document_title: To Know You (Is to Love You)

question_text: who sang to know you is to love you

question_tokens: who sang to know you is to love you

root

text: To Know You (Is to Love You)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "To Know You (Is to Love You)" is a popular song. The music was written by Robert Allen, the lyrics by Allan Roberts. The song was published in 1952.

tag: p

text: The best-known recording of the song was made by Perry Como. It was first recorded on June 19, 1952, as a duet with Betty Hutton which was never released; Como and The Fontane Sisters with Michell Ayres' and his orchestra redid the song on September 9, 1952. This second recording was released as a 78 rpm single in the United States by RCA Victor Records (catalog number 20-4959, with the flip side My Lady Loves to Dance) and in the United Kingdom by HMV in January 1953 (catalog number B-10400, with the flip side Don't Let the Stars Get In Your Eyes). The US version reached #19 on the Billboard charts.

text: Another recording was made by Como of the song on May 21, 1959. This version was done for the album Como Swings.

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Perry Como

Albums

So Smooth (1955)
We Get Letters (1956)
Saturday Night with Mr. C (1958)
When You Come to the End of the Day (1958)
Como Swings (1959)
Season's Greetings from Perry Como (1959)
For the Young at Heart (1960)
Sing to Me Mr. C (1961)
By Request (1962)
The Best of Irving Berlin's Songs from Mr. President (1962)
The Songs I Love (1963)
The Scene Changes (1965)
Lightly Latin (1966)
Perry Como in Italy (1966)
The Perry Como Christmas Album (1968)
Look to Your Heart (1968)
Seattle (1969)
Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel, Las Vegas (1970)
It's Impossible (1970)
I Think of You (1971)
And I Love You So (1973)
Perry (1974)
Just Out of Reach (1975)
40 Greatest Hits (1975)
The Best of British (UK and Canada) (1977)
Where You're Concerned (US) (1978)
Perry Como (1980)
Perry Como Live on Tour (1981)
So It Goes / Goodbye for Now (1983)
Today (1987)
Perry Como's Christmas Concert (1994)
On the Radio – The Perry Como Shows 1943 (2009)
At the Supper Club (2010)
At the Supper Club Part II (2011)
At the Supper Club Part III (2011)

Songs

"'A' You're Adorable"
"Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive"
"And I Love You So"
"As Time Goes By"
"Bali Ha'i"
"Because"
"Beyond Tomorrow"
"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo"
"Blue Room"
"A Bushel and a Peck"
"Can't Help Falling in Love"
"Catch a Falling Star"
"Chi-Baba, Chi-Baba (My Bambino Go to Sleep)"
"Confessin'"
"Days of Wine and Roses"
"Deep in the Heart of Texas"
"Delaware "
"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes"
"Dream Along with Me (I'm on My Way to a Star)"
"A Dreamer's Holiday"
"El Cóndor Pasa"
"Feelings"
"Fly Me to the Moon"
"For the Good Times"
"Forever and Ever"
"Forget Domani"
"Give Me Your Hand"
"Glendora"
"The Gypsy in My Soul"
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
"He's Got the Whole World in His Hands"
"Hello, Young Lovers"
"Here, There and Everywhere"
"Home for the Holidays"
"Hot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom)"
"A House Is Not a Home"
"I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore"
"I Dream of You (More Than You Dream I Do)"
"I Think I Love You"
"I'll Be Home for Christmas"
"If (They Made Me a King)"
"It's Been a Long, Long Time"
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas"
"Kewpie Doll"
"The Lord's Prayer"
"Magic Moments"
"Mandolins in the Moonlight"
"Maria"
"Moon River"
"More"
"No Other Love"
"Papa Loves Mambo"
"Prisoner of Love"
"Round and Round"
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"
"Seattle "
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
"Some Enchanted Evening"
"Somos Novios (It's Impossible)"
"The Songs I Love"
"Stop! And Think It Over"
"Surrender"
"Till the End of Time"
"Unchained Melody"
"Wanted"
"The Way You Look Tonight"
"What'll I Do"
"When You and I Were Young, Maggie"
"Young at Heart"

Related

Perry Como discography
Perry Como television and radio shows
Beat the Band
The Chesterfield Supper Club
List of songs recorded by Perry Como
Goodman Ace
Mitchell Ayres
Ray Charles
Frank Gallop
Nick Perito

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The Fontane Sisters

Bea Rosse
Marge Rosse
Geri Rosse

Singles

"'A' You're Adorable"
"A Dreamer's Holiday"
"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo"
"Hoop-Dee-Doo"
"I Wanna Be Loved"
"You're Just in Love"
"Tennessee Waltz"
"Rollin' Stone"
"Cold, Cold Heart"
"It's Beginning to Look Like Christmas"
"My Love and Devotion"
"To Know You (Is to Love You)"
"Happy Days and Lonely Nights"
"Hearts of Stone"
"Playmates"
"Seventeen"
"Nuttin' for Christmas"
"Eddie My Love"
"I'm in Love Again"
"The Banana Boat Song"
"Chanson D'Amour"
"Jealous Heart"

Related articles

Perry Como

 Book:The Fontane Sisters

text:
This 1950s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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text: Songs with music by Robert Allen (composer)Songs written by Allan Roberts (songwriter)1952 songs1950s pop song stubs

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text: Articles lacking sources from December 2009All articles lacking sourcesAll stub articles


document_title: Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze

question_text: when does donkey kong country tropical freeze come out

text: Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The game continues on from the side-scrolling platform gameplay of the Donkey Kong Country series and sees Donkey Kong and his friends travelling through six different islands in order to defeat the Snowmads. Controls are similar to the previous game, with the addition of being able to pluck items from the ground and pick up and throw stunned enemies, and various controllers can be used with customizable controls.[3][4] Like the previous game, players primarily control Donkey Kong who is assisted by a companion, who either provide additional abilities to Donkey Kong, or can be controlled individually by a second player. Along with Diddy Kong, who returns with his barrel jet pack for crossing large gaps, two additional characters are added; Dixie Kong and Cranky Kong. Dixie has the ability to spin her ponytail into a propeller and slowly descend through the air, with an initial boost in height at the start, allowing her and Donkey Kong to fly up out-of-reach platforms or items. Cranky, in a similar mechanic to the DuckTales video game, can use his cane to bounce on dangerous surfaces such as spiky thorns and reach higher areas and defeat certain enemies the other Kongs cannot.[5] Filling up a 'Kong-POW' meter allows Donkey Kong and his partner to perform a special move which defeats all on-screen enemies and converts them into items depending on the partner.[6]

text: The Super Guide from the previous game is absent and is replaced by an expanded shop, run by Funky Kong, offering various support items such as temporary invincibility. Like the previous game, each level contains various Kong letters and puzzle pieces, some of which require specific partners to reach, which unlock various bonuses and hidden levels. The Time Attack mode also returns, now featuring online leaderboards, allowing players to view video replays of the top ranked players.

