document_title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

question_text: when was coal first mined in the uk

question_tokens: when was coal first mined in the uk

text: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: Extent and geology[edit]

text:
The United Kingdom's onshore coal resources occur in rocks of the Carboniferous age, some of which extend under the North Sea.[7] The carbon content of the bituminous coal present in most of the coalfields is 86% to 88%.[8]
Britain's coalfields are associated with Northumberland and  Durham, North and South Wales, Yorkshire, the Scottish Central Belt, Lancashire, Cumbria, the East and West Midlands and Kent.

text: History[edit]

text: Stone and Bronze Age flint axes have been discovered embedded in coal, showing that it was mined in Britain before the Roman invasion. Early miners first extracted coal already exposed on the surface and then followed the seams underground.[9]

text: It is probable that the Romans used outcropping coal when working iron or burning lime for building purposes. Evidence to support these theories comes mostly from ash discovered at excavations of Roman sites.[10]

text: There is no mention of coal mining in the Domesday Book of 1086 although lead and iron mines are recorded.[11] In the 13th century there are records of coal digging in Durham[12] and Northumberland,[13] Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Lancashire, the Forest of Dean and North[14] and South Wales. At this time coal was referred to as sea cole, a reference to coal washed ashore on the north east coast of England from either the cliffs or undersea outcrops. As the supply of coal on the surface became used up, settlers followed the seam inland by digging up the shore. Generally the seam continued underground, encouraging the settlers to dig to find coal, the precursor to modern operations.[9]

text: The early mines would have been drift mines or adits where coal seams outcropped or by shallow bell pits where coal was close to the surface.[15] Shafts lined with tree trunks and branches have been found in Lancashire in workings dating from early 17th century and by 1750 brick lined shafts to 150 foot depth were common.

text: Industrial Revolution[edit]

text: Coal production increased dramatically in the 19th century as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace, as a fuel for steam engines such as the Newcomen engine, and later, the Watt steam engine.  To produce firewood in the 1860s equivalent in energy terms to domestic consumption of coal would have required 25 million acres of land per year, nearly the entire farmland area of England (26 m. acres).[16]

text: A key development was the invention at Coalbrookdale in the early 18th century of coke which could be used to make pig iron in the blast furnace. The development of the steam locomotive by Trevithick early in the 19th century gave added impetus, and coal consumption grew rapidly as the railway network expanded through the Victorian period. Coal was widely used for domestic heating owing to its low cost and widespread availability. The manufacture of coal also provided coal gas, which could be used for heating and lighting. Most of the workers were children and men.[17] A mining business owner, Jordan Geoff of Upton colliery, West Yorkshire was prosecuted in 1927 for manslaughter for inhumane treatment of his workforce.[citation needed]

text: Decline[edit]

text: UK coal production peaked in 1913 at 287 million tonnes.[4] Until the late 1960s, coal was the main source of energy produced in the UK, peaking at 228 million tonnes in 1952. Ninety-five per cent of this came from roughly 1,334 deep-mines that were operational at the time, with the rest from around 92 surface mines.[18] After modernisation of underground mining, a deep shaft mine could produce 700 million tonnes annually.[citation needed] In 1986, Kellingley colliery achieved 404,000 tonnes in a single shift.

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, around a hundred North East coal mines were closed.[19] In March 1968, the last pit in the Black Country closed and pit closures were a regular occurrence in many other areas.[20] Beginning with wildcat action in 1969, the National Union of Mineworkers became increasingly militant, and was successful in gaining increased wages in their strikes in 1972 and 1974.[21] Closures were less common in the 1970s, and new investments were made in sites such as the Selby Coalfield. In early 1984, the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher announced plans to close 20 coal pits which led to the year-long miners' strike which ended in March 1985. The strike was unsuccessful in stopping the closures and led to an end to the closed shop in British Coal, as the breakaway Union of Democratic Mineworkers was formed by miners who objected to the NUM's handling of the strike.[22] Numerous pit closures followed, and in August 1989 coal mining ended in the Kent coalfield.[23] Since 1981 production fell sharply from 128 to 17.8 million tonnes in 2009.

text: In 1994, Prime Minister John Major privatised British Coal after announcing closures, with the majority of operations transferred to the new company UK Coal.[24][25] Nevertheless, by this time British Coal had closed all but the most economical of coal pits.[26]

text: The pit closures caused coal production to slump to the lowest rate in more than a century, further declining towards the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s. This coincided with initiatives for cleaner energy generation as power stations switched to gas and biomass. A total of 100 million tons was produced in 1986, but by 1995 the amount was around 50 million tons.[27] The last deep mine in South Wales closed when the coal was exhausted in January 2008. The mine was closed by British Coal in the privatisation of the industry fourteen years earlier and re-opened after being bought by the miners who had worked at the pit.[28]

text: Following the limitations to the National Union of Mineworkers' power, British coal-dependent industries have turned to cheaper imported coal.[29]  In 2001, production was exceeded by imports for the first time. In 2014, coal imported was three times more than the coal mined in Britain, despite large resources in the country.[30] In 2009, companies were licensed to extract 125 million tonnes of coal in operating underground mines and 42 million tonnes at opencast locations.[4]

text: Coal mining employed 4,000 workers at 30 locations in 2013, extracting 13 million tonnes of coal.[30] The three deep-pit mines were Hatfield and Kellingley Collieries in Yorkshire and Thoresby in Nottinghamshire.[1] There were 26 opencast sites in 2014, mainly in Scotland.[5] British coal mines achieve the most economically produced coal in Europe, with a level of productivity of 3,200 tonnes per man year.[26]  Most coal is used for electricity generation and steel-making, but its use to heat homes has decreased because of pollution concerns. The commodity is also used for fertilisers, chemicals, plastics, medicines and road surfaces. Hatfield Colliery closed in June 2015, as did Thoresby, and in December 2015, Kellingley, bringing to an end deep coal mining in the UK. On 20 December, thousands of people turned out for a march in Yorkshire to mark the occasion. The march began in Knottingley and finished with a rally and party at Kellingley Miners Welfare club.[31]

text: The demand for coal is likely to fall with increasing focus on renewable energy or low-carbon sources and loss of industry due to globalisation. Oil and gas reserves are predicted to run out long before coal,[32] so gas could be produced from coal by gasification.[33]

text: On 21 April 2017, Britain went a full day without using coal power to generate electricity for the first time since the Industrial Revolution, according to the National Grid.[34] In April 2018, a new record was set of 55 hours without coal, which in turn was broken by a period of more than 72 hours without coal a few days later.[35]


document_title: WWE 205 Live

question_text: who is the general manager of wwe 205

question_tokens: who is the general manager of wwe 205

root

text: WWE 205 Live

text: History[edit]

text: 205 Live was established following the success of the Cruiserweight Classic tournament, to feature those who competed in the tournament and others who have become full-time members of WWE's cruiserweight division. Paul "Triple H" Levesque, WWE executive producer and wrestler, stated the program is designed to serve as a showcase for the division, with its own distinctive feel and style compared to other WWE programming.[7]

tag: p

text: The Raw brand was originally established as the exclusive home of the division during the 2016 brand extension, with all cruiserweights being drafted to Raw during the 2016 WWE draft. Following the premiere of 205 Live, the cruiserweight wrestlers appear on both Raw and 205 Live, as well as making occasional appearances on NXT.

text: The show premiered on November 29, 2016; the main event of the inaugural episode saw Rich Swann defeating The Brian Kendrick for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship.[8]

text: On November 7, 2017, The United Kingdom Division was invited to 205 Live. This would be the main roster debuts of most of the UK Division with the exception of Pete Dunne, who debuted the previous night on Raw.

text: In January 2018, Triple H took over the creative side of 205 Live.[9] The first of the changes under Triple H was announced on January 23, with Daniel Bryan announcing that the first 205 Live general manager would be announced the following week.[10] The GM was revealed to be Drake Maverick, formerly known as "Rockstar Spud" from Impact Wrestling. He announced a 16-man tournament for the vacant WWE Cruiserweight Championship.

text: Roster[edit]

text: On-air personalities[edit]

text: Commentators[edit]

text:
Commentators
Dates

Mauro Ranallo, Corey Graves and Austin Aries
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29) – February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)

Mauro Ranallo and Corey Graves
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)

Tom Phillips and Corey Graves
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14) – June 6, 2017 (2017-06-06)

Vic Joseph and Corey Graves
June 13, 2017 (2017-06-13) – August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)

Vic Joseph and Nigel McGuinness
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05) – present

Vic Joseph and Byron Saxton
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)

tag: table

text: Ring announcers[edit]

text:
Ring announcers
Dates
Notes

Greg Hamilton
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29) – present
Ring announcer for SmackDown Live

text: General managers[edit]

text:
General managers
Dates
Notes

Drake Maverick
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30) – present


document_title: Illinois gubernatorial election, 2018

question_text: who's running for governor in the state of illinois

question_tokens: who 's running for governor in the state of illinois

text: Illinois gubernatorial election, 2018

text: Republican primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text:
Jeanne Ives, State Representative[4][5][6]

Running mate: Richard Morthland, Rock Island County Board member and former State Representative

Bruce Rauner, incumbent Governor[2][3]

Running mate: Evelyn Sanguinetti, incumbent Lieutenant Governor

tag: ul

text: Withdrew[edit]

text:
William J. Kelly, radio host and perennial candidate (running as an independent)[7][8]

Running mate: Brian Leggero, candidate for Mayor of Rockford in 2017[9]
Former running mate: Ray Tranchant, immigration activist[7][10]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
[show]Jeanne Ives

Illinois legislators

Senator Tim Bivins (R-Dixon)[11]
Representative Peter Breen (R-Lombard)[11]
Senator Kyle McCarter (R-Lebanon)[12]
Representative Margo McDermed (R-Frankfort)[11]
Representative David McSweeney (R-Cary)[11]
Representative Tom Morrison (R-Palatine)[13]
Representative Allen Skillicorn (R-East Dundee)[14]
Representative Grant Wehrli (R-Naperville)[5]
Representative Barbara Wheeler (R-Crystal Lake)[11]

