document_title: Wind power in the Republic of Ireland

question_text: when was the first wind farm built in ireland

text: Wind power in the Republic of Ireland

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
External image

 Today's prognosis and production

text: On 23 December 2016 as the named Storm Barbara passed close to Ireland, a new record of 2,247 MW was generated in the Republic of Ireland,[citation needed] peaking at 2,815 MW.[8][13]

text: In 2015 the island had 2,911 MW wind capacity. In 2014, 17.7% of Irish electricity came from wind, second only[14] to the 30% of Denmark at that time. As of March 2015 Ireland has an installed wind power nameplate capacity of 2,230 megawatts (MW),[4] and wind supplied 39% of December's demand.[15] On 7 January 2015, the output from the country's turbines peaked reaching 2,514 megawatts (63% of load), a new record.[14]

text: By 20 August 2013, Ireland had an installed capacity of 2,232 megawatts.[16] The 2013 figure shows an increase of 232 megawatts compared to the figures reported on 24 March 2012. Average 2013 output to 21 September is 486 Megawatts and Median 2013 Output is 393 Megawatts. Output can be as low as 3 Megawatts on a still day such as 12 July 2013 when a low of 3 Megawatts was reached at 9:30 am[17] which is 0.012% of the Rated Installed Capacity of over 2,200 Megawatts.

text: As of July 2012, up to 14.8% of Irish electricity has been generated from renewable sources, up from 5% in 1990. Wind is the main source of renewable energy production, increasing from less than 1pc of total renewable production in 1995 to over 40pc today.[18] 2012 capacity is more than four times the total of 495.2 megawatts in 2005. Depending on weather conditions wind power was enough to supply 1.3 million homes in 2012.[19]

text: On 19 July 2010, the Irish Wind Energy Association reported an installed capacity of 1746 megawatts, enough to power 753,000 households. . Once in April 2010, 50% of electricity demand was met from wind power.[20] However, the wind generation capacity factor for 2010 was approx. 23.5%, giving an annual average wind energy penetration of approx. 11% of total kWh consumed.[21][22]

text: On 31 July 2009, the output from the country's turbines peaked at 999 megawatts. At that time, 39% of Ireland’s demand for electricity was met from wind.[23] On 24 October 2009, the output exceeded 1000 megawatts for the first time with a peak of 1064 MW.

text: In 2008 alone, the rate of growth was 54.6%, amongst the highest in the world.[24]

text: Background, Financing[edit]

text: Eddie O’Connor, then CEO of the semi-state owned peat harvesting company, Bord na Móna, commissioned the country’s first "commercial wind farm" in a cutaway peat bog in County Mayo in 1992.[25]

text: In the Directive[26] 2001/77/EC, otherwise known as the RES-E Directive, the European Union stated a goal to have 22% of the total energy consumed by member states to be produced from renewable energy resources by 2010. As a result, Ireland, in a report titled "Policy Consideration for Renewable Electricity to 2010", made the commitment to have 4% of its total energy consumption come from renewable energy resources by 2002 and 13.2% by 2010. The Department of Communications Marine and Natural Resources (DCMNR) founded the Renewable Energy Group (REG) which established the short term analysis group (STAG) to investigate a means of accomplishing this goal. To meet the 2010 target of 13.2%, 1,432 MW of electricity will need to be generated from renewable resources with 1,100 MW being generated from wind resources both onshore and offshore.

text: Ireland uses an EU industry subsidy known as the Public Service Obligation to support development of wind power.[27] The PSO charge is in place so that money is given to companies for generating electricity from renewable sources and to help fund peat-burning stations, as neither are competitive enough without it. Irish homes are charged €63 a year in the PSO levy, resulting in €328 million going to the Wind and peat companies as of 2015.[28] In 2016, this was increased to €72.[29]

text: Offshore wind power[edit]

text: The Arklow Bank Wind Park, located 10 km off the coast of Arklow on the Arklow Bank in the Irish Sea, was Ireland's first offshore wind farm. The wind farm is owned and built by GE Energy and was co-developed by Airtricity and GE Energy. The site has 7 GE Energy 3.6 MW turbines that generate a total of 25 MW. The development of the site was originally divided into two phases with the first phase being the current installation of 7 turbines. The second phase was a partnership between Airtricity and Acciona Energy. Acciona Energy had an option to buy the project after the facility is completed. The wind farm was planned to expand to 520 MW of power. However, in 2007, Phase 2 was cancelled.[30]

text: Although the waters off the Atlantic coastline of Ireland have higher winds, sites along the eastern coastline such as Arklow were chosen because of the shallower waters, which are 20 m deep or less.

text: The National Offshore Wind Association of Ireland (NOW Ireland) announced in April 2010 that 60,000 potential jobs could be created in the Irish marine, construction, engineering and service industries through the development of offshore wind energy in Irish and European waters. NOW Ireland also announced in the same month that over €50bn was due to be invested in the Irish Sea and Celtic Sea in the next two decades.[31]

text: In Belfast, the harbour industry is being redeveloped as a hub for offshore windfarm construction, at a cost of about £50m. The work will create 150 jobs in construction, as well as requiring about 1m tonnes of stone from local quarries, which will create hundreds more jobs. "It is the first dedicated harbour upgrade for offshore wind".[32]

text: Current trends[edit]

text: Grid connection is currently awarded on a 'first come, first connect' basis through Gate 3 procedures. On examination of the Gate 3 queue, there are a number of large onshore and offshore wind projects that are down the list and will, therefore, be offered grid connection towards the end of the anticipated 18-month processing period commencing in December 2009.[33]

text: While planning permission normally expires after 5 years, the Planning and Development Act 2000 section 41 allows for a longer period. At present it is common to apply and obtain a 10-year permission for a wind energy development. Section 42 of the above Act originally permitted a 5-year extension of the "appropriate period" provided that substantial works were carried out. This caused major problems as the term "substantial works" was not clearly defined which resulted in a large variety in interpretation of what constituted substantial works among the various planning authorities. This issue was rectified by the Planning and Development (Amendment) Act 2010 section 28 which inserted an additional paragraph allowing a once off extension not exceeding 5 years if "there were considerations of a commercial, economic or technical nature beyond the control of the applicant which substantially militated against either the commencement of development or the carrying out of substantial works pursuant to the planning permission"

text: The fourth issue regarding the generation of wind power is the Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff, or REFIT.[34] The purpose of REFIT is to encourage development of renewable energy resources. For wind power production, the current limit to the tariff is 1,450 MW. However, applications currently being processed for grid connections exceed the limit by almost 1,500 MW for a total for nearly 3,000 MW. Since the limit is 1,450 MW, many of the applications for grid connections may not eligible for the tariff.[35][not in citation given]

text: 5 largest onshore wind farms[edit]

text:
Wind Farm
Completed
Capacity (MW)
Turbines
Turbine Vendor
Model
Size (MW)
County
Operator

