document_title: Bend It Like Beckham

question_text: who plays joe in bend it like beckham

question_tokens: who plays joe in bend it like beckham

text: Bend It Like Beckham

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jesminder "Jess" Bhamra (Parminder Nagra) is the 18-year-old daughter of Punjabi Sikhs living in Hounslow, London. Juliette "Jules" Paxton (Keira Knightley) is the same age and the daughter of a native English family. Jess is infatuated with football, but because she is a woman, her conservative family won't let her play. However, she sometimes plays in the park with boys, including her best friend, Tony (Ameet Chana), a closeted gay man.

text: Whilst on a jog through the park, Jules discovers Jess's skills, befriends her, and invites her to try out for the local women's football team, the Hounslow Harriers coached by Joe (Jonathan Rhys Meyers). Jess is extremely happy and excited about the tryouts, even though Joe is sceptical about a new player joining the team. After seeing Jess's skills, Joe accepts her on the team and Jess lies to Joe about her parents being cool with the idea.

text: Jess's parents (Anupam Kher and Shaheen Khan) eventually discover that Jess has been playing football behind their backs. They become more strict and forbid Jess to play in any more matches. The elder Bhamras are also distracted by their elaborate wedding plans for Jess's older sister, Pinky (Archie Panjabi). Thanks to the skills of Jess and Jules, the Harriers reach the finals of the league tournament. Unfortunately, the finals and Pinky's wedding fall on the same day.

text: Joe pleads with Mr Bhamra to allow Jess to play, but Mr Bhamra refuses, which reveals that he does not want Jess to suffer the way he did when he was excluded from a cricket club because of being Indian. Jess develops an attraction toward Joe, and when the team plays in Hamburg, Germany and goes out clubbing, they're caught by Jules when about to kiss. Jules also has a crush on Joe, and this sours the two girls' friendship, as Jules is adamant that she had told Jess about her crush. When Jess goes to Jules's house to try to patch up their friendship, Jules's mother (Juliet Stevenson) is misled and thinks they're hiding a lesbian relationship.

text: Joe accepts that Jess is not allowed to play and the final begins without her. But halfway through Pinky's wedding, Tony convinces Mr Bhamra to let Jess go. He agrees, and Tony drives Jess to the game, where the Harriers are losing 1–0 with half an hour left. Jess and Jules tie the score, and when Jess is awarded a free kick, she must bend the ball around the wall of players to score. She succeeds and the Harriers win the tournament. Jess and Jules are offered sports scholarships at Santa Clara University in California, which Jules tells her parents immediately, whereas Jess has trouble telling hers. Jules and her mother arrive at Pinky's wedding so that Jules can celebrate with Jess. When Mrs Paxton accuses Jess of being a hypocrite and a lesbian, Jules grabs her mother and runs off in shame.

text: Jess has still not told her parents about the scholarship – she is afraid they might not allow her to go to the United States on her own. Tony, out of friendship for Jess, decides to lie to the family and tell them he is engaged to Jess as long as she gets to go to any college she wants. Jess reveals the lie and her mother blames Jess's father for allowing her to play. Jess's father convinces her mother to accept Jess's wishes after telling her he doesn't want Jess to suffer as he did. Jess flees to the football field to tell Joe of her parents' decision. The two almost kiss, but Jess pulls away, saying her parents would object, and that although they had come far enough to let her go to America to play, she doesn't think they would be able to handle another cultural rebellion from her.

text: On the day of Jess and Jules's flight to America, Jules's mother gives her daughter a football jersey and wishes her good luck, this being her way of telling her daughter that she has accepted Jules's decision. The two are about to board the plane when Joe arrives and confesses his love for Jess. The two kiss and Jess agrees to sort out their relationship (and her parents) when she returns for Christmas. While at the airport, they see David Beckham with his wife Victoria, which Jules takes as a sign. Jess and Jules send their parents a team photograph, and it is revealed that Pinky is pregnant. Finally, Mr Bhamra is seen practising cricket with Joe's help.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Parminder Nagra as Jesminder Kaur "Jess" Bhamra
Keira Knightley as Juliette "Jules" Paxton
Archie Panjabi as "Pinky" Kaur Bhamra
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Joe
Shaznay Lewis as Marlena "Mel" Goines
Anupam Kher as Mohaan Singh Bhamra
Shaheen Khan as Mrs. "Sukhi" Kaur Bhamra
Frank Harper as Alan Paxton
Juliet Stevenson as Paula Paxton
Ameet Chana as Tony
Kulvinder Ghir as Teetu
Pooja Shah as Meena
Preeya Kalidas as Monica
Trey Farley as Taz
Saraj Chaudhry as Sonny
Paven Virk as Bubbly
Nithin Sathya (uncredited) as Waiter
Emma Daly as team player
Nina Wadia as Wedding Caterer
Ace Bhatti as Nairobi Grandson
David Beckham as himself
Gary Lineker as himself
Alan Hansen as himself
John Barnes as himself

text: Production[edit]

text: Gurinder Chadha co-wrote the script with Guljit Bindra and screenwriting partner Paul Mayeda Berges. Nayar and Chadha actively pursued financing for the film at Sundance Film Festival. Having previously worked with Road Movies, a German production company on several other projects, Nayar approached them and they came on board, followed by British Screen and The Film Council.

text: Helkon SK, formerly known as Redbus, picked up the script. Fox Searchlight Pictures picked up the rights for distribution in the United States at the Cannes Film Festival in 2002.[4]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on 18 June 2001. A variety of locations around London and Shepperton Studios were used for the nine-week shoot, with the semi-final taking place over a three-day period in Hamburg, Germany.[4]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Chadha, who played an active role in casting, chose Parminder Nagra and Keira Knightley, who would play the two lead roles in the film, while Archie Panjabi and Jonathan Rhys Meyers were in early talks to join the cast. Shaznay Lewis and Anupam Kher were also in final talks. Juliet Stevenson and Frank Harper joined as Paula Paxton and Alan Paxton, mother and father of Jules.

text: For the role of Jess's mother, Mrs Bhamra, Chadha turned to Shaheen Khan, whom she had previously cast in Bhaji on the Beach. Anupam Kher, a Bollywood actor, was cast as Mr Bhamra, Jess's father. Chadha worked with The Football Association and ended up casting actual players from a variety of school teams.[4]

text: Release[edit]

text: Theatrical[edit]

text: Bend It Like Beckham was released theatrically on 12 April 2002 by Redbus Film Distribution. The film then received a limited theatrical release in the United States on 12 March 2003, by Fox Searchlight Pictures. When originally released in the United Kingdom, it topped the country's box office for the next three weekends, before being overtaken by About a Boy.[5][6]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and VHS on 18 November 2002 by Warner Home Video. Among the DVD bonus features, there are several scenes that did not make the final release. Some include dialogue from Pinky's friends and from Jules, as well as her mother meeting Kevin and his friends outside a shop, which would have been helpful, as Kevin is mentioned three times but is never seen.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film surprised critics and met with mostly positive reviews. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times noted that the film "was really full of easy humor, an impeccable sense of milieu that is the result of knowing the culture intimately enough to poke fun at it while understanding its underlying integrity."[7]

text: The Times of India noted the film's social context, saying, "[it] is really about the bending of rules, social paradigms and lives – all to finally curl that ball, bending it like Beckham, through the goalpost of ambition.... The creeping divide shows that Britain is changing, but hasn't quite changed yet. The stiff upper lip has travelled miles from the time Chadha's father was denied a pint at some pubs at Southall, but like dollops of coagulated spice in badly stirred curry, discrimination crops up to spoil the taste, every now and then, in multi-racial Britain."[8]

text: Planet Bollywood gave the film a mark of 9 out of 10: the "screenplay not only explores the development of Jesse as a person, but also the changing values and culture of NRI teens: Jesse's urge to break the social norm of the Indian home-maker, her sister's (Archie Punjabi) sexually active relationship, and the gay Indian [Tony, played by Ameet Chana]."[9]

text: The Hindu argued, "If ever there is a film that is positive, realistic and yet delightful, then it has to be Dream Production's latest venture directed by Gurinder Chadha.... Light-hearted, without taking away the considerable substance in terms of values, attitudes and the love for sport, the film just goes to prove that there are ways to be convincing and honest."[10]

text: The BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars, and argued that "Mr Beckham ought to be proud to have his name on such a great film."[11] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives Bend It like Beckham a rating of 85 per cent based upon 147 reviews (125 fresh and 22 rotten).[12] The British film was distributed by iDream Productions in India,[13] and went on to set the record in India for most number of tickets sold during a single weekend for a foreign movie.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Bend It Like Beckham also became the highest grossing Indian-themed film ever in the United States, with $32 million in box office revenue.[14]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
2004 Pyongyang Film Festival: Music Prize
2002 British Comedy Awards: Best comedy film
2003 ESPY Awards: Best Sports Movie ESPY Award[15]
2004 GLAAD Media Awards: Outstanding Film – Wide Release

text: Nominations[edit]

text:
2006 Billie Award – Entertainment (Best film)
2004 Writers Guild of America Award – Best Screenplay
2003 British Academy of Film and Television Arts – Best film
2003 Golden Globe for Best Film – Musical or Comedy
2002 Locarno International Film Festival: Audience Award – Gurinder Chadha
2002 London Film Critics Circle Awards: British Best Newcomer – Keira Knightley
2002 International Film Festival of Marrakech: Special Jury Award – Gurinder Chadha
2003 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures: Special Recognition
2002 Sydney Film Festival: PRIX UIP – Gurinder Chadha
2003 The Comedy Festival: Film Discovery Jury Award – Gurinder Ch