text: The Nintendo Switch version of the game features Funky Kong as a new playable character.[7] In the optional easier Funky Mode, Funky Kong is playable with no possible companions, along with an option to switch between him and Donkey Kong. Unlike Donkey Kong in the game's normal mode, Funky Kong comes with five hit points instead of two, while he is also able to double-jump, hover in mid-air, stand on spikes and breathe underwater for an unlimited time. When DK is played as, he can gain a companion and each Kong has three hit points.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story begins at Donkey Kong's hut, where the Kongs are celebrating his birthday. Suddenly, one of the balloons flies off the Kong house and over the sea, where Snowmad ships are stationed. Far away from the island, a Pointy Tuck watches over them, locating the Kong house and relaying info to their leader, shrouded in a dark silhouette. Upon the leader nodding their approval, the Pointy Tucks bring him a horn which he blows, creating a large amount of wind, as well as an ice dragon.

text: Just as he is about to blow the candle out of the fire, Donkey Kong notices a mysterious snowflake that appears and puts out the candle on his birthday cake. He turns away with a frustrated look on his face as he hears an uproar, and he and the other Kongs exit the house. The ice dragon from earlier flies toward Donkey Kong Island, turning the sea under it to ice. The Kongs are then blown away from the island by the ice dragon's intense winds, landing on the Lost Mangroves island. Afterwards, a large ship stations itself where the Volcano from Donkey Kong Country Returns used to be, and the Snowmads seize Donkey Kong Island for their own, turning it into a frosty area with continuous snowfall. Donkey Kong and his friends Diddy, Dixie and Cranky land inside an aircraft where the player must use the Y and X buttons to ground pound, causing the plane to break in half.

text: After traversing across 5 islands with each posing its own threats, the Kongs finally arrive at Donkey Kong Island under control of the Snowmads. The Kongs make their way through the frozen fortress until they encounter the leader of the Snowmads, Lord Fredrik, who challenges the Kongs to a final battle deep in the depths of the volcano. After a long battle, Donkey Kong delivers the final punch to Lord Fredrik, which sends him flying out through the roof of the Snowmad's ship, destroying it in the process. The Kongs wander out of the remains of the ship and look out from the mountainside to see the end of Lord Fredrik's fall. Lord Fredrik crashes into the remainder of the Snowmad ships out in the seas of the island, defeating the entire Snowmad clan and freeing the island from their control. Donkey Kong then notices that the horn that was used to freeze their island fell out of Lord Fredrik's hands during his fall, which he catches and blows into, producing a breeze of flowers that carries the Kongs to the bottom of the island. The Kongs watch and rejoice as the breeze of the flowers flutter around the island, melting all of the ice and snow, turning Donkey Kong Island back to normal. In a post credits scene, Donkey Kong discovers a box and opens it, unveiling a mysterious relic that unlocks the world Secret Seclusion.

text: Characters[edit]

text: The game's story focuses on the Snowmads, a group of Viking-themed arctic animals such as walruses, owls and penguins that invade Donkey Kong Island,[8] forcing Donkey Kong to go against them with the help of his friends Diddy Kong, Dixie Kong, and Cranky Kong. This is Dixie Kong's third appearance in the main series and the first since Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!, released in 1996. This is also Cranky Kong's first appearance as a playable character in the series.[9]

text: Development and release[edit]

text: The game was first announced during Nintendo's E3 2013 Nintendo Direct presentation on June 11, 2013 and was produced by Kensuke Tanabe who, having previously worked on Super Mario Bros. 2, has incorporated some elements from that game.

text: In August 2013, Nintendo announced a planned North American release date of December 6, 2013, just in time for the holiday season. However, in October 2013, Nintendo pushed back the release date to February 21, 2014 citing the need for more time to optimize the game.[10] At the VGX Awards on December 7, 2013, the release date was confirmed for North America to be February 21, 2014.[11][12]

text: The soundtrack was primarily composed by David Wise, who previously contributed music for the original SNES Donkey Kong Country games. Additional music was provided by Daisuke Matsuoka, Minako Hamano, Shinji Ushiroda, and Riyu Tamura under the supervision of Kenji Yamamoto.

text: Its announcement was a surprise. The development team designed the gameplay to be similar to that of previous series games, apart from a few new features.[1] Retro Studios president Michael Kelbaugh told Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé that production started on Tropical Freeze because the team "had a lot of gas left in the tank" after finishing Returns, wanting to include underwater levels and 3D camera work, and to use the Wii U hardware to do "a lot of really new cool tricks."[13] The addition of camera work was the team's biggest change. The dynamic camera swings from a side to a fully 3D view, bringing depth to obstacles in the characters' path. Additionally, Tropical Freeze adds Dixie Kong as a partner character, with has a mid-air hover ability that affects how players access platforms. The developers also added "plucking" objects out of the ground, similar to the game mechanic in Super Mario Bros. 2, on which Tropical Freeze's producer had also worked. The Donkey Kong creator, Shigeru Miyamoto, influenced the game's "ground pound" design and gave other small tips but was otherwise not involved in its development, though he was protective over the series. Retro Studios had to prove their ability to handle the license, as Miyamoto said, "This is my baby. You'd better get it right."[1]

text: An enhanced port for the Nintendo Switch was released on May 4, 2018. It was developed once again by Retro Studios and includes support for new control schemes and Funky Kong as a playable character in an easier optional "Funky Mode".[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(Wii U) 83/100[15](NS) 86/100[16]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid10/10[17]Edge7/10[19]EGM9.5/10[18]Famitsu35/40Game Informer(Wii U) 9.25/10[20](NS) 9.25/10[21]GameSpot(Wii U) 6/10[22](NS) 9/10[23]GamesRadar+(Wii U) [24](NS) [25]GamesTM7/10[26]GameTrailers9.1/10[27]IGN(Wii U) 9/10[28](NS) 9/10[29]Joystiq[30]Nintendo Life(Wii U) 9/10[32](NS) 9/10[33]ONM86%Polygon8.5/10[31]USgamer[34]

tag: table

text: Like its predecessor, Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze received "generally favorable reviews" from critics.[15]

text: Destructoid gave the game a perfect 10 out of 10, saying "with the addition of control options to the already proven formula, Retro Studios' rendition of Donkey Kong is pretty much flawless."[17] GamesRadar gave the game 4 out of 5 stars, praising its presentation and challenge whilst criticising the co-operative multiplayer.[24] Game Informer gave it a 9.25 out of 10, praising the levels by saying "I'd rather have a slightly smaller collection of Retro Studios' best levels than one bloated up with lesser-quality stages in order to hit an arbitrary number. That finely cultivated assortment is exactly what you get with Tropical Freeze," in regard to the game having fewer levels than Returns.[20] GameTrailers gave the game a 9.1 out of 10, praising enhancements made to the gameplay, and the "stellar" soundtrack.[27] IGN gave the game a 9 out of 10, praising the game's challenge, level design, and boss battles.[28] Gamnesia's Colin McIsaac chose Tropical Freeze as a Game of the Year, calling it "a masterpiece of mechanics and level design" and citing the level Grassland Groove as "an empowering sensory experience, and perhaps even the greatest platforming level made to date."[35]

