document_title: List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes

question_text: how many episodes in season 3 of dc legends of tomorrow

text: List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratingsFirst airedLast airedRankAverage viewership(in millions)116January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)1353.16[3]217October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)1412.57[4]318October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)1702.24[5]416[6]October 22, 2018 (2018-10-22)[2]TBATBATBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot, Part 1"Glen WinterGreg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg & Phil KlemmerJanuary 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)4X63513.21[7]
22"Pilot, Part 2"Glen WinterPhil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim and Greg Berlanti & Andrew KreisbergJanuary 28, 2016 (2016-01-28)4X63522.89[8]
33"Blood Ties"Dermott DownsMarc Guggenheim & Chris FedakFebruary 4, 2016 (2016-02-04)4X63532.32[9]
44"White Knights"Antonio NegretSarah Nicole Jones & Phil KlemmerFebruary 7, 2016 (2016-02-07)[a]4X63542.39[11][b]
55"Fail-Safe"Dermott DownsBeth Schwartz & Grainne GodfreeFebruary 18, 2016 (2016-02-18)4X63552.25[12]
66"Star City 2046"Steve ShillMarc Guggenheim & Ray UtarnachittFebruary 25, 2016 (2016-02-25)4X63562.47[13]
77"Marooned"Gregory SmithAnderson Mackenzie & Phil KlemmerMarch 3, 2016 (2016-03-03)4X63572.28[14]
88"Night of the Hawk"Joe DanteSarah Nicole Jones & Cortney NorrisMarch 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)4X63582.01[15]
99"Left Behind"John F. ShowalterBeth Schwartz & Grainne GodfreeMarch 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)4X63591.97[16]
1010"Progeny"David GeddesPhil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimApril 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)4X63601.88[17]
1111"The Magnificent Eight"Thor FreudenthalStory by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Marc GuggenheimApril 12, 2016 (2016-04-12)[c]4X63611.98[19]
1212"Last Refuge"Rachel TalalayChris Fedak & Matthew MaalaApril 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)4X63621.78[20]
1313"Leviathan"Gregory SmithSarah Nicole Jones & Ray UtarnachittApril 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)4X63631.86[21]
1414"River of Time"Alice TroughtonCortney Norris & Anderson MackenzieMay 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)4X63641.63[22]
1515"Destiny"Olatunde OsunsanmiStory by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Chris FedakMay 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)4X63651.89[23]
1616"Legendary"Dermott DownsStory by : Greg Berlanti & Chris Fedak Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimMay 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)4X63661.85[24]

text: Season 2 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)171"Out of Time"Dermott DownsStory by : Greg Berlanti & Chris Fedak Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Phil KlemmerOctober 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)T13.200011.82[25]
182"The Justice Society of America"Michael GrossmanChris Fedak & Sarah Nicole JonesOctober 20, 2016 (2016-10-20)T13.200021.80[26]
193"Shogun"Kevin TancharoenPhil Klemmer & Grainne GodfreeOctober 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)T13.200031.75[27]
204"Abominations"Michael AllowitzMarc Guggenheim & Ray UtarnachittNovember 3, 2016 (2016-11-03)T13.200041.75[28]
215"Compromised"David GeddesKeto Shimizu & Grainne GodfreeNovember 10, 2016 (2016-11-10)T13.200051.77[29]
226"Outlaw Country"Cherie NowlanMatthew Maala & Chris FedakNovember 17, 2016 (2016-11-17)T13.200061.85[30]
237"Invasion!"Gregory SmithStory by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimDecember 1, 2016 (2016-12-01)T13.200073.39[31]
248"The Chicago Way"Ralph HemeckerSarah Nicole Jones & Ray UtarnachittDecember 8, 2016 (2016-12-08)T13.200082.00[32]
259"Raiders of the Lost Art"Dermott DownsKeto Shimizu & Chris FedakJanuary 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)T13.200091.74[33]
2610"The Legion of Doom"Eric LaneuvillePhil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimJanuary 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)T13.200101.78[34]
2711"Turncoat"Alice TroughtonGrainne Godfree & Matthew MaalaFebruary 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)T13.200111.77[35]
2812"Camelot/3000"Antonio NegretAnderson MackenzieFebruary 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)T13.200121.64[36]
2913"Land of the Lost"Ralph HemeckerKeto Shimizu & Ray UtarnachittMarch 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)T13.200131.54[37]
3014"Moonshot"Kevin MockGrainne GodfreeMarch 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)T13.200141.34[38]
3115"Fellowship of the Spear"Ben BrayKeto Shimizu & Matthew MaalaMarch 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)T13.200151.72[39]
3216"Doomworld"Mairzee AlmasRay Utarnachitt & Sarah HernandezMarch 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)T13.200161.59[40]
3317"Aruba"Rob SeidenglanzPhil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimApril 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)T13.200171.52[41]

text: Season 3 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)341"Aruba-Con"Rob SeidenglanzPhil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)T13.206011.71[42]
352"Freakshow"Kevin TancharoenKeto Shimizu & Grainne GodfreeOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)T13.206021.58[43]
363"Zari"Mairzee AlmasJames Eagan & Ray UtarnachittOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)T13.206031.43[44]
374"Phone Home"Kevin MockMatthew MaalaOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)T13.206041.38[45]
385"Return of the Mack"Alexandra La RocheGrainne Godfree & Morgan FaustNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)T13.206051.52[46]
396"Helen Hunt"David GeddesKeto Shimizu & Ubah MohamedNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)T13.206061.53[47]
407"Welcome to the Jungle"Mairzee AlmasRay Utarnachitt & Tyron B. CarterNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)T13.206071.49[48]
418"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 4"Gregory SmithStory by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Keto ShimizuNovember 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)T13.206082.80[49]
429"Beebo the God of War"Kevin MockGrainne Godfree & James EaganDecember 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)T13.206091.61[50]
4310"Daddy Darhkest"Dermott DownsKeto Shimizu & Matthew MaalaFebruary 12, 2018 (2018-02-12)T13.206101.51[51]
4411"Here I Go Again"Ben BrayRay Utarnachitt & Morgan FaustFebruary 19, 2018 (2018-02-19)T13.206111.40[52]
4512"The Curse of the Earth Totem"Chris TammaroGrainne Godfree & Ubah MohamedFebruary 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)T13.206121.51[53]
4613"No Country for Old Dads"Viet NguyenKeto Shimizu & James EaganMarch 5, 2018 (2018-03-05)T13.206131.19[54]
4714"Amazing Grace"David GeddesMatthew Maala & Tyron B. CarterMarch 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)T13.206141.26[55]
4815"Necromancing the Stone"April MullenGrainne Godfree & Morgan FaustMarch 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)T13.206151.25[56]
4916"I, Ava"Dean ChoeRay Utarnachitt & Daphne MilesMarch 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)T13.206161.28[57]
5017"Guest Starring John Noble"Ralph HemeckerKeto Shimizu & James EaganApril 2, 2018 (2018-04-02)T13.206171.23[58]
5118"The Good, the Bad, and the Cuddly"Dermott DownsMarc Guggenheim & Phil KlemmerApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)T13.206181.41[59]

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)521"The Virgin Gary"[60]TBATBAOctober 22, 2018 (2018-10-22)[2]T13.21051TBD
532"Witch Hunt"[61]Kevin MockKeto Shimizu & Matthew MaalaOctober 29, 2018 (2018-10-29)[62]T13.21052TBD
543"Dancing Queen"[63]Kristin WindellJames Eagan & Morgan FaustNovember 5, 2018 (2018-11-05)[64]T13.21053TBD
554"Wet Hot American Bummer"[65]David GeddesRay Utarnachitt & Tyrone B. CarterNovember 12, 2018 (2018-11-12)[64]T13.21054TBD
565"Tagumo Attacks!!!"[66]Alexandra La RocheKeto Shimizu & Ubah MohammedNovember 19, 2018 (2018-11-19)[64]T13.21055TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "White Knights" premiered earlier in Canada as CTV's lead-out program for Super Bowl 50 on February 7, 2016. CTV aired an encore of the episode in its regular time, 30 minutes after its premiere on The CW in its normal timeslot on February 11.[10]

Jump up ^ Ratings are for The CW airing on February 11, 2016.

Jump up ^ "The Magnificent Eight" premiered earlier in Canada on CTV before it premiered April 14 on the CW.[18]

tag: ol


document_title: Cape Breton Island

question_text: when did cape breton become part of nova scotia

root

text: Cape Breton Island

text: History[edit]

text: Cape Breton Island's first residents were likely Archaic maritime natives, ancestors of the Mi'kmaq. These peoples and their progeny inhabited the island (known as Unama'ki) for several thousand years and continue to live there to this day. Their traditional lifestyle centred around hunting and fishing because of the unfavourable agricultural conditions of their maritime home. This ocean-centric lifestyle did, however, make them among the first indigenous peoples to discover European explorers and sailors fishing in the St Lawrence Estuary. John Cabot reportedly visited the island in 1497.[4] However, European histories and maps of the period are of too poor quality to be sure whether Cabot first visited Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island. This discovery is commemorated by Cape Breton's Cabot Trail, and by the Cabot's Landing Historic Site & Provincial Park, near the village of Dingwall.

tag: p

text: The local Mi'kmaq peoples began trading with European fishermen when the fishermen began landing in their territories as early as the 1520s. In about 1521–22, the Portuguese under João Álvares Fagundes established a fishing colony on the island. As many as two hundred settlers lived in a village, the name of which is not known, located according to some historians at what is now Ingonish on the island's northeastern peninsula. These fishermen traded with the local population but did not maintain a permanent settlement. This Portuguese colony's fate is unknown, but it is mentioned as late as 1570.[5]

text: During the Anglo-French War of 1627 to 1629, under Charles I, the Kirkes took Quebec City; Sir James Stewart[4] of Killeith, Lord Ochiltree planted a colony on Unama'ki at Baleine, Nova Scotia; and Alexander’s son, William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling, established the first incarnation of "New Scotland" at Port Royal. These claims, and larger European ideals of native conquest were the first time the island was incorporated as European territory, though it would be several decades later that treaties would actually be signed (no copies of these treaties exist).

text: These Scottish triumphs, which left Cape Sable as the only major French holding in North America, did not last.[6] Charles I’s haste to make peace with France on the terms most beneficial to him meant the new North American gains would be bargained away in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632),[7][full citation needed] which established which European power had claim over the territories, but did not in fact establish that Europeans had any claim to begin with.

