document_title: Justice League (film)

question_text: who plays wonder woman in justice league 2017

text: Justice League (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Thousands of years ago, Steppenwolf and his legions of Parademons attempted to take over Earth with the combined energies of three Mother Boxes. They were foiled by a unified army that includes the Olympian Gods, Amazons, Atlanteans, mankind, and the Green Lantern Corps. After repelling Steppenwolf's army, the Mother Boxes were separated and hidden in locations on the planet. In the present, mankind is in mourning over Superman, whose death triggers the Mother Boxes to reactivate and Steppenwolf's return to Earth in an effort to regain favor with his master, Darkseid. Steppenwolf aims to gather the artifacts to form "The Unity", which will destroy Earth's ecology and terraform it in the image of Steppenwolf's homeworld.

text: Steppenwolf retrieves the Mother Box from Themyscira, prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana of Steppenwolf's return. Diana joins Bruce Wayne in his attempt to unite other metahumans to their cause, with Wayne going after Arthur Curry and Barry Allen, while Diana tries to locate Victor Stone. Wayne fails to persuade Curry, but manages to recruit an enthusiastic Allen onto the team. Although Diana fails to convince Stone to join, he agrees to help them locate the threat if he discovers their location. Stone later joins the team after his father Silas, along with several other S.T.A.R. Labs employees, is kidnapped by Steppenwolf seeking to acquire the Mother Box from mankind.

text: Steppenwolf attacks Atlantis to retrieve the next Mother Box, forcing Curry into action. The team receives intel from Commissioner James Gordon leading them to Steppenwolf's army, based in an abandoned facility under Gotham Harbor. Although the group manages to rescue the kidnapped employees, the facility is flooded during combat, which traps the team until Curry helps delay the flood so they can escape. Stone retrieves the last Mother Box, which he had hidden, for the group to analyze. Stone reveals that his father used the Mother Box to rebuild Stone's body after an accident almost cost him his life. Facing overwhelming odds against Steppenwolf's army, Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman, not only to help them fight off Steppenwolf's invasion, but also to restore hope to mankind. Diana and Curry are hesitant about the idea, but Wayne forms a secret contingency plan in case Superman returns as hostile.

text: Clark Kent's body is exhumed and placed in the amniotic fluid of the genesis chamber of the Kryptonian ship alongside the Mother Box, which in turn activates and successfully resurrects Superman. However, Superman's memories have not returned, and he attacks the group after Stone accidentally launches a projectile at him. On the verge of being killed by Superman, Batman enacts his contingency plan: Lois Lane. Superman calms down and leaves with Lane to his family home in Smallville, where he reflects and his memories slowly come back. In the turmoil, the last Mother Box is left unguarded, and Steppenwolf retrieves it with ease. Without Superman to aid them, the five heroes travel to a village in Russia where Steppenwolf aims to unite the Mother Boxes once again and remake Earth. The team fights their way through the Parademons to reach Steppenwolf, although they are unable to distract him enough for Stone to separate the Mother boxes. Superman arrives and assists Allen in evacuating the city, as well as Stone in separating the Mother Boxes. The team defeats Steppenwolf, who, overcome with fear, is attacked by his own Parademons before they all teleport away.

text: In the aftermath of the battle, Bruce and Diana agree to set up a base of operations for the team, with room for more members. Diana steps back into the public spotlight as a hero; Barry acquires a job in Central City's police department, impressing his father; Victor continues to explore and enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs; Arthur returns to Atlantis; and Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent. In a mid-credits scene, Barry and Clark compete in a race to the Pacific coast to see who is faster. In a post-credits scene, Lex Luthor puts a decoy in his place and escapes from Arkham Asylum, and then recruits Slade Wilson to form their own league.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman:
A wealthy socialite, and the owner of Wayne Enterprises. He dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained, masked vigilante equipped with various tools and weapons.
Henry Cavill as Clark Kent / Superman:
A member of, and inspiration for, the Justice League, a Kryptonian survivor, and a journalist for the Daily Planet based in Metropolis.
Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman:
An antiquities dealer, acquaintance of Wayne, and an immortal Amazonian warrior, who is the crown princess of Themyscira and daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus. She is endowed with metahuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents.
Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash:
A Central City University student, who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force.
Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman:
The heir to the throne of the undersea nation of Atlantis.[8] His metahuman aquatic abilities and physical attributes originate from his Atlantean physiology.
Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg:
A former college athlete who, after being cybernetically reconstructed after a nearly fatal car accident, is turned into a techno-organic being enhanced by reactive, adaptive biomimetic alien technology. His enhancements include the abilities of flight, variable weaponry and technopathy. Fisher portrays the character through the use of motion capture for the cybernetic portion of his body.[9]
Amy Adams as Lois Lane:
An undaunted and compassionate award-winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the love interest for Kent.[10]
Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth: Wayne's butler, chief of security, and trusted confidant.[11]
Diane Lane as Martha Kent: Kent's adoptive mother.[10]
Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta: Diana's mother and Queen of the Amazons.[10]
J. K. Simmons as James Gordon: The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department, and close ally of Batman.[10]
Ciarán Hinds as the voice of Steppenwolf: An alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons and is searching for the three Mother Boxes held on Earth. The character is described as "old, tired" and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid.[12] Hinds portrayed the villain through use of motion capture and received some advice in the process from Liam Neeson, who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls.[13]

text: The Olympian Old Gods Zeus, Ares and Artemis are portrayed by fitness model Sergi Constance, stuntman Nick McKinless, and MMA fighter Aurore Lauzeral, respectively.[14][15] All three were required to reach a specific degree of physicality, with Snyder instructing McKinless to sport "veins like worms and paper thin skin". In the finished film, McKinless' face was replaced with David Thewlis's face, and Thewlis received the credit as Ares.[14] Robin Wright reprises her role as Antiope during a flashback sequence. Amber Heard portrays the Atlantean Mera.[10] During a scene depicting Steppenwolf's first invasion of Earth, Julian Lewis Jones appears as King Atlan, while Francis Magee portrays King Arthur Pendragon, credited as ancient king of Atlantis and ancient king of men, respectively.[16][17] Joe Morton reprises his role as Silas Stone, Victor Stone's father and S.T.A.R. Labs' head while Billy Crudup appears as Henry Allen, Barry Allen's father. Joe Manganiello and Jesse Eisenberg appear uncredited in a post-credits scene as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke and Lex Luthor, respectively.[18] Michael McElhatton appears as the leader of a group of terrorists who clash with Wonder Woman early in the film,[19] while Holt McCallany makes an uncredited appearance as a burglar.[20] Marc McClure, who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the Christopher Reeve Superman film series, has a cameo as a police officer.[21] An unidentified Green Lantern appears at the beginning of the film, created by use of CGI and embodied by an uncredited actor. Willem Dafoe and Kiersey Clemons filmed scenes as Nuidis Vulko and Iris West, respectively, although their roles were cut from the final film. Both actors are signed for multiple films and will appear in future installments of the franchise, Aquaman and Flashpoint, respectively.[22][23] Early in production, a scene depicting Green Lanterns Kilowog and Tomar-Re visiting Batman was filmed as another post-credits scene, further teasing Green Lantern Corps. The scene was later scrapped.[24]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros. had hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[25] The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed Wonder Woman film was cancelled,[26] as well as The Flash, written and directed by David S. Goyer.[27] Reportedly titled Justice League: Mortal,[28] Michele and Kiernan Mulroney submitted their script to Warner Bros. in June 2007, receiving positive feedback,[29] which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hope of beginning filming before the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike.[30] Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development of a sequel to Superman Returns, having been disappointed with its box office. Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League: Mortal,[31] nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins.[32] Warner Bros. intended for Justice League: Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs.[33] Shortly after filming The Dark Knight,[34] Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing," and felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises.[32] Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League, but he turned it down, as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films.[35] George Miller signed to direct in September 2007,[30] with Barrie Osbourne producing[36] on a projected $220 million budget.[37]

text: The following month, roughly 40 actors and actresses auditioned for the ensemble superhero roles, among them Joseph Cross, Michael Angarano, Max Thieriot, Minka Kelly, Adrianne Palicki and Scott Porter. Miller had intended to cast younger actors, as he wanted them to "grow" into their roles over the course of several films.[34] D. J. Cotrona was cast as Superman,[33] along with Armie Hammer as Batman.[38] Jessica Biel reportedly declined to play Wonder Woman role after negotiations.[39] The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon, along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead, who confirmed that she had auditioned.[40] Ultimately, Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman,[41] while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul, whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent.[42] The script for Justice League: Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern, a role originally offered to Columbus Short.[43] Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast,[44] with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash,[45] and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain, Maxwell Lord.[46] Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays-Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role, rumored to be Martian Manhunter. Santiago Cabrera was eventually revealed to be Aquaman after the film was cancelled.[47] Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007,[48] and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop.[49]

text: However, the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold. Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast,[50] but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended. Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately,[51] but production was pushed back three months.[33] Originally, the majority of Justice League: Mortal was to be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney,[37] with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges,[36] and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor.[28] The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices, giving way for George Miller to cast Gale, Palmer and Keays-Bryne, all Australian natives. The production crew was composed entirely of Australians, but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors.[37][52] Miller was frustrated, stating that "A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking. They're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and, much more significantly, highly skilled creative jobs."[53] Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada. Filming was pushed back to July 2008, while Warner Bros was still confident they could produce the film for a summer 2009 release.[54][55]