Local officials

Cook County Board Of Review Commissioner Dan Patlak[15]
Naperville Township Highway Commissioner Warren Dixon
Wheatland Township Trustee Raquel Mitchell

Individuals

Mike Gallagher, radio host and conservative political commentator[16]
Virginia Halas McCaskey, principal owner of the Chicago Bears[17]
Dan Proft, entrepreneur and radio talk show host[18]
Bill Whittle, conservative blogger and political commentator[19]

Local Republican parties

Chicago Republican Party[20]
Fremont Township Republican Organization[21]
Lake County Republican Assembly[22]
Rock Island County Republican Party[23]
Wauconda Township Republican Club[22]
Wheatland Township Republican Organization[24]
Wheeling Township Republican Organization[25]

Organizations

Illinois Family Institute[13]
Susan B. Anthony List[26]
Taxpayers United of America[27]

text:
[show]Bruce Rauner

Governors

Eric Greitens (R-Missouri)[28]
Eric Holcomb (R-Indiana)[28]
Scott Walker (R-Wisconsin)[28]

Illinois State Senators

Senator John Curran (R-Woodridge)[29]

Illinois State Representatives

Representative Patti Bellock (R-Hinsdale)[29]
Representative Tom Bennett (R-Gibson City)[30]
Minority Leader Jim Durkin (R-Western Springs)[29]
Assistant Republican Leader Bill Mitchell (R-Decatur)[30]
Representative Grant Wehrli (R-Naperville)[29]
Representative Christine Winger (R-Wood Dale)[29]

County officials

Dan Cronin, Chairman of the DuPage County Board and former member of the Illinois Senate.[31]

Local officials

Steve Chirico, Mayor of Naperville, Illinois[31]
Rodney Craig, Village President of Hanover Park, Illinois[31]

Organizations

Cook County Republican Party[32]
Evanston Township Republican Organization[33]
Palatine Township Republican Organization[34]
Winfield Township Republican Organization[35]

Newspapers

Chicago Tribune[36]
Daily Herald[37]

text:
[show]Declined to Endorse in Primary

Individuals

Congressman John Shimkus of Illinois's 15th congressional district. He has announced he will support the Republican nominee in the general election.[38]

text: Debates[edit]

text: Rauner and Ives held their first and only scheduled forum on January 29. Rauner largely ignored his opponent and focused on attacking Speaker Mike Madigan, comparing him to his likely Democratic challenger, J.B. Pritzker. Ives, on the other hand, attacked Rauner for being an ineffective governor and alienating social conservatives.[39]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Bruce
Rauner
Jeanne
Ives
Undecided

We Ask America
January 14–16, 2018
1,026
± 3.1%
65%
21%
15%

We Ask America
October 25–29, 2017
1,064
± 3.0%
64%
19%
16%

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text: Daniel Biss, State Senator[40]

text: Running mate: Litesa Wallace, State Representative[41]

text: Bob Daiber, Madison County Regional Superintendent of Schools[42]

text: Running mate: Jonathan W. Todd, social worker[43]

text: Tio Hardiman, former director of CeaseFire and candidate for Governor in 2014[44]

text: Running mate: Patricia Avery, President and CEO of the Champaign County chapter of the NAACP.[45]

text: Chris Kennedy, former Chairman of the University of Illinois Board of Trustees and member of the Kennedy family[46][47]

text: Running mate: Ra Joy, nonprofit executive[48]

text: Robert Marshall, physician and perennial candidate[49]

text: Running mate: Dennis Cole

text: J. B. Pritzker, venture capitalist and philanthropist[50]

text: Running mate: Juliana Stratton, State Representative[51]

text: Removed from ballot[edit]

text: Terry Getz, corrections officer (filed on November 29, 2017, but did so without a running mate or submitting any signatures)[52]

text: Withdrew[edit]

text: Scott Drury, State Representative (running for Attorney General[53])

text: Running mate: Alex Hirsch, political operative

text:
Alex Paterakis, civil engineer and business owner[54][55]
Ameya Pawar, Chicago Alderman[56]

text: Running mate: Tyrone Coleman, Mayor of Cairo

text: Declined[edit]

text:
Cheri Bustos, U.S. Representative[57]
Arne Duncan, former United States Secretary of Education[58][59]
Dick Durbin, U.S. Senator[60][61][62]
Mike Frerichs, Illinois Treasurer[63][64]
Valerie Jarrett, former Senior Advisor to the President[65][66]
Robin Kelly, U.S. Representative[67][68][69]
Lisa Madigan, Illinois Attorney General[70]
Andy Manar, State Senator[60][71][72]
Barack Obama, former President of the United States[73][74]
Michelle Obama, former First Lady of the United States[75][74]
Penny Pritzker, former United States Secretary of Commerce[62][76]
Pat Quinn, former Governor of Illinois. (Running for Attorney General).[61][77][78]
Heather Steans, State Senator[61][79]
Kurt Summers, Chicago City Treasurer[80]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
[show]Daniel Biss

U.S. Senators

Former Senator Adlai Stevenson III[81]

U.S. Representatives

Congresswoman Robin Kelly of Illinois' 2nd congressional district.[69]

Statewide officeholders

Former Lieutenant Governor Sheila Simon[82]

State Senators

Senator Omar Aquino (D-Chicago)[83]
Senator Bill Cunningham (D-Chicago)[84]
Senate president pro tempore Don Harmon (D-Oak Park)[85]
Senator David Koehler (D-Peoria)[86]
Senator Pat McGuire (D-Braidwood)[87]
Senator John Mulroe (D-Chicago)[88]
Senator Laura Murphy (D-Des Plaines). Murphy also serves as the Democratic Committeewoman for Maine Township.[89]
Senator Steve Stadelman (D-Rockford)[90]

State Representatives

Representative Carol Ammons (D-Urbana)[91]
Representative Kelly Cassidy (D-Chicago)[92]
Representative Will Davis (D-Homewood)[93]
Representative Will Guzzardi (D-Chicago)[94]
Representative Robyn Gabel (D-Evanston)[95]
Representative Theresa Mah (D-Chicago)[96]
Assistant Majority Leader Elaine Nekritz (D-Northbrook)[97]
Representative Litesa Wallace (D-Rockford). Wallace endorsed Biss June 28, 2017 and became his running mate September 8, 2017.[98]
Representative Ann Williams (D-Chicago)[99]

Chicago Aldermen

Alderman John Arena of the 45th ward[100]
Alderman Roberto Maldonado of the 26th ward[101]
Alderman Scott Waguespack of the 32nd Ward.[102]
Alderwoman Susan Sadlowski Garza of the 10th Ward[103]

Other local officials

Chemberly Cummings, Normal City Council Member[104]
Elliot Hartstein, former Mayor of Buffalo Grove, Illinois[105]
Eamon Kelly, Evanston Township Democratic Committeman[106]
Tari Renner, Mayor of Bloomington, Illinois[107]
Alderman Robin Rue Simmons of Evanston's 5th ward[108]
Debra Shore, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago commisioner[109]
Bradford Shepley, Former Chair of the Woodford County Democratic Party[110]

Organizations

45th Ward Independent Democrats[111]
BlackRoots Resistance[112]
Champaign County Young Democrats[113]
College Democrats at Illinois State University[114]
Democratic Party of the 49th Ward[115]
Democratic Party of Evanston[116]
Democrats of Northfield Township[117]
Illini Democrats[118]
Indo-American Democratic Organization[119]
MoveOn.org[120]
National Association of Social Workers[121]
National Nurses United[122]
Network 49[123]
New Trier Democratic Party[124]
Northside DFA[125]
Our Revolution Illinois[126][127][128]
People's Action[129]
Planned Parenthood Illinois Action[130]
Progressives of Kane County[131]
Reclaim Chicago[122]
Sierra Club Illinois[132][133]
University of Chicago Student Action[134]
Winnebago County High School Democrats[135]

Individuals

John Green, author and internet personality[136]
Lawrence Lessig, Roy L. Furman Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, former director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University, and political activist[137][138]
Howie Klein, activist, music producer, founder of the DownWithTyrrany! blog[139]
Donna Miller, Vice President of Illinois Democratic Women[140]
Richard Thaler, Nobel Prize-winning economist, Charles R. Walgreen Distinguished Service Professor of Behavioral Science and Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, and former President of the American Economic Association[141][142]
Dick Simpson, Department Head and Professor of Political Science at University of Illinois at Chicago, former Alderman for the 44th Ward of Chicago, and author[143]
Les Leopold, Director and Co-Founder of the Labor Institute, columnist for The Huffington Post & AlterNet, author, and labor activist.[144]
David Nir, political director for Daily Kos[145]

Newspapers

Evanston Roundtable[146]
The Endeavor[147]
The Talon[148]

Withdrawn endorsements

Congressman Brad Schneider of Illinois's 10th congressional district[149][150]

text:
[show]Chris Kennedy

U.S. Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials

William M. Daley, 32nd United States Secretary of Commerce and 24th White House Chief of Staff.[151]

U.S. Representatives

Congressman Danny K. Davis of Illinois's 7th congressional district.[152]
Former Congressman Phil Hare of Illinois's 17th congressional district (2007-2011).[153]
Congressman Joe Kennedy III of Massachusetts's 4th congressional district (since 2013).[154]
Congressman Bobby Rush of Illinois's 1st congressional district[155]

State legislators

Former President of the Illinois Senate Emil Jones.[156]

Local officeholders

Cook County Commissioner Chuy García.[157]
Alderman Ricardo Muñoz of Chicago's 22nd ward.[157]

Invididuals

Lori E. Lightfoot, chair of the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force[88]

Organizations

Iroquois County Democratic Central Committee[158]
Southern Illinois Democratic County Chairmen's Association[159]

Newspapers

Daily Herald[160]

text:
[show]J. B. Pritzker

U.S. Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials

Penny Pritzker, 38th United States Secretary of Commerce.[161]

U.S. Senators

Tammy Duckworth, United States Senator from Illinois.[162]
Dick Durbin, United States Senator from Illinois and Senate Minority Whip.[163]

