the campus of the university.

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
2 – Sterling Sharpe
WR
(1983–87)

37 – Steve Wadiak
HB
(1948–51)

38 – George Rogers
HB
(1977–80)

56 – Mike Johnson
C
(1964)

text: Gamecocks in the NFL[edit]

text: The following is a list of Gamecock players currently in the NFL:

text:
Jerell Adams, TE – New York Giants No. 89
Damiere Byrd, WR – Carolina Panthers No. 18
A. J. Cann, OL – Jacksonville Jaguars No. 60
Jadeveon Clowney, DE – Houston Texans No. 90
Jared Cook, TE – Oakland Raiders No. 87
Pharoh Cooper, WR – Los Angeles Rams No. 10
Mike Davis, RB - Seattle Seahawks No. 39
Patrick DiMarco, FB – Buffalo Bills No. 42
Bruce Ellington, WR – Houston Texans No.12
Stephon Gilmore, CB – New England Patriots No. 24
Melvin Ingram, LB – Los Angeles Chargers No. 54
Alshon Jeffery, WR – Philadelphia Eagles No. 17
T.J. Johnson, OL – Cincinnati Bengals No. 60
Johnathan Joseph, CB – Houston Texans No. 24
Marquavius Lewis, DT – Buffalo Bills No. 97
Captain Munnerlyn, CB – Carolina Panthers No. 41
Corey Robinson, OL – Detroit Lions No. 70
Brandon Shell, OT – New York Jets No. 72
Darian Stewart, S – Denver Broncos No. 26
Ryan Succop, K – Tennessee Titans No. 4
D.J. Swearinger, S – Washington Redskins No. 36
Brandon Wilds, RB - Jacksonville Jaguars No. 38

text: Future opponents[edit]

text: Non-division opponents[edit]

text: South Carolina plays Texas A&M as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the West division among the other six schools.[93]

text:
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025

vs Texas A&M
at Texas A&M
vs Texas A&M
at Texas A&M
vs Texas A&M
at Texas A&M
vs Texas A&M
at Texas A&M

at Ole Miss
vs Alabama
at LSU
vs Auburn
at Arkansas
vs Mississippi State
at Alabama
vs Ole Miss

text: Non-conference opponents[edit]

text: Announced schedules as of March 31, 2017

text:
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

vs Marshall
vs North Carolina (Charlotte, North Carolina)
vs East Carolina
at East Carolina
vs Wofford
vs North Carolina (Charlotte, North Carolina)

vs Coastal Carolina

vs Coastal Carolina

vs Charlotte

vs Chattanooga
vs Charleston Southern

at Clemson
vs Clemson
at Clemson
vs Clemson
at Clemson
vs Clemson
at Clemson


document_title: I Know What You Did Last Summer

question_text: who was the murderer in i know what you did last summer

root

text: I Know What You Did Last Summer

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Fourth of July of 1996 in Southport, North Carolina, Julie James, her boyfriend Ray Bronson, Julie's best friend Helen Shivers, and Helen's boyfriend Barry Cox are all driving home from a party. Along the road, they accidentally hit a pedestrian. Max, who has a crush on Julie, stops by. Julie reassures Max that everything is all right, and he leaves. After some arguing, the group decides to dispose of the body. However, the man awakes while they're tossing him into the sea. The group agrees to never again discuss what had happened.

tag: p

text: The following year, a disheartened Julie returns home from college for the summer. Since the incident, the group has gone their separate ways. Julie receives a letter with no return address, stating, "I know what you did last summer!" A disturbed Julie informs Helen, who works at her family store. The girls take the note to Barry, who immediately thinks Max is responsible. They confront Max on the docks, and Barry threatens him with a hook. Julie meets Ray, who is now working as a fisherman; he unsuccessfully tries to reconcile with her. Later, Max is killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook. Barry discovers a note in his gym locker saying "I know." He is then ambushed by the same assailant driving Barry's car.

text: Meanwhile, Julie believes that the man they had run over was David Egan. She and Helen head over to visit with David's sister Missy at her home. Missy explains to them that their family was devastated by David's death; she also mentions that a friend of David's named Billy Blue also visited her to pay his last respects.

text: Later that night, the killer sneaks into Helen's house, cuts off her hair while she sleeps, and writes "Soon" on her mirror. Julie finds Max's corpse wearing Barry's stolen jacket in the trunk of her car. When she calls the others, the body is missing. Ray claims to have received a threatening letter, too. While Helen rides with Barry as the reigning Croaker Queen in the Fourth of July parade, they notice a man wearing a slicker. Barry chases him, but it turns out to be a red herring.

text: Julie goes back to Missy, who reveals David allegedly committed suicide out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend Susie in the crash of the car David was driving. Missy shows David's suicide note to Julie. As the writing matches that of the note she received, Julie realizes it wasn't a suicide note but a death threat. At the Croaker Pageant, Helen witnesses Barry being murdered on the balcony. She rushes up there with a police officer but finds no sign of the killer or Barry.

text: While driving Helen home, the officer is stopped by a stalled truck, then killed by a dark figure with a hook. Helen rushes to her family's store, but the killer follows her inside and kills Helen's sister Elsa. Helen manages to flee, but the killer chases her into an alley and slashes her to death, her screams drowned out by the noise of the parade.

text: Julie finds an article mentioning Susie's father, Ben Willis, and realizes it's Ben they ran over, moments after he had killed David Egan to avenge his daughter. She then goes to the docks to tell Ray, who's skeptical. Julie notices Ray's boat is called "Billy Blue" and runs away before Ray can explain that he went to see Missy to relieve his conscience. Ben shows up, knocks Ray out and invites Julie to hide on his boat. Looking around, she finds photos and articles about her and her friends, and pictures of Susie. Ben's boat leaves the docks, as Ray regains consciousness and steals a motorboat to rescue Julie, who's being chased all around Ben's boat. Ray ultimately uses the rigging to sever Ben's hook-carrying hand and send him overboard. When the police question them, they deny knowing why Ben attempted to kill them, but they're relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer, and reconcile.

text: A year later, Julie is in college in Boston. As she enters the shower, she notices the words "I still know" on the mirror. Moments later, a dark figure crashes through it.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James
Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers
Ryan Phillippe as Barry Cox
Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ray Bronson
Bridgette Wilson as Elsa Shivers
Anne Heche as Missy Egan
Muse Watson as Ben Willis
Johnny Galecki as Max Neurick

