document_title: List of countries by life expectancy

question_text: according to the united nations in 2015 which country had the highest life expectancy at birth

text: List of countries by life expectancy

text: Methodology[edit]

text: Life expectancy equals the average number of years a person born in a given country is expected to live if mortality rates at each age were to remain steady in the future. The life expectancy is shown separately for males and females, as well as a combined figure. Several non-sovereign entities are also included in this list.

text: The figures reflect the quality of healthcare in the countries listed as well as other factors including ongoing wars, obesity, and HIV infections.[citation needed]

text: Worldwide, the average life expectancy at birth was 70.5 years (68 years and 4 months for males and 72 years and 8 months for females) over the period 2010–2015 according to United Nations World Population Prospects 2015 Revision,[3] or 69 years (67 years for males and 71.1 years for females) for 2016 according to The World Factbook.[4] According to the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) data, women on average live longer than men in all major regions and in all individual countries except for Mali and Swaziland.[3]

text: The countries with the lowest overall life expectancies per the WHO are Sierra Leone, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Somalia, Swaziland, Angola, Chad, Mali, Burundi, Cameroon, and Mozambique. Of those countries, only Lesotho, Swaziland, and Mozambique in 2011 were suffering from an HIV prevalence rate of greater than 10 percent in the 15–49 age group.[5]

text: Comparing life expectancies from birth across countries can be problematic. There are differing definitions of live birth vs stillbirth even among more developed countries and less developed countries often have poor reporting.[6]

text: Taiwan's data is not included in the following WHO statistics. According to the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior, the life expectancy of the 23.6-million Taiwanese people  reached 80.4 years in 2017, up from 80.0 years in 2016. The life expectancy of Taiwanese males averaged 77.3, while that of females reached 83.7, both of which were record highs.[7][8]

text: Hong Kong is a territory with the world's highest life expectancy according to the Hong Kong Department of Health, whose life expectancy reached 84.0 years in 2015 (with men at 81.2 years and women at 87.3 years) surpassing Japan's 83.7 years. The data is not included in the following WHO statistics as a separate entity since Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China, and is not itself a member of the WHO.[9]

text: List by the World Health Organization (2015)[edit]

text: 2015 data[10] published in May 2016.[11]

text: HALE: Health-adjusted life expectancy[12]

text:
Country and regions
Both sexesrank
Both sexes lifeexpectancy
Female rank
Female life expectancy
Male rank
Male life expectancy
Both sexesrank (HALE)
Both sexes lifeexpectancy (HALE)

 Japan
1
83.7
1
86.8
6
80.5
1
74.9

  Switzerland
2
83.4
6
85.3
1
81.3
4
73.1

 Singapore
3
83.1
2
86.1
10
80.0
2
73.9

 Australia
4
82.8
7
84.8
3
80.9
15
71.9

 Spain
4
82.8
3
85.5
9
80.1
9
72.4

 Iceland
6
82.7
10
84.1
2
81.2
7
72.7

 Italy
6
82.7
7
84.8
6
80.5
5
72.8

 Israel
8
82.5
9
84.3
5
80.6
5
72.8

 Sweden
9
82.4
12
84.0
4
80.7
12
72.0

 France
9
82.4
5
85.4
16
79.4
8
72.6

 South Korea
11
82.3
3
85.5
20
78.8
3
73.2

 Canada
12
82.2
10
84.1
8
80.2
10
72.3

 Luxembourg
13
82.0
12
84.0
13
79.8
17
71.8

 Netherlands
14
81.9
20
83.6
10
80.0
11
72.2

 Norway
15
81.8
17
83.7
13
79.8
12
72.0

 Malta
16
81.7
17
83.7
15
79.7
18
71.7

 New Zealand
17
81.6
26
83.3
10
80.0
19
71.6

 Austria
18
81.5
14
83.9
19
79.0
12
72.0

 Ireland
19
81.4
23
83.4
16
79.4
20
71.5

 United Kingdom
20
81.2
27
83.0
16
79.4
21
71.4

 Belgium
21
81.1
22
83.5
22
78.6
26
71.1

 Finland
21
81.1
16
83.8
24
78.3
28
71.0

 Portugal
21
81.1
14
83.9
27
78.2
21
71.4

 Germany
24
81.0
23
83.4
21
78.7
23
71.3

 Greece
24
81.0
20
83.6
24
78.3
15
71.9

 Slovenia
26
80.8
17
83.7
28
77.9
26
71.1

 Denmark
27
80.6
29
82.5
22
78.6
25
71.2

 Cyprus
28
80.5
28
82.7
24
78.3
23
71.3

 Chile
28
80.5
23
83.4
29
77.4
29
70.4

 Costa Rica
30
79.6
30
82.2
31
77.1
31
69.7

 United States
31
79.3
33
81.6
32
76.9
36
69.1

 Cuba
32
79.1
34
81.4
32
76.9
35
69.2

 Czech Republic
33
78.8
32
81.7
38
75.9
33
69.4

 Maldives
34
78.5
41
80.2
32
76.9
32
69.6

 Qatar
35
78.2
43
80.0
29
77.4
47
67.7

 Croatia
36
78.0
36
81.2
42
74.7
33
69.4

 Albania
37
77.8
38
80.7
39
75.1
38
68.8

 Panama
37
77.8
37
81.1
42
74.7
42
68.1

 Brunei
39
77.7
47
79.2
36
76.3
29
70.4

 Estonia
40
77.6
31
82.0
65
72.7
37
68.9

 Poland
41
77.5
35
81.3
52
73.6
39
68.7

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
42
77.4
45
79.7
40
75.0
40
68.6

 United Arab Emirates
43
77.1
57
78.6
35
76.4
44
67.9

 Uruguay
44
77.0
40
80.4
56
73.3
44
67.9

 Bahrain
45
76.9
71
77.9
37
76.2
55
67.0

 Mexico
46
76.7
46
79.5
48
73.9
52
67.4

 Slovakia
46
76.7
41
80.2
62
72.9
42
68.1

 Oman
48
76.6
47
79.2
40
75.0
63
66.7

 Antigua and Barbuda
49
76.4
57
78.6
46
74.1
50
67.5

 Argentina
50
76.3
44
79.9
65
72.7
49
67.6

 Jamaica
51
76.2
57
78.6
48
73.9
58
66.9

 Ecuador
51
76.2
53
79.0
53
73.5
55
67.0

 China
53
76.1
80
77.6
44
74.6
41
68.5

 Montenegro
53
76.1
65
78.1
46
74.1
44
67.9

 Bahamas
53
76.1
50
79.1
62
72.9
65
66.6

 Vietnam
56
76.0
38
80.7
81
71.3
65
66.6

 Hungary
57
75.9
50
79.1
71
72.3
52
67.4

 Turkey
58
75.8
54
78.9
68
72.6
73
66.2

 Macedonia
59
75.7
76
77.8
53
73.5
50
67.5

 Algeria
60
75.6
81
77.5
50
73.8
75
66.0

 Serbia
60
75.6
61
78.4
62
72.9
47
67.7

 Iran
62
75.5
86
76.6
45
74.5
65
66.6

 Peru
62
75.5
66
78.0
59
73.1
80
65.6

 Barbados
62
75.5
71
77.9
59
73.1
65
66.6

 Tunisia
65
75.3
76
77.8
61
73.0
63
66.7

 Saint Lucia
66
75.2
71
77.9
68
72.6
74
66.1

 Malaysia
67
75.0
83
77.3
65
72.7
70
66.5

 Romania
67
75.0
55
78.8
78
71.4
59
66.8

 Brazil
67
75.0
56
78.7
78
71.4
81
65.5

 Lebanon
70
74.9
87
76.5
53
73.5
79
65.7

 Thailand
70
74.9
66
78.0
74
71.9
59
66.8

 Sri Lanka
70
74.9
63
78.3
75
71.6
55
67.0

 Armenia
73
74.8
79
77.7
75
71.6
59
66.8

 Nicaragua
73
74.8
71
77.9
77
71.5
103
63.7

 Colombia
73
74.8
61
78.4
84
71.2
85
65.1

 Kuwait
76
74.7
93
76.0
51
73.7
78
65.8

 Honduras
77
74.6
85
77.0
71
72.3
90
64.9

 Mauritius
77
74.6
76
77.8
78
71.4
59
66.8

 Latvia
77
74.6
47
79.2
95
69.6
54
67.1

 Saudi Arabia
80
74.5
93
76.0
58
73.2
96
64.5

 Bulgaria
80
74.5
66
78.0
86
71.1
72
66.4

 Georgia
82
74.4
63
78.3
91
70.3
70
66.5

 Morocco
83
74.3
99
75.4
56
73.3
90
64.9

 Jordan
84
74.1
96
75.9
70
72.5
88
65.0

 Venezuela
84
74.1
60
78.5
94
70.0
83
65.2

 Paraguay
86
74.0
93
76.0
73
72.2
83
65.2

 Samoa
86
74.0
81
77.5
87
70.9
65
66.6

 Dominican Republic
88
73.9
84
77.1
87
70.9
85
65.1

 Grenada
89
73.6
91
76.1
84
71.2
88
65.0

 Lithuania
89
73.6
50
79.1
104
68.1
75
66.0

 Tonga
91
73.5
88
76.4
89
70.6
75
66.0

 El Salvador
91
73.5
71
77.9
99
68.8
98
64.1

 Cape Verde
93
73.3
103
75.0
81
71.3
97
64.4

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
94
73.2
100
75.2
81
71.3
94
64.6