text: With production delays continuing, and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008,[56] Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes, allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012. Gregory Noveck, senior vice president of creative affairs for DC Entertainment, stated, "we're going to make a Justice League movie, whether it's now or 10 years from now. But we're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it's right."[57] Actor Adam Brody joked "They [Warner Brothers] just didn't want to cross their streams with a whole bunch of Batmans in the universe."[58] Warner Bros. relaunched development for a solo Green Lantern film, released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment. Meanwhile, film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development, while filming for a Superman reboot commenced in 2011 with Man of Steel, produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer. Shortly after filming on Man of Steel was complete, Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film.[59] Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be "setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward. In that, it's definitely a first step."[60] The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe,[61] and set the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film.[62] Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment, it would be a rebooted version of the character, unconnected to the 2011 film.[63]

text: With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013, Goyer was hired to write a sequel, as well as a new Justice League, with the Beall draft being scrapped.[64] The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a team-up film featuring Henry Cavill as Superman, Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, Ezra Miller as The Flash, Jason Momoa as Aquaman, and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg, the latter three in minor roles that became more significant in the Justice League film. The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on The Dark Knight trilogy, although Nolan was still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman.[65] In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also direct Goyer's Justice League script.[66] Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[67] On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts, with Part One on November 17, 2017, and Part Two on June 14, 2019. Snyder was set to direct both films.[68] In early July 2015, EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio.[69] Zack Snyder stated that the film would be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby.[70] Although Justice League was initially announced as a two-part film, with the second part set for release two years after the first, Snyder stated in June 2016 that they would be two distinct, separate films and not one film split into two parts, both being stand-alone stories.[71][72]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In April 2014, Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg. He first cameoed in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, followed by a larger role in Justice League.[73][74] Henry Cavill, Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Diane Lane and Amy Adams also reprised their roles from Batman v Superman.[68][75] In October 2014, Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman and debuted as the character in Dawn of Justice.[76][77] On October 20, 2014, Momoa told ComicBook.com that the Justice League film would be released first, and that is what they were preparing for. He thought the solo Aquaman film may be Aquaman's origin story.[78] On January 13, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Amber Heard was in negotiations to appear in the film as Aquaman's love interest Mera.[79] In March 2016, producer Charles Roven said that Green Lantern would not appear in any film before Justice League Part Two, and stated that they "could put Green Lantern in some introduction in Justice League 2, or barring that, a movie after."[80] Also in March, The Hollywood Reporter announced that J. K. Simmons had been cast as Commissioner James Gordon,[81] and Heard was confirmed to join the cast as Mera.[82] Adams also confirmed that she would reprise her role as Lois Lane in both Justice League films.[83][84] By April 2016, Willem Dafoe had been cast in an undisclosed role,[85] later revealed to be Nuidis Vulko,[86] while Cavill confirmed that he would return for both Justice League films.[87] In May 2016, Jeremy Irons confirmed he would appear as Alfred Pennyworth.[11] That same month, Jesse Eisenberg stated that he would reprise his role as Lex Luthor, and in June 2016, confirmed his return in an interview with Shortlist magazine.[88][89] In July 2016, Julian Lewis Jones was cast in an undisclosed role, later revealed to be Atlan, the king of Atlantis.[16] Laurence Fishburne, who portrays Perry White in the DCEU, said he declined to reprise his role in the film due to scheduling conflicts.[90] In April 2017, Michael McElhatton revealed that he had a role in Justice League, which was later revealed to be a bank robber who faces off against Wonder Woman.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography commenced on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London and Scotland. Additional filming took place in Chicago, Illinois, Los Angeles, and Djúpavík, in the Westfjords[91] of Iceland.[85][92][93] The old herring factory in Djúpavík was one Iceland filming location (Ben Affleck appeared to be standing near the herring oil tanks in the "Heroes" trailer). Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts.[93] Affleck also served as executive producer.[94] In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg would produce the Justice League films, and would also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe, after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[95] The same month, Irons stated that the Justice League storyline would be more linear and simple, compared to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[96] Johns confirmed on June 3, 2016 that the title of the film is Justice League,[97] and later stated that the film would be "hopeful and optimistic" in comparison to previous DCEU films.[98] Filming wrapped in October 2016.[99][100][101]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In May 2017, Snyder stepped down during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter. Joss Whedon, whom Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes, took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder's place.[102] In July 2017, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them (more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs).[103] The reshoots coincided with Cavill's schedule for Mission: Impossible – Fallout, for which he had grown a moustache which he was contracted to keep while filming, so Justice League's VFX team used special effects to digitally remove the moustache in post-production.[104] Warner Bros. later announced that Whedon would receive a screenwriting credit on the film alongside Chris Terrio.[105]

text: Music[edit]

text: In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that he had officially retired from the "superhero business".[106] Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film.[107] In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have replaced Junkie XL.[108] Elfman had previously composed the films Batman and Batman Returns, and the theme music for Batman: The Animated Series. Elfman confirmed that he would use the Batman theme music from the 1989 film for Batman in the film, and would also briefly use John Williams' Superman theme during "a dark, twisted moment" in the film.[109][110] The film features a cover of Leonard Cohen's "Everybody Knows" performed by Sigrid, "Icky Thump" performed by the White Stripes, and a cover of the Beatles' "Come Together" performed by Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL.[111]

text: Release[edit]

text: Justice League held its world premiere in Beijing on October 26, 2017, and was theatrically released in North America in standard, RealD 3D and IMAX on November 17, 2017.[112] Justice League was released on Digital HD on February 13, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018.[113]

text: Just after the movie got released in theaters, there have been rumors of an official Directors Cut of the movie existing, proving to be what Zack Snyder actually wanted the movie to be. This version of the movie changes the color of the sky in the final battle scene from red-orange to dark blue (as seen in the trailers), and shows additional scenes (such as Aquaman skewering two Parademons with his trident while jumping, also seen in the trailers). However, this has not been confirmed by Snyder himself, as of yet.

text: In late March 2018, an Ultimate Fan Cut of the movie has been released on the website Mega, with re scored music from previous instalments, most notably Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (as well as several other movies), and scenes from the latter two movies, as well as a few scenes from the Justice League Teaser Trailer. This new unofficial version of the movie was opened to slightly more positive reviews from fans, praising the re scored music, as it gives the movie "a more epic feel" and how it seems closer to Zack Snyder's true realization of the movie, however criticizing some of the additional scenes, claiming that some of them make no sense in one of several situations of the movie.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Justice League grossed $229 million in the United States and Canada, and $428.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $657.9 million, against a production budget of $300 million.[3] It had a worldwide opening of $278.8 million, the 24th biggest of all-time.[114][115] The estimated gross worldwide the film would have had to make in order to break even was around $750 million, and Deadline Hollywood estimated it ended up losing the studio about $60 million.[116][5]

text: In the United States and Canada, industry tracking initially forecast the film debuting to $110–120 million from 4,051 theaters (including 400 IMAX screens).[117] It made $13 million from Thursday night previews, up from the $11 million made by Wonder Woman the previous June.[118] However, after making $38.8 million on its first day (including Thursday previews), weekend projections were lowered to $95 million. It ended up debuting to $93.8 million, down 45% from Batman v Superman's opening of $166 million, and being the first film of the DCEU to open under $100 million. Deadline.com attributed the low figure to lukewarm audience reaction to the film and most of its predecessors, as well as poor critical reception, and partly Warner-owned[not in citation given] film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes not posting their aggregated score until the day before release, causing speculation and doubt from filmgoers.[119] In its second weekend, the film dropped 56% to $41.1 million, finishing second at the box office, behind newcomer Coco.[120] It was the second-best second weekend hold of the DCEU, behind Wonder Woman's 43%, but the lowest overall gross.[121] In its third week it again finished second behind Coco, grossing $16.7 million.[122]

text: Internationally, the film was projected to debut to $215–235 million for a worldwide opening of $325–355 million.[123] It made $8.5 million on its first day from nine countries, including South Korea, France and Brazil.[118] It ended up having a $185 million international debut from 65 countries, including $57.1 million from China, $9.8 million from the United Kingdom, $9.6 million from Mexico and $8.8 million from South Korea. The film broke a record in the Philippines with a debut of $1.12M (PHP 57.3M), making it the biggest industry opening day for a film there in 2017.[124] In Brazil, the film opened to $14.2 million, the biggest opening in the country's history.[114] Outside North America, the films largest markets were China ($106 million), Brazil ($41 million), Mexico ($24.8 million), and United Kingdom ($24 million).[125]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Justice League received praise for its action sequences and performances (primarily Gadot and Miller) but criticism for the writing, pacing and CGI, as well as the plot (regarded as thin), and the villain (regarded as underdeveloped).[126] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 40%, based on 313 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Justice League leaps over a number of DC movies, but its single bound isn't enough to shed the murky aesthetic, thin characters, and chaotic action that continue to dog the franchise."[127] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[128] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 85% overall positive score (average 4 out of 5 stars) and a 69% "definite recommend".[119][129]