text: GameSpot, however, gave the game a 6 out of 10, saying that interesting boss battles and vehicle segments did not make up for "clunky, repetitive level design" and poor implementation of new mechanics.[22] GamesTM, who gave it a 7 out of 10, found the game to be as difficult as its predecessors, citing the enemy and obstacle placements, and that the bosses "assault you with at least half a dozen different attacks and absorb many more of yours before they accept defeat."[26]

text: In their review of the Nintendo Switch version, GameSpot gave Tropical Freeze a more favorable assessment, awarding the game a 9 out of 10 and concluding: "If you missed out when the game first debuted back in 2014, give it a shot today. It easily stands the test of time."[36] IGN stood by their 9 out of 10 score, remarking that "the addition of Funky Mode makes the game more accessible without reducing the formidable platforming difficulty to a walk in the park."[37]

text: Sales[edit]

text: In Japan, the Wii U version of Donkey Kong: Tropical Freeze sold over 70,000 copies during its first month of release.[38] During its first eight days of release in North America, the game sold an estimated 130,000 units.[39] This game, along with its predecessor, were added to the Nintendo Selects label on March 11, 2016 in North America.[40]

text: In addition to reviewing better, the Nintendo Switch version of Tropical Freeze had stronger sales.[41][42] In Japan alone, the game sold roughly 88,421 units in the first five days of release, over doubling its debut on Wii U.[43] By the end of June 2018 the title had sold 1.4 million on Switch. [44]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations
hide

Year
Awards
Category
Result
Ref.

2014
Destructoid's Best of 2014
Best Overall Game
Nominated
[45]

Best Game Mechanics
Nominated
[46]

GameSpot's Game of the Year
Wii U Game of the Year
Nominated
[47]

GameTrailers's Best of 2014
Best Platformer
Won
[48]

Best Wii U Exclusive
Nominated
[49]

Game of the Year
Nominated
[50]

National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards

Original Light Mix Score, Franchise (David Wise)

Nominated

[51]

Game, Franchise Family

Nominated

2015
IGN's Best of 2014
Best Platformer
Nominated
[52]

Best Wii U Game
Nominated
[53]


document_title: Grey's Anatomy (season 6)

question_text: who gets fired on grey's anatomy season 6

question_tokens: who gets fired on grey 's anatomy season 6

text: Grey's Anatomy (season 6)

text: Cast[edit]

text: The sixth season had thirteen roles receiving star billing, with twelve of them returning from the previous season, one of whom previously in a recurring guest capacity. The regulars portray the surgeons from the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital as new rivalries and romantic relationships begin to develop after the hospital's merger with Mercy West. Meredith Grey, a surgical resident and the protagonist of the series, is portrayed by Ellen Pompeo. Fellow residents Cristina Yang, Izzie Stevens and Alex Karev are portrayed by Sandra Oh, Katherine Heigl and Justin Chambers, respectively. Attending general surgeon Miranda Bailey was portrayed by Chandra Wilson whose main storylines throughout the season focus on her divorce and the development of new romantic relationships. Seattle Grace Hospital's Chief of Surgery and general surgeon Richard Webber was portrayed by James Pickens, Jr., who returns to alcoholism after being sober for twenty years.

text: Sara Ramirez acted as bisexual orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres, Eric Dane played womanizer plastic surgeon Mark Sloan, Kevin McKidd continued his portrayal of trauma surgeon Owen Hunt, while Patrick Dempsey acted as chief of neurosurgery Derek Shepherd. Meredith's half-sister and second-year surgical resident Lexie Grey was portrayed by Chyler Leigh. After having previously appeared in a multi-episode arc in a guest star capacity in the show's fifth season, Jessica Capshaw began receiving star billing in the season's premiere episode in the role of attending pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins, love interest to Callie Torres. The ninth episode of the season marked the introduction of the new chief of cardiothoracic surgery Teddy Altman, portrayed by Kim Raver, whose mysterious romantic past with Owen Hunt develops into one of the season's main stories. Starting with the nineteenth episode of the season, Raver began receiving star billing.

text: The sixth season introduces several new recurring characters who start to develop progressive and expansive storylines throughout the season. Mercy West surgical residents Reed Adamson, Charles Percy, April Kepner and Jackson Avery were portrayed by Nora Zehetner, Robert Baker, Sarah Drew and Jesse Williams, respectively. Jason George portrayed Miranda Bailey's love interest, anesthesiologist Ben Warren. Thatcher Grey (Jeff Perry) and Sloan Riley (Leven Rambin) have been part of the season's main story arcs, while numerous episodic characters have made guest appearances: Demi Lovato as Hayley, Sara Gilbert as Kim Allen, Marion Ross as Betty, Mandy Moore as Mary Portman, Ryan Devlin as Bill Portman, Nick Purcell as Doug, Michael O'Neill as Gary Clark, Danielle Panabaker as Kelsey, Adrienne Barbeau as Jodie Crawley, Héctor Elizondo as Mr. Torres, Amy Madigan as Dr. Wyatt, and Missi Pyle as Jasmine. Former series regular Kate Walsh returned to the series as a special guest star, portraying neonatal surgeon and obstetrician-gynecologist Addison Montgomery.

text: Main Cast[edit]

text:
Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey
Sandra Oh as Dr. Cristina Yang
Katherine Heigl as Dr. Izzie Stevens (Until Episode 18)
Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev
Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey
James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber
Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres
Eric Dane as Dr. Mark Sloan
Chyler Leigh as Dr. Lexie Grey
Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt
Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins
Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman
Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepard

text: Production[edit]

text: The season was produced by Touchstone Television ABC Studios, The Mark Gordon Company, Shondaland and was distributed by Buena Vista International, Inc.. The executive producers were creator Shonda Rhimes, Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, Joan Rater and James D. Parriott. The regular directors were Shonda Rhimes, Krista Vernoff, Stacy McKee, William Harper, Debora Cahn, Allan Heinberg and Peter Nowalk.[1] At the conclusion of season five, T.R. Knight was released from his contract, following a disagreement with Rhimes. When asked to make a 'flashback' appearance in season six, Knight declined.[2] Heigl's appearances in the season were sporadic, seeing Stevens depart and return twice.[3] Although she was scheduled to appear in the final five episodes of the season, Heigl requested that she be released from her contract 18 months early, and made her final appearance on January 21, 2010.[4] Heigl explained that she wanted to spend more time with her family, and did not think it would be respectful to Grey's Anatomy viewers to have Izzie return and depart yet again.[3] The season's two-hour opener showed the doctors of Seattle Grace Hospital, grieving the loss of their deceased friend, O'Malley. The special's writer, Vernoff, commented: "It's heartbreaking. I fell in love with George, like many of you did, in season one."[5]

text: The ninth episode of the season, "New History", saw the arrival of Altman, which ended up forming a love triangle between her, Hunt, and Yang. Raver commented on this: "She was in Iraq with Owen. She's a cardiac surgeon. She's really good at what she does. There'll be some interesting stuff between Teddy, Cristina, and Owen."[6] The episode's writer, Heinberg, offered his insight:

text: "Teddy's arrival at Seattle Grace unleashes all manner of complications for Owen, Cristina, and herself. Cristina's immediately suspicious that Owen and Teddy were more than friends during their time together in Iraq. Teddy confesses to Owen that she apparently misread their mutual history, and walks away from him, mortified. And Owen's left haunted by Teddy's confession, now forced to re-examine his own history -- and his feelings for both Teddy and Cristina.