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Music from the Motion Picture Bend It Like Beckham

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
2002

Recorded
2000–2002

Genre
Bhangra
Pop

Label
Milan Entertainment (US)
Cube Records (UK)

Producer
Various artists

text: The release of the soundtrack in the United Kingdom features bhangra music, and songs by the Spice Girls' Victoria Beckham and Melanie C and rock band Texas. It also features "Baddest Ruffest" by Backyard Dog, the aria Nessun Dorma, from Puccini's Turandot and excerpts from dance band Basement Jaxx. The USA release rearranges the tracks and excludes some material. "Dream the Dream" appears in the movie but did not make the final cut on the soundtrack.

text: Release (United Kingdom)[edit]

text:
Craig Pruess & Bally Sagoo Feat. Gunjan – "Titles"
Blondie – "Atomic"
Backyard Dog – "Baddest Ruffest"
B21 – "Darshan"
(Movie Dialogue) – "It's Beckham's Corner"
Victoria Beckham – "I Wish"
(Movie Dialogue) – "Learn To Cook Dahl"
Malkit Singh – "Jind Mahi"
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan – "Tere Bin Nahin Lagda"
Bally Sagoo Feat Gunjan – "Noorie"
(Movie Dialogue) – "Juicy Juicy Mangoes"
Basement Jaxx – "Do Your Thing"
(Movie Dialogue) – "Eyes Down"
Texas – "Inner Smile"
Melanie C – "Independence Day"
(Movie Dialogue) – "Can't Make Round Chapattis"
Hans Raj Hans – "Punjabiyan Di Shaan"
Gunjan – "Kinna Sohna"
Tito Beltrán – "Nessun Dorma"
(Movie Dialogue) – "The Offside Rule Is"
Bina Mistry – "Hot Hot Hot"
Craig Pruess & Bally Sagoo Feat. Gunjan – "Hai Raba!"
Curtis Mayfield – "Move on Up"

text: Release (United States)[edit]

text:
Craig Pruess & Bally Sagoo Feat. Gunjan – "Titles"

(Movie Dialogue) – "It's Beckham's Corner"

Texas – "Inner Smile"
Malkit Singh – "Jind Mahi"
Bally Sagoo Feat Gunjan – "Noorie"

(Movie Dialogue) – "Learn To Cook Dahl"

Victoria Beckham – "I Wish"

(Movie Dialogue) – "Juicy Juicy Mangoes"

Gunjan – "Kinna Sohna"
Partners in Rhyme (featuring Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan) – "Tere Bin Nahin Lagda"

(Movie Dialogue) – "Can't Make Round Chapattis"

Melanie C – "Independence Day"
B21 – "Darshan"

(Movie Dialogue) – "Eyes Down"

Bina Mistry – "Hot Hot Hot"
Blondie – "Atomic"
Craig Pruess & Bally Sagoo Feat. Gunjan – "Hai Raba!"
Tito Beltrán – "Nessun Dorma"

text: North Korean broadcast[edit]

text: To mark the tenth anniversary of North Korea's relations with the United Kingdom, an edited version of Bend It Like Beckham was broadcast on North Korean state television on 26 December 2010, Boxing Day. The British Ambassador to South Korea, Martin Uden, said it was the "first ever Western-made film to air on television" in North Korea.[16]

text: Stage musical[edit]

text: A stage musical version of the film opened at London's Phoenix Theatre in June 2015.[3]


document_title: List of accolades received by The Help (film)

question_text: who won the oscar for the movie the help

root

text:
List of awards won by The Help

Viola Davis (left) and Octavia Spencer (right) received acclaim for their performances.

[show]Awards and Nominations

Award
Won
Nominated

Academy Awards

1
4

African American Film Critics Association Awards

2
3

American Film Institute

1
1

Art Directors Guild

0
1

BET Awards

2
2

Black Film Critics Circle

5
5

BAFTA Awards

1
5

BMI Film & TV Awards

1
1

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards

3
7

Chicago Film Critics Awards

0
2

Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association

0
1

Detroit Film Critics Society

1
4

Golden Globe Awards

1
4

Hollywood Film Festival

2
2

Houston Film Critics Society

0
5

London Film Critics Circle

2
2

Los Angeles Film Critics Association

1
1

MTV Movie Awards

0
4

National Board of Review of Motion Pictures

1
1

New York Film Critics Circle Awards

1
1

New York Film Critics Online

1
1

Palm Springs International Film Festival

1
1

People's Choice Awards

1
4

Producers Guild of America Awards

0
1

San Diego Film Critics Society

0
3

Satellite Awards

2
6

Screen Actors Guild Awards

3
4

Southeastern Film Critics Association

3
3

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association

0
3

Teen Choice Awards

1
3

Vancouver Film Critics Circle

1
1

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards

1
4

Women Film Critics Circle

4
5

Writers Guild of America Award

0
1

Total number of wins and nominations

Totals
36
90

References

tag: table

text: The Help is a 2011 American drama directed by Tate Taylor. Featuring an ensemble cast, the film is about a young white woman, Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan (Emma Stone), and her relationship with two black maids, Aibileen Clark (Viola Davis) and Minny Jackson (Octavia Spencer) during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. The film is an adaptation of Kathryn Stockett's 2009 novel of the same name. The Help was produced by DreamWorks Studios and distributed by Disney's Touchstone Pictures label.

tag: p

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The film was nominated for over 102 awards and won 41 of those awards.

text:
Award
Date
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

84th Academy Awards[1]
February 26, 2012
Best Picture
Brunson Green, Chris Columbus, Michael Barnathan
Nominated

Best Actress
Viola Davis
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Octavia Spencer
Won

Jessica Chastain
Nominated

African American Film Critics Association Awards[2]
December 12, 2011
Best Picture

Nominated

Best Actress
Viola Davis
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Octavia Spencer
Won

American Film Institute[3]

Movies of the Year (1 of 10 listed)

Won

Art Directors Guild[4]
February 4, 2012
Period Film
Mark Ricker (Production Designer)
Nominated

BET Awards
July 1, 2012
Best Movie

Won

Best Actress
Viola Davis
Won

Black Film Critics Circle[5]
December 20, 2011
Best Picture

Won

Best Actress
Viola Davis
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Octavia Spencer
Won

Best Adapted Screenplay
Tate Taylor
Won

Best Ensemble

Won

65th British Academy Film Awards
February 12, 2012
Best Film
Brunson Green, Chris Columbus, Michael Barnathan
Nominated

Best Actress
Viola Davis
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Jessica Chastain
Nominated

Octavia Spencer
Won

Best Adapted Screenplay
Tate Taylor
Nominated

BMI Film & TV Awards[6]
May 17, 2012
Film Music Award
Thomas Newman
Won

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards[7]
January 12, 2012
Best Picture

Nominated

Best Actress
Viola Davis
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Jessica Chastain
Nominated

Octavia Spencer
Won

Best Acting Ensemble

Won

Best Adapted Screenplay
Tate Taylor
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Sharen Davis
Nominated

Best Song
"The Living Proof"
Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association[8]
December 19, 2011
Best Supporting Actress
Octavia Spencer
Nominated

Most Promising Filmmaker
Tate Taylor
Nominated

Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association[9]
December 16, 2011
Best Supporting Actress
Octavia Spencer
Nominated

Detroit Film Critics Society Awards[10]
December 11, 2011
Best Actress
Viola Davis
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Octavia Spencer
Nominated

Best Ensemble

Nominated

Breakthrough Performance
Jessica Chastain (also for Take Shelter and The Tree of Life)
Won

Golden Globe Awards[11]
January 15, 2012
Best Motion Picture –  Drama

Nominated

Best Actress –  Motion Picture Drama
Viola Davis
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress –  Motion Picture
Jessica Chastain
Nominated

Octavia Spencer
Won

Best Original Song
"The Living Proof" (Thomas Newman, Mary J. Blige, Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas)
Nominated

Hollywood Film Festival[12]

Ensemble of the Year

Won

Hollywood Breakthrough Award
Jessica Chastain
Won

Houston Film Critics Society Awards[13]
December 13, 2011
Best Picture

Nominated

Best Actress
Viola Davis
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Jessica Chastain
Nominated

