document_title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

question_text: nora's boyfriend in cheaper by the dozen 2

question_tokens: nora 's boyfriend in cheaper by the dozen 2

text: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Two years after Tom Baker resigned from his head coaching position, the Baker family begins to undergo many changes, beginning with Lorraine and her desire to study in New York. Their oldest daughter Nora is now married to Bud McNulty and is expecting their first child. They intend to move to Houston because of Bud's new job promotion.

text: Feeling the family is breaking apart as the children grow up and move away, Tom persuades the entire family to take one last family vacation all together at Lake Winnetka. Tom's old rival Jimmy Murtaugh and his large family (with "only" eight kids) are also there for the summer. Jimmy constantly flaunts his wealth and success to Tom, as well as the accomplishments of his children, often suggesting to Tom that the Baker children are less successful because of Tom's parenting style. The Baker kids get into many incidents, several of which are accidental: Mark Baker, along with Kenny Murtaugh, crashes into a tennis court with a golf cart; Sarah Baker is caught shoplifting in a gift shop, and Mark accidentally sets off a backpack of fireworks, causing widespread panic, especially when the backpack is thrown into a boat, igniting its engine and causing it to explode.

text: Jimmy again starts the topic that Tom needs to use a firmer hand on his kids. Tom is angered by this, and they decide to settle the matter at the Annual Labor Day Family Cup. Tom trains the kids for days, not realizing they are miserable. Sarah and Elliot Murtaugh watch Ice Age together, but are spied on by their fathers, which ultimately results in them getting into an argument and humiliating their children. Upon returning home, Sarah is furious and refuses to compete for her father in the Cup. Everyone, including Kate, is angry with Tom, not only for spying on Sarah, but also for ruining the entire trip through his competitiveness with the Murtaughs.

text: The next morning, Tom goes to the Cup to compete with Nigel and Kyle (the only two still willing to go). However, after discovering an old "Team Baker" flag, Kate and the rest of the family show up, showing they forgive Tom and are willing to compete. After the events, however, the Bakers and the Murtaughs are tied for first; a tiebreaking canoe race is announced, in which every family member must compete. During the race, Nora's water breaks; the Murtaughs want to help, but Jimmy, sensing the opportunity to defeat Tom once and for all, initially refuses to help. Eventually, the Murtaughs convince Jimmy that they should help the Bakers, and the Bakers and the Murtaughs work together to get Nora to the hospital as she goes into labor. Bud, Lorraine and Kate go with Nora in the delivery room, while Tom, Jimmy, Sarina and the rest of the kids stay in the waiting room. While talking to Jimmy, Tom realizes that he has to let his kids grow, but wherever they go, they will always be with him, and he will always be with them. Nora then gives birth to a baby boy who she and Bud name Tom in honor of her father, who has shown them "there is no way to be a perfect parent, but a million ways to be a really good one." Bud announces that they have bought "The Big House", the vacation home that the Bakers have been renting. Nora, Bud and baby Tom leave for Houston a few days later while the Bakers continue their vacation at Lake Winnetka.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Steve Martin as Tom Baker
Bonnie Hunt as Kate Baker
Piper Perabo as Nora Baker-McNulty
Tom Welling as Charlie Baker
Hilary Duff as Lorraine Baker
Kevin G. Schmidt as Henry Baker
Alyson Stoner as Sarah Baker
Jacob Smith as Jake Baker
Forrest Landis as Mark Baker
Morgan York as Kim Baker
Liliana Mumy as Jessica Baker
Blake Woodruff as Mike Baker
Shane Kinsman as Nigel Baker
Brent Kinsman as Kyle Baker
Jonathan Bennett as Bud McNulty

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
Eugene Levy as Jimmy Murtaugh
Carmen Electra as Sarina Murtaugh
Shawn Roberts as Calvin Murtaugh
Jaime King as Anne Murtaugh
Robbie Amell as Daniel Murtaugh
Melanie Tonello as Becky Murtaugh
Taylor Lautner as Eliot Murtaugh
Madison Fitzpatrick as Robin Murtaugh
Courtney Fitzpatrick as Lisa Murtaugh
Alexander Conti as Kenneth Murtaugh
Ben Falcone and Kathryn Joosten as theater patrons
Director Adam Shankman (cameo) as the Clam Bake Chef
Producer Shawn Levy cameos as a hospital intern.

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was shot in Toronto and Eugene Levy's hometown of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.[citation needed] The scenes at Lakeside High School were filmed at St. Andrew's College.[citation needed] The lake and cottage scenes were located at Rockwood, Ontario, and Burleigh Falls, Ontario on Stoney Lake.[citation needed]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"I Wish" – Stevie Wonder
"Graduation Day Song" – Joseph L. Altruda
"Mexicali Mondays" – Christopher Lightbody and Robert Steinmiller
"What If" – Gina Rene
"Martini Lounge" – David Sparkman
"Drinks on the House" – Daniel May
"Big Sky Lullaby" – Daniel May
"Someday" – Sugar Ray
"Express Yourself" – Jason Mraz
"Michael Finnegan" – Traditional
"Will the Circle Be Unbroken?" – Traditional
"Why Can't We Be Friends" – War
"Die Walküre" – Richard Wagner
"Theme from Jaws" – John Williams
"Miracles" - Insane Clown Posse
"Mallin" – Tree Adams
"Under Pressure" – Queen and David Bowie
"Music from Ice Age" – David Newman
"Madonna" – Madonna
"Sunday Morning" (acoustic version) – Maroon 5
"Bridal Chorus" – Richard Wagner

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Reviews for the film were overwhelmingly negative. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes ranked Cheaper by the Dozen 2 98th in the 100 worst reviewed films of the 2000s, with a rating of 6% based on 93 reviews of the film.[2] The site's consensus reads " A sequel to a remake, Cheaper 2 wastes its solid cast in scenes of over-the-top, predictable humor".[3] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[4]

text: Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert, gave the film one of its rare positive reviews, awarding it 3/4 stars and stating "As I watched this sequel, a certain good feeling began to make itself known. Yes, the movie is unnecessary. However, it is unnecessary at a higher level of warmth and humor than the recent remake Yours, Mine, and Ours." Ebert also highly praised Alyson Stoner's performance, favorably comparing the then-twelve year old actress to Reese Witherspoon.[5]

text: Calling the overall film "bland", Variety's Justin Chang agreed with Ebert on Stoner, calling her "an endearingly vulnerable standout" and deeming her subplot to be "the most engaging" in the film. Chang was also kind to Steve Martin, Bonnie Hunt and Eugene Levy, deeming the veteran actors did the best with what was given to them.[6] Marrit Ingman of the Austin Chronicle conceded that the film had a good message, and agreed that Hunt was "marvelous and down-to-earth" but ultimately felt that "the rest of the movie is as funny as mildew", found that "the product placement is particularly egregious" and thought that Hilary Duff looked "as tanned and raw as buffalo jerky".[7] Andrea Gronvall was also horrified by Duff's appearance while writing for the Chicago Reader, calling her "haggard" and "flat-out scary", and overall felt that there was "a discernible lack of enthusiasm from almost everyone involved", however singling out Carmen Electra for being "the most winning performer of the bunch".[8]

text: The film received two Razzie Award nominations including Worst Actress (Hilary Duff) and Worst Supporting Actor (Eugene Levy).[citation needed]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $9,309,387 million opening weekend, finishing in 4th place at the box office. By the end of its run, Cheaper by the Dozen 2 grossed $82,571,173 domestically and $46,610,657 internationally, totaling $129,181,830 worldwide. It is one of only twelve feature films to be released in over 3,000 theaters and still improve on its box office performance in its second weekend, increasing 55.6% from $9,309,387 to $14,486,519.[9]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD was released on May 23, 2006. The Blu-ray was released on January 5, 2010. The DVD is two-sided and side B has an inside look previews of Flicka and Aquamarine.[citation needed]


document_title: Chiles en nogada

question_text: what are the ingredients of chiles en nogada

root

text: Chiles en nogada

text: Chiles en nogada is a dish, traditionally served at room temperature with cold cream sauce, from Mexican cuisine. The name comes from the Spanish word for the walnut tree, nogal.[1] It consists of poblano chilis filled with picadillo (a mixture usually containing shredded meat, aromatics, fruits and spices) topped with a walnut-based cream sauce, called nogada, and pomegranate seeds, giving it the three colors of the Mexican flag: green from the chili, white from the nut sauce and red from the pomegranate. The walnut used to prepare nogada is a cultivar called Nogal de Castilla or Castillan Walnut.

tag: p

text: The traditional chile en nogada is from Puebla; it is tied to the independence of this country since it is said they were prepared for the first time to entertain the emperor Agustín de Iturbide when he came to the city after his naming as Agustín I. This dish is a source of pride for the inhabitants of the state of Puebla.[2]

text: Some Mexican historians believe the inventors of this dish were the Monjas Clarisas, although others think they were the Madres Contemplativas Agustinas of the convent of Santa Mónica, Puebla.[citation needed]

text: The picadillo usually contains panochera apple (manzana panochera), sweet-milk pear (pera de leche) and criollo peach (durazno criollo). The cream usually has milk, double cream, fresh cheese and washed nuts. The traditional season for making and eating this dish is August and first half of September, when pomegranates appear in the markets of Central Mexico and the national independence festivities begin.[3] In some areas, the dish is created depending on when the pomegranates are ripe - usually between early October and January.[citation needed]


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Balochistan

question_text: who is the chief minister of balochistan 2017

text: List of Chief Ministers of Balochistan

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The Chief Minister of Balochistan (Urdu: بلوچستان کے وزیر اعلی; CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Balochistan to serve as the head of the provincial government in Balochistan, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister, Sanaullah Zehri, is the 15th person to have served in the position since it was created in 1972.

text: Chief Ministers of Balochistan[edit]

text:
№
Name of Chief Minister
Entered Office
Left Office
Political Party

1
Ataullah Mengal
1 May 1972
13 February 1973
National Awami Party

—
Governor's rule
13 February 1973
27 April 1973

2
Jam Ghulam Qadir Khan (1st time)
27 April 1973
31 December 1974
Pakistan Peoples Party

—
Governor's rule
31 December 1975
6 December 1976

3
Mohammad Khan Barozai
7 December 1976
5 July 1977
Pakistan Peoples Party

4
Rahimuddin Khan
5 July 1977
6 April 1985

2
Jam Ghulam Qadir Khan (2nd time)
6 April 1985
29 May 1988
Independent

5
Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali (1st time)
24 June 1988
24 December 1988
Islami Jamhoori Ittehad

—
Khuda Bux Marri (acting)
24 December 1988
5 February 1989
Balochistan High Court Judge

6
Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti
5 February 1989
7 August 1990
Balochistan National Party