 Seychelles
94
73.2
66
78.0
98
69.1
81
65.5

 Libya
96
72.7
98
75.6
92
70.1
101
63.8

 Azerbaijan
96
72.7
97
75.8
95
69.6
93
64.7

 Belarus
98
72.3
66
78.0
119
66.5
85
65.1

 Moldova
99
72.1
90
76.2
106
67.9
92
64.8

 Vanuatu
100
72.0
107
74.0
92
70.1
94
64.6

 Guatemala
101
71.9
100
75.2
102
68.5
116
62.1

 Bangladesh
102
71.8
113
73.1
89
70.6
111
62.3

 Suriname
103
71.6
105
74.7
101
68.6
107
63.1

 Ukraine
104
71.3
91
76.1
120
66.3
98
64.1

 Trinidad and Tobago
105
71.2
104
74.8
106
67.9
104
63.3

 Kyrgyzstan
106
71.1
102
75.1
111
67.2
101
63.8

 Egypt
107
70.9
111
73.2
99
68.8
113
62.2

 Bolivia
108
70.7
110
73.3
103
68.2
113
62.2

 North Korea
109
70.6
107
74.0
113
67.0
100
64.0

 Russia
110
70.5
89
76.3
127
64.7
104
63.3

 Kazakhstan
111
70.2
105
74.7
123
65.7
104
63.3

 Belize
112
70.1
113
73.1
110
67.5
111
62.3

 Fiji
113
69.9
113
73.1
113
67.0
108
62.9

 Bhutan
114
69.8
126
70.1
97
69.5
120
61.2

 Tajikistan
115
69.7
109
73.6
116
66.6
116
62.1

 Micronesia
116
69.4
124
70.6
104
68.1
109
62.5

 Uzbekistan
116
69.4
116
72.7
122
66.1
110
62.4

 Solomon Islands
118
69.2
121
70.8
106
67.9
116
62.1

   Nepal
118
69.2
121
70.8
109
67.7
121
61.1

 Indonesia
120
69.1
119
71.2
112
67.1
113
62.2

 Iraq
121
68.9
118
71.8
121
66.2
124
60.0

 Mongolia
122
68.8
111
73.2
127
64.7
119
62.0

 Cambodia
123
68.7
123
70.7
116
66.6
130
58.9

 Philippines
124
68.5
117
72.0
126
65.3
121
61.1

 India
125
68.3
128
69.9
115
66.9
126
59.5

 Timor-Leste
125
68.3
126
70.1
116
66.6
123
60.7

 Sao Tome and Principe
127
67.5
130
69.4
124
65.6
128
59.1

 Senegal
128
66.7
132
68.6
130
64.6
132
58.3

 Myanmar
129
66.6
133
68.5
130
64.6
127
59.2

 Pakistan
130
66.4
137
67.5
125
65.5
134
57.8

 Kiribati
131
66.3
131
68.8
136
63.7
128
59.1

 Turkmenistan
131
66.3
125
70.5
143
62.2
125
59.8

 Guyana
133
66.2
133
68.5
134
63.9
130
58.9

 Rwanda
134
66.1
120
71.1
150
60.9
140
56.6

 Gabon
135
66.0
138
67.2
127
64.7
137
57.2

 Namibia
136
65.8
135
68.3
139
63.1
136
57.5

 Yemen
137
65.7
138
67.2
132
64.3
135
57.7

 Laos
137
65.7
138
67.2
133
64.1
133
57.9

 Botswana
137
65.7
136
68.1
137
63.3
138
56.9

 Madagascar
140
65.5
141
67.0
134
63.9
138
56.9

 Ethiopia
141
64.8
143
66.8
140
62.8
143
56.1

 Congo
142
64.7
144
66.3
138
63.2
140
56.6

 Eritrea
142
64.7
141
67.0
141
62.4
145
55.9

 Syria
144
64.5
128
69.9
154
59.9
143
56.1

 Sudan
145
64.1
146
65.9
141
62.4
145
55.9

 Comoros
146
63.5
151
65.2
144
61.9
145
55.9

 Djibouti
146
63.5
150
65.3
145
61.8
148
55.8

 Haiti
146
63.5
148
65.5
147
61.5
150
55.4

 Kenya
149
63.4
147
65.8
148
61.1
149
55.6

 Mauritania
150
63.1
153
64.6
146
61.6
152
55.1

 Papua New Guinea
151
62.9
149
65.4
152
60.6
142
56.4

 South Africa
151
62.9
145
66.2
158
59.3
153
54.5

 Ghana
153
62.4
155
63.9
149
61.0
151
55.3

 Uganda
154
62.3
154
64.3
153
60.3
156
54.0

 Niger
155
61.8
158
62.8
150
60.9
154
54.2

 Tanzania
155
61.8
156
63.8
154
59.9
155
54.1

 Zambia
155
61.8
152
64.7
161
59.0
158
53.6

 Liberia
158
61.4
157
62.9
156
59.8
160
52.7

 Gambia
159
61.1
159
62.5
156
59.8
157
53.8

 Zimbabwe
160
60.7
160
62.3
161
59.0
163
52.3

 Afghanistan
161
60.5
161
61.9
158
59.3
164
52.2

 Benin
162
60.0
164
61.1
163
58.8
162
52.5

 Burkina Faso
163
59.9
167
60.5
160
59.1
161
52.6

 Togo
163
59.9
164
61.1
164
58.6
159
52.8

 DR Congo
165
59.8
163
61.5
165
58.3
166
51.7

 Burundi
166
59.6
162
61.6
168
57.7
164
52.2

 Guinea
167
59.0
171
59.8
166
58.2
166
51.7

 Guinea-Bissau
168
58.9
167
60.5
169
57.2
168
51.5

 Swaziland
168
58.9
164
61.1
171
56.6
172
50.9

 Malawi
170
58.3
170
59.9
170
56.7
169
51.2

 Mali
171
58.2
175
58.3
166
58.2
171
51.1

 Equatorial Guinea
171
58.2
169
60.0
171
56.6
169
51.2

 Mozambique
173
57.6
172
59.4
175
55.7
175
49.6

 South Sudan
174
57.3
173
58.6
173
56.1
174
49.9

 Cameroon
174
57.3
173
58.6
174
55.9
173
50.3

 Somalia
176
55.0
176
56.6
176
53.5
176
47.8

 Nigeria
177
54.5
177
55.6
177
53.4
177
47.7

 Lesotho
178
53.7
178
55.4
179
51.7
179
46.6

 Cote d'Ivoire
179
53.3
180
54.4
178
52.3
178
47.0

 Chad
180
53.1
179
54.5
179
51.7
180
46.1

 Central African Republic
181
52.5
181
54.1
181
50.9
181
45.9

 Angola
182
52.4
182
54.0
181
50.9
182
45.8

 Sierra Leone
183
50.1
183
50.8
183
49.3
183
44.4

text: List by the United Nations, for 2010–2015[edit]

text: On July 2015, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), released World Population Prospects, The 2015 Revision.[3] The following table shows the life expectancy at birth for the period 2010 to 2015.

text: Over 80   77.5–80.0   75.0–77.5   72.5–75.0   70.0–72.5   67.5–70.0   65.0–67.5     60–65   55–60   50–55   45–50   Under 45   not available