Meenadreen[36][37]
2017
95
38
Nordex
N90 2500
2.5
Donegal
Energia

Knockacummer
2014
87.5
35
Nordex
N90 2500
2.5
Cork
Brookfield

Mount Lucas
2014
84
28
Siemens
SWT-3-0-101
3
Offaly

Meentycat[38]
2005
72
38
Siemens

2.3
Donegal
SSE Renewables[39]

Derrybrien[40]
2006
60
70
Vestas
V52
0.85
Galway
ESBI[41]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Economy[edit]

text: In 2011, the 120-member Irish Academy of Engineering described wind as "an extremely expensive way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions when compared to other alternatives" like conservation, nuclear energy or the Corrib gas project and Liquified Gas tanker imports at Shannon, concluding that the suggestion of 40% grid penetration by wind, is "unrealistic".[42] By contrast, the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland says wind power costs the same as gas power.[43]

text: Peat and CO2 impacts[edit]

text: Access roads on top of peatlands results in the drainage and then eventual oxidation of some of the peat. The turbines represent a minor impact,[44] provided that the entire wind farm area is not drained, potentially emitting more CO2 than the turbines would save.[45] Biochemist Mike Hall stated in 2009; "wind farms (built on peat bogs) may eventually emit more carbon than an equivalent coal-fired power station" if drained.[46]

text: In a 2014 report for the Northern Ireland Environment Agency, which has similar peatland, it notes that siting wind turbines on peatland could release considerable carbon dioxide from the peat, and also damage the peatland contributions to flood control and water quality: "The potential knock-on effects of using the peatland resource for wind turbines are considerable and it is arguable that the impacts on this facet of biodiversity will have the most noticeable and greatest financial implications for Northern Ireland."[47]

text: The Irish Peatland Conservation Council maintains a database on incidences were turbine construction and their associated works, such as road construction on deep peat, resulted in environmentally degrading "bog bursts"/"peat flows". Events that accelerate the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.[48] Following the Corrie Mountain burst of 2008, Ireland was fined by a European Court over its mishandling of wind farms on peatland.[48][49]

text: The body representing industrial Peat harvesting in Ireland, Bord na Móna, announced in 2015 the "biggest change of land use in modern Irish history": harvesting energy peat is being phased out by 2030, due to the long expected depletion of the profitable lowland peat[50] at which point the company would complete its transition to becoming a "sustainable biomass, wind and solar power" organization.[51]

text: Land slides[edit]

text: In Derrybrien County Galway, at the site of what would become Ireland's largest wind farm in 2006, the 70 tower Derrybrien project, construction disrupted the underlying peatland. On 16 October 2003, it caused the 2003 Derrybrien landslide which culminated in an almost 2.5 km long, 450,000 m3 peat slide, polluting a nearby lake and killing 50,000 fish.[52] If all carbon in the slide is being released, it represents 7–15 months of production from the wind farm in avoided carbon dioxide from fossil power.[45] In 2004, engineering companies were convicted of being responsible for the pollution,[53] while the wind farm company was acquitted.[54] The Irish government was convicted in 2008 of poor oversight.[55]

text: The Irish Peatland Conservation Council maintains a database on incidences where turbine construction and their associated works, such as road construction on deep peat, resulted in environmentally degrading "bog bursts"/"peat flows". Events that accelerate the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.[48] Following the Corrie Mountain burst of 2008, Ireland was fined by a European Court over its mishandling of wind farms on peatland.[48][56] By 2010, at least three wind farm related peat slides had occurred in Ireland.[44]

text: Environmental Impact & Greenhouse gases[edit]

text: As Ireland moved its electricity production from coal and peat to gas and wind, its CO2 emissions were reduced by 29% over 15 years (from 2001 to 2015) while generation increased.[61]

text: In a typical study of a wind farms Life cycle assessment (LCA), in isolation, it usually results in similar findings as the following 2006 analysis of 3 installations in the US Midwest, were the carbon dioxide(co2) emissions of wind power ranged from 14 to 33 metric ton per GWh(14 - 33 gCO2/kWh) of energy produced, with most of the CO2 emissions coming from the production of concrete for wind-turbine foundations.[62]

text: However, when approached from the effects on the grid as a whole, that assess wind turbines' ability to reduce a country's total electric grid emission intensity, a study by the Irish national grid, a grid that is predominately (~70%) powered by fossil gas, (and if it was 100% gas, would result in emissions of 410 - 650 gCO2/kWh.[63][64]) found that although "Producing electricity from wind reduces the consumption of fossil fuels and therefore leads to [electric grid] emissions savings", with findings in reductions of the grid-wide CO2 emissions to 0.33-0.59 metric ton of CO2 per MWh (330 - 590 gCO2/kWh).[65]

text: These findings were of relatively "low [emission] savings", as presented in the Journal of Energy Policy, and were largely due to an over-reliance on the results from the analysis of wind farms LCAs in isolation.[59][60] As high electric grid penetration by intermittent power sources e.g. wind power, sources which have low capacity factors due to the weather, either requires the construction of transmission to neighbouring areas, energy storage projects like the 292 MW Turlough Hill Power Station, that have their own additional emission intensity which must be accounted for,[66][67] or the more common practice of requiring a higher reliance on fossil fuels than the spinning reserve requirements necessary to back-up the more dependable/baseload power sources, such as hydropower and nuclear energy.[59]

text: This higher dependence on back-up/Load following power plants to ensure a steady power grid output has the knock-on-effect of more frequent inefficient (in CO2e g/kW·h) throttling up and down of these other power sources in the grid to accommodate the intermittent power source's variable output. When one includes the intermittent sources total effect it has on other power sources in the grid system, that is, including these inefficient start up emissions of backup power sources to cater for wind energy, into wind energy's total system wide life cycle, this results in a higher real-world emission intensity related to wind energy than the in-isolation g/kW·h value, a statistic that is determined by looking at the power source in isolation and thus ignores all down-stream detrimental/inefficiency effects it has on the grid.[59] In a 2012 paper that appeared in the Journal of Industrial Ecology it states.[58]

text: The thermal efficiency of fossil-based power plants is reduced when operated at fluctuating and suboptimal loads to supplement wind power, which may degrade, to a certain extent, the GHG (Greenhouse gas) benefits resulting from the addition of wind to the grid. A study conducted by Pehnt and colleagues (2008) reports that a moderate level of [grid] wind penetration (12%) would result in efficiency penalties of 3% to 8%, depending on the type of conventional power plant considered. Gross and colleagues (2006) report similar results, with efficiency penalties ranging from nearly 0% to 7% for up to 20% [of grid] wind penetration. Pehnt and colleagues (2008) conclude that the results of adding offshore wind power in Germany on the background power systems maintaining a level supply to the grid and providing enough reserve capacity amount to adding between 20 and 80 g CO2-eq/kWh to the life cycle GHG emissions profile of wind power.