—
Humayun Khan Marri (caretaker)
7 August 1990
17 November 1990

7
Taj Muhammad Jamali
17 November 1990
22 May 1993
Islami Jamhoori Ittehad

8
Zulfikar Ali Magsi (1st time)
30 May 1993
19 July 1993
Independent

—
Muhammad Naseer Mengal (caretaker)
19 July 1993
20 October 1993
Independent

8
Zulfikar Ali Magsi (2nd time)
20 October 1993
9 November 1996
Independent

—
Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali (caretaker; 2nd time)
9 November 1996
22 February 1997
Independent

9
Akhtar Mengal
22 February 1997
29 July 1998
Balochistan National Party

10
Mir Jan Mohammad Jamali
13 August 1998
12 October 1999
Independent

—
Governor's rule
12 October 1999
1 December 2002
Independent

11
Jam Mohammad Yousaf
1 December 2002
19 November 2007
Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

—
Mohammad Saleh Bhutani (caretaker)
19 November 2007
8 April 2008

12
Nawab Aslam Raisani
9 April 2008
14 January 2013
Pakistan Peoples Party

—
Governor's rule
14 January 2013
13 March 2013

13
Nawab Aslam Raisani
13 March 2013
23 March 2013
Pakistan Peoples Party

—
Ghous Bakhsh Barozai (acting)
23 March 2013
7 June 2013

14
Abdul Malik Baloch
7 June 2013
23 December 2015
National Party

15
Sanaullah Khan Zehri
24 December 2015
Incumbent
PMLN


document_title: History of San Francisco

question_text: when did humans begin to live in san francisco

question_tokens: when did humans begin to live in san francisco

text: History of San Francisco

text: Early history[edit]

text: The earliest evidence of human habitation in what is now the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Native Americans who settled in this region found the bay to be a resource for hunting and gathering, leading to the establishment of many small villages. Collectively, these early Native Americans are now known as the Ohlone, and the language they spoke belonged to the Miwok family. Their trade patterns included places as far away as Baja California, the Mojave Desert and Yosemite.[2]

text: The earliest Europeans to reach the site of San Francisco were a Spanish exploratory party in 1769, led overland from Mexico by Don Gaspar de Portolà and Fra. Juan Crespi. The Spanish recognized the location, with its large natural harbor, to be of great strategic significance. A subsequent expedition, led by Juan Bautista de Anza, selected sites for military and religious settlements in 1774. The Presidio of San Francisco was established for the military, while Mission San Francisco de Asís began the cultural and religious conversion of some 10,000 Ohlone who lived in the area.[3] The mission became known as Mission Dolores, because of its nearness to a creek named after Our Lady of Sorrows.

text: The first anchorage was established at a small inlet on the north-east end of the peninsula (later filled: now lower Market Street), and the small settlement that grew up nearby was named Yerba Buena, after the herb of the same name that grew in abundance there. The original plaza of the Spanish settlement remains as Portsmouth Square. Today's city took its name from the mission, and Yerba Buena became the name of a San Francisco neighborhood now known as South of Market. The Moscone Center and Yerba Buena Gardens are in the Yerba Buena area. In addition, the name Yerba Buena was applied to the former Goat Island in the middle of San Francisco Bay, adjacent to Treasure Island.[citation needed]

text: San Francisco became part of the United States with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.

text: Precolonial history[edit]

text: European visitors to the San Francisco Bay Area were preceded at least 8,000 years earlier by Native Americans. According to one anthropologist, the indigenous name for San Francisco was Ahwaste, meaning, "place at the bay".[4] Linguistic and paleontological evidence is unclear as to whether the earliest inhabitants of the area now known as San Francisco were the ancestors of the Ohlone population encountered by the Spanish in the late 18th century.[5] The cultural unit, Ohlone, to which the San Francisco natives belonged did not recognize the city or county boundaries imposed later by Americans, and were part of a contiguous set of bands that lived from south of the Golden Gate to San José.[5]

text: When the Spanish arrived, they found the area inhabited by the Yelamu tribe, which belongs to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. The Ohlone speakers are distinct from Pomo speakers north of the San Francisco Bay, and are part of the Miwok group of languages. Their traditional territory stretched from Big Sur to the San Francisco Bay, although their trading area was much larger. Miwok-speaking Indians also lived in Yosemite, and Ohlone-speakers intermarried with Chumash and Pomo speakers as well.[5]

text: The Spanish conquest of the San Francisco Bay area came later than to Southern California. San Francisco's characteristic foggy weather and geography led early European explorers such as Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo to bypass the Golden Gate and miss entering San Francisco Bay, although it seems clear from historical accounts of navigation that they passed close to the coastline north and south of the Golden Gate.[6]

text: Arrival of Europeans and early settlement[edit]

text: A Spanish exploration party, led by Portolà and arriving on November 2, 1769, was the first documented European sighting of San Francisco Bay. Portolà claimed the area for Spain as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.[7] Seven years later a Spanish mission, Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores), was established by Fra. Junípero Serra, and a military fort was built, the Presidio of San Francisco.[8][9]

text: In 1786 French explorer, the Comte de La Pérouse visited San Francisco and left a detailed account of it.[10] Six years later, in 1792 British explorer George Vancouver also stopped in San Francisco, in part, according to his journal, to spy on the Spanish settlements in the area.[11] In addition to Western Europeans, Russian fur-traders also visited the area. From 1770 until about 1841, Russian traders colonized an area that ranged from Alaska south to Fort Ross in Sonoma County, California. The naming of San Francisco's Russian Hill neighborhood is attributed to the remains of Russian fur traders and sailors found there.

text: Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the area became part of Mexico. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first significant homestead outside the immediate vicinity of the Mission Dolores,[12] near a boat anchorage around what is today Portsmouth Square. Together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena after the herb, which was named by the missionaries that found it abundant nearby, began to attract American settlers. In 1838, Richardson petitioned and received a large land grant in Marin County and, in 1841, he moved there to take up residence at Rancho Sauselito. Richardson Bay to the north bears his name.[citation needed]

text: The British Empire briefly entertained the idea of purchasing the bay from Mexico in 1841, claiming it would "Secure to Great Britain all the advantages of the finest port in the Pacific for her commercial speculations in time of peace, and in war for more easily securing her maritime ascendency". However little came of this, and San Francisco would become a prize of the United States rather than that of British naval power.[13]

text: On July 31, 1846, Yerba Buena doubled in population when about 240 Mormon pioneers from the East coast arrived on the ship Brooklyn, led by Sam Brannan. Brannan, also a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, would later become well known for being the first publicist of the California Gold Rush of 1849 and the first millionaire resulting from it.

text: US Navy Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7, 1846, during the Mexican–American War, and US Navy Captain John Berrien Montgomery and US Marine Second Lieutenant Henry Bulls Watson of the USS Portsmouth arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later by raising the flag over the town plaza, which is now Portsmouth Square in honor of the ship. Henry Bulls Watson was placed in command of the garrison there. In August 1846, Lt. Washington A. Bartlett was named alcalde of Yerba Buena. On January 30, 1847, Lt. Bartlett's proclamation changing the name Yerba Buena to San Francisco took effect.[14][15] The city and the rest of California officially became American in 1848 by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican–American War. California was admitted to the U.S. as a state on September 9, 1850—the State of California soon chartered San Francisco and San Francisco County. At the time the county and city were not coterminous; the county contained modern-day northern San Mateo County.

text: Situated at the tip of a windswept peninsula without water or firewood, San Francisco lacked most of the basic facilities for a 19th-century settlement. These natural disadvantages forced the town's residents to bring water, fuel and food to the site. The first of many environmental transformations was the city's reliance on filled marshlands for real estate. Much of the present downtown is built over the former Yerba Buena Cove, granted to the city by military governor Stephen Watts Kearny in 1847.[citation needed]

text: 1848 gold rush[edit]

text: The California gold rush starting in 1848 led to a large boom in population, including considerable immigration. Between January 1848 and December 1849, the population of San Francisco increased from 1,000 to 25,000. The rapid growth continued through the 1850s and under the influence of the 1859 Comstock Lode silver discovery. This rapid growth complicated city planning efforts, leaving a legacy of narrow streets that continues to characterize the city to this day.

text: The population boom included many workers from China who came to work in the gold mines and later on the Transcontinental Railroad. The Chinatown district of the city became and is still one of the largest in the country; today, as a result of that legacy, the city as a whole is roughly one-fifth Chinese, one of the largest concentrations outside of China. Many businesses founded to service the growing population exist today, notably Levi Strauss & Co. clothing, Ghirardelli chocolate, and Wells Fargo bank. Many famous railroad, banking, and mining tycoons or "robber barons" such as Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington, and Leland Stanford settled in the city in its Nob Hill neighborhood. The sites of their mansions are now famous and expensive San Francisco hotels (Mark Hopkins Hotel and the Huntington Hotel).[citation needed]

text: As in many mining towns, the social climate in early San Francisco was chaotic. Committees of Vigilance were formed in 1851, and again in 1856, in response to crime and government corruption. This popular militia movement lynched 12 people, kidnapped hundreds of Irishmen and government militia members, and forced several elected officials to resign.[citation needed] The Committee of Vigilance relinquished power both times after it decided the city had been "cleaned up." This mob activity later focused on Chinese immigrants, creating many race riots.[17] These riots culminated in the creation of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 that aimed to reduce Chinese immigration to the United States by limiting immigration to males and reducing numbers of immigrants allowed in the city.[18][19] The law was not repealed until 1943 with the Magnuson Act.

text: San Francisco was the county seat of San Francisco County, one of state's 18 original counties since California's statehood in 1850. Until 1856, the city limits extended west to Divisadero Street and Castro Street, and south to 20th Street. In response to the lawlessness and vigilantism that escalated rapidly between 1855 and 1856, the California government decided to divide the county. A straight line was then drawn across the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula just north of San Bruno Mountain. Everything south of the line became San Mateo County while everything north of the line became the new consolidated City and County of San Francisco, to date the only consolidated city-county in California.[20][21]

text: In autumn of 1855, a ship bearing refugees from an ongoing cholera epidemic in the Far East (authorities disagree as to whether this was the S.S. Sam or the S.S. Carolina but primary documents indicate that the Caroline was involved in the epidemic of 1850 and the SS Uncle Sam in the epidemic of 1855) docked in San Francisco. As the city's rapid Gold Rush area population growth had significantly outstripped the development of infrastructure, including sanitation, a serious cholera epidemic quickly broke out. The responsibility for caring for the indigent sick had previously rested on the state, but faced with the San Francisco cholera epidemic, the state legislature devolved this responsibility to the counties, setting the precedent for California's system of county hospitals for the poor still in effect today. The Sisters of Mercy were contracted to run San Francisco's first county hospital, the State Marine and County Hospital, due to their efficiency in handling the cholera epidemic of 1855. By 1857, the order opened St. Mary's Hospital on Stockton Street, the first Catholic hospital west of the Rocky Mountains. In 1905, The Sisters of Mercy purchased a lot at Fulton and Stanyan Streets, the current location of St. Mary's Medical Center, the oldest continually operating hospital in San Francisco.[citation needed]

text: Due to the Gold Rush, and despite the Vigilantes, and the gradual implementation of law and order in San Francisco, its red-light district at the time became known as the Barbary Coast which became a hotbed of gambling, prostitution and most notoriously for Shanghaiing. It is now overlapped by Chinatown, North Beach, Jackson Square, and the Financial District.