text: "I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked" saw the departure of Stevens, following the breakdown of her marriage with Karev. Series' writer Joan Rater commented on this: "Izzie getting the clean scan back gives Alex the freedom to leave. Because he never would have left her when she was sick, he's a good guy. And I'm not saying that Alex ever consciously thought, I can’t leave her while she's sick, but now that she's not, now that she seems like she's going to get better, it just comes to him. He deserves more. He's a good guy and he deserves more. But loving Izzie showed him that he can be good, is good. So it was a little gift. And when he tells Izzie he's done, he's not bitter or angry, he's just done."[7] The writing of the two-part season six finale, caused struggle to Rhimes. She elaborated on this:

text:
“
It hurt to write this finale. It literally hurt me. Because in order to write these episodes, I had to walk in the shoes of [the shooter]. I had to think like a shooter. A person who would shoot Reed and Alex and Charles. A person who would shoot Derek. By the time I finished writing part one, I was sick. And depressed. Because my McDreamy was lying on my beloved catwalk dying. Mer is screaming and he is dying. And, before you have me shot up with Thorazine and placed in a strait jacket, yes, I DO I know it's only a TV show, I'm not insane, but dude…it felt too real. It felt WAY too real.[8]
”

text: Reception[edit]

text: Grey's Anatomy's sixth season opened up to 17.04 million viewers with a 6.7/17 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic.[9] Although the rating was a 1% decrease from season five's opener, it managed to rank first for its time-slot and the entire night, in terms of both ratings and viewership, and served as the season's most viewed episode.[9] "Sympathy for the Parents" was the season's least viewed episode, and up to that point, the series' as well, garnering only 9.87 million viewers.[10] The season's finale garnered 16.13 million viewers, and received a 6.2/18 rating, ranking first for its time-slot and the entire night, in terms of both ratings and viewership.[11] Although the finale was a success for the night, it was a 1% decrease from season five's finale, but served as the season's second most viewed episode.[12] Overall, the season ranked at #17 for the year, and had an average of 13.26 million viewers,[13] a 5% decrease from the previous season's ranking.[14]

text: The season received mixed reviews among television critics. Speaking of the premiere, Glenn Diaz of BuddyTV noted that the special foreshadowed a "very dark" season, adding: "The talk between George's mom and one of the surgeons [Torres] proved to be one of the more heart-breaking scenes in an episode that in itself is heartbreaking enough."[15] In contrast, Kelly West of TV Blend was critical of the premiere, writing: "I don’t think based on the first episode that we can say that Grey's is headed in a new direction, nor do I think the writers are making much of an effort to bring the series back to the greatness that was its earlier seasons. That said, this is Grey's Anatomy and with that comes the usual drama, sex, love and whacky medical mysteries thrown in the mix to keep things moving. If that's what you’re looking for, I think you’ll enjoy the season premiere just fine."[16] Capshaw's performance this season was praised, with The TV Addict calling her "immensely likeable".[17] Although "Sympathy for the Parents" was the least viewed episode, TV Fanatic called the episode "touching", praising Chambers' performance.[18] TV Fanatic's reaction to the season was fairly mixed,[19][20] with Steve Marsi saying that Grey's Anatomy was facing an identity crisis after viewing "Give Peace a Chance".[21] He said that: "Still popular but lacking its past magic, it's trying to decide what to become. All we can say is that if it becomes what we saw 12 hours ago, we are all for it. Last week saw the doctors plunging into ER-style chaos with 12 different doctors giving 12 different accounts of one case. Last night, we saw something else equally unusual."[21] He praised Patrick Dempsey's performance, saying: "Again, it was a single case that took up the entire hour, but instead of 12 doctors' version of events, the focus was largely on just one, and the best one: Dr. Derek Shepherd. Patrick Dempsey's McDreamy character may be eye candy, but he's got substance. Last night's episode proved that in spades, and was one of the series' best in some time."[21]

text: The season's finale Death And All His Friends was highly praised. Marsi gave the episode five stars, and expressed that it may have been the best episode of the series, adding: "The writing and acting were absolutely stellar, and may lead to many Emmy nominations, but even more impressively, despite a killing spree, it remained distinctly Grey's. Some of the back-and-forths between the characters were truly memorable, and some of the developments so heartbreaking that we don't even know where to begin now. Seriously, the Season 6 finale left us laying awake afterward thinking about everything, a feeling we haven't had from Grey's in years and rarely achieved by any program."[22] John Kubicek of BuddyTV also noted that the finale was the best episode, adding: "[It was] two of the best hours of television all year. It was certainly the best Grey's Anatomy has ever been, which is saying a lot since I'd written the show off for the past few years. No show does a big traumatic event like Grey's Anatomy, and the shooter gave the show license for heightened drama with five major characters being shot over the two hours. It was emotional, expertly paced and had me in tears for most of the finale."[23] Entertainment Weekly wrote, "At any rate, now you can at least see where it all began. And while you’re still pondering how Grey's can still be so damn good sometimes,"[24]

text: The season was one of the least acclaimed of the series, in terms of awards and nominations. Despite not being nominated for a Primetime Emmy, the show received two Creative Arts Emmy Awards: Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup For A Series, Miniseries, Movie Or A Special for "How Insensitive"[25] and Outstanding Makeup For A Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic) for "Suicide is Painless".[26] The season also received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series at the GLAAD Media Awards.[27] Wilson was awarded the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing in a Dramatic Series for her directing in "Give Peace a Chance".[28] The season also ranked at #10 on Movieline's top ten list.[29]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The number in the "No. in series" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. The sixth season's episodes are altogether 1032 minutes in length.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

103
1
"Good Mourning"
Edward Ornelas
Krista Vernoff
September 24, 2009 (2009-09-24)
17.03[30]

Following the cliffhanger of season 5, Izzie is shown to have survived, but gets a bad wake up call: George's death. While the staff mourns the death of George, Meredith and the other residents are unsure how to continue with their lives as George's death poses a major impact to them all, leaving them each to deal with it in their own way.