text: Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast, especially Gadot, and saying "It's a putting-the-band-together origins movie, executed with great fun and energy."[130] Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Justice League... has been conceived, in each and every frame, to correct the sins of Batman v Superman. It's not just a sequel—it's an act of franchise penance. The movie... is never messy or bombastic. It's light and clean and simple (at times almost too simple), with razory repartee and combat duels that make a point of not going on for too long."[131]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast but criticizing the action sequences and writing, saying: "The scenes of the League members together, bickering and bonding, spike the film with humor and genuine feeling, creating a rooting interest in the audience. Without it, the film would crumble."[132] Conversely, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter, while praising Gadot and Miller, called the film visually ugly and boring, saying, "Fatigue, repetition and a laborious approach to exposition are the keynotes of this affair, which is also notable for how Ben Affleck, donning the bat suit for the second time, looks like he'd rather be almost anywhere else but here."[133]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film's poster was nominated for "Best Action Poster" by the Golden Trailer Awards in June 2017.[134] In December 2017, Ezra Miller was nominated for "Best Comedic Performance" for his role as Barry Allen by the San Diego Film Critics Society.[135] Justice League was nominated for "Most Disappointing Film" by the Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards, and it was tied in second place with The Dark Tower.[136]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was scheduled to be released in June 2019,[68] but has since been delayed to accommodate the release for a standalone Batman film.[137] By March 2017, producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would return as director.[138] In October 2017, J. K. Simmons stated that the studio is working on a sequel script, alongside The Batman.[139] Shortly after the release of Justice League, Henry Cavill stated that he is under contract with Warner Bros. to play Superman for one more film.[140]

text: In December 2017, it was reported that there were "no immediate plans" for Zack Snyder to direct a Justice League sequel, or any other DC films, with Snyder instead being relegated to an executive producer position. This comes after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Bros. due to the film's financial performance.[141]


document_title: List of physical quantities

question_text: the newton is the si unit of what physical quantity

root

text: List of physical quantities

text:
This is a list of physical quantity
The first table lists the base quantities used in the International System of Units to define the physical dimension of physical quantities for dimensional analysis. The second table lists the derived physical quantities. Derived quantities can be mentioned in terms of the base quantities.

tag: p

text: Note that neither the names nor the symbols used for the physical quantities are interna standards. Some quantities are known as several different names such as the magnetic B-field which known as the magnetic flux density, the magnetic induction or simply as the magnetic field depending on the context. Similarly, surface tension can be denoted by either σ, γ or T. The table usually lists only one name and symbol.

text: The final column lists some special properties that some of the quantities have, such as their scaling behavior (i.e. whether the quantity is intensive or extensive), their transformation properties (i.e. whether the quantity is a scalar, vector or tensor) or whether the quantity is conserved.

text:
Base quantity

Symbol

Description

SI base unit

Dimension

Comments

Length

l

The one-dimensional extent of an object

metre (m)

L

Mass

m

A measure of resistance to acceleration

kilogram (kg)

M

extensive, scalar

Time

t

The duration of an event

second (s)

T

scalar

Electric current

I

Rate of flow of electrical charge per unit time

ampere (A)

I

Temperature

T

Average kinetic energy per degree of freedom of a system

kelvin (K)

Θ

intensive, scalar

Amount of substance

n

Number of particles compared to the number of atoms in 0.012 kg of 12C

mole (mol)

N

extensive, scalar

Luminous intensity

L

Wavelength-weighted power of emitted light per unit solid angle

candela (cd)

J

scalar

tag: table

text:
Derived quantity

Symbol

Description

SI derived unit

Dimension

Comments

Absement

A

Measure of sustained displacement: the first integral of displacement

m s

L T

vector

Absorbed dose rate

Absorbed dose received per unit of time

Gy s−1

L2 T−3

Acceleration

a→

Change of the speed or velocity per unit time

m s−2

L T−2

vector

Angular acceleration

α

Change in angular speed or velocity per unit time

rad s−2

T−2

Angular momentum

L

Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point

kg m2 s−1

M L2 T−1

conserved quantity, pseudovector

Angular speed (or angular velocity)

ω

The angle incremented in a plane by a segment connecting an object and a reference point per unit time

rad s−1

T−1

scalar or pseudovector

Area

A

Extent of a surface

m2

L2

scalar

Area density

ρA

Mass per unit area

kg m−2

M L−2

Capacitance

C

Stored charge per unit electric potential

farad (F = A2 s4 kg−1 m−2)

M−1 L−2 T4 I2

scalar

Catalytic activity

Change in reaction rate due to presence of a catalyst

katal (kat = mol s−1)

T−1 N

Catalytic activity concentration

Change in reaction rate due to presence of a catalyst per unit volume of the system

kat m−3

L−3 T−1 N

Chemical potential

μ

Energy per unit change in amount of substance

J mol−1

M L2 T−2 N−1

intensive

Crackle

c→

Change of jounce per unit time: the fifth time derivative of position

m s−5

L T−5

vector

Current density

J →

Electric current per unit cross-section area

A m−2

L−2 I

vector

Dose equivalent

H

Received radiation adjusted for the effect on biological tissue

sievert (Sv = m2 s−2)

L2 T−2

Dynamic viscosity

η

Measure for the resistance of an incompressible fluid to stress

Pa s

M L−1 T−1

Electric charge

Q

The force per unit electric field strength

coulomb (C = A s)

T I

extensive, conserved quantity

Electric charge density

ρQ

Electric charge per unit volume

C m−3

L−3 T I

intensive

Electric displacement

D

Strength of the electric displacement

C m−2

L−2 T I

vector field

Electric field strength

E→

Strength of the electric field

V m−1

M L T−3 I−1

vector field

Electrical conductance

G

Measure for how easily current flows through a material

siemens (S = A2 s3 kg−1 m−2)

M−1 L−2 T3 I2

scalar

Electrical conductivity

σ

Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current

S m−1

M−1 L−3 T3 I2

scalar

Electric potential

V

Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point

volt (V = kg m2 A−1 s−3)

M L2 T−3 I−1

extensive, scalar

Electrical resistance

R

Electric potential per unit electric current

ohm (Ω = kg m2 A−2 s−3)

M L2 T−3 I−2

extensive, scalar, assumes linearity

Electrical resistivity

ρ

Bulk property equivalent of electrical resistance

ohm metre (Ω⋅m = kg m3 A−2 s−3)

M L3 T−3 I−2

intensive, scalar

Energy

E

Capacity of a body or system to do work

joule (J = kg m2 s−2)

M L2 T−2

extensive, scalar, conserved quantity

Energy density

ρE

Energy per unit volume

J m−3

M L−1 T−2

intensive

Entropy

S

Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system

J K−1

M L2 T−2 Θ−1

extensive, scalar

Force

F→

Transfer of momentum per unit time

newton (N = kg m s−2)

M L T−2

extensive, vector

Frequency

f

Number of (periodic) occurrences per unit time

hertz (Hz = s−1)

T−1

scalar

Fuel efficiency

Distance traveled per unit volume of fuel

L−2

scalar

Half-life

t1/2

Time for a quantity to decay to half its initial value

s

T

Heat

Q

Thermal energy

joule (J)

M L2 T−2

Heat capacity

Cp

Energy per unit temperature change

J K−1

M L2 T−2 Θ−1

extensive

Heat flux density

ϕQ

Heat flow per unit time per unit surface area

W m−2

M T−3

Illuminance

Ev

Luminous flux per unit surface area

lux (lx = cd sr m−2)

L−2 J

Impedance

Z

Resistance to an alternating current of a given frequency, including effect on phase

ohm (Ω = kg m2 A−2 s−3)

M L2 T−3 I−2

complex scalar

Impulse

J

Transferred momentum

newton second (N⋅s = kg m s−1)

M L T−1

vector

Inductance

L

Magnetic flux generated per unit current through a circuit

henry (H = kg m2 A−2 s−2)

M L2 T−2 I−2

scalar

Irradiance

E

Electromagnetic radiation power per unit surface area

W m−2

M T−3

Intensity

I

Power per unit cross sectional area

W m−2

M T−3

Jerk

j→

Change of acceleration per unit time: the third time derivative of position

m s−3

L T−3

vector

Jounce (or snap)

s→

Change of jerk per unit time: the fourth time derivative of position

m s−4

L T−4

vector

Kinematic viscosity

"v"→

Dynamic viscosity/density

m2 sec−1

L"'2

"'T"'−1

Linear density

ρl

Mass per unit length

M L−1

Luminous flux (or luminous power)

F

Perceived power of a light source

lumen (lm = cd sr)

J

Mach number (or mach)

M

Ratio of flow velocity to the local speed of sound

unitless

1

Magnetic field strength

H

Strength of a magnetic field

A m−1

L−1 I

vector field

Magnetic flux

Φ

Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field

weber (Wb = kg m2 A−1 s−2)

M L2 T−2 I−1

scalar

Magnetic flux density

B

Measure for the strength of the magnetic field

tesla (T = kg A−1 s−2)

M T−2 I−1

pseudovector field

Magnetization

M

Amount of magnetic moment per unit volume

A m−1

L−1 I

vector field

Mass fraction

x

Mass of a substance as a fraction of the total mass

kg/kg

1

intensive

(Mass) Density (or volume density)

ρ

Mass per unit volume

kg m−3

M L−3

intensive

Mean lifetime

τ

Average time for a particle of a substance to decay

s

T

intensive

Molar concentration

C

Amount of substance per unit volume

mol m−3

L−3 N

intensive

Molar energy

Amount of energy present in a system per unit amount of substance

J mol−1

M L2 T−2 N−1

intensive

Molar entropy

Entropy per unit amount of substance

J K−1 mol−1

M L2 T−2 Θ−1 N−1

intensive

Molar heat capacity

c

Heat capacity of a material per unit amount of substance

J K−1 mol−1

M L2 T−2 Θ−1 N−1

intensive

Moment of inertia

I

Inertia of an object with respect to angular acceleration

kg m2

M L2

tensor, scalar

Momentum

p→

Product of an object's mass and velocity

N s

M L T−1

vector, extensive

Permeability

μ

Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field

H m−1

M L T−2 I−2

intensive

Permittivity

ε

Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field

F m−1

M−1 L−3 T4 I2

intensive

Plane angle

θ

Ratio of circular arc length to radius

radian (rad)