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Although the movie is set in coastal North Carolina, most of the opening scenes were filmed in Sonoma County, California. In the first scene, the movie opens with an aerial shot over the ocean at sunset that transitions to David Eagan, who is sitting on a coastal cliff at sunset. This scene was filmed at Kolmer Gulch, just north of the town of Jenner, California on Highway 1.[6] The night time beach scene was filmed just south of Jenner, California. The ensuing car scene where Julie, Helen, Barry and Ray accidentally hit the pedestrian (David Eagan) was also filmed at Kolmer Gulch on California Highway 1.[7] The remaining scenes were filmed primarily around the vicinity of Southport, North Carolina.[8]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend the film grossed $15,818,645 in 2,524 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #1. By the end of its run, I Know What You Did Last Summer grossed $72,586,134 domestically and $53 million internationally for a worldwide total of $126 million.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews upon release, inevitably drawing both positive and negative comparisons to Scream, also written by Williamson. Mick LaSalle thought it inferior to 'Scream',[9] but Richard Harrington compared it favorably, stating that it was "...a smart, sharply drawn genre film with a moral center and a solid cast of young actors to hold it."[10] Variety was also enthusiastic, calling it a "polished genre piece with superior fright elements that should perform at better than average theatrical levels."[11] On Rotten Tomatoes, 35% of reviews were positive.[12] Metacritic reported an aggregate score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 reviews.[13] Critic Roger Ebert gave the film 1/4 stars and wrote in his review, "The best shot in this film is the first one. Not a good sign."[14]

text: Jennifer Love Hewitt was praised for her performance as Julie James. An Entertainment Weekly columnist stated that Hewitt knows how to scream with soul.[15]

text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.[16]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

1997
ASCAP Award
Top Box Office Films
John Debney
Won

1998
Saturn Award
Best Horror Film
I Know What You Did Last Summer
Nominated

Blockbuster Entertainment Award
Favorite Female Newcomer
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Won

Favorite Actress

Favorite Supporting Actress – Horror
Sarah Michelle Gellar

Favorite Actor – Horror
Freddie Prinze Jr.
Nominated

Favorite Actress – Horror
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Favorite Supporting Actor
Ryan Phillippe

International Horror Guild Award
Best Movie
I Know What You Did Last Summer

MTV Movie Awards
Best Breakthrough Performance
Sarah Michelle Gellar

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress
Jennifer Love Hewitt

tag: table

text: Music[edit]

text: The film produced two soundtracks. One of them featured the score composed by John Debney, while the other contained various rock songs found in the film.

text:
I Know What You Did Last Summer (Original Motion Picture Score)

Film score (Digital download)/Audio CD by John Debney

Released
October 7, 1997

Genre
Film score

Length
50:44

Label
Super Tracks Music Group

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
I Know What You Did Last Summer (The Album)

Soundtrack album (Digital download)/Audio CD by Various

Released
October 7, 1997

Genre
Alternative rock, alternative metal[17]

Length
51:14

Label
Columbia Records

text:
"Hush" by Kula Shaker (2:55)
"Summer Breeze" by Type O Negative (4:57)
"D.U.I." by The Offspring (2:26)
"Kid" by Green Apple Quick Step (3:17)
"This Ain't the Summer of Love" by L7 (3:09)
"Losin' It" by Soul Asylum (3:01)
"Hey Bulldog" by Toad the Wet Sprocket (2:31)
"My Baby's Got the Strangest Ways" by Southern Culture on the Skids (3:59)
"Waterfall" by The Din Pedals (3:47)
"Clumsy" by Our Lady Peace (4:27)
"One Hundred Days" by Flick (3:40)
"Great Life" by Goatboy (3:50)
"2 Wicky" by Hooverphonic (4:44)
"Don't Mean Anything" by Adam Cohen (3:43)
"Proud" by Korn (3:17)

tag: ol

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Video in the US on June 16, 1998. Special features included a theatrical trailer and filmmaker's commentary. It was released on DVD & VHS in the UK by Entertainment in Video with no special features. The film was released on Blu-ray for the first time ever on July 22, 2008, with more special features including the director's short film: "Joyride" with optional commentary, a featurette titled "Now I Know What You Did Last Summer", a music video of Hush by Kula Shaker and also included the theatrical trailer and filmmaker's commentary from the DVD. Though it was released in the US, it is available to be watched in regions A, B & C. The Blu-ray was re-released by Mill Creek Entertainment on September 30, 2014 in the US. It contains no special features and is only available in Region A.

text: Sequels and remake[edit]

text: The film was followed by two sequels: I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998) and I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer (2006), which went direct-to-video. Both were critically panned. In the first sequel, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze Jr. and Muse Watson reprise their roles. The second sequel has very little relation to the first two, other than the premise, the villain, and the producers. It featured new characters and a different setting.

text: On September 14, 2014 Sony reported that they have plans to remake the film; Mike Flanagan and Jeff Howard are writing a script. In a June 1, 2016 Blumhouse.com "Shockwaves" podcast, writer Mike Flanagan revealed and further confirmed this new iteration and re-imagination of the franchise would not have any inventions of the Lois Duncan novel (the antagonist being a central character) nor the 1997 feature (the fisherman Ben Willis and 4 primary protagonists Julie James, Helen Shivers, Barry Cox, and Ray Bronson). Further, the new direction and scope of the film necessitates an estimated budget of $15–20 million. Sony also states that the film is a high priority and is set for a release somewhere between 2017-2020.[18]


document_title: Chelsea F.C.–Tottenham Hotspur F.C. rivalry

question_text: when was the last time tottenham beat chelsea at stamford bridge

text: Background[edit]

text: While they never considered each other primary rivals, as two of the top clubs in London there has always been strong needle between the fans dating back from the 1967 FA Cup Final. Matches between them would often attract large attendances and would sometimes end up in violent clashes between supporters.