text: According to the IPCC, wind turbines when assessed in isolation, have a median life cycle emission value of between 12 and 11 (gCO2eq/kWh). While the more dependable alpine Hydropower and nuclear stations have median total life cycle emission values of 24 and 12 g CO2-eq/kWh respectively.[63][64]

text: Regarding interconnections, Ireland is connected to adjacent UK National Grid at an electricity interconnection level (transmission capacity relative to production capacity) of 9%.[68] The two grids have a high wind correlation of 0.61, whereas the wind correlation between the Irish grid and the Danish grid is low at 0.09.[69]

text: Tourism[edit]

text: One major aspect of wind farms in Ireland is tourist attraction and also local attraction. The Bord na Mona wind farm in Mount Lucas, Daingean, Co.Offaly has provided a local walk way through the newly established wind farm that attracts people of all ages. The walk way provides a safe environment off road for walking, running and cycling. The walk way is approximately nine kilometres in distance with numerous stop off points for breaks. Maps can also be located in a variety of locations on the walk for guidance around the wind farm and back to allocated car parks. The walk way also provides aesthetic scenery on a relatively flat landscape. Such a walk attracts many people year round and circulates money back into the local community as tourists stop off in local shops.[70]

text: Grid study in Ireland[edit]

text: An Irish study of the grid indicates that it would be feasible to accommodate 42% (of demand) renewables in the electricity mix.[71] This acceptable level of renewable penetration was found in what the study called Scenario 5, provided 47% of electrical capacity (different from demand) with the following mix of renewable energies:

text:
6,000 MW wind
360 MW base load renewables
285 MW additional variable renewables (other intermittent sources)

text: The study cautions that various assumptions were made that "may have understated dispatch restrictions, resulting in an underestimation of operational costs, required wind curtailment, and CO2 emissions" and that "The limitations of the study may overstate the technical feasibility of the portfolios analyzed..."

text: Scenario 6, which proposed renewables providing 59% of electrical capacity and 54% of demand had problems. Scenario 6 proposed the following mix of renewable energies:

text:
8,000 MW wind
392 MW base load renewables
1,685 MW additional variable renewables (other intermittent sources)

text: The study found that for Scenario 6, "a significant number of hours characterized by extreme system situations occurred where load and reserve requirements could not be met. The results of the network study indicated that for such extreme renewable penetration scenarios, a system re-design is required, rather than a reinforcement exercise." The study declined to analyze the cost effectiveness of the required changes because "determination of costs and benefits had become extremely dependent on the assumptions made" and this uncertainty would have impacted the robustness of the results.[72]


document_title: Boba Fett

question_text: which star wars movie does boba fett die in

root

text: Boba Fett

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Original trilogy[edit]

text: Boba Fett first appeared at the September 20, 1978, San Anselmo Country Fair parade.[3] The character appeared on television two months later, animated by Nelvana Studios for the Star Wars Holiday Special as a mysterious figure who betrays Luke Skywalker after saving him, Chewbacca, C-3PO and R2-D2 from a giant monster, only to be revealed as a bounty hunter working for Darth Vader.[2] After his image and identity were revealed in the Holiday Special, costumed Fett characters appeared in shopping malls and special events, putting up "Wanted" posters of the character to distinguish him from the franchise's Imperial characters.[4] He also appears in Marvel Comics' Star Wars newspaper strip.[2]

tag: p

text: Boba's film debut was in The Empire Strikes Back as the "next major villain" behind Darth Vader.[5] Fett tracks the Millennium Falcon to Cloud City, where Vader captures its passengers and tortures its captain, Han Solo. Wanting to collect a bounty on Solo, Fett confronts Vader about whether Solo will survive carbon freeze. Vader promises that the Empire will compensate Fett if Solo dies; after Solo is determined to be alive, Vader turns him over to Fett.

text: Return of the Jedi features Boba Fett at Jabba the Hutt's palace where Solo's rescuers are captured, and he travels on Jabba's sail barge to the Great Pit of Carkoon, home of the Sarlacc, where the prisoners are to be executed. When the prisoners mount an escape he attempts to intervene, and ends up in a tussle with Luke Skywalker, but Solo accidentally ignites Fett's rocket pack, sending the bounty hunter falling into the Sarlacc's mouth.

text: In the digitally remastered Special Edition version of the original Star Wars, Boba Fett briefly appears outside the Millennium Falcon while Jabba confronts Han Solo.[2]

text: Prequel trilogy[edit]

text: The 2002 film Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones revealed that Boba Fett is an unaltered child clone whom Jango Fett raises as his son.[2] Boba helps Jango escape from Obi-Wan Kenobi, but later witnesses Jango's decapitation by Mace Windu.[2]

text: Boba Fett also appears in the CGI animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars. Boba is featured during the second-season finale,[6] and later the fourth season. During the series, Boba is shown working with Aurra Sing, a slightly force sensitive bounty hunter and Bossk, a Trandoshan bounty hunter who also appeared in Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back. With the help of the bounty hunters, Boba attempts to avenge his father Jango's death at the hands of Jedi Master Mace Windu. He poses as a clone trooper cadet and infiltrates a Republic cruiser, placing a bomb in Windu's personal quarters. Windu survives by chance but the explosion results in the crashing of the cruiser and injuring both Jedi Master Windu and Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker.

text: Canon literature[edit]

text: In the 2015 novel Star Wars: Aftermath, set after Return of the Jedi and before The Force Awakens, a man is shopping in a Jawa Sandcrawler on Tattooine and finds a set of heavily damaged Mandalorian armor that is described as looking like it "has been through hell and back". In the 2017 novel Star Wars: Aftermath: Empire's End, the armor is confirmed as having been Fett's.[citation needed]

text: In the Star Wars comic, Boba Fett discovers the identity of the pilot who destroyed the Death Star, and tells Darth Vader, who after hearing the name, realizes Luke Skywalker is none other than his own son.[7]

text: Legends[edit]

text: In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the official film franchise.[8][9][10] Boba appears extensively in the Star Wars Legends expanded universe of novels, comic books, and video games.[2]

text: The young adult Fett book series released after Clones depicts Fett taking his father's ship and armor to begin his own bounty-hunting career.[2] Some Expanded Universe stories released before Attack of the Clones depict other accounts of Fett's origins.[2] These stories include him being a stormtrooper who killed his commanding officer; a leader of the fabled Mandalorian warriors; and Jaster Mereel, a "Journeyman Protector" convicted of treason.[2] Karen Traviss' novel Bloodlines (2006), published four years after Clones, states that Fett seeded some of these "false" backstories himself.[11]