1

Power

P

Rate of transfer of energy per unit time

watt (W)

M L2 T−3

extensive, scalar

Pressure

p

Force per unit area

pascal (Pa = kg m−1 s−2)

M L−1 T−2

intensive, scalar

Pop

p→

Rate of change of crackle per unit time: the sixth time derivative of position

m s−6

L T−6

vector

(Radioactive) Activity

A

Number of particles decaying per unit time

becquerel (Bq = s−1)

T−1

extensive, scalar

(Radioactive) Dose

D

Ionizing radiation energy absorbed by biological tissue per unit mass

gray (Gy = m2 s−2)

L2 T−2

Radiance

L

Power of emitted electromagnetic radiation per unit solid angle per emitting source area

W m−2 sr−1

M T−3

Radiant intensity

I

Power of emitted electromagnetic radiation per unit solid angle

W sr−1

M L2 T−3

scalar

Reaction rate

r

Rate of a chemical reaction for unit time

mol m−3 s−1

N L−3 T−1

intensive, scalar

Refractive index

n

Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium

unitless

1

intensive, scalar

Solid angle

Ω

Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared

steradian (sr)

1

Speed

v

Moved distance per unit time: the first time derivative of position

m s−1

L T−1

scalar

Specific energy

Energy density per unit mass

J kg−1

L2 T−2

intensive

Specific heat capacity

c

Heat capacity per unit mass

J kg−1 K−1

L2 T−2 Θ−1

intensive

Specific volume

v

Volume per unit mass (reciprocal of density)

m3 kg−1

M−1 L3

intensive

Spin

S

Quantum-mechanically defined angular momentum of a particle

kg m2 s−1

M L2 T−1

Strain

ε

Extension per unit length

unitless

1

Stress

σ

Force per unit oriented surface area

Pa

M L−1 T−2

order 2 tensor

Surface tension

γ

Energy change per unit change in surface area

N m−1 or J m−2

M T−2

Thermal conductivity

k

Measure for the ease with which a material conducts heat

W m−1 K−1

M L T−3 Θ−1

intensive

Torque

τ

Product of a force and the perpendicular distance of the force from the point about which it is exerted

newton metre (N m)

M L2 T−2

bivector (or pseudovector in 3D)

Velocity

v→

Speed and direction of an object

m s−1

L T−1

vector

Volume

V

Three dimensional extent of an object

m3

L3

extensive, scalar

Wavelength

λ

Perpendicular distance between repeating units of a wave

m

L

Wavenumber

k

Repetency or spacial frequency: the number of cycles per unit distance

m−1

L−1

scalar

Wavevector

k→

Repetency or spacial frequency vector: the number of cycles per unit distance

m−1 with direction

L−1

vector

Weight

w

Gravitational force on an object

newton (N = kg m s−2)

M L T−2

vector

Work

W

Transferred energy

joule (J = kg m2 s−2)

M L2 T−2

scalar

Young's modulus

E

Ratio of stress to strain

pascal (Pa = kg m−1 s−2)

M L−1 T−2

scalar; assumes isotropic linear material


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of India

question_text: the member of rajya sabha who first became the prime minister was

text: List of Prime Ministers of India

text: Key[edit]

text:
Colour key for party of the prime ministers

  Bharatiya Janata Party

  Indian National Congress
designated Indian National Congress (I) 1977–1996[3]

  Janata Dal

  Janata Party

  Janata Party (Secular)

  Samajwadi Janata Party

Other key

№: Incumbent number
† Assassinated or died in office
§ Returned to office after a previous term
RES Resigned
NC Resigned following a no-confidence motion

text: Prime Ministers of India[edit]

text:
№
Name
(birth–death); constituency
Portrait
Prior Office
Party
(Alliance)
Elected constituency
Term of office[4]
Elections
(Lok Sabha)
Ministry
Appointed by

1
Jawaharlal Nehru
(1889–1964)

Indian freedom fighter

Indian National Congress
Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh
15 August
1947
27 May
1964[†]
7003613000000000000♠16 years, 286 days
—
Nehru I
Lord Mountbatten

1952 (1st)
Nehru II
Rajendra Prasad

1957 (2nd)
Nehru III

1962 (3rd)
Nehru IV

–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998)

Union Minister of Labour and Employment

Indian National Congress
Sabarkantha, Gujarat
27 May
1964
9 June
1964
13 days
(3rd)
(acting)
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

2
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(1904–1966)

Minister of Home Affairs

Indian National Congress
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
9 June
1964
11 January
1966[†]
7002581000000000000♠1 year, 216 days
(3rd)
Shastri

–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998)

Minister of Home Affairs

Indian National Congress
Sabarkantha, Gujarat
11 January
1966
24 January
1966
13 days
(3rd)
(acting)

3
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984)

Minister of Information and Broadcasting

Indian National Congress
Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh
24 January
1966
24 March
1977
7003407700000000000♠11 years, 59 days
(3rd)
I. Gandhi I

Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh
1967 (4th)

Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

1971 (5th)
I. Gandhi II
V. V. Giri

4
Morarji Desai
(1896–1995)

Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969

Janata Party
Surat, Gujarat
24 March
1977
28 July
1979[RES]
7002856000000000000♠2 years, 126 days
1977 (6th)
Desai
B. D. Jatti
(acting President)

5
Charan Singh
(1902–1987)

Minister of Finance

Janata Party (Secular)
with INC
Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh
28 July
1979
14 January
1980[RES]
170 days
 – (6th)
C. Singh
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

(3)
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984)

Former Prime Minister

Indian National Congress (I)
Medak, Andhra Pradesh
14 January
1980[§]
31 October
1984[†]
7003175200000000000♠4 years, 291 days
1980 (7th)
I. Gandhi III

6
Rajiv Gandhi
(1944–1991)

MP for Amethi

Indian National Congress (I)
Amethi, Uttar Pradesh
31 October
1984
2 December
1989
7003185800000000000♠5 years, 32 days
(7th)
R. Gandhi
Zail Singh

Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

1984 (8th)

7
V. P. Singh
(1931–2008)

Minister of Defence

Janata Dal
(National Front)
Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh
2 December
1989
10 November
1990[NC]
343 days
1989 (9th)
V. P. Singh
R. Venkataraman

8
Chandra Shekhar
(1927–2007)

MP for Ballia

Samajwadi Janata Party
with INC
Ballia, Uttar Pradesh
10 November
1990
21 June
1991[a]
223 days
 (9th)
Chandra Shekhar

9
P. V. Narasimha Rao
(1921–2004)

Minister of External Affairs

Indian National Congress (I)
Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh
21 June
1991
16 May
1996
7003179100000000000♠4 years, 330 days
1991 (10th)
Rao

10
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(born 1924)

Minister of External Affairs

Bharatiya Janata Party
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
16 May
1996
1 June
1996[RES]
16 days
1996 (11th)
Vajpayee I
Shankar Dayal Sharma

11
H. D. Deve Gowda
(born 1933)

Chief Minister of Karnataka

Janata Dal
(United Front)
Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka
1 June
1996
21 April
1997[RES]
324 days
(11th)
Deve Gowda

12
Inder Kumar Gujral
(1919–2012)

Minister of External Affairs

Janata Dal
(United Front)
Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar
21 April
1997
19 March
1998
332 days
(11th)
Gujral

(10)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(born 1924)

Former Prime Minister

Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
19 March
1998[§]
22 May
2004
7003225600000000000♠6 years, 64 days
1998 (12th)
Vajpayee II
K. R. Narayanan

Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

1999 (13th)
Vajpayee III

13
Manmohan Singh
(born 1932)

Minister of Finance

Indian National Congress
(UPA)
Rajya Sabha MP for Assam
22 May
2004
26 May
2014
7003365600000000000♠10 years, 4 days
2004 (14th)
M. Singh I
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

2009 (15th)
M. Singh II
Pratibha Patil

14
Narendra Modi
(born 1950)

Chief Minister of Gujarat

Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
26 May
2014[5]
Incumbent
7003123500000000000♠3 years, 139 days
2014 (16th)
Modi
Pranab Mukherjee

text: Jump up ^ Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991, but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him

tag: ol


question_text: nabard has been established on the recommendation of

text: History[edit]

text: NABARD was established on the recommendations of B.Sivaraman Committee, (by Act 61, 1981 of Parliament) on 12 July 1982 to implement the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981. It replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD) and Rural Planning and Credit Cell (RPCC) of Reserve Bank of India, and Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). It is one of the premier agencies providing developmental credit in rural areas. NABARD is India's specialised bank for Agriculture and Rural Development in India.

text: The initial corpus of NABARD was Rs.100 crores. Consequent to the revision in the composition of share capital between Government of India and RBI, the paid up capital as on 31 May 2017, stood at Rs.30,000 crore with Government of India holding Rs.30,000 crore (100% share).[4] [5]

text: International associates of NABARD include World Bank-affiliated organizations and global developmental agencies working in the field of agriculture and rural development. These organizations help NABARD by advising and giving monetary aid for the upliftment of the people in the rural areas and optimizing the agricultural process. [6]

text: Role[edit]

text: NABARD has been instrumental in grounding rural, social innovations and social enterprises in the rural hinterlands. It has in the process partnered with about 4000 partner organisations in grounding many of the interventions be it, SHG-Bank Linkage programme, tree-based tribal communities’ livelihoods initiative, watershed approach in soil and water conservation, increasing crop productivity initiatives through lead crop initiative or dissemination of information flow to agrarian communities through Farmer clubs. Despite all this, it pays huge taxes too, to the exchequer – figuring in the top 50 tax payers consistently. NABARD virtually ploughs back all the profits for development spending, in their unending search for solutions and answers. Thus the organisation had developed a huge amount of trust capital in its 3 decades of work with rural communities.[7]

text: 1.NABARD is the most important institution in the country which looks after the development of the cottage industry, small scale industry and village industry, and other rural industries.