104
2
"Goodbye"
Bill D'Elia
Krista Vernoff
September 24, 2009 (2009-09-24)
17.03[30]

Cristina and Owen are finding it difficult to abstain from sex as instructed by Dr. Wyatt. Meredith and Derek consummate their wedding everywhere they go. Izzie mourns her best friend, George, after his death. Richard announces Seattle Grace will be merging with Mercy West.

105
3
"I Always Feel Like Somebody's Watchin' Me"
Michael Pressman
Tony Phelan & Joan Rater
October 1, 2009 (2009-10-01)
15.69[31]

Bailey and Alex's abilities are challenged when their case is complicated with the addition of the patient's schizophrenic son. All the residents and interns of Seattle Grace fear for their jobs with the coming budget cuts and begin to compete in order to survive, with unfortunate consequences.

106
4
"Tainted Obligation"
Tom Verica
Jenna Bans
October 8, 2009 (2009-10-08)
14.13[32]

Meredith and Lexie are crossed with one another when Thatcher arrives, in dire need of a liver transplant, and Meredith is the only one who is viable to do so. Mark is tired of Cristina's competitive zeal so he puts her on a case involving a man desiring a penis enlargement, and Izzie sympathizes with a man dying from cancer.

107
5
"Invasion"
Tony Phelan
Mark Wilding
October 15, 2009 (2009-10-15)
13.79[33]

Arizona stands by an enraged Callie when her father visits with a priest to attempt to convince her to renounce her homosexuality; also, an accident derails a patient's upcoming kidney donation, with Dr. Bailey promising to set things right, segueing into a crossover with Private Practice. Following a kidney patient mishap, Izzie is fired from the hospital staff. After finding out it was because of the kidney patient, Izzie blames Alex, and leaves him a Dear John letter and evidently disappears.

108
6
"I Saw What I Saw"
Allison Liddi-Brown
William Harper
October 22, 2009 (2009-10-22)
14.67[34]

Following the death of a patient, all the doctors concerned with the case are interviewed in a who-dunnit style. Owen, Cristina, Bailey, Alex, Callie, Lexie, Charles, Jackson, and Reed all give their opinions, and as the story unfolds to show that April Kepner was the one whose mistake it was, she is fired, even though Derek is against it.

109
7
"Give Peace a Chance"
Chandra Wilson
Peter Nowalk
October 29, 2009 (2009-10-29)
13.74[35]

Derek is asked by a hospital lab-tech, Isaac (Faran Tahir), to cure him when it turns out that he has an inoperable tumor surrounding his spine. Struggling with the impossible surgery, Derek attempts to do the impossible while he questions Richard's authority by doing the surgery, even though he was told not to by Richard.

110
8
"Invest in Love"
Jessica Yu
Stacy McKee
November 5, 2009 (2009-11-05)
13.95[36]

Arizona is stunned when her longtime patient's parents offer the hospital a donation of twenty-five million dollars, but when her patient's condition worsens, all eyes are on her to save him. Cristina tests her relationship when she blatantly disregards Owen's orders and performs an unauthorised cardiac procedure, then later kisses Mercy Wester Jackson Avery at a surprise party for Arizona. Alex cares for a struggling newborn while Izzie remains missing. In the wake of great grief, Arizona and Callie take their relationship to the next level.

111
9
"New History"
Rob Corn
Allan Heinberg
November 12, 2009 (2009-11-12)
14.87[37]

Izzie's back with an old teacher of hers that's ill. Derek operates on him. Alex confronts Izzie and she blames him for being fired. Alex is equally angry because he says that "he was her husband and she didn't give him the benefit of the doubt." Richard accidentally clips his emergency patient's bile duct, causing the patient to turn yellow. Learning of this, Richard plans on leaving surgery for a while, and there is a recap of how he starts drinking again. Cristina gets a surprise gift from Owen: a cardio-goddess, Teddy Altman.

112
10
"Holidaze"
Robert Berlinger
Krista Vernoff
November 19, 2009 (2009-11-19)
14.07[38]

The holidays aren't so merry for the doctors at Seattle Grace-Mercy West hospital when Cristina suspects that something is or has been going on between her boyfriend, Owen, and his old friend, Teddy. Bailey is stunned when her father makes rash judgements about her life and the choices she has made, finally culminating in a showdown at Meredith's Christmas dinner. Meanwhile, Alex is lonely since Izzie is still gone, while the Chief develops a steady addiction to alcohol.

113
11
"Blink"
Randy Zisk
Debora Cahn
January 14, 2010 (2010-01-14)
12.73[39]

Mark flies Addison to Seattle to help with a difficult procedure on his pregnant daughter, Sloan. Owen questions Teddy's motives when she assigns Cristina the lead on a complicated surgery, and Derek's suspicions are raised when the Chief recruits Meredith to assist with a high profile operation on. Lexie sleeps with Alex.
This episode begins a crossover with Private Practice that concludes on "Another Second Chance".

114
12
"I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked"
Donna Deitch
Tony Phelan & Joan Rater
January 21, 2010 (2010-01-21)
12.65[40]

Izzie returns, after getting a message from Meredith suggesting Alex is moving on. She spends the day at the hospital attempting to win Alex back and looking for a job in the neighborhood. Torres gets the chicken pox and becomes incensed when Arizona locks her in isolation. Alex breaks up with Izzie because he thinks he deserves someone who won't leave him. Izzie leaves, never to return. Derek tells the board that Richard is drinking and they fire him.

115
13
"State of Love and Trust"
Jeannot Szwarc
Stacy McKee
February 4, 2010 (2010-02-04)
12.55[41]

As Derek begins his role as interim chief, he faces a potential lawsuit when Bailey and Meredith's patient awakens from anesthesia mid-surgery. Meanwhile, Teddy refuses to place Cristina on her service, while Alex begins to invest himself in Pediatrics, leaving plastics behind. As Mark refuses to speak to a heartbroken Lexie, Derek tries to convince Richard to seek treatment for his drinking. Derek later hires April Kepner and Megan Mostow back.

116
14
"Valentine's Day Massacre"
Stephen Cragg
William Harper
February 11, 2010 (2010-02-11)
12.74[42]

It's Valentine's Day and the doctors must treat dozens of injured people after the roof collapses at a popular romantic restaurant; Derek tries to manage his busy schedule as Chief of Surgery; Meredith wrestles with her new duties as the Chief's wife; and Mark and Callie team up to convince Sloane to do the right thing for her baby, who is determined to give the baby up for adoption.

117
15
"The Time Warp"
Rob Corn
Zoanne Clack
February 18, 2010 (2010-02-18)
10.21[43]

Previous medical cases involving Webber, Bailey and Callie are told as part of a decision from Derek as the new chief. The cases shed light on the beginnings of the affair between the Chief (played by J. August Richards) and Ellis (Sarah Paulson) in 1982, the makings of Bailey in the 2004 sequences, where viewers see Bailey in her pre-"Nazi" days and Callie shortly before she was introduced on the show.