text: The French quickly defeated the Scots at Baleine, and established the first European settlements on Île Royale: present day Englishtown (1629) and St. Peter's (1630). These settlements lasted only one generation, until Nicolas Denys left in 1659. The island did not have any European settlers for another fifty years before those communities along with Louisbourg were re-established in 1713, after which point European settlement was permanently established on the island.

text: Île Royale[edit]

text: Known as "Île Royale" ("Royal Island") to the French, the island also saw active settlement by France. After the French ceded their claims to Newfoundland and the Acadian mainland to the British by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the French relocated the population of Plaisance, Newfoundland, to Île Royale and the French garrison was established in the central eastern part at Sainte Anne. As the harbour at Sainte Anne experienced icing problems, it was decided to build a much larger fortification at Louisbourg to improve defences at the entrance to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and to defend France's fishing fleet on the Grand Banks.[8] The French also built the Louisbourg Lighthouse in 1734, the first lighthouse in Canada and one of the first in North America. In addition to Cape Breton Island, the French colony of Île Royale also included Île Saint-Jean, today called Prince Edward Island, and Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine.

text: Louisbourg itself was one of the most important commercial and military centres in New France. Louisbourg was captured by New Englanders[4] with British naval assistance in 1745[9] and by British forces in 1758. The French population of Île Royale was deported to France after each siege. While French settlers returned to their homes in Île Royale after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed in 1748,[9] the fortress was demolished after the second siege. Île Royale remained formally part of New France until it was ceded to Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. It was then merged with the adjacent, British colony of Nova Scotia (present day peninsular Nova Scotia and New Brunswick). Acadians who had been expelled from Nova Scotia and Île Royale were permitted to settle in Cape Breton beginning in 1764,[9] and established communities in north-western Cape Breton, near Cheticamp, and southern Cape Breton, on and near Isle Madame.

text: Some of the first British-sanctioned settlers on the island following the Seven Years' War were Irish, although upon settlement they merged with local French communities to form a culture rich in music and tradition. From 1763 to 1784, the island was administratively part of the colony of Nova Scotia[4] and was governed from Halifax.

text: The first permanently settled Scottish community on Cape Breton Island was Judique, settled in 1775 by Michael Mor MacDonald. He spent his first winter using his upside-down boat for shelter, which is reflected in the architecture of the village's Community Centre. He composed a song about the area called "O 's àlainn an t-àite", or "O, Fair is the Place."

text: Colony of Cape Breton[edit]

text: In 1784, Britain split the colony of Nova Scotia into three separate colonies: New Brunswick, Cape Breton Island, and present-day peninsular Nova Scotia, in addition to the adjacent colonies of St. John's Island (renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798) and Newfoundland. The colony of Cape Breton Island had its capital at Sydney on its namesake harbour fronting on Spanish Bay and the Cabot Strait. Its first Lieutenant-Governor was Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres (1784–1787) and his successor was William Macarmick (1787).

text: A number of United Empire Loyalists emigrated to the Canadian colonies, including Cape Breton. David Mathews, the former Mayor of New York City during the American Revolution, emigrated with his family to Cape Breton in 1783. He succeeded Macarmick as head of the colony and served from 1795 to 1798.[10]

text: From 1799 to 1807, the military commandant was John Despard,[11] brother of Edward.[12]

text: An order forbidding the granting of land in Cape Breton, issued in 1763, was removed in 1784. The mineral rights to the island were given over to the Duke of York by an order-in-council. The British government had intended that the Crown take over the operation of the mines when Cape Breton was made a colony, but this was never done, probably because of the rehabilitation cost of the mines. The mines were in a neglected state, caused by careless operations dating back at least to the time of the final fall of Louisbourg.

text: Large-scale shipbuilding began in the 1790s, beginning with schooners for local trade moving in the 1820s to larger brigs and brigantines, mostly built for British shipowners. Shipbuilding peaked in the 1850s, marked in 1851 by the full-rigged ship Lord Clarendon, the largest wooden ship ever built in Cape Breton.

text: Merger with Nova Scotia[edit]

text: In 1820, the colony of Cape Breton Island was merged for the second time with Nova Scotia. This development is one of the factors which led to large-scale industrial development in the Sydney Coal Field of eastern Cape Breton County. By the late 19th century, as a result of the faster shipping, expanding fishery and industrialization of the island, exchanges of people between the island of Newfoundland and Cape Breton increased, beginning a cultural exchange that continues to this day.

text: During the first half of the 19th century, Cape Breton Island experienced an influx of Highland Scots numbering approximately 50,000 as a result of the Highland Clearances.[citation needed] Today, the descendants of the Highland Scots dominate Cape Breton Island's culture, particularly in rural communities. To this day, Gaelic is still the first language of a number of elderly Cape Bretoners.[citation needed] The growing influence of English-dominated media from outside the Scottish communities saw the use of this language erode quickly during the 20th century. Many of the Scots who immigrated there were either Roman Catholics or Presbyterians, which can be seen in a number of island landmarks and place names.

text: The 1920s were some of the most violent times in Cape Breton. They were marked by several severe labour disputes. The famous murder of William Davis by strike breakers, and the seizing of the New Waterford power plant by striking miners led to a major union sentiment that persists to this day in some circles. William Davis Miners' Memorial Day is celebrated in coal mining towns to commemorate the deaths of miners at the hands of the coal companies.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: The turn of the 20th century saw Cape Breton Island at the forefront of scientific achievement with the now-famous activities launched by inventors Alexander Graham Bell and Guglielmo Marconi.

text: Following his successful invention of the telephone and being relatively wealthy, Bell acquired land near Baddeck in 1885, largely due to surroundings reminiscent of his early years in Scotland. He established a summer estate complete with research laboratories, working with deaf people—including Helen Keller—and continued to invent. Baddeck would be the site of his experiments with hydrofoil technologies as well as the Aerial Experiment Association, financed by his wife, which saw the first powered flight in the British Empire when the AEA Silver Dart took off from the ice-covered waters of Bras d'Or Lake. Bell also built the forerunner to the iron lung and experimented with breeding sheep.

text: Marconi's contributions to Cape Breton Island were also quite significant, as he used the island's geography to his advantage in transmitting the first North American trans-Atlantic radio message from a station constructed at Table Head in Glace Bay to a receiving station at Poldhu in Cornwall, England. Marconi's pioneering work in Cape Breton marked the beginning of modern radio technology. Marconi's station at Marconi Towers, on the outskirts of Glace Bay, became the chief communication centre for the Royal Canadian Navy in World War I through to the early years of World War II.

text: During World War II, there was a significant drop of Gaelic speakers due to a prejudice caused by Ireland's neutrality during the war.[13]

text: Promotions for tourism beginning in the 1950s recognized the importance of the Scottish culture to the province, and the provincial government started encouraging the use of Gaelic once again. The establishment of funding for the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts and formal Gaelic language courses in public schools are intended to address the near-loss of this culture to English assimilation.

text: In the 1960s, the Fortress of Louisbourg was partially reconstructed by Parks Canada. Since 2009, this National Historic Site of Canada has attracted an average of 90 000 visitors per year.[14]

text: In early 2016, Cape Breton humorously announced that any American 'refugees' fleeing the nation if Donald Trump (and possibly Hillary Clinton) wins the presidential election would be welcomed to Cape Breton, with the only requirement being that the newcomers possess Canadian citizenship.[15] In their website's FAQ, they have state they are doing this both to help American 'refugees' and because "...our population is shrinking. A slow economy, in combination with out-migration has us on an unsustainable path. The truth is we welcome all, no matter the ideology. We have a beautiful island, a friendly people, a rich culture and a bright future...". As of November 9, 2016, the day following Election Day, as well as Trump's victory, the offer still stands.[15]

text: Environment[edit]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The island measures 10,311 square kilometres (3,981 sq mi) in area, making it the 77th largest island in the world and Canada's 18th largest island. Cape Breton Island is composed mainly of rocky shores, rolling farmland, glacial valleys, barren headlands, mountains, woods and plateaus. Geological evidence suggests at least part of the island was joined with present-day Scotland and Norway, now separated by millions of years of continental drift.

text: Cape Breton Island's northern portion is dominated by the Cape Breton Highlands, commonly shortened to simply the "Highlands", which are an extension of the Appalachian mountain chain. The Highlands comprise the northern portions of Inverness and Victoria counties. In 1936, the federal government established the Cape Breton Highlands National Park covering 949 km2 (366 sq mi) across the northern third of the Highlands. The Cabot Trail scenic highway also encircles the palteau's coastal perimeter.

text: Cape Breton Island's hydrological features include the Bras d'Or Lake system, a salt-water fjord at the heart of the island, and freshwater features including Lake Ainslie, the Margaree River system, and the Mira River. Innumerable smaller rivers and streams drain into the Bras d'Or Lake estuary and on to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Atlantic coasts.

text: Cape Breton Island is joined to the mainland by the Canso Causeway, which was completed in 1955, enabling direct road and rail traffic to and from the island, but requiring marine traffic to pass through the Canso Canal at the eastern end of the causeway.

text: Cape Breton Island is divided into four counties: Cape Breton, Inverness, Richmond, and Victoria.

text: The climate is one of mild, often pleasantly warm summers and cold winters, although the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Stream moderates the extreme winter cold found on the mainland, especially on the east side that faces the Atlantic. Precipitation is abundant year round, with annual totals up to 60 inches on the eastern side facing the Atlantic storms. Considerable snowfall occurs in winter, especially in the highlands.