text: According to a 2004 survey by Planetfootball.com, Chelsea and Tottenham fans consider each other as their second rival, after Arsenal.[1]

text: However, a new 2012 survey has shown that Chelsea fans consider Tottenham to be their main rival, above Arsenal and Manchester United. In the same survey, it's shown that Tottenham fans still consider Chelsea their second rival, below Arsenal.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: The first league meeting between the two teams took place on 18 December 1909 at Stamford Bridge as Tottenham only joined the Football League in 1908 and won promotion to the Football League First Division in 1909, and the match was won by Chelsea 2–1. Both teams however struggled in the 1909–10 season, and they met again at White Hart Lane on 30 April 1910 in the final match of season, with both fighting for survival in Division One. Spurs beat Chelsea 2–1, sending Chelsea down, with the winning goal scored by a former Chelsea player Percy Humphreys.[3]

text: However, the rivalry itself dates back from the 1967 FA Cup final, which was the competition's first final to be contested between two teams from London, and is thus often dubbed the Cockney Cup Final. Tottenham won it 2–1.[4] For Chelsea fans, it was a major blow to see two of their former players, Jimmy Greaves and Terry Venables, win the FA Cup with Tottenham.[5]

text: The rivalry was further stoked during the 1974–75 season, one in which Tottenham and Chelsea fought out a bitter battle against relegation from the First Division. Before the direct match, Tottenham were in the relegation zone and Chelsea were one point ahead of them. Tottenham ultimately won 2–0. Then, Chelsea could not win either of their remaining two games and were ultimately relegated from the First Division with Tottenham staying up via a solitary point.[6]

text: Since the 1990s, Chelsea become dominant in the meetings with Tottenham, remaining unbeaten by their rivals for over a decade, culminating in a 6–1 win on White Hart Lane.[7]

text: On 5 November 2006, Tottenham beat Chelsea 2–1 on White Hart Lane, ending a 16-year period without victory against the Blues in the league. Spurs did, however, beat Chelsea in 2002 during a 5–1 win in the second leg of the league cup after a 2–1 defeat at Stamford Bridge, resulting in an aggregate score of 6–3.[8]

text: On 11 March 2007, Chelsea and Tottenham met in the FA Cup quarter-finals, with Chelsea coming to 3–3 down from 1–3 and earning a replay. The next day, hooligans of Tottenham and Chelsea clashed in the streets of London, a fight in which 10 fans were knifed.[9] Chelsea eventually won the replay by 2–1, progressing in the semi-finals. In the next season, the two sides have met in the 2008 Football League Cup Final, with Tottenham winning the trophy after a 2–1 victory.[10]

text: On 1 March 2015, Chelsea won the 2015 Football League Cup Final 2–0 against Tottenham, with goals provided by John Terry and Diego Costa. After the match, fans clashed on the Underground.[11] After this final, Chelsea surpassed Tottenham in number of trophies won.

text: On 2 May 2016, Chelsea and Tottenham met at Stamford Bridge. The first two goals were scored by Harry Kane and Son Heung-min. In the second half, Gary Cahill and Eden Hazard scored the two goals for Chelsea. It ended as a 2–2 draw which automatically gave Leicester City their first ever Premier League title.[12][13] This was arguably the closest Tottenham had ever come to winning the league since their last title in 1961 and since their last third-place finish in 1990. This match re-ignited the rivalry between the two clubs as players violently attacked each other on the pitch, resulting in a record nine yellow cards for Tottenham, and another three for Chelsea. As a result, both clubs had to pay three FA charges for failing to control their players.[14]

text: On 20 August 2017, Tottenham and Chelsea contested in the second round of the 2017–18 Premier League, with Tottenham playing their first-ever home Premier League match at the Wembley Stadium. Chelsea won the match 2–1 with two goals scored by Marcos Alonso, ending Tottenham's 19-game home Premier League unbeaten run.[15]

text: Honours[edit]

text:
International competitions
Chelsea
Tottenham Hotspur

UEFA Champions League
1
0

UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League
1
2

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
2
1

UEFA Super Cup
1
—

National competitions
Chelsea
Tottenham Hotspur

First Division / Premier League
6
2

FA Cup
7
8

League Cup
5
4

FA Community Shield
4
7

Total
27
24

text: Highest attendances[edit]

text:
100,000, Tottenham 2–1 Chelsea, 20 May 1967, FA Cup, Wembley[18][19]
89,294, Chelsea 2–0 Tottenham, 1 March 2015, Football League Cup, Wembley[20]
87,660, Chelsea 1–2 Tottenham, 24 February 2008, Football League Cup, Wembley[21]
86,355, Chelsea 4–2 Tottenham, 22 April 2017, FA Cup, Wembley[22]
85,731, Tottenham 1–5 Chelsea, 15 April 2012, FA Cup, Wembley[23]
76,000, Chelsea 0–4 Tottenham, 16 October 1920, First Division, Stamford Bridge[24]
73,587, Tottenham 1–2 Chelsea, 20 August 2017, Premier League, Wembley[25]
66,398, Tottenham 4–0 Chelsea, 26 January 1957, FA Cup, White Hart Lane[26]


document_title: Grace Adler

question_text: who got grace pregnant on will and grace

text: Grace Adler

text: Character overview[edit]

text: Grace was born on April 26, 1967, in Schenectady, New York.[citation needed] She has been particularly influenced by her mother, Bobbi (Debbie Reynolds), a flamboyant actress from whom she inherited her many neuroses.[6] Grace also constantly strives for the affection of her father Martin (Alan Arkin and Robert Klein), competing with her two sisters (one younger, one older), who have more obvious problems than she (Joyce, played by Sara Rue, is a mentally disabled compulsive overeater, while Janet, portrayed by Geena Davis, is rarely employed and promiscuous). Grace herself is decidedly selfish and neurotic, but this is usually played for laughs, like when her husband Leo asks, "You want me to be happy, right?" and she sweetly replies "Not if it affects me negatively in any way."[7] She is also somewhat vain, once declaring herself to be a "frickin' bombshell" and believing that she bears a strong resemblance to red-haired celebrities like Rita Hayworth (once even thinking a photo of Hayworth was one of herself) and Nicole Kidman. This, however, leads to her being taken down a peg, and she is usually the butt of numerous jokes by other characters. In one episode, while in Los Angeles, she is repeatedly mistaken for Kathy Griffin by tourists.[8] She is a Democrat[9] and a graduate of Columbia University and the Fashion Institute.

text: Grace's quirks and physical abnormalities are often fodder for the show's antics. She has very large feet, even for her height, and she's often ridiculed for them. She comments on the fact "feet the size of canoes" were the only things her father ever gave her. When Will pulls out a pair of over-sized slippers out of a box of her childhood memorabilia, she remarks "Those are my ballet slippers from fourth grade! I went from a four to an eight in a month!"