118
16
"Perfect Little Accident"
Bill D'Elia
Peter Nowalk
March 4, 2010 (2010-03-04)
11.83[44]

Jackson Avery's relationship to the legendary Harper Avery is revealed after he is admitted to the hospital, and it creates a stir around the hospital. Cristina, along with other residents, attempt to gain his attention, while Webber and Derek are nervous about operating on Harper Avery. Arizona tries to help Teddy move on to greener pastures when she sees how obsessed she is with Owen, and Mark attempts to get on after giving up Sloan's baby through sex.

119
17
"Push"
Chandra Wilson
Debora Cahn
March 11, 2010 (2010-03-11)
10.96[45]

Dr. Hunt and Dr. Webber fight and compete over a patient with a large tumor, aided by Meredith and Cristina respectively. Dr. Bailey struggles to let her guard down and open up to her blooming relationship. Mark tries to get back into a relationship and asks Teddy to go out on a date. Callie realizes that Arizona does not want a baby as she does, leading her to question the relationship. Lexie realizes that Mark is moving on and breaks down.

120
18
"Suicide is Painless"
Jeannot Szwarc
Tony Phelan & Joan Rater
March 25, 2010 (2010-03-25)
11.57[46]

Dr. Hunt has trouble sleeping and is still showing signs of PTSD. Teddy and Hunt have been asked to help a patient die with physician assisted suicide, which leads to a flashback of Teddy and Hunt in the Army where Hunt was asked by a friend to help him die. Mark is enjoying dating Teddy and they are not having sex and he is happy. Callie confides in Mark about Arizona not wanting children. Meredith shows signs of hating Derek as Chief, as she becomes angry at Derek when she feels he stole one of her surgeries. April Kepner begins to act like Derek's assistant instead of being a surgeon because she thinks she can't do it.

121
19
"Sympathy for the Parents"
Debbie Allen
Allan Heinberg
April 1, 2010 (2010-04-01)
9.87[47]

Meredith and Derek begin to discuss having a child, while Teddy and Mark have sex for the first time. Alex's brother, Aaron, comes to visit, which reveals many of Alex's secrets, much to the delight of Bailey and to the annoyance of Alex. Lexie begins to notice that April is developing a crush on Derek. Dr Webber, Lexie and Derek are faced with a patient that will come to change their lives forever.

122
20
"Hook, Line and Sinner"
Tony Phelan
Meg Marinis
April 29, 2010 (2010-04-29)
10.47[48]

Teddy is getting more involved with Mark, to get over Owen, but Mark's daughter arrives at his house unexpectedly and in labor. Mark wants to keep the baby, and asks Torres for guidance while getting some unwanted advice from Arizona. Meredith begins to notice Dr. Kepner's crush on Derek.

123
21
"How Insensitive"
Tom Verica
William Harper
May 6, 2010 (2010-05-06)
11.03[49]

Bailey preps the team with mandatory sensitivity training prior to admitting a 700-pound patient with compounded medical issues, and the case proves to be challenging in every sense of the word. Meanwhile Derek has to come face to face with a former patient's husband in a wrongful death deposition, and spending time with a heart patient's daughter opens up some old wounds for Cristina.

124
22
"Shiny Happy People"
Edward Ornelas
Zoanne Clack & Peter Nowalk
May 13, 2010 (2010-05-13)
11.05[50]

An elderly patient admitted into the E.R. for a heart condition sees a familiar face: a long lost love who happens to be in the E.R. as well for a fractured arm, and the staff find themselves caught up in their love story. Meanwhile, Karev treats a troubled teenage patient called Hayley May (Demi Lovato) whose parents brought her in for schizophrenia. Meredith can't help but tell Cristina about her suspicions of Owen, making Cristina confront Owen about his feelings for Teddy, and Mark makes a confession to Lexie.

125
23
"Sanctuary"
Stephen Cragg
Shonda Rhimes
May 20, 2010 (2010-05-20)
13.93[11]

The hospital is hit with an unprecedented crisis: a shooter is in the hospital, and making the hospital go into a lockdown. Meredith discovers that she is pregnant, while Cristina breaks up with Owen after he can't decide between her and Teddy. The shooter, Gary Clark, shoots Reed Adamson and Alex, which leads to Lexie and Mark trying to save him. Bailey must try to save Charles with the help of her patient Mary (Mandy Moore) after he is shot, while Derek is confronted by Gary Clark, who shoots him after being interrupted by April.

126
24
"Death and All His Friends"
Rob Corn
Shonda Rhimes
May 20, 2010 (2010-05-20)
16.13[11]

With the crisis unfolding, each character is put through extreme trials and tribulations. Cristina is put under pressure to save Derek, who has been shot. Arizona and Callie reinstate their relationship when Callie says she doesn't want to have a baby if it means she can't be with Arizona. Arizona agrees to have a baby because she said that she didn't want to stop Callie from being an excellent mother. Bailey tries to save Charles Percy, who has been shot by the shooter, with limited resources. The shooter walks into the OR where Cristina and Jackson are trying to save Derek and Jackson pretends to stop saving Derek so that the shooter goes away. Meredith thinks that Derek is going to die, and has a miscarriage. Owen realizes that he loves Cristina, and chooses her over Teddy.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Live + SD ratings[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode
Air date
Time slot (EST)
Rating/Share (18–49)
Viewers (m)

103
1
"Good Mourning"
September 24, 2009 (2009-09-24)
Thursdays
9:00 p.m.
6.7/17[30]
17.03[30]

104
2
"Goodbye"
September 24, 2009 (2009-09-24)
6.7/17[30]
17.03[30]

105
3
"I Always Feel Like Somebody's Watchin' Me"
October 1, 2009 (2009-10-01)
6.1/16[31]
15.69[31]

106
4
"Tainted Obligation"
October 8, 2009 (2009-10-08)
5.4/14[32]
14.17[32]

107
5
"Invasion"
October 15, 2009 (2009-10-15)
5.0/13[33]
13.79[33]

108
6
"I Saw What I Saw"
October 22, 2009 (2009-10-22)
5.3/14[34]
14.67[34]

109
7
"Give Peace a Chance"
October 29, 2009 (2009-10-29)
5.2/13[35]
13.74[35]

110
8
"Invest in Love"
November 5, 2009 (2009-11-05)
5.1/13[36]
13.95[36]

111
9
"New History"
November 12, 2009 (2009-11-12)
5.6/14[37]
14.87[37]

112
10
"Holidaze"
November 19, 2009 (2009-11-19)
5.1/13[38]
14.07[38]

113
11
"Blink"
January 14, 2010 (2010-01-14)
4.8/12[39]
12.73[39]

114
12
"I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked"
January 21, 2010 (2010-01-21)
4.7/12[40]
12.65[40]

115
13
"State of Love and Trust"
February 4, 2010 (2010-02-04)
4.5/12[41]
12.55[41]