text: Paris of the West[edit]

text: It was during the 1860s to the 1880s when San Francisco began to transform into a major city, starting with massive expansion in all directions, creating new neighborhoods such as the Western Addition, the Haight-Ashbury, Eureka Valley, the Mission District, culminating in the construction of Golden Gate Park in 1887. In 1864 Hugh H. Toland, a South Carolina surgeon who found great success and wealth after moving to San Francisco, founded the Toland Medical College, which became one of three Affiliated Colleges, which would later develop into the University of California, San Francisco. Initially, the Affiliated Colleges were located at different sites around San Francisco, but near the end of the 19th Century interest in bringing them together grew. To make this possible, San Francisco Mayor Adolph Sutro donated 13 acres in Parnassus Heights at the base of Mount Parnassus (now known as Mount Sutro). The new site, overlooking Golden Gate Park, opened in the fall of 1898, with the construction of the new Affiliated Colleges buildings.

text: The City's famous Cable Cars were built around this time, a unique invention devised by Andrew Smith Hallidie in order to traverse the City's steep hills while connecting the new residential developments. San Francisco grew in cultural prominence at this time as famous writers Mark Twain, Bret Harte, Ambrose Bierce, Rudyard Kipling, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Oscar Wilde spent time in the city, while local characters developed such as Emperor Norton.[citation needed] The San Francisco Stock and Bond Exchange was founded in 1882.[22]

text: By the 1890s, much like across the United States, San Francisco was suffering from machine politics and corruption, and was ripe for political reform. Adolph Sutro ran for mayor in 1894 under the auspices of the Populist Party and won handily without campaigning. Unfortunately, except for the Sutro Baths, Mayor Sutro substantially failed in his efforts to improve the city.[citation needed] The next mayor, James D. Phelan elected in 1896, was more successful, pushing through a new city charter that allowed for the ability to raise funds through bond issues. He was able to get bonds passed to construct a new sewer system, seventeen new schools, two parks, a hospital, and a main library. After leaving office in 1901, Phelan became interested in remaking San Francisco into a grand and modern Paris of the West.[citation needed]

text: In 1900, a ship brought with it rats infected with bubonic plague to initiate the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904; the first plague epidemic in the continental US. Mistakenly believing that interred corpses contributed to the transmission of plague, and possibly also motivated by the opportunity for profitable land speculation, city leaders banned all burials within the city. Cemeteries moved to the undeveloped area just south of the city limit, now the town of Colma, California. A fifteen-block section of Chinatown was quarantined while city leaders squabbled over the proper course to take, but the outbreak was finally eradicated by 1905. However, the problem of existing cemeteries and the shortage of land in the city remained. In 1912 (with fights extending until 1942), all remaining cemeteries in the city were evicted to Colma, where the dead now outnumber the living by more than a thousand to one. The above-ground Columbarium of San Francisco was allowed to remain, as well as the historic cemetery at Mission Dolores, the grave of Thomas Starr King at the Unitarian Church, and the San Francisco National Cemetery at the Presidio of San Francisco.[23]

text: Corruption and graft trials[edit]

text: Mayor Eugene Schmitz, president of the Musician's Union, was chosen by political boss Abe Ruef to run for mayor as a front for the Union Labor Party in 1901. He and Ruef had been friends for 15 years.[24] Ruef contributed $16,000 (about $436,000 today) to Schmitz' campaign[25]:p14 and used his considerable influence to make sure Schmitz was selected to front for the new Union Labor Party.[25][26][27] Ruef wrote the Union Labor Party's platform and built a strong, behind-the-scenes network of supporters, including the more than 1,000 saloon keepers and another 1,000 bartenders in San Francisco, who all influenced political discussions in their saloons.[27]

text: Schmitz was less corrupt than the mayors who preceded him,[28] but he had to deal with Ruef who operated from his offices at California and Kearney Streets. He wrote most of the mayor's official papers and conducted an ongoing series of meetings with Mayor Schmitz, city commissioners, officials, seekers of favors or jobs, and others. Officially an unpaid attorney for the mayor's office, he was the power behind the mayor's chair.[27]

text: Former Mayor Phelan, in concert with Rudolph Spreckels, president of the San Francisco First National Bank, and Fremont Older, editor of the San Francisco Bulletin, decided to try to challenge the Labor Party's corrupt choke-hold on city politics and commerce.[28] They got Francis Heney, a U.S. special prosecutor, to help with the investigation and prosecution. Heney eventually charged Ruef and Schmitz with numerous counts of bribery and brought them to trial.

text: On June 13, 1907, Mayor E. E. Schmitz was found guilty of extortion and the office of Mayor was declared vacant. He was sent to jail to await sentence. Shortly thereafter he was sentenced to five years at San Quentin State Prison, the maximum sentence the law allowed. He immediately appealed. While awaiting the outcome of the appeal, Schmitz was kept in a cell in San Francisco County Jail.[29] Dr. Edward R. Taylor, Dean of Hastings College, agreed to step in as interim mayor and was given power to appoint new supervisors to replace those who had resigned.[25] Ruef was found guilty and was sentenced to 14 years in prison. In November 1910, his conviction and sentence were finally upheld, and on March 1, 1911, he entered prison.[25][27] On August 23, 1915, having served a little more than four and a half of his fourteen-year sentence, he was released. He was the only person in the entire investigation who went to prison. He was not allowed to return to his legal practice. "Before he went to prison he had been worth over a million dollars, when he died he was bankrupt."[30]:257

text: 1906 earthquake and fire[edit]

text: On April 18, 1906, a devastating earthquake resulted from the rupture of over 270 miles of the San Andreas Fault, from San Juan Bautista to Eureka, centered immediately offshore of San Francisco. The quake is estimated by the USGS to have had a magnitude of 7.8 on the Richter scale. Water mains ruptured throughout San Francisco, and the fires that followed burned out of control for days, destroying approximately 80% of the city, including almost all of the downtown core. Many residents were trapped between the water on three sides and the approaching fire, and a mass evacuation across the Bay saved thousands. Refugee camps were also set up in Golden Gate Park, Ocean Beach, and other undeveloped sections of the city. The official death toll at the time was 478, although it was officially revised in 2005 to 3,000+. The initial low death toll was concocted by civic, state, and federal officials who felt that reporting the actual numbers would hurt rebuilding and redevelopment efforts, as well as city and national morale.[citation needed] The death toll from this event had the highest number of deaths from a natural disaster in California history.

text: Reconstruction[edit]

text: Almost immediately after the quake re-planning and reconstruction plans were hatched to quickly rebuild the city. One of the more famous and ambitious plans, proposed before the fire, came from famed urban planner, Daniel Burnham. His bold plan called for Haussmann style avenues, boulevards, and arterial thoroughfares that radiated across the city, a massive civic center complex with classical structures, what would have been the largest urban park in the world, stretching from Twin Peaks to Lake Merced with a large athenaeum at its peak, and various other proposals. This plan was dismissed by critics (both at the time and now), as impractical and unrealistic to municipal supply and demand. Property owners and the Real Estate industry were against the idea as well due to the amounts of their land the city would have to purchase to realize such proposals. While the original street grid was restored, many of Burnham's proposals eventually saw the light of day such as a neo-classical civic center complex, wider streets, a preference of arterial thoroughfares, a subway under Market Street, a more people-friendly Fisherman's Wharf, and a monument to the city on Telegraph Hill, Coit Tower.[citation needed]

text: "Greater San Francisco" movement of 1912[edit]

text: In 1912, there was a movement to create a Greater San Francisco in which southern Marin County, the part of Alameda County which includes Oakland, Piedmont and Berkeley, and northern San Mateo County from San Bruno northwards would have become outer Boroughs of San Francisco, with the City and County of San Francisco functioning as Manhattan, based on the New York City model. East Bay opposition defeated the San Francisco expansion plan in the California legislature, and later attempts at San Francisco Bay Area metropolitan area consolidation in 1917, 1923, and 1928 also failed to be implemented.[31][32]

text: Panama–Pacific Exposition of 1915[edit]

text: In 1915, the city hosted the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, officially to celebrate the opening of the Panama Canal, but also as a showcase of the vibrant completely rebuilt city less than a decade after the earthquake. After the exposition ended, all of its grand buildings were demolished except for the rebuilt Palace of Fine Arts which survives today in an abbreviated form, while the remainder of the fairgrounds were re-developed into the Marina District.[citation needed]

text: 1930s – World War II[edit]

text: 1934 saw San Francisco become the center of the West Coast waterfront strike. The strike lasted eighty-three days and saw the deaths of two workers, but the result led to the unionization of all of the West Coast ports of the United States.[citation needed]

text: The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge was opened in 1936 and the Golden Gate Bridge in 1937. The 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition was held on Treasure Island. It was in this period that the island of Alcatraz, a former military stockade, began its service as a federal maximum security prison, housing notorious inmates such as Al Capone, and Robert Franklin Stroud, The Birdman of Alcatraz.[citation needed]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese American internment processing in San Francisco.

text: During World War II, San Francisco was the major mainland supply point and port of embarkation for the war in the Pacific. It also saw the largest and oldest enclave of Japanese outside of Japan, Japantown, completely empty out many of its residents as a result of Executive Order 9066 that forced all Japanese of birth or descent in the United States to be interned. By 1943 many large sections of the neighborhood remained vacant due to the forced internment. The void was quickly filled by thousands of African Americans who had left the South to find wartime industrial jobs in California as part of the Great Migration. Many African Americans also settled in the Fillmore District and most notably near the Bayview-Hunters Point shipyards, working in the dry-docks there. The same docks at Hunters Point would be used for loading the key fissile components of the first atomic bomb onto the USS Indianapolis in July 1945 for transfer to Tinian.[citation needed]

text: The War Memorial Opera House which opened in 1932, was the site of some significant post World War II history. In 1945, the conference that formed the United Nations was held there, with the UN Charter being signed nearby in the Herbst Theatre on June 26. Additionally the Treaty of San Francisco which formally ended war with Japan and established peaceful relations, was drafted and signed here six years later in 1951.[citation needed]

text: Post-World War II[edit]

text: After World War II, many American military personnel, who fell in love with the city while leaving for or returning from the Pacific, settled in the city, prompting the creation of the Sunset District, Visitacion Valley, and the total build out of San Francisco. During this period, Caltrans commenced an aggressive freeway construction program in the Bay Area. However, Caltrans soon encountered strong resistance in San Francisco, for the city's high population density meant that virtually any right-of-way would displace a large number of people. Caltrans tried to minimize displacement (and its land acquisition costs) by building double-decker freeways, but the crude state of civil engineering at that time resulted in construction of some embarrassingly ugly freeways which ultimately turned out to be seismically unsafe. In 1959, the Board of Supervisors voted to halt construction of any more freeways in the city, an event known as the Freeway Revolt. Although some minor modifications have been allowed to the ends of existing freeways, the city's anti-freeway policy has remained in place ever since.[citation needed]

text: The San Francisco Mental Hygiene Society was formed in 1947. In 1958 the New York Giants moved to San Francisco and became the San Francisco Giants. Their first stadium, Candlestick Park, was constructed in 1959.