U.S. Representatives

Cheri Bustos, Congresswoman from Illinois's 17th congressional district.[164]
Jerry Costello, former Congressman from Illinois's 12th congressional district.[165]
Luis Gutiérrez, Congressman from Illinois's 4th congressional district.[155]
Glenn Poshard, former Congressman from Illinois's 19th congressional district and Democratic candidate for Governor in 1998.[166]
Mike Quigley, Congressman from Illinois's 5th congressional district.[167]

Statewide officeholders

Mike Frerichs, Illinois Treasurer.[91]
Susana Mendoza, Illinois Comptroller.[168]
Jesse White, Illinois Secretary of State[169]

State Senators

James Clayborne, Senate Majority Leader[170]
William R. Haine, Assistant Senate Majority Leader[170]
Terry Link, Democratic Assistant Majority Leader of the Illinois Senate and Chair of the Lake County Democratic Party.[171]
Andy Manar, State Senator.[172]
Heather Steans, State Senator.[173]

State Representatives

Dan Beiser, State Representative[170]
LaToya Greenwood, State Representative[170]
Greg Harris, Assistant House Majority Leader.[174]
Jay Hoffman, House Majority Conference Chairperson[170]
Jim Kirkpatrick, former State Representative (2017) and Chair of the Williamson County Democratic Party.[175][176]
Katie Stuart, State Representative[170]

Local officials

Walter Burnett Jr., Alderman for Chicago's 27th ward[169]
Flint Taylor, Flannigan Township Trustee and chair of the Hancock County Democratic Party[177][175][176]
Mark Guethle, North Aurora Village Trustee and Chair of the Kane County Democratic Party[175][178][179]
Jeff Mears, past Johnson County Commissioner and chair of the Johnson County Democratic Party[180][175][176]
Bob Oglesby, past member of the Saline County Board and chairman of the Saline County Democratic Party[181][175][176]
Kurt Summers, Chicago City Treasurer[80]
Doris Turner, member of the Springfield, Illinois City Council and Chair of the Sangamon County Democratic Party.[175]
Jim Underwood, member of the Richland Community College Board of Trustees and chair of the Macon County Democratic Party[182]

Individuals

Paul "Snow" Herkert, Chair of the Calhoun County Democratic Party[175][176]
Jimmy Naville, Chair of the Greene County Democratic Party[175][176]
Dennis Fisher, Chair of the Shelby County Democratic Party[175][176]
Brenda Britton, Chair of the Richland County Democratic Party[175][183]
John Penn, Chair of the McLean County Democratic Party[175][176]
Shirley McCombs, Chair of the Menard County Democratic Party[175][176]
Keith Niewohner, Chair of the Adams County Democratic Party[175][176]
Phillip Matthews, Chair of the Alexander County Democratic Party[175][176]
Dan Sidwell, Chair of the Bond County Democratic Party[175][176]
Jack Mazzotti, Chair of the Christian County Democratic Party[175][176]
Gary Johnson, Chair of the Jasper County Democratic Party[175][176]
Mike Barone, Chair of the Jackson County Democratic Party[175][176]

Organizations

Citizen Action Illinois[122]
Cook County Democratic Party[175]
Illinois AFL-CIO[184]
Illinois Democratic County Chairmen’s Association[185]
Illinois Education Association[186]
Illinois Federation of Teachers[187]
Northwestern Illinois Building Trades[88]
Personal PAC[188]
St. Clair County Democratic Central Committee[189]

text:
[show]Declined to endorse for the primary

U.S. Representatives

Jan Schakowsky[190]

Orgainzations

Madison County Democratic Party[191]

text: Forums[edit]

text: The Illinois LGBTQ Forum: The Democratic Candidates for Governor[192] was held on December 6, 2017 and organized by Affinity Community Services, the Association of Latinos/as Motivating Action (ALMA), the Equality Illinois Institute, and Pride Action Tank. Candidates who attended included Daniel Biss, Tio Hardiman, Ameya Pawar, J. B. Pritzker, and Chris Kennedy.

text: Whitney Young High School hosted the first student run gubernatorial debate in the United States on October 4, 2017. All 7 then current candidates attended, meaning Daniel Biss, Bob Daiber, Tio Hardiman, Chris Kennedy, Alex Paterakis, Ameya Pawar, and J. B. Pritzker.[193]

text: The Illinois chapter of progressive advocacy organization Our Revolution sponsored a forum at the Chicago Teacher's Union headquarters on October 8, 2017. Candidates voiced similar opinions on single-payer health care, gun control, and the minimum wage, but differed on a hypothetical state deal with Amazon and relationships with powerful Illinois Speaker Mike Madigan.[194]

text: The Democratic candidates had their first televised debate on January 23.[195]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Dates
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
J. B.
Pritzker
Daniel
Biss
Chris
Kennedy
Tio
Hardiman
Bob
Daiber
Robert
Marshall
Others
Undecided

Victory Research
February 6–7, 2018
1,209
± 2.8%
27%
24%
17%
2%
2%
1%
–
28%

Global Strategy Group (D-Pritzker)
February 1, 2018
801
± 3.5%
41%
22%
16%
–
–
–
–
21%

52%
32%
–
–
–
–
–
16%

We Ask America
January 29–30, 2018
811
± 3.4%
30%
17%
12%
2%
1%
1%
–
38%

We Ask America
October 17–18, 2017
1,154
± 3%
39%
6%
15%
1%
1%
–
2%
36%

Garin-Hart-Yang (D-Kennedy)
June 26–29, 2017
602
± 4%
38%
–
44%
–
–
–
–
18%

Greenberg Quinlan Rosner (D-Summers)
March 2–6, 2017
500
± 4.4%
11%
–
44%
–
–
–
11%
34%

text:
[show]
Hypothetical polling

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Dick
Durbin
Pat
Quinn
Chris
Kennedy
Undecided

We Ask America
July 27, 2016
1,128
± 3.0%
49%
10%
5%
18%

text: Third parties and independents[edit]

text: In order to qualify as an established party in Illinois, a candidate for said party must earn at least 5% of the vote in a statewide election. This last occurred in 2006, when Rich Whitney won 10% of the vote, allowing the Illinois Green Party to achieve such status. Established party status comes with benefits. For example, candidates of an established party needs only 5,000 voter signatures on its petitions to gain ballot access. For non-established parties this number is approximately 25,000.[196][197]

text: For the 2018 election, non-established parties will not need to run a full slate in order to qualify for ballot access.[198]

text: Constitution[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text: Randy Stufflebeam, Chairman of the Constitution Party of Illinois and write-in candidate for Governor in 2006.[199]

text: Green[edit]

text: The party ran a slate of statewide candidates in 2006 and 2010, but failed to be placed on the ballot in 2014.[200][201]

text: Libertarian[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text:
Kash Jackson, Navy veteran and activist[202][203]
Matthew C. Scaro, entrepreneur and Libertarian activist[202]
Jonnie Stewart, retired professional wrestler, Republican candidate for the State House in 1998 and Republican candidate for IL-05 in 2009[202] [204]

text: Independents[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text: William J. Kelly, radio host and perennial candidate[8]

text: General election[edit]

text: Predictions[edit]

text:
Source
Ranking
As of

The Cook Political Report[205]
100 !Tossup
August 7, 2017

Rothenberg Political Report[206]
099 !Tilt D
November 10, 2017

Sabato's Crystal Ball[207]
100 !Tossup
November 14, 2017

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Bruce
Rauner (R)
J.B.
Pritzker (D)
Other
Undecided

Public Policy Polling (D-Biss)
February 5–6, 2018
600
± 3.3%
35%
48%
–
17%

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Bruce
Rauner (R)
Daniel
Biss (D)
Other
Undecided

Public Policy Polling (D-Biss)
February 5–6, 2018
600
± 3.3%
30%
47%
–
23%

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Bruce
Rauner (R)
Generic
Democrat (D)
Other
Undecided

Normington Petts (D-DGA)
July 18–20, 2017
600
± 4.0%
37%
49%
–
14%

Anzalone Lizst Grove (D)
February 15–20, 2017
800
± 3.5%
32%
47%
–
21%

Normington Petts (D-DGA)
January 3–5, 2017
600
± 4.0%
35%
45%
–
20%

text:
[show]
Hypothetical polling

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Bruce
Rauner (R)
Dick
Durbin (D)
Other
Undecided

We Ask America
July 26, 2016
824
± 3.5%
35%
44%
–
22%


document_title: Lord's Prayer

question_text: who added for thine is the kingdom to the lord's prayer

question_tokens: who added for thine is the kingdom to the lord 's prayer

text: Lord's Prayer

text: Text[edit]

text: Pater Noster  The Lord's Prayer in Latin sung in Gregorian chant

text: Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation[edit]

text:
Standard edition of Greek text[6]
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.

Vulgate Latin translation[7]
Pater noster, qui es in caelis,
sanctificetur nomen tuum,
adveniat regnum tuum,
fiat voluntas tua,
sicut in caelo, et in terra.
Panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie;
et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris;
et ne inducas nos in tentationem;
sed libera nos a Malo.[8][9]

text: Liturgical Greek and Latin texts[edit]

text:
Patriarchal Edition 1904[10]
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας· ἀμήν.

Roman Missal[11][12]

Pater noster, qui es in caelis:
sanctificetur nomen tuum;
adveniat regnum tuum;
fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra.
Panem nostrum cotidianum[13] da nobis hodie;
et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris;
et ne nos inducas in tentationem;
sed libera nos a malo.

text: English versions[edit]

text: There are several different English translations of the Lord's Prayer from Greek or Latin, beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation. Of those in current liturgical use, the three best-known are:

text:
The translation in the 1662 Anglican Book of Common Prayer (BCP) of the Church of England
The slightly modernized form used in the 1928 version of the Prayer Book of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (along with the doxology) and in the English vernacular translation of the Catholic Mass
The 1988 translation of the ecumenical English Language Liturgical Consultation (ELLC)

text: The square brackets in three of the texts below indicate the doxology often added at the end of the prayer by Protestants and, in a slightly different form, by the Byzantine Rite ("For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory: of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen."[14]), among whom the prayer proper is usually recited by the cantors and congregation in unison, and the doxology by the priest as the conclusion of the prayer. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer adds it in some services but not in all. Older English translations of the Bible, based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts, included it, but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament, such as that of the United Bible Societies. It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of Matthew 6:9–13. The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord's Prayer, but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969, not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung by the priest (in the official ICEL English translation: "Deliver us, Lord, we pray, from every evil, graciously grant peace in our days, that, by the help of your mercy, we may be always free from sin and safe from all distress, as we await the blessed hope and the coming of our Saviour, Jesus Christ.") that elaborates on the final petition, "Deliver us from evil." For more information on this doxology, see Doxology, below. When Reformers set out to translate the King James Bible, they assumed that a Greek manuscript they possessed was ancient and therefore adopted the phrase "For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory forever" into the Lord’s Prayer. Later scholarship demonstrated that the manuscript was actually a late addition based on Eastern liturgical tradition.

text:
1928 Episcopal BCP (with doxology);[15] Catholic version (without doxology)[16]
Our Father who art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy name.
Thy kingdom come.
Thy will be done
on earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread,
and forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive those who trespass against us,
and lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.
[The 1928 BCP adds:
For thine is the kingdom,
and the power, and the glory,
for ever and ever
Amen.]