text:
Life expectancy at birth (years), UN World Population Prospects 2015

Rank
State/Territory
Overall
Male
Female

1
 Japan
83.74
80.91
86.58

2
 Italy
83.31
80.00
86.49

3
  Switzerland
82.84
80.27
85.23

4
 Singapore
82.66
80.43
84.74

5
 Israel
82.64
79.59
85.61

6
 Iceland
82.30
80.73
83.84

7
 Spain
82.28
79.42
85.05

8
 Australia
83.42
80.33
86.56

9
 Hong Kong
82.07
80.18
83.82

10
 Sweden
81.93
80.10
83.71

11
 France (metropol.)
81.85
78.76
84.87

12
 Canada
81.78
79.69
83.78

13
 New Zealand
81.56
79.71
83.35

14
 South Korea
81.43
77.95
84.63

15
 Luxembourg
81.34
78.94
83.65

16
 Norway
81.32
79.22
83.38

17
 Netherlands
81.31
79.36
83.14

18
 Chile
81.21
78.09
84.12

19
 Martinique ( France)
81.18
77.79
84.36

20
 Austria
81.09
78.47
83.59

21
 Germany
80.66
78.18
83.06

22
 Greece
80.60
77.64
83.60

23
 Ireland
80.57
78.40
82.74

24
 Guadeloupe ( France)
80.56
76.83
83.98

25
 Portugal
80.55
77.43
83.50

26=
 Belgium
80.53
77.95
83.02

26=
 Finland
80.53
77.60
83.40

28=
Channel Islands ( UK)
80.45
78.45
82.39

28=
 United Kingdom
80.45
78.45
82.39

30=
 Malta
80.30
78.55
81.98

30=
 Macau
80.30
78.07
82.51

32
 Slovenia
80.08
76.92
83.14

33
 U.S. Virgin Islands ( US)
80.06
77.24
82.92

34
 Denmark
79.99
78.00
81.94

35
 Cyprus
79.90
77.69
82.17

36
 Réunion ( France)
79.54
76.04
82.90

37
 Mayotte ( France)
79.34
76.04
82.90

38
 Taiwan
79.26
76.43
82.30

39
 Puerto Rico ( US)
79.22
75.19
83.17

40=
 Costa Rica
79.16
76.70
81.69

40=
 Cuba
79.16
77.10
81.27

42
 French Guiana ( France)
78.98
75.75
82.58

43
 United States
78.88
76.47
81.25

44
 Lebanon
78.86
77.14
80.87

45
 Guam ( US)
78.72
76.14
81.47

46
 Brunei
78.44
76.64
80.39

47
 Czech Republic
78.35
75.36
81.27

48
 Qatar
77.89
77.10
79.68

49
 Curaçao ( Netherlands)
77.77
74.50
80.70

50
 Albania
77.49
75.04
80.19

51
 Panama
77.32
74.34
80.49

52
 Poland
77.14
73.06
81.14

53
 Croatia
77.05
73.64
80.38

54
 Uruguay
76.96
73.25
80.44

55
 United Arab Emirates
76.67
76.02
78.23

56
 Estonia
76.52
71.57
81.05

57
 Mexico
76.48
74.04
78.93

58
 Bahrain
76.38
75.58
77.42

59
 Maldives
76.36
75.40
77.41

60
 Oman
76.33
74.66
78.85

61
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
76.26
73.71
78.82

62
 New Caledonia ( France)
76.19
73.55
79.31

63
 French Polynesia ( France)
76.12
73.97
78.55

64
 Slovakia
76.04
72.24
79.73

65
 Montenegro
76.02
73.83
78.18

66
 Argentina
76.01
72.15
79.83

67
 Antigua and Barbuda
75.82
73.29
78.21

68
 Vietnam
75.57
70.73
80.31

69
 Ecuador
75.54
72.82
78.37

70
 Jamaica
75.44
73.07
77.89

71
 China
75.43
73.97
77.02

72
 Aruba ( Netherlands)
75.39
72.89
77.76

73
 Barbados
75.37
72.91
77.71

74
 Republic of Macedonia
75.16
72.87
77.48

75
 Bahamas
75.15
72.02
78.09

76
 Iran
75.06
73.98
76.22

77
 Hungary
74.98
71.23
78.54

78
 Turkey
74.84
71.53
78.12

79
 Saint Lucia
74.81
72.17
77.57

80
 Serbia
74.65
71.83
77.50

81=
 Sri Lanka
74.64
71.24
78.03

81=
 Georgia
74.64
70.91
78.14

83
 Tunisia
74.60
72.30
77.04

84
 Armenia
74.56
70.74
78.39

85
 Malaysia
74.50
72.21
76.88

86
 Nicaragua
74.47
71.38
77.48

87
 Romania
74.46
70.92
78.07

88
 Algeria
74.42
72.14
76.84

89
 Kuwait
74.28
73.34
75.56

90=
 Mauritius
74.15
70.67
77.74

90=
 Peru
74.15
71.54
76.84

92
 Thailand
74.14
70.83
77.58

93
 Saudi Arabia
74.08
72.82
75.47

94
 Brazil
74.05
70.29
77.86

95
 Bulgaria
74.04
70.64
77.56

96=
 Venezuela
73.95
69.93
78.24

96=
 Latvia
73.95
68.85
78.68

98
 Jordan
73.79
72.21
75.52

99
 Colombia
73.75
70.19
77.39

100
 Morocco
73.61
72.60
74.62

101
 Dominican Republic
73.19
70.16
76.45

102
 Grenada
73.17
70.78
75.59

103
 Lithuania
73.07
67.39
78.78

104
 Samoa
73.02
70.02
76.39

105
 Cape Verde
72.97
71.05
74.65

106
 Seychelles
72.94
68.69
77.91

107
 Honduras
72.83
70.39
75.40

108
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
72.75
70.70
74.90

109
 Paraguay
72.74
70.70
74.92

110
 Palestine
72.65
70.74
74.66

111
 El Salvador
72.64
67.89
77.08

112
 Tonga
72.60
69.72
75.56

113
 Vanuatu
71.48
69.59
73.60

114=
 Libya
71.47
68.79
74.41

114=
 Guatemala
71.47
67.92
74.98

116
 Moldova
71.33
67.22
75.43

117
 Belarus
71.08
65.29
76.97

118
 Bangladesh
71.01
69.85
72.26

119
 Suriname
70.90
67.81
74.18

120
 Egypt
70.84
68.71
73.05

121
 Ukraine
70.76
65.73
75.67

122
 Azerbaijan
70.62
67.54
73.77

123
 Kyrgyzstan
70.26
66.35
74.29

124
 Trinidad and Tobago
70.23
66.87
73.84

125
 North Korea
69.91
66.30
73.27

126
 Russia
69.83
64.15
75.55

127
 Belize
69.76
67.19
72.72

128
 Fiji
69.72
66.93
72.89

129
 Syria
69.51
63.98
76.26

130
 Iraq
69.19
66.99
71.44

131=
 Tajikistan
69.07
65.90
72.84

131=
 Kazakhstan
69.07
64.29
73.87

133
   Nepal
69.03
67.64
70.45

134
 Federated States of Micronesia
68.93
67.99
69.85

135
 Mongolia
68.89
64.76
73.29

136
 Bhutan
68.88
68.63
69.09

137
 Indonesia
68.59
66.61
70.70

138
 Uzbekistan
68.25
64.90
71.61

139
 Philippines
67.99
64.72
71.55

140
 Timor-Leste
67.73
66.06
69.51

141
 Bolivia
67.72
65.34
70.21

142=
Western Sahara
67.61
65.89
69.81

142=
 Cambodia
67.61
65.50
69.55

144
 Solomon Islands
67.53
66.19
69.03

145
 India
67.47
66.13
68.93

146
 Guyana
66.24
64.03
68.59

147
 São Tomé and Príncipe
66.23
64.23
68.19

148
 Pakistan
65.88
64.99
66.84

149
 Senegal
65.81
63.86
67.61

150
 Kiribati
65.74
62.55
68.93

151
 Myanmar
65.64
63.58
67.66

152
 Laos
65.51
64.14
66.84

153
 Turkmenistan
65.39
61.31
69.69

154
 Madagascar
64.50
63.02
66.00

155
 Namibia
64.34
61.58
66.95

156
 Botswana
64.12
61.80
66.51

157
 Tanzania
64.04
62.55
65.55

158
 Gabon
63.65
63.15
64.07

159
 Yemen
63.51
62.18
64.88

160
 Rwanda
63.14
59.65
66.30

161
 Ethiopia
63.13
61.30
65.02

162
 Sudan
63.08
61.60
64.60

163
 Eritrea
63.07
60.90
65.18

164
 Comoros
62.83
61.20
64.50

165
 Mauritania
62.77
61.29
64.25

166
 Papua New Guinea
62.31
60.25
64.49

167
 Haiti
62.29
60.18
64.42

168
 Djibouti
61.61
60.04
63.24

169
 Congo
61.42
59.95
62.92

170
 Ghana
61.03
60.06
61.97

171
 Malawi
60.97
59.86
61.98

172
 Niger
60.65
59.85
61.55

173
 Kenya
60.62
59.08
62.17

174
 Liberia
60.25
59.29
61.21

175
 Gambia
59.83
58.54
61.21

176
 Afghanistan
59.82
58.67
61.06

177
 Benin
59.20
57.77
60.61

178
 Togo
59.01
58.28
59.68

179
 Zambia
58.75
57.16
60.33

180
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
58.10
56.67
59.53

181
 Burkina Faso
58.07
56.73
59.33

182
 Guinea
58.04
57.58
58.49

183
 Uganda
57.25
55.67
58.83

184
 Mali
57.23
57.44
56.98

185
 Equatorial Guinea
57.13
55.87
58.57

186
 South Africa
57.11
54.85
59.11

187
 Burundi
56.07
54.18
58.04

188
 South Sudan
55.06
54.10
56.03

189
 Somalia
54.88
53.28
56.51

190
 Cameroon
54.87
53.74
56.02

191
 Zimbabwe
54.78
53.60
55.95

192
 Guinea-Bissau
54.72
53.00
56.50

193
 Mozambique
54.63
52.94
56.18

194
 Nigeria
52.29
51.97
52.61

195
 Angola
51.68
50.20
53.17

196
 Chad
51.13
50.08
52.18

197
 Côte d'Ivoire
50.97
50.21
51.85

198
 Sierra Leone
50.19
49.65
50.74

199
 Central African Republic
49.53
47.83
51.25

200
 Lesotho
49.50
49.19
49.59

201
 Swaziland
49.18
49.69
48.54

text: List from the GBD 2010 study[edit]

text: The Global Burden of Disease 2010 study published updated figures in 2012,[13] including recalculations of life expectancies[14] which differ substantially in places from the UN estimates for 2010 (reasons for this are discussed in the freely available appendix to the paper, pages 25–27, currently not available). Although no estimate is given for the sexes combined, for the first time life expectancy estimates have included uncertainty intervals.

text:
Life expectancy at birth (years), Global Burden of Disease 2010

State/territory
Male
95% range
Female
95% range

 World average
67.50
(66.90–68.10)
73.30
(72.80–73.80)

 Afghanistan
58.20
(54.20–62.80)
57.30
(52.20–61.70)

 Albania
72.00
(69.20–74.90)
78.10
(75.90–80.20)

 Algeria
74.30
(73.20–75.40)
76.50
(75.50–77.50)

 Andorra
79.80
(78.80–81.00)
85.20
(84.20–86.20)

 Angola
57.90
(49.50–66.50)
63.90
(56.00–72.00)

 Antigua and Barbuda
74.10
(72.20–75.90)
79.00
(77.30–80.50)

 Argentina
72.50
(72.40–72.60)
79.30
(79.20–79.40)

 Armenia
68.90
(67.20–70.50)
78.50
(77.40–79.60)

 Australia
79.20
(79.10–79.30)
83.80
(83.70–83.90)

 Austria
77.70
(77.50–77.90)
83.30
(83.20–83.50)

 Azerbaijan
68.90
(67.60–70.20)
76.20
(74.90–77.40)

 Bahrain
76.40
(74.80–78.20)
79.10
(77.50–80.70)

 Bangladesh
67.20
(65.60–68.80)
71.00
(69.40–72.80)

 Barbados
74.30
(72.70–76.00)
77.00
(75.60–78.30)

 Belarus
64.10
(63.40–64.90)
76.00
(75.50–76.50)

 Belgium
76.70
(76.40–77.10)
82.30
(81.90–82.60)

 Belize
68.90
(67.30–70.30)
73.60
(72.30–75.00)

 Benin
60.70
(57.60–63.50)
65.90
(63.20–68.50)

 Bhutan
67.60
(60.90–73.30)
71.70
(65.70–77.10)

 Bolivia
69.70
(67.30–72.50)
71.70
(69.50–74.10)

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
74.10
(73.90–74.40)
78.80
(78.50–79.00)

 Botswana
68.10
(63.60–73.60)
74.00
(69.20–80.60)

 Brazil
71.50
(71.20–71.80)
79.70
(79.50–79.90)

 Brunei
75.50
(74.30–76.60)
79.10
(78.00–80.30)

 Bulgaria
70.10
(69.90–70.30)
77.00
(76.80–77.20)

 Burkina Faso
52.80
(46.60–58.10)
57.60
(52.70–62.10)

 Burma
60.70
(51.40–69.80)
67.60
(60.10–73.60)

 Burundi
53.00
(42.70–63.00)
55.20
(45.20–64.60)

 Cambodia
64.60
(63.30–66.00)
70.10
(68.80–71.50)

 Cameroon
57.10
(53.50–60.90)
61.10
(57.80–64.30)

 Canada
78.50
(78.20–78.70)
82.70
(82.50–83.00)

 Cape Verde
70.90
(66.30–75.50)
79.10
(75.30–82.50)

 Central African Republic
43.60
(38.40–49.30)
49.30
(44.00–54.60)

 Chad
53.30
(47.20–58.20)
57.80
(53.00–62.30)

 Chile
75.50
(75.20–75.90)
81.50
(81.20–81.80)

 China
72.90
(71.80–74.00)
79.00
(78.00–80.00)

 Colombia
71.70
(70.20–73.00)
78.30
(77.30–79.40)

 Comoros
61.60
(56.50–65.80)
63.90
(59.10–68.20)

 Congo
56.30
(52.30–60.30)
61.60
(57.90–65.10)

 Costa Rica
77.10
(76.90–77.30)
81.90
(81.60–82.10)

 Côte d'Ivoire
52.80
(48.20–57.10)
60.20
(56.20–63.90)

 Croatia
73.40
(73.20–73.60)
79.90
(79.70–80.10)

 Cuba
76.10
(75.90–76.20)
79.80
(79.60–79.90)

 Cyprus
77.60
(77.10–78.10)
82.90
(82.40–83.40)

 Czech Republic
74.30
(74.20–74.50)
80.70
(80.50–80.80)

 Denmark
76.80
(76.60–77.00)
81.00
(80.80–81.30)

 Djibouti
62.20
(54.60–69.60)
64.40
(55.10–73.70)

 Dominica
70.10
(68.60–71.50)
77.90
(76.40–79.30)

 Dominican Republic
71.30
(70.00–72.80)
76.30
(75.10–77.60)

 DR Congo
52.80
(49.60–55.90)
57.70
(54.70–60.50)

 Ecuador
74.40
(73.30–75.40)
79.80
(78.90–80.60)

 Egypt
68.00
(67.00–69.00)
73.40
(72.50–74.20)

 El Salvador
69.90
(69.30–70.50)
78.20
(77.70–78.60)

 Equatorial Guinea
54.70
(43.50–66.20)
61.80
(52.90–73.80)

 Eritrea
59.00
(54.70–62.90)
62.00
(58.20–65.50)

 Estonia
70.60
(70.30–71.00)
80.60
(80.20–81.00)

 Ethiopia
59.50
(57.50–61.30)
62.30
(60.50–64.10)

 Federated States of Micronesia
63.40
(54.60–71.70)
68.30
(60.80–74.70)

 Fiji
65.60
(63.90–67.30)
68.80
(67.10–70.40)

 Finland
76.80
(76.60–77.00)
83.30
(83.10–83.60)

 France
77.50
(77.20–77.80)
84.30
(84.00–84.50)

 Gabon
55.00
(50.00–60.00)
63.30
(59.50–67.40)

 Georgia
67.40
(66.00–68.70)
77.90
(76.90–78.90)

 Germany
77.50
(77.30–77.70)
82.80
(82.60–83.10)

 Ghana
63.20
(60.70–65.70)
66.70
(64.50–68.90)

 Greece
77.10
(76.80–77.40)
82.10
(81.90–82.40)

 Grenada
68.60
(67.40–69.80)
73.50
(72.20–74.70)

 Guatemala
66.90
(66.30–67.50)
74.00
(73.50–74.50)

 Guinea-Bissau
54.80
(46.10–63.40)
58.60
(50.80–66.60)

 Guinea
58.40
(53.70–62.30)
60.50
(56.30–64.00)