text: Urban renewal[edit]

text: In the 1950s San Francisco mayor George Christopher hired M. Justin Herman to head the redevelopment agency for the city and county. Justin Herman began an aggressive campaign to tear down blighted areas of the city that were really working class, non-white neighborhoods. Enacting eminent domain whenever necessary, he set upon a plan to tear down huge areas of the city and replace them with modern construction. Critics accused Herman of racism for what was perceived as attempts to create segregation and displacement of blacks. Many black residents were forced to move from their homes near the Fillmore jazz district to newly constructed projects such as near the naval base at Hunter's Point or even to other cities such as Oakland. He began leveling entire areas in San Francisco's Western Addition and Japantown neighborhoods. Herman also completed the final removal of the produce district below Telegraph Hill, moving the produce merchants to the Alemany Boulevard site. His planning led to the creation of Embarcadero Center, the Embarcadero Freeway, Japantown, the Geary Street superblocks, and eventually Yerba Buena Gardens.[citation needed]

text: 1960 – 1970s[edit]

text: "Summer of Love" and counterculture movement[edit]

text: Following World War II, San Francisco became a magnet for America's counterculture. During the 1950s, City Lights Bookstore in the North Beach neighborhood was an important publisher of Beat Generation literature. Some of the story of the evolving arts scene of the 1950s is told in the article San Francisco Renaissance. During the latter half of the following decade, the 1960s, San Francisco was the center of hippie and other alternative culture.[citation needed]

text: In 1967, thousands of young people entered the Haight-Ashbury district during what became known as the Summer of Love. The San Francisco Sound emerged as an influential force in rock music, with such acts as Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead achieving international prominence. These groups blurred the boundaries between folk, rock and jazz traditions and further developed rock's lyrical content.[citation needed]

text: Rise of the "Gay Mecca"[edit]

text: San Francisco's frontier spirit and wild and ribald character started its reputation as a gay mecca in the first half of the 20th century. World War II saw a jump in the gay population when the US military actively sought out and dishonorably discharged homosexuals. From 1941 to 1945, more than 9,000 gay servicemen and women were discharged, and many were processed out in San Francisco.[33] The late 1960s also brought in a new wave of lesbians and gays who were more radical and less mainstream and who had flocked to San Francisco not only for its gay-friendly reputation, but for its reputation as a radical, left-wing center. These new residents were the prime movers of Gay Liberation and often lived communally, buying decrepit Victorians in the Haight and fixing them up. When drugs and violence began to become a serious problem in the Haight, many lesbians and gays simply moved "over the hill" to the Castro replacing Irish-Americans who had moved to the more affluent and culturally homogeneous suburbs.[citation needed]

text: The Castro became known as a Gay Mecca, and its gay population swelled as significant numbers of gay people moved to San Francisco in the 1970s and 1980s. The growth of the gay population caused tensions with some of the established ethnic groups in the southern part of the city. On November 27, 1978 Dan White, a former member of the Board of Supervisors and former police officer, assassinated the city's mayor George Moscone and San Francisco's first openly gay elected official, Supervisor Harvey Milk. The murders and the subsequent trial were marked both by candlelight vigils and riots within the gay community. In the 1980s, HIV (formerly called LAV, HTLV-III, also known as AIDS virus) created havoc in the gay community. The gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender population of the city is still the highest of any major metropolitan area in the United States.[34]

text: New public infrastructure[edit]

text: The 1970s also brought other major changes to the city such as the construction of its first subway system, BART, which connects San Francisco with other cities in the Bay Area in 1972. At stations in downtown San Francisco, BART connects with Muni, the city subway, which has lines that run underground along Market Street, and then along surface streets through much of the city. San Francisco's second tallest building, the Transamerica Pyramid was also completed during that year.

text: During the administration of Mayor Dianne Feinstein (1978–1988), San Francisco saw a development boom referred to as "Manhattanization." Many large skyscrapers were built—primarily in the Financial District—but the boom also included high-rise condominiums in some residential neighborhoods. An opposition movement gained traction among those who felt the skyscrapers ruined views and destroyed San Francisco's unique character. Similar to the freeway revolt in the city decades earlier, a "skyscraper revolt" forced the city to embed height restrictions in the planning code. For many years, the limits slowed construction of new skyscrapers. She had also spearheaded the development and construction of the city's convention center, the Moscone Center, preserved and renovated the city's Cable Cars, and attracted the 1984 Democratic National Convention.[citation needed]

text: During the early 1980s, homeless people began appearing in large numbers in the city, the result of multiple factors including the closing of state institutions for the mentally ill, the Reagan administration drastically cutting Section 8 housing benefits, and social changes which increased the availability of addictive drugs. Combined with San Francisco's attractive environment and generous welfare policies the problem soon became endemic. Mayor Art Agnos (1988–92) was the first to attack the problem, and not the last; it is a top issue for San Franciscans even today. His program, Beyond Shelter, became the basis for federal programs and was recognized by Harvard for Innovations in Local Government.[citation needed] Agnos allowed the homeless to camp in the Civic Center park after the Loma Prieta earthquake that made over 1,000 SRO's[clarification needed] uninhabitable, which led to its title of "Camp Agnos." His opponent used this to attack Agnos in 1991, an election Agnos lost. Frank Jordan launched the "MATRIX" program the next year, which aimed to displace the homeless through aggressive police action. And it did displace them-to the rest of the city. His successor, Willie Lewis Brown, Jr., was able to largely ignore the problem, riding on the strong economy into a second term. Later, mayor Gavin Newsom created the controversial "Care Not Cash" program and policy on the homeless, which calls for ending the city's generous welfare policies towards the homeless and instead placing them in affordable housing and requiring them to attend city funded drug rehabilitation and job training programs.[citation needed]

text: In August 1989, San Francisco was surpassed for the first time in population by San Jose (located in Silicon Valley), the world center of the computer industry. San Jose has continued since then to grow in population since it is surrounded by large tracts of developable land. Thus, San Francisco is now the second largest city in population in the San Francisco Bay Area after San Jose.[citation needed]

text: 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake[edit]

text: On October 17, 1989, an earthquake measuring 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale struck on the San Andreas Fault near Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz mountains, approximately 70 miles (113 km) south of San Francisco, a few minutes before Game 3 of the 1989 World Series was scheduled to begin at Candlestick Park. The quake severely damaged many of the city's freeways including the Embarcadero Freeway and the Central Freeway. Mayor Agnos made the controversial decision to tear down the Embarcadero Freeway, opening the waterfront but eventually shifting Chinatown voters away from him and costing him re-election in 1991. The quake also caused extensive damage in the Marina District and the South of Market neighborhoods.

text: The 1990s saw the demolition of the quake damaged Embarcadero and Central Freeway, restoring the once blighted Hayes Valley as well as the city's waterfront promenade, The Embarcadero. In 1994 as part of the Base Realignment and Closure plan, the former military base of San Francisco Naval Shipyard in Bayview-Hunters Point was closed and returned to the city while the Presidio was turned over to the National Park Service and since converted into a national park.[citation needed]

text: In 1996, the city elected its first and to date only African American mayor, former Speaker of the California State Assembly, Willie Brown. Brown called for expansions to the San Francisco budget to provide for new employees and programs. During Brown's tenure, San Francisco's budget increased to US$5.2 billion and the city added 4,000 new employees. His tenure saw the development and construction of the new Mission Bay neighborhood, and a baseball stadium for the Giants, AT&T Park which was 100% privately financed.[citation needed]

text: In 1997, the Pinecrest Diner, a popular all-night diner-style restaurant in San Francisco, became notorious for a murder over an order of eggs.[35]

text: Dot-com boom[edit]

text: During the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer software professionals moved into the city, followed by marketing and sales professionals, and changed the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became gentrified. The rising rents forced many people, families, and businesses to leave. San Francisco has the smallest share of children of any major U.S. city, with the city's 18 and under population at just 13.4 percent.[36]

text: This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2013)

text: In 2001, the markets crashed, the boom ended, and many left San Francisco. South of Market, where many dot-com companies were located, had been bustling[citation needed] and crowded with few vacancies, but by 2002 was a virtual wasteland[citation needed] of empty offices and for-rent signs. Much of the boom was blamed for the city's "fastest shrinking population", reducing the city's population by 30,000 in just a few years. While the bust has helped put an ease on the city's apartment rents, the city remains expensive. By 2003, the city's economy had recovered from the dot-com crash thanks to a resurgent international tourist industry and the Web 2.0 boom that saw the creation of many new internet and software start-up companies in the city, attracting white-collar workers, recent University graduates, and young adults from all over the world.[37][38] Residential demand as well as rents rose again, and as a result city officials relaxed building height restrictions and zoning codes to construct residential condominiums in SOMA such as One Rincon Hill, 300 Spear Street, and Millennium Tower, although the late 2000s recession has indefinitely halted many construction projects such as Rincon Hill.[39] Part of this development is the reconstruction of the Transbay Terminal Replacement Project.

text: The early 2000s and into the 2010s saw the redevelopment of the Mission bay neighborhood. Originally an industrial district, it underwent development fueled by the construction of the University of California, San Francisco Mission bay campus and its UCSF Medical Center, and is currently an up and coming neighborhood, undergoing development and construction. It has rapidly evolved into a wealthy neighborhood of luxury condominiums, hospitals, and biotechnology research and development. It is also the site of the future Chase Center, the arena of the Golden State Warriors and the new Uber headquarters.

text: 2010 saw the San Francisco Giants win their first World Series title since moving from New York City. The estimated 1 million people who attended their victory parade is considered one of the largest in city history.[40] 2012 saw the Giants win their second title in San Francisco. Celebrations citywide were marred by rioting which caused millions of dollars in property damage.[41][42]

text: In 2011, city manager Edwin Lee was elected the first Chinese American mayor in any American major city. Mayor Lee has been a strong proponent of tenant's rights, but also a business-friendly mayor to the city's burgeoning tech community.[citation needed]

text: By 2013, San Francisco, with thanks from the Web 2.0 boom, had fully recovered from the late 2000s recession and is experiencing a real estate and population boom. The computer industry is moving north from Silicon Valley. Availability of vacant rental units is scarce and the prices for vacant units has increased dramatically, and as of 2015 is reported to be the highest in the nation.[43]

text: In April 2016, the city passed a law requiring all new buildings below 10 stories to have rooftop solar panels, making it the first major US city to do so.[44]

text: Historic populations[edit]

text:
Historical population

Year
Pop.
±% p.a.

1852[45]
34,776
—

1860
56,802
+6.33%

1870
149,473
+10.16%

1880
233,959
+4.58%

1890
298,997
+2.48%

1900
342,783
+1.38%

1910
416,912
+1.98%

1920
506,676
+1.97%

1930
634,394
+2.27%

Year
Pop.
±% p.a.