1662 Anglican BCP[17]
Our Father, which art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy Name;
Thy kingdom come;
Thy will be done
in earth, as it is in heaven:
Give us this day our daily  bread;
And forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive them that trespass against us;
And lead us not into temptation,
But deliver us from evil:
When before the Collect the priest alone recites the prayer, the people here respond: Amen.
When after all have communicated the people repeat each petition after the priest, the prayer ends:
For thine is the kingdom,
the power, and the glory,
For ever and ever.
Amen.

1988 ELLC[18]
Our Father in heaven,
hallowed be your name,
your kingdom come,
your will be done,
on earth as in heaven.
Give us today our daily bread.
Forgive us our sins
as we forgive those who sin against us.
Save us from the time of trial
and deliver us from evil.
For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours
now and for ever. Amen.

text: Other English translations are also used.

text: Though Matthew 6:12 uses the term debts, the older English versions of the Lord's Prayer uses the term trespasses, while ecumenical versions often use the term sins. The latter choice may be due to Luke 11:4, which uses the word sins, while the former may be due to Matthew 6:14 (immediately after the text of the prayer), where Jesus speaks of trespasses. As early as the third century, Origen of Alexandria used the word trespasses (παραπτώματα) in the prayer. Although the Latin form that was traditionally used in Western Europe has debita (debts), most English-speaking Christians (except Scottish Presbyterians and some others of the Reformed tradition) use trespasses. The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the Established Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as the Congregational denomination follow the version found in Matthew 6 in the Authorized Version (known also as the King James Version), which in the prayer uses the words "debts" and "debtors".

text: All these versions are based on the text in Matthew, rather than Luke, of the prayer given by Jesus:

text:
Matthew 6:9–13 (ESV)

"Pray then like this: 'Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.'"

Luke 11:2–4 (ESV)

And he said to them, "When you pray, say: 'Father, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Give us each day our daily bread, and forgive us our sins, for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation.'"

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Subheadings use 1662 Book of Common Prayer (BCP) (see above)

text: Introduction[edit]

text: "Our Father, which art in heaven"

text: "Our" indicates that the prayer is that of a group of people who consider themselves children of God and who call God their "Father". "In heaven" indicates that the Father who is addressed is distinct from human fathers on earth.[19]

text: Augustine interpreted "heaven" (coelum, sky) in this context as meaning "in the hearts of the righteous, as it were in His holy temple".[20]

text: First Petition[edit]

text: "Hallowed be thy Name;"

text: Former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams explains this phrase as a petition that people may look upon God's name as holy, as something that inspires awe and reverence, and that they may not trivialize it by making God a tool for their purposes, to "put other people down, or as a sort of magic to make themselves feel safe". He sums up the meaning of the phrase by saying: "Understand what you're talking about when you're talking about God, this is serious, this is the most wonderful and frightening reality that we could imagine, more wonderful and frightening than we can imagine."[21]

text: Second Petition[edit]

text: "Thy kingdom come;"

text: "This petition has its parallel in the Jewish prayer, 'May he establish his Kingdom during your life and during your days.'[22] In the gospels Jesus speaks frequently of God's kingdom, but never defines the concept: "He assumed this was a concept so familiar that it did not require definition."[23] Concerning how Jesus' audience in the gospels would have understood him, G. E. Ladd turns to the concept's Hebrew Biblical background: "The Hebrew word malkuth [...] refers first to a reign, dominion, or rule and only secondarily to the realm over which a reign is exercised. [...] When malkuth is used of God, it almost always refers to his authority or to his rule as the heavenly King."[24]  This petition looks to the perfect establishment of God's rule in the world in the future, an act of God resulting in the eschatological order of the new age.[25]

text: The request for God's kingdom to come is commonly interpreted at the most literal level: as a reference to the belief, common at the time, that a Messiah figure would bring about a kingdom of God.[citation needed]Traditionally, the coming of God's kingdom is seen as a divine gift to be prayed for, not a human achievement.[citation needed] This idea is frequently challenged by groups who believe that the Kingdom will come by the hands of those faithful who work for a better world. These believe that Jesus' commands to feed the hungry and clothe the needy are the kingdom to which he was referring.[citation needed]

text: Hilda C. Graef notes that the operative Greek word, basileia, means both kingdom and kingship (i.e., reign, dominion, governing, etc.), but that the English word kingdom loses this double meaning.[26] Kingship adds a psychological meaning to the petition: one is also praying for the condition of soul where one follows God's will.

text: Third Petition[edit]

text: "Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven:"

text: John Ortberg interprets this phrase as follows: “Many people think our job is to get my afterlife destination taken care of, then tread water till we all get ejected and God comes back and torches this place. But Jesus never told anybody—neither his disciples nor us—to pray, 'Get me out of here so I can go up there.' His prayer was, 'Make up there come down here.' Make things down here run the way they do up there.”[27] The request that “thy will be done” is God’s invitation to “join him in making things down here the way they are up there.”[27]

text: Fourth Petition[edit]

text: "Give us this day our daily (epiousios) bread;"

text: As mentioned earlier in this article, the original word ἐπιούσιος (epiousios), commonly characterized as daily, is unique to the Lord's Prayer in all of ancient Greek literature. The word is almost a hapax legomenon, occurring only in Luke and Matthew's versions of the Lord's Prayer, and nowhere else in any other extant Greek texts. While epiousios is often substituted by the word "daily," all other New Testament translations from the Greek into "daily" otherwise reference hemeran (ἡμέραν, "the day"), which does not appear in this usage.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]

text: Via linguistic parsing, Jerome translated "ἐπιούσιον" (epiousios) as "supersubstantialem" in the Gospel of Matthew, but chose "cotidianum" ("daily") in the Gospel of Luke. This wide-ranging difference with respect to meaning of epiousios is discussed in detail in the current Catechism of the Catholic Church by way of an inclusive approach toward tradition as well as a literal one for meaning:  "Taken in a temporal sense, this word is a pedagogical repetition of "this day," to confirm us in trust "without reservation."  Taken in the qualitative sense, it signifies what is necessary for life, and more broadly every good thing sufficient for subsistence. Taken literally (epi-ousios: "super-essential"), it refers directly to the Bread of Life, the Body of Christ, the "medicine of immortality," without which we have no life within us."[39]

text: Epiousios is translated as supersubstantialem in the Vulgate (Matthew 6:11) and accordingly as supersubstantial in the Douay-Rheims Bible (Matthew 6:11).

text: Barclay M. Newman's A Concise Greek-English Dictionary of the New Testament, published in a revised edition in 2010 by the United Bible Societies has the following entry:

text: Fifth Petition[edit]

text: "And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us;"

text: The Presbyterian and other Reformed churches tend to use the rendering "forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors". Roman Catholics, Anglicans and Methodists are more likely to say "trespasses ... those who trespass against us".[42] The "debts" form appears in the first English translation of the Bible, by John Wycliffe in 1395 (Wycliffe spelling "dettis"). The "trespasses" version appears in the 1526 translation by William Tyndale (Tyndale spelling "treaspases"). In 1549 the first Book of Common Prayer in English used a version of the prayer with "trespasses". This became the "official" version used in Anglican congregations.

text: After the request for bread, Matthew and Luke diverge slightly. Matthew continues with a request for debts to be forgiven in the same manner as people have forgiven those who have debts against them. Luke, on the other hand, makes a similar request about sins being forgiven in the manner of debts being forgiven between people. The word "debts" (ὀφειλήματα) does not necessarily mean financial obligations, as shown by the use of the verbal form of the same word (ὀφείλετε) in passages such as Romans 13:8. The Aramaic word ḥôbâ can mean "debt" or "sin".[43][44] This difference between Luke's and Matthew's wording could be explained by the original form of the prayer having been in Aramaic. The generally accepted interpretation is thus that the request is for forgiveness of sin, not of supposed loans granted by God.[45] Asking for forgiveness from God was a staple of Jewish prayers.[citation needed] It was also considered proper for individuals to be forgiving of others, so the sentiment expressed in the prayer would have been a common one of the time.[citation needed]

text: Anthony C. Deane, Canon of Worcester Cathedral, suggested that the choice of the word "ὀφειλήματα" (debts), rather than "ἁμαρτίας" (sins), indicates a reference to failures to use opportunities of doing good. He linked this with the parable of the sheep and the goats (also in Matthew's Gospel), in which the grounds for condemnation are not wrongdoing in the ordinary sense, but failure to do right, missing opportunities for showing love to others.[Matt. 25:31–46][46]

text: "As we forgive...". Divergence between Matthew's "debts" and Luke's "sins" is relatively trivial compared to the impact of the second half of this statement. The verses immediately following the Lord's Prayer,[Matt. 6:14–15] show Jesus teaching that the forgiveness of our sin/debt (by God) is contingent on how we forgive others. Later, Matthew elaborates with Jesus' Parable of the Unforgiving Servant.[Matt. 18:23–35] In this parable, forgiveness from the king (God) is conditional on the servant's forgiveness of a small debt owed to him.