text: Various video games and books depict Fett's work as a bounty hunter, for which he charges "famously expensive" fees and that he undertakes only when the mission meets "his harsh sense of justice."[12] K. W. Jeter's Bounty Hunter Wars trilogy (1998–1999) depicts Fett as more communicative than in the films because the books' plots require Fett to show "an ability to convince people as well as kill them."[13] Works such as Dark Horse Comics' Dark Empire series (1991–1992) describe Fett escaping from the Sarlacc.[2] In another trilogy, after it describes him nearly killing the Sarlacc, it goes into detail about how Dengar, one of the bounty hunters hired to find Solo in The Empire Strikes Back, and featured in the series, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, finds him and restores him back to health.[citation needed] He would have occasional run-ins with Han Solo and his family over the years, before fighting against the Yuuzhan Vong and becoming the leader of the Mandalorians. In the Legacy of the Force series (2006–2008), Jaina Solo asks Fett to train her to help her defeat her corrupted brother and ends up helping fight against Jacen's troops. Such media also reveal that Fett became a family man at one point, though he was forcibly separated from his wife after killing his commanding officer for assaulting her. His wife subsequently disappeared and was presumed dead, and their daughter blamed Boba for her fate, and began hunting him. Her own daughter, Mirta Gev, later sought Boba out and connected with her grandfather, while her mother was killed by Jacen Solo after he became Darth Caedus. Mirta later married a Mandalorian warrior, and Boba's wife was discovered to be alive, having been frozen in carbonite some decades earlier.

text: Boba Fett appears in Star Wars: Battlefront II as a playable "hero" character, specializing in inflicting damage from a range with his blasters and rockets. He is voiced by Temuera Morrison.[citation needed]

text: Boba Fett appears in the Star Wars: Droids episode "A Race to the Finish", in which the Fromms hire him to help them get back at Jord Dusat, Thall Joben, Kea Moll and the droids C-3PO and R2-D2. He later turns on them after failing their request, deciding to accept Jabba's bounty on the Fromms as compensation.[citation needed]

text: Possible standalone film[edit]

text: On February 6, 2013, Entertainment Weekly reported that Disney and Lucasfilm were developing a stand-alone film featuring Boba Fett which would take place either between Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back or between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, with Josh Trank set to direct.[14]

text: In November 2016, Disney announced that their contract with Trank was terminated due to his behavior on the set of Fantastic Four.[15] It was reported that the film was still in stage of development at Lucasfilm with the film being filmed in London, telling the origin story of Fett.[16]

text: Concept and development[edit]

text: Boba Fett stems from initial design concepts for Darth Vader, who was originally conceived as a rogue bounty hunter.[2] While Vader became less a mercenary and more of a dark knight, the bounty hunter concept remained, and Fett became "an equally villainous" but "less conspicuous" character.[5] Concept artist Ralph McQuarrie influenced Fett's design, which was finalized by and is credited to Joe Johnston.[17] Norman Reynolds and the film's art department built the costume.[18] Fett's armor was originally designed for "super troopers", and was adapted for Fett as the script developed.[19] Screen-tested in all-white, Fett's armor eventually garnered a subdued color scheme intended to visually place him between white-armored "rank-and-file" Imperial stormtroopers and Vader, who wears black.[5] This color scheme had the added bonus of conveying the "gray morality" of his character.[5] The character's armor was designed to appear to have been scavenged from multiple sources, and it is adorned with trophies.[5] A description of the character's armor in the summer 1979 Bantha Tracks newsletter catalyzed "rampant speculation" about the character's mysterious origins.[4]

text: Despite two years of widespread publicity about Fett's appearance in The Empire Strikes Back, script rewrites significantly reduced the character's presence in the film.[4] Fett's "distinctive" theme, composed by John Williams, is "not music, exactly" but "more of a gurgly, viola-and-bassoon thing aurally cross-pollinated with some obscure static sounds."[20] Sound editor Ben Burtt added the sound of jangling spurs, created and performed by the Foley artist team of Robert Rutledge and Edward Steidele, to Fett's appearance in Cloud City, intending to make the character menacing and the scene reminiscent of similar gunfighter appearances in Western films.[21] At one point in Return of the Jedi's development, Fett was conceived as being a main villain, but he was finally replaced with Emperor Palpatine when Lucas decided to not make a third trilogy of Star Wars.[22] Lucas also considered Fett fighting Lando during the Sarlacc sequence.[23]

text: Daniel Keys Moran, who wrote several novels featuring Boba Fett, cited Westerns as an influence on his development of the character.[24] Moran said

text: The difficult thing with Fett was finding a worldview for him that permitted him to proclaim a Code — given the stark Evil that permeated the Empire, Fett pretty much had to be either 1) Evil, or 2) an incredibly unforgiving, harsh, "greater good" sort of guy. The second approach worked and has resonated with some readers.[24]

text: Star Wars creator George Lucas considered adding a shot of Fett escaping the Sarlacc in Return of the Jedi, but decided against it because it would have detracted from the story's focus, instead leaving the task of "reviving" Fett to Expanded Universe canon.[25] Lucas also said that, had he known Fett would be so popular, he would have made the character's death "more exciting."[25] Lucas at one point considered depicting Vader and Fett as brothers in the prequel films, but discounted it as too "hokey."[26] In continuing to develop the character in the prequel films, Lucas closed some avenues for expanding the character's story while opening others.[27] Fett escaped from the Sarlacc in the Star Wars Legends continuity, but since that continuity no longer counts as canon in the official canon, Fett's final fate was left unknown, although it is likely that he died. However, in July 2014, Star Wars historian Jonathan W. Winzler revealed that Lucas had told him that Fett escaped from the Sarlacc, but this still needs to be demonstrated in the official canon.[28]

text: The cancelled video game Star Wars 1313 would have told the story of the character's career as a young bounty hunter.[29]

text: Film casting and production[edit]

text: Boba Fett is primarily played by Jeremy Bulloch in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. Bulloch's half-brother alerted him to the role.[30] He was cast as Fett because the costume happened to fit "as if a Savile Row tailor had come out and made it";[30][31] he did not have to do a reading or a screen test,[32] and Bulloch never worked from a script for either film.[33]

text: Filming the role for Empire lasted three weeks.[34] The actor was pleased with the costume and used it to convey the character's menace.[33] Bulloch based his performance on Clint Eastwood's portrayal of the Man with No Name in A Fistful of Dollars;[34] similar to the Western character, Bulloch cradled the gun prop, made the character seem ready to shoot, slightly tilted his head, and stood a particular way.[32][35] Bulloch did not try to construct a backstory for the character, and said later that "the less you do with Boba Fett, the stronger he becomes".[30] Playing Fett in Empire was both the smallest and most physically uncomfortable role Bulloch has played;[32][36] Bulloch said donning the heavy jetpack was the worst aspect of the role.[37]