1940[46]
634,536
+0.00%

1950
775,357
+2.02%

1960
740,316
−0.46%

1970
715,674
−0.34%

1980
678,974
−0.53%

1990
723,959
+0.64%

2000
776,733
+0.71%

2010[47]
805,235
+0.36%


document_title: List of All-Ireland Senior Football Championship finals

question_text: when did dublin win 3 in a row

question_tokens: when did dublin win 3 in a row

text: History[edit]

text: Teams from the southern province of Munster shared the early titles, with Limerick, Tipperary and Cork winning the first three finals. The first Championship featured club teams who represented their respective counties after their county championship. The 21 a-side final, played in Beech Hill, Clonskeagh on 29 April 1888, was contested between Commercials of Limerick and Young Irelands of Louth, with Commercials winning by 1-4 to 0-3. Unlike later All-Irelands, there were no provincial championships and it was an open draw.

text: The second Championship was unfinished owing to the American Invasion Tour. The 1888 provincial championships had been completed (won by Tipperary, Kilkenny and Monaghan, with no Connacht teams entering) but after the Invasion Tour ended, the All-Ireland semi-final and final were not played. London reached the final four times in the early years of the competition (1900–03).

text: The 1903 Championship brought Kerry's first All-Ireland title. They went on to become the most successful football team in the history of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. As of 2017, they have won the competition on 37 occasions, including two four-in-a-rows (1929–32 and 1978–81) and two three-in-a-rows (1939–41 and 1984–86). Galway were the first team from the western province of Connacht to win an All-Ireland title, in 1925, while Cavan were the first from the northern province of Ulster, in 1933.

text: The first half of the twentieth century brought the rise of several teams who won two or more All-Ireland titles during this period, such as Kildare, Mayo, Cavan, Wexford and Roscommon. Wexford won four consecutive titles between 1915 and 1918, while Kildare were the first winners of the Sam Maguire Cup in 1928. Cavan won five titles between 1933 and 1952, including in 1947 when the final was played in New York. None of these teams have won an All-Ireland title since, with only Kildare, Mayo and Roscommon reaching the final. Most notably, Mayo have appeared in nine finals since winning their last title in 1951, losing them all (1989, 1996 after a replay, 1997, 2004, 2006, 2012, 2013, 2016 after a replay and 2017); this is the longest unbroken sequence of losing finals in the history of the competition.[1]

text: A record 90,556 attended the 1961 final between Down and Offaly. In the 1990s, a significant sea change took place, as the All-Ireland was claimed by an Ulster team in four consecutive years (1991–94). Since then Ulster has produced more All-Ireland winning teams than any other province.[2] The introduction of the qualifier system (commonly known as the "back door") in 2001 enabled Galway to reach and win that year's final despite losing to Roscommon in the Connacht semi-finals; a further five teams have since claimed the All-Ireland after coming through the qualifiers (Tyrone in 2005 and 2008, Kerry in 2006 and 2009, and Cork in 2010).[3] The 2003 final between Tyrone and Armagh was the first to be contested by two teams from the same province.

text: Finals[edit]

text: The following table sets out the winning team and beaten finalist of each All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final. The vast majority of finals were contested by the winning semi-finalists, although in certain cases in the early years a provincial championship had not been completed in time and the affected province nominated a team to participate in the All-Ireland semi-final. In some of these cases, the nominated team (e.g. Dublin in 1905) won its semi-final, but was then vanquished in their provincial championship, and their place in the All-Ireland final taken by another team from that province.

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key to list of winners

*
Final won after Replay

Final not played

Winning county won the Double (Senior Football and Hurling Championship)

text: All teams are based in Ireland, except for London.

text: Results[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Score
Venue
Attendance[4]
Winning margin (points)[A]

1887
29 April 1888
Limerick
1–4
Louth
0–3
Donnybrook
7,000
–

1888
Championship unfinished - the GAA committee and players travelled to the USA to promote the game abroad

1889
20 October
Tipperary
3–6
Laois
0–0
Inchicore
1,500
–

1890
26 June 1892
Cork
2–4
Wexford
0–1
Clonturk
1,000
–

1891
28 February 1892
Dublin
2–1
Cork
1–9
Clonturk
2,000
–

1892
26 March 1893
Dublin
1–4
Kerry
0–3
Clonturk
5,000
6

1893
24 June 1894
Wexford
1–1
Cork
0–1
Phoenix Park
1,000
5

1894
21 April 1895
Dublin
0–5
Cork
1–2
Thurles
10,000
–[B]