text: Sixth Petition[edit]

text: "And lead us not into temptation,"

text: Interpretations of the penultimate petition of the prayer—not to be led by God into peirasmos—vary considerably. The range of meanings of the Greek word "πειρασμός" (peirasmos) is illustrated in New Testament Greek lexicons.[47] In different contexts it can mean temptation, testing, trial, experiment. Although the traditional English translation uses the word "temptation" and Carl Jung saw God as actually leading people astray,[48] Christians generally interpret the petition as not contradicting James 1:13–14: "Let no one say when he is tempted, 'I am being tempted by God', for God cannot be tempted with evil, and he himself tempts no one. But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire." Some see the petition as an eschatological appeal against unfavourable Last Judgment, a theory supported by the use of the word "peirasmos" in this sense in Revelation 3:10. Others see it as a plea against hard tests described elsewhere in scripture, such as those of Job.[49] It is also read as: "Do not let us be led (by ourselves, by others, by Satan) into temptations". Since it follows shortly after a plea for daily bread (i.e., material sustenance), it is also seen as referring to not being caught up in the material pleasures given. A similar phrase appears in Matthew 26:41 and Luke 22:40 in connection with the prayer of Jesus in Gethsemane.[50][51]

text: Joseph Smith, the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in a translation of the Holy Bible which was not completed before his death, used this wording: "And suffer us not to be led into temptation".[52]

text: In 2017, Pope Francis, speaking on the Italian TV channel TV2000, proposed that the wording be changed to "do not let us fall into temptation", explaining that "I am the one who falls; it's not him [ie God] pushing me into temptation to then see how I have fallen". The Anglican theologian Ian Paul has highlighted how such a proposal is "stepping into a theological debate about the nature of evil".[53]

text: Seventh Petition[edit]

text: "But deliver us from evil:"

text: Translations and scholars are divided over whether the final word here refers to "evil" in general or "the evil one" (the devil) in particular. In the original Greek, as well as in the Latin translation, the word could be either of neuter (evil in general) or masculine (the evil one) gender. Matthew's version of the prayer appears in the Sermon on the Mount, in earlier parts of which the term is used to refer to general evil. Later parts of Matthew refer to the devil when discussing similar issues. However, the devil is never referred to as the evil one in any known Aramaic sources. While John Calvin accepted the vagueness of the term's meaning, he considered that there is little real difference between the two interpretations, and that therefore the question is of no real consequence. Similar phrases are found in John 17:15 and 2 Thessalonians 3:3.[51]

text: Doxology[edit]

text: "For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, For ever and ever. Amen."

text: The doxology of the prayer is not contained in Luke's version, nor is it present in the earliest manuscripts of Matthew,[54] representative of the Alexandrian text, although it is present in the manuscripts representative of the later Byzantine text.[55] Most scholars do not consider it part of the original text of Matthew.[56][57] New translations generally omit it.[58]

text: The first known use of the doxology, in a less lengthy form ("for yours is the power and the glory forever"),[59] as a conclusion for the Lord's Prayer (in a version slightly different from that of Matthew) is in the Didache, 8:2. It has similarities with 1 Chronicles—"Yours, O LORD, is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty, for all that is in the heavens and in the earth is yours. Yours is the kingdom, O LORD, and you are exalted as head above all." In the Byzantine Rite, a similar doxology is sung within the context of the Divine Liturgy. Following the last line of the prayer, the priest sings "For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages."

text: Latin Church Roman Catholics do not use the doxology when reciting the Lord's Prayer, because it is not part of their received liturgical tradition and is not found in the Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome. Since 1970 it is included in the Roman Rite Mass as an independent item, not as part of the Lord's Prayer. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer sometimes gives the Lord's Prayer with the doxology, sometimes without.[60] Most Protestants append it to the Lord's Prayer.

text: Use as a language comparison tool[edit]

text:
In the course of Christianization, one of the first texts to be translated between many languages has historically been the Lord's Prayer, long before the full Bible would be translated into the respective languages.
Since the 16th century, collections of translations of the prayer have often been used for a quick comparison of languages.

text: The first such collection, with 22 versions, was Mithridates de differentis linguis by Conrad Gessner (1555; the title refers to Mithridates VI of Pontus who according to Pliny the Elder was an exceptional polyglot).

text:
Gessner's idea of collecting translations of the prayer was taken up by authors of the 17th century, including Hieronymus Megiserus (1603) and Georg Pistorius (1621).
Thomas Lüdeken in 1680 published an enlarged collection of 83 versions of the prayer, of which three were in fictional philosophical languages.
Lüdeken quotes as a Barnum Hagius as his source for the exotic scripts used, while their true (anonymous) author was Andreas Müller.
In 1700, Lübeck's collection was re-edited by B. Mottus as Oratio dominica plus centum linguis versionibus aut characteribus reddita et expressa.
This edition was comparatively inferior, but a second, revised edition was published in 1715 by John Chamberlain.
This 1715 edition was used by Gottfried Hensel in his Synopsis Universae Philologiae (1741) to compile "geographico-polyglot maps" where the beginning of the prayer was shown in the geographical area where the respective languages were spoken.
Johann Ulrich Kraus also published a collection with more than 100 entries.[61]

text: These collections continued to be improved and expanded well into the 19th century; Johann Christoph Adelung and Johann Severin Vater in 1806–1817 published the prayer in "well-nigh five hundred languages and dialects".[62]

text: Samples of scripture, including the Lord's Prayer, were published in 52 oriental languages, most of them not previously found in such collections, translated by the brethren of the Serampore Mission and printed at the mission press there in 1818.

text: Relation to Jewish prayer[edit]

text: There are similarities between the Lord's Prayer and both biblical and post-biblical material in Jewish prayer especially Kiddushin 81a (Babylonian).[50] "Our Father which art in heaven" (אבינו שבשמים, Avinu shebashamayim) is the beginning of many Hebrew prayers.[63] "Hallowed be thy name" is reflected in the Kaddish. "Lead us not into sin" is echoed in the "morning blessings" of Jewish prayer. A blessing said by some Jewish communities after the evening Shema includes a phrase quite similar to the opening of the Lord's Prayer: "Our God in heaven, hallow thy name, and establish thy kingdom forever, and rule over us for ever and ever. Amen." There are parallels also in 1 Chronicles 29:10–18.[55][50]

text: Rabbi Aron Mendes Chumaceiro has said[64] that nearly all the elements of the prayer have counterparts in the Jewish Bible and Deuterocanonical books: the first part in Isaiah 63:15–16 ("Look down from heaven and see, from your holy and beautiful habitation ... For you are our Father ...") and Ezekiel 36:23 ("I will vindicate the holiness of my great name ...") and Ezekiel 38:23 ("I will show my greatness and my holiness and make myself known in the eyes of many nations ..."), the second part in Obadiah 1:21 ("Saviours shall go up to Mount Zion to rule Mount Esau, and the kingdom shall be the LORD's") and 1 Samuel 3:18 ("... It is the LORD. Let him do what seems good to him"), the third part in Proverbs 30:8 ("... feed me with my apportioned bread"), the fourth part in Sirach 28:2 ("Forgive your neighbour the wrong he has done, and then your sins will be pardoned when you pray"). "Deliver us from evil" can be compared with Psalm 119:133 ("... let no iniquity get dominion over me."). Chumaceiro says that, because the idea of God leading a human into temptation contradicts the righteousness and love of God, "Lead us not into temptation" has no counterpart in the Jewish Bible/Christian Old Testament.

text: The word "πειρασμός", which is translated as "temptation", could also be translated as "test" or "trial", making evident the attitude of someone's heart. Well-known examples in the Old Testament are God's test of Abraham (Genesis 22:1), his "moving" (the Hebrew word means basically "to prick, as by weeds, thorns") David to do (numbering Israel) what David later acknowledged as sin (2 Samuel 24:1–10; see also 1 Chronicles 21:1–7), and the Book of Job.

text: Musical settings[edit]

text: In modern times, various composers have incorporated The Lord's Prayer into a musical setting for utilization during liturgical services for a variety of religious traditions as well as interfaith ceremonies. Included among them are:

text:
9th-10th century: Gregorian chant
1878: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky — Otche Nash (Отче наш; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, op. 41)
1883: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov — Otche Nash
1910: Sergei Rachmaninoff — Otche Nash (Отче наш; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, op. 31)
1926: Igor Stravinsky — Otche Nash (1926), arr. Pater Noster (Latin, some time later)
1935: Albert Hay Malotte — "The Lord's Prayer"
1973: Arnold Strals — "The Lord's Prayer" (performed by Sister Janet Mead)[65]
1985: Clive Strutt - XIII Paternoster in the Festal Eucharist in honour of Saint Olaf, King and Martyr
1992: John Serry Sr. — The Lord's Prayer for Organ & Chorus[66]
1999: Paul Field and Stephen Deal — "The Millennium Prayer" (performed by Cliff Richard)
2000: John Tavener — "The Lord's Prayer"[67]
2004: Lisa Gerrard — Abwoon (Lord's Prayer in Aramaic)
2005: Christopher Tin — "Baba Yetu"
2016: Chris M. Allport — The Lord's Prayer
2017: Hillsong Music Publishing - The Lord's Prayer

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: American singer Christina Aguilera incorporated the prayer into her cover version of the Christmas carol "O Holy Night"[68] as a spoken bridge.


document_title: Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)

question_text: where was the movie dawn of the dead filmed

text: Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: After finishing a long shift as a nurse, Ana Clark returns to her suburban Milwaukee neighborhood and her husband, Luis. Caught up in a scheduled date night, they miss an emergency news bulletin. The next morning, a neighborhood girl named Vivian enters their bedroom, looking mutilated. Luis approaches her to see what's wrong and she suddenly bites him on the neck. Ana locks Vivian out of the room and tries to tend to Luis who goes into shock, then dies. She attempts to call the hospital only to find that there is no connection; as she keeps ringing, Luis rises up, now infected with the same disease and immediately goes after Ana. She flees in her car and drives away, seeing chaos all around her neighborhood, but eventually crashes and passes out.