116
14
"Valentine's Day Massacre"
February 11, 2010 (2010-02-11)
4.4/11[42]
12.74[42]

117
15
"The Time Warp"
February 18, 2010 (2010-02-18)
3.7/9[43]
10.21[43]

118
16
"Perfect Little Accident"
March 4, 2010 (2010-03-04)
4.0/11[44]
11.83[44]

119
17
"Push"
March 11, 2010 (2010-03-11)
3.9/11[45]
10.96[45]

120
18
"Suicide is Painless"
March 25, 2010 (2010-03-25)
3.7/10[46]
11.57[46]

121
19
"Sympathy for the Parents"
April 1, 2010 (2010-04-01)
3.5/11[47]
9.69[47]

122
20
"Hook, Line and Sinner"
April 29, 2010 (2010-04-29)
3.8/11[48]
10.47[48]

123
21
"How Insensitive"
May 6, 2010 (2010-05-06)
3.8/11[49]
11.03[49]

124
22
"Shiny Happy People"
May 13, 2010 (2010-05-13)
3.9/11[50]
11.05[50]

125
23
"Sanctuary"
May 20, 2010 (2010-05-20)
4.9/14[11]
13.93[11]

126
24
"Death and All His Friends"
May 20, 2010 (2010-05-20)
5.9/17[11]
16.13[11]

text: DVD Release[edit]

text:
Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Sixth Season - More is Better[51]

Set Details
Special Features

24 Episodes (1 extended)
6-Disc Set
English (Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround)
Audio Commentaries

Dissecting Grey's Anatomy - Unaired Scenes
In Stitches: Season Six Outtakes
Chandra wilson: Anatomy of A Talent
Seattle Grace: On Call- 6 Webisodes

Release Dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

September 14, 2010
December 5, 2011
November 3, 2010


document_title: Nephilim

question_text: what were the names of the giants in the bible

text: Nephilim

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon (1906) gives the meaning of nephilim as "giants", and holds that proposed etymologies of the word are "all very precarious".[3] Many suggested interpretations are based on the assumption that the word is a derivative of Hebrew verbal root n-ph-l (נ-פ-ל) "fall". Robert Baker Girdlestone[4] argued in 1871 the word comes from the Hiphil causative stem, implying that the nephilim are to be perceived as "those that cause others to fall down". Ronald Hendel states that it is a passive form "ones who have fallen", grammatically analogous to paqid "one who is appointed" (i.e., overseer), asir "one who is bound" (i.e., prisoner), etc.[5][6]

text: The majority of ancient biblical versions—including the Septuagint, Theodotion, Latin Vulgate, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos, and Targum Neofiti—interpret the word to mean "giants".[7] Symmachus translates it as "the violent ones"[8][9][10] and Aquila's translation has been interpreted to mean either "the fallen ones"[8] or "the ones falling [upon their enemies]".[10][11]

text: In the Hebrew Bible[edit]

text: The term "Nephilim" is mentioned twice in the Pentateuch. The first occurrence is in Genesis 6:1–4, immediately before the account of Noah's Ark. Genesis 6:4 reads as follows (Jewish Publication Society translation, 1917): "The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them; the same were the mighty men that were of old, the men of renown."[12] Where the Jewish Publication Society simply transliterated the Hebrew nephilim as "Nephilim," the King James Version translated the term as "giants."

text: The nature of the Nephilim is complicated by the ambiguity of Genesis 6:4, which leaves it unclear whether they are the "sons of God" or their offspring who are the "mighty men of old, men of renown". Richard Hess in The Anchor Bible Dictionary takes it to mean that the Nephilim are the offspring,[13] as does P. W. Coxon in Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible.[14]

text: The second is Numbers 13:32–33, where ten of the Twelve Spies report that they have seen fearsome giants in Canaan. "And there we saw the Nephilim, the sons of Anak, who come of the Nephilim; and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight" (Jewish Publication Society, 1917).

text: Ezekiel 32:27 contains a phrase of disputed meaning. With the traditional vowels added to the text in the medieval period, the phrase is read gibborim nophlim ("fallen warriors," or "fallen Gibborim, although some scholars read the phrase as gibborim nephilim ("Nephilim warriors" or "warriors, Nephilim").[15][16][17] According to Ronald S. Hendel, the phrase should be interpreted as "warriors, the Nephilim" in a reference to Genesis 6:4. The verse as understood by Hendel reads, "They lie with the warriors, the Nephilim of old, who descended to Sheol with their weapons of war. They placed their swords beneath their heads and their shields upon their bones, for the terror of the warriors was upon the land of the living."[18] Brian R. Doak, on the other hand, proposes to read the term as the Hebrew verb "fallen" (nophlim), not a use of the specific term "Nephilim," but still according to Doak a clear reference to the Nephilim tradition as found in Genesis.[19]

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: Fallen angels[edit]

text: All early sources refer to the "sons of heaven" as angels. From the third century BCE onwards, references are found in the Enochic literature, the Dead Sea Scrolls the (Genesis Apocryphon, the Damascus Document, 4Q180), Jubilees, the Testament of Reuben, 2 Baruch, Josephus, and the book of Jude (compare with 2 Peter 2). For example: 1 Enoch 7:2 "And when the angels, (3) the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became enamoured of them, saying to each other, Come, let us select for ourselves wives from the progeny of men, and let us beget children." Some Christian apologists, such as Tertullian and especially Lactantius, shared this opinion.

text: The earliest statement in a secondary commentary explicitly interpreting this to mean that angelic beings mated with humans can be traced to the rabbinical Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and it has since become especially commonplace in modern-day Christian commentaries. This line of interpretation finds additional support in the text of Genesis 6:4 which juxtaposes the sons of God (male gender, divine nature) with the daughters of men (female gender, human nature). From this parallelism it could be inferred that the sons of God are understood as some superhuman beings.[20]

text: The New American Bible commentary draws a parallel to the Epistle of Jude and the statements set forth in Genesis, suggesting that the Epistle refers implicitly to the paternity of Nephilim as heavenly beings who came to earth and had sexual intercourse with women.[21] The footnotes of the Jerusalem Bible suggest that the biblical author intended the Nephilim to be an "anecdote of a superhuman race".[22]

text: Some Christian commentators have argued against this view, citing Jesus's statement that angels do not marry.[23] Others believe that Jesus was only referring to angels in heaven.[24]

text: Evidence cited in favor of the fallen angels interpretation includes the fact that the phrase "the sons of God" (Hebrew: בְּנֵי הָֽאֱלֹהִים; or "sons of the gods") is used twice outside of Genesis chapter 6, in the Book of Job (1:6 and 2:1) where the phrase explicitly references angels. The Septuagint manuscript Codex Alexandrinus reading of Genesis 6:2 renders this phrase as "the angels of God" while Codex Vaticanus reads "sons".[25]

text: Targum Pseudo-Jonathan identifies the Nephilim as Shemihaza and the angels in the name list from 1 Enoch.[26]

text: Second Temple Judaism[edit]

text: The story of the Nephilim is further elaborated in the Book of Enoch. The Greek, Aramaic, and main Ge'ez manuscripts of 1 Enoch and Jubilees obtained in the 19th century and held in the British Museum and Vatican Library, connect the origin of the Nephilim with the fallen angels, and in particular with the egrḗgoroi (watchers). Samyaza, an angel of high rank, is described as leading a rebel sect of angels in a descent to earth to have sexual intercourse with human females:

text: And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters. And the angels, the children of the heaven, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another: "Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men and beget us children." And Semjaza, who was their leader, said unto them: "I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin." And they all answered him and said: "Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing." Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it ...[27]

text: In this tradition, the children of the Nephilim are called the Elioud, who are considered a separate race from the Nephilim, but they share the fate as the Nephilim.