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The island's residents can be grouped into six main cultures: Scottish, Mi'kmaq, Acadian, Irish, English, with respective languages Scottish Gaelic, Mi'kmaq, French, and English. English is now the primary language, including a locally distinctive Cape Breton accent, while Mi'kmaq, Scottish Gaelic and Acadian French are still spoken in some communities.

text: Later migrations of Black Loyalists, Italians, and Eastern Europeans mostly settled in the island's eastern part around the industrial Cape Breton region. Cape Breton Island's population has been in decline for almost two decades with an increasing exodus in recent years due to economic conditions.

text: According to the Census of Canada, the population of Cape Breton Island in 2011 was 135,974,[3] a 4.4% decline from 142,298 in 2006, and a 14.1% decline from 158,260 in 1996.

text: Religious groups

text: Statistics Canada in 2001 reported a "religion" total of 145,525 for Cape Breton, including 5,245 with "no religious affiliation."[16][17] Major categories included:

text:
Roman Catholic : 96,260 (includes Eastern Catholic, Polish National Catholic Church, Old Catholic)
Protestant: 42,390
Christian, not included elsewhere: 580
Orthodox: 395
Jewish: 250
Muslim: 145

tag: ul

text: A synagogue in Sydney serves a small historic Jewish community which was once one of the largest in eastern Canada with four shuls: one in Glace Bay, one in New Waterford, one in Whitney Pier, and the one in Sydney.[18][19] More recent Muslim immigrants hold Friday prayers at Cape Breton University and the former Holy Redeemer Hall in Whitney Pier. Buddhists are a small minority (105 in 2001, according to Statistics Canada), although Gampo Abbey in Pleasant Bay has been operational since 1984.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Much of the recent economic history of Cape Breton Island can be tied to the coal industry.

text: The island has two major coal deposits:

text:
the Sydney Coal Field in the southeastern part of the island along the Atlantic Ocean drove the Industrial Cape Breton economy throughout the 19th and 20th centuries—until after World War II, its industries were the largest private employers in Canada.
the Inverness Coal Field in the western part of the island along the Gulf of St. Lawrence is significantly smaller but hosted several mines.

text: Sydney has traditionally been the main port, with facilities in a large, sheltered, natural harbour. It is the island's largest commercial centre and home to the Cape Breton Post daily newspaper, as well as one television station, CJCB-TV (CTV),[Note 1] and several radio stations. The Marine Atlantic terminal at North Sydney is the terminal for large ferries traveling to Channel-Port aux Basques and seasonally to Argentia, both on the island of Newfoundland.

text: Point Edward on the west side of Sydney Harbour is the location of Sydport, a former navy base (HMCS Protector) now converted to commercial use. The Canadian Coast Guard College is nearby at Westmount. Petroleum, bulk coal, and cruise ship facilities are also in Sydney Harbour.

text: Glace Bay, the second largest urban community in population, was the island's main coal mining centre until its last mine closed in the 1980s. Glace Bay was the hub of the Sydney & Louisburg Railway and a major fishing port. At one time, Glace Bay was known as the largest town in Nova Scotia, based on population.

text: Port Hawkesbury has risen to prominence since the completion of the Canso Causeway and Canso Canal created an artificial deep-water port, allowing extensive petrochemical, pulp and paper, and gypsum handling facilities to be established. The Strait of Canso is completely navigable to Seawaymax vessels, and Port Hawkesbury is open to the deepest-draught vessels on the world's oceans. Large marine vessels may also enter Bras d'Or Lake through the Great Bras d'Or channel, and small craft can use the Little Bras d'Or channel or St. Peters Canal. While commercial shipping no longer uses the St. Peters Canal, it remains an important waterway for recreational vessels.

text: The industrial Cape Breton area faced several challenges with the closure of the Cape Breton Development Corporation's (DEVCO) coal mines and the Sydney Steel Corporation's (SYSCO) steel mill. In recent years, the Island's residents have tried to diversify the area economy by investing in tourism developments, call centres, and small businesses, as well as manufacturing ventures in fields such as auto parts, pharmaceuticals, and window glazings.

text: While the Cape Breton Regional Municipality is in transition from an industrial to a service-based economy, the rest of Cape Breton Island outside the industrial area surrounding Sydney-Glace Bay has been more stable, with a mixture of fishing, forestry, small-scale agriculture, and tourism.

text: Tourism in particular has grown throughout the post-Second World War era, especially the growth in vehicle-based touring, which was furthered by the creation of the Cabot Trail scenic drive. The scenery of the island is rivalled in northeastern North America by only Newfoundland;[citation needed] and Cape Breton Island tourism marketing places a heavy emphasis on its Scottish Gaelic heritage through events such as the Celtic Colours Festival, held each October, as well as promotions through the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts.

text: Whale-watching is a popular attraction for tourists. Whale-watching cruises are operated by vendors from Baddeck to Cheticamp. The most popular species of whale found in Cape Breton's waters is the Pilot whale.

text: The island's primary east-west road is Highway 105, the Trans-Canada Highway, although Trunk 4 is also heavily used. Highway 125 is an important arterial route around Sydney Harbour in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality. The Cabot Trail, circling the Cape Breton Highlands, and Trunk 19, along the island's western coast, are important secondary roads. The Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway maintains railway connections between the port of Sydney to the Canadian National Railway in Truro

text: The Cabot Trail is a scenic road circuit around and over the Cape Breton Highlands with spectacular coastal vistas; over 400,000 visitors drive the Cabot Trail each summer and fall. Coupled with the Fortress of Louisbourg, it has driven the growth of the tourism industry on the island in recent decades. The Condé Nast travel guide has rated Cape Breton Island as one of the world's best island destinations.

text: Traditional music[edit]

text: Cape Breton is well known for its traditional fiddle music, which was brought to North America by Scottish immigrants during the Highland Clearances. The traditional style has been well preserved in Cape Breton, and céilidhs have become a popular attraction for tourists. Inverness County in particular has a heavy concentration of musical activity, with regular performances in communities such as Mabou and Judique. Judique is recognized as 'Baile nam Fonn', (literally: Village of Tunes) or the 'Home of Celtic Music', featuring the Celtic Music Interpretive Centre. Performers who have received significant recognition outside of Cape Breton include Bruce Guthro, Buddy MacMaster, Natalie MacMaster, Ashley MacIsaac, The Rankin Family, Aselin Debison, Gordie Sampson, Lee Cremo, and the Barra MacNeils.

text: The Men of the Deeps are a male choral group of current and former miners from the industrial Cape Breton area.

text: Film and television[edit]

text:
Squanto: A Warrior's Tale (1994) starring Adam Beach
Margaret's Museum (1995) starring Helena Bonham Carter
The Bay Boy (1984) starring Kiefer Sutherland
New Waterford Girl (1999) directed by Allan Moyle
The Hanging Garden (1997) directed by Thom Fitzgerald
Marion Bridge (2002) directed by Wiebke von Carolsfeld
My Bloody Valentine (1981) directed by George Mihalka
Pit Pony (1997), TV movie and series adapted from the novel by Joyce Barkhouse
The Book of Negroes (2015) starring Cuba Gooding Jr. adapted from the novel of the same name by Lawrence Hill

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Cape Breton artists who have been recognized with major national or international awards include actor Harold Russell of North Sydney, who won an Academy Award in 1946 for his portrayal of Homer Parrish in The Best Years of Our Lives, and Lynn Coady and Linden MacIntyre of Inverness County, who are both past winners of the Giller Prize for Canadian literature. The Rankin Family and Rita MacNeil have recorded multiple albums certified as Double Platinum by Music Canada.[22]

text: People from Cape Breton have also achieved a number of firsts in Canadian politics and governance. These include Mayann Francis of Whitney Pier, the first Black Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, and Elizabeth May of Margaree Harbour, the first member of the Green Party of Canada elected to the Canadian House of Commons.

text: Cape Breton Island is also home to YouTube weather sensation Frankie MacDonald. Frankie MacDonald on his YouTube channel "dogsandwolves" has over 100,000 subscribers. He accurately predicted an above Magnitude 7 earthquake in New Zealand in November 2016.

text: American artists like sculptor Richard Serra, composer Philip Glass and abstract painter John Beardman spent part of the year on Cape Breton Island.

text: Director Ashley McKenzie's 2016 film Werewolf is set on the island and features local actors; McKenzie grew up on the island.[23]

text: Photo gallery[edit]

text:
Cabot's Landing, Victoria County, commemorating the "first land seen" by explorer John Cabot in 1497

The shoreline of Bras d'Or Lake at Marble Mountain, Inverness Co..

A bulk carrier in the Strait of Canso docked at the Martin Marietta Materials quarry at Cape Porcupine.

Cape Breton Highlands National Park.

Smelt Brook on the northern shore.

Entering Cape Breton Island from Canso Causeway.

Seal Island Bridge in Victoria County, the 3rd longest in Nova Scotia.

Sydney Harbour with Point Edward, Westmount, and downtown Sydney visible.


document_title: List of Major League Baseball runs batted in records

question_text: who has the most rbi in a season

question_tokens: who has the most rbi in a season

text: 160 batted in, one season[edit]

text:
Player
RBI
Team[1]
Season

Hack Wilson
191
Chicago Cubs
1930

Lou Gehrig
184
New York Yankees
1931

Hank Greenberg
183
Detroit Tigers
1937

Lou Gehrig
175
New York Yankees
1927

Jimmie Foxx
175
Boston Red Sox
1938

Lou Gehrig
174
New York Yankees
1930

Babe Ruth
171
New York Yankees
1921

Chuck Klein
170
Philadelphia Phillies
1930

Hank Greenberg
170
Detroit Tigers
1935

Jimmie Foxx
169
Philadelphia Athletics
1932

Joe DiMaggio
167
New York Yankees
1937

Sam Thompson
166
Detroit Wolverines
1887

Sam Thompson
165
Philadelphia Phillies
1895

Al Simmons
165
Philadelphia Athletics
1930

Lou Gehrig
165
New York Yankees
1934

Manny Ramírez
165
Cleveland Indians
1999

Babe Ruth
164
New York Yankees
1927

Babe Ruth
163
New York Yankees
1931

Jimmie Foxx
163
Philadelphia Athletics
1933

Hal Trosky
162
Cleveland Indians
1936

Sammy Sosa
160
Chicago Cubs
2001

tag: table

text: Evolution of the single season record for runs batted in[edit]

text:
RBI[2]
Player
Team
Year
Years record stood

60
Deacon White
Chicago White Stockings
1876
3

62
Charley Jones
Boston Red Caps
1879
1

62
John O'Rourke (r)
Boston Red Caps
1879
1

74
Cap Anson
Chicago White Stockings
1880
1

82
Cap Anson
Chicago White Stockings
1881
1

83
Cap Anson
Chicago White Stockings
1882
1

97
Dan Brouthers
Buffalo Bisons
1883
1

102
Cap Anson
Chicago White Stockings
1884
1

108
Cap Anson
Chicago White Stockings
1885
1

147
Cap Anson
Chicago White Stockings
1886
1

166
Sam Thompson
Detroit Wolverines
1887
34

171
Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
1921
6

175
Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
1927
3

191
Hack Wilson
Chicago Cubs
1930
87 (current)

text: Four or more seasons with 130 runs batted in[edit]

text:
Player
Years
Seasons and teams

Babe Ruth[3]
10
1920–21, 23, 26–32 New York (AL)