text: 2.NABARD also reaches out to allied economies and supports and promotes integrated development.

text: 3.NABARD discharge its duty by undertaking the following roles :

text:
Serves as an apex financing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas
Takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, training of personnel, etc.
Co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains liaison with Government of India, state governments, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation
Undertakes monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it.
NABARD refinances the financial institutions which finances the rural sector.
NABARD partakes in development of institutions which help the rural economy.
NABARD also keeps a check on its client institutes.
It regulates the institutions which provide financial help to the rural economy.
It provides training facilities to the institutions working in the field of rural upliftment.
It regulates the cooperative banks and the RRB’s, and manages talent acquisition through IBPS CWE.

text: NABARD's refinance is available to state co-operative agriculture and rural development banks (SCARDBs), state co-operative banks (SCBs), regional rural banks (RRBs), commercial banks (CBs) and other financial institutions approved by RBI. While the ultimate beneficiaries of investment credit can be individuals, partnership concerns, companies, State-owned corporations or co-operative societies, production credit is generally given to individuals. NABARD has its head office at Mumbai, India.

text: NABARD Regional Office[RO] has a Chief General Manager [CGMs] as its head, and the Head office has several top executives viz the Executive Directors[ED], Managing Directors[MD], and the Chairperson.It has 336 District Offices across the country, one special cell at Srinagar. It also has 6 training establishments.

text: NABARD is also known for its 'SHG Bank Linkage Programme' which encourages India's banks to lend to self-help groups (SHGs). Largely because SHGs are composed mainly of poor women, this has evolved into an important Indian tool for microfinance. By March 2006, 22 lakh SHGs representing 3.3 core members had to be linked to credit through this programme.[8]

text: NABARD also has a portfolio of Natural Resource Management Programmes involving diverse fields like Watershed Development, Tribal Development and Farm Innovation through dedicated funds set up for the purpose.

text: Rural innovation[edit]

text: NABARD role in rural development in India is phenomenal.[9] National Bank For Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD) is set up as an apex Development Bank by the Government of India with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for promotion and development of agriculture, cottage and village industries. The credit flow to agriculture activities sanctioned by NABARD reached Rs 1,57,480 crore in 2005-2006. The overall GDP is estimated to grow at 8.4 per cent. The Indian economy as a whole is poised for higher growth in the coming years. Role of NABARD in overall development of India in general and rural & agricultural in specific is highly pivotal.

text: Through assistance of Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, NABARD set up the Rural Innovation Fund. Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) is another noted scheme for the bank for rural development.[10] Under the RIDF scheme Rs. 51,283 crore have been sanctioned for 2,44,651 projects covering irrigation, rural roads and bridges, health and education, soil conservation, water schemes etc. Rural Innovation Fund is a fund designed to support innovative, risk friendly, unconventional experiments in these sectors that would have the potential to promote livelihood opportunities and employment in rural areas.[11] The assistance is extended to Individuals, NGOs, Cooperatives, Self Help Group, and Panchayati Raj Institutions who have the expertise and willingness to implement innovative ideas for improving the quality of life in rural areas. Through member base of 25 crore, 600000 cooperatives are working in India at grass root level in almost every sector of economy. There are linkages between SHG and other type institutes with that of cooperatives.

text: The purpose of RIDF is to promote innovation in rural & agricultural sector through viable means. Effectiveness of the program depends upon many factors, but the type of organization to which the assistance is extended is crucial one in generating, executing ideas in optimum commercial way. Cooperative is member driven formal organization for socio-economic purpose, while SHG is informal one. NGO have more of social color while that of PRI is political one. Does the legal status of an institute influences effectiveness of the program? How & to what an extent? Cooperative type of organization is better (Financial efficiency & effectiveness) in functioning (agriculture & rural sector) compared to NGO, SHG & PRIs.[12]

text: Recently in 2007-08, NABARD has started a new direct lending facility under 'Umbrella Programme for Natural Resource Management' (UPNRM). Under this facility financial support for natural resource management activities can be provided as a loan at reasonable rate of interest. Already 35 projects have been sanctioned involving loan amount of about Rs 1000 crore. The sanctioned projects include honey collection by tribals in Maharashtra, tussar value chain by a women producer company ('MASUTA'), eco-tourism in Karnataka[13] etc.[14]


document_title: List of Delhi Metro stations

question_text: what is the name of new delhi metro station

text: List of Delhi Metro stations

text: Metro stations[edit]

text:
†

Terminal station

*

Transfer station

†*

Terminal and transfer station to other lines

††

Transfer station to Indian Railways / ISBT

**

Transfer station to other lines and Indian Railways / ISBT

#*

Terminal and transfer station to Indian Railways / ISBT

†¤

Terminal, transfer station to other lines and Indian Railways / ISBT

text: This list is sortable. Click on the  icon in the column header to change sort key and sort order. and passenger usage statistics in millions per year

text:
Station Name English

Station Name Hindi

Photo

Line

Opened

Layout

Usage

Notes

Refs

Adarsh Nagar
आदर्श नगर

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
4 February 2009
Elevated

None

AIIMS
एम्स

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 September 2010
Underground

None
[4][5]

Akshardham
अक्षरधाम

     Blue Line (Line 3)
12 November 2009
Elevated

None

Anand Vihar††
आनंद विहार

     Blue Line branch (Line 4)
6 January 2010
Elevated

Transfer station for Anand Vihar Railway Terminal (Indian Railways), Anand Vihar ISBT
[6][7]

Arjan Garh
अर्जनगढ़

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
21 June 2010
Elevated

None

Ashok Park Main*
अशोक पार्क मेन

     Green Line (Line 5)     Green Line branch
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Azadpur*
आजादपुर

     Yellow Line (Line 2)      Pink Line (Line 7)
4 February 2009 14 March 2018
Elevated Underrground

None

Badarpur Border
बदरपुर बॉर्डर

     Violet Line (Line 6)
14 January 2011
Elevated

Formerly known as Badarpur
[9][10][11][12][13]

Badkhal Mor
बड़खल मोङ

     Violet Line (Line 6)
6 September 2015
Elevated

None

Barakhambha Road
बाराखम्भा रोड

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Underground

None
[14]

Bata Chowk
बाटा चौक

     Violet Line (Line 6)
6 September 2015
Elevated

None

Botanical Garden
बोटेनिकल गार्डन

     Blue Line (Line 3)     Magenta Line (Line 8)
12 November 2009  25 December 2017
Elevated

None

Central Secretariat*
केन्द्रीय सचिवालय

     Yellow Line (Line 2),     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 July 2005
Underground

None
[15][16][17][18][19][20]

Chandni Chowk††
चाँदनी चौक

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 July 2005
Underground

Also known as Delhi Main. Transfer station for Delhi Junction Railway station (Indian Railways).
[15][16]

Chawri Bazar
चावड़ी बाज़ार

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 July 2005
Underground

None
[15][16]

Chhatarpur
छत्तरपुर

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
26 August 2010
Elevated

None
[21][22]

Civil Lines
सिविल लाइन्स

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
20 December 2004
Underground

None

Delhi Aerocity
दिल्ली एरोसिटी

     Airport Express(Orange Line)
15 August 2011
Underground

Also known as National Highway 8
[23]

Delhi Gate
दिल्ली गेट

     Violet Line (Line 6)
28 May 2017
Underground

None

Delhi Cantonment
दिल्ली कैंट

     Pink Line (Line 7)
14 March 2018
Elevated

None

Dhaula Kuan*
धौला कुआँ

    Airport Express(Orange Line)     Pink Line (Line 7)
15 August 2011
Elevated

None
[23]

Dilshad Garden†
दिलशाद गार्डन

     Red Line (Line 1)
4 June 2008
Elevated

None

Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus *
साउथ कैम्पस

     Pink Line (Line 7)
14 March 2018
Elevated

None

Dwarka
द्वारका

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Dwarka Mor
द्वारका मोड़

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

Mostly popular for N.S.I.T. and road to airport
[14]

Dwarka Sector 10
द्वारका सैक्टर १०

     Blue Line (Line 3)
1 April 2006
Elevated

None

Dwarka Sector 11
द्वारका सैक्टर ११

     Blue Line (Line 3)
1 April 2006
Elevated

None

Dwarka Sector 12
द्वारका सैक्टर १२

     Blue Line (Line 3)
1 April 2006
Elevated

None

Dwarka Sector 13
द्वारका सैक्टर १३

     Blue Line (Line 3)
1 April 2006
Elevated

None

Dwarka Sector 14
द्वारका सैक्टर १४

     Blue Line (Line 3)
1 April 2006
Elevated

None

Dwarka Sector 21†*
द्वारका सेक्टर २१

     Blue Line (Line 3),      Airport Express(Orange Line)
30 October 2010
Underground

None
[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]

Dwarka Sector 8
द्वारका सेक्टर ८

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 October 2010
Elevated

None
[25][26][27]