 Guyana
63.10
(60.50–65.90)
69.10
(66.90–71.20)

 Haiti
32.50
(19.80–43.10)
43.60
(31.10–51.70)

 Honduras
70.50
(66.30–74.60)
73.20
(69.80–76.50)

 Hungary
70.40
(70.30–70.60)
78.40
(78.20–78.50)

 Iceland
80.00
(79.40–80.60)
84.40
(83.70–85.00)

 India
63.20
(60.60–65.70)
67.50
(65.50–69.90)

 Indonesia
67.70
(66.00–69.20)
71.80
(70.30–73.30)

 Iran
71.60
(68.50–74.60)
77.80
(75.30–80.20)

 Iraq
70.60
(67.20–73.70)
71.40
(68.30–74.40)

 Ireland
77.60
(77.40–77.90)
82.20
(81.90–82.40)

 Israel
79.20
(79.00–79.40)
82.90
(82.70–83.10)

 Italy
78.90
(78.70–79.10)
83.90
(83.70–84.10)

 Jamaica
73.30
(69.90–77.30)
77.30
(74.30–80.30)

 Japan
79.30
(79.30–79.40)
85.90
(85.80–85.90)

 Jordan
75.70
(73.90–77.50)
75.10
(73.20–77.00)

 Kazakhstan
61.30
(59.10–63.30)
72.20
(70.60–73.70)

 Kenya
62.70
(59.90–65.70)
66.90
(64.60–69.00)

 Kiribati
57.80
(51.30–64.00)
65.00
(59.80–69.70)

 Kuwait
76.10
(75.80–76.40)
79.60
(79.20–79.90)

 Kyrgyzstan
62.20
(60.60–63.90)
71.90
(70.40–73.20)

 Laos
62.40
(54.40–69.70)
67.10
(60.20–73.50)

 Latvia
68.90
(68.60–69.20)
78.50
(78.20–78.70)

 Lebanon
76.20
(74.10–77.90)
78.90
(77.50–80.40)

 Lesotho
44.10
(40.90–48.10)
50.70
(47.20–54.80)

 Liberia
56.50
(54.10–58.90)
57.90
(55.20–60.50)

 Libya
72.90
(70.70–75.00)
76.50
(74.60–78.50)

 Lithuania
68.70
(68.50–68.90)
79.30
(79.10–79.60)

 Luxembourg
78.00
(77.50–78.60)
82.20
(81.70–82.80)

 Republic of Macedonia
72.80
(72.50–73.00)
77.20
(77.00–77.50)

 Madagascar
62.20
(58.90–65.60)
65.10
(61.80–68.10)

 Malawi
50.90
(48.50–53.60)
54.90
(52.70–57.50)

 Malaysia
71.30
(71.00–71.60)
76.50
(76.20–76.80)

 Maldives
77.50
(76.70–78.30)
80.40
(79.70–81.20)

 Mali
56.90
(52.90–60.70)
57.70
(53.80–61.20)

 Malta
77.10
(76.60–77.60)
83.00
(82.40–83.60)

 Marshall Islands
61.90
(57.50–66.00)
66.00
(61.90–70.00)

 Mauritania
63.30
(59.10–67.20)
65.70
(61.80–68.80)

 Mauritius
69.70
(69.30–70.00)
76.90
(76.50–77.30)

 Mexico
72.50
(72.30–72.80)
78.40
(78.20–78.60)

 Moldova
65.50
(65.00–65.80)
74.60
(74.20–74.90)

 Mongolia
60.30
(58.60–62.20)
69.30
(67.80–70.80)

 Montenegro
73.00
(72.20–73.60)
78.20
(77.50–78.90)

 Morocco
70.90
(68.30–73.30)
74.40
(72.20–76.10)

 Mozambique
50.00
(46.90–53.40)
54.90
(51.80–58.30)

 Namibia
58.40
(55.20–61.60)
64.90
(61.90–67.60)

   Nepal
67.70
(65.50–70.10)
70.60
(68.60–72.80)

 Netherlands
78.50
(78.40–78.60)
82.60
(82.40–82.70)

 New Zealand
78.60
(78.40–78.80)
82.70
(82.50–83.00)

 Nicaragua
71.50
(70.60–72.20)
77.50
(76.70–78.20)

 Niger
56.90
(51.70–61.50)
58.70
(54.10–62.60)

 Nigeria
58.80
(56.50–61.40)
60.40
(58.20–62.90)

 North Korea
68.00
(64.90–70.70)
73.30
(70.60–75.50)

 Norway
78.50
(78.30–78.70)
83.10
(82.90–83.40)

 Oman
73.80
(72.20–75.40)
78.90
(77.50–80.10)

 Pakistan
63.90
(60.70–67.10)
67.80
(64.80–70.90)

 Palestine
70.30
(67.90–72.70)
76.40
(74.30–78.30)

 Panama
73.60
(72.30–74.90)
80.20
(78.90–81.50)

 Papua New Guinea
57.50
(48.10–66.50)
60.30
(51.90–69.00)

 Paraguay
71.00
(69.70–72.40)
75.60
(74.70–76.40)

 Peru
75.20
(73.80–76.70)
77.60
(76.10–79.00)

 Philippines
66.60
(65.50–67.80)
73.80
(72.80–74.80)

 Poland
72.10
(72.00–72.20)
80.50
(80.40–80.60)

 Portugal
76.30
(76.20–76.50)
82.30
(82.20–82.50)

 Qatar
78.90
(77.70–80.00)
82.10
(81.10–83.20)

 Romania
70.10
(70.00–70.20)
77.60
(77.40–77.70)

 Russia
63.10
(62.80–63.30)
74.70
(74.40–74.90)

 Rwanda
62.00
(60.10–63.90)
67.10
(65.50–69.00)

 Saint Lucia
70.90
(68.60–73.40)
76.50
(74.50–78.80)

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
69.70
(68.50–71.00)
74.50
(73.10–75.80)

 Samoa
68.40
(65.40–70.90)
73.40
(70.90–75.80)

 São Tomé and Príncipe
68.20
(64.40–71.80)
72.10
(69.00–75.20)

 Saudi Arabia
75.00
(73.60–76.40)
79.90
(78.80–81.00)

 Senegal
63.50
(61.10–66.10)
67.10
(65.20–69.30)

 Serbia
74.00
(73.70–74.20)
79.50
(79.20–79.80)

 Seychelles
61.30
(60.20–62.40)
71.80
(70.70–72.90)

 Sierra Leone
56.50
(53.60–59.30)
60.90
(58.30–63.10)

 Singapore
78.80
(78.60–79.00)
83.30
(83.00–83.50)

 Slovakia
71.60
(71.40–71.70)
79.10
(78.90–79.30)

 Slovenia
75.90
(75.60–76.20)
82.50
(82.20–82.90)

 Solomon Islands
60.50
(52.20–68.10)
64.00
(55.40–71.40)

 Somalia
54.60
(45.40–62.60)
57.20
(47.70–65.60)

 South Africa
57.40
(54.80–59.60)
62.30
(59.90–64.70)

 South Korea
76.50
(76.30–76.70)
82.70
(82.60–82.90)

 Spain
78.40
(78.20–78.70)
84.20
(84.00–84.40)

 Sri Lanka
71.60
(70.30–72.80)
79.80
(78.70–80.70)

 Sudan
66.90
(64.20–69.00)
70.70
(68.80–72.90)

 Suriname
70.10
(68.20–72.20)
75.20
(73.70–76.80)

 Swaziland
47.40
(43.50–51.30)
51.40
(48.00–55.10)

 Sweden
79.20
(79.00–79.40)
83.50
(83.40–83.70)

  Switzerland
79.70
(79.50–79.80)
84.50
(84.30–84.70)

 Syria
75.10
(73.50–76.60)
80.20
(78.90–81.40)

 Taiwan
75.90
(75.80–76.00)
81.90
(81.80–82.00)

 Tajikistan
65.20
(62.70–67.50)
71.50
(69.40–73.60)

 Tanzania
60.90
(58.10–63.70)
62.60
(60.20–65.20)

 Thailand
70.90
(69.10–72.50)
77.50
(76.30–78.80)

 The Bahamas
71.40
(68.50–74.50)
80.40
(76.90–85.50)

 The Gambia
60.80
(53.40–69.00)
64.00
(55.90–72.40)

 Timor-Leste
67.80
(66.30–69.20)
69.70
(68.10–71.20)

 Togo
58.30
(54.70–61.80)
62.10
(58.40–65.60)

 Tonga
67.30
(64.70–69.90)
73.80
(71.40–76.10)

 Trinidad and Tobago
66.20
(65.00–67.40)
75.30
(74.10–76.40)

 Tunisia
74.10
(70.70–77.60)
78.90
(75.70–81.90)

 Turkey
71.20
(69.50–73.00)
77.70
(75.90–79.30)

 Turkmenistan
65.40
(60.70–69.50)
73.40
(69.50–77.20)

 Uganda
58.30
(55.30–61.40)
62.50
(59.80–65.10)

 UK
77.80
(77.80–77.90)
81.90
(81.80–82.00)

 Ukraine
64.50
(63.50–65.30)
74.90
(74.20–75.40)

 United Arab Emirates
75.30
(73.00–77.60)
78.60
(76.50–80.70)

 Uruguay
72.60
(72.10–73.10)
80.40
(79.90–80.90)

 U.S.
75.90
(75.80–75.90)
80.50
(80.50–80.60)

 Uzbekistan
65.60
(61.90–68.80)
72.30
(69.50–75.30)

 Vanuatu
62.20
(54.10–69.50)
66.90
(59.80–72.50)

 Venezuela
70.30
(68.90–71.50)
79.20
(78.40–80.00)

 Vietnam
71.60
(69.30–74.00)
79.60
(78.00–81.10)

 Yemen
65.50
(59.20–71.40)
66.30
(59.30–72.40)

 Zambia
54.30
(51.10–57.70)
57.30
(54.20–60.30)

 Zimbabwe
51.10
(46.60–55.60)
55.10
(51.30–59.30)

text: List by the CIA (2017)[edit]

text: The US CIA published the following life expectancy data in its World Factbook.[15]

text:
Rank
Entity
Overall life expectancy at birth
Male life expectancy at birth
Female life expectancy at birth