Octavia Spencer
Nominated

Best Song
"The Living Proof"
Nominated

London Film Critics Circle[14]
January 19, 2012
Best Supporting Actress
Jessica Chastain
Nominated

Octavia Spencer
Nominated

Los Angeles Film Critics Association
December 11, 2011
Best Supporting Actress
Jessica Chastain (also for Coriolanus, The Debt, Take Shelter, Texas Killing Fields, and The Tree of Life)
Won

MTV Movie Awards[15]
June 3, 2012
Movie of the Year

Nominated

Best Gut-Wrenching Performance
Bryce Dallas Howard
Nominated

Best Cast

Nominated

Best On-Screen Dirt Bag
Bryce Dallas Howard
Nominated

National Board of Review of Motion Pictures[16]
December 1, 2011
Best Ensemble Cast

Won

New York Film Critics Circle Awards
November 29, 2011
Best Supporting Actress
Jessica Chastain (also for Take Shelter and The Tree of Life)
Won

New York Film Critics Online
December 11, 2011
Breakthrough Performance
Jessica Chastain (also for The Tree of Life, The Debt, Take Shelter, Texas Killing Fields, and Coriolanus)
Won

Palm Springs International Film Festival[17]
January 7, 2012
Breakthrough Performance Award
Octavia Spencer
Won

People's Choice Awards[18]
January 11, 2012
Favorite Movie Actress
Emma Stone
Won

Favorite Movie

Nominated

Favorite Drama Movie

Nominated

Favorite Book Adaptation

Nominated

Producers Guild of America Award[19]
January 21, 2012
Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures
Michael Barnathan, Chris Columbus, Brunson Green
Nominated

San Diego Film Critics Society Awards[20]
December 14, 2011
Best Actress
Viola Davis
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Jessica Chastain
Nominated

Best Ensemble Performance

Nominated

Satellite Awards
December 18, 2011
Best Ensemble

Won

Best Motion Picture

Nominated

Best Actress in a Motion Picture
Viola Davis
Won

Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Octavia Spencer
Nominated

Best Director
Tate Taylor
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Tate Taylor
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
January 29, 2012
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

Won

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
Viola Davis
Won

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
Octavia Spencer
Won

Jessica Chastain
Nominated

Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards[21]

Top Ten Films

Won

Best Ensemble

Won

The Gene Wyatt Award

Won

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards
December 19, 2011
Best Actress
Viola Davis
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Octavia Spencer
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[22][23]
July 22, 2012
Choice Movie: Drama

Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Drama
Viola Davis
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Drama
Emma Stone
Won

Vancouver Film Critics Circle[24]
January 9, 2012
Best Supporting Actress
Jessica Chastain (also for Take Shelter and The Tree of Life)
Won

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards
December 5, 2011
Best Actress
Viola Davis
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Octavia Spencer
Won

Best Adapted Screenplay
Tate Taylor
Nominated

Best Cast

Nominated

Women Film Critics Circle[25]
December 19, 2011
Best Movie about Women

Won

Best Actress
Viola Davis
Won

Jessica Chastain (also for The Debt)
Nominated

Best Ensemble

Won

Josephine Baker Award

Won

Writers Guild of America Awards[26]
February 19, 2012
Adapted Screenplay

Nominated


document_title: List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom

question_text: first colony to gain independence from the british empire

text: Colonies[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Year of Independence
Notes

 Afghanistan

19 August

1919

Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919

 Antigua and Barbuda

1 November

1981

 Australia

1 January

1901

Australia Act 1986
 Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia on 16 September 1975.

 The Bahamas

10 July

1973

 Bahrain

15 August

1971

 Barbados

30 November

1966

Barbados Independence Act 1966

 Belize

21 September

1981

September Celebrations of Belize

 Botswana

30 September

1966

 Brunei

1 January

1984

 Canada

1 July

1867

British North America Act 1867,  Canada Day
Constitution Act, 1982

 Cyprus

1 October

1960

16 August 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on 1 October.[1]

 Dominica

3 November

1978

 Egypt

28 February

1922

 Fiji

10 October

1970

 The Gambia

18 February

1965

 Ghana

6 March

1957

 Grenada

7 February

1974

Independence Day (Grenada)

 Guyana

26 May

1966

 India

15 August

1947

Independence Day (India)

 Ireland

6 December

1922

Republic of Ireland Act and Ireland Act 1949

 Iraq

3 October

1932

 Jamaica

6 August

1962

Independence Day (6 August)

 Jordan

25 May

1946

 Kenya

12 December

1963

 Kiribati

12 July

1979

 Kuwait

19 June

1961

 Lesotho

4 October

1966

 Libya

24 December

1951

Libya had been under the rule of the Ottoman Empire since the middle of the sixteenth century. Following the Italo-Turkish war of 1912, Libya became an Italian colony. With their defeat in World War II, the Italians lost control of Libya. The country came under UN administration. Control was split between France and Britain, with France administering the province Fezzan while the British administered the provinces of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania. In 1949, the UN General Assembly declared that Libya should become an independent country by 1 January 1952. On 24 December 1951, Libya declared its independence from France and Britain becoming the United Kingdom of Libya, a constitutional and hereditary monarchy under King Idris.

 Malawi

6 July

1964

 Malaysia

31 August

1957

Hari Merdeka
 Singapore gained independence from Malaysia on 9 August 1965.

 Maldives

26 July

1965

 Malta

21 September

1964

 Mauritius

12 March

1968

 Myanmar

4 January

1948

Gained independence as Burma. Renamed Myanmar in 1989, but still officially known by the United Kingdom government as Burma.

 Nauru

31 January

1968

Independence from the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand on 31 January 1968.

 New Zealand

26 September

1907

Dominion Day
 Samoa gained independence from New Zealand on 1 January 1962.
New Zealand has responsibilities for two freely associated states:
 Cook Islands (from 4 August 1965)
 Niue (from 19 October 1974)

 Nigeria

1 October

1960

 Pakistan

14 August

1947

Independence Day (Pakistan)
 Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971 (recognised in 1972).

 Qatar

3 September

1971

Qatar National Day

 Saint Lucia

22 February

1979

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

19 September

1983

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

27 October

1979

 Seychelles

29 June

1976

 Sierra Leone

27 April

1961

 Solomon Islands

7 July

1978

 Somalia

1 July

1960

The State of Somaliland gained independence from Britain on 26 June 1960 and later was unified with the Trust Territory of Somaliland which was under Italian administration to form the Somali Republic on 1 July 1960.

 South Africa

11 December

1910

1931 adoption of Statute of Westminster. Not a public holiday. Union of South Africa formed on 31 May 1910 and Republic declared on 31 May 1961 and left the British Commonwealth on the same day. South Africa later rejoined the British Commonwealth in 1994.
 Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990.

 Sri Lanka

4 February

1948

Gained independence as the Dominion of Ceylon. Renamed Sri Lanka in 1972.

 Sudan

1 January

1956

 South Sudan gained independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011.

 Swaziland

6 September

1968

 Tanzania

9 December

1961

 Tonga

4 June

1970

 Trinidad and Tobago

31 August

1962

 Tuvalu

1 October

1978

 Uganda

9 October

1962

 United Arab Emirates

2 December

1971

National Day (United Arab Emirates)

 United States

4 July

1776

Fourth of July. Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1776. Independence achieved de facto 1781, and de jure 1783.

 Vanuatu

30 July

1980

Independence from United Kingdom and France in 1980

 Yemen

30 November

1967

South Yemen 1967

 Zambia

24 October

1964

 Zimbabwe

18 April

1980

Rhodesia declared independence from United Kingdom on 11 November 1965

text: Evolution of Dominions to Independence[edit]

text:
Country

Date of Dominion Status

Date of adoption of the Statute of Westminster

Date of final relinquish of British powers

Final Event in question.

Other important Dates

 Australia

1 January 1902

9 October 1942 (effective from 1939)

3 March 1986

Australia Act 1986

 Canada

1 July 1867

11 December 1931

17 April 1982

Canada Act 1982

 Ireland

6 December 1922

11 December 1931

18 April 1949

Republic of Ireland Act and Ireland Act 1949

The 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic and 1919 Irish Declaration of Independence were never recognised by the UK but given symbolic priority by post-1922 Irish leaders. From the 1932 Irish election, successive governments unilaterally amended the state's status: the Constitution (Removal of Oath) Act on 3 May 1933 implicitly abrogated the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty; the 27th amendment and External Relations Act, both on 12 December 1936, attenuated the role of the monarchy; the enactment of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 established the office of President; the Republic of Ireland Act came into force on 18 April 1949 with Ireland formally leaving the British Commonwealth. Related UK statutes included the Éire (Confirmation of Agreements) Act 1938 and the Ireland Act 1949.