Dwarka Sector 9
द्वारका सैक्टर ९

     Blue Line (Line 3)
1 April 2006
Elevated

None

Escorts Mujesar
ऐस्काॅर्ट्स मुजेसर

     Violet Line (Line 6)
6 September 2015
Elevated

None

ESI Hospital
ई एस आई अस्पताल

     Pink Line (Line 7)
14 March 2018
Elevated

None

Ghitorni
घिटोरनी

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
21 June 2010
Elevated

None

Golf Course
गोल्फ कोर्स

     Blue Line (Line 3)
12 November 2009
Elevated

None

Govind Puri
गोविन्दपुरी

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Elevated

None
[17][18][19][20]

Green Park
ग्रीन पार्क

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 September 2010
Underground

None
[4][5]

GTB Nagar
जीटीबी नगर

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
4 February 2009
Underground

Also known as Guru Teg Bahadur Nagar

Guru Dronacharya
गुरु द्रोणाचार्य

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
21 June 2010
Elevated

Formerly known as Garden Estate

Haiderpur
हैदरपुर

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
10 November 2015
Elevated

None

Hauz Khas
हौज़ खास

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 September 2010
Underground

None
[4][5]

HUDA City Centre†
हुडा सिटी सेंटर

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
21 June 2010
Elevated

Formerly known as Sushant Lok

IFFCO Chowk
इफ्फको चौक

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
21 June 2010
Elevated

None

INA
आईएनऐ

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 September 2010
Underground

None
[4][5]

Inderlok†*
इन्द्रलोक

     Red Line (Line 1),      Green Line (Line 5)
3 October 2003
Elevated

Formerly known as Trinagar
[34][35][36]

Indira Gandhi International Airport
इन्दिरा गाँधी अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा

     Airport Express(Orange Line)
23 February 2011
Underground

Indira Gandhi International Airport
[28][29][30][31][32][33]

Indraprastha
इन्द्रप्रस्थ

     Blue Line (Line 3)
11 November 2006
Elevated

None

ITO
आई टी ओ

     Violet Line (Line 6)
8 June 2015
Underground

None

Jahangirpuri†
जहांगीरपुरी

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
4 February 2009
Elevated

None

Jama Masjid
जामा मस्जिद

     Violet Line (Line 6)
28 May 2017
Underground

None

Jamia Millia Islamia
जामिया मिलिया इस्लामिया

     Magenta Line (Line 8)
25 December 2017
Elevated

None

Janakpuri East
जनकपुरी पूर्व

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Janakpuri West
जनकपुरी पश्चिम

     Blue Line (Line 3)     Magenta Line (Line 8)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Jangpura
जंगपुरा

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Underground

Formerly known as Lodi Colony
[17][18][19][20]

Janpath
जनपथ

     Violet Line (Line 6)
26 June 2014
Underground

None

Jasola Apollo
जसोला अपोलो

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Elevated

None
[17][18][19]

Jasola Vihar Shaheen Bagh
जसोला विहार शाहीन बाग

     Magenta Line (Line 8)
25 December 2017
Elevated

None

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
जवाहर लाल नेहरू स्टेडियम

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Underground

None
[17][18][19][20]

Jhandewalan
झंडेवालान

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Jhilmil
झिलमिल

     Red Line (Line 1)
4 June 2008
Elevated

None

Jor Bagh
जोर बाग़

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 September 2010
Underground

None
[4][5]

Kailash Colony
कैलाश कॉलोनी

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Elevated

None
[17][18][19][20]

Kalkaji Mandir
कालकाजी

     Violet Line (Line 6)     Magenta Line (Line 8)
3 October 201025 December 2017
Elevated  Underground

None
[17][18][19][20]

Kalindi Kunj
कालिन्दी कुंज

     Magenta Line (Line 8)
25 December 2017
Elevated

None

Kanhiya Nagar
कन्हैया नगर

     Red Line (Line 1)
31 March 2004
Elevated

None
[37][38][39]

Karkarduma
कड़कड़डूमा

     Blue Line branch (Line 4)
6 January 2010
Elevated

None
[6]

Karol Bagh
करोल बाग़

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Kashmere Gate†¤
कश्मीरी गेट

     Red Line (Line 1),      Yellow Line (Line 2)     Violet Line (Line 6)
24 December 200220 December 200428 May 2017
ElevatedUnderground

Transfer station for Kashmere Gate ISBT
[1][40]

Kaushambi
कौशाम्बी

     Blue Line branch (Line 4)
14 July 2011
Elevated

None
[7]

Keshav Puram
केशव पुरम

     Red Line (Line 1)
31 March 2004
Elevated

None
[37][38][39]

Khan Market
खान मार्केट

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Underground

None
[17][18][19][20]

Kirti Nagar†*
कीर्ति नगर

     Blue Line (Line 3)     Green Line branch
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Kohat Enclave
कोहाट एंक्लेव

     Red Line (Line 1)
31 March 2004
Elevated

None
[37][38][39]

Lajpat Nagar
लाजपत नगर

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Elevated

None
[17][18][19][20]

Lal Qila
लाल किला

     Violet Line (Line 6)
28 May 2017
Underground

None

Laxmi Nagar
लक्ष्मी नगर

     Blue Line branch (Line 4)
6 January 2010
Elevated

None
[6]

Lok Kalyan Marg
लोक कल्याण मार्ग

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 September 2010
Underground

Formerly known as Race Course
[4][5]

Madipur
मादीपुर

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Malviya Nagar
मालवीय नगर

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 September 2010
Underground

None
[4][5]

Majlis Park†
मजलिस पार्क

     Pink Line (Line 7)
14 March 2018
Elevated

None

Mandi House
मण्डी हाऊस

     Blue Line (Line 3)
11 November 2006
Underground

None

Mansarovar Park
मानसरोवर पार्क

     Red Line (Line 1)
4 June 2008
Elevated

None

Mayapuri
मायापुरी

     Pink Line (Line 7)
14 March 2018
Elevated

None

Mayur Vihar -I
मयूर विहार-१

     Blue Line (Line 3)
12 November 2009
Elevated

None

Mayur Vihar Extension
मयूर विहार विस्तार

     Blue Line (Line 3)
12 November 2009
Elevated

None

Mewla Maharajpur
मेवला महाराजपुर

     Violet Line (Line 6)
6 September 2015
Elevated

None

MG Road
एम जी रोड

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
21 June 2010
Elevated

Also known as DT City Center

Model Town
मॉडल टाउन

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
4 February 2009
Elevated

None

Mohan Estate
मोहन एस्टेट

     Violet Line (Line 6)
14 January 2011
Elevated

None
[9][10][11][12][13]

Moolchand
मूलचन्द

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Elevated

None
[17][18][19][20]

Moti Nagar
मोती नगर

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Mundka†
मुंडका

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Nangloi
नांगलोई

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Nangloi Railway station††
नांगलोई रेलवे स्टेशन

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

Transfer station for Nangloi Railway station (Indian Railways)
[8]

Naraina Vihar
नारायणा विहार

     Pink Line (Line 7)
14 March 2018
Underground

None

Nawada
नवादा

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Neelam Chowk Ajronda
नीलम चौक अजरौन्दा

     Violet Line (Line 6)
6 September 2015
Elevated

None

Nehru Place
नेहरू प्लेस

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Elevated

None
[17][18][19][20]

Netaji Subhash Place*
नेताजी सुभाष प्लेस

     Red Line (Line 1)      Pink Line (Line 7)
31 March 2004  14 March 2018
Elevated Underground

Formerly known as Wazirpur
[36][37][38][39]

New Ashok Nagar
न्यू अशोक नगर

     Blue Line (Line 3)
12 November 2009
Elevated

None

New Delhi†¤
नई दिल्ली

     Yellow Line (Line 2),      Airport Express(Orange Line)
3 July 2005
Underground

Transfer station for New Delhi Railway Station (Indian Railways) and Airport Express
[15][16][28][29][30][31][32][33]

NHPC Chowk
एन एच पी सी चौक

     Violet Line (Line 6)
6 September 2015
Elevated

None

Nirman Vihar
निर्माण विहार

     Blue Line branch (Line 4)
6 January 2010
Elevated

None
[6]

Noida City Centre†
नोएडा सिटी सेंटर

     Blue Line (Line 3)
12 November 2009
Elevated

Also known as Noida Sector 32

Noida Sector 15
नोएडा सेक्टर १५

     Blue Line (Line 3)
12 November 2009
Elevated

None

Noida Sector 16
नोएडा सेक्टर १६

     Blue Line (Line 3)
12 November 2009
Elevated

None

Noida Sector 18
नोएडा सेक्टर १८

     Blue Line (Line 3)
12 November 2009
Elevated

None

Harkesh Nagar Okhla
हरकेश नगर ओखला

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Elevated

Formerly known as Okhla
[17][18][19][20]

Okhla Bird Sanctuary
ओखला पक्षी अभयारण्य

     Magenta Line (Line 8)
25 December 2017
Elevated

None

Okhla NSIC
ओखला एन एस आई सी

     Magenta Line (Line 8)
25 December 2017
Elevated

None

Okhla Vihar
ओखला विहार

     Magenta Line (Line 8)
25 December 2017
Elevated

None

Old Faridabad
पुराना फरीदाबाद

     Violet Line (Line 6)
6 September 2015
Elevated

None

Paschim Vihar East
पश्चिम विहार पूर्व

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Paschim Vihar West
पश्चिम विहार पश्चिम