text: The intro scene rolls in, depicting riots and war in the major cities and the downfall of human civilization. Upon waking, Ana is confronted by Police Sergeant Kenneth Hall, electronics salesman Michael, petty criminal Andre and his pregnant wife, Luda and joins them, after they prove she is still alive. They break into a nearby mall and are attacked by a zombified security guard, who scratches Luda. Kenneth is also badly injured while wrestling with the zombie, which Ana subdues with his shotgun. They are then confronted by three living guards — C.J., Bart, and Terry — who make them surrender their weapons in exchange for refuge. They split into groups to secure the mall and then go to the roof where they see another survivor, Andy, who is stranded alone in his gun store across the zombie-infested parking lot.

text: The next day, a delivery truck carrying more survivors enters the lot, with zombies in close pursuit. C.J. and Bart wish to turn them away but are overruled and disarmed. The newcomers include Norma, Steve Marcus, Tucker, Monica, Glen, Frank and his daughter, Nicole. Another woman is too ill to walk; she is wheeled inside via wheelbarrow only to die. As Ana drapes her with a cloth, however, the woman reanimates and attacks her, getting stabbed with a poker. Ana theorizes with the group that the disease is passed by bites from the infected individuals, as she had already seen it happen with Luis. Andre leaves to see Luda, who has kept her scratch hidden from the group. They realize that Frank has been bitten and is a potential threat. After some debate, Frank elects to be isolated. When he dies and turns, Kenneth shoots him.

text: Over time, Kenneth and Andy start a friendship by way of messages written on a whiteboard; romance also buds between Ana and Michael (ultimately, consummating the relationship offscreen), and Nicole and Terry. One day, the power goes out. CJ, Bart, Michael, and Kenneth go to the parking garage to activate the emergency generator and find a friendly dog inside. Zombies attack and kill Bart, forcing the others to douse the zombies in gas and set them ablaze. Meanwhile, Luda—tied up by Andre—gives birth and dies. She reanimates as Norma checks on the couple, killing the zombified Luda. Andre snaps; they exchange gunfire and both are killed. The others arrive to find a zombie baby, which they kill immediately.

text: The group decides to fight their way to the local marina, and travel on Steve's yacht to an island on Lake Michigan. They begin reinforcing two shuttle buses from the parking garage for their escape. However, they also need to pick up Andy, who is starving. They strap food and a walkie-talkie onto the dog, Chips, and lower him into the parking lot; the zombies have no interest in him. Chips gets into Andy's store safely but a zombie follows through the dog door, ultimately biting Andy. Nicole, fond of Chips, crashes the delivery truck into the gun store, where she is trapped by a zombified Andy. Kenneth, Michael, Tucker, Terry, and C.J. reach the gun store via the sewers and kill Andy, rescuing Nicole. They grab ammunition and go back to the mall. Along the way, Tucker breaks his legs and C.J. shoots him out of mercy. Once inside, they are unable to lock the door, forcing an evacuation.

text: Everyone boards the buses and navigate through the zombie-infested city. Glen loses control of a chainsaw, accidentally killing himself and Monica; blood splatters on the windshield causing the bus to crash. C.J. exits the first van to look for survivors with Kenneth and Terry. They encounter the undead Steve but Ana kills him. She retrieves his boat keys and they take the remaining bus to the marina where C.J sacrifices himself so the rest of the group can escape. Michael reveals a bite wound and kills himself as Ana, Kenneth, Nicole, Terry, and Chips flee on the yacht.

text: During the credits, footage from a camcorder found on the boat begins with Steve's escapades before the outbreak and concludes with the group running out of supplies before finally arriving at an island, where they are attacked by another swarm of zombies. The camcorder drops, recording dozens of zombies chasing them, accompanied by the song Down with the Sickness by Disturbed.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sarah Polley as Ana Clark
Ving Rhames as Kenneth Hall
Jake Weber as Michael
Mekhi Phifer as Andre
Ty Burrell as Steve Marcus
Michael Kelly as C.J.
Kevin Zegers as Terry
Michael Barry as Bart
Lindy Booth as Nicole
Jayne Eastwood as Norma
Boyd Banks as Tucker
Inna Korobkina as Luda
R. D. Reid as Glen
Kim Poirier as Monica
Matt Frewer as Frank
Bruce Bohne as Andy
Louis Ferreira as Luis
Hannah Lochner as Vivian
Ermes Blarasin as Bloated Woman
Ken Foree as TV Evangelist
Tom Savini as Sheriff Cahill
Scott Reiniger as The General
Blu as Chips

text: Production[edit]

text: James Gunn is partially responsible for the screenplay although he received a solo writing credit. After he left the project to concentrate on Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, Michael Tolkin and Scott Frank were brought in for rewriting.[6] In a commentary track on the Ultimate Edition DVD for the original George A. Romero's Dawn of the Dead, Richard P. Rubinstein, producer of the original and the remake, explained that Tolkin further developed the characters, while Frank provided some of the bigger and upbeat action sequences.

text: The mall scenes and rooftop scenes were shot in the former Thornhill Square Shopping Centre in Thornhill, Ontario, and the other scenes were shot in the Aileen-Willowbrook neighborhood of Thornhill. The set for Ana and Luis's bedroom was constructed in a back room of the mall.[7] The mall was defunct, which is the reason the production used it; the movie crew completely renovated the structure, and stocked it with fictitious stores after Starbucks and numerous other corporations refused to let their names be used[7] (two exceptions to this are Roots and Panasonic). Most of the mall was demolished shortly after the film was shot. The fictitious stores include a coffee shop called Hallowed Grounds (a lyric from Johnny Cash's song "The Man Comes Around", which was used over the opening credits), and an upscale department store called Gaylen Ross (an in-joke reference to one of the stars of the original 1978 film).

text: The first half of the film was shot almost entirely in chronological order,[7] while the final sequences on the boat and island were shot much later and at a different location (Universal Studios Hollywood) than the rest of the film, after preview audiences objected to the sudden ending of the original print.[7]

text: Dawn of the Dead is the second film that co-starred actresses Lindy Booth and Kim Poirier. They first worked together on American Psycho 2.

text: Deleted scenes[edit]

text: Deleted scenes were added back for the "Unrated Director's Cut" DVD edition.[8] Along with gore effects removed to obtain an MPAA R rating,[9] they include a clearer depiction of how the survivors originally break into the mall, and a short scene where the character of Glen regales the imprisoned C.J. and Bart with his reminiscing about his homosexual coming-of-age.

text: Additional material[edit]

text: The DVD release includes, as a bonus feature, the short film We Interrupt This Program, an expanded version of the fictional live broadcasts shown in the mall's televisions, which chronicles the worldwide effects of the zombie plague and the impact it has on a newscaster. Aside from featuring additional footage of cameos by actors from the original film, the film features Richard Biggs as the newscaster (in his final performance before his death in May 2004), and a voiceover cameo by Bruce Boxleitner as the President of the United States. It also featured another short film titles The Lost Tape: Andy's Terrifying Last Days Revealed.

text: Release[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, Dawn of the Dead and Shaun of the Dead were originally scheduled to be released the same week, but due to the similarity in the names of the two films and plot outline, UIP opted to push back Shaun's release by two weeks. It was screened out of competition at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.[10]

text: The film grossed $59 million at the US box office and $102 million worldwide.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 75% of 182 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.7/10. The site's consensus reads: "A kinetic, violent and surprisingly worthy remake of George Romero's horror classic that pays homage to the original while working on its own terms."[11] Metacritic rated it 59/100 based on 37 reviews.[12]

text: Roger Ebert said the film "works and it delivers just about what you expect when you buy your ticket" but felt that it "lacks the mordant humor of the Romero version" and the "plot flatlines compared to the 1979 version, which was trickier, wittier and smarter."[13] Scott Foundas of Variety described it as an unnecessary remake that will appeal mostly to young adult audiences who have not seen the original film.[14] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film "has no patience for such subtleties" as Romero's thematic concerns or suspense-building.[15] Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times wrote, "Mr. Snyder's blood feast is strictly by the numbers: this second-rater could be the world's most expensive Troma film."[16] Manohla Dargis of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Good zombie fun, the remake of George A. Romero's "Dawn of the Dead" is the best proof in ages that cannibalizing old material sometimes works fiendishly well."[17] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "Instead, the new "Dawn of the Dead" satirizes itself and satirizes its genre, and, on its own unambitious terms, the movie succeeds. It's silly, witty and good-natured, not scary so much as icky, and not horrifying or horrible but consistently amusing."[18] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly rated it "A" and wrote, "Commercial director Zack Snyder, making a killer feature debut, trades homemade cheesiness for knowing style, revels in the sophistication of modern special effects, and stomps off with the best remake – er, ”re-envisioning” – of a horror classic in memory."[19] Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club wrote that the remake streamlines the original film "by discarding everything special about it in favor of pure visceral effect".[20]

text: Bloody Disgusting ranked the film eighth in their list of the "Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade", with the article saying "Truly, you can analogize the two films [original and remake] based on their zombies alone – where Romero's lumbered and took their time (in a good way), Snyder's came at us, fast, with teeth bared like rabid dogs."[21] Rolling Stone ranked it #3 in their "Top 10 Best Zombie Movies".[22] It was third in Dread Central's "Best Horror Films of the Decade".[23]

text: George A. Romero said, "It was better than I expected. ... The first 15, 20 minutes were terrific, but it sort of lost its reason for being. It was more of a video game. I'm not terrified of things running at me; it's like Space Invaders. There was nothing going on underneath."[24] South Park parodied the film in the episode, "Night of the Living Homeless". The show's creators, Trey Parker and Matt Stone, called the film "amazing" in the episode's DVD commentary.[25]

text: Comparisons to the original[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the original film, the zombies moved very slowly and were most menacing when they collected in large groups. In the remake, the zombies are fast and agile. Many admirers of the original, as well as Romero himself, protested this change, feeling that it limited the impact of the undead.[26] This is somewhat borne out by the fact that the remake has almost no close-up shots of zombies that last more than a second or two. Snyder mentions this in the commentary track of the remake's DVD, pointing out that they seem too human when the camera lingers upon them for longer. However, it was for this change that Wizard Magazine ranked the zombies #5 on their "100 Greatest Villains Ever" list.