1
 Monaco
89.4
85.6
93.5

2
 Japan
85.3
81.9
88.8

3
 Singapore
85.2
82.6
88.1

4
 Macau ( China)
84.6
81.6
87.7

5
 San Marino
83.3
80.8
86.1

6
 Iceland
83.1
80.9
85.4

7
 Hong Kong ( China)
83
80.4
85.9

8
 Andorra
82.9
80.7
85.2

9
 Guernsey
82.6
79.9
85.4

10
  Switzerland
82.6
80.3
85.1

11
 Israel
82.5
80.7
84.5

12
 South Korea
82.5
79.3
85.8

13
 Luxembourg
82.3
79.9
84.9

14
 Australia
82.3
79.8
84.9

15
 Italy
82.3
79.6
85.1

16
 Sweden
82.1
80.2
84.2

17
 Canada
81.9
79.3
84.7

18
 Jersey
81.9
79.5
84.6

19
 Liechtenstein
81.9
79.7
84.7

20
 France (metropolitan)
81.9
78.8
85.2

21
 Norway
81.9
79.8
84

22
 Spain
81.8
78.8
84.9

23
 Austria
81.6
78.9
84.4

24
 Anguilla
81.5
78.9
84.2

25
 Bermuda
81.4
78.2
84.6

26
 Netherlands
81.4
79.3
83.7

27
 Cayman Islands
81.3
78.6
84.1

28
 Isle of Man
81.3
79.6
83.2

29
 New Zealand
81.3
79.1
83.5

30
 Belgium
81.1
78.5
83.8

31
 Finland
81
78
84.1

32
 Ireland
80.9
78.6
83.4

33
 Puerto Rico
80.9
77.6
84.4

34
 Germany
80.8
78.5
83.3

35
 United Kingdom
80.8
78.6
83.1

36
 Greece
80.7
78
83.4

37
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
80.6
78.3
83.1

38
 Faroe Islands
80.5
78
83.2

39
 Malta
80.5
78.1
83

40
 European Union
80.2
77.4
83.2

41
 Taiwan
80.2
77.1
83.6

42
 Turks and Caicos Islands
80
77.2
82.9

43
 United States
80
77.7
82.2

44
 Wallis and Futuna
79.8
76.8
83

45
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
79.6
76.7
82.7

46
 Gibraltar
79.6
76.7
82.6

47
 Denmark
79.5
77.1
82.1

48
 Portugal
79.4
76.2
82.9

49
 U.S. Virgin Islands
79.4
76.2
82.8

50
 Bahrain
79
76.8
81.3

51
 Chile
78.9
75.9
82.1

52
 Cuba
78.8
76.5
81.3

53
 Cyprus
78.8
76
81.8

54
 Qatar
78.8
76.8
81

55
 British Virgin Islands
78.8
77.4
80.3

56
 Panama
78.8
76
81.7

57
 Czech Republic
78.8
75.8
81.9

58
 Costa Rica
78.7
76.1
81.5

59
 Albania
78.5
75.8
81.4

60
 Curacao
78.5
76.2
80.9

61
 Slovenia
78.3
74.8
82.2

62
 Dominican Republic
78.3
76
80.6

63
 Sint Maarten ( Netherlands)
78.3
76
80.8

64
 Kuwait
78.2
76.8
79.6

65
 New Caledonia ( France)
77.9
73.9
82

66
 Saint Lucia
77.9
75.2
80.8

67
 Lebanon
77.8
76.5
79.1

68
 Poland
77.8
73.9
81.8

69
 United Arab Emirates
77.7
75
80.4

70
 French Polynesia ( France)
77.4
75.1
79.8

71
 Paraguay
77.4
74.7
80.2

72
 Uruguay
77.4
74.2
80.6

73
 Brunei
77.3
75
79.8

74
 Argentina
77.3
74.2
80.6

75
 Slovakia
77.3
73.7
81.1

76
 Dominica
77.2
74.2
80.3

77
 Morocco
77.1
74
80.3

78
 Algeria
77
75.6
78.4

79
 Ecuador
77
74
80.1

80
 Aruba ( Netherlands)
76.9
73.9
80.1

81
 Sri Lanka
76.9
73.5
80.6

82
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
76.9
73.9
80.2

83
 Estonia
76.9
72.1
81.9

84
 Antigua and Barbuda
76.7
74.6
79

85
 Libya
76.7
74.9
78.5

86
 Georgia
76.4
72.3
80.7

87
 Republic of Macedonia
76.4
73.8
79.2

88
 Tonga
76.4
74.9
78.1

89
 Croatia
76.1
72.9
79.4

90
 Hungary
76.1
72.4
80

91
 Mexico
76.1
73.3
79

93
 Venezuela
76
73
79.1

92
 Cook Islands
76
73.2
79

93
 Guam ( US)
76
73.6
78.6

94
 Colombia
75.9
72.8
79.3

95
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
75.9
73.5
78.4

96
 Maldives
75.8
73.5
78.3

97
 Mauritius
75.8
72.4
79.5

98
 Oman
75.7
73.7
77.7

99
 Serbia
75.7
72.8
78.8

100
 Tunisia
75.7
74.1
77.4

101
 People's Republic of China
75.7
73.6
78

102
 Solomon Islands
75.6
72.9
78.3

103
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
73.5
77.6

104
 Barbados
75.5
73.2
77.9

105
 Saudi Arabia
75.5
73.4
77.7

106
 Northern Mariana Islands ( US)
75.4
73.4
77.8

107
 Romania
75.4
71.9
79

108
 Malaysia
75.2
72.4
78.2

109
 West Bank
75.2
73.2
77.4

110
 Syria
75.1
72.7
77.6

111
 Lithuania
75
69.7
80.7

112
 Turkey
75
72.7
77.5

113
 Iraq
74.9
72.6
77.2

114
 El Salvador
74.9
71.6
78.3

115
 Seychelles
74.9
70.4
79.6

116
 Thailand
74.9
71.7
78.3

117
 Armenia
74.9
71.6
78.5

118
 Jordan
74.8
73.4
76.3

119
 Bulgaria
74.7
71.4
78.2

120
 Latvia
74.7
70.1
79.5

121
 Montserrat
74.6
75.9
73.2

122
 Grenada
74.5
71.9
77.4

123
 Gaza Strip
74.2
72.5
75.9

124
 Samoa
74
71.1
77

125
 Brazil
74
70.5
77.7

126
 Uzbekistan
74
71
77.3

127
 Peru
74
71.9
76.1

128
 Iran
74
72.7
75.5

129
 Jamaica
73.7
72.1
75.4

130
 Vanuatu
73.7
72.1
75.4

131
 Vietnam
73.7
71.2
76.4

132
 Bangladesh
73.4
71.3
75.6

133
 Nicaragua
73.4
71.3
75.8

134
 American Samoa ( US)
73.4
71.3
75.6

135
 Marshall Islands
73.4
71.2
75.7

136
 Palau
73.4
70.2
76.8

137
 Federated States of Micronesia
73.1
71.1
75.3

138
 Trinidad and Tobago
73.1
70.2
76.2

139
 Belarus
73
67.5
78.8

140
 Egypt
73
71.6
74.4

141
 Fiji
73
70.3
75.8

142
 Indonesia
73
70.4
75.7

143
 Azerbaijan
72.8
69.7
76.1

144
 Greenland ( Denmark)
72.6
69.9
75.5

145
 The Bahamas
72.6
70.2
75.1

146
 Guatemala
72.6
70.6
74.7

147
 Suriname
72.5
70.1
75.1

148
 Cabo Verde
72.4
70.1
74.8

149
 Ukraine
72.1
67.4
77.1

150
 Honduras
71.2
69.5
72.9

151
 Kazakhstan
71.1
65.9
76

152
 Moldova
71
67.1
75.1

153
   Nepal
71
70.4
71.6

154
 Russia
71
65.3
77.1

155
 Kyrgyzstan
70.9
66.8
75.4

156
 North Korea
70.7
66.9
74.8

157
 Bhutan
70.6
69.6
71.7

158
 Turkmenistan
70.4
67.4
73.6

159
 Mongolia
69.9
65.7
74.4

160
 Bolivia
69.5
66.7
72.4

161
 Philippines
69.4
65.9
73.1

162
 Belize
68.9
67.3
70.6

163
 India
68.8
67.6
70.1

164
 Guyana
68.6
65.6
71.8

165
 Timor-Leste
68.4
66.8
70.1

166
 Burma
68.2
66.6
69.9

167
 Pakistan
68.1
66.1
70.1

168
 Tajikistan
68.1
64.9
71.4

169
 Nauru
67.4
63.3
70.9

170
 Papua New Guinea
67.3
65.1
69.7

171
 Ghana
67
64.5
69.6

172
 Tuvalu
66.9
64.7
69.2

173
 Kiribati
66.5
64
69.1

174
 Madagascar
66.3
64.7
67.8

175
 Yemen
65.9
63.7
68.2

176
 Togo
65.4
62.8
68.1

177
 São Tomé and Príncipe
65.3
63.9
66.7

178
 Eritrea
65.2
62.7
67.8

179
 The Gambia
65.1
62.8
67.5

180
 Cambodia
64.9
62.4
67.5

181
 Laos
64.6
62.6
66.7

182
 Comoros
64.6
62.3
67

183
 Equatorial Guinea
64.6
63.4
65.8

184
 Sudan
64.4
62.3
66.7

185
 Kenya
64.3
62.8
65.8

186
 Rwanda
64.3
62.3
66.3

187
 Haiti
64.2
61.6
66.8

188
 Namibia
64
62.4
65.6

189
 South Africa
63.8
62.4
65.3

190
 Djibouti
63.6
61
66.2

191
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
63.4
61.1
65.8

192
 Mauritania
63.4
61.1
65.8

193
 Botswana
63.3
61.2
65.5

194
 Liberia
63.3
61.2
65.5

195
 Ethiopia
62.6
60.1
64.7

196
 Tanzania
62.6
61.2
64.1

197
 Benin
62.3
60.9
63.8

198
 Senegal
62.1
60
64.3

199
 Malawi
61.7
59.7
63.8

200
 Guinea
61
59.5
62.6

201
 Burundi
60.9
59.2
62.7

202
 Zimbabwe
60.4
58.3
62.5

203
 Mali
60.3
58.2
62.5

204
 Angola
60.2
58.2
62.3

205
 Republic of the Congo
59.8
58.6
61.1

206
 Côte d'Ivoire
59
57.8
60.2

207
 Cameroon
59
57.6
59.9

208
 Sierra Leone
58.6
56
61.3

209
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
57.7
56.1
59.3

210
 Burkina Faso
55.9
53.8
58

211
 Niger
55.9
54.7
57.3

212
 Uganda
55.9
54.4
57.3

213
 Nigeria
53.8
52.8
55

214
 Mozambique
53.7
52.9
54.5

215
 Lesotho
53
53
53.1

216
 Somalia
52.8
50.7
54.9

217
 Central African Republic
52.8
51.4
54.2

218
 Zambia
52.7
51.1
54.4

219
 Gabon
52.1
51.7
52.5

220
 Swaziland
52.1
52.7
51.5

221
 Afghanistan
51.7
50.3
53.2

222
 Guinea-Bissau
51
48.9
53.1

223
 Chad
50.6
49.4
51.9

text: List by the OECD (2016)[edit]

text:
Life expectancy at birth (years), OECD (2016)[16]