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Patel Chowk
पटेल चौक

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 July 2005
Underground

None
[15][16]

Patel Nagar
पटेल नगर

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Peera Garhi
पीरागढ़ी

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Pitam Pura
पीतमपुरा

     Red Line (Line 1)
31 March 2004
Elevated

None
[37][38][39]

Pragati Maidan
प्रगति मैदान

     Blue Line (Line 3)
11 November 2006
Elevated

None

Pratap Nagar††
प्रताप नगर

     Red Line (Line 1)
3 October 2003
Elevated

Transfer station for Subzi Mandi railway station (Indian Railways)
[34][35]

Preet Vihar
प्रीत विहार

     Blue Line branch (Line 4)
6 January 2010
Elevated

None
[6]

Pul Bangash
पुल बंगश

     Red Line (Line 1)
3 October 2003
Elevated

None
[34][35]

Punjabi Bagh
पंजाबी बाग़

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Punjabi Bagh West
पंजाबी बाग पश्चिम

     Pink Line (Line 7)
14 March 2018
Elevated

None

Qutab Minar
क़ुतुब मीनार

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
21 June 2010
Elevated

None

Rajdhani Park
राजधानी पार्क

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Rajendra Place
राजेन्द्र प्लेस

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Rajiv Chowk*
राजीव चौक

     Yellow Line (Line 2),      Blue Line (Line 3)
3 July 2005
Underground

Also known as Connaught Place (CP)
[15][16]

Rajouri Garden*
राजौरी गार्डन

     Blue Line (Line 3)      Pink Line (Line 7)
30 December 2005 14 March 2018
Elevated

None
[14]

Ramakrishna Ashram Marg
रामकृष्ण आश्रम मार्ग

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

Also known as R.K. Ashram Marg
[14]

Ramesh Nagar
रमेश नगर

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Rithala†
रिठाला

     Red Line (Line 1)
31 March 2004
Elevated

None
[37][38][39]

Rohini East
रोहिणी पूर्व

     Red Line (Line 1)
31 March 2004
Elevated

None
[37][38][39]

Rohini Sector 18, 19
रोहिणी सेक्टर 18, 19

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
10 November 2015
Elevated

None

Rohini West
रोहिणी पश्चिम

     Red Line (Line 1)
31 March 2004
Elevated

None
[37][38][39]

Saket
साकेत

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 September 2010
Underground

None
[4][5]

Samaypur Badli†
समयपुर बादली

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
10 November 2015
Elevated

None

Sarai
सराय

     Violet Line (Line 6)
6 September 2015
Elevated

None

Sarita Vihar
सरिता विहार

     Violet Line (Line 6)
3 October 2010
Elevated

None
[17][18][19][20]

Satguru Ramsingh Marg††
सतगुरु रामसिंह मार्ग

     Green Line branch
27 August 2011
Elevated

Transfer station for Patel Nagar Station (Indian Railways)

Sector 28
सेक्टर 28

     Violet Line (Line 6)
6 September 2015
Elevated

None

Seelampur
सीलमपुर

     Red Line (Line 1)
24 December 2002
At Grade

None
[1][40]

Shadipur
शादीपुर

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Shahdara
शाहदरा

     Red Line (Line 1)
24 December 2002
At Grade

None
[1][40]

Shakurpur
शकूरपुर

     Pink Line (Line 7)
14 March 2018
Elevated

None

Shalimar Bagh
शालीमार बाग

     Pink Line (Line 7)
14 March 2018
Underground

None

Shastri Nagar††
शास्त्री नगर

     Red Line (Line 1)
3 October 2003
Elevated

Formerly known as Vivekanand Puri. Transfer station for Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station (Indian Railways)
[34][35][36]

Shastri Park
शास्त्री पार्क

     Red Line (Line 1)
24 December 2002
At Grade

None
[1][40]

Shivaji Park
शिवाजी पार्क

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Shivaji Stadium
शिवाजी स्टेडियम

     Airport Express(Orange Line)
23 February 2011
Underground

None
[28][29][30][31][32][33]

Sikandarpur*
सिकंदरपुर

     Yellow Line (Line 2)Rapid Metro Gurgaon
21 June 2010
Elevated

Transfer to Rapid Metro Gurgaon (separate metro system)

Subhash Nagar
सुभाष नगर

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Sukhdev Vihar
सुखदेव विहार

     Magenta Line (Line 7)
25 December 2017
Elevated

None

Sultanpur
सुल्तानपुर

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
21 June 2010
Elevated

None

Surajmal Stadium
सूरजमल स्टेडियम

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Tagore Garden
टैगोर गार्डन

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Tilak Nagar
तिलक नगर

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Tis Hazari
तीस हज़ारी

     Red Line (Line 1)
24 December 2002
Elevated

None
[1][40]

Tughlakabad Station
तुगलकाबाद स्टेशन

     Violet Line (Line 6)
14 January 2011
Elevated

Formerly known as Tughlakabad
[9][10][11][12][13]

Udyog Bhawan
उद्योग भवन

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
3 September 2010
Underground

None
[4][5]

Udyog Nagar
उद्योग नगर

     Green Line (Line 5)
2 April 2010
Elevated

None
[8]

Uttam Nagar East
उत्तम नगर पूर्व

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Uttam Nagar West
उत्तम नगर पश्चिम

     Blue Line (Line 3)
30 December 2005
Elevated

None
[14]

Vaishali†
वैशाली

     Blue Line branch (Line 4)
14 July 2011
Elevated

None
[7]

Vidhan Sabha
विधान सभा

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
20 December 2004
Underground

None

Vishwa Vidyalaya
विश्वविद्यालय

     Yellow Line (Line 2)
20 December 2004
Underground

Also known as Delhi University

Welcome
वेलकम

     Red Line (Line 1)
24 December 2002
At Grade

None
[1][40]

Yamuna Bank*
यमुना बैंक

     Blue Line (Line 3),      Blue Line branch (Line 4)
10 May 2009
At-Grade

None

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Total number of metro stations

170

Total number of metro stations under construction (Phase III)

103

Total number of metro stations under planning (Phase IV)

84

Number of stations in Delhi

147

Number of stations in Faridabad, Haryana

9

Number of stations in Noida, Uttar Pradesh

6

Number of stations in Gurgaon, Haryana

5

Number of stations in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh

2

Number of interchange stations

11

Number of Elevated stations

111

Number of underground stations

43

Number of stations At-Grade

5

Number of stations of Rapid Metro Gurgaon

11

Number of stations of Noida-Greater Noida Metro (under construction)

22

text: Source: WSJ[41]


document_title: The Times They Are a-Changin' (song)

question_text: when was the times they are a changin written

text: The Times They Are a-Changin' (song)

text: Inspiration and composition[edit]

text: Dylan appears to have written the song in September and October 1963. He recorded it as a Witmark publishing demo at that time, a version that was later released on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991. The song was then recorded at the Columbia studios in New York on October 23 and 24;[3] the latter session yielded the version that became the title song of Dylan's third album.[4] The a- in the song title is an archaic intensifying prefix, as in the British songs "A-Hunting We Will Go" and "Here We Come a-Wassailing", from the 18th and 19th century.

text: Dylan recalled writing the song as a deliberate attempt to create an anthem of change for the moment. In 1985, he told Cameron Crowe, "This was definitely a song with a purpose. It was influenced of course by the Irish and Scottish ballads ...'Come All Ye Bold Highway Men', 'Come All Ye Tender Hearted Maidens'. I wanted to write a big song, with short concise verses that piled up on each other in a hypnotic way. The civil rights movement and the folk music movement were pretty close for a while and allied together at that time."[5]

text: Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin recounts how Tony Glover stopped by Dylan's apartment in September 1963, picked up a page of the song Dylan was working on and read a line from it: "Come senators, congressmen, please heed the call." "Turning to Dylan, Glover said, 'What is this shit, man?' Dylan shrugged his shoulders and replied, 'Well, you know, it seems to be what the people want to hear.'"[6]

text: The critic Michael Gray called it "the archetypal protest song." Gray commented, "Dylan's aim was to ride upon the unvoiced sentiment of a mass public—to give that inchoate sentiment an anthem and give its clamour an outlet. He succeeded, but the language of the song is nevertheless imprecisely and very generally directed."[4] Gray suggested that the song has been outdated by the very changes that it gleefully predicted and hence was politically out of date almost as soon as it was written. The lyrics reflected his views on social injustices and the government’s unhelpful attitude towards change.

text: The literary critic Christopher Ricks suggested that the song transcends the political preoccupations of the time in which it was written. Ricks argued that Dylan is still performing the song, and when he sings "Your sons and your daughters / Are beyond your command", he sings inescapably with the accents not of a son, no longer perhaps primarily a parent, but with the attitude of a grandfather. Ricks concluded, "Once upon a time it may have been a matter of urging square people to accept the fact that their children were, you know, hippies. But the capacious urging could then come to mean that ex-hippie parents had better accept that their children look like becoming yuppies. And then Republicans..."[7]

text: Critic Andy Gill points out that the song's lyrics echo lines from the Book of Ecclesiastes, which Pete Seeger adapted to create his anthem "Turn, Turn, Turn!". The climactic line about the first later being last, likewise, is a direct scriptural reference to Mark 10:31: "But many that are first shall be last, and the last first."[8]

text: Less than a month after Dylan recorded the song, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. The next night, Dylan opened a concert with "The Times They Are a-Changin'"; he told biographer Anthony Scaduto, "I thought, 'Wow, how can I open with that song? I'll get rocks thrown at me.' But I had to sing it, my whole concert takes off from there. I know I had no understanding of anything. Something had just gone haywire in the country and they were applauding the song. And I couldn't understand why they were clapping, or why I wrote the song. I couldn't understand anything. For me, it was just insane."[9]

text: The Byrds' version[edit]

text:
"The Times They Are a-Changin'"

2011 re-release picture sleeve 45-rpm vinyl

Song by The Byrds

from the album Turn! Turn! Turn!