text: There is a general running joke of her being slovenly and unladylike, which contrasts with Will's fastidiousness, usually for purposes of comedy. She is very cheap and often hoards on free things (such as pretending to have a drinking problem in order to get free food at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings) and even steals. She once mentions selling Will's college term papers for a profit, of which Will had no knowledge.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Grace's best friend since college is Will Truman, and their relationship is the focus of the show. They met at a college party at Columbia University. Through the third-season episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties," we see they began dating and Grace did not realize that Will was gay at the time, and Will had not come out of the closet yet. When Will met Jack McFarland at a party, Jack made him confront his homosexuality. Will "proposed" to Grace during Thanksgiving, in an effort to postpone actually having sex with her. When he finally came out to her hours later, Grace was so angry with him that she didn't speak to him for a year. They ran into each other at a grocery store a year later and made up, and became inseparable best friends. Grace moves into Will's apartment in season one when she breaks up with her fiance Danny.[10] She moves out in season 2 to declare her independence - albeit only to an apartment across the hall.[11] She moves back in the 3rd season.[12] She eventually moves to Brooklyn in season five when she marries Leo but moves back in with Will in season 7 when she gets divorced.

text: Her closeness to Will is a running joke throughout the series; many other characters refer to them as a married couple. They can finish each other's sentences, which helps them in their fast rounds in trivia and parlor games. They can also be quite dysfunctional and co-dependent, sometimes even requiring the other's approval of clothing and boyfriends. When Will begins dating his future husband Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale) in season 6, Will is nervous about Grace's opinion of him, noting that he has ended relationships because Grace disliked one detail about them (one example given is that all Grace had to say about one such boyfriend was "mock turtleneck," and the relationship was ruined).[13] Despite this, they are generally caring and supportive of each other.

text: Aside from Will, Grace also has a close relationship with her assistant, Karen Walker, a rich, alcoholic socialite who does virtually no work. Karen is nevertheless useful to Grace, as she pays for her employer's health insurance, gives Grace holiday bonuses, and occasionally uses her society connections to help Grace get work. Otherwise, Karen spends her "work" hours drinking and belittling Grace. Karen routinely criticizes Grace's choices in fashion (usually by disdainfully asking, "Honey, what's this all about?") and men. Karen doesn't exactly withhold her judgments; in one episode, when Will calls Grace at work and Karen answers, she puts him on hold and says "Grace, the reason you're not in a relationship is on line one." Nonetheless, Grace and Karen become close friends over the years. Grace eventually learns to look past Karen's faults, and Karen occasionally does stop ridiculing her to reveal a softer, more caring side. In one episode, Grace stands up to Milo (played by Andy García) who refuses to go on a second date with Karen, who was going through a divorce with her husband Stan and was very vulnerable at the time. In another instance, Karen turns down Grace's proposal for a business loan to protect Grace, who didn't really have a strong business plan.

text: Grace also has a close bond with Will's other best friend, Jack McFarland. Early in the series, Jack and Grace dislike each other, seeing each other as a rival for Will's affections. However, after they spend time together while Will is in the Cayman Islands between Seasons two and three, they develop a closer friendship. They still antagonize one another, however, often leading to Grace striking Jack in some manner.

text: Romantic relationships[edit]

text: Grace has a string of boyfriends throughout the series, many played by guest stars such as Woody Harrelson and Gregory Hines. Grace marries the Jewish doctor Leo Markus, played by Harry Connick, Jr., on November 21, 2002, but the marriage ends when he has a one-night stand with a doctor from the Red Cross while working in Cambodia with Doctors Without Borders. In season 8, the two reunite briefly during a flight to London when they coincidentally met on the plane. Their mile high tryst leads to Grace getting pregnant, but she doesn't tell Leo because he is engaged to another woman. However, in the series finale, she and Leo remarry and raise the baby, a girl named Laila, together. Laila is born in Rome, where Leo is working at a hospital as a researcher. After one year in Rome the family moves back to New York, to their apartment in Brooklyn. Laila goes on to attend college and there meets Will and Vince's son, Ben. Laila and Ben are living in dorm rooms opposite each other's while at college; the same scenario that Will and Grace found themselves in while they attended college. Ben and Laila marry soon afterward.[14]

text: When the series was revived in 2017, the events of the season finale - in which Grace gives birth to Leo's child and drifts apart from Will - are effectively retconned as one of Karen's alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Grace has recently got divorced from Leo, has never had children, and has moved back in with Will while she recovers from the divorce.[15] When Leo reappears sometime later, it is revealed that the marriage ended because of Grace's close friendship with Will as well as her inability to trust Leo not to cheat on her again. Despite the couple trying months of therapy and taking up golf together, they couldn't make it work and Grace, unable to forgive Leo, turned to Will for comfort.

text: Grace also has a reputation for "turning" men gay. Several of her boyfriends – such as Will himself, and her second-season boyfriend Josh – ended up gay or bisexual, and she has a recurring fear that this will happen again. (At one point she entered a room to find her boyfriend Nathan (played by Woody Harrelson) passed out on a bed with Jack and Will, and moans, "Oh, no, I turned another one.") In season 8, she takes this to a new level when she briefly marries James Hanson, Will's Canadian boyfriend in search of a green card. They annul the marriage a few days later because of James' callousness and manipulative behavior.[16]


document_title: List of countries with left-hand traffic

question_text: what european countries drive on the left side of the road

text: In Asia[edit]

text:
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cyprus
East Timor
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand

text: In Africa[edit]

text:
Botswana
Kenya
Lesotho
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
Seychelles
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe

text: In Australia and Oceania[edit]

text:
Australia
Christmas Island (Australia)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)
Cook Islands (New Zealand)
Fiji
Kiribati
Nauru
New Zealand
Niue
Norfolk Island (Australia)
Papua New Guinea
Pitcairn Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Solomon Islands
Samoa (since September 1, 2009)
Tokelau (New Zealand)
Tonga
Tuvalu

text: In Europe[edit]

text:
Guernsey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Ireland
Isle of Man (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Jersey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Malta
United Kingdom

text: In South America[edit]

text:
Guyana
Suriname

text: In West Indies[edit]

text:
Anguilla (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
British Virgin Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Cayman Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Dominica
Grenada
Jamaica
Montserrat (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)
U. S. Virgin Islands (USA)

text: On islands of the Atlantic Ocean[edit]

text:
Bermuda (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Falkland Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (U.K. Overseas Territory)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)

text: On islands of the Indian Ocean[edit]

text:
Maldives
Mauritius
Seychelles


document_title: List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history

question_text: tallest nba player in the league right now

text: This is a  list of the tallest players in National Basketball Association history. Twenty five of them have been listed at 7 feet 3 inches (2.21 m) or taller. Two are active as of the 2017–18 season; Kristaps Porziņģis of the New York Knicks and Boban Marjanović of the Los Angeles Clippers. The tallest player inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is 7-foot-6-inch (2.29 m) Yao Ming. In addition to Yao, Ralph Sampson and Arvydas Sabonis were the only other players 7'3" or taller selected to the Hall of Fame.