Lou Gehrig[4]
9
1927–28, 30–34, 36–37 New York (AL)

Jimmie Foxx[5]
6
1930, 32–34 Philadelphia; 36, 38 Boston (AL)

Hank Greenberg[6]
5
1934–35, 37–38, 40 Detroit

Alex Rodriguez[7]
5
2000 Seattle; 01-02 Texas; 05, 07 New York (AL)

Ryan Howard[8]
4
2006–09 Philadelphia (NL)

Joe DiMaggio[9]
4
1937–38, 40, 48 New York (AL)

Juan González[10]
4
1996–98 Texas;  2001 Cleveland

Ken Griffey, Jr.[11]
4
1996–99 Seattle

Sammy Sosa[12]
4
1998–2001 Chicago (NL)

Manny Ramírez[13]
4
1998–99 Cleveland; 2004–05 Boston (AL)

text: Five or more consecutive seasons with 120 runs batted in[edit]

text:
Player
Years
Seasons and teams

Lou Gehrig
8
1927–34 New York (AL)

Babe Ruth
7
1926–32 New York (AL)

Joe DiMaggio
6
1936–41 New York (AL)

Jim Bottomley[14]
5
1925–29 St. Louis (NL)

Chuck Klein[15]
5
1929–33 Philadelphia (NL)

Jimmie Foxx
5
1930–34 Philadelphia (AL)

Henry Aaron[16]
5
1959–63 Milwaukee (NL)

text: Ten or more seasons with 100 runs batted in[edit]

text:
Player
Years
Seasons and teams

Alex Rodriguez
14
1996, 98–2000 Seattle; 01–03 Texas; 04–10 New York (AL)

Albert Pujols[17]
14
2001–10 St. Louis (NL), 12, 14, 16, 17 Los Angeles Angels

Babe Ruth
13
1919 Boston (AL); 20–21, 23–24, 26–33 New York (AL)

Lou Gehrig
13
1926–38 New York (AL)

Jimmie Foxx
13
1929–35 Philadelphia (AL); 36–41 Boston (AL)

Al Simmons[18]
12
1924–32 Philadelphia (AL); 33–34 Chicago (AL); 36 Detroit

Barry Bonds[19]
12
1990–92 Pittsburgh; 93, 95–98, 2000–02, 04 San Francisco

Manny Ramírez
12
1995–96, 98–2000 Cleveland; 01-06 Boston (AL); 08 Boston (AL)-Los Angeles (NL)

Miguel Cabrera[20]
12
2004–2007 Florida; 08–14, 16 Detroit

Goose Goslin[21]
11
1924–28 Washington (AL); 30 Washington (AL)-St. Louis (AL); 31–32 St. Louis (AL); 34–36 Detroit

Frank Thomas[22]
11
1991–98, 2000, 03 Chicago (AL); 06 Oakland

Stan Musial[23]
10
1946, 48–51, 53–57 St. Louis (NL)

Willie Mays[24]
10
1954–55, 59–66 New York-San Francisco

Henry Aaron
11
1955, 1957, 59–63, 66–67, 70–71 Milwaukee-Atlanta

Joe Carter[25]
10
1986–87, 89 Cleveland; 90 San Diego; 91–94, 96–97 Toronto

Rafael Palmeiro[26]
10
1993, 99–2003 Texas; 95–98 Baltimore

Vladimir Guerrero[27]
10
1998–2002 Montreal; 2004 Anaheim Texas; 2005–2007 Los Angeles Angels; 2008 Texas

text: Eight or more consecutive seasons with 100 runs batted in[edit]

text:
Player
Years
Seasons and teams

Lou Gehrig
13
1926–38 New York (AL)

Jimmie Foxx
13
1929–35 Philadelphia (AL);  36–41 Boston (AL)

Alex Rodriguez
13
1998–2000 Seattle;  01–03 Texas;  04–10 New York (AL)

Al Simmons
11
1924–32 Philadelphia (AL); 33–34 Chicago (AL)

Miguel Cabrera
11
2004–2007 Florida; 08–14 Detroit

Albert Pujols
10
2001–10 St. Louis (NL)

Albert Belle
9
1992–96 Cleveland; 97–98 Chicago (AL); 99–2000 Baltimore

Rafael Palmeiro
9
1995–98 Baltimore;  99–2003 Texas

Manny Ramírez
9
1998–2000 Cleveland;  01–06 Boston (AL)

Sammy Sosa
9
1995–2003 Chicago (NL)

Chipper Jones
8
1996–2003 Atlanta Braves

Babe Ruth
8
1926–33 New York (AL)

Mel Ott[28]
8
1929–36 New York (NL)

Willie Mays
8
1959–66 New York—San Francisco

Frank Thomas
8
1991–98 Chicago (AL)

Mark Teixeira
8
2004–07 Rangers; 07–08 Atlanta Braves; 08 Angels; 09–11 New York

text: League leader in runs batted in, five or more seasons[edit]

text:
Player
Titles
Seasons and teams[2]

Cap Anson
8
1880–82, 84–86, 88, 91 Chicago (NL)

Babe Ruth
6
1919 Boston (AL);  20–21, 23, 26, 28 New York (AL)

Honus Wagner
5
1901–02, 08–09, 12 Pittsburgh

text: League leader in runs batted in, three or more consecutive seasons[edit]

text:
Player
Titles
Seasons and teams

Cap Anson
3
1880–82 Chicago White Stockings

Cap Anson
3
1884–86 Chicago White Stockings

Ty Cobb
3
1907–09 Detroit

Babe Ruth
3
1919 Boston (AL);  20–21 New York (AL)

Rogers Hornsby
3
1920–22 St. Louis (NL)

Joe Medwick
3
1936–38 St. Louis (NL)

George Foster
3
1976–78 Cincinnati

Cecil Fielder
3
1990–92 Detroit

text: League leader in runs batted in, three decades[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons and teams

Cap Anson
1880–82, 84–86, 88, 91 Chicago (NL)

text: League leader in runs batted in, both leagues[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons and teams

Napoleon Lajoie
1898 Philadelphia (NL); 1901 Philadelphia (AL); 1904 Cleveland

text: League leader in runs batted in, three different teams[edit]

text: 10 or more runs batted in by an individual in one game[edit]

text:
RBIs
Player
Team
Date
Opponent

12
Jim Bottomley[29]
St. Louis Cardinals
September 16, 1924
Brooklyn Robins

12
Mark Whiten[30]
St. Louis Cardinals
September 7, 1993
Cincinnati Reds

11
Wilbert Robinson[31]
Baltimore Orioles
June 10, 1882
St. Louis Browns

11
Tony Lazzeri[32]
New York Yankees
May 24, 1936
Philadelphia Athletics

11
Phil Weintraub[33]
New York Giants
April 30, 1944
Brooklyn Dodgers

10
Rudy York[34]
Boston Red Sox
July 27, 1946
St. Louis Browns

10
Walker Cooper[35]
Cincinnati Reds
July 6, 1949
Chicago Cubs

10
Norm Zauchin[36]
Boston Red Sox
May 27, 1955
Washington Senators

10
Reggie Jackson[37]
Oakland Athletics
June 14, 1969
Boston Red Sox

10
Fred Lynn (r)[38]
Boston Red Sox
June 18, 1975
Detroit Tigers

10
Nomar Garciaparra[39]
Boston Red Sox
May 10, 1999
Seattle Mariners

10
Alex Rodriguez[40]
New York Yankees
April 26, 2005
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

10
Garret Anderson[41]
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
August 21, 2007
New York Yankees

10
Anthony Rendon
Washington Nationals
April 30, 2017
New York Mets

10
Scooter Gennett
Cincinnati Reds
June 6, 2017
St. Louis Cardinals

10
Mark Reynolds
Washington Nationals
July 7, 2018
Miami Marlins

text: 950 runs batted in by a team in one season[edit]

text:
RBI
Team[42]
Season

1,043
Boston Beaneaters
1894

1,007
￼￼Philadelphia Phillies
1894

997
New York Yankees
1936

990
New York Yankees
1931

986
￼￼New York Yankees
1930

974
Boston Red Sox
1950

960
Cleveland Indians
1999

954
New York Yankees
1932

954
Seattle Mariners
1996


document_title: Dumbledore's Army

question_text: who told umbridge about dumbledore's army in the book

question_tokens: who told umbridge about dumbledore 's army in the book

text: Dumbledore's Army

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Fictional organisation history[edit]

text: In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, Dolores Umbridge, chooses to teach only the basic theoretical principles of the subject in her classes instead of practical applications, due to Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge's erroneous fear that Albus Dumbledore is preparing to assemble a student army to overthrow him. This theory-only approach is widely unpopular among the students, especially those characters like Harry, who are in their fifth year and have to take their O.W.L. exams on the subject later in the year. Harry also believes that lack of practical experience makes them more vulnerable to Lord Voldemort's forces, though the Ministry staunchly refuses to accept that Lord Voldemort has returned. This prompts Hermione to suggest founding a student group where Harry would teach practical Defence Against the Dark Arts.

text: After Dolores Umbridge learns about the project, she bans all unapproved student organisations, so meetings are secretly held in the Room of Requirement and announced to members through the use of enchanted fake Galleons created by Hermione. Cho Chang suggests the "Defence Association", shortened to "D.A.", as the official name for the group, but Ginny Weasley's suggestion of "Dumbledore's Army", to mock the Ministry's paranoia and to show the group's loyalty to Dumbledore, is chosen.

text: When Cho's friend Marietta Edgecombe betrays the group to Umbridge (Cho herself while under the influence of the truth potion Veritaserum in the film), Marietta is cursed with pimples on her face as a result of Hermione's casting a spell on the D.A. membership list. Later on, to prevent Harry's expulsion and the incrimination of other members, Dumbledore claims responsibility for organising the group, then escapes when Ministry officials attempt to arrest him. Though the D.A. stops meeting following these events, three members — Ginny, Neville and Luna — join Harry, Ron and Hermione in the battle in the Department of Mysteries towards the end of the fifth book. In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Neville and Luna are distraught due to the fact that the D.A. no longer exists. When Hogwarts is invaded by Death Eaters, they are among the members who join the Order of the Phoenix in the ensuing battle.