 Dominion of Newfoundland

26 September 1907

—

17 April 1982

Canada Act 1982

Newfoundland voted to join Canada in 1948 in a 52-48 vote; this became effective on 31 March 1949.

 South Africa

31 May 1910

11 December 1931

21 May 1961

South African Constitution of 1961

 New Zealand

26 September 1907

25 November 1947

13 December 1986

Constitution Act 1986

Declaration of Independence of New Zealand 1835, Treaty of Waitangi 1840

text: Former British Crown Colonies that became part of another British Crown Colony then later restored previous status[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Year
Notes

 Anguilla
July
1971

Anguilla declared independence from St Kitts and Nevis in 1967, following a revolution; in favour of returning to British authority in 1971 with full British Crown Colony status (renamed in 2002 as British Overseas Territory status) returning in 1980.

text: British Overseas Territories that have voted against another independent country sharing sovereignty over the territory with the British Crown[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Year
Notes

 Gibraltar
7 November
2002
Gibraltar held a referendum on whether or not to share sovereignty with Spain. They rejected the proposal by 98.48% to 1.02% in favour of remaining solely a British overseas territory.

text: British Overseas Territories that have voted to retain their British Overseas Territory status[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Year
Notes

 Falkland Islands
11 March
2013
Falkland Islanders voted in favour of remaining a British overseas territory by 99.8% to 0.2%.

text: British Overseas Territories that have voted not to be an independent country[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Year
Notes

 Bermuda
16 August
1995
Bermudians voted against independence for the territory in a 1995 referendum by 73.6% to 25.7%.

text: Countries or province forming part of the United Kingdom that have voted to remain part of the United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Year
Notes

 Northern Ireland
8 March
1973
In the Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum, 1973, voters in Northern Ireland were asked to decide if they wanted to remain in the United Kingdom or to leave and join with the Republic of Ireland. They voted in favour of the United Kingdom by 98.9% to 1.1%, although Irish Republicans boycotted the vote.

text: Countries forming part of the United Kingdom that have voted not to be an independent country[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Year
Notes

 Scotland
18 September
2014
In the Scottish independence referendum, 2014, 55.3% of voters who qualified as residents of Scotland, chose 'No' to the question: 'Should Scotland be an independent country?' 44.7% of voters chose 'Yes'. In March 2017, permission to run a second referendum was requested from Westminster by the Scottish Parliament, triggered by the Brexit vote, which saw a majority of voters in England and Wales vote to leave the EU while a majority in Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to remain.

text: Countries which did not vote to terminate British rule yet were relinquished[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Year
Notes

 Hong Kong
30 June
1997
In 1984 the British government signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration with China and agreed to turn over Hong Kong and its dependencies in 1997. It was never put forward to the people of the territory to decide in the form of a referendum, and neither was it ever agreed by an elected legislature. British rule ended on 30 June 1997, with China taking over at midnight, 1 July 1997.


document_title: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)

question_text: who guards the tomb of the unknown soldiers

text: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)

text: Tomb of 1921[edit]

text: On March 4, 1921, the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater. On November 11, 1921, the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred below a three-level marble tomb. The bottom two levels are six marble sections each and the top at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below. A stone, rather than marble, slab covers the rectangular opening.[4][5][6]

text: Tomb of 1931[edit]

text: Since 1921 the intent was to place a superstructure on top of the Tomb, but it was not until July 3, 1926, that Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb and the expenditure of $50,000 (with a completed cost of $48,000). A design competition was held and won by architect Lorimer Rich[nb 1] and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones. An appropriation from Congress for the work was secured and on December 21, 1929, a contract for completion of the Tomb itself was entered into. The Tomb would consist of seven pieces of marble in four levels (cap, die, base and sub-base) of which the die is the largest block with the sculpting on all four sides.[4][7]

text: Quarrying the Yule marble (3.9 miles south of Marble, Colorado by the Vermont Marble Company) was a one-year process beginning in 1930. The cap was quarried on the first attempt but the base required three tries. The large middle block also required three tries. In late January 1931, the 56 ton middle block was lifted out of the quarry. The quarrying involved 75 men. When the block was separated from the mountain inside the quarry it weighed 124 tons. A wire saw was then brought into the quarry to cut the block down to 56 tons.

text: On February 3, the block reached the marble mill site (in the town of Marble) after a four-day trip from the quarry. Here it was crated, then shipped to Vermont on February 8. The block was sawn to final size in West Rutland, Vermont, and fabricated by craftsmen in Proctor, Vermont, before it was shipped by train to Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.[8] By September, all 7 blocks were on the grounds of the Tomb site, at Arlington.

text: Assembly began in September 1931. An imperfection was found in the base, requiring three more quarryings. By the end of December 1931, the assembly was completed. Finishing work followed with the carvings on the die block by the Piccirilli Brothers under the direction of the sculptor Thomas Jones.[4][9] (The brothers also carved the Lincoln statue for the Lincoln Memorial). The Tomb was completed without formal ceremony on April 9, 1932.[10]

text: The Tomb[nb 2] was placed at the head of the grave of the World War I Unknown. West of this grave are the crypts of Unknowns from World War II (south) and Korea (north). Between the two lies a crypt that once contained an Unknown from Vietnam (middle). His remains were positively identified in 1998 through DNA testing as First Lieutenant Michael Blassie, United States Air Force and were removed. Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza.

text: The Tomb has a flat-faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classical pilasters set into the surface with objects and inscription carved into the sides. The 1931 symbolism[9] of the objects on the north, south and east sides changed over time.[4][7]

text: Tomb Dimensions[nb 3] as of 2004[11] (xxx)* 1931 die block dimension coming out of the quarry.[8]

text:
Level
Length
Width
Height
Cubic Feet
Tons

Cap
12'-5.4"
6'-6.7"
1'-3.3"
100.69
8.56

Die
12'-3.0" (14'-0")*
6'-6.4" (7'-4.8")*
5'-2.1" (6"-0")*
385.43 (621.6)*
32.76 (52.84)*

Base
13'-10.0"
7'-11.9"
1'-11.1"
198.64
16.88

Sub-Base
14'-10.4"
9'-0.2"
1'-10.9"
255.81
21.74

text: The Unknown of World War I[edit]

text: On Memorial Day, 1921, four unknown servicemen were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France. U.S. Army Sgt. Edward F. Younger, who was wounded in combat, highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Cross in "The Great War" selected the Unknown of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Châlons-en-Champagne, France, on October 24, 1921.[6] Younger selected the World War I Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets. He chose the third casket from the left. The chosen Unknown was transported to the United States aboard the USS Olympia. Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery, France.[6]

text: The World War I Unknown lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda from his arrival in the United States until Armistice Day, 1921. On November 11, 1921, President Warren G. Harding officiated at the interment ceremonies at the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery. During the ceremony, the World War I Unknown was awarded the Victoria Cross by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty, on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom.[12] (The United Kingdom Victoria Cross was placed with the soldier. Earlier, on March 4, 1921, the British Unknown Warrior was conferred the U.S. Medal of Honor by General of the Armies John Pershing.) In 1928, the Unknown Soldier was presented the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to America's youth by the Boy Scouts of America.[13]

text: The Unknowns of World War II and Korea[edit]

text: On August 3, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to select and pay the tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War.[14] The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958. The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe, Africa, Hawaii, and the Philippines.[15]

text: Two Unknowns from World War II, one from the European Theater and one from the Pacific Theater, were placed in identical caskets and taken aboard the USS Canberra, a guided-missile cruiser resting off the Virginia Capes. Navy Hospital Corpsman 1st Class William R. Charette, then the U.S. Navy's only active-duty Medal of Honor recipient who was an enlisted man, selected the World War II Unknown. The remaining casket received a solemn burial at sea.[15]

text: Four unknown Americans who died in the Korean War were disinterred from the National Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii. Army Master Sergeant Ned Lyle made the final selection.[15]

text: Both caskets arrived in Washington on May 28, 1958, where they lay in the Capitol Rotunda until the morning of May 30, when they were carried on caissons to Arlington National Cemetery. President Eisenhower awarded each the Medal of Honor, and the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War were interred in the plaza beside their World War I comrade.[15]

text: The Unknown of Vietnam[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The designation of the Vietnam Unknown proved to be difficult – with improvements in DNA testing it is possible, though unlikely, that the recovered remains for every unknown soldier killed in the Vietnam War will be identified.

text: The Vietnam Unknown service member was originally designated by Medal of Honor recipient U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Maj. Allan Jay Kellogg, Jr., during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, May 17, 1984.