text: In the seventh round of the 1981 NBA Draft, the Golden State Warriors used the 171st pick to select Yasutaka Okayama, a Japanese basketball player who was measured at 7 feet 8 inches (2.34 m) and 330 pounds (150 kg).[1][2] Okayama, who attended and played junior varsity basketball at the University of Portland for one and a half years in 1976 as an exchange student, declined to try out for the Warriors and never played in the NBA.[3] He is the tallest person ever drafted and would have been the tallest player in the NBA had he played in the league.[4]

text:
^

Active NBA player

*

Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

GP
Games played
Pts
Points
PPG
Points per game

FG%
Field goal percentage
FT%
Free throw percentage
Reb
Rebounds

RPG
Rebounds per game
Blk
Blocks
BPG
Blocks per game

text:
Height

Weight

Player

Nationality

Teams

GP

Pts

PPG

FG%

FT%

Reb

RPG

Blk

BPG

Notes

7 ft 7 in (2.31 m)

315 lb (143 kg)

Gheorghe Mureșan

 Romania

Washington Bullets (1993–1997)  New Jersey Nets (1998–2000)

307

3,020

9.8

.573

.644

1,957

6.4

455

1.5

Generally considered slightly taller than Manute Bol.  Bol was officially measured at 7 feet, 6 3/4 inches tall by the Guinness Book of World Records.

7 ft 6.75 in (2.31 m)

200 lb (91 kg)

Manute Bol

 Sudan

Washington Bullets (1985–1988, 1994)  Golden State Warriors (1988–1990, 1994)  Philadelphia 76ers (1990–1993, 1994)  Miami Heat (1994)

624

1,599

2.6

.407

.561

2,647

4.2

2,086

3.3

Played alongside the shortest player in NBA history, Muggsy Bogues, during the 1987–88 season for the Washington Bullets; their difference in height was 28 inches (71 cm).  Only player in NBA history to have more blocked shots than points scored in his career.  Weighed just 195 pounds (89 kg)[citation needed] when he entered the league in 1985.

7 ft 6 in (2.29 m)

275 lb (125 kg)

Shawn Bradley

 U.S.   Germany

Philadelphia 76ers (1993–1995)  New Jersey Nets (1995–1997)  Dallas Mavericks (1997–2005)

832

6,752

8.1

.457

.716

5,268

6.3

2,119

2.5

Born to American parents in the former West Germany.

7 ft 6 in (2.29 m)

310 lb (141 kg)

 Yao Ming*

 China

Houston Rockets (2002–2011)

481

9,196

19.1

.525

.832

4,467

9.3

912

1.9

Tallest player to play in at least one All-Star Game. Also tallest player inducted into the Hall of Fame.

7 ft 5 in (2.26 m)

359 lb (163 kg)

Sim Bhullar

 Canada

Sacramento Kings (2015)

3

2

0.7

.500

—

1

0.3

1

0.3

First NBA player of Indian descent. Played 16 seconds in his debut on April 7, 2015.

7 ft 5 in (2.26 m)

250 lb (113 kg)

Chuck Nevitt

 United States

Houston Rockets (1982–1983, 1988–1990)  Los Angeles Lakers (1984–1985)  Detroit Pistons (1985–1988)  Chicago Bulls (1991)  San Antonio Spurs (1993)

155

251

1.6

.438

.589

239

1.5

111

0.7

Tallest player to win an NBA Championship.

7 ft 5 in (2.26 m)

305 lb (138 kg)

Pavel Podkolzin

 Russia

Dallas Mavericks (2004–2006)

6

4

0.7

.000

.500

9

1.5

1

0.1

7 ft 5 in (2.26 m)

294 lb (133 kg)

Slavko Vraneš

 Montenegro

Portland Trail Blazers (2004)

1

0

0.0

.000

—

0

0.0

0

0.0

Played in one game, on January 8, 2004 against the Minnesota Timberwolves.  Played 3 minutes, with one shot attempt from the field (missed) and one personal foul.  Vraneš was officially listed as 7'5" while playing in the NBA, and has since grown taller (7'6" or 2.30 m), according to most sources.

7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)

290 lb (132 kg)

Mark Eaton

 United States

Utah Jazz (1982–1993)

875

5,216

6.0

.458

.649

6,939

7.9

3,064

3.5

He set records for most blocked shots per game in a single season (5.56 bpg in 1984–85) and for an entire career (3.50 bpg) - both marks still stand today.

7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)

250 lb (113 kg)

Rik Smits

 Netherlands

Indiana Pacers (1988–2000)

867

12,871

14.8

.507

.773

5,277

6.1

1,111

1.3

7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)

235 lb (107 kg)

Ralph Sampson*

 United States

Houston Rockets (1983–1987)  Golden State Warriors (1987–1989)  Sacramento Kings (1989–1991)  Washington Bullets (1991–1992)

456

7,039

15.4

.486

.661

4,011

8.8

752

1.6

7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)

325 lb (147 kg)

Priest Lauderdale

 United States

Atlanta Hawks (1996–1997)  Denver Nuggets (1997–1998)

74

255

3.4

.472

.554

143

1.9

26

0.4

7 ft 3.5 in (2.22 m)

293 lb (133 kg)

Boban Marjanović^

 Serbia

San Antonio Spurs (2015–2016)Detroit Pistons (2016–2018)Los Angeles Clippers (2018–present)

89

488

5.5

.578

.779

324

3.6

35

0.4

7 ft 3.5 in (2.22 m)

290 lb (132 kg)

Peter John Ramos

 Puerto Rico

Washington Wizards (2004–2005)

6

11

1.8

.500

.500

4

0.7

1

0.2

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

263 lb (119 kg)

Randy Breuer

 United States

Milwaukee Bucks (1983–1990)  Minnesota Timberwolves (1990–1992)  Atlanta Hawks (1992–1993)  Sacramento Kings (1993)

681

4,599

6.8

.467

.628

2,986

4.4

750

1.1

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

212 lb (96 kg)

Keith Closs

 United States

Los Angeles Clippers (1997–2000)

130

502

3.9

.471

.606

372

2.9

163

1.3

During his collegiate career, Closs averaged 5.9 blocks per game, which is the NCAA Division I record.