Rank
state/territory
Overall
Male
Female

1
 Japan
84.1
81.0
87.1

2
  Switzerland
83.7
81.7
85.6

3
 Spain
83.4
80.5
86.3

4
 Italy
83.3
81.0
85.6

5
 Luxembourg
82.8
80.1
85.4

6=
 Norway
82.5
80.7
84.2

6=
 Israel
82.5
80.7
84.2

6=
 Australia
82.5
80.4
84.6

9=
 Sweden
82.4
80.6
84.1

9=
 South Korea
82.4
79.3
85.4

9=
 France
82.4
79.2
85.5

12
 Iceland
82.3
80.4
84.1

13
 Canada[17]
81.9
79.8
83.9

14
 Ireland
81.8
79.9
83.6

15=
 New Zealand
81.7
80.0
83.4

15=
 Austria
81.7
79.3
84.1

17
 Netherlands
81.6
80.0
83.2

18=
 Greece
81.5
78.9
84.0

18=
 Finland
81.5
78.6
84.4

18=
 Belgium
81.5
79.0
84.0

21
 Slovenia
81.3
78.2
84.3

22=
 United Kingdom
81.2
79.4
83.0

22=
 Portugal
81.2
78.1
84.3

24
 Germany
81.1
78.6
83.5

25
 Denmark
80.9
79.0
82.8

26
 Chile
79.9
77.1
82.7

27
 Czech Republic
79.1
76.1
82.1

28
 United States
78.6
76.1
81.1

29=
 Turkey
78.0
75.3
80.7

29=
 Poland
78.0
73.9
82.0

31
 Estonia
77.8
73.3
82.2

32
 Slovakia
77.3
73.8
80.7

33
 Hungary
76.2
72.6
79.7

34
 Mexico
75.4
72.9
77.9

35

 Lithuania

74.8

69.5

80.1

36

 Latvia

74.7

69.8

79.6


document_title: Geological history of oxygen

question_text: when did significant amounts of oxygen appear in the earths atmosphere

root

text: Geological history of oxygen

text:
Before photosynthesis evolved, Earth's atmosphere had no free oxygen (O2).[2] Photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that produced O2 as a waste product lived long before the first build-up of free oxygen in the atmosphere,[3] perhaps as early as 3.5 billion years ago. The oxygen they produced would have been rapidly removed from the atmosphere by weathering of reducing minerals, most notably iron. This "mass rusting" led to the deposition of iron oxide on the ocean floor, forming banded iron formations. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities about 50 million years before the start of the Great Oxygenation Event.[4] This mass oxygenation of the atmosphere resulted in rapid buildup of free oxygen. At current rates of primary production, today's concentration of oxygen could be produced by photosynthetic organisms in 2,000 years.[5] In the absence of plants, the rate of oxygen production by photosynthesis was slower in the Precambrian, and the concentrations of O2 attained were less than 10% of today's and probably fluctuated greatly; oxygen may even have disappeared from the atmosphere again around 1.9 billion years ago.[6] These fluctuations in oxygen concentration had little direct effect on life,[citation needed] with mass extinctions not observed until the appearance of complex life around the start of the Cambrian period, 541 million years ago.[7] The presence of O
2 provided life with new opportunities. Aerobic metabolism is more efficient than anaerobic pathways, and the presence of oxygen undoubtedly created new possibilities for life to explore.[8]:214, 586[9] Since the start of the Cambrian period, atmospheric oxygen concentrations have fluctuated between 15% and 35% of atmospheric volume.[10] The maximum of 35% was reached towards the end of the Carboniferous period (about 300 million years ago), a peak which may have contributed to the large size of insects and amphibians at that time.[9] Whilst human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, affect relative carbon dioxide concentrations, their effect on the much larger concentration of oxygen is less significant.[11]

tag: p

text: Effects on life[edit]

text: The concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is often cited as a possible contributor to large-scale evolutionary phenomena, such as the origin of the multicellular Ediacara biota, the Cambrian explosion, trends in animal body size, and other extinction and diversification events.[9]

text: The large size of insects and amphibians in the Carboniferous period, when the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere reached 35%, has been attributed to the limiting role of diffusion in these organisms' metabolism.[citation needed] But Haldane's essay[12] points out that it would only apply to insects. However, the biological basis for this correlation is not firm, and many lines of evidence show that oxygen concentration is not size-limiting in modern insects.[9] There is no significant correlation between atmospheric oxygen and maximum body size elsewhere in the geological record.[9] Ecological constraints can better explain the diminutive size of post-Carboniferous dragonflies - for instance, the appearance of flying competitors such as pterosaurs, birds and bats.[9]

text: Rising oxygen concentrations have been cited as one of several drivers for evolutionary diversification, although the physiological arguments behind such arguments are questionable, and a consistent pattern between oxygen concentrations and the rate of evolution is not clearly evident.[9] The most celebrated link between oxygen and evolution occurs at the end of the last of the Snowball glaciations, where complex multicellular life is first found in the fossil record. Under low oxygen concentrations and before the evolution of nitrogen fixation, biologically-available nitrogen compounds were in limited supply [13] and periodic "nitrogen crises" could render the ocean inhospitable to life.[9] Significant concentrations of oxygen were just one of the prerequisites for the evolution of complex life.[9] Models based on uniformitarian principles (i.e. extrapolating present-day ocean dynamics into deep time) suggest that such a concentration was only reached immediately before metazoa first appeared in the fossil record.[9] Further, anoxic or otherwise chemically "nasty" oceanic conditions that resemble those supposed to inhibit macroscopic life re-occur at intervals through the early Cambrian, and also in the late Cretaceous – with no apparent effect on lifeforms at these times.[9] This might suggest that the geochemical signatures found in ocean sediments reflect the atmosphere in a different way before the Cambrian - perhaps as a result of the fundamentally different mode of nutrient cycling in the absence of planktivory.[7][9]

text: Oxygen in the atmosphere can cause phosphorus and iron to be freed from rock, and these elements can then be used for building new species which require these elements.[2]


document_title: History of electric power transmission

question_text: where had electricity been put to use in the united states at the beginning of the twentieth century

text: History of electric power transmission

text: Early transmission[edit]

text: This section is about an event or subject but lacks specific dates for context. Please help improve it to include this information. The talk page may contain suggestions. (November 2014)

tag: table

text: Prior to electricity, various systems have been used for transmission of power across large distances. Chief among them were telodynamic (cable in motion), pneumatic (pressurized air), and hydraulic (pressurized fluid) transmission.[1] Cable cars were the most frequent example of telodynamic transmission, whose lines could extend for several miles for a single section. Pneumatic transmission was used for city power transmission systems in Paris, Birmingham, Rixdorf, Offenbach, Dresden and Buenos Aires at the beginning of the twentieth century. Cities in the 19th century also used hydraulic transmission using high pressure water mains to deliver power to factory motors. London's system delivered 7000 hp ( 5 megawatts) over a 180-mile (290 km) network of pipes carrying water at 800 psi. These systems were replaced by cheaper and more versatile electrical systems, but by the end of the 19th century, city planners and financiers were well aware of the benefits, economics, and process of establishing power transmission systems.

text: In the early days of electric power usage, widespread transmission of electric power had two obstacles. Firstly, devices requiring different voltages required specialized generators with their own separate lines. Street lights, electric motors in factories, power for streetcars and lights in homes are examples of the diversity of devices with voltages requiring separate systems. Secondly, generators had to be relatively near their loads (a mile or less for low voltage devices). It was known that long distance transmission was possible the higher the voltage was raised, so both problems could be solved if transforming voltages could be cheaply performed from a single universal power line.

text: Specialized systems[edit]

text: Much of early electricity was direct current, which could not easily be increased or decreased in voltage either for long-distance transmission or for sharing a common line to be used with multiple types of electric devices. Companies simply ran different lines for the different classes of loads their inventions required, for example, Charles Brush's New York arc lamp systems required up to 10 kV for many lamps in a series circuit, Edison's incandescent lights used 110 V, streetcars built by Siemens or Sprague required large motors in the 500 volt range,[2] whereas industrial motors in factories used still other voltages.[3] Due to this specialization of lines, and because transmission was so inefficient, it seemed at the time that the industry would develop into what is now known as a distributed generation system with large numbers of small generators located near their loads.[4]

text: Early high voltage exterior lighting[edit]

text: High voltage was of interest to early researchers working on the problem of transmission over distance. They knew from elementary electricity principle that the same amount of power could be transferred on a cable by doubling the voltage and halving the current. Due to Joule's Law, they also knew that the capacity of a wire is proportional to the square of the current traveling on it, regardless the voltage, and so by doubling the voltage, the same cable would be capable of transmitting the same amount of power four times the distance.

text: At the Paris Exposition of 1878, electric arc lighting had been installed along the Avenue de l'Opera and the Place de l'Opera, using electric Yablochkov arc lamps, powered by Zénobe Gramme alternating current dynamos.[5][6][7] Yablochkov candles required high voltage, and it was not long before experimenters reported that the arc lamps could be powered on a 7-mile (11 km) circuit.[8] Within a decade scores of cities would have lighting systems using a central power plant that provided electricity to multiple customers via electrical transmission lines. These systems were in direct competition with the dominant gaslight utilities of the period.[9]

text: The idea of investing in a central plant and a network to deliver energy produced to customers who pay a recurring fee for service was familiar business model for investors: it was identical to the lucrative gaslight business, or the hydraulic and pneumatic power transmission systems. The only difference was the commodity being delivered was electricity, not gas, and the "pipes" used for delivering were more flexible.

text: The California Electric Company (now PG&E) in San Francisco in 1879 used two direct current generators from Charles Brush's company to supply multiple customers with power for their arc lamps. This San Francisco system was the first case of a utility selling electricity from a central plant to multiple customers via transmission lines.[11] CEC soon opened a second plant with 4 additional generators. Service charges for light from sundown to midnight was $10 per lamp per week.[9][12]

text: In December 1880, Brush Electric Company set up a central station to supply a 2-mile (3.2 km) length of Broadway with arc lighting. By the end of 1881, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Montreal, Buffalo, San Francisco, Cleveland and other cities had Brush arc lamp systems, producing public light well into the 20th century.[13] By 1893 there were 1500 arc lamps illuminating New York streets.[14]

text: Direct current lighting[edit]

text: Extremely bright arc lights were too bright, and with the high voltages and sparking/fire hazard, too dangerous to use indoors.[15] In 1878 inventor Thomas Edison saw a market for a system that could bring electric lighting directly into a customer's business or home, a niche not served by arc lighting systems.[16] After devising a commercially viable incandescent light bulb 1879, Edison went on to develop the first large scale investor-owned electric illumination "utility" in lower Manhattan, eventually serving one square mile with 6 "jumbo dynamos" housed at Pearl Street Station.[7][9][17][18] When service began in September 1882, there were 85 customers with 400 light bulbs. Each dynamo produced 100 kW- enough for 1200 incandescent lights, and transmission was at 110 V via underground conduits. The system cost $300,000 to build with installation of the 100,000 feet (30,000 m) of underground conduits one of the most expensive parts of the project. Operating expenses exceeded income in the first two years and fire destroyed the plant in 1890.[19] Further, Edison had a three wire system so that either 110 V or 220 V could be supplied to power some motors.

text: Availability of large-scale generation[edit]

text: Availability of large amounts of power from diverse locations would become possible after Charles Parsons' production of turbogenerators beginning 1889. Turbogenerator output quickly jumped from 100 kW to 25 megawatts in two decades.[20] Prior to efficient turbogenerators, hydroelectric projects were a significant source of large amounts of power requiring transmission infrastructure.