1895
15 March 1896
Tipperary
0–4
Meath
0–3
Jones' Road
8,000
1

1896
6 February 1898
Limerick
1–5
Dublin
0–7
Jones' Road
3,500
1

1897
5 February 1899
Dublin
2–6
Cork
0–2
Jones' Road
4,000
10

1898
8 April 1900
Dublin
2–8
Waterford
0–4
Tipperary
1,000
10

1899
10 February 1901
Dublin
1–10
Cork
0–6
Jones' Road
2,000
7

1900
26 October 1902
Tipperary
3–7
London
0–2
Jones' Road
2,000
14

1901
2 August 1903
Dublin
0–14
London
0–2
Jones' Road
2,000
12

1902
11 September 1904
Dublin
2–8
London
0–4
Cork
10,000
10

1903
12 November 1905
Kerry
0–11
London
0–3
Jones' Road
10,000
8

1904
1 July 1906
Kerry
0–5
Dublin
0–2
Cork
10,000
3

1905
16 June 1906
Kildare
1–7
Kerry
0–5
Thurles
15,000
5

1906
20 October 1907
Dublin
0–5
Cork
0–4
Geraldine Park, Athy
8,000
1

1907
5 July 1908
Dublin
0–6
Cork
0–2
Tipperary
5,000
4

1908
3 October 1909
Dublin
1–10
London
0–4
Jones' Road
10,000
9

1909
5 December
Kerry
1–9
Louth
0–6
Jones' Road
16,000
6

1910
13 November 1910
Louth
W/O
Kerry
Scratch[C]
Jones' Road

1911
14 January 1912
Cork
6–6
Antrim
1–2
Jones' Road
11,000
19

1912
3 November
Louth
1–7
Antrim
1–2
Jones' Road
13,000
5

1913
14 December
Kerry
2–2
Wexford
0–3
Croke Park
17,000
5

1914
29 November
Kerry
2–3
Wexford
0–6
Croke Park
20,000
3

1915
7 November
Wexford
2–4
Kerry
2–1
Croke Park
27,000
3

1916
17 December
Wexford
3–4
Mayo
1–2
Croke Park
3,000
8

1917
9 December
Wexford
0–9
Clare
0–5
Croke Park
6,500
4

1918
16 February 1919
Wexford
0–5
Tipperary
0–4
Croke Park
12,000
1

1919
28 September
Kildare
2–5
Galway
0–1
Croke Park
32,000
10

1920
11 June 1922
Tipperary
1–6
Dublin
1–2
Croke Park
17,000
4

1921
17 June 1923
Dublin
1–9
Mayo
0–2
Croke Park
16,000
10

1922
7 October 1923
Dublin
0–6
Galway
0–4
Croke Park
11,792
2

1923
28 September 1924
Dublin
1–5
Kerry
1–3
Croke Park
18,500
2

1924
16 April 1925
Kerry
0–4
Dublin
0–3
Croke Park
28,844
1

1925

Galway
3–2
Cavan[D]
1–2
Croke Park

6

1926
17 October
Kerry
1–4
Kildare
0–4
Croke Park
35,500
3

1927
25 September
Kildare
0–5
Kerry
0–3
Croke Park
36,529
2

1928
30 September
Kildare
2–6
Cavan
2–5
Croke Park
24,700
1

1929
22 September
Kerry
1–8
Kildare
1–5
Croke Park
43,839
3

1930
28 September
Kerry
3–11
Monaghan
0–2
Croke Park
33,280
18

1931
27 September
Kerry
1–11
Kildare
0–8
Croke Park
42,350
6

1932
25 September
Kerry
2–7
Mayo
2–4
Croke Park
25,816
3

1933
24 September
Cavan
2–5
Galway
1–4
Croke Park
45,188
4

1934
23 September
Galway
3–5
Dublin
1–9
Croke Park
36,143
2

1935
22 September
Cavan
3–6
Kildare
2–5
Croke Park
50,380
4

1936
27 September
Mayo
4–11
Laois
0–5
Croke Park
50,168
18

1937
17 October
Kerry
4–4
Cavan
1–7
Croke Park
51,234
6

1938
23 October
Galway
2–4
Kerry
0–7
Croke Park
47,851
3

1939
24 September
Kerry
2–5
Meath
2–3
Croke Park
46,828
2

1940
22 September
Kerry
0–7
Galway
1–3
Croke Park
60,821
1

1941
7 September
Kerry
1–8
Galway
0–7
Croke Park
45,512
4

1942
20 September
Dublin
1–10
Galway
1–8
Croke Park
37,105
2

1943
10 October
Roscommon
2–7
Cavan
2–2
Croke Park
47,193
5

1944
24 September
Roscommon
1–9
Kerry
2–4
Croke Park
79,245
2

1945
23 September
Cork
2–5
Cavan
0–7
Croke Park
67,329
4

1946
27 October
Kerry
2–8
Roscommon
0–10
Croke Park
65,661
4

1947
14 September
Cavan
2–11
Kerry
2–7
Polo Grounds, New York
34,491
4

1948
26 September
Cavan
4–5
Mayo
4–4
Croke Park
74,645
1

1949
25 September
Meath
1–10
Cavan
1–6
Croke Park
79,460
4

1950
24 September
Mayo
2–5
Louth
1–6
Croke Park
76,174
2

1951
23 September
Mayo
2–8
Meath
0–9
Croke Park
78,201
5

1952
12 October
Cavan
0–9
Meath
0–5
Croke Park
62,515
4

1953
27 September
Kerry
0–13
Armagh
1–6
Croke Park
86,155
4

1954
26 September
Meath
1–13
Kerry
1–7
Croke Park
75,276
6

1955
25 September
Kerry
0–12
Dublin
1–6
Croke Park
87,102
3

1956
7 October
Galway
2–13
Cork
3–7
Croke Park
70,772
3

1957
22 September
Louth
1–9
Cork
1–7
Croke Park
72,732
2

1958
28 September
Dublin
2–12
Derry
1–9
Croke Park
73,371
6

1959
27 September
Kerry
3–7
Galway
1–4
Croke Park
85,897
9

1960
25 September
Down
2–10
Kerry
0–8
Croke Park
87,768
8

1961
24 September
Down
3–6
Offaly
2–8
Croke Park
90,556
1

1962
23 September
Kerry
1–12
Roscommon
1–6
Croke Park
75,771
6

1963
22 September
Dublin
1–9
Galway
0–10
Croke Park
87,106
2

1964
27 September
Galway
0–15
Kerry
0–10
Croke Park
76,498
5

1965
26 September
Galway
0–12
Kerry
0–9
Croke Park
77,735
3

1966
25 September
Galway
1–10
Meath
0–7
Croke Park
71,569
6

1967
24 September
Meath
1–9
Cork
0–9
Croke Park
70,343
3

1968
22 September
Down
2–12
Kerry
1–13
Croke Park
71,294
2

1969
28 September
Kerry
0–10
Offaly
0–7
Croke Park
67,828
3

1970
27 September
Kerry
2–19
Meath
0–18
Croke Park
71,775
7

1971
26 September
Offaly
1–14
Galway
2–8
Croke Park
70,789
3

1972
15 October
Offaly
1–19
Kerry
0–13
Croke Park
66,136
9

1973
23 September
Cork
3–17
Galway
2–13
Croke Park
73,308
7

1974
22 September
Dublin
0–14
Galway
1–6
Croke Park
71,898
5

1975
28 September
Kerry
2–12
Dublin
0–11
Croke Park
66,346
7

1976
26 September
Dublin
3–8
Kerry
0–10
Croke Park
73,588
7

1977
25 September
Dublin
5–12
Armagh
3–6
Croke Park
66,542
12

1978
24 September
Kerry
5–11
Dublin
0–9
Croke Park
71,503
17

1979
16 September
Kerry
3–13
Dublin
1–8
Croke Park
72,185
11

1980
21 September
Kerry
1–9
Roscommon
1–6
Croke Park
63,854
3

1981
20 September
Kerry
1–12
Offaly
0–8
Croke Park
61,489
7

1982
16 September
Offaly
1–15
Kerry
0–17
Croke Park
62,309
1

1983
18 September
Dublin
1–10
Galway
1–8
Croke Park
71,988
2

1984
23 September
Kerry
0–14
Dublin
1–6
Croke Park
68,365
5

1985
22 September
Kerry
2–12
Dublin
2–8
Croke Park
69,389
4

1986
21 September
Kerry
2–15
Tyrone
1–10
Croke Park
68,628
8

1987
20 September
Meath
1–14
Cork
0–11
Croke Park
68,431
6

1988
9 October
Meath
0–13
Cork
0–12
Croke Park
64,069
1

1989
17 September
Cork
0–17
Mayo
1–11
Croke Park
65,519
3

1990
16 September
Cork
0–11
Meath
0–9
Croke Park
65,723
2

1991
15 September
Down
1–16
Meath
1–14
Croke Park
64,500
2

1992[5]
20 September
Donegal
0–18
Dublin
0–14
Croke Park
64,547
4

1993
19 September
Derry
1–14
Cork
2–8
Croke Park
64,500
3

1994
18 September
Down
1–12
Dublin
0–13
Croke Park
58,684
2

1995
17 September
Dublin
1–10
Tyrone
0–12
Croke Park
65,000
1

1996
29 September
Meath
2–9
Mayo
1–11
Croke Park
65,802
1

1997[6]
28 September
Kerry
0–13
Mayo
1–7
Croke Park
65,601
3

1998
27 September
Galway
1–14
Kildare
1–10
Croke Park
65,886
4

1999
26 September
Meath
1–11
Cork
1–8
Croke Park
63,276
3

2000[7]
7 October
Kerry
0–17
Galway
1–10
Croke Park
64,094
4

2001[8]
23 September
Galway
0–17
Meath
0–8
Croke Park
70,842
9

2002[9]
22 September
Armagh
1–12
Kerry
0–14
Croke Park
79,500
1

2003[10]
28 September
Tyrone
0–12
Armagh
0–9
Croke Park
79,394
3

2004[11]
26 September
Kerry
1–20
Mayo
2–9
Croke Park
79,749
8

2005[12]
25 September
Tyrone
1–16
Kerry
2–10
Croke Park
82,112
3

2006[13]
17 September
Kerry
4–15
Mayo
3–5
Croke Park
82,289
13

2007[14]
16 September
Kerry
3–13
Cork
1–9
Croke Park
82,126
10

2008[15]
21 September
Tyrone
1–15
Kerry
0–14
Croke Park
82,204
4

2009[16]
20 September
Kerry
0–16
Cork
1–9
Croke Park
82,246
4

2010[17]
19 September
Cork
0–16
Down
0–15
Croke Park
81,604
1

2011[18]
18 September
Dublin
1–12
Kerry
1–11
Croke Park
82,300
1

2012[19]
23 September
Donegal
2–11
Mayo
0–13
Croke Park
82,269
4

2013[20]
22 September
Dublin
2–12
Mayo
1–14
Croke Park
82,274
1

2014
21 September
Kerry
2–9
Donegal
0–12
Croke Park
82,184
3

2015
20 September
Dublin
0–12
Kerry
0–9
Croke Park
82,243
3

2016[21]
1 October
Dublin
1–15
Mayo
1–14
Croke Park
82,249
1

2017
17 September
Dublin
1–17
Mayo
1–16
Croke Park
82,243
1

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: Vehicle audio

question_text: when did they start putting cassette players in cars

text: Vehicle audio

text: History[edit]

text: Around 1920, vacuum tube technology had matured to the point where the availability of radio receivers made radio broadcasting viable.[3] A technical challenge was that the vacuum tubes in the radio receivers required 50 to 250 volt direct current but car batteries ran at 6V. Voltage was stepped up with a vibrator that provided a pulsating DC which could be converted to a higher voltage with a transformer, rectified, and filtered to create higher-voltage DC.

text: In 1930, the American Galvin Manufacturing Corporation marketed a Motorola branded radio receiver for $130.[4] It was expensive: the contemporary Ford Model A cost $540. A Plymouth sedan, "wired for Philco Transistone radio without extra cost," is advertised in Ladies' Home Journal in 1931. In 1932 in Germany the Blaupunkt AS 5 medium wave and longwave radio was marketed for 465 Reichsmark, about one third of the price of a small car. Because it took nearly 10 litres of space, it could not be located near the driver, and was operated via a steering wheel remote control.[5] In 1933 Crossley Motors offer a factory fitted car radio.[6] By the late 1930s, push button AM radios were considered a standard feature. In 1946 there were an estimated 9 million AM car radios in use.[7]

text: An FM receiver was offered by Blaupunkt in 1952. In 1953, Becker introduced the AM/FM Becker Mexico with a Variometer tuner, basically a station-search or scan function.[8]

text: In April 1955, the Chrysler Corporation had announced that it was offering a Mopar model 914HR branded Philco all transistor car radio,[9] as a $150 option for its 1956 Chrysler and Imperial car models. Chrysler Corporation had decided to discontinue its all transistor car radio option at the end of 1956, due to it being too expensive, and replaced it with a cheaper hybrid (transistors and low voltage vacuum tubes) car radio for its new 1957 car models.[10] In 1963 Becker introduced the Monte Carlo, a tubeless solid state radio, with no vacuum tubes.[8]

text: In 1964 Philips launched the Compact Cassette, and in 1965 Ford and Motorola jointly introduced the 8-track tape in-car tape player. In subsequent years cassettes supplanted the 8-track, and improved with longer play times, better tape quality, auto-reverse, and Dolby noise reduction. They were popular throughout the 1970s and '80s. While the CD had been on the market since 1982, it was in 1984 that Pioneer introduced the CDX-1, the world's first car CD player. It was known for its improved sound quality, instant track skipping and the formats increased durability over cassette tapes. Due to the ability that allowed drivers and passengers to change up to 10 CD's at a time, car CD changers started to gain popularity in the late 80s and continuing throughout the 90s.[11] Stock and aftermarket compact disc players began appearing in the late 1980s, competing with the cassette. The first car with an OEM CD player was the 1987 Lincoln Town Car, and the last new cars in the American market to be factory-equipped with a cassette deck in the dashboard was the 2010 Lexus SC430,[12] and the Ford Crown Victoria.[13]

text: From 1974 to 2005 the Autofahrer-Rundfunk-Informationssystem was used by the German ARD network.[14] Developed jointly by the Institut für Rundfunktechnik and Blaupunkt,[15] it indicated the presence of traffic announcements through manipulation of the 57kHz subcarrier of the station's FM signal.[16] ARI was replaced by the Radio Data System.[17]

text: In the 2010s new ways to play music came into competition with the CD and FM radio such as internet radio, satellite radio, electrical connectors and Bluetooth connectors for portable media players, and in-dash slots for memory cards. And the automobile head unit became increasingly important as a housing for backup cameras, navigation systems, and displays for smartphones such as CarPlay, Android Auto, and MirrorLink. Some vehicle manufacturers have their own systems for syncing the car with smartphones, for example: BMW Assist, Hyundai Blue Link, iLane, MyFord Touch, Ford SYNC, OnStar, and Toyota Entune.[18]

text: Components and terms[edit]

text:
Stock system: the OEM application that the vehicle's manufacturer specified to be installed when the car was built.
Head unit: Car stereos generally lag behind audio technology.[19] Cassette decks have been found in cars as late as the 2008 Acura TL, and even in the 2010s the CD player is still a standard part of most car stereos, although their non-car counterparts (i.e. Walkmans) have long disappeared from consumer shelves. For decades most vehicle dashboards had a rectangular "cutout" where the head unit was installed (which went above another rectangular cutout for the HVAC controls), and this allowed for straightforward replacement of the stock system with an aftermarket stereo, since audio technology improves faster than model updates from car companies. These cutouts, however, also allowed for easy theft of the car radio.[20] Due to auto manufacturing differences over the years, aftermarket headunit products are manufactured in multiple form factors. The primarily used size is mostly referred to by its legacy name of DIN, which refers to ISO 7736. DIN headunits come as single DIN or double DIN. The trend away from dashboards with cutouts, along with improving car audio technology, has eroded sales from the aftermarket stereo industry.[20]
Car speakers
Mobile audio power amplifiers
Subwoofers
Capacitors
Damping: sound deadening material is often used in the door cavities and boot/trunk area to damp excess vibration of the panels in the car in response to loud subwoofer bass tones, especially the boot/trunk.

tag: ul

text: Legality[edit]

text: Extremely loud sound systems in automobiles may violate the noise ordinance of some municipalities some of which have outlawed them.[21] In 2002, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a guide to police officers on how to deal with problems associated with boom cars.[22] A number of companies have engaged in the irresponsible advertising of high powered automotive audio systems; often, such advertisements encouraged anti-social behaviour such as annoying neighbours when played at a high volume level, including through taglines such as "Turn It Down? I Don’t Think So".[23]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
1955: World's first All-Transistor car radio - Chrysler Mopar 914HR / Philco model C-5690

A 1950s Philips car radio using both transistor and valves

GM Delco Transistorized "Hybrid" (vacuum tubes and transistors), first offered as an option on the 1956 Chevrolet Corvette car models.