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

235 lb (107 kg)

Swede Halbrook

 United States

Syracuse Nationals (1960–1962)

143

786

5.5

.347

.591

949

6.6

—

—

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

260 lb (118 kg)

Žydrūnas Ilgauskas

 Lithuania

Cleveland Cavaliers (1997–2010)  Miami Heat (2010–2011)

771

10,616

13.8

.475

.780

5,904

7.7

1,269

1.6

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

250 lb (113 kg)

Aleksandar Radojević

 Bosnia & Herzegovina Montenegro

Toronto Raptors (1999–2000)  Utah Jazz (2004–2005)

15

26

1.7

.308

.625

36

2.4

3

0.2

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

292 lb (132 kg)

Arvydas Sabonis*

 Lithuania

Portland Trail Blazers (1995–2001, 2002–2003)

470

5,629

12.0

.500

.786

3,436

7.3

494

1.1

Sabonis was originally drafted into the NBA in 1986 (Rd. 1, #24 overall), but he was not allowed to play in the NBA for most of his career due to restrictions by the former Soviet Union.

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

305 lb (138 kg)

Ha Seung-Jin

 South Korea

Portland Trail Blazers (2005–2006)

46

70

1.5

.519

.500

67

1.5

13

0.3

Only Korean player to play in the NBA.

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

290 lb (132 kg)

Hasheem Thabeet^

 Tanzania

Memphis Grizzlies (2009–2011)  Houston Rockets (2011–2012)  Portland Trail Blazers (2012)  Oklahoma City Thunder (2012–2014)

224

483

2.2

.567

.578

595

2.7

184

0.8

Only Tanzanian player to play in the NBA.

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

256 lb (116 kg)

Tibor Pleiß

 Germany

Utah Jazz (2015–2016)

12

24

2.0

.440

1.000

15

1.3

2

0.2

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

265 lb (120 kg)

Walter Tavares

 Cape Verde

Atlanta Hawks (2015–2016)Cleveland Cavaliers (2017)

13

33

2.5

.625

.273

32

2.5

12

0.9

Only Cape Verdean player to play in the NBA.

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)

240 lb (109 kg)

Kristaps Porziņģis^

 Latvia

New York Knicks (2015–Present)

138

2,224

16.1

.436

.811

1001

7.3

263

1.9

Was measured at 7'1" during the NBA Draft Combine, but grew two inches before officially playing for the New York Knicks. Is the tallest winner of the Taco Bell Skills Challenge.


document_title: Cost of the Olympic Games

question_text: how much did it cost rio to host the olympics

text: Cost of the Olympic Games

text: Table[edit]

text:
Host City
Year
Final Operating
Budget
Total Costs
Taxpayer Contribution
Profit/Loss
Year Debt Paid Off
Notes

Athens Summer Olympics
1896

3,740,000 ₯[3]

Donations by George Averoff of 1,000,000 ₯ covered potential losses

London Summer Olympics
1908

US$394,000 est.[3]

 £6,377

Paris Summer Olympics
1924

 5,496,610₣[3]

Amsterdam Summer Olympics
1928

$1,183,000[3]

 $18,000

 Los Angeles Summer Olympics
1932

 $1,000,000[3]

Berlin Summer Olympics
1936

$30,000,000[3]

 London Summer Olympics
1948
£761,688[4]

 £29,000[3]

 Helsinki Summer Olympics
1952

1,580,000,000 mk[3]

 49,000,000 mk

 Melbourne Summer Olympics
1956
A£5,400,000[4]

A£300,000[3]

 Tokyo Summer Olympics
1964
US$72,000,000[4]

 Mexico City Summer Olympics
1968
US$176,000,000[4]

Munich Summer Olympics
1972
1,972,000,000 DM[3]

 Montreal Summer Olympics
1976
CDN$207,000,000[5]
CDN$1,410,000,000[5]

 CDN$990,000,000[5]
2006
A special tobacco tax was introduced in May 1976 to fund the loss

 Lake Placid Winter Olympics
1980
US$49,000,000[6]
US$169,000,000[6]

 Moscow Summer Olympics
1980
US$231,000,000[7]
US$1,350,000,000[7]

 USD $1,190,000,000 deficit[citation needed]

This was the year that The United States and 64 other Nations boycotted due to the invasion of Afghanistan.

 Sarajevo Winter Olympics
1984
US$55,400,000[8]
US$110,900,000[8]

 US$10,000,000 [8]

The first Olympics since 1948 to make a profit

 Los Angeles Summer Olympics
1984
US$320,000,000[9]
US$413,000,000[9]
$75,000,000[10][11]
 US$250,000,000[12]
1984
The first Summer Olympics since 1932 to make a profit[11]

 Calgary Winter Olympics
1988
CDN$438,000,000[13]
CDN$899,000,000[13]
CDN$425,000,000[13]
CDN$32,000,000[13]
1988

 Seoul Summer Olympics
1988
USD $4,000,000,000[citation needed]

 US$300,000,000[12]
1988
A record profit for a government-run Olympiad[citation needed]

 Barcelona Summer Olympics
1992
US$850,000,000[citation needed]
US$9,300,000,000[14]

 US$10,000,000[12]
1992
Operating costs were put at 9.1% of the total cost. The vast majority of spending was to improve infrastructure.[15]

 Albertville Winter Olympics
1992

USD $1,200,000,000 on infrastructure[16]
 USD $67,000,000[16]

 Lillehammer Winter Olympics
1994
US$1,100,000,000[17][18]

US$250,000,000[17][18]

 Atlanta Summer Olympics
1996
US$1,800,000,000[citation needed]