text: In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, with Harry, Ron and Hermione absent from Hogwarts, Neville, Ginny and Luna begin a covert rebellion against new headmaster Severus Snape by reactivating the D.A. However, Luna is abducted at Christmas and Ginny leaves during Easter, leaving Neville for a few weeks as the D.A.'s leader. Neville tells Harry that most of the D.A.'s activity ceased shortly after Michael Corner was tortured by Death Eater siblings Alecto and Amycus Carrow for trying to rescue a first-year boy from imprisonment. The group thereafter hide from the Death Eaters in the Room of Requirement, using a secret passage to the Hog's Head to find food. The D.A. believed that if Harry returned he'd lead them in a revolution against Snape and the Carrows and are disappointed when he initially refuses to let them help. Harry does lead an impromptu revolt, but only himself, Luna and Professors McGonagall, Sprout, Flitwick and Slughorn take part in it, with Harry and Luna taking out the Carrows, and the professors (rallied by McGonagall and Harry) driving off Snape. In the book's climax, the D.A. (alongside the Order of the Phoenix) plays an important role in the Battle of Hogwarts, giving Harry enough time to find the remaining Horcruxes.

text: In the alternate timeline appearing in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child - in which Voldemort wins the Battle of Hogwarts, kills Harry Potter and institutes a terrible reign of terror - the fugitive Ron and Hermione maintain the last remnants of the D.A. Twenty years later, they still wage hopeless resistance against the all-powerful Voldemort, clandestinely helped by Snape - in this reality still alive and still teaching at Hogwarts. Eventually, these remnants of the D.A. sacrifice themselves to cover the escape of Scorpius Malfoy and let him restore the timeline where Harry wins.

text: Members[edit]

text:
Character
House
Background

Hannah Abbott
Hufflepuff
A student in Harry's year described as "pink-faced" with blonde hair worn in pigtails. In Order of the Phoenix, Hannah is named a Hufflepuff prefect and joins Dumbledore's Army. In Half-Blood Prince, Hannah leaves Hogwarts after her mother is murdered by Death Eaters, but she returns in the series finale to take part in the Battle of Hogwarts. The adult Hannah becomes the landlady of The Leaky Cauldron, and has married Neville Longbottom.[1] Charlotte Skeoch played Hannah in the film adaptations of Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire, and voiced the character in the Order of the Phoenix video game. Louisa Warren voiced Hannah in Part 2 of the Deathly Hallows games and played her in the background of Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2.

Katie Bell
Gryffindor
A student who joins the Quidditch team in her second year (Harry's first) as a Chaser, and joins Dumbledore's Army in her sixth year. In Half-Blood Prince, Katie is badly cursed after accidentally touching a necklace Draco Malfoy intended to give Dumbledore, and is hospitalised for several months in St Mungo's Hospital. In Deathly Hallows, she re-joins the D.A. to participate in the Battle of Hogwarts. Katie was portrayed by Emily Dale in a non-speaking part in the first two films. She featured in an expanded role in Half-Blood Prince and a brief appearance in Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2, in which she was played by Georgina Leonidas, who also voiced the character in the Half-Blood Prince video game.

Susan Bones
Hufflepuff
A student in Harry's year. She is the niece of Ministry of Magic official Amelia Bones and deceased Order of the Phoenix member Edgar Bones. Eleanor Columbus (daughter of director Chris Columbus) portrayed Susan in a non-speaking role in the first two films, but she has a speaking role in the video games.

Terry Boot
Ravenclaw
A student in Harry's year who is close friends with housemates Michael Corner and Anthony Goldstein.

Lavender Brown
Gryffindor
See section below

Cho Chang
Ravenclaw
See section below

 Michael Corner
Ravenclaw
A student in Harry's year. Michael and Ginny Weasley meet and begin a relationship after the Yule Ball, but after Gryffindor defeats Ravenclaw in a Quidditch Cup final, Michael expresses his displeasure of the result and the relationship ends. He then begins seeing Cho Chang, fresh from her split with Harry. In Deathly Hallows, Michael is tortured by the Carrows for trying to free a first-year boy from imprisonment during Snape's regime as Hogwarts headmaster, causing the D.A. to cease operations prior to Harry's return.

Colin and Dennis Creevey
Gryffindor
See section below

Marietta Edgecombe
Ravenclaw
Part of Cho Chang's cadre of giggling Ravenclaw girlfriends; her mother works for the Floo Network authority in the Ministry. Marietta reluctantly joins D.A. out of peer pressure from Cho. Marietta becomes an informant and betrays the group to Umbridge, which is not without consequences: the parchment that all the members signed back at The Hog's Head at the first meeting was jinxed by Hermione, causing anyone breaking the oath to have purple pustules spelling the word "SNEAK" to break out across their face. In the film adaptation of Order of the Phoenix, Marietta does not appear and her betrayal is instead committed by Cho, under the influence of the Veritaserum potion.

 Justin Finch-Fletchley
Hufflepuff
A Muggle-born student in Harry's year. In Chamber of Secrets, he is temporarily petrified by the basilisk after seeing it through Gryffindor House ghost, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy Porpington.
Nearly Headless Nick. Justin was played by Edward Randell in the film adaptation of Chamber of Secrets.

Seamus Finnigan
Gryffindor
See section below

Anthony Goldstein
Ravenclaw
A student in Harry's year. In Order of the Phoenix, Anthony is named a Ravenclaw prefect and joins Dumbledore's Army. In Deathly Hallows he is one of many D.A. members holed up in the Room of Requirement who enthusiastically greet Harry upon his return to Hogwarts, prior to entering the Battle of Hogwarts.

Hermione Granger
Gryffindor
Founder. Hermione thought of the idea of having a secret defense class. She encouraged Harry to be the leader.

Angelina Johnson
Gryffindor
A student two years older than Harry that has been a Chaser on the Gryffindor Quidditch team since her second year, and replaces Oliver Wood as team captain in Harry's fifth year. At the end of Deathly Hallows, she returns to Hogwarts for the final battle. Rowling revealed that after the war she marries George and has two children, a son called Fred Jr (after George's late twin) and a daughter named Roxanne. Angelina was portrayed by Danielle Tabor in the first three films. Tiana Benjamin was recast for the role in Goblet of Fire, and voiced the character in the Order of the Phoenix video game.

Lee Jordan
Gryffindor
A student two years older than Harry, and a close friend of Fred and George. He serves as Hogwarts' Quidditch commentator. In Deathly Hallows, Lee becomes an undercover pirate radio anchor, broadcasting under the pseudonym of "River" on an anti-Ministry of Magic radio station called Potterwatch, which supports the activities of Harry and the Order of the Phoenix. He and George successfully take down Death Eater Yaxley in the Battle of Hogwarts. Luke Youngblood portrayed the character in the first two films and voiced the character on the fifth video game.

Neville Longbottom
Gryffindor
See section below

Luna Lovegood
Ravenclaw
See section below

Ernie Macmillan
Hufflepuff
A student in Harry's year, described as a stout boy, occasionally pompous but well-meaning and is descended from nine consecutive generations of pure-blood witches and wizards. In Chamber of Secrets, Ernie initially believes that Harry is the Heir of Slytherin and responsible for the attacks on Muggle-born students; However, after Hermione is Petrified, Ernie realises his mistake and apologises to Harry. Ernie becomes a Hufflepuff prefect in his fifth year, and joins Dumbledore's Army. He is among the few Hogwarts students who openly side with Harry's and Dumbledore's claims that Voldemort has returned. In Deathly Hallows, he participates in the Battle of Hogwarts. Louis Doyle played Ernie in Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire, and voiced the character in the video game adaptation of Order of the Phoenix.

Padma Patil
Ravenclaw
A student in Harry's year, and the twin sister of Gryffindor student Parvati Patil. In Globet of Fire, Padma attends the Yule Ball with Ron, but he is completely uninterested on his date, instead spending the evening stewing in jealousy over Hermione's date with Viktor Krum. In Order of the Phoenix, Padma becomes a Ravenclaw prefect, and joins Dumbledore's Army along with her sister. They are taken home by their parents after Dumbledore's death at the conclusion of Half-Blood Prince, but in Deathly Hallows they return to take part in the Battle of Hogwarts. In the Harry Potter film series, Padma is a member of Gryffindor house instead of Ravenclaw, and she is portrayed by Afshan Azad.

Parvati Patil
Gryffindor
See section below

Harry Potter
Gryffindor
Founder.

Zacharias Smith
Hufflepuff
A Chaser for the Hufflepuff Quidditch team, described as unlikeable and irritating. He joins the D.A. but is the most sceptical of Harry's claims. In Half-Blood Prince, Zacharias splits Quidditch match commentary duties with Luna during the term. After Dumbledore's death, his 'haughty-looking' father escorts him from Hogwarts before the funeral, implying that he was not supportive of Dumbledore and his policies. In Deathly Hallows, before the Battle of Hogwarts, he is seen pushing past younger students for the evacuation point rather than staying to fight alongside the D.A. Nick Shirm briefly appeared as Zacharias in the film adaptation of Order of the Phoenix.[2] Shirm also voiced the character in the video game adaptation of Order of the Phoenix.

Alicia Spinnet
Gryffindor
A student two years older than Harry and a Chaser on the Gryffindor Quidditch team. Returns in the final book to defend the school in the Battle of Hogwarts. Alicia was portrayed by Leilah Sutherland in Philosopher's Stone, and by Rochelle Douglas in Chamber of Secrets.