text: Bulloch spent four weeks working on Jedi.[34] He was unaware of Fett's demise before filming began and was "very upset" by the development;[31][33] he would like to have done more with Fett.[33] Still, Bulloch believed killing Fett made the character stronger,[31] and that his "weak" death makes fans want the character to return.[34] Bulloch thinks a scene created for Jedi Special Edition in which Fett flirts with one of Jabba's dancers is not in keeping with the character's nature.[38]

text: A younger version of the character is played by Daniel Logan in Attack of the Clones. Logan had not seen any of the Star Wars films prior to being cast as Fett, but he watched the original trilogy at Lucas' request.[39] The actor had to rely on his imagination for the bluescreen filming.[39] Both Bulloch and Logan had also expressed interest in reprising their role of Fett in the planned Star Wars: Underworld TV series, but the series remains undeveloped.[40]

text: Other portrayals[edit]

text: Boba Fett was voiced by Don Francks in the Star Wars Holiday Special and in the Star Wars: Droids episode "A Race to the Finish". Although Bulloch wore Fett's costume in Empire and Jedi, John Morton filled in during one scene for Empire,[33] while Jason Wingreen voiced Fett for Empire. His brief appearance in Hope was performed by Industrial Light & Magic creature animator Mark Austin;[33] The character's appearance in the Special Edition footage of Jedi was performed by Don Bies and Nelson Hall. For the 2004 re-releases, Temuera Morrison replaced the character's original voice for the wider continuity purposes.

text: The character's voice in National Public Radio's Star Wars radio dramas was provided by Alan Rosenberg in The Empire Strikes Back and Ed Begley, Jr. in Return of the Jedi, Tim Glovatsky in the audio adaptation of Dark Forces: Rebel Agent, Joe Hacker in audio adaptation of the Dark Empire comics, Temuera Morrison for Star Wars: Empire at War, Star Wars Battlefront II and Star Wars Battlefront: Elite Squadron, Dee Bradley Baker in Star Wars: The Force Unleashed, Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II and Star Tours: The Adventures Continue, Chris Cox in Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike, Tom Kane in Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds, Star Wars: Demolition and Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy, and Daniel Logan for Lego Star Wars: The Video Game and Star Wars: The Clone Wars.[6]

text: Boba Fett, as an evil pig, is featured in the Angry Birds Star Wars episode entitled "Boba Fett Missions". In the Family Guy parody, "Something, Something, Dark Side," Boba Fett is played by the Giant Chicken.

text: Nerdcore rapper MC Chris's 2001 song "Fett's Vette" humorously describes Boba Fett's motivations and ruthless nature as he travels the galaxy collecting bounties to make payments on his car.

text: Boba Fett has appeared in two episodes of Epic Rap Battles of History, first in 2013's "Hitler vs. Vader 3" (voiced by Ray William Johnson),[41][42] and again in 2015's "Deadpool vs. Boba Fett" (voiced by Peter Shukoff).[43][44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Boba Fett is a "cult figure" and one of the most popular Star Wars characters.[26][45] In 2008, Boba Fett was selected by Empire magazine as the 79th greatest movie character of all time, and he is included on Fandomania's list of The 100 Greatest Fictional Characters.[46][47] IGN ranked Boba Fett as the eighth top Star Wars character, due to his status as a fan-favourite and cult following.[48] He personifies "danger and mystery",[4] and Susan Mayse calls Fett "the unknowable Star Wars character" who "delivers mythic presence."[49] Although Tom Bissell asserts that no one knows why Boba Fett has become so popular, nor cares why, both Lucas and Bulloch cite Fett's mysterious nature as reasons for his popularity.[20][26] Bulloch, who has never fully understood the character's popularity, attributes it to the costume and the respect Fett garners from Darth Vader and Jabba the Hutt.[33] The initial Boba Fett toy, more than Fett's actual film appearance, might be responsible for the character's popularity; Henry Jenkins suggests children's play helped the character "take on a life of its own".[27][50][51] Moran said Vader's admonition specifically to Fett in The Empire Strikes Back — "No disintegrations" — gives Fett credibility; he was interested in Fett because the character is "strong, silent, [and] brutal".[24] Jeter says that even when Fett appears passive, he conveys "capability and ruthlessness".[13] Bissell credits Bulloch for giving Fett "effortless authority" in his first scene in The Empire Strikes Back, using such nuances as "cradling" his blaster and slightly cocking his head.[20] Fett's small role in The Empire Strikes Back may actually have made the character seem more intriguing.[4] Logan, who was a Young Artist Award nominee for his portrayal of Fett, compares Fett to "that boy in school who never talks" and who attracts others' curiosity.[52][53]

text: Bissell adds that Boba Fett, along with other minor characters like Darth Maul and Kyle Katarn, appeals to adolescent boys' "images of themselves: essentially bad-ass but ... honorable about it."[20] This tension and the absence of a clear "evil nature" (distinct from evil actions) offer Fett dramatic appeal.[20] Furthermore, Fett "is cool because he was designed to be cool", presenting a "wicked ambiguity" akin to John Milton's portrayal of Satan in Paradise Lost and Iago in William Shakespeare's Othello.[20] Bissell compares Fett to Beowulf, Ahab, and Huckleberry Finn: characters "too big" for their original presentation, and apt for continued development in other stories.[20] Moran finds Fett reminiscent of the Man with No Name.[24]

text: The San Francisco Chronicle describes Boba Fett fans as "among the most passionate",[17] and the character is important to Star Wars fan culture.[51] Boba Fett's popular following before the character even appeared in The Empire Strikes Back influenced Damon Lindelof's interest in developing Lost across multiple media.[54] Will Brooker calls "superb" a fan's campaign to have Boba Fett unmasked as a woman.[55] Fan parodies include Boba Phat, a cosplay "intergalactic booty hunter" created by David James.[56]

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: Fett is one of the top five best-selling Star Wars action figures,[26] and Boba Fett-related products are "among the most expensive" Star Wars merchandise.[17] Fett was the first new mail-away action figure created for The Empire Strikes Back;[2][20] although advertised as having a rocket-firing backpack, safety concerns led Kenner to sell his rocket attached.[2] Gray called the early toy "a rare and precious commodity",[50] and one of the rocket-firing prototypes sold at auction for $16,000 in 2003.[32] In August 2009, Hasbro released a Fett action figure based on McQuarrie's white-armored concept,[57] and Boba Fett as both a child and bounty hunter have been made into Lego minifigures.[58] Wizards of the Coast's Star Wars Trading Card Game includes several Boba Fett cards.[59] Hallmark Cards created a Boba Fett Christmas tree ornament.[26] In January 2015, an unopened Boba Fett figure sold for £18,000 at auction in the UK, the figure was in factory fresh condition and did not have the packaging punched for hanging in a shop.[60]