US$609,000,000[10]
 US$19,000,000[citation needed]
1996
Despite the profit, Atlanta's heavy reliance on corporate sponsorship drew criticism of commercialization

 Nagano Winter Olympics
1998

~US$10,000,000,000 in new infrastructure[19]
 Net loss[citation needed]
Estimated 2015[19]
The full cost of the Nagano Olympics is unknown, due to Nagano Olympic Bid Committee vice-secretary general Sumikazu Yamaguchi ordering accounting documents burned[19]

 Sydney Summer Olympics
2000
A$6,600,000,000 [20][21]
A$3,000,000,000 (A$363,5000,000 borne by the public)[citation needed]
A$2,050,000,000[22]
 USD $2,100,000,000 loss [23]
2000

 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics
2002
US$2,000,000,000 [24]
US$1,200,000,000 [25]
US$600,000,000[26]
 US$101,000,000[27]
2002
Additional security costs were incurred in the wake of the September 11 attacks

 Athens Summer Olympics
2004
US$15,000,000,000[28]
US$9,000,000,000[29]
US$6,200,000,000[30]
 US$14,500,000,000[31]

The cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games has been cited as a contributor to the Greek government-debt crisis. Many of the venues lie vacant and rotting; the Independent newspaper reports as many as 21 out of 22 are unused.[32]

 Turin Winter Olympics
2006
US$700,000,000[33]

 USD $3,200,000[34]

The Italian government created a lottery game to cover its financial losses.[citation needed]

 Beijing Summer Olympics
2008
US$44,000,000,000[35]

 CNY 1,000,000,000 (US$146,000,000)[36]
2008

 Vancouver Winter Olympics
2010
CDN$ 1,700,000,000 (US$1,260,000,000)[37]
US$ 6,400,000,000[38]
US$ 2,300,000,000[39]
CDN$ 1,900,000[40]
2010
Included in the total US$6,400,000,000 cost are the $1,000,000,000 for security, $2,500,000,000 for transportation extensions and upgrades, and $900,000,000 for the new Vancouver Convention Centre (An additional $554,000,000 was spent by the city including a portion on the Olympic Village).[38][41][42]

 London Summer Olympics
2012
US$10,400,000,000[43]
US$14,600,000,000[44]
US$4,400,000,000[45]
GBP £nil[46]
2012
Additional costs include $90 million for converting the Olympic Stadium (London) to a football venue[47]

 Sochi Winter Olympics
2014
US$51,000,000,000[48]

 US$53,150,000[49]

The most expensive Olympic Games in history, surpassing the previous record set by the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games.[50]

 Rio de Janeiro Summer Olympics
2016
US$4,600,000,000 [51]

US$11.6 billion [52][53]

 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics
2018

 Tokyo Summer Olympics
2020

 Beijing Winter Olympics
2022

 Paris Summer Olympics
2024

TBA 2026 Winter Olympics
2026

 Los Angeles Summer Olympics
2028


document_title: Secretary-General of the United Nations

question_text: the name of three previous un secretaries general

text: Secretary-General of the United Nations

text: Role[edit]

text: The Secretary-General was envisioned by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a "world moderator", but the vague definition provided by the UN Charter[1] left much room for interpretation by those who would later occupy the position. According to the UN website, their roles are further defined as "diplomat and advocate, civil servant, and CEO".[2] Nevertheless, this more abstract description has not prevented the office holders from speaking out and playing important roles on global issues to various degrees.[3] Article 97 under Chapter XV of the United Nations Charter states that the Secretary-General shall be the "chief administrative officer" of the Organization, but does not dictate their specific obligations.[citation needed]

text: Responsibilities of the Secretary-General are further outlined in Articles 98 through 100. Article 98 states that they shall act as the chief administrative officer "in all meetings of the General Assembly, of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council, and shall perform other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs". They are also responsible for making an annual report to the General Assembly. According to Article 99, they may notify the Security Council on matters which "in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security". Other than these few guidelines, little else is dictated by the Charter. Interpretation of the Charter has varied between Secretaries-General, with some being much more active than others.[citation needed]

text: The Secretary-General, along with the Secretariat, is given the prerogative to exhibit no allegiance to any state but to only the United Nations organization: decisions must be made without regard to the state of origin.[citation needed]

text: The Secretary-General is highly dependent upon the support of the member states of the UN. "The Secretary-General would fail if they did not take careful account of the concerns of Member States, but they must also uphold the values and moral authority of the United Nations, and speak and act for peace, even at the risk, from time to time, of challenging or disagreeing with those same Member States."[2]

text: "The personal skills of the Secretary-General and their staff are crucial to their function. The central position of the UN headquarters in the international diplomatic network is also an important asset. The Secretary-General has the right to place any dispute on the provisional agenda of the Security Council. However, they work mostly behind the scenes if the members of the council are unwilling to discuss a dispute. Most of their time is spent on good offices missions and mediation, sometimes at the request of deliberative organs of the UN, but also frequently on their own initiative. Their function may be replaced or supplemented by mediation efforts by the major powers. UN peacekeeping missions are often closely linked to mediation (peacemaking). The recent improvement in relations between the permanent members of the Security Council (P5) has strengthened the role of the Secretary-General as the world's most reputable intermediary."[4]

text: In the early 1960s, Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary-General position. The numerical superiority of the Western powers combined with the one state, one vote system meant that the Secretary-General would come from one of them, and would potentially be sympathetic towards the West. Khrushchev proposed to replace the Secretary-General with a three-person leading council (a "troika"): one member from the West, one from the Eastern Bloc, and one from the Non-Aligned powers. This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal.[5][6]

text: Selection and term of office[edit]

text: Article 97 of the United Nations Charter determines that the Secretary-General is "appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council." As the recommendation must come from the Security Council, any of the five permanent members of the Council can veto a nomination. Most Secretaries-General are compromise candidates from middle powers and have little prior fame. Unofficial qualifications for the job have been set by precedent in previous selections. The appointee may not be a citizen of any of the Security Council's five permanent members.[7] The General Assembly resolution 51/241 in 1997 stated that in the appointment of "the best candidate", due regard should be given to regional (continental) rotation of the appointee's national origin and to gender equality.[8]:5

text: The Secretary-General is customarily appointed for a five-year term, although the length of the term is discretionary. Trygve Lie's second appointment was for three years,[8]:4 and U Thant's first two terms were short terms that added up to five years. The Secretary-General customarily runs unopposed for a second term if she or he wishes to continue serving, and she or he is reappointed unless vetoed by a permanent member. Although there is no formal limit to the number of terms, none so far has held office for more than two full terms.[9] Kurt Waldheim ran for a third full term in 1981, but one candidate ran to oppose him with China casting a record 16 vetoes against Waldheim, forcing him to suspend his candidacy, which allowed for the nomination of a further 13 candidates, one of whom was elected at the first subsequent ballot. No Secretary-General since 1981 has attempted to secure a third term.