Dean Thomas
Gryffindor
See section below

Fred and George Weasley
Gryffindor
See section below

Ginny Weasley
Gryffindor
See Ginny Weasley article

Ron Weasley
Gryffindor
Founder.

text: Notable Dumbledore's Army members[edit]

text: Lavender Brown[edit]

text: Lavender Brown is a Gryffindor student in Harry's year. She is a close friend of housemate Parvati Patil, and the two also seem to have a reasonably close relationship with Professor Trelawney, comforting and supporting her in her various crises. In Order of the Phoenix, she initially believes the Ministry's smear campaign against Harry, but is among the original members of Dumbledore's Army. In Half-Blood Prince, Lavender becomes Ron's first girlfriend for several months; he relishes the opportunity to make Hermione jealous and prove that he can "snog" (kiss) people whenever he wants. It becomes increasingly evident that Ron is not particularly enamoured with Lavender and actually finds her irritating. Lavender becomes jealous of Ron's friendship with Hermione, and finally splits up with him when she sees them leaving Harry's dormitory together, as she is under the impression that they had been alone together, not realising Harry was there under his invisibility cloak. In Deathly Hallows, during the Battle of Hogwarts, Lavender is attacked by Fenrir Greyback; she dies in the film, whereas in the book she is saved by a crystal ball hurled by Professor Trelawney.

text: Kathleen Cauley portrayed Lavender in a non-speaking cameo of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Jennifer Smith portrayed Lavender in a brief, non-speaking role in Prisoner of Azkaban. Jessie Cave played the character in a larger role from Half-Blood Prince onwards.

text: Cho Chang[edit]

text: Cho Chang is a Ravenclaw student one year above Harry, and plays Seeker for the Ravenclaw Quidditch team. She is best known for being Harry's first love interest, is described as being "very pretty" with long dark hair and is frequently accompanied by a group of giggling Ravenclaw girls. In Goblet of Fire, Harry's crush on Cho intensifies and he works up the courage to ask her out to the Yule Ball, but Cho apologises and replies that she had previously accepted Cedric Diggory's offer. Nonetheless, Cho is still kind to Harry, much to his relief, and she refuses to wear one of Malfoy's "Potter Stinks" badges. She and Cedric maintain their relationship until his murder by Peter Pettigrew.

text: Cho is one of the first students to believe Harry's declaration of Voldemort's return in Order of the Phoenix, and when invited by Hermione to join the D.A., she joins because she is determined to fight against Voldemort and avenge Cedric's murder. Cho initiates a kiss with Harry after the last D.A. session before the Christmas holidays; much to Ron's amusement, Harry describes the kiss as "wet," but then explains that Cho was crying. Harry and Cho go out on a date on Valentine's Day, but her sustained grief over Cedric's death, her jealousy over Harry's friendship with Hermione, and Harry's lack of knowledge about girls all make for a miserable experience. Their relationship ends when the D.A. is exposed following Marietta Edgecombe's betrayal of the group to Umbridge. Cho defends her friend's actions by saying that Marietta simply made a mistake. On the train back to King's Cross, Ginny reveals that Cho was now seeing Michael Corner.

text: In the series finale, Cho demonstrates her loyalty to Hogwarts when she returns to join other D.A. members in hiding in the Room of Requirement prior to engaging in the Battle of Hogwarts; Harry and Cho, united by a common cause, appear on amicable and friendly terms. She shares with Harry the little information known about Ravenclaw's diadem (one of Voldemort's Horcruxes). Rowling said during an October 2007 book signing that Cho marries a Muggle.[3]

text: Cho was played by Scottish actress Katie Leung in the film series starting from when the character made its debut in the Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In Order of the Phoenix, she exposes Dumbledore's Army to Umbridge while under the influence of the Veritaserum potion, as opposed to her friend Marietta in the novel.

text: Colin and Dennis Creevey[edit]

text: Colin and Dennis Creevey are two Muggle-born brothers sorted into Gryffindor; Colin is one year younger than Harry, and Dennis is two years younger than Colin. Both are delighted at the discovery that they are wizards, and are star-struck by Harry. Colin takes photographs of memorable people, objects and events to send home to his family. Ironically, Colin's camera later proves to be a lifesaver when he attempts to take a picture of the basilisk, and the camera lens shields him from the creature's direct and fatal eye contact, and Colin is only Petrified. Despite being too young to take part in the Battle of Hogwarts, Colin sneaks back into the castle to participate, and dies in combat.

text: Hugh Mitchell played Colin in the film version of Chamber of Secrets, and voiced the character in the Order of the Phoenix video game. Dennis never appeared in any of the films. In the Order of the Phoenix and subsequent films, the roles of Colin and Dennis were morphed into a second-year character named Nigel Wolpert, portrayed by William Melling.

text: Seamus Finnigan[edit]

text: Seamus Finnigan is an Irish Gryffindor student in Harry's year who is described as having sandy hair. His mother is a witch and his father a Muggle, who only found out his wife's secret after their marriage. He best friend is Dean Thomas, who he is housemates with. In Order of the Phoenix, Seamus is initially influenced by the Ministry's smear campaign against Harry, and his mother nearly prevents him from returning to Hogwarts. However, he later realises his mistake, offers his apologies to Harry, and becomes a late addition to the D.A. In Half-Blood Prince, Seamus refuses to allow his mother to take him home before Dumbledore's funeral. In Deathly Hallows, it is stated that Seamus is taking shelter in the Room of Requirement along with several D.A. members; his face is bruised so badly after being punished by the Carrows that Harry initially fails to recognise him until he speaks. During the battle, he, Luna, and Ernie help Harry fight the Dementors by conjuring their respective Patronuses; Seamus' takes the form of a fox. He is last seen entering the Great Hall to take part in the final stage of the battle, when Harry shields him and Hannah Abbott from one of Voldemort's curses.

text: Devon Murray played Seamus in the Harry Potter film series and voiced the character on the eighth game. He has appeared in all eight films, one of the few characters to do so.

text: Neville Longbottom[edit]

text: Neville Longbottom is a pure-blood Gryffindor student in Harry's year, described as round-faced and "short and plump and blond".[4] His parents, Frank and Alice Longbottom, were prominent Aurors and Order of the Phoenix members until they were tortured into insanity, through the use of the cruciatus curse, by a group of Death Eaters led by Bellatrix Lestrange. Neville was subsequently raised by his paternal grandmother, Augusta. Throughout the series, he is often portrayed as a bumbling, disorganised character and a rather mediocre student, though he is highly gifted at Herbology. Neville plays a minor role in the first four books, but Rowling wanted him to perform an act of bravery in Philosopher's Stone, in which Neville "finds true moral courage in standing up to his closest friends — the people who are on his side" towards the climax.[5]

text: According to Rowling, Order of the Phoenix "was a real turning point for Neville" due to the central role he played in the book.[6] His magical abilities improve dramatically during D.A. meetings. Neville participates in the battle in the Department of Mysteries, in which he accidentally breaks the prophecy about Harry and Voldemort.[7] Dumbledore, to whom it was originally made, explains that it concerned "the Chosen One", a wizard who would have the power to vanquish Voldemort and who would be born "as the seventh month dies" to "parents who have defied the Dark Lord thrice"; thus could refer to either Neville, who was born on 30 July 1980, or Harry, who was born a day later.[8] This means that Neville could easily have had Harry's fate, had Voldemort chosen to target him instead of Harry. Neville is also one of the few D.A. members to participate in the battle of the Astronomy Tower in the climax of Half-Blood Prince.

text: In Deathly Hallows, with Hogwarts at the mercy of new headmaster Severus Snape and Death Eater siblings Alecto and Amycus Carrow, Neville reforms the D.A. with Ginny and Luna, and spends much of his seventh year as the resistance's leader, helping students who are tormented under the new regime. He is punished for his actions by the Carrows and is forced to go into hiding in the Room of Requirement to avoid Azkaban or death. In the Battle of Hogwarts Neville openly defies Voldemort, so the Dark Lord immobilises him, places the Sorting Hat on his head and sets it on fire. Neville later breaks free of the curse, pulls Godric Gryffindor's sword from the Sorting Hat, and uses it to decapitate Nagini (on Harry's orders), thus destroying the final Horcrux. In the ensuing conflict, he assists Ron in defeating werewolf Fenrir Greyback. In the epilogue of Deathly Hallows, Neville is Herbology professor at Hogwarts and still good friends with the Potter and Weasley families. Post-Deathly Hallows, Rowling revealed that Neville married Hannah Abbott, now the landlady of The Leaky Cauldron, and his students think it is particularly cool that he lives above the pub.[9][10][11]

text: In the alternate timeline created in The Cursed Child, Neville is killed by Cedric Diggory, who was saved from death by Albus Severus Potter and Scorpio Malfoy with the Time-Turner by having him lose the Tri-Wizard Tournament, although the embarrassment caused him to become a Death Eater, just as Neville attempted to kill Nagini, therefore Voldemort was able to overpower and kill Harry Potter and gain complete power over the Wizarding World, although these events were later undone by Scorpio by allowing history to continue as it originally did.

text: Neville was played by Yorkshire-born actor Matthew Lewis in the Harry Potter film series. He has appeared in all eight films.

text: IGN listed Neville as their sixth top Harry Potter character, calling him the "quintessential dimwit-turned-hero".[12] In NextMovie.com's Harry Potter Mega Poll, Neville was voted as the top character that should get a spin-off movie or book.[13] Empire listed Neville as their 8th favourite Harry Potter character.[14]

text: Luna Lovegood[edit]

text: Luna Lovegood is a Ravenclaw student one year younger than Harry. She is described as having straggly waist-length dirty blond hair, grey eyes and a "permanently surprised look". Rowling has often said that Luna is the "anti-Hermione", as Hermione is "inflexible and logical," as opposed to Luna, who would "believe 10 impossible things before breakfast."[15] Her father, Xenophilius Lovegood, is the editor-in-chief of The Quibbler, a strange magazine claiming supposedly untrue things Luna and her father believe. When Luna was 9 years old, her mother Pandora died while performing spell experiments. Luna witnessed the accident, which enabled her to see Thestrals. Luna is at first socially isolated at school, gaining the nickname "Loony" Lovegood for her bizarre ways, but she appears to have the rare quality of caring little about what others think of her, although she sometimes gets incensed when her outlandish beliefs are challenged.

text: In Order of the Phoenix, Luna and her father are among the few who believe Harry and Dumbledore when they claim that Voldemort has returned, and she also becomes a member of Dumbledore's Army. Later in the book, she joins Harry, Ron, Hermione, Ginny, and Neville in the conflict with Death Eaters at the Department of Mysteries. In Half-Blood Prince, Luna remains close friends with Harry and the others. Harry later invites Luna to Slughorn's Christmas party. She also does the Quidditch commentary for Gryffindor's game against Hufflepuff, a scene that Rowling particularly enjoyed writing, calling it "blinding inspiration".[16] Later, when Death Eaters attack Hogwarts, Luna, Ginny, and Neville are the sole D.A. members who answer the call to protect Hogwarts.