text: The original had a smaller cast than the remake, allowing more screen time for each character. Many fans and critics criticized the resulting loss of character development.[27]

text: In the original version, the story unfolds over several months, indicated by the advancing stages of Fran's pregnancy. In the remake, the events transpire within approximately one month, as evidenced by the supplemental feature The Lost Tape: Andy's Terrifying Last Days Revealed, located on the DVD in the special features section. Another big change from the original is that unlike Romero, Snyder treats zombification more like a disease, pointing to the bites as the source, instead of anyone who is dead turning into a zombie.

text: Three actors from the original film have cameos in the remake, appearing on the televisions the survivors watch: Ken Foree, who played Peter from the original, plays an evangelist who asserts that God is punishing mankind; Scott H. Reiniger, who played Roger in the original, plays an army general telling everyone to stay at home for safety; and Tom Savini, who did the special effects for many of Romero's films and played the motorcycle gang member Blades in the original Dawn of the Dead, plays the Monroeville Sheriff explaining the only way to kill the zombies is to "shoot 'em in the head". Monroeville is also the location of the mall used in the 1978 film. In addition, a store shown in the mall is called "Gaylen Ross", an obvious tribute to actress Gaylen Ross, who played Francine in the original film. In the beginning of the film, a helicopter that is very similar to the one in the original flies across the screen.

text: In The Zombie Encyclopedia, Volume 2, academic Peter Dendle said that the original film "served as a bridge between the talky, slow-paced 1970s horror and the fast-paced splatter to come in the 1980s", whereas the 2004 remake "generally forsakes slow-mounting suspense in favor of frenetic action".[28]

text: Cancelled sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was planned but was later cancelled.[29] Zack Snyder stated that he would only be producing the sequel instead of reprising his role as the director due to working on Watchmen when he announced the film.[30] The script of Army of the Dead was written by Zack Snyder and Joby Harold. Filming for Army of the Dead was to start once they got a director as the producing studios had approved the script. Also according to Deborah Snyder, the film was set in Las Vegas, and the town had to be contained to stop the outbreak of zombies.[31][32] The film's producing studios were Universal Studios (who released the first) and Warner Bros. Entertainment (who released most of Snyder's films since 300) and the film was set to be directed by Matthijs van Heijningen Jr., director of The Thing, the 2011 prequel to John Carpenter's 1982 cult classic of the same name.[33]


document_title: Inspector George Gently

question_text: when was george gently series 8 episode 1 aired

text: Inspector George Gently

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Martin Shaw as Chief Inspector George Gently
Lee Ingleby as Sergeant, later Detective Inspector John Bacchus
Simon Hubbard as PC Taylor
Lisa McGrillis as WPC, later Sergeant Rachel Coles (Series 6—8)
Tom Hutch as PC Tom Reynolds (Series 4—8)
Tony Rohr as China (Series 1—4)
Melanie Clark Pullen as Lisa Bacchus (Series 2—6)
Katie Anderson as Leigh Ann Bacchus (Series 5—6)
Annabel Scholey as Gemma Nunn (Series 7)

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Pilot
8 April 2007 (2007-04-08)

1
2
13 July 2008 (2008-07-13)
20 July 2008 (2008-07-20)

2
4
3 May 2009 (2009-05-03)
24 May 2009 (2009-05-24)

3
2
26 September 2010 (2010-09-26)
3 October 2010 (2010-10-03)

4
2
4 September 2011 (2011-09-04)
11 September 2011 (2011-09-11)

5
4
26 August 2012 (2012-08-26)
16 September 2012 (2012-09-16)

6
4
6 February 2014 (2014-02-06)
27 February 2014 (2014-02-27)

7
4
29 April 2015 (2015-04-29)
20 May 2015 (2015-05-20)

8
2
21 May 2017 (2017-05-21)
30 October 2017 (2017-10-30)

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Pilot (2007)[edit]

text:
No.
#
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)[5]

1
1
"Gently Go Man"
Euros Lyn
Peter Flannery
8 April 2007 (2007-04-08)
6.33

Following the murder of his wife by notorious gangster Joe Webster in 1964, Inspector George Gently is pondering retirement. When he hears about Webster attending a funeral of a murder victim in Northumberland, he delays his retirement to take on this one last case. Paired with local detective DS John Bacchus, he must track down Webster while trying to deal with his headstrong young assistant and keep him on the straight and narrow.
Adapted from the novel Gently Go Man, published in 1961.

text: Series 1 (2008)[edit]

text:
No.
#
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)[5]

2
1
"The Burning Man"
Ciaran Donnelly
Peter Flannery
13 July 2008 (2008-07-13)
4.80

After an unidentified badly burnt body is found near an RAF base in 1964, Gently works alongside Special Branch officers who suspect the victim was involved with the IRA. However, the discovery that a large cache of guns has gone missing turns the case into a large hostage situation.
Adapted from the novel Gently Where the Roads Go, published in 1962.

3
2
"Bomber's Moon"
Ciaran Donnelly
Mick Ford
20 July 2008 (2008-07-20)
4.59

When the beaten body of wealthy German businessman Gunter Schmeikel is discovered in the harbour, Gently and Bacchus are forced to consider whether a barman's anti-German sentiments are a motive for murder. However, the case takes a sinister turn when a key witness to Schmeikel's death is revealed to be a killer trained by United Kingdom Special Forces.
Adapted from the novel Bomber's Moon, published in 1994.

text: Series 2 (2009)[edit]

text: The show's title is changed to 'Inspector' George Gently.

text:
No.
#
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)[5]

4
1
"Gently with the Innocents"
Daniel O'Hara
Peter Flannery
3 May 2009 (2009-05-03)
6.47

When an old man is killed on the grounds of his seemingly dilapidated mansion, Gently and Bacchus dig deeper into the history of the former children's home and soon have their prime suspect, Harry Carson, a man who once lived there. But it becomes clear that some of the locals, including property developer Cora Davidson, have something to hide from the duo.

5
2
"Gently in the Night"
Daniel O'Hara
Peter Flannery
10 May 2009 (2009-05-10)
5.81

Bacchus and Gently hunt for the murderer of a woman whose body is discovered laid out in a local church. As the investigation progresses, it turns out the victim was a waitress working at the first hostess club in Newcastle – a club that has greatly upset the local religious community opposing it.

6
3
"Gently in the Blood"
Ciaran Donnelly
Peter Flannery
17 May 2009 (2009-05-17)
6.02

Bacchus and Gently investigate a consignment of stolen passports, but the case takes an unexpected turn when a woman linked to the crime is found dead on the seashore with her mixed-race infant son lying near by. As the cops follow a lead on the murder victim's ex-boyfriend, they encounter racial prejudice and are drawn into an underground world of gang wars within the Arab community.

7
4
"Gently Through the Mill"
Ciaran Donnelly
Mick Ford
24 May 2009 (2009-05-24)
5.17

Bacchus and Gently arrive in a small town to investigate when a mill manager is found hanged in what seems to be a suicide case. However, the detectives begin to suspect foul play as they discover money has gone missing and the widow reveals her husband was having an affair. Also, Bacchus and Gently are at odds with each other over a training course Bacchus wants to take that he thinks will help him in his career.

text: Series 3 (2010)[edit]

text:
No.
#
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)[5]

8
1
"Gently Evil"
Daniel O'Hara
Peter Flannery
26 September 2010 (2010-09-26)
5.93

A young woman's body is found in a seemingly idyllic Northumberland coastal village in 1966, and the subsequent investigation leads Gently and Bacchus to suspect the victim's estranged husband is responsible for the killing. However, they soon come to realise her disturbed family is hiding an even more shocking secret.

9
2
"Peace and Love"
Daniel O'Hara
Jimmy Gardner
3 October 2010 (2010-10-03)
5.52

In the summer of 1966, the Northumbrian police come under increasing media scrutiny, as Sunderland prepares to host a World Cup match involving the USSR, while peace campaigners protest against the proposed landing of the Polaris nuclear submarine at Jarrow docks. When an academic is found dead after a CND rally, Gently and Bacchus are dispatched to Durham University to investigate his background – and find themselves in the midst of a wave of social and sexual rebellion.

text: Series 4 (2011)[edit]

text: The show's theme song and opening credits sequence no longer appear starting with this series.

text:
No.
#
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)[5]

10
1
"Gently Upside Down"
Nicholas Renton
Peter Flannery and Stewart Harcourt
4 September 2011 (2011-09-04)
7.09

A schoolgirl's killing brings Gently into the alien world of pop and media celebrity when it turns out the victim's best friend is a rising young TV star. Bacchus suspects the dead girl's music teacher, since rumours persist that she was having an affair with him. But when it seems everyone has a different opinion of the girl, Gently must uncover these different faces to get to the truth of her murder.

11
2
"Goodbye China"
Gillies MacKinnon
Peter Flannery
11 September 2011 (2011-09-11)
7.20

The detective looks into the suspicious death of an old friend and informant nicknamed "China", when he is told conflicting reasons for the man's demise by the coroner and the nurse who tended him in his final few hours. The investigation leads Gently to the local police station, where it becomes clear the officers are hiding something – and to complicate matters, the disappearance of a teenage boy is also linked to the case.

text: Series 5 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
#
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)[5]

12
1
"Gently Northern Soul"
Gillies MacKinnon
David Kane
26 August 2012 (2012-08-26)
6.89

In Durham, the haven of equality found at the Carlton all-nighter is destroyed when a young black girl, Dolores Kenny, is murdered. Chief Inspector George Gently soon uncovers a disturbing and malevolent racist undercurrent lurking both within the local community and his own police force.
Events are taken to have occurred in late April 1968. In addition to the discussion of Martin Luther King's assassination on 4 April, in one scene characters are seen watching the broadcast of Enoch Powell's notorious Rivers of Blood speech which took place on 20 April. Reference also is made to the impending Race Relations Act 1968 which had its second reading in Parliament on 23 April. The varying reactions of characters in George Gently's Durham were explored.