A car stereo head unit in a dashboard

1942 Lincoln Continental Cabriolet radio

1964 Mercedes-Benz W110 190c dashboard with original FM Blaupunkt "Frankfurt" head unit.

BLAUPUNKT Köln Radio - German 1958 FORD Taunus 17M P2 deLuxe

1968 AMC Rebel 770 with optional AMC AM/FM radio

1990 Ford Sierra CLX Radio-Cassette head unit in a dashboard with cassette storage

1978 AMC Matador sedan factory AM-FM-stereo-8-track unit with album by The Blues Brothers

A factory headrest on a Pontiac Fiero embedded with stereo speakers. Eliminated on later models due to cost.

A set of speaker drivers removed from a passenger vehicle

A car audio amplifier

Blaupunkt Class T amplifier

Two 10-inch sub-woofers in the trunk of a car

After-market speaker system in the cargo area

After-market speakers in the cargo area

Radio scanner installed with aftermarket head unit

As technology keeps evolving, head units are now paired with climate control system and other essentials. They are now equipped with anti-theft system for protection purposes.


document_title: BAFTA Award for Best Direction

question_text: who won the bafta award for best director in 2008

text: BAFTA Award for Best Direction

text:
Year

Director

Film

201771st

Guillermo del Toro

The Shape of Water

Luca Guadagnino

Call Me by Your Name

Martin McDonagh

Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri

Christopher Nolan

Dunkirk

Denis Villeneuve

Blade Runner 2049

201670th

Damien Chazelle

La La Land

Tom Ford

Nocturnal Animals

Ken Loach

I, Daniel Blake

Kenneth Lonergan

Manchester by the Sea

Denis Villeneuve

Arrival

201569th

Alejandro G. Iñárritu

The Revenant

Todd Haynes

Carol

Adam McKay

The Big Short

Ridley Scott

The Martian

Steven Spielberg

Bridge of Spies

201468th

Richard Linklater

Boyhood

Wes Anderson

The Grand Budapest Hotel

Damien Chazelle

Whiplash

Alejandro G. Iñárritu

Birdman

James Marsh

The Theory of Everything

201367th

Alfonso Cuarón

Gravity

Paul Greengrass

Captain Phillips

Steve McQueen

12 Years a Slave

David O. Russell

American Hustle

Martin Scorsese

The Wolf of Wall Street

201266th

Ben Affleck

Argo

Kathryn Bigelow

Zero Dark Thirty

Michael Haneke

Amour

Ang Lee

Life of Pi

Quentin Tarantino

Django Unchained

201165th

Michel Hazanavicius

The Artist

Tomas Alfredson

Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy

Lynne Ramsay

We Need to Talk About Kevin

Nicolas Winding Refn

Drive

Martin Scorsese

Hugo

201064th

David Fincher

The Social Network

Darren Aronofsky

Black Swan

Danny Boyle

127 Hours

Tom Hooper

The King's Speech

Christopher Nolan

Inception

text:
Year

Director

Film

200963rd

Kathryn Bigelow

The Hurt Locker

Neill Blomkamp

District 9

James Cameron

Avatar

Lone Scherfig

An Education

Quentin Tarantino

Inglourious Basterds

200862nd

Danny Boyle

Slumdog Millionaire

Stephen Daldry

The Reader

Clint Eastwood

Changeling

David Fincher

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button

Ron Howard

Frost/Nixon

200761st

Joel Coen and Ethan Coen

No Country for Old Men

Paul Thomas Anderson

There Will Be Blood

Paul Greengrass

The Bourne Ultimatum

Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck

The Lives of Others (Das Leben der Anderen)

Joe Wright

Atonement

200660th

Paul Greengrass

United 93

Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris

Little Miss Sunshine

Stephen Frears

The Queen

Alejandro González Iñárritu

Babel

Martin Scorsese

The Departed

200559th

Ang Lee

Brokeback Mountain

George Clooney

Good Night, and Good Luck.

Paul Haggis

Crash

Fernando Meirelles

The Constant Gardener

Bennett Miller

Capote

200458th

Mike Leigh

Vera Drake

Marc Forster

Finding Neverland

Michel Gondry

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind

Michael Mann

Collateral

Martin Scorsese

The Aviator

200357th

Peter Weir

Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World

Tim Burton

Big Fish

Sofia Coppola

Lost in Translation

Peter Jackson

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

Anthony Minghella

Cold Mountain

200256th

Roman Polanski

The Pianist

Stephen Daldry

The Hours

Peter Jackson

The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

Rob Marshall

Chicago

Martin Scorsese

Gangs of New York

200155th

Peter Jackson

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring

Robert Altman

Gosford Park

Ron Howard

A Beautiful Mind

Jean-Pierre Jeunet

Amélie (Le Fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain)

Baz Luhrmann

Moulin Rouge!

200054th

Ang Lee

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Wo hu cang long)

Stephen Daldry

Billy Elliot

Ridley Scott

Gladiator

Steven Soderbergh

Traffic

Steven Soderbergh

Erin Brockovich

text:
Year

Director

Film

199953rd

Pedro Almodóvar

All About My Mother (Todo sobre mi madre)

Neil Jordan

The End of the Affair

Sam Mendes

American Beauty

Anthony Minghella

The Talented Mr. Ripley

M. Night Shyamalan

The Sixth Sense

199852nd

Peter Weir

The Truman Show

Shekhar Kapur

Elizabeth

John Madden

Shakespeare in Love

Steven Spielberg

Saving Private Ryan

199751st

Baz Luhrmann

Romeo + Juliet

James Cameron

Titanic

Peter Cattaneo

The Full Monty

Curtis Hanson

L.A. Confidential

199650th

Joel Coen

Fargo

Scott Hicks

Shine

Mike Leigh

Secrets & Lies

Anthony Minghella

The English Patient

199549th

Michael Radford

Il Postino: The Postman

Mel Gibson

Braveheart

Nicholas Hytner

The Madness of King George

Ang Lee

Sense and Sensibility

199448th

Mike Newell

Four Weddings and a Funeral

Krzysztof Kieślowski

Three Colours: Red (Trois couleurs : Rouge)

Quentin Tarantino

Pulp Fiction

Robert Zemeckis

Forrest Gump

199347th

Steven Spielberg

Schindler's List

Richard Attenborough

Shadowlands

Jane Campion

The Piano

James Ivory

The Remains of the Day

199246th

Robert Altman

The Player

Clint Eastwood

Unforgiven

James Ivory

Howards End

Neil Jordan

The Crying Game

199145th

Alan Parker

The Commitments

Kevin Costner

Dances with Wolves

Jonathan Demme

The Silence of the Lambs

Ridley Scott

Thelma & Louise

199044th

Martin Scorsese

Goodfellas

Woody Allen

Crimes and Misdemeanors

Bruce Beresford

Driving Miss Daisy

Giuseppe Tornatore

Cinema Paradiso (Nuovo cinema Paradiso)

text:
Year

Director

Film

198943rd

Kenneth Branagh

Henry V

Stephen Frears

Dangerous Liaisons

Alan Parker

Mississippi Burning

Peter Weir

Dead Poets Society

198842nd

Louis Malle

Au revoir les enfants

Gabriel Axel

Babette's Feast

Bernardo Bertolucci

The Last Emperor

Charles Crichton

A Fish Called Wanda

198741st

Oliver Stone

Platoon

Richard Attenborough

Cry Freedom

Claude Berri

Jean de Florette

John Boorman

Hope and Glory

198640th

Woody Allen

Hannah and Her Sisters

Roland Joffé

The Mission

Neil Jordan

Mona Lisa

James Ivory

A Room with a View

198438th

Wim Wenders

Paris, Texas

Roland Joffé

The Killing Fields

Sergio Leone

Once Upon a Time in America

Peter Yates

The Dresser

198337th

Bill Forsyth

Local Hero

James Ivory

Heat and Dust

Sydney Pollack

Tootsie

Martin Scorsese

The King of Comedy

198236th

Richard Attenborough

Gandhi

Costa-Gavras

Missing

Mark Rydell

On Golden Pond

Steven Spielberg

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial

198135th

Louis Malle

Atlantic City

Bill Forsyth

Gregory's Girl

Hugh Hudson

Chariots of Fire

Karel Reisz

The French Lieutenant's Woman

198034th

Akira Kurosawa

Kagemusha

Robert Benton

Kramer vs. Kramer

David Lynch

The Elephant Man

Alan Parker

Fame

text:
Year

Director

Film

197933rd

Francis Ford Coppola

Apocalypse Now

Woody Allen

Manhattan

Michael Cimino

The Deer Hunter

John Schlesinger

Yanks

197832nd

Alan Parker

Midnight Express

Robert Altman

A Wedding

Steven Spielberg

Close Encounters of the Third Kind

Fred Zinnemann

Julia

197731st

Woody Allen

Annie Hall

Richard Attenborough

A Bridge Too Far

John G. Avildsen

Rocky

Sidney Lumet

Network

197630th

Miloš Forman

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

Alan J. Pakula

All the President's Men

Alan Parker

Bugsy Malone

Martin Scorsese

Taxi Driver

197529th

Stanley Kubrick

Barry Lyndon

Sidney Lumet

Dog Day Afternoon

Martin Scorsese

Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore

Steven Spielberg

Jaws

197428th

Roman Polanski

Chinatown

Francis Ford Coppola

The Conversation

Sidney Lumet

Murder on the Orient Express / Serpico[1]

Louis Malle

Lacombe Lucien

197327th

François Truffaut

Day for Night

Luis Buñuel

The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie

Nicolas Roeg

Don't Look Now

Fred Zinnemann

The Day of the Jackal

197226th

Bob Fosse

Cabaret

Peter Bogdanovich

The Last Picture Show

William Friedkin

The French Connection

Stanley Kubrick

A Clockwork Orange

197125th

John Schlesinger

Sunday Bloody Sunday

Miloš Forman

Taking Off

Joseph Losey

The Go-Between

Luchino Visconti

Death in Venice

197024th

George Roy Hill

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid

Robert Altman

M*A*S*H

David Lean

Ryan's Daughter

Ken Loach

Kes

text:
Year

Director

Film

196923rd

John Schlesinger

Midnight Cowboy

Richard Attenborough

Oh! What a Lovely War

Ken Russell

Women in Love

Peter Yates

Bullitt

196822nd

Mike Nichols

The Graduate

Lindsay Anderson

if....

Carol Reed

Oliver!