text: In Deathly Hallows, Luna and her father attend Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour's wedding at the Burrow. She returns to school for her sixth year, where she and Ginny help Neville secretly revive the D.A. to oppose Snape's regime as Hogwarts headmaster. Later in the book, Harry, Ron and Hermione learn that Luna has been kidnapped by Death Eaters in an effort to prevent her father from publishing information in support of Harry. However, she is later rescued, along with the recently captured Harry, Ron, and Hermione, by Dobby, who takes them to safety at Shell Cottage. When Harry returns to Hogwarts in search of Ravenclaw's diadem, Luna helps him enter the Ravenclaw common room to view a replica of it, and participates actively in the Battle of Hogwarts. Rowling revealed that, after Hogwarts, Luna pursues a career that is "the wizarding equivalent" of a naturalist.[17] She marries a fellow naturalist named Rolf, the grandson of Newt Scamander, and has twin boys, Lorcan and Lysander.[18][19] After Harry and Ginny are married, they name their daughter Lily Luna.

text: Irish actress Evanna Lynch portrayed Luna in the last four Harry Potter films, and reprised the role for StarKid productions' A Very Potter Senior Year.[20]

text: IGN listed Luna as its 12th top Harry Potter character, saying that her looniness made her a "delight".[12] Empire listed Luna as its 10th favourite Harry Potter character in "The 25 Greatest Harry Potter Characters".[21]

text: Parvati Patil[edit]

text: Parvati Patil is a Gryffindor student in Harry's year and the twin sister of Ravenclaw student Padma Patil. Her best friend is Lavender Brown; they are particularly fond of Trelawney's Divination class, and share many common interests. In Goblet of Fire, when Harry needs a date to the Yule Ball, he asks Parvati and she accepts. However, her evening is a disappointment as Harry spends the evening jealously preoccupied with Cho Chang's date with Cedric Diggory and disdains dancing with Parvati; she eventually abandons him to dance with a Beauxbatons boy whom she then later meets in Hogsmeade. In her fifth year, Parvati joins Dumbledore's Army along with her sister. In Half-Blood Prince, the twins are almost removed from Hogwarts by their parents, and ultimately do return home after Dumbledore's death. However, the Patil twins return to their seventh year at Hogwarts, and participate in the Battle of Hogwarts.

text: The Patils' names and appearance in the films imply that they are of Indian descent. Patil is a common Marathi surname in the state of Maharashtra, India. Rowling originally intended the twins' first names to begin with "Ma", and on her classlist from Harry Potter and Me, their last name was spelled as Patel. Parvati means 'daughter of the mountains', an alternate name for the Hindu goddess Durga, the goddess of strength, while Padma is the Sanskrit word for lotus, an alternate name for the Hindu goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity. Together, they form a part of the trinity of the Hindu goddesses.

text: Parvati was portrayed by Sitara Shah in Prisoner of Azkaban. Shefali Chowdhury took over the part for Goblet of Fire, along with the film and game versions of Order of the Phoenix and Half-Blood Prince.

text: Dean Thomas[edit]

text: Dean Thomas is a Gryffindor student in Harry's year, and is Seamus Finnigan's best friend. He is a Half-blood: his mother is a Muggle and his father was a pure blood wizard who kept his blood status a secret. Dean's father left his family when Dean was very young in an attempt to protect them against the Death Eaters, and was slain when he refused to join them. Dean originally prefers soccer over Quidditch, and has a poster of the West Ham soccer team in his and Harry's dormitory. Dean was subsequently raised by his mother and stepfather, and has several half-brothers and sisters.[22] Dean was named "Gary" in the original drafts of Philosopher's Stone.[23] Rowling omitted his physical description ("a black boy taller than Ron") from the British version of the book at her editor's request, but it was included in the American edition. His backstory was originally expanded in Chamber of Secrets, but she ultimately cut it due to her inability to work it into the storyline.[24]

text: In Order of the Phoenix, Dean joins the D.A. and also believes Harry and Dumbledore when they insist that Voldemort has returned; but, when Harry and Seamus engage in a heated row over the Daily Prophet's allegations that Harry had merely fabricated the story, Dean refuses to take sides. At the end of the term, he begins seeing Ginny Weasley. The two of them are still dating in Half-Blood Prince, but Ginny thinks that Dean is being pushy and overprotective, which leads to the fight that ends their relationship. Dean temporarily fills in for Katie Bell on the Gryffindor Quidditch team after she is hospitalised. Dean's role is expanded in Deathly Hallows. Unable to prove that he is actually a Half-blood, he does not return to Hogwarts and goes on the run from the Ministry, who are rounding up Muggle-borns upon Voldemort's orders. Harry, Ron, and Hermione first come across him during their mission as they eavesdrop on his conversation with fellow runaways Ted Tonks, Dirk Cresswell, and the goblins Griphook and Gornuk. Snatchers soon viciously attack the group; Dean and Griphook are the lone survivors but are captured along with Harry, Ron, and Hermione and taken to Malfoy Manor. They are all rescued by Dobby, who transports them to Bill and Fleur's Shell Cottage for protection. Dean returns to Hogwarts towards the end of the book and fights in the Battle of Hogwarts.

text: Alfred Enoch played Dean in the Harry Potter film series and voiced the character in the Order of the Phoenix and Deathly Hallows: Part 1 video game.

text: Fred and George Weasley[edit]

text: Fred Weasley and George Weasley are the fun-loving, troublemaking twins of the Weasley family. Born on April Fools' Day, the two work together making pranks and are addressed as a single unit as opposed to two individual people. They are so similar that even their parents often have a difficult time telling the two apart. They first appear in Philosopher's Stone as third years and are the school clowns. Despite their poor results in their O.W.L. exams, the twins are intelligent and proficient wizards capable of sophisticated magic. In addition, they serve as Beaters for the Gryffindor Quidditch team.

text: The pair often come to Harry's assistance throughout the series; in Chamber of Secrets, they and Ron help him escape his house arrest from Privet Drive in a flying Muggle car, and give Harry the Marauder's Map during his third year. In Goblet of Fire, they begin selling novelties under the name "Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes". Though their mother wants them to work for the Ministry of Magic, the twins aspire to own a joke shop, and Harry provides their start-up capital by donating his winnings from the Triwizard Tournament. In Order of the Phoenix, the twins, like Harry, are permanently banned from Quidditch after a postmatch brawl with Malfoy. They join the D.A. and lead a student uprising against Umbridge towards the end of the book, leaving the Hogwarts before the term ends. In Half-Blood Prince, Fred and George continue to run their joke shop despite the unrest in Diagon Alley.

text: In Deathly Hallows, the twins serve as two of Harry's six decoys when he escapes Privet Drive. George's ear is permanently severed by a stray Sectumsempra curse from Severus Snape, who was actually aiming at a Death Eater. Meanwhile, the twins are forced to abandon their shop due to the Death Eater-controlled Ministry of Magic's surveillance of the Weasley family, and instead operate another owl-order business out of their Great-Aunt Muriel's house. During this time, one of the twins, speculated to be Fred,[25] shows up in the pirate radio station Potterwatch as "Rapier".[26] The twins return to participate in the Battle of Hogwarts, during which Fred is killed in an explosion. Rowling said in an MSNBC interview that she always knew Fred would be the twin who would die, though she could not specify a particular reason.[27] She stated in a web chat after the release of Deathly Hallows that George never fully gets over Fred's death, but succeeds in turning Weasleys' Wizarding Wheezes into a "money spinner" with Ron, who eventually quits to become an Auror.[28][29] Rowling also revealed that, by the time of the epilogue of Deathly Hallows, George is married to Angelina Johnson and has two children, Fred and Roxanne.[30]

text: Identical twin actors James and Oliver Phelps played Fred and George respectively in the Harry Potter film series.

text: Fred and George were listed by IGN as eleventh top Harry Potter characters, saying that "taking umbrage at Umbridge and leaving Hogwarts with a bang in Order of the Phoenix showed us that these two weren't just goofy side splitters; they were brave and valiant freedom fighters".[12]

text: Impact in the real world[edit]

text: The goal of Dumbledore's Army inspired actor/comedian Andrew Slack, a Harry Potter fan, to create a group called Harry Potter Alliance to highlight the crisis in Sudan and social inequalities.[31] In an interview, Slack compared Harry and the D.A. to Darfur, claiming, "With both the Ministry of Magic and the Daily Prophet (the Wizarding World's mainstream news source) in denial that Voldemort has returned and evil is afoot, Harry and his underground rebel group, 'Dumbledore's Army,' work with the adult group, 'The Order of the Phoenix,' to awake the world."[32]


document_title: List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions

question_text: nascar drivers that won 3 in a row

question_tokens: nascar drivers that won 3 in a row

text: By season[edit]

text:
Season
Driver
Owner(s)
No.(s)
Man.(s)
St
P
Ws
TT
Pts
Gap
Ref(s)