text: According to these texts, the fallen angels who begat the Nephilim were cast into Tartarus (2 Peter 2:4, Jude 1:6) (Greek Enoch 20:2),[28] a place of "total darkness". However, Jubilees also states that God granted ten percent of the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim to remain after the flood, as demons, to try to lead the human race astray until the final Judgment.

text: In addition to Enoch, the Book of Jubilees (7:21–25) also states that ridding the Earth of these Nephilim was one of God's purposes for flooding the Earth in Noah's time. These works describe the Nephilim as being evil giants.

text: There are also allusions to these descendants in the deuterocanonical books of Judith 16:6, Sirach 16:7, Baruch 3:26–28, and Wisdom of Solomon 14:6, and in the non-deuterocanonical 3 Maccabees 2:4.

text: In the New Testament Epistle of Jude 14–15 cites from 1 Enoch 1:9, which many scholars believe is based on Deuteronomy 33:2.[29][30][31] To most commentators this confirms that the author of Jude regarded the Enochic interpretations of Genesis 6 as correct, however others[32] have questioned this.

text: Descendants of Seth and Cain[edit]

text: References to the offspring of Seth rebelling from God and mingling with the daughters of Cain are found from the second century CE onwards in both Christian and Jewish sources. e.g. Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Augustine of Hippo, Sextus Julius Africanus, and the Letters attributed to St. Clement. It is also the view expressed in the modern canonical Amharic Ethiopian Orthodox Bible: Henok 2:1–3 "and the Offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, "Come, let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us."

text: Orthodox Judaism has taken a stance against the idea that Genesis 6 refers to angels or that angels could intermarry with men. Shimon bar Yochai pronounced a curse on anyone teaching this idea. Rashi and Nachmanides followed this. Pseudo-Philo, Biblical Antiquities 3:1–3 may also imply that the "sons of God" were human.[33] Consequently, most Jewish commentaries and translations describe the Nephilim as being from the offspring of "sons of nobles", rather than from "sons of God" or "sons of angels".[34] This is also the rendering suggested in the Targum Onqelos, Symmachus and the Samaritan Targum which read "sons of the rulers", where Targum Neophyti reads "sons of the judges".

text: Likewise, a long-held view among some Christians is that the "sons of God" were the formerly righteous descendants of Seth who rebelled, while the "daughters of men" were the unrighteous descendants of Cain, and the Nephilim the offspring of their union.[35] This view, dating to at least the 1st century AD in Jewish literature as described above, is also found in Christian sources from the 3rd century if not earlier, with references throughout the Clementine literature,[36] as well as in Sextus Julius Africanus,[37] Ephrem the Syrian[38] and others. Holders of this view have looked for support in Jesus' statement that "in those days before the flood they [humans] were ... marrying and giving in marriage" (Matthew 24:38).[39]

text: Some individuals and groups, including St. Augustine, John Chrysostom, and John Calvin, take the view of Genesis 6:2 that the "Angels" who fathered the Nephilim referred to certain human males from the lineage of Seth, who were called sons of God probably in reference to their prior covenant with Yahweh (cf. Deuteronomy 14:1; 32:5); according to these sources, these men had begun to pursue bodily interests, and so took wives of the daughters of men, e.g., those who were descended from Cain or from any people who did not worship God.

text: This also is the view of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church,[40] supported by their own Ge'ez manuscripts and Amharic translation of the Haile Selassie Bible—where the books of 1 Enoch and Jubilees, counted as canonical by this church, differ from western academic editions.[41] The "Sons of Seth view" is also the view presented in a few extra-biblical, yet ancient works, including Clementine literature, the 3rd century Cave of Treasures, and the ca. 6th Century Ge'ez work The Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan. In these sources, these offspring of Seth were said to have disobeyed God, by breeding with the Cainites and producing wicked children "who were all unlike", thus angering God into bringing about the Deluge, as in the Conflict:

text: Certain wise men of old wrote concerning them, and say in their [sacred] books that angels came down from heaven and mingled with the daughters of Cain, who bare unto them these giants. But these [wise men] err in what they say. God forbid such a thing, that angels who are spirits, should be found committing sin with human beings. Never, that cannot be. And if such a thing were of the nature of angels, or Satans, that fell, they would not leave one woman on earth, undefiled ... But many men say, that angels came down from heaven, and joined themselves to women, and had children by them. This cannot be true. But they were children of Seth, who were of the children of Adam, that dwelt on the mountain, high up, while they preserved their virginity, their innocence and their glory like angels; and were then called 'angels of God.' But when they transgressed and mingled with the children of Cain, and begat children, ill-informed men said, that angels had come down from heaven, and mingled with the daughters of men, who bear them giants.

text: Arguments from culture and mythology[edit]

text: In Aramaic culture, the term niyphelah refers to the Constellation of Orion and nephilim to the offspring of Orion in mythology.[42] However the Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon notes this as a "dubious etymology" and "all very precarious".[43]

text: J. C. Greenfield mentions that "it has been proposed that the tale of the Nephilim, alluded to in Genesis 6 is based on some of the negative aspects of the Apkallu tradition".[44] The apkallu in Sumerian mythology were seven legendary culture heroes from before the Flood, of human descent, but possessing extraordinary wisdom from the gods, and one of the seven apkallu, Adapa, was therefore called "son of Ea" the Babylonian god, despite his human origin.[45]

text: Misidentification of fossil remains[edit]

text: Cotton Mather believed that fossilized leg bones and teeth discovered near Albany, New York in 1705 were the remains of nephilim who perished in a great flood. However, paleontologists have identified these as mastodon remains.[46][47]

text: Related terms[edit]

text: In the Hebrew Bible, there are a number of other words which, like "nephilim", are sometimes translated as "giants":

text:
Emim
Rephaim
Anakim
Gibborim

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: The name and idea of Nephilim, like many other religious concepts, is sometimes used in popular culture. Examples include the gothic rock band Fields of the Nephilim, The Renquist Quartet novels by Mick Farren, tv-series such as The X-Files and Supernatural and different kinds of games.