text: Induction coils advantage of alternating current[edit]

text: When George Westinghouse became interested in electricity, he quickly and correctly concluded that Edison's low voltages were too inefficient to be scaled up for transmission needed for large systems. He further understood that long-distance transmission needed high voltage and that inexpensive conversion technology only existed for alternating current. Transformers would play the decisive role in the victory of alternating current over direct current for transmission and distribution systems.[21] In 1876, Pavel Yablochkov patented his mechanism of using induction coils to serve as a step up transformer prior to the Paris Exposition demonstrating his arc lamps. In 1881, Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs developed a more efficient device which they dubbed the secondary generator, namely an early transformer provided with 1:1 turn ratio and open magnetic circuit.[7][22]

text: The birth of the first transformer

text: The first demonstrative long distance (34 km, i.e. 21 mi) AC line was built for the 1884 International Exhibition of Turin, Italy. It was powered by a 2-kV, 130-Hz Siemens & Halske alternator and featured several Gaulard secondary generators with their primary windings connected in series, which fed incandescent lamps. The system proved the feasibility of AC electric power transmission on long distances.[7] After this success, between 1884 and 1885, Hungarian engineers Zipernowsky, Bláthy, and Déri from the Ganz company in Budapest created the efficient "Z.B.D." closed-core coils, as well as the modern electric distribution system. The three had discovered that all former coreless or open-core devices were incapable of regulating voltage, and were therefore impractical. Their joint patent described two versions of a design with no poles: the "closed-core transformer" and the "shell-core transformer".[23][24] Ottó Bláthy suggested the use of closed-cores, Károly Zipernowsky the use of shunt connections, and Miksa Déri performed the experiments.[7][25]

text: In the closed-core transformer the iron core is a closed ring around which the two coils are wound. In the shell type transformer, the windings are passed through the core. In both designs, the magnetic flux linking the primary and secondary windings travels almost entirely within the iron core, with no intentional path through air. The core consists of iron strands or sheets. These revolutionary design elements would finally make it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for lighting in homes, businesses and public spaces.[26] Zipernowsky, Bláthy and Déri also discovered the transformer formula, Vs/Vp = Ns/Np.[citation needed] Electrical and electronic systems the world over rely on the principles of the original Ganz transformers. The inventors are also credited with the first use of the word "transformer" to describe a device for altering the EMF of an electric current.[26][27]

text: A very first operative AC line was put into service in 1885 in via dei Cerchi, Rome, Italy, for public lighting. It was powered by two Siemens & Halske alternators rated 30 hp (22 kW), 2 kV at 120 Hz and used 200 series-connected Gaulard 2-kV/20-V step-down transformers provided with a closed magnetic circuit, one for each lamp. Few months later it was followed by the first British AC system, which was put into service at the Grosvenor Gallery, London. It also featured Siemens alternators and 2.4-kV/100-V step-down transformers, one per user, with shunt-connected primaries.[28]

text: The concept that is the basis of modern transmission using inexpensive step up and step down transformers was first implemented by Westinghouse, William Stanley, Jr. and Franklin Leonard Pope in 1886 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, resorting also to European technology.[29][30] In 1888 Westinghouse also licensed Nikola Tesla's induction motor patent giving AC a much needed usable motor. This system was developed into the modern 3-phase system by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky and Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft and Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown in Europe, starting in 1889.[3][28] The simplicity of polyphase generators and motors meant that besides their efficiency they could be manufactured cheaply, compactly and would require little attention to maintain. Simple economics would drive the expensive, balky and mechanically complex DC dynamos to their ultimate extinction. As it turned out, the deciding factor in the War of Currents was the availability of low cost step up and step down transformers that meant that all customers regardless of their specialized voltage requirements could be served at minimal cost of conversion. This "universal system" is today regarded as one of the most influential innovations for the use of electricity.[3]

text: High voltage direct current transmission[edit]

text: The case for alternating current was not clear at the turn of the century and high voltage direct current transmission systems were successfully installed without the benefit of transformers. Rene Thury, who had spent six months at Edison's Menlo Park facility, understood his problem with transmission and was convinced that moving electricity over great distances was possible using direct current. He was familiar with the work of Marcel Deprez, who did early work on high voltage transmission after being inspired by the capability of arc lamp generators to support lights over great distances.[31][32] Deprez avoided transformers by placing generators and loads in series[31] as arc lamp systems of Charles F. Brush did. Thury developed this idea into the first commercial system for high-voltage DC transmission. Like Brush's dynamos, current is kept constant, and when increasing load demands more pressure, voltage is increased. The Thury System was successfully used on several DC transmission projects from Hydro generators. The first in 1885 was a low voltage system in Bözingen,[33] and the first high voltage system went into service in 1889 in Genoa, Italy by the Acquedotto de Ferrari-Galliera company. This system transmitted 630 kW at 14 kV DC over a circuit 120 km long.[34][35] The largest Thury System was the Lyon Moutiers project that was 230 km in length, eventually delivering 20 megawatts, at 125 kV.[31][32][36]

text: Victory for AC[edit]

text: Ultimately, the versatility of the Thury system was hampered by the fragility of series distribution, and the lack of a reliable DC conversion technology that would not show up until the 1940s with improvements in mercury arc valves. The AC "universal system" won by force of numbers, proliferating systems with transformers both to couple generators to high-voltage transmission lines, and to connect transmission to local distribution circuits. By a suitable choice of utility frequency, both lighting and motor loads could be served. Rotary converters and later mercury-arc valves and other rectifier equipment allowed DC load to be served by local conversion where needed. Even generating stations and loads using different frequencies could also be interconnected using rotary converters. By using common generating plants for every type of load, important economies of scale were achieved, lower overall capital investment was required, load factor on each plant was increased allowing for higher efficiency, allowing for a lower cost of energy to the consumer and increased overall use of electric power.

text: By allowing multiple generating plants to be interconnected over a wide area, electricity production cost was reduced. The most efficient available plants could be used to supply the varying loads during the day. Reliability was improved and capital investment cost was reduced, since stand-by generating capacity could be shared over many more customers and a wider geographic area. Remote and low-cost sources of energy, such as hydroelectric power or mine-mouth coal, could be exploited to lower energy production cost.[37]

text: The first transmission of three-phase alternating current using high voltage took place in 1891 during the international electricity exhibition in Frankfurt. A 15 kV transmission line connected Lauffen on the Neckar and Frankfurt am Main, on a 175 km long distance.[28][38]

text: Initially transmission lines were supported by porcelain pin-and-sleeve insulators similar to those used for telegraphs and telephone lines. However, these had a practical limit of 40 kV. In 1907, the invention of the disc insulator by Harold W. Buck of the Niagara Falls Power Corporation and Edward M. Hewlett of General Electric allowed practical insulators of any length to be constructed for higher voltages.

text: The first large scale hydroelectric generators in the USA were installed in 1895 at Niagara Falls and provided electricity to Buffalo, New York via power transmission lines. A statue of Nikola Tesla stands at Niagara Falls today in tribute to his contributions.

text: Modern period[edit]

text: Voltages used for electric power transmission increased throughout the 20th century.[39] The first "high voltage" AC power station, rated 4-MW 10-kV 85-Hz, was put into service in 1889 by Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti at Deptford, London.[28] The first electric power transmission line in North America operated at 4000 V. It went online on June 3, 1889, with the lines between the generating station at Willamette Falls in Oregon City, Oregon, and Chapman Square in downtown Portland, Oregon stretching about 13 miles.[40] By 1914 fifty-five transmission systems operating at more than 70,000 V were in service, and the highest voltage then used was 150 kV.[41] The first three-phase alternating current power transmission at 110 kV took place in 1907 between Croton and Grand Rapids, Michigan. Voltages of 100 kV and more were not established technology until around 5 years later, with for example the first 110 kV line in Europe between Lauchhammer and Riesa, Germany in 1912.

text: In the early 1920s the Pit River – Cottonwood – Vaca-Dixon line was built for 220 kV transporting power from hydroelectric plants in the Sierra Nevada to the San Francisco Bay Area, at the same time the Big Creek – Los Angeles lines were upgraded to the same voltage. Both of those systems entered commercial service in 1923. On April 17, 1929 the first 220 kV line in Germany was completed, running from Brauweiler near Cologne, over Kelsterbach near Frankfurt, Rheinau near Mannheim, Ludwigsburg–Hoheneck near Austria. This line comprises the North-South interconnect, at the time one of the world's largest power systems. The masts of this line were designed for eventual upgrade to 380 kV. However the first transmission at 380 kV in Germany was on October 5, 1957 between the substations in Rommerskirchen and Ludwigsburg–Hoheneck.

text: The world's first 380 kV power line was built in Sweden, the 952 km Harsprånget – Hallsberg line in 1952. In 1965, the first extra-high-voltage transmission at 735 kV took place on a Hydro-Québec transmission line.[42] In 1982 the first transmission at 1200 kV was in the Soviet Union.

text: The rapid industrialization in the 20th century made electrical transmission lines and grids a critical part of the economic infrastructure in most industrialized nations. Interconnection of local generation plants and small distribution networks was greatly spurred by the requirements of World War I, where large electrical generating plants were built by governments to provide power to munitions factories; later these plants were connected to supply civil load through long-distance transmission.[43]

text: Small municipal electrical utilities did not necessarily desire to reduce the cost of each unit of electricity sold; to some extent, especially during the period 1880–1890, electrical lighting was considered a luxury product and electric power was not substituted for steam power. Engineers such as Samuel Insull in the United States and Sebastian Z. De Ferranti in the United Kingdom were instrumental in overcoming technical, economic, regulatory and political difficulties in development of long-distance electric power transmission. By introduction of electric power transmission networks, in the city of London the cost of a kilowatt-hour was reduced to one-third in a ten-year period.[44]

text: In 1926 electrical networks in the United Kingdom began to be interconnected in the National Grid, initially operating at 132 kV.


document_title: Visa requirements for Trinidad and Tobago citizens

question_text: do i need a visa to visit france from trinidad and tobago

text: Visa requirement map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text: Visa requirements for holders of normal passports traveling for tourist purposes:

text:
Country
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Afghanistan
Visa required[4]

 Albania
Visa required[5]

 Algeria
Visa required[6]

 Andorra
Visa not required[7]

 Angola
Visa required[8]

 Antigua and Barbuda
Visa not required[9]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Argentina
Visa not required[10]
90 days

 Armenia
Visa on arrival[11]
120 days. Obtainable on arrival at Zvartnots International Airport or prior to travel online.[12]

 Australia and territories
Visa required[13]
May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[14]

 Austria
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Azerbaijan
eVisa[17]
30 days[18]

 Bahamas
Visa not required[19]
3 months

 Bahrain
eVisa[20]

 Bangladesh
Visa on arrival[21]
30 days. Not available at all entry points.[22]

 Barbados
Visa not required[23]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Belarus
Visa required[24]
Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport
if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival.[25]

 Belgium
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Belize
Visa not required[26]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Benin
eVisa[27][28]

 Bhutan
Visa required[29]

 Bolivia
Visa on arrival[30]
90 days

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Visa not required[31]
90 days

 Botswana
Visa not required[32]
90 days within any year period

 Brazil
Visa not required[33]
90 days

 Brunei
Visa required[34]

 Bulgaria
Visa not required[35]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Burkina Faso
Visa required[36]

 Burundi
Visa required[37]

 Cambodia
Visa on arrival[38]
30 days. Visa is also obtainable online.[39]

 Cameroon
Visa required[40]

 Canada
Visa required[41]

 Cape Verde
Visa on arrival[42]
Not available at all entry points.[43]

 Central African Republic
Visa required[44]

 Chad
Visa required[45]

 Chile
Visa not required[46]
90 days

 China
Visa required[47]

 Colombia
Visa not required[48]
90 days - extendable up to 180-days stay within a one year period

 Comoros
Visa on arrival[49]

 Republic of the Congo
Visa required[50]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Visa required[51]

 Costa Rica
Visa not required[52]
90 days

Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire
eVisa[53]

 Croatia
Visa not required[54]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Cuba
Visa required !Tourist Card required[55]

 Cyprus
Visa not required[56]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Czech Republic
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Denmark
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Djibouti
Visa on arrival[57]
Not available at all entry points.[58]

 Dominica
Visa not required[59]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Dominican Republic
Visa not required[60]
90 days

 Ecuador
Visa not required[61]
90 days[62]

 Egypt
Visa on arrival[63]

 El Salvador
Visa not required[64]
90 days

 Equatorial Guinea
Visa required[65]

 Eritrea
Visa required[66]

 Estonia
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Ethiopia
Visa required[67]

 Fiji
Visa not required[68]
4 months

 Finland
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 France
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Gabon
eVisa[69]
Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.