document_title: List of Vikings episodes

question_text: when did vikings season 5 episode 10 air

text: List of Vikings episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date11"Rites of Passage"Johan RenckMichael HirstMarch 3, 2013 (2013-03-03)
22"Wrath of the Northmen"Johan RenckMichael HirstMarch 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
33"Dispossessed"Johan RenckMichael HirstMarch 17, 2013 (2013-03-17)
44"Trial"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstMarch 24, 2013 (2013-03-24)
55"Raid"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstMarch 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
66"Burial of the Dead"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstApril 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)
77"A King's Ransom"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)
88"Sacrifice"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)
99"All Change"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date101"Brother's War"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstFebruary 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)
112"Invasion"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstMarch 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)
123"Treachery"Ken GirottiMichael HirstMarch 13, 2014 (2014-03-13)
134"Eye for an Eye"Ken GirottiMichael HirstMarch 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)
145"Answers in Blood"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstMarch 27, 2014 (2014-03-27)
156"Unforgiven"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstApril 3, 2014 (2014-04-03)
167"Blood Eagle"Kari SkoglandMichael HirstApril 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)
178"Boneless"Kari SkoglandMichael HirstApril 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)
189"The Choice"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 24, 2014 (2014-04-24)
1910"The Lord's Prayer"Ken GirottiMichael HirstMay 1, 2014 (2014-05-01)

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date201"Mercenary"Ken GirottiMichael HirstFebruary 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)
212"The Wanderer"Ken GirottiMichael HirstFebruary 26, 2015 (2015-02-26)
223"Warrior's Fate"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstMarch 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)
234"Scarred"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstMarch 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)
245"The Usurper"Helen ShaverMichael HirstMarch 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)
256"Born Again"Helen ShaverMichael HirstMarch 26, 2015 (2015-03-26)
267"Paris"Kelly MakinMichael HirstApril 2, 2015 (2015-04-02)
278"To the Gates!"Kelly MakinMichael HirstApril 9, 2015 (2015-04-09)
289"Breaking Point"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)
2910"The Dead"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)

text: Season 4 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air datePart 1
301"A Good Treason"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstFebruary 18, 2016 (2016-02-18)
312"Kill the Queen"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstFebruary 25, 2016 (2016-02-25)
323"Mercy"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstMarch 3, 2016 (2016-03-03)
334"Yol"Helen ShaverMichael HirstMarch 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)
345"Promised"Helen ShaverMichael HirstMarch 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)
356"What Might Have Been"Ken GirottiMichael HirstMarch 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)
367"The Profit and the Loss"Ken GirottiMichael HirstMarch 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)
378"Portage"Ken GirottiMichael HirstApril 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)
389"Death All 'Round"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstApril 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
3910"The Last Ship"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstApril 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
Part 2
4011"The Outsider"Daniel GrouMichael HirstNovember 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
4112"The Vision"Daniel GrouMichael HirstDecember 7, 2016 (2016-12-07)
4213"Two Journeys"Sarah HardingMichael HirstDecember 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)
4314"In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning"Sarah HardingMichael HirstDecember 21, 2016 (2016-12-21)
4415"All His Angels"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstDecember 28, 2016 (2016-12-28)
4516"Crossings"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstJanuary 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
4617"The Great Army"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstJanuary 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
4718"Revenge"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstJanuary 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)
4819"On the Eve"Ben BoltMichael HirstJanuary 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)
4920"The Reckoning"Ben BoltMichael HirstFebruary 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)

text: Season 5 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air datePart 1
505112"The Departed"[a]David WellingtonMichael HirstNovember 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
523"Homeland"Steve Saint LegerMichael HirstDecember 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
534"The Plan"Steve Saint LegerMichael HirstDecember 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)
545"The Prisoner"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstDecember 20, 2017 (2017-12-20)
556"The Message"Ciarán DonnellyMichael HirstDecember 27, 2017 (2017-12-27)
567"Full Moon"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstJanuary 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)
578"The Joke"Jeff WoolnoughMichael HirstJanuary 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
589"A Simple Story"Daniel GrouMichael HirstJanuary 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
5910"Moments of Vision"Daniel GrouMichael HirstJanuary 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
Part 2
6011"The Revelation"[9]TBATBANovember 28, 2018 (2018-11-28)

text: Jump up ^ The first two episodes aired together on History as a two-hour premiere, "The Departed", but were released separately on streaming services and in digital stores, with the first part titled "The Fisher King" and the second "The Departed".[7][8]

tag: ol

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: Athelstan's Journal (2015)[edit]

text: A series of thirteen webisodes known as Vikings: Athelstan's Journal was released by the History Channel. Each webisode serves as a journal entry for the Vikings character Athelstan. The webisodes were released prior to and in conjunction with the beginning of the third season of Vikings, and are available on the History Channel's website.[10] The webisodes have a running time of 1:45 to 5:01 minutes.

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateAthelstan's Journal
1"Chapter One: Gods"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleJanuary 30, 2015 (2015-01-30)
2"Chapter Two: Honor"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 1, 2015 (2015-02-01)
3"Chapter Three: Loyalty"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 6, 2015 (2015-02-06)
4"Chapter Four: Sin"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 8, 2015 (2015-02-08)
5"Chapter Five: Blood"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 13, 2015 (2015-02-13)
6"Chapter Six: Family"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 14, 2015 (2015-02-14)
7"Chapter Seven: Savagery"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 18, 2015 (2015-02-18)
8"Chapter Eight: Gods & Men"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)
Stones and Bones
9"Chapter One: Vows"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
10"Chapter Two: Death"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleFebruary 27, 2015 (2015-02-27)
11"Chapter Three: Love"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleMarch 6, 2015 (2015-03-06)
12"Chapter Four: Harvest"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleMarch 13, 2015 (2015-03-13)
13"Chapter Five: The Choice"Lucas TaylorSam MeikleMarch 20, 2015 (2015-03-20)


document_title: Turkish passport

question_text: how much does it cost to get a turkish passport

text: Turkish passport

text: Types[edit]

text: Ordinary passport (Turkish: Umuma mahsus pasaport), after 2010 also referred to as Maroon Passport (Turkish: Bordo pasaport). It is issued to[4] Turkish citizens who don't qualify for any of the following passport types.

tag: ul

text:
Special passport (Turkish: Hususi pasaport), also referred to as the Green Passport (Turkish: Yeşil pasaport) allows the bearer to travel visa-free to some countries.[5] As opposed to the regular passport, it is exempt from the passport fee and is only subject to the booklet fee (TRY87.5 [c. USD30] as of 2015[update]).[6] It is issued to;[7]

Former members of the National Assembly
First, Second or Third grade public servants.
Retired First, Second or Third grade public servants.
Mayors
The spouse of special passport holders
Unwed and unemployed children of special passport holders who live with their parents until they turn 25.