text: Each branch of the Armed Services took part in the transportation to honor the unknown. The Marines from Marine Barracks Hawaii consisted of an Honor Guard of 9 enlisted men and Lt. Denis Muller. The designated Vietnam Unknown was transported aboard the USS Brewton, where the Marines stood guard over the casket during the voyage to Naval Air Station Alameda, California. At Travis, the debarkation ceremony turned the remains over to the USAF on May 24. The next day, the remains of were flown from Travis Air Force Base, California, arriving at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. Once there the remains were turned over to the US Army, where the remains were taken to Fort McNair for placement upon the horse-drawn wagon which later carried the Unknown to the Capital Rotunda for display before interment. While on display for public viewing, all branches of the US Armed Forces stood in honor, guarding the casket of the Unknown for 2 weeks.

text: Many Vietnam veterans and President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan visited the Vietnam Unknown in the U.S. Capitol. An Army caisson carried the Vietnam Unknown from the Capitol to the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 28, 1984.

text: President Reagan presided over the funeral, and presented the Medal of Honor to the Vietnam Unknown, and also acted as next of kin by accepting the interment flag at the end of the ceremony. The interment flags of all Unknowns at the Tomb of the Unknowns are on view in the Memorial Display Room.

text: Identification of the Unknown[edit]

text: In 1994, Ted Sampley, a POW/MIA activist, determined that the remains of the Vietnam Unknown were likely those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie, who was shot down near An Lộc, Vietnam, in 1972. Sampley published an article in his newsletter and contacted Blassie's family, who attempted to pursue the case with the Air Force's casualty office without result. In January 1998 CBS News broadcast a report based on Sampley's investigation which brought political pressure to support the identification of the remains.[16] The body was exhumed on May 14, 1998. Based on mitochondrial DNA testing, Department of Defense scientists confirmed the remains were those of Blassie. The identification was announced on June 30, 1998, and on July 10, Blassie's remains arrived home to his family in St. Louis, Missouri; he was reinterred at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery on July 11.[17][nb 4]

text: Redesignation of the crypt[edit]

text: The slab over the crypt that once held the remains of the Vietnam Unknown has since been replaced. The original inscription of "Vietnam" and the dates of the conflict has been changed to "Honoring and Keeping Faith with America's Missing Servicemen" as a reminder of the commitment of the Armed Forces to the fullest possible accounting of missing service members.

text: Tomb guards[edit]

text: The tomb guards are soldiers of the United States Army. The first military guards were troopers from the 3rd Cavalry, "Brave Rifles", who were posted nearby on Fort Myer. Since April 6, 1948, (known then as "Army Day"), when the regiment was reactivated, it has been guarded by soldiers from 3rd Infantry Regiment, "The Old Guard". The Old Guard is also posted to Fort Myer, Virginia, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery. It is considered one of the highest honors to serve as a Sentinel at the Tomb of the Unknowns. Fewer than 20 percent of all volunteers are accepted for training and of those only a fraction pass training to become full-fledged Tomb Guards. This attrition rate has made the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge the second least-awarded qualification badge of the United States military (the first being the Astronaut Badge).[18]

text: The soldier "walking the mat" does not wear rank insignia, so as not to outrank the Unknowns, whatever their ranks may have been. Non-commissioned officers (usually the Relief Commander and Assistant Relief Commanders), do wear insignia of their rank when changing the guard only. They have a separate uniform (without rank) that is worn when they actually guard the Unknowns or are "posted."

text: The duties of the sentinels are not purely ceremonial. The sentinels will confront people who cross the barriers at the tomb or who they perceive to be disrespectful or excessively loud.

text: Weapons[edit]

text: Over the years there have been several different types of weapons used by the tomb guards. The changes in weapons reflect the changes in the Army, including M1903 Springfield rifle, M1 Garand and M14 rifles, M1911 and M9 pistols. Tomb guards currently carry M14 rifles, which are affixed to ceremonial rifle stocks. These rifles are cleaned daily and kept ready for use at all times.[19]

text: Walking the mat[edit]

text: There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves.[20] The tomb guard:

text:
Marches 21 steps south down the black mat laid across the Tomb.
Turns and faces east, toward the Tomb, for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces north, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Marches 21 steps down the mat.
Turns and faces east for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces south, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard.

tag: ol

text: After each turn, the guard executes a sharp "shoulder-arms" movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat.

text: Out of respect for the interred, the sentinels command silence at the tombs. If the guard walking the mat must vocally confront a disturbance from spectators, or a threat, the routine is interrupted, and remains so until the disturbance is under control. The sentinel will exit the mat, place the weapon in port arms position, and confront the disturbance. Once under control, the sentinel then walks on the pavement to the other side of the mat, turns to shoulder arms, and continues the routine.

text: Twenty-one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed—the 21-gun salute.

text: The mat is usually replaced twice per year: before Memorial Day and before Veterans Day. This is required because of the wear on the rubber mat by the special shoes worn by tomb guards. The sentinels have metal plates built into the soles and inner parts of their shoes to allow for a more rugged sole and to give the signature click of the heel during maneuvers. The sentinels wear sunglasses because of the bright reflection from the marble surrounding the Tomb and the Memorial Amphitheater.

text: On the ground not covered by the mat, a rust pattern in the tile can be seen that corresponds to the precise steps taken during the changing of the guard. The metal from the guards' boots causes the brown rust markings on the stone. On the mat itself, footprints caused by standing guard are also visible.

text: Changing of the Guard[edit]

text: While Arlington National Cemetery is open, during the day in summer months from April 1 to September 30, the guard is changed every half hour. During the winter months, from October 1 to March 31, the guard is changed every hour. After the cemetery closes to the public (7 p.m. to 8 a.m. April through September, and 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. October through March), the guard is changed every 2 hours. The ceremony can be witnessed by the public whenever Arlington National Cemetery is open.[21][22]

text: The guard change is very symbolic, but also conducted in accordance with Army regulations. The relief commander or assistant relief commander, along with the oncoming guard, are both required for a guard change to take place. The relief commander orders the guard being relieved to "pass on your orders" to the oncoming guard. The guard being relieved will say to the oncoming guard, "Post and orders remain as directed." The oncoming guard's response is always, "Orders acknowledged." During changes when the public is witnessing the ceremony, the commander will inform the public that the ceremony is about to take place and that those in attendance should remain "silent and standing" throughout the entire event.

text: Dedication[edit]

text: A civilian guard was first posted at the Tomb on November 17, 1925, to prevent, among other things, families from picnicking on the flat marble slab with views of the city. A military guard was first posted on March 25, 1926. The first 24-hour guard was posted on midnight, July 2, 1937. The Tomb of the Unknowns has been guarded continuously, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, since that time.[23] Inclement weather,[24][25] terrorist attacks,[26] et cetera, do not cause the watch to cease.[27]

text: Since 1948, the tomb guards, a special platoon within the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) work on a team rotation of 24 hours on, 24 hours off, for five days, taking the following four days off. A guard takes an average of six hours to prepare his uniform – heavy wool, regardless of the time of year – for the next day's work. In addition to preparing the uniform, guards also conduct physical training, tomb guard training, participate in field exercises, cut their hair before the next work day, and at times are involved in regimental functions as well. Tomb guards are required to memorize 35 pages of information about Arlington National Cemetery and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, including the locations of nearly 300 graves and who is buried in each one.[21]

text: A special Army decoration, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is authorized for wear after passing a detailed test of 100 questions (from a pool of more than 300), a uniform test with two gigs (errors) or fewer (measured to the 1/64"), and a test on the guard changing sequence. After serving honorably for a period of nine months, and having passed the sequence of tests, a tomb guard is permanently awarded the Badge. Since the first award on February 7, 1958, fewer than 650 soldiers have completed training and been awarded this badge, including four women. A small number of tomb guard Identification Badges have also been retroactively awarded to soldiers who served as Guards before 1959. Those numbers make the Badge the second rarest award currently issued in the United States Army; only the Army Astronaut Badge is rarer.[nb 5]

text: The badge was designed in 1956 and first issued to members of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns on February 7, 1958. The badge was first issued only as a temporary wear item, meaning the soldiers could only wear the badge during their tenure as members of the honor guard. Upon leaving the duty, the badge was returned and reissued to incoming soldiers. In 1963, a regulation was enacted that allowed the badge to be worn as a permanent part of the military uniform, even after the soldier's completion of duty at the Tomb of the Unknowns.