13
2
"Gently With Class"
Gillies MacKinnon
Peter Flannery
2 September 2012 (2012-09-02)
6.74

The indefatigable Chief Inspector George Gently and his sidekick, John Bacchus experience the inflated authority of their "social betters" firsthand when a beautiful young girl called Ellen Mallam is found drowned in the passenger seat of an upturned car registered to local aristocrats, the Blackstones.
This episode features folk singing by the character Ellen Mallam (performed by Ebony Buckle) and a soundtrack including "It's All Over Now" sung by Roo Savill (written by Dan Skinner, Adam Skinner, Dave James).[6]

14
3
"The Lost Child"
Nicholas Renton
Peter Flannery
9 September 2012 (2012-09-09)
5.64

Inspector George Gently and his sergeant, John Bacchus, are given an insight into the complexities of the emotionally wrought world when the adopted child of a middle-class couple is kidnapped. Suspicion initially falls upon the natural mother – did she 'steal' her own baby back? But investigation into the Mother and Baby home itself reveals a much darker side to this hothouse of morality; and raises questions as to how far this seemingly perfect couple is prepared to go to get a child.

15
4
"Gently in the Cathedral"
Nicholas Renton
Peter Flannery
16 September 2012 (2012-09-16)
5.21

The dark forces that first displaced Gently in 1964 are once more active – and have followed him to Durham. Underworld figure Rattigan, whom Gently sent to prison years ago, has been cleared on the grounds that evidence was fabricated by Gently himself, and now he is hell-bent on revenge. Donald McGhee (played by Kevin Whately), Gently's old friend and colleague from the Met, appears on the scene – but can Gently trust him? Bacchus is torn between his loyalty to Gently and his ambition to transfer to the Met. Gently finds himself suspended from duty – powerless, unprotected and persecuted. If he is to survive, Gently must confront his deepest fears and fight to the death.

text: Series 6 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
#
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)[5]

16
1
"Gently Between The Lines"
Nicholas Renton
Timothy Prager
6 February 2014 (2014-02-06)
6.48

Gently is shocked to receive Bacchus's resignation, but he soon realises that his sergeant has lost confidence in himself. To help his colleague to recover, Gently insists that while he serves out his notice, his help is needed to investigate a death in custody. The Newcastle police have arrested rioters as they tried to clear a slum due for demolition. The next morning, one of the protesters is discovered dead in a prison cell by WPC Rachel Coles. This will turn into a case that will have both Gently and Bacchus questioning what it means to be a police officer, at a time when attitudes towards the police are changing. They are no longer the trusted, familiar, local 'bobbies on the beat'. Police officers are now being seen as agents of the state.

17
2
"Blue for Bluebird"
Bill Anderson
Jess Williams
13 February 2014 (2014-02-13)
6.63

Gently and Bacchus go to a seacoast family holiday camp to investigate staff and holidaymakers, after the body of one of the assistants, Megan (Pixie Lott) is washed up nearby. The colourful inmates of the holiday camp, from the flamboyant owner and his sister, to the chalet girls, performers, lifeguards, and guests, throw the investigation sideways as Gently and Bacchus uncover a story of jealousy, ambition, and the dark underbelly of the permissive society. PC Rachel Coles is now part of the support system for Gently and Bacchus at the police station, with her modern policing ways which annoy Bacchus. Also, Bacchus is trying to spend more time with his daughter, but his ex-wife Lisa opposes this.

18
3
"Gently With Honour"
Tim Whitby
Jess Williams and Steve Lightfoot
20 February 2014 (2014-02-20)
6.57

In 1969, Gently and Bacchus delve into the world of army secrets when a young former soldier commits a murder in a known homosexual hangout. They soon learn he was discharged from the military for mental instability and when the psychiatrist he was seeing hangs himself, Gently believes the case is far from as cut-and-dried as it seems. In the process he finds some uncomfortable truths in what it means to serve one's Queen and country.

19
4
"Gently Going Under"
Ben Bolt
Mike Cullen
27 February 2014 (2014-02-27)
6.61

A suspicious death in the coalmine in Burnsend leads Gently and Bacchus to explore the tensions and relationships in a community whose seams have been ripped wide open by politics – and they discover some old grudges that date back to the era of World War II.

text: Series 7 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
#
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)[5]

20
1
"Gently with the Women"
Roger Goldby
Peter Flannery
29 April 2015 (2015-04-29)
7.22

A woman's body is found, brutally attacked. Gently wants to catch the killer and stop him attacking again. Worried that mistakes made have been down to one inspector, he becomes keen to get to the bottom of another mystery that is unfolding within the force.

21
2
"Breathe in the Air"
Roger Goldby
Peter Flannery
6 May 2015 (2015-05-06)
7.40

Gently is intrigued as to why a woman has committed suicide. There are too many details that don't add up, and he suspects murder. Why did this woman, a GP, want to end her life? Gently's investigation leads him and his team to the discovery of a bigger industrial crime, more murders and more victims. Gently puts his career on the line to uncover who is really to blame.

22
3
"Gently Among Friends"
Tim Whitby
Timothy Prager and Peter Flannery
13 May 2015 (2015-05-13)
6.96

A man has thrown himself off the Tyne Bridge and is found dead, landed on a pile of rubbish. Or so it seems. Gently knows it's murder and believes it's one involving lifelong friends. Who would want to kill a man who was apparently loved by all?

23
4
"Son of a Gun"
Tim Whitby
Jim Keeble and Dudi Appleton
20 May 2015 (2015-05-20)
6.71

It's 1969 and on Christmas Eve Gently is enjoying the festive cheer, until he gets news that a bank has been hit. Gently's hunt for the gunmen takes him into the world of skinheads. Gently has little fear, but the world is changing around him. Gently is later faced with a difficult dilemma. Does the law always have to be so cruel? Can he bend it just this once?

text: Series 8 (2017)[edit]

text: Filming for the eighth series began in January 2017. It was subsequently confirmed that this would be the final series, and it would comprise two feature-length episodes, set in 1970, that have been written as a way to "close" the series. Company Pictures CEO Michele Buck commented: "We felt the character was coming to natural end, and wanted to bring the audience an ambitious and exciting conclusion to such a well-loved show."[7] Episode Two was originally set to air on 28 May 2017, but was postponed due to its proximity to the general election in the UK, given that the storyline, not confirmed at the time, dealt with a controversial politician.[8][9]

text:
No.
#
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)[5]

24
1
"Gently Liberated"
Robert Del Maestro
Charlotte Wolf
21 May 2017 (2017-05-21)
5.97

It's 1970 and Gently and Bacchus become involved in an investigation when a body is discovered. A woman convicted of murdering her husband on circumstantial evidence brings Gently into conflict with Bacchus who was part of the original investigation and may have fabricated evidence to gain a conviction.

25
2
"Gently and the New Age"
Bryn Higgins
Robert Murphy
30 October 2017 (2017-10-30)
5.38

The Met's new Special Investigations Squad boss Lister brings in Gently to investigate high levels of corruption within the force. At the same time, Bacchus and Coles are investigating the murder of a man at a picket line.

text: DVD[edit]

text:
Region 2 "George Gently: Series 1" DVD Released 25 May 2009, EAN: 5036193096297 PAL Format Region 0 in the UK, distributed by Acorn Media UK.
Region 2 "Inspector George Gently: Series 2" DVD Released 24 May 2010, EAN: 5036193097874 PAL Format Region 0 in the UK, distributed by Acorn Media UK.
Region 2 "Inspector George Gently: Complete Series 1 & 2" DVD Released 4 October 2010, EAN: 5036193099915 PAL Format Region 0 in the UK, distributed by Acorn Media UK.
Region 2 "Inspector George Gently: Complete Series 1–6 " DVD Released 4 August 2014, PAL Format Region 0 in the UK, distributed by Acorn Media UK.
Region 2 "George Gently – Der Unbestechliche, Volume 1" DVD Released 19 June 2009, EAN: 4029758960882 PAL Format in Germany, distributed by edel distribution.
Region 2 "George Gently – Der Unbestechliche, Volume 2" DVD Released 20 May 2011, EAN: 4029759044284 PAL Format in Germany, distributed by edel distribution.
Region 2 "George Gently – Der Unbestechliche, Volume 3" DVD Released 10 June 2011, EAN: 4029759067931 PAL Format in Germany, distributed by edel distribution.
Region 1 "George Gently: Series 1" DVD Released 11 November 2008, ASIN: B001B43IUS NTSC Format in the USA, distributed by Acorn Media US.
Region 1 "George Gently: Series 2" DVD Released 25 May 2010, ASIN: B00331RHCM NTSC Format in the USA, distributed by Acorn Media US.
Region 1 "George Gently: Series 3" DVD Released 28 June 2011, ASIN: B004SI5VUY NTSC Format in the USA, distributed by Acorn Media US.
Region 1 "George Gently: Series 4" DVD Released 3 July 2012, ASIN: B007S0DEB2 NTSC Format in the USA, distributed by Acorn Media US.
Region 1 "George Gently: Series 5" DVD Released 28 May 2013, ASIN: B009DS3VQA NTSC Format in the USA, distributed by Acorn Media US.
Region 1 "George Gently: Series 6" DVD Released 1 April 2014, ASIN: B00GWXI1F0 NTSC Format in the USA, distributed by Acorn Media US.
Region 1 "George Gently: Series 7" DVD Released 29 September 2015, ASIN: B00XDBMB8W NTSC Format in the USA, distributed by Acorn Media US.
Region 4 "George Gently: Series 1" DVD Released 17 September 2009, EAN: 9397910797498 PAL Format in Australia, distributed by REEL DVD Australia.
Region 4 "George Gently: Series 2" DVD Released 4 March 2010, EAN: 9397911012293 PAL Format in Australia, distributed by REEL DVD Australia.
Region 4 "George Gently: Series 1 & 2" DVD Released 5 May 2011, EAN: 9397911120899 PAL Format in Australia, distributed by REEL DVD Australia.
Region 4 "George Gently: Series 3" DVD Released 7 July 2011, EAN: 9397911102291 PAL Format in Australia, distributed by REEL DVD Australia.
Region 4 "George Gently: Series 4" DVD Released 1 May 2013, EAN: 9397911234497 PAL Format in Australia, distributed by REEL DVD Australia.
Region 4 "George Gently: Series 5" DVD Released 1 May 2013, EAN: 9397911246995 PAL Format in Australia, distributed by REEL DVD Australia.