Franco Zeffirelli

Romeo and Juliet


document_title: Quantum number

question_text: the shape of an atomic orbital is determined by which quantum number

text: Quantum number

text: How many quantum numbers exist?[edit]

text: The question of how many quantum numbers are needed to describe any given system has no universal answer. Hence for each system one must find the answer for a full analysis of the system. A quantized system requires at least one quantum number. The dynamics of any quantum system are described by a quantum Hamiltonian, H. There is one quantum number of the system corresponding to the energy, i.e., the eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian. There is also one quantum number for each operator O that commutes with the Hamiltonian. These are all the quantum numbers that the system can have. Note that the operators O defining the quantum numbers should be independent of each other. Often, there is more than one way to choose a set of independent operators. Consequently, in different situations different sets of quantum numbers may be used for the description of the same system.

text: Spatial and angular momentum numbers[edit]

text: Four quantum numbers can describe an electron in an atom completely. As per the following model, these nearly-compatible quantum numbers are:

text:
Principal quantum number (n)
Azimuthal quantum number (ℓ)
Magnetic quantum number (m)
Spin quantum number (sd)

text: The spin-orbital interaction, however, relates these numbers. Thus, a complete description of the system can be given with fewer quantum numbers, if orthogonal choices are made for these basis vectors.

text: Traditional nomenclatures[edit]

text: Hund-Mulliken molecular orbital theory[edit]

text: Many different models have been proposed throughout the history of quantum mechanics, but the most prominent system of nomenclature spawned from the Hund-Mulliken molecular orbital theory of Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, and contributions from Schrödinger, Slater and John Lennard-Jones. This system of nomenclature incorporated Bohr energy levels, Hund-Mulliken orbital theory, and observations on electron spin based on spectroscopy and Hund's rules.[1]

text: This model describes electrons using four quantum numbers, n, ℓ, mℓ, ms, given below. It is also the common nomenclature in the classical description of nuclear particle states (e.g. protons and neutrons). A quantum description of molecular orbitals require different quantum numbers, because the Hamiltonian and its symmetries are quite different.

text:
The principal quantum number (n) describes the electron shell, or energy level, of an electron. The value of n ranges from 1 to the shell containing the outermost electron of that atom, i.e.[2]

n = 1, 2, ... .

For example, in caesium (Cs), the outermost valence electron is in the shell with energy level 6, so an electron in caesium can have an n value from 1 to 6.
For particles in a time-independent potential (see Schrödinger equation), it also labels the nth eigenvalue of Hamiltonian (H), i.e. the energy, E with the contribution due to angular momentum (the term involving J2) left out. This number therefore has a dependence only on the distance between the electron and the nucleus (i.e., the radial coordinate, r). The average distance increases with n, and hence quantum states with different principal quantum numbers are said to belong to different shells.
The azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) (also known as the angular quantum number or orbital quantum number) describes the subshell, and gives the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum through the relation

L2 = ħ2 ℓ (ℓ + 1).

In chemistry and spectroscopy, "ℓ = 0" is called an s orbital, "ℓ = 1" a p orbital, "ℓ = 2" a d orbital, and "ℓ = 3" an f orbital.
The value of ℓ ranges from 0 to n − 1, so the first p orbital (ℓ = 1) appears in the second electron shell (n = 2), the first d orbital (ℓ = 2) appears in the third shell (n = 3), and so on:[3]

ℓ = 0, 1, 2,..., n − 1.

A quantum number beginning in 3, 0, … describes an electron in the s orbital of the third electron shell of an atom. In chemistry, this quantum number is very important, since it specifies the shape of an atomic orbital and strongly influences chemical bonds and bond angles.
The magnetic quantum number (mℓ) describes the specific orbital (or "cloud") within that subshell, and yields the projection of the orbital angular momentum along a specified axis:

Lz = mℓ ħ.

The values of mℓ range from −ℓ to ℓ, with integer steps between them:[4]
The s subshell (ℓ = 0) contains only one orbital, and therefore the mℓ of an electron in an s orbital will always be 0. The p subshell (ℓ = 1) contains three orbitals (in some systems, depicted as three "dumbbell-shaped" clouds), so the mℓ of an electron in a p orbital will be −1, 0, or 1. The d subshell (ℓ = 2) contains five orbitals, with mℓ values of −2, −1, 0, 1, and 2.
The spin projection quantum number (ms) describes the spin (intrinsic angular momentum) of the electron within that orbital, and gives the projection of the spin angular momentum S along the specified axis:

Sz = ms ħ.

In general, the values of ms range from −s to s, where s is the spin quantum number, an intrinsic property of particles:[5]

ms = −s, −s + 1, −s + 2, ..., s − 2, s − 1, s.

An electron has spin number s = ½, consequently ms will be ±½, referring to "spin up" and "spin down" states. Each electron in any individual orbital must have different quantum numbers because of the Pauli exclusion principle, therefore an orbital never contains more than two electrons.

text: Note that there is no universal fixed value for mℓ and ms values. Rather, the mℓ and ms values are random. The only requirement is that the naming schematic used within a particular set of calculations or descriptions must be consistent (e.g. the orbital occupied by the first electron in a p orbital could be described as mℓ = −1 or mℓ = 0 or mℓ = 1, but the mℓ value of the next unpaired electron in that orbital must be different; yet, the mℓ assigned to electrons in other orbitals again can be mℓ = −1 or mℓ = 0, or mℓ = 1 ).

text: These rules are summarized as follows:

text:
Name
Symbol
Orbital meaning
Range of values
Value examples

principal quantum number
n
shell
1 ≤ n
n = 1, 2, 3, …

azimuthal quantum number (angular momentum)
ℓ
subshell (s orbital is listed as 0, p orbital as 1 etc.)
0 ≤ ℓ ≤ n − 1
for n = 3:
ℓ = 0, 1, 2 (s, p, d)

magnetic quantum number, (projection of angular momentum)
mℓ
energy shift (orientation of the subshell's shape)
−ℓ ≤ mℓ ≤ ℓ
for ℓ = 2:
mℓ = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2

spin projection quantum number
ms
spin of the electron (−½ = "spin down", ½ = "spin up")
−s ≤ ms ≤ s
for an electron s = ½,
so ms = −½, ½

text: Example: The quantum numbers used to refer to the outermost valence electrons of the Carbon (C) atom, which are located in the 2p atomic orbital, are; n = 2 (2nd electron shell), ℓ = 1 (p orbital subshell), mℓ = 1, 0 or −1, ms = ½ (parallel spins).

text: Results from spectroscopy indicated that up to two electrons can occupy a single orbital. However two electrons can never have the same exact quantum state nor the same set of quantum numbers according to Hund's rules, which addresses the Pauli exclusion principle. A fourth quantum number with two possible values was added as an ad hoc assumption to resolve the conflict; this supposition could later be explained in detail by relativistic quantum mechanics and from the results of the renowned Stern–Gerlach experiment.

text: Total angular momenta numbers[edit]

text: Total momentum of a particle[edit]

text: When one takes the spin–orbit interaction into consideration, the L and S operators no longer commute with the Hamiltonian, and their eigenvalues therefore change over time. Thus another set of quantum numbers should be used. This set includes[6][7]

text:
The total angular momentum quantum number:

j = |ℓ ± s|,

which gives the total angular momentum through the relation

J2 = ħ2 j (j + 1).

The projection of the total angular momentum along a specified axis:

mj = −j, −j + 1, −j + 2, ..., j − 2, j − 1, j

analogous to the above and satisfies

mj = mℓ + ms and |mℓ + ms| ≤ j.

Parity
This is the eigenvalue under reflection: positive (+1) for states which came from even ℓ and negative (−1) for states which came from odd ℓ. The former is also known as even parity and the latter as odd parity, and is given by

P = (−1)ℓ.

text: For example, consider the following 8 states, defined by their quantum numbers:

text:
#
n
ℓ
mℓ
ms

ℓ + s
ℓ − s
mℓ + ms

1.
2
1
1
+1/2
3/2
1/2
3/2

2.
2
1
1
−1/2
3/2
1/2
1/2

3.
2
1
0
+1/2
3/2
1/2
1/2

4.
2
1
0
−1/2
3/2
1/2
−1/2

5.
2
1
−1
+1/2
3/2
1/2
−1/2

6.
2
1
−1
−1/2
3/2
1/2
−3/2

7.
2
0
0
+1/2
1/2
−1/2
1/2

8.
2
0
0
−1/2
1/2
−1/2
−1/2

text: The [quantum state]s in the system can be described as linear combination of these 8 states. However, in the presence of spin–orbit interaction, if one wants to describe the same system by 8 states that are eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian (i.e. each represents a state that does not mix with others over time), we should consider the following 8 states:

text:
j
mj
parity

3/2
3/2
odd
(coming from state (1) above)

3/2
1/2
odd
(coming from states (2) and (3) above)

3/2
−1/2
odd
(coming from states (4) and (5) above)

3/2
−3/2
odd
(coming from state (6) above)

1/2
1/2
odd
(coming from states (2) and (3) above)

1/2
−1/2
odd
(coming from states (4) and (5) above)

1/2
1/2
even
(coming from state (7) above)

1/2
−1/2
even
(coming from state (8) above)

text: Nuclear angular momentum quantum numbers[edit]

text: In nuclei, the entire assembly of protons and neutrons (nucleons) has a resultant angular momentum due to the angular momenta of each nucleon, usually denoted I. If the total angular momentum of a neutron is jn = ℓ + s and for a proton is jp = ℓ + s (where s for protons and neutrons happens to be ½ again) then the nuclear angular momentum quantum numbers I are given by:

text: Parity with the number I is used to label nuclear angular momentum states, examples for some isotopes of Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), and Sodium (Na) are;[8]

text:
H11
I = (1/2)+

C69
I = (3/2)−

Na1120
I = 2+

H12
I = 1+

C610
I = 0+

Na1121
I = (3/2)+

H13
I = (1/2)+

C611
I = (3/2)−

Na1122
I = 3+

C612
I = 0+

Na1123
I = (3/2)+

C613
I = (1/2)−

Na1124
I = 4+

C614
I = 0+

Na1125
I = (5/2)+

C615
I = (1/2)+

Na1126
I = 3+

text: The reason for the unusual fluctuations in I, even by differences of just one nucleon, are due to the odd/even numbers of protons and neutrons - pairs of nucleons have a total angular momentum of zero (just like electrons in orbitals), leaving an odd/even numbers of unpaired nucleons. The property of nuclear spin is an important factor for the operation of NMR spectroscopy in organic chemistry,[7] and MRI in nuclear medicine,[8] due to the nuclear magnetic moment interacting with an external magnetic field.

text: Elementary particles[edit]

text: Elementary particles contain many quantum numbers which are usually said to be intrinsic to them. However, it should be understood that the elementary particles are quantum states of the standard model of particle physics, and hence the quantum numbers of these particles bear the same relation to the Hamiltonian of this model as the quantum numbers of the Bohr atom does to its Hamiltonian. In other words, each quantum number denotes a symmetry of the problem. It is more useful in quantum field theory to distinguish between spacetime and internal symmetries.

text: Typical quantum numbers related to spacetime symmetries are spin (related to rotational symmetry), the parity, C-parity and T-parity (related to the Poincaré symmetry of spacetime). Typical internal symmetries[clarification needed] are lepton number and baryon number or the electric charge. (For a full list of quantum numbers of this kind see the article on flavour.)

text: Multiplicative quantum numbers[edit]

text: A minor but often confusing point is as follows: most conserved quantum numbers are additive, so in an elementary particle reaction, the sum of the quantum numbers should be the same before and after the reaction. However, some, usually called a parity, are multiplicative; i.e., their product is conserved. All multiplicative quantum numbers belong to a symmetry (like parity) in which applying the symmetry transformation twice is equivalent to doing nothing (involution).