text: Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument[edit]

text: Cracking and weathering are causing concerns for the long-term preservation of the Tomb Monument. A November 1963 report first recorded horizontal cracking of the monument's marble die block. Though this was the first time that the damage was documented, the report made it clear that the cracks had become visible some time before that date.[28]

text: In 1963–1964, there were two cracks—referred to as "primary" and "secondary"—extending approximately 34 feet around the die block. By 1974, they had extended to 40 feet. They grew another 4.6 feet over the next 15 years. Inspection has determined that the cracks have increased horizontally since 1990. Analysis also indicates that the cracks are not surficial but extend partially through the block and will eventually extend all the way through.[28]

text: The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble's surface. As much as 2.85 mm of the marble surface has been lost through weathering. The study projected that before 2010, the Tomb Monument will have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concludes the only solutions are to enclose or replace the monument.[28]

text: Several options have been considered to deal with the damage. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery determined that proper repair can return the Tomb Monument to an acceptable appearance. However, because the cracks will continue to lengthen and widen, continuous grouting, regrouting, touch-up, monitoring, and maintenance would be required. Therefore, a report commissioned by Arlington National Cemetery and published in June 2006 confirmed the Cemetery's conclusion that "replacement of the three pieces of the Tomb Monument is the preferred alternative". A final decision was scheduled to be made on September 30, 2007.[28]

text: The National Trust for Historic Preservation objects to the plan to replace the authentic Tomb Monument. The Trust expressed concern that Arlington National Cemetery seeks to replace the existing monument with marble from the original quarry, which experts agree is likely eventually to crack.[29]

text: The Trust has observed that the Cemetery's own 1990 report recommended that the monument be repaired and that the Cemetery, in fact, commissioned Oehrlein Architects to repair the stone. In 2007, Mary Oehrlein informed Congressional staff members that: "The existing monument can easily be repaired, as was done 17 years ago, using conventional conservation methods to re-grout the cracks. Once repaired, the fault lines would be virtually invisible from the public viewing areas."[30][31]

text: On September 26, 2007, U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka announced that an amendment crafted together with Senator Jim Webb will be added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 1585) that would require a report on the plans of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to replace the monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns. The secretaries would be required to advise Congress on the current efforts to maintain and preserve the monument. Additionally, they would have to provide an assessment on the feasibility and advisability of repairing rather than replacing the Tomb Monument. Finally, if the secretaries choose replacement, they would have to report those plans and detail how they intend to dispose of the current monument. Once the report is provided, the secretaries are prevented from taking action to replace the monument for at least 180 days. The Akaka-Webb amendment was included in the bill by unanimous consent of the Senate.[32] An amendment to the Fiscal Year 2008 Defense Authorization Bill authorized a review of the monument's condition. The bill also authorized repair, but not replacement, of the monument.[33] Final passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2008 (H.R. 4986) was signed by President Bush on January 28, 2008.

text: In 2003 John Haines, a retired car dealer, offered to donate a large slab of marble to the Arlington National Cemetery to replace the existing marble. Haines paid $31,000 for the marble slab.[34] The marble was not removed from the quarry, however, because imperfections were found and the block was rejected.

text: In June 2009 Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that the monument was to be repaired, not replaced.[35] In 2010, the cracks were filled but the repairs lasted only a few months.[36] As of June 2011, the cemetery was struggling to repair the cracks in the monument, one of which measured 28.4 feet (8.7 m) long, with another at 16.2 feet (4.9 m).[37] In September 2011, the cracks were filled again[36] and on October 21, 2011, inspection by the Corps of Engineers and other experts pronounced the repairs a success.[38]


document_title: List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland

question_text: which political party is currently in power in ireland

text: Political parties with elected representation at a local, national or European level[edit]

text: Party details[edit]

text:
Party
Current Leader
English translation
/ Name in Irish
Founded
Inaugural Leader
Ideology
Position
International organisation
EP Group

Fine Gael
Leo Varadkar
"Clan of the Gaels"
1933
Eoin O'Duffy
Christian democracy,
Liberal conservatism
Centre-right
Centrist Democrat International
EPP

Fianna Fáil
Micheál Martin
"Soldiers of Destiny"[nb 1]
1926
Éamon de Valera
Irish republicanism,
Liberal conservatism,
Populism
Centre-right
Liberal International
ALDE

Sinn Féin
Mary Lou McDonald
"We Ourselves"[nb 2]
1905 / 1970[nb 3]
Arthur Griffith
Irish republicanism,
Left-wing nationalism,
Democratic socialism
Left-wing
none
GUE/NGL

Labour Party
Brendan Howlin
Páirtí an Lucht Oibre
1912
James Connolly
James Larkin
William X. O'Brien
Social democracy,
Third Way
Centre-left
Socialist International
S&D

Solidarity–People Before Profit
none
Dlúthphartíocht–Pobal Roimh Bhrabús[3]
2015
none
Democratic socialism,
Trotskyism,
Eco-Socialism
Far-left
(Factions): International Socialist Tendency and Committee For a Workers' International
GUE/NGL

Green Party
Eamon Ryan
Comhaontas Glas
1981
none[nb 4]
Green politics
Centre-left
Global Greens
Greens/EFA

Social Democrats
Catherine Murphy
Róisín Shortall
Na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta[3]
2015
Catherine Murphy
Róisín Shortall
Social democracy
Centre-left
none
none

Workers and Unemployed Action
Séamus Healy

1985
Séamus Healy

Left-wing
none
none

Renua Ireland
John Leahy
Dervived from "Ré Nua" meaning "New Era"
2015
Lucinda Creighton
Conservatism
Right-wing
none
none

Workers' Party
Michael Donnelly
Páirtí na nOibrithe
1970[nb 5]
Tomás Mac Giolla
Communism,
Irish republicanism,
Marxism–Leninism
Far-left
Communist and Workers' Parties
none

Republican Sinn Féin
Des Dalton
Sinn Féin Poblachtach
1986
Ruairí Ó Brádaigh
Irish republicanism,
Éire Nua,
Socialism
Left-wing
none
none

text:
Jump up ^ More literally – Warriors of Fál, Fál being an ancient romantic name for Ireland.
Jump up ^ Another common translation, though not literal, is Ourselves Alone.
Jump up ^ The current party known as Sinn Féin broke from the party then known as Sinn Féin in 1970 and was initially commonly referred to as Provisional Sinn Féin.
Jump up ^ For the first twenty years of its existence, the Green Party did not have a national leader. Trevor Sargent was elected as the first national leader in 2001.
Jump up ^ The Workers' Party emerged as the majority faction from a split in Sinn Féin in 1970, becoming known as Official Sinn Féin. In the Republic of Ireland, it renamed itself as Sinn Féin The Workers' Party in 1977. In Northern Ireland, it continued with the Republican Clubs name used by Sinn Féin to escape a 1964 ban, and later as Workers Party Republican Clubs. Both sections adopted the current name in 1982.

text: Party representation[edit]

text:
Party
Representation (as of Feb. 2018)

Oireachtas
European Parliament
Local councils

Dáil Éireann
Seanad Éireann

Fine Gael
50
19
4
232

Fianna Fáil
44
14
1
262

Sinn Féin[ni 1]
23
6
3
137

Labour Party
7
4
0
50

Solidarity–People Before Profit[ni 2]
6
0
0
28

Independent Alliance
5
0
0
15

Independents 4 Change
4
0
0
2

Green Party[ni 3]
2
1
0
12

Social Democrats
2
0
0
7

Workers and Unemployed Action
1
0
0
1

Renua Ireland
0
0
0
2

Workers' Party
0
0
0
2

Kerry Independent Alliance
0
0
0
1

Republican Sinn Féin
0
0
0
1

text:
Jump up ^ Sinn Féin also has 7 members of the UK House of Commons, 27 members of the Northern Ireland Assembly, 105 local councillors in Northern Ireland and 1 MEP representing Northern Ireland.
Jump up ^ People Before Profit Alliance also has 1 member of the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 local councillor in Northern Ireland.
Jump up ^ The Green Party also has 2 members of the Northern Ireland Assembly and 3 local councillors in Northern Ireland.

text: Should be noted that attached table tots to 752 members as opposed to 949 therefore almost 25% of members are not accounted for

text: Parties and groupings represented in the Oireachtas[edit]

text: Fine Gael[edit]

text: Fine Gael is the largest party in the Oireachtas, the second largest party in local government in Ireland and has the largest delegation of MEPs from Ireland. It was founded in 1933 by a merger of the Cumann na nGaedheal, which had supported the Treaty and formed the government between 1922 and 1932, the National Guard (popularly called the Blueshirts) and the small National Centre Party. It is a member of the centre-right European People's Party and is led by Taoiseach Leo Varadkar. It has been in government in the periods 1922–1932, 1948–1951, 1954–1957, 1973–1977, 1981–82, 1982–1987, 1994–1997, and 2011 to date. On each occasion, it was the leading party of a coalition with the Labour Party, and in three of those cases also with other smaller parties. At the 2011 general election, Fine Gael become the largest party in the Oireachtas with 36.1% of the vote.

text: Historically Fine Gael has been characterised as a centre-right party, supported by large farmers and businessmen, though this has not applied uniformly; for a period from the 1960s, for example, with the publication of the Just Society document, Fine Gael espoused some values of social democracy. During the 1980s, Fine Gael leader Garret FitzGerald advocated a liberal agenda in many areas of social reform. A government of Fine Gael and the Labour Party proposed a successful referendum in support of marriage equality in 2015. Historically Fine Gael has tended to support fiscal restraint and law and order domestically while adopting a less nationalist position on Northern Ireland than Fianna Fáil. It generally has the most favourable stance of Irish parties towards the European Union and other international organisation.[citation needed]

text: Fine Gael has 50 TDs, 13 Senators, 4 MEPs and 234 councillors.