Released
December 6, 1965

Recorded
September 1, 1965

Studio
Columbia Studios, Hollywood, California

Genre
Folk rock

Length
2:18 (album version)
1:54 (original version)

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan

Producer(s)
Terry Melcher

text: "The Times They Are a-Changin'" was one of two Dylan covers that the Byrds included on their second album, Turn! Turn! Turn!, with "Lay Down Your Weary Tune" being the other.[10] Like other Dylan compositions that the band had covered, such as "Mr. Tambourine Man" and "All I Really Want to Do", the song was intended to be the A-side of a single. It was sung by bandleader Jim McGuinn and prominently features his signature twelve-string Rickenbacker guitar. The song was often played at concerts surrounding its release.[11]

text:
I remember the Beatles were in the studio for one of them (version of 'The Times They Are a-Changin'). That kinda put a lot of pressure on us.
“
”

— Roger McGuinn [12]

tag: div

text: The recording sessions have been noted for the surprise appearances made by George Harrison and Paul McCartney in the control booth, which according to Byrd members prevented them from completing the session and the track effectively.[12][13] Columbia Records originally pressed thousands of cover sleeves for the intended single, but the Byrds' manager, Jim Dickson, asked for the release to be dropped because of the group's dissatisfaction, most vocally expressed by David Crosby; Dickson originally thought the song would have made a strong single. In a 2004 interview, Chris Hillman stated his dislike for the song, suggesting that "we shouldn't have bothered with that song".[12][14] Another version of the song, recorded in June, is a bonus track on the 1996 reissue. "Turn! Turn! Turn!" ended up becoming the band's third single, reaching number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 26 on the UK Singles Chart.[15][16]

text: The Byrds performed the song on the U.S. television program Hullabaloo, but it failed to make a long-term impact.[17] CBS England issued "The Times They Are a-Changin'" as the lead track of an EP, along with "Set You Free This Time", written by Gene Clark, which was moderately successful.[18] In addition to its appearance on the Byrds' second album, "The Times They Are a-Changin'" is included on several Byrds compilations, including The Byrds' Greatest Hits Volume II, The Very Best of The Byrds, The Byrds, The Essential Byrds, There Is a Season and The Byrds Play Dylan.[19]

text: Other cover versions[edit]

text:
Artist
Album
Year

Peter Paul & Mary
In Concert
1964

Simon and Garfunkel
Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.
1964

The Beach Boys
Beach Boys' Party!
1965

Odetta
Odetta Sings Dylan
1965

The Seekers
A World of Our Own
1965

Boudewijn de Groot
Apocalyps
1966

Bob Lind
The Elusive Bob Lind[20]
1966

Flatt & Scruggs
Nashville Airplane
1968

Cher
With Love, Cher
1968

Burl Ives
The Times They Are a-Changin'
1968

The Hollies
Hollies Sing Dylan
1969

Nina Simone
To Love Somebody
1969

Josephine Baker
Recorded Live at Carnegie Hall
1973

James Taylor & Carly Simon
No Nukes Benefit Concert
1978

Vice Squad
No Cause for Concern
1981

Billy Joel
KOHЦEPT
1987

Tracy Chapman
The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration
1992

Barbara Dickson & Gerry Rafferty
Don't Think Twice It's All Right
1992

Richie Havens
Cuts to the Chase
1994

Golden Kids
Časy se mění
1994

Phil Collins
Dance into the Light
1996

Judy Collins
Both Sides Now
1998

Manfred Mann's Earth Band
Best of Manfred Mann's Earth Band 2 1972–2000
2000

Blackmore's Night
Fires At Midnight
2001

Me First and the Gimme Gimmes
Turn Japanese
2001

Joan Baez
This Land Is Your Land: Songs of Freedom
2002

Will Hoge
The America EP
2004

Keb' Mo
Peace... Back by Popular Demand
2004

Billy Joel
My Lives
2005

Les Fradkin
If Memory Serves You Well
2006

A Whisper in the Noise
Lady in the Water
2006

Bryan Ferry
Dylanesque
2007

Mason Jennings
I'm Not There
2007

The Parlotones
VideoControlledRobot
2008

Damien Leith
Catch the Wind: Songs of a Generation
2008

Bruce Springsteen
The Kennedy Center[21]
2008

Chuck Ragan
Revival Road
2008

Herbie Hancock with vocals by Lisa Hannigan
The Imagine Project
2010

D.O.A.
Talk – Action = 0
2010

Flogging Molly
Chimes of Freedom: Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International
2012

Frank Turner and Billy Bragg
Live from Wembley Friday 13th April 2012 (DVD)
2012

Medeski Scofield Martin & Wood
Juice
2014

text: Later history[edit]

text: In January 1984, a young Steve Jobs recited the second verse of "The Times They Are a-Changin'" in his opening of the 1984 Apple shareholders meeting, where he famously unveiled the Macintosh computer for the first time.[22]

text: In 1994, "The Times They Are a-Changin'" was licensed for use in American TV advertisements for the auditing and accountancy firm Coopers & Lybrand, as performed by Richie Havens. It was sung by a children's choir in an advertisement for Canada's Bank of Montreal in 1996.[23] In 2005, it was used in a television advertisement for the insurance company Kaiser Permanente.[24]

text: The "Dylan Covers Database"[25] listed 436 recordings, including bootlegs, of this song as of October 19, 2009, including 85 versions of it by "Bob Walkenhorst", recorded live between March 2004 and September 2009, at "Molly's Irish Pub" in Kansas City. According to the same database, the song has been recorded in at least 14 other languages (Catalán, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Serbian, Spanish and Swedish).

text: John Mellencamp made a home-video recording of the song on a web-cam on September 2, 2008, and posted it on his website the next day as a statement about the possible change the 2008 presidential election could bring to the United States.

text: In 2008, episode eight ("Roe") of the last season of Boston Legal featured blues musician Keb' Mo''s cover of the song.

text: In 2009, the filmmaker Michael Moore sang the third verse of the song live on The Jay Leno Show after being told that he had to "earn" a clip from his film Capitalism: A Love Story to be shown.[26]

text: The 2009 film Watchmen, a neo noir superhero film directed by Zack Snyder used "The Times They Are a-Changing" as the background music to the opening titles.

text: On December 10, 2010, Dylan's hand-written lyrics of the song were sold at auction at Sotheby's, in New York, for $422,500. They were purchased by a hedge fund manager.[27]

text: The song is included in "The 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll", a permanent exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[28][29]

text: Billy Bragg covered the song but altered the lyrics to make it a protest song dealing with the issues of 2017. Bragg sang lyrics such as "Accept it that soon you'll be drenched to the bone/ For the climate is obviously changing," and "But the man in the White House says no one's to blame/ For the times, they are a-changing back."[30]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Bob Dylan | Artist". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rock List Music. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bjorner, Olof (2004-10-08). "The Times They Are a-Changin' Sessions". Bjorner.com. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Gray (2006). The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia. p. 662.
Jump up ^ Crowe, Cameron (1985). Liner notes. Biograph.
Jump up ^ Heylin. Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited. p. 126.
Jump up ^ Ricks (2003). Dylan’s Visions of Sin. pp. 260–271.
Jump up ^ Gill (1999). My Back Pages, pp. 42–43.
Jump up ^ Scaduto 2001, p. 160
Jump up ^ Fricke, David (1996). Turn! Turn! Turn! (1996 CD liner notes).
Jump up ^ Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. p. 155. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Byrds speak on Turn! Turn! Turn!". Byrds Lyrics Page. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
Jump up ^ Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
Jump up ^ "Turn! Turn! Turn!". ByrdWatcher: A Field Guide to the Byrds of Los Angeles. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Top Pop Singles 1955–2006. Record Research. p. 130. ISBN 0-89820-172-1.
Jump up ^ Brown, Tony (2000). The Complete Book of the British Charts. Omnibus Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-7119-7670-8.
Jump up ^ Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. p. 201. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
Jump up ^ Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. p. 230/246. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
Jump up ^ "The Times They Are a-Changin' Album Appearances". Allmusic. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Bob Lind - The Elusive Bob Lind". Discogs.
Jump up ^ Bob Dylan Honored at Kennedy Center. MTV.com. Accessed 2008-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Folklore.org: The Times They Are A-Changin'". www.folklore.org.
Jump up ^ Gray. The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia. p. 152.
Jump up ^ Ad Pulp (2005-08-25). "Bob Dylan Shills for the Kaiser, and Opposition Mounts". Kaiserthrive.org. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
Jump up ^ "Dylan Covers Database". baseportal.com.
Jump up ^ "Jay Leno Show Got Worse". videogum.com. 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
Jump up ^ Kazakina, Kata (2010-12-10). "Dylan’s ‘Times They Are a-Changin" Fetches $422,500". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
Jump up ^ Henke, James. "500 Songs That Shaped Rock" (pdf). Infoplease. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll: The Times They Are A-Changin'". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. May 24, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reed, Ryan (January 25, 2017). "Hear Billy Bragg Reimagine Bob Dylan Anthem as Trump Protest". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 26, 2017.