Service passport (Turkish: Hizmet pasaportu), also referred to as the Grey Passport (Turkish: Gri pasaport). It is issued to;[8]

People who do not qualify for the Special or diplomatic passports, however, are assigned to travel abroad for official and/or government related purposes.
National athletes
Turkish citizens working for International organizations of which Turkey is a member
Employees of the Red Crescent
Employees of the Turkish Aeronautical Association
Spouse of the service passport holders
Unwed and unemployed children of the service passport holders who live with parents, until they turn 25.

Diplomatic passport (Turkish: Diplomatik pasaport), after 2010 also referred to as Black Passport (Turkish: Siyah pasaport). It is issued to;[9]

Members of the National Assembly, and the non-PM ministers
Head judges of the judicial organs, and their deputies
Diplomats
Negotiators that are to deal with international issues
Spouse of the diplomatic passport holders. However, this passport can only be used when accompanying the primary passport holder.
Unwed and unemployed daughters, and sons younger than 18 years of age of the diplomatic passport holders who live with parents. However, this passport can only be used when accompanying the primary passport holder.

text: Biometric passports[edit]

text: Turkish Biometric passports (Turkish: Biyometrik pasaport), compatible with the new ICAO standards, have been available since 1 June 2010.[10] Applications for the new passports can be submitted online through the government's website [2].[11] Passports are then sent via mail.

text: The biometric passports have different colored covers; regular passports in maroon and diplomatic passports in black, in compliance with ICAO standards.[12]

text: Fees[edit]

text: A Turkish passport has been one of the most expensive passports in the world for many years. As a result of increasing public demands, the cost of ordinary passports was almost halved in June 2010. Despite the massive reduction, the Turkish passport remains the most expensive passport in the world.[13] The passport law was then amended to increase the maximum validity of a passport from 5 to 10 years. It currently costs TRY667.10 (c. USD180) for a 10-year passport, including the compulsory booklet fee. [14] In addition to the expensive passport prices, the Turkish state charges TRY15 (c. USD4) from Turkish passport holders (excluding ship and aircraft crew, those who live abroad and those with dual citizenship) every single time they leave Turkey.

text: Visa requirements for Turkish citizens[edit]

text: Holders of an ordinary Turkish passport may travel without a visa, or with a visa received upon arrival, to 104 countries, as of 2014 according to the Visa Restrictions Index.

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Current passports[edit]

text:
Turkish Biometric Passport cover since 1 June 2010

Turkish Biometric special passport cover issued in January 2012

Diplomatic

Service passport

text: Historic passports[edit]

text: Listed chronologically:

text:
1927 - Republic of Turkey, Regular passport, cover

1937&1934 - Republic of Turkey, Diplomatic passports, covers

1943 - Republic of Turkey, Regular passport, cover

1954 - Republic of Turkey, Regular passport, cover

1960 - Republic of Turkey, Special passport, cover & first page

1965 - Republic of Turkey, Regular passport, cover

Republic of Turkey, Regular passport cover until 31 May 2010

Republic of Turkey, Special passport, cover until 31 May 2010


document_title: Paid in Full (2002 film)

question_text: who does calvin kill in paid in full

question_tokens: who does calvin kill in paid in full

text: Paid in Full (2002 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ace (Wood Harris) is a young man from Harlem stuck in a dead end job at a dry cleaning shop. His sister's boyfriend, Calvin (Kevin Carroll), is a local cocaine dealer who tries to lure Ace into the drug trade with promises of fast money and women. Ace resists Calvin's temptations, not caring for his unsophisticated ways. Likewise, Ace's close friend Mitch (Mekhi Phifer) is a flashy, popular drug dealer who exposes Ace to drug dealing lifestyle. When Calvin gets arrested on drug charges, Ace ends up filling his position on the street. This happens after Ace starts getting cocaine from Lulu, one of the customers at the dry cleaners shop. Lulu has a top-quality supply of cocaine which Ace sells on the street at a cheap price, quickly luring away customers from other drug dealers. Ace operates on the mantra that there is plenty of money to go around and that everyone can "live and maintain." While Ace is building up his drug operation, Mitch is arrested for killing a stickup man who robbed one of his workers. When a fight breaks out between Mitch and another inmate, Mitch is aided by East Harlem inmate Rico (Cam'ron) who impresses Mitch by his ferocity and show of solidarity.

text: Mitch is able to beat his murder charge and both him and Rico join Ace's drug empire. The trio become extremely wealthy, buying foreign cars, jewelery and expensive champagne. Ace continues to more or less stay behind the scenes, while Mitch returns to his flamboyant lifestyle as a popular hustler. Rico is a ruthless enforcer who worries Ace with his overzealous behavior and high-profile lifestyle. When Calvin is released from prison, he tries to regain his position of power on the streets. Ace gives him a job overseeing his old drug spot, but Calvin feels dissatisfied with his menial position. When Ace refuses to let Calvin run his old block, Calvin attempts to rob Ace. Calvin grows increasingly anxious and kills two of Ace's relatives while Ace survives his shooting despite being shot in the head. Feeling physically and physiologically defeated, Ace decides to quit the drug trade. Rico, who kills Calvin in retaliation, strongly disagrees with this decision. Mitch understands Ace's perspective that the drug game does not reciprocate any love or generosity. Mitch decides to stay in the drug game because he loves the hustle, comparing himself to professional basketball players that continue to chase glory despite having enough money to retire.

text: While Ace is recovering, Mitch's kid brother Sonny is kidnapped for ransom. Mitch tries to quickly raise cash to pay the ransom by selling as much cocaine as Ace can get his hands on. When Mitch reaches out to Rico for help with his campaign, Rico murders Mitch and steals the drugs that Mitch intended to sell to save Sonny. Rico lies to Ace about his whereabouts that night, not knowing that Mitch had told Ace they were going to meet up the night of his death. Ace settles the issue by giving him the contact to a pair of undercover FBI agents Ace had spoken to and avoided previously.

text: Rico is arrested and is last seen in custody giving up information on his out-of-town drug connections in Washington D.C. in order to avoid a 25-to-life sentence. He refuses to inform on anyone in Harlem, intending on reclaiming his position when he is eventually released from prison. Sonny's kidnapping and subsequent murder were orchestrated by his own uncle who resented Mitch for not providing him with money and for kicking him out of his family's apartment. Ace manages to retreat from the criminal underworld and makes a new life for himself and his family using diamonds that he had previously found in Lulu's apartment after his death.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Wood Harris - Ace
Mekhi Phifer - Mitch
Kevin Carroll - Calvin
Esai Morales - Lulu
Chi McBride - Pip
Cam'ron - Rico
Remo Green - Sonny
Cynthia Martells - Dora
Elise Neal - June
Regina Hall - Keisha
Karen Andrew - Cakes
Jonas Chernick - Detective / Surgeon
Wes Williams - Mitch's Friend
Rufus Crawford - Tommy
Jason Burke - Street Runner
K. C. Collins - Kid #1
Arnold Pinnock - Wiry Man
Noreaga - Runner
Doug E. Fresh - Himself

text: Discrepancies from Azie Faison, Jr.[edit]

text: Azie Faison, Jr. went on record in several interviews about the accuracy of this movie. In an interview with DJVlad, Faison, Jr. says that he was shot nine times, then Lulu was killed. In the movie, Lulu was killed, then Ace was shot nine times

text: Also, in the film, Calvin was killed by Rico in retaliation for shooting Ace. Kevin Clark, the man who inspired the character Calvin, was not killed for the crime, rather turned himself in to a local police station along with his companions. Azie admitted to testifying against Kevin, and all three men were sentenced to 112 years in prison.