text: Fianna Fáil[edit]

text: Fianna Fáil is the second largest party in the Oireachtas and has the largest number of city and county council seats. It has been in government more than any other party: 1932–48, 1951–54, 1957–1973, 1977–81, 1982, 1987–1994, and 1997–2011. On all occasions up to 1989, it was in a single-party government; on all occasions since then it was the leading party in a coalition government. It is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party and is led by former minister Micheál Martin.

text: It was founded in 1926 by Éamon de Valera as a radical anti-Treaty party, drawing support from small farmers and urban workers but has since become a party of the establishment. It was first elected to power in 1932 on a constitutional republican platform, promising to destroy constitutional links with Britain and reduce poverty by creating employment. It oversaw much of the industrial development of the Republic and has consequently drawn support from all social classes, making it a classic populist party. Generally speaking, Fianna Fáil has taken more populist positions on economic and social matters than Fine Gael and the Labour Party. Their classic populist stance was highlighted during the years of Catholic dominance in Ireland before the mid-1980s and during the Celtic Tiger years when engaged in the high levels of public spending while deregulating and cutting taxes.

text: Bertie Ahern was the Taoiseach from 1997 to 2008 and negotiated numerous social partnership contracts, the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, and an agreement among EU heads of government on the European Constitution. He was succeeded by Brian Cowen in May 2008, after resigning due to evidence from the Mahon Tribunal into payments and planning matters. Support for Fianna Fáil collapsed in the 2011 general election, which took place a few years into the financial crisis and soon after the government had sought a bailout from the troika of the IMF/EC/ECB. Fianna Fáil lost more than three-quarters of its seats, coming third behind Fine Gael and the Labour Party. This lack of electoral success was short lived as the Republican Party swept to a resounding victory at the 2014 Local Elections before more than doubling their Dáil seats at the 2016 General Election.

text: In September 2007, Fianna Fáil announced that they would organise politically in the north, but have yet to contest elections for the Northern Ireland Assembly.

text: Fianna Fáil has 44 TDs, 14 Senators, one MEP and 262 councillors.[4]

text: Sinn Féin[edit]

text: Sinn Féin is the third-largest party in the Oireachtas and the second-largest party in the Northern Assembly. The name Sinn Féin, meaning 'ourselves', has been used by a number of political organisations in Ireland since 1905, when first used by Arthur Griffith. Sinn Féin was the party of separatism before Irish independence, and broke through in the Westminster election of 1918, where it won 73 of the 105 Irish seats.

text: The modern-day Sinn Féin party emerged in 1970 after a split in the party, and was often distinguished as Provisional Sinn Féin. It was closely linked to the Provisional Irish Republican Army. It is led by Mary Lou McDonald.

text: It was the only political party to have seats in the parliaments of both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland until the Green Party organised on an island-wide basis. Since supporting the Peace Process Sinn Féin has seen a dramatic increase in support in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland. It has emerged as the second largest party in the Northern Ireland Assembly with 27 seats out of 90 and the third largest in the Republic of Ireland with 23 seats in the Dáil in the 2016 general election. With Fine Gael, it is one of only two parties in the Republic of Ireland with MEPs.

text: Sinn Féin's platform is primarily focused on achieving the reunification of Ireland and a large scale expansion of Ireland's social services (such as adopting a universal health care system and creating subsidised housing), reform of the tax system and support for small and co-operative businesses. Their political ideology mainly revolves around democratic socialism, Irish Republicanism, and civic nationalism.

text: Sinn Féin has 23 TDs, 6 Senators, 3 MEPs and 156 councillors in the Republic of Ireland.

text: Labour Party[edit]

text: The Labour Party is a social democratic party, founded in 1912 as part of the trade union movement, with which it maintains organisational links. For most of the history of the state, it was the third largest party, though it is currently in fourth position in parliamentary strength. It has been in government in the periods 1922–1932, 1948–1951, 1954–1957, 1973–1977, 1981–82, 1982–1987, 1993–1994, 1994–1997, and 2011-2016. On each of those occasions, it was in coalition with Fine Gael, with the exception of the period 1993 to 1994, when it was in coalition with Fianna Fáil.

text: The Labour Party merged with the smaller Democratic Left party in 1999. It is a member of the Party of European Socialists and is led by Brendan Howlin.

text: The Labour Party has 7 TDs, 4 Senators and 50 councillors.

text: Solidarity–People Before Profit[edit]

text: Solidarity–People Before Profit is an alliance between People Before Profit and Solidarity. People Before Profit (PBP) was formed in 2005, primarily by members of the Socialist Workers Party. The Anti-Austerity Alliance (AAA) was formed in 2014, primarily by members of the Socialist Party. In October 2015, they formed a new alliance for electoral purposes as the Anti-Austerity Alliance–People Before Profit, but continue to organise separately. Both parties have shared platforms on abolishing water charges and the property tax along with tackling homelessness and the housing crisis. The founding TDs have stated their aim to build a mass party of the left and ultimately help form a left-wing government.[5] The AAA rebranded itself as Solidarity in March 2016.

text: Together they have 6 TDs (three from each of Solidarity and the PBP) and 28 councillors (14 from each of Solidarity and the PBP).

text: Independents 4 Change[edit]

text: Independents 4 Change has been registered as a political party since 2014. Its registered officer is Wexford TD Mick Wallace. The other deputies are Clare Daly, Joan Collins and Tommy Broughan. Three further TDs, Catherine Connolly, Thomas Pringle, and Maureen O'Sullivan, sit in the I4C Dáil group while not being members of the party: Catherine Connolly, Thomas Pringle, and Maureen O'Sullivan.

text: They have 4 TDs and 1 councillor.

text: Green Party[edit]

text: The Green Party was established in 1981 and is allied to the European Green Party. It won its first seat in the Dáil in 1989, and had continued representation there until 2011. The party advocates ecological and socially liberal policies. In 1994 and again in 1999, two of Ireland's 15 MEPs were from the Green party, but both seats were lost in 2004.

text: The Green Party of Northern Ireland voted in 2005 to become a region of the Irish Green Party making it the second party to be organised on an all-Ireland basis. It has Northern Ireland members on the Irish Green Party national executive.

text: In June 2007, the Green Party entered coalition government with Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats. In January 2011 they left the coalition, and at the 2011 general election, lost all of their Dáil seats.[6] They gained 2 seats at the 2016 general election.

text: The Green Party has 2 TDs, 1 Senator and 12 councillors.[6]

text: Social Democrats[edit]

text: The Social Democrats were founded in July 2015 by three independent TDs Stephen Donnelly (who has since left the party for Fianna Fáil), Catherine Murphy, and Róisín Shortall, who will share leadership of the party until after the next general election. The Social Democrats describe themselves as being centre-left and in favour of Scandinavian style public services along with promoting indigenous small and medium-sized enterprise.

text: The Social Democrats have 2 TDs and 6 councillors.

text: Workers and Unemployed Action[edit]

text: Workers and Unemployed Action (WUA) is a left-wing political organisation formed in 1985 by Séamus Healy in response to lack of employment and the economic situation in the South Tipperary area. Healy along with his brother Paddy Healy, were former members of the Trotskyist League for a Workers Republic. Healy was elected to Dáil Éireann as TD for Tipperary South at a by-election in 2000, holding the seat until 2007. He regained the seat at the 2011 general election. At the time of the 2011 election the WUA formed part of the United Left Alliance, but left in 2012.[7][8] WUA has one TD and one councillor.

text: Parties represented only on local authorities[edit]

text: Renua Ireland[edit]

text: Renua Ireland was founded in March 2015 with Lucinda Creighton as its founding leader. It broadly advocates conservative and social conservative policies, including a flat tax and a three-strikes law at the 2016 general election. The founding parliamentary party deputies all left Fine Gael over their opposition to the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013. Subsequently Renua Ireland identifies itself as an anti-abortion party.[9]

text: It has no TDs, having lost all three at the 2016 general election.

text: Renua Ireland has 2 councillors.

text: Workers' Party[edit]

text: The Workers' Party is a Marxist–Leninist party allied with the international workers and communist parties. It emerged from the Irish republican movement and was a continuation of Sinn Féin that did not break away in 1970. It retained links with the Official IRA. It renamed itself Sinn Féin The Workers' Party in 1977, and adopted its current title in 1982. It is organised in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. During the 1980s it was a significant party on the political scene with 7 TDs elected in 1989 and 1 MEP. A special Ard Fheis (conference) in 1992 designed to re-constitute the party and remove links with the OIRA resulted in a formal split with the bulk of the parliamentary party and councillors leaving to form Democratic Left. Democratic Left voted to merge with the Labour Party in 1999. The Workers' Party has two councillors, Éilis Ryan on Dublin City Council and Ted Tynan on Cork City Council.