text: Since 1981, Secretaries-General have been chosen behind closed doors by the Security Council and then had their names submitted to General Assembly for ratification. No candidate has ever been rejected by the General Assembly.[citation needed] The Security Council and General Assembly took steps in 2016 to make the selection process more transparent and open, sending a letter to UN member states asking them to nominate candidates for the position. However, the Security Council voted in private and followed the same process as previous selections, leading the President of the General Assembly to complain that it "does not live up to the expectations of the membership and the new standard of openness and transparency".[10]

text: Residence[edit]

text: The official residence of the Secretary-General is a townhouse at 3 Sutton Place, Manhattan, in New York City, United States. The townhouse was built for Anne Morgan in 1921, and donated to the United Nations in 1972.[11]

text: List of Secretaries-General[edit]

text:
№
Portrait
Secretary-General
(Born–Died)
Dates in office
Country of origin
UN Regional Group
Reason of withdrawal
Ref.

–

Gladwyn Jebb
(1900–1996)
24 October 1945 –
1 February 1946
 United Kingdom
Western European & Others
Served as Acting Secretary-General until Lie's election.
[12]

After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945, being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General, Trygve Lie.

1

Trygve Lie
(1896–1968)

2 February 1946 –
10 November 1952
 Norway
Western European & Others
Resigned.
[13]

Lie, a foreign minister and former labour leader, was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post. After the UN involvement in the Korean War, the Soviet Union vetoed Lie's reappointment in 1951. The United States circumvented the Soviet Union's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly. Lie was reappointed by a vote of 46 to 5, with eight abstentions. The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie, and he resigned in 1952.[14]

2

Dag Hammarskjöld
(1905–1961)

10 April 1953 –
18 September 1961
 Sweden
Western European & Others
Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo.
[15]

After a series of candidates were vetoed, Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council. He was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957. The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis, and suggested that the position of Secretary-General be replaced by a troika, or three-man executive. Facing great opposition from the Western nations, the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion. Hammarskjöld died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1961.[14] U.S. President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century".[16]

3

U Thant
(1909–1974)

30 November 1961 –
31 December 1971
 Burma
Asia-Pacific
Declined to stand for a third election.
[17]

In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld, the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American Secretary-General. U Thant was nominated. However, due to opposition from the French (Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence) and the Arabs (Burma supported Israel), Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld's term. He was the first Asian Secretary-General. The following year, on 30 November, Thant was unanimously re-elected to a new term ending on 3 November 1966. He was re-elected on 2 December 1966, finally for a full 5-year term, ending on 31 December 1971. Thant did not seek a third election.[14]

4

Kurt Waldheim
(1918–2007)

1 January 1972 –
31 December 1981
 Austria
Western European & Others
China vetoed his third term.
[18]

Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary-General. Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom, in the third round, Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary-General. In 1976, China initially blocked Waldheim's re-election, but it relented on the second ballot. In 1981, Waldheim's re-election for a third term was blocked by China, which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds. From 1986 to 1992, Waldheim served as President of Austria, making him the first former Secretary-General to rise to the position of head of state[19]. In 1985, it was revealed that a post–World War II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal – based on his involvement with the army of Nazi Germany. The files had been stored in the UN archive.[14]

5

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
(born 1920)

1 January 1982 –
31 December 1991
 Peru
Latin American & Caribbean
Did not stand for a third term.
[20]

Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five-week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China's candidate, Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania. Pérez de Cuéllar, a Peruvian diplomat who a decade earlier had served as President of the UN Security Council during his time as Peruvian Ambassador to the UN, was a compromise candidate, and became the first and thus far only Secretary-General from the Americas. He was re-elected unanimously in 1986.[14]

6

Boutros Boutros-Ghali
(1922–2016)

1 January 1992 –
31 December 1996
 Egypt
African
The United States vetoed his second term.
[21]

The 102-member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary-General come from Africa. With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China, the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate. The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls—a first for the council—and Boutros-Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round. In 1996, the United States vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros-Ghali, claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN.[14]

7

Kofi Annan
(born 1938)

1 January 1997 –
31 December 2006
 Ghana
African
Retired after two full terms.
[22]

On 13 December 1996, the Security Council recommended Annan.[23][24] He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly.[25] He started his second term as Secretary-General on 1 January 2002.

8

Ban Ki-moon
(born 1944)

1 January 2007 –
31 December 2016
 South Korea
Asia-Pacific
Retired after two full terms.
[26]

Ban became the first East Asian to be selected as the Secretary-General and the second Asian overall after U Thant. He was unanimously elected to a second term by the General Assembly on 21 June 2011. His second term began on 1 January 2012.[27] Prior to his selection, he was the Foreign Minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006.

9

António Guterres
(born 1949)

1 January 2017 –
present
 Portugal
Western European & Others

Guterres is the first former head of government to become Secretary-General, and the first Secretary-General born after the establishment of the United Nations. He was Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002. He has also been President of Socialist International (1999–2005) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2005–2015).

text: By regional group[edit]

text:
UN Regional Group
Secretaries-General
Terms

WEOG
4
7

Eastern European Group
0
0

GRULAC
1
2

Asia-Pacific Group
2
4

African Group
2
3

text: Lifespan timeline[edit]

text: This is a graphical lifespan timeline of the Secretaries-General of the United Nations. They are listed in order of office.

text: Living former Secretaries-General[edit]

text:
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
(1982–1991)
(1920-01-19) 19 January 1920 (age 97)

Kofi Annan
(1997–2006)
(1938-04-08) 8 April 1938 (age 79)

Ban Ki-moon
(2007–2016)
(1944-06-13) 13 June 1944 (age 73)

text: As of November 2017, the only former Secretaries-General that are alive are Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Kofi Annan, and Ban Ki-moon. The most recent death of a former Secretary-General was that of Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992–96) on 16 February 2016.[28]