 Gambia
Visa not required[70]

 Georgia
eVisa[71]

 Germany
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Ghana
Visa not required[72]
60 days

 Greece
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Grenada
Visa not required[73]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Guatemala
Visa not required[74]
90 days

 Guinea
Visa required[75]

 Guinea-Bissau
Visa on arrival[76]
90 days

 Guyana
Visa not required[77]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Haiti
Visa not required[78]
3 months

 Honduras
Visa not required[79]
90 days

 Hungary
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Iceland
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 India
e-Visa[80]
60 days; e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports.[81]

 Indonesia
Visa not required[82]
30 days

 Iran
Visa on arrival[83]
15 days

 Iraq
Visa required[84]

 Ireland
Visa not required[85]

 Israel
Visa not required[86]
3 months

 Italy
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Jamaica
Visa not required[87]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Japan
Visa required[88]

 Jordan
Visa on arrival[89]
Conditions apply.[90] Not available at all entry points.[91]

 Kazakhstan
Visa required[92]

 Kenya
Visa not required[93]

 Kiribati
Visa not required[94]
30 days

 North Korea
Visa required[95]

 South Korea
Visa not required[96]
90 days

 Kuwait
Visa required[97]

 Kyrgyzstan
eVisa[98]

 Laos
Visa on arrival[99]
30 days.[62] Not available at all entry points.[100]

 Latvia
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Lebanon
Visa required[101]
In addition to a visa, an approval should be obtained from the Immigration department of the General Directorate for General Secutiy (La Surete Generale).

 Lesotho
Visa not required[102]
90 days

 Liberia
Visa required[103]

 Libya
Visa required[104]

 Liechtenstein
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Lithuania
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Luxembourg
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Macedonia
Visa required[105]

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival[106]
90 days

 Malawi
Visa not required[107]
90 days

 Malaysia
Visa not required[108]
1 month

 Maldives
Visa on arrival[109]
30 days[62]

 Mali
Visa required[110]

 Malta
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Marshall Islands
Visa required[111]

 Mauritania
Visa on arrival[112]
Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.

 Mauritius
Visa not required[113]
90 days

 Mexico
Visa not required[114]
180 days

 Micronesia
Visa not required[115]
30 days

 Moldova
Visa required[116]

 Monaco
Visa not required[117]

 Mongolia
Visa required[118]

 Montenegro
Visa not required[119]
90 days

 Morocco
Visa required[120]

 Mozambique
Visa on arrival[121]
30 days, conditions apply[122]

 Myanmar
Visa required[123]

 Namibia
Visa required[124]

 Nauru
Visa required[125]

   Nepal
Visa on arrival[126]
90 days

 Netherlands
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 New Zealand
Visa required[127]

 Nicaragua
Visa not required[128]
90 days

 Niger
Visa required[129]

 Nigeria
Visa required[130]

 Norway
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Oman
Visa required[131]

 Pakistan
Visa not required[132]

 Palau
Visa on arrival[133]
30 days

 Panama
Visa not required[134]
180 days

 Papua New Guinea
Visa required[135]

 Paraguay
Visa required[136]

 Peru
Visa not required[137]
90 days

 Philippines
Visa not required[138]
30 days

 Poland
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Portugal
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Qatar
eVisa[139]

 Romania
Visa not required[140]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Russia
Visa required[141]

 Rwanda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[142]
30 days

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required[143]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Saint Lucia
Visa not required[144]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required[145]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Samoa
Visa on arrival !Entry Permit on arrival[146]
60 days

 San Marino
Visa not required[147]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
eVisa[148]
Visa is obtained online.[149]

 Saudi Arabia
Visa required[150]

 Senegal
Visa required[151]

 Serbia
Visa required[152]

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival !Visitor's Permit on arrival[153]
3 months[62]

 Sierra Leone
Visa required[154]

 Singapore
Visa not required[155]
30 days

 Slovakia
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Slovenia
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Solomon Islands
Visa on arrival !Visitor's permit on arrival[156]
3 months

 Somalia
Visa required[157]
Visa on arrival is available to holders of an invitation letter submitted to the airport immigration at least 2 days before arrival.

 South Africa
Visa not required[158]
90 days

 South Sudan
Visa required[159]

 Spain
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Sri Lanka
Electronic Travel Authorization[160]
30 days

 Sudan
Visa required[161]

 Suriname
Visa not required[162]
Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals; 6 months otherwise

 Swaziland
Visa not required[163]

 Sweden
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

  Switzerland
Visa not required[15][16]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Syria
Visa required[164]

 Tajikistan
Visa required[165]

 Tanzania
Visa not required[166][167]
90 days

 Thailand
Visa required[168]

 Timor-Leste
Visa on arrival[169]
30 days. Not available at all entry points.[170]

 Togo
Visa on arrival[171]
7 days

 Tonga
Visa required[172]

 Tunisia
Visa required[173]

 Turkey
Visa not required[174]
3 months

 Turkmenistan
Visa required[175]

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival[176]
1 month

 Uganda
Visa on arrival[177]
Determined at the port of entry. May apply online.[178]

 Ukraine
Visa on arrival[179]
15 days for business or tourism purposes, available at Kyiv Boryspil Airport, Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany) and Odessa International Airport.[180]

 United Arab Emirates
Visa required[181]

 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies
Visa not required[182]
6 months

 United States
Visa required[183]

 Uruguay
Visa not required[184]
3 months

 Uzbekistan
Visa required[185]

 Vanuatu
Visa not required[186]
30 days

  Vatican City
Visa not required[187]

 Venezuela
Visa not required[188]
90 days

 Vietnam
Visa required[189]
Pre-arranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Phú Quốc[190] or Da Nang airports.
Phú Quốc without a visa for up to 30 days.[191]

 Yemen
Visa required[192]

 Zambia
Visa not required[193]
up to 90 days

 Zimbabwe
Visa not required[194]

text: Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories[edit]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Abkhazia
Visa required[195]

 Kosovo
Visa not required[196]
90 days

 Northern Cyprus
Visa not required[197]

 Nagorno-Karabakh
Visa required[198]
Travellers with Nagorno-Karabakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[199]

 Palestine
Visa not required[200]
Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[201]

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.

 Somaliland
Visa on arrival
30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[202][203]

 South Ossetia
Visa not required[204]
Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[205][206]

 Taiwan
Visa required[207][208]

 Transnistria
Visa not required[209]
Registration required after 24h.[210][211]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

China

 Hong Kong
Visa not required[212]
90 days

 Macau
Visa on arrival[213]

Denmark

 Faroe Islands
Visa not required[214]

 Greenland
Visa not required[215]

France

 French Guiana
Visa not required[216]

 French Polynesia
Visa not required[217]

 French West Indies
Visa not required
Visa free for overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique
Visa required for overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin

 Mayotte
Visa not required[218]

 New Caledonia
Visa not required[219]

 Réunion
Visa not required[220]

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Visa not required[221]

 Wallis and Futuna
Visa not required[222]

Netherlands

 Aruba
Visa not required[223]

 Caribbean Netherlands
Visa not required[224]
Includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.

 Curaçao
Visa not required[225]

 Sint Maarten
Visa not required[226]

New Zealand

 Cook Islands
Visa not required[227]
31 days

 Niue
Visa not required[228]
30 days

 Tokelau
Visa required[229]

United Kingdom

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Visa not required[230]
Stays longer than 28 days per 12-month period require a permit.[231]

 Anguilla
Visa not required[232]
Holders of a valid visa issued by the United Kingdom do not require a visa.[233]

 Bermuda
Visa nor required[234]

 British Indian Ocean Territory
Special permit required
Special permit required.[235]

 British Virgin Islands
Visa not required[236]

 Cayman Islands
Visa not required[237]

 Falkland Islands
Visa required[238]

 Gibraltar
Visa not required[239]

 Montserrat
Visa not required[240]

 Pitcairn Islands
Visa not required
14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[241][242][243]

 Ascension Island
Entry Permit required
Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling, single/double entry).[244]

 Saint Helena
Visitor's Pass required
Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[245]

 Tristan da Cunha
Permission required
Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[246]

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Permit required
Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[247][248]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
Visa not required[249]
Holders of a valid visa issued by Canada, United Kingdom or the USA do not required a visa for a maximum stay of 90 days.

United States

 American Samoa
Visa required[250]

 Guam
Visa required[251]

 Northern Mariana Islands
Visa required[252]

 Puerto Rico
Visa required[253]

 U.S. Virgin Islands
Visa required[254]

Antarctica and adjacent islands

Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,  Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Belarus
Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park
Visa not required
3 days;[267] must first obtain an electronic pass[268]

 China
Hainan
Visa on arrival[269]
15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.
Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[270]

 China
Tibet Autonomous Region
TTP required
Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[271][272][273]

 Crimea
Visa required
Visa issued by Russia is required.[274]

 Ecuador
 Galápagos
Pre-registration required
Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[275]

 Eritrea outside Asmara
Travel permit required
To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[276]

 Greece
 Mount Athos
Special permit required
Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[277][278]

 India PAP/RAP
PAP/RAP required
Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh.
Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[279][280][281][282][283][284]

 Iran
Kish Island
Visa not required
Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[285]

 Iraqi Kurdistan
Visa on arrival
Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.[286]

 Fiji
Lau Province
Special permission required
Special permission required.[287]

 France
Clipperton Island
Special permit required
Special permit required.[288]

 Kazakhstan
Special permission required
Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[289]

 North Korea outside Pyongyang
Special permit required
People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)

 Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak
Visa not required
These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[290]

 Maldives outside Malé
Permission required
With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[291]

 Norway
Jan Mayen
Permit required
Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[292] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[293]

 Novorossiya
Restricted area
Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[294][295]

 Russia
Special authorization required
Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[296]

 Sudan outside Khartoum
Travel permit required
All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.

 Sudan
Darfur
Travel permit required
Separate travel permit is required.[297]

 Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
OIVR permit required
OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[298][299][300]

 UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Access Permit required[301]
Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.

 Korean Demilitarized Zone
Restricted zone.

 UNDOF Zone and Ghajar
Restricted zone.

 United States Minor Outlying Islands
Special permits required
Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[302][303][304][305][306][307][308]

 Venezuela
Margarita Island
Visa not required
All visitors are fingerprinted.[309]

 Vietnam
Phú Quốc
Visa not required
30 days[310]

 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden
Special permission required
Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[311]