1949
Red Byron
Raymond Parks
22
Oldsmobile
6
1
2
4
842.5
117.5
[9][10]

1950
Bill Rexford
Julian Buesink
8
20
59
60
62
80
Oldsmobile
17
0
1
11
1,959
110.5
[11][12]

1951
Herb Thomas
Herb Thomas
92
Plymouth
Hudson
Oldsmobile
34
4
7
18
4,208.45
146.2
[13][14]

Marshall Teague
6

Leonard Tippett
99

Hubert Westmoreland
2

1952
Tim Flock
Ted Chester
91
Hudson
33
4
8
25
6,858.5
106
[15][16]

1953
Herb Thomas
Herb Thomas
92
Hudson
37
12
12
31
8,460
646
[17][18]

1954
Lee Petty
Petty Enterprises
42
Chrysler
Dodge
34
3
7
32
8,649
283
[19][20]

Gary Drake
100
Oldsmobile

1955
Tim Flock
Carl Kiekhaefer
300
301
Chrysler
39
18
18
33
9,596
1,508
[21][22]

Hubert Westmoreland
2
Chevrolet

1956
Buck Baker
Carl Kiekhaefer
00
87
300
300C
301
500B
502
Chrysler
Dodge
48
12
14
39
9,272
704
[23][24]

James Satcher
87
Ford

John Whitford
31

1957
Buck Baker
Buck Baker
87
Chevrolet
40
6
10
38
10,716
760
[25][26]

Hugh Babb

1958
Lee Petty
Petty Enterprises
42
Oldsmobile
50
4
7
43
12,232
644
[27][28]

1959
Lee Petty
Petty Enterprises
42
43
Oldsmobile
Plymouth
42
2
11
35
11,792
1,830
[29][30]

1960
Rex White
Rex White
4
Chevrolet
40
3
6
35
21,164
3,936
[31][32]

L.D. Austin
74

Beau Morgan
15
Ford

Scotty Cain
41

1961
Ned Jarrett
Ned Jarrett
11
Ford
Chevrolet
46
4
1
34
27,272
830
[33][34]

B.G. Holloway

1962
Joe Weatherly
Bud Moore
8
Pontiac
52
7
9
45
30,836
2,396
[35][36]

Fred Harb
17
Ford

1963
Joe Weatherly
Bud Moore
8
Mercury
Pontiac
53
6
3
35
33,398
2,228
[37][38]

Floyd Powell
17
Pontiac

Pete Stewart
57

Cliff Stewart
2

Possum Jones
05

Worth McMillion
83

Major Melton
88
Chrysler

Petty Enterprises
41
Plymouth

Wade Younts
36
361
Dodge

1964
Richard Petty
Petty Enterprises
41
42
43
Plymouth
61
8
9
43
40,252
5,302
[39][40]

1965
Ned Jarrett
Bondy Long
11
Ford
54
9
13
45
38,824
3,034
[41][42]

Jabe Thomas
25

1966
David Pearson
Cotton Owens
6
Dodge
42
7
15
33
35,638
1,950
[43][44]

1967
Richard Petty
Petty Enterprises
43
Plymouth
48
18
27
40
42,472
6,028
[45][46]

1968
David Pearson
Holman Moody
17
Ford
48
12
16
38
3,499
126
[47][48]

Roy Trantham
84

1969
David Pearson
Holman Moody
17
Ford
51
13
11
44
4,170
357
[49][50]

1970
Bobby Isaac
Nord Krauskopf
71
Dodge
47
13
11
38
3,911
51
[51][52]

1971
Richard Petty
Petty Enterprises
43
Plymouth
46
9
21
41
4,435
364
[53][54]

1972
Richard Petty
Petty Enterprises
43
Dodge
Plymouth
31
3
8
28
8,701.4
127.9
[55][56]

1973
Benny Parsons
L.G. DeWitt
72
Chevrolet
Mercury
28
0
1
21
7,173.8
67.15
[57][58]

1974
Richard Petty
Petty Enterprises
43
Dodge
30
7
10
23
5,037.75
567.45
[59][60]

1975
Richard Petty
Petty Enterprises
43
Dodge
30
3
13
24
4,783
722
[61][62]

1976
Cale Yarborough
Junior Johnson
11
Chevrolet
30
2
9
23
4,644
195
[63][64]

1977
Cale Yarborough
Junior Johnson
11
Chevrolet
30
3
9
27
5,000
386
[65][66]

1978
Cale Yarborough
Junior Johnson
11
Oldsmobile
30
8
10
24
4,841
474
[67][68]

1979
Richard Petty
Petty Enterprises
43
Chevrolet
Oldsmobile
31
1
5
27
4,830
11
[69][70]

1980
Dale Earnhardt
Rod Osterlund
2
Chevrolet
Oldsmobile
31
0
5
24
4,661
19
[71][72]

1981
Darrell Waltrip
Junior Johnson
11
Chevrolet
Buick
31
11
12
25
4,880
53
[73][74]

1982
Darrell Waltrip
Junior Johnson
11
Buick
30
7
12
20
4,489
72
[75][76]

1983
Bobby Allison
Bill Gardner
22
Chevrolet
Buick
30
0
6
25
4,667
47
[77][78]

1984
Terry Labonte
Billy Hagan
44
Chevrolet
30
2
2
24
4,508
65
[79][80]

1985
Darrell Waltrip
Junior Johnson
11
Chevrolet
28
4
3
21
4,292
101
[81][82]

1986
Dale Earnhardt
Richard Childress
3
Chevrolet
29
1
5
23
4,468
288
[83][84]

1987
Dale Earnhardt
Richard Childress
3
Chevrolet
29
1
11
24
4,696
489
[85][86]

1988
Bill Elliott
Harry Melling
9
Ford
29
6
6
22
4,488
24
[87][88]

1989
Rusty Wallace
Raymond Beadle
27
Pontiac
29
4
6
20
4,176
12
[89][90]

1990
Dale Earnhardt
Richard Childress
3
Chevrolet
29
4
9
23
4,430
26
[91][92]

1991
Dale Earnhardt
Richard Childress
3
Chevrolet
29
0
4
21
4,287
195
[93][94]

1992
Alan Kulwicki
Alan Kulwicki
7
Ford
29
6
2
17
4,078
10
[95][96]

1993
Dale Earnhardt
Richard Childress
3
Chevrolet
30
2
6
21
4,526
80
[97][98]

1994
Dale Earnhardt
Richard Childress
3
Chevrolet
31
2
4
25
4,694
444
[99][100]

1995
Jeff Gordon
Rick Hendrick
24
Chevrolet
31
8
7
23
4,614
34
[101][102]

1996
Terry Labonte
Rick Hendrick
5
Chevrolet
31
4
2
24
4,657
37
[103][104]

1997
Jeff Gordon
Rick Hendrick
24
Chevrolet
32
1
10
23
4,710
14
[105][106]

1998
Jeff Gordon
Rick Hendrick
24
Chevrolet
33
7
13
28
5,328
364
[107][108]

1999
Dale Jarrett
Robert Yates
88
Ford
34
0
4
29
5,262
201
[109][110]

2000
Bobby Labonte
Joe Gibbs
18
Pontiac
34
2
4
24
5,130
265
[111][112]

2001
Jeff Gordon
Rick Hendrick
24
Chevrolet
36
6
6
24
5,112
349
[113][114]

2002
Tony Stewart
Joe Gibbs
20
Pontiac
36
2
3
21
4,800
38
[115][116]

2003
Matt Kenseth
Jack Roush
17
Ford
36
0
1
25
5,022
90
[117][118]

2004
Kurt Busch
Jack Roush
97
Ford
36
1
3
21
6,506
8
[119][120]

2005
Tony Stewart
Joe Gibbs
20
Chevrolet
36
3
5
25
6,533
35
[121][122]

2006
Jimmie Johnson
Rick Hendrick
Jeff Gordon
48
Chevrolet
36
1
5
24
6,475
56
[123][124]

2007
Jimmie Johnson
Rick Hendrick
Jeff Gordon
48
Chevrolet
36
4
10
24
6,723
77
[125][126]

2008
Jimmie Johnson
Rick Hendrick
Jeff Gordon
48
Chevrolet
36
6
7
22
6,684
69
[127][128]

2009
Jimmie Johnson
Rick Hendrick
Jeff Gordon
48
Chevrolet
36
4
7
24
6,652
141
[129][130]

2010
Jimmie Johnson
Rick Hendrick
Jeff Gordon
48
Chevrolet
36
2
6
23
6,622
39
[131][132]

2011
Tony Stewart
Tony Stewart
Gene Haas
14
Chevrolet
36
1
5
19
2,403
01
[133][134]

2012
Brad Keselowski
Roger Penske
2
Dodge
36
0
5
23
2,400
39
[135][136]

2013
Jimmie Johnson
Rick Hendrick
Jeff Gordon
48
Chevrolet
36
4
6
24
2,419
19
[137][138]

2014
Kevin Harvick
Tony Stewart
Gene Haas
4
Chevrolet
36
8
5
20
5,043
1
[139][140]

2015
Kyle Busch
Joe Gibbs
18
Toyota
252
1
5
16
5,043
1
[141][142][143]

2016
Jimmie Johnson
Rick Hendrick
Jeff Gordon
48
Chevrolet
36
1
5
16
5,040
3
[144][145][146]

2017
Martin Truex Jr.
Barney Visser
78
Toyota
36
3
8
26
5,040
5
[147][148][2]

text: By drivers[edit]

text:
Driver
Total
Seasons

Petty, RichardRichard Petty
7
1964, 1967, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1979

Earnhardt, DaleDale Earnhardt
1980, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994

Johnson, JimmieJimmie Johnson
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2016

Gordon, JeffJeff Gordon
4
1995, 1997, 1998, 2001

Petty, LeeLee Petty
3
1954, 1958, 1959

Pearson, DavidDavid Pearson
1966, 1968, 1969

Yarborough, CaleCale Yarborough
1976, 1977, 1978

Waltrip, DarrellDarrell Waltrip
1981, 1982, 1985

Stewart, TonyTony Stewart
2002, 2005, 2011

Thomas, HerbHerb Thomas
2
1951, 1953

Flock, TimTim Flock
1952, 1955

Baker, BuckBuck Baker
1956, 1957

Weatherly, JoeJoe Weatherly
1962, 1963

Jarrett, NedNed Jarrett
1961, 1965

Labonte, TerryTerry Labonte
1984, 1996

Byron, RedRed Byron
1
1949

Rexford, BillBill Rexford
1950

White, RexRex White
1960

Isaac, BobbyBobby Isaac
1970

Parsons, BennyBenny Parsons
1973

Allison, BobbyBobby Allison
1983

Elliott, BillBill Elliott
1988

Wallace, RustyRusty Wallace
1989

Kulwicki, AlanAlan Kulwicki
1992

Jarrett, DaleDale Jarrett
1999

Labonte, BobbyBobby Labonte
2000

Kenseth, MattMatt Kenseth
2003

Busch, KurtKurt Busch
2004

Keselowski, BradBrad Keselowski
2012

Harvick, KevinKevin Harvick
2014

Busch, KyleKyle Busch
2015

Truex Jr., MartinMartin Truex Jr.
2017

text: Records[edit]

text: Consecutive Drivers' Championships[edit]

text: Ten drivers have achieved consecutive wins in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Drivers' Championship.

text:
Championships
Driver
Seasons

5
Johnson, JimmieJimmie Johnson
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010

3
Yarborough, CaleCale Yarborough
1976, 1977, 1978

2
Baker, BuckBuck Baker
1956, 1957

Petty, LeeLee Petty
1958, 1959

Weatherly, JoeJoe Weatherly
1962, 1963

Petty, RichardRichard Petty
1971, 1972,
1974, 1975

Waltrip, DarrellDarrell Waltrip
1981, 1982

Pearson, DavidDavid Pearson
1968, 1969

Earnhardt, DaleDale Earnhardt
1986, 1987,
1990, 1991,
1993, 1994

Gordon, JeffJeff Gordon
1997, 1998