text: While AZ has no ill will towards the companies involved in making the featured movie, he did not like the outcome a lot with all the discrepancies.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received generally mixed reviews from critics, but it gained a cult following

text: The movie gained 51% (rotten) on Rotten Tomatoes based on 41 reviews.[2] On metacritic the film gathered a score of 49% based on 16 reviews.[3]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on November 26, 2002 by Roc-A-Fella Records the cd named Paid in Full/ Damon Dash Presents The Dream Team. It peaked at 53 on the Billboard 200 and 10 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.


document_title: History of New York City (prehistory–1664)

question_text: who were the original settlers of new york

text: Human prehistory[edit]

text: Archaeological excavations indicate that the first humans settled the area as early as 9,000 years ago. The area was abandoned, however, possibly because the warming climate of the region lead to the local extinction of many larger game species upon which the early inhabitants depended for food.

text: A second wave of inhabitants entered the region approximately 3,000 years ago and left behind more advanced hunting implements such as bows and arrows. The remains of approximately 8,000 such early encampments have been found throughout the city. The region has probably remained continually inhabited from that time.

text: By the time of the arrival of Europeans, the Lenape were cultivating fields of vegetation through the slash and burn technique.[1][2][3][4][5][6] This extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bays of the area,[7] and, in southern New Jersey, harvested clams year-round.[8] The success of these methods allowed the tribe to maintain a larger population than nomadic hunter-gatherers could support. Scholars have estimated that at the time of European settlement, there may have been about 15,000 Lenape total in approximately 80 settlement sites around much of the New York City area, alone.[9]:5-6 In 1524 Lenape in canoes met Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first European explorer to enter New York Harbor, who called the area New Angoulême to honor his patron, King Francis I of France.[10]

text: Dutch settlement[edit]

text: In 1613, the Dutch established a trading post on the western shore of Manhattan Island. Jan Rodrigues was the first documented non-Native American to live on Manhattan Island.[11]

text: In 1614 the New Netherland company was established, and consequently they settled a second fur trading post in what is today Albany, called Fort Nassau. It was not until 1623, however, that the Dutch interests in the area were other than commercial, and under the auspices of the newly formed Dutch West India Company they built Fort Amsterdam in 1624, a crude fortification that stood on the location of the present Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House on Bowling Green. The fort was designed mainly to protect the company's trading operations further upriver from attack by other European powers. Within a year, a small settlement, called New Amsterdam had grown around the fort, with a population that included mostly the garrison of company troops, as well as a contingent of Walloon, French and Flemish huguenot families who were brought in primarily to farm the nearby land of lower Manhattan and supply the company operations with food. Sarah Rapalje (b.1625) was the first European born in the future New York City. Later in 1626, Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island and Staten Island from native people in exchange for trade goods.[12]

text: The Dutch took heavy advantage of the Native American reliance on wampum as a trading medium by exchanging cheap European-made metal tools for beaver pelts. By using such tools, the natives greatly increased the rate of production of wampum, debasing its value for trade. Lenape men abandoned hunting and fishing for food in favor of beaver trapping. Moreover, the Dutch began manufacturing their own wampum with superior tools in order to further dominate the trading network among themselves and the natives (a practice undertaken by the settlers in New England as well). As a result of this increase, beavers were largely trapped out in the Five Boroughs within two decades, leaving the Lenape largely dependent on the Dutch. As a result, the native population declined drastically throughout the 17th century through a combination of disease, starvation, and outward migration.

text: As the beaver trade shifted to Upstate New York, New Amsterdam became an increasingly important trading hub for the coast of North America. Since New Netherland was a trading operation and not viewed as colonization enterprise for transplanting Dutch culture, the directors of New Netherland were largely unconcerned with the ethnic and racial balance of the community. The economic activity brought in a wide variety of ethnic groups to the fledgling city during the 17th century, including Spanish, Jews, and Africans, some of them as slaves.

text: The Dutch origins can still be seen in many names in New York City, such as Coney Island (from "Konijnen Eiland" – Dutch for "Rabbit Island"), Bowery from bouwerij (modern Dutch boerderij = "farm"), Brooklyn (from Breukelen), Harlem from Haarlem (formalized in 1658 as Nieuw Haarlem), Greenwich Village (from Greenwijck, meaning "pine wood quarter"), Flushing (from Vlissingen) and Staten Island (from "Staaten Eylandt").

text: Willem Kieft became director general in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in Kieft's War against the Native Americans.[13] The Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City resulted in the death of eighty natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, eleven Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch. Holland sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, which took part in the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans, leading to a peace treaty on August 29, 1645, to end the war.[14]

text: Manhattan Island was in some measure self-selected as a future metropolis by its extraordinary natural harbor formed by New York Bay (actually the drowned lower river valley of the Hudson River, enclosed by glacial moraines), the East River (actually a tidal strait) and the Hudson River, all of which are confluent at the southern tip, from which all later development spread. Also of prime importance was the presence of deep fresh water aquifers near the southern tip, especially the Collect Pond, and an unusually varied geography ranging from marshland to large outcrops of Manhattan schist, a hard metamorphic rock that is ideal for foundations of large buildings.

text: Arrival of the English[edit]

text: In 1664, English ships entered Gravesend Bay in modern Brooklyn, and troops marched to capture the ferry across the East River to the city, with minimal resistance: the governor at the time, Peter Stuyvesant, was unpopular with the residents of the city. Articles of Capitulation 1664 were drawn up, the Dutch West India Company's colors were struck on September 8, 1664, and the soldiers of the garrison marched to the East River for the trip home to the Netherlands. The date of 1664 appeared on New York City's corporate seal until 1975, when the date was changed to 1625 to reflect the year of Dutch incorporation as a city and to incidentally allow New York to celebrate its 350th anniversary just 11 years after its 300th.

text: The English renamed the colony New York, after the king's brother James, Duke of York and on June 12, 1665, appointed Thomas Willett the first of the mayors of New York. The city grew northward, remaining the largest and most important city in the colony of New York.