text: Republican Sinn Féin[edit]

text: Republican Sinn Féin were formed in 1986 by members of Sinn Féin who did not support the decision made at the party's ard fheis in that year to end its policy of abstentionism and to allow elected Sinn Féin TDs take their seats in Dáil Éireann.[10] Its first leader was Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, who was a previous leader of Sinn Féin, and had been elected as an abstentionist TD in 1957.

text: They have one councillor, Tomás Ó Curraoin on Galway County Council. As they are not a registered party, he is officially an independent councillor.

text: Kerry Independent Alliance[edit]

text: The Kerry Independent Alliance (previously the South Kerry Independent Alliance) have one councillor on Kerry County Council. It is registered to contest elections for Dáil Éireann and in Killarney for local elections.

text: Other parties[edit]

text: Communist Party of Ireland[edit]

text: The Communist Party of Ireland was first founded in 1921, and re-founded in 1933; the current communist party originates from 1970, when the Communist Party of Northern Ireland joined with the Irish Workers' Party (not related to the current Workers Party). While a registered political party, it rarely stands candidates in elections, and remains quite small. It was historically quite influential in the trade union movement.

text: Socialist Party[edit]

text: The Socialist Party (initially known as Militant Labour) was formed in 1989 by members of the Militant Tendency who were expelled from the Labour Party. It was renamed the Socialist Party in 1996. The party is Trotskyist and is organised in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Joe Higgins was its first member elected at national level. It was part of the United Left Alliance in the 2011 general election,[7] along with the People Before Profit Alliance and the Workers and Unemployed Action Group, but that Alliance disintegrated over the course of the following Dáil term. Its councillors contested the 2014 local elections as part of the Anti-Austerity Alliance. In 2014, it altered its registered name to Stop the Water Tax – Socialist Party.[1][11] It now contests elections as part of the Solidarity–People Before Profit party.

text: The party is affiliated to the Committee for a Workers' International (CWI).

text: Socialist Workers Party[edit]

text: The Socialist Workers Party was founded in 1971 as the Socialist Workers Movement. The party was set up by supporters of the International Socialists of Britain living in Ireland.

text: Other registered parties[edit]

text:
Direct Democracy Ireland
Fís Nua
Irish Democratic Party
United People
Identity Ireland

tag: ul

text: Other unregistered parties[edit]

text: Just as independent candidates, those standing for unregistered parties may choose either to be listed as "Non-Party", or to leave the section blank on the ballot paper.[2]

text:
Catholic Democrats
Christian Solidarity Party
Irish Republican Socialist Party
Irish Socialist Network
National Party
Pirate Party Ireland
Saoradh


document_title: Logarithmic scale

question_text: why is a logarithmic scale useful in dealing with a large range or variation of some parameter

text: Logarithmic scale

text: Common usages[edit]

text: The following are examples of commonly used logarithmic scales, where a larger quantity results in a higher value:

text:
Richter magnitude scale and moment magnitude scale (MMS) for strength of earthquakes and movement in the earth
bel and decibel for acoustic power (loudness)
neper for amplitude, field and power quantities
cent, minor second, major second, and octave for the relative pitch of notes in music
logit for odds in statistics
Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale
logarithmic timeline
counting f-stops for ratios of photographic exposure
the rule of 'nines' used for rating low probabilities
entropy in thermodynamics
information in information theory
particle-size-distribution curves of soil

text: The following are examples of commonly used logarithmic scales, where a larger quantity results in a lower (or negative) value:

text:
pH for acidity
stellar magnitude scale for brightness of stars
Krumbein scale for particle size in geology
absorbance of light by transparent samples

text: Some of our senses operate in a logarithmic fashion (Weber–Fechner law), which makes logarithmic scales for these input quantities especially appropriate. In particular our sense of hearing perceives equal ratios of frequencies as equal differences in pitch. In addition, studies of young children in an isolated tribe have shown logarithmic scales to be the most natural display of numbers in some cultures.[1] It can also be used for geographical purposes like for measuring the speed of earthquakes.

text: Graphic representation[edit]

text: The top left graph is linear in the X and Y axis, and the Y-axis ranges from 0 to 10. A base-10 log scale is used for the Y axis of the bottom left graph, and the Y axis ranges from 0.1 to 1,000.

text: The top right graph uses a log-10 scale for just the X axis, and the bottom right graph uses a log-10 scale for both the X axis and the Y axis.

text: Presentation of data on a logarithmic scale can be helpful when the data:

text:
covers a large range of values, since the use of the logarithms of the values rather than the actual values reduces a wide range to a more manageable size;
may contain exponential laws or power laws, since these will show up as straight lines.

text: A slide rule has logarithmic scales, and nomograms often employ logarithmic scales. The geometric mean of two numbers is midway between the numbers. Before the advent of computer graphics, logarithmic graph paper was a commonly used scientific tool.

text: Log–log plots[edit]

text: If both the vertical and horizontal axes of a plot are scaled logarithmically, the plot is referred to as a log–log plot.

text: Semi logarithmic plots[edit]

text: If only the ordinate or abscissa is scaled logarithmically, the plot is referred to as a semi-logarithmic plot.

text: Logarithmic units[edit]

text:
A logarithmic unit is an abstract mathematical unit that can be used to express any quantity (physical or mathematical) that is defined on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function. Here, a given logarithmic unit will be denoted using the notation [log n], where n is a positive real number, and [log ] here denotes the indefinite logarithm function

L
o
g
(
)

{\displaystyle Log()}

.

text: Examples[edit]

text: Examples of logarithmic units include common units of information and entropy, such as the bit [log 2][dubious – discuss] and the byte 8[log 2] = [log 256], also the nat [log e] and the ban [log 10]; units of relative signal strength magnitude such as the decibel 0.1[log 10] and bel [log 10], neper [log e], and other logarithmic-scale units such as the Richter magnitude scale point [log 10] or (more generally) the corresponding order-of-magnitude unit sometimes referred to as a factor of ten or decade (here meaning [log 10], not 10 years). Musical pitch intervals are also logarithmic units on a frequency scale, such as octave [log 2], semitone, cent, etc.

text: Motivation[edit]

text: The motivation behind the concept of logarithmic units is that defining a quantity on a logarithmic scale in terms of a logarithm to a specific base amounts to making a (totally arbitrary) choice of a unit of measurement for that quantity, one that corresponds to the specific (and equally arbitrary) logarithm base that was selected. Due to the identity

text: the logarithms of any given number a to two different bases (here b and c) differ only by the constant factor logc b. This constant factor can be considered to represent the conversion factor for converting a numerical representation of the pure (indefinite) logarithmic quantity Log(a) from one arbitrary unit of measurement (the [log c] unit) to another (the [log b] unit), since

text: For example, Boltzmann's standard definition of entropy S = k ln W (where W is the number of ways of arranging a system and k is Boltzmann's constant) can also be written more simply as just S = Log(W), where "Log" here denotes the indefinite logarithm, and we let k = [log e]; that is, we identify the physical entropy unit k with the mathematical unit [log e]. This identity works because

text: Thus, we can interpret Boltzmann's constant as being simply the expression (in terms of more standard physical units) of the abstract logarithmic unit [log e] that is needed to convert the dimensionless pure-number quantity ln W (which uses an arbitrary choice of base, namely e) to the more fundamental pure logarithmic quantity Log(W), which implies no particular choice of base, and thus no particular choice of physical unit for measuring entropy.


document_title: List of players with five or more goals in an NHL game

question_text: most goals scored by a single player in an nhl game

text: This is a list of games in which a player has scored five or more goals in a National Hockey League (NHL) game. Scoring five or more goals in a single game is considered a great feat, as it has only been accomplished 60 times, by only 44 players, in the history of the league.[1] The most recent player to do so was Johan Franzen, who scored five goals for the Detroit Red Wings on February 2, 2011, against the Ottawa Senators.

text: Joe Malone, playing in the early days of the NHL, holds the overall record with five different five-or-more goal games, including the NHL record seven goals in a game, as well as a six-goal game and three five-goal games. Overall, seven different players have scored six goals in a game—including brothers Corb and Cy Denneny, within a few weeks of each other in 1921. A total of 40 individual players have scored exactly five goals in a game, on one or more occasions. While five-goal games continue to occur from time to time, no player has scored six or more goals since Darryl Sittler scored six in February 1976.[2]

text: Next to Malone's achievement of five different games, both Wayne Gretzky and Mario Lemieux attained the feat four times, Newsy Lalonde did it three times, while four other players have had two five-goal games. Of the 60 different five-goal games, five instances were achieved in a playoff game.[3] Mario Lemieux is the only player in history to achieve a five-goal game by scoring in five different ways – on December 31, 1988, he scored an even-strength goal, a power-play goal, a short-handed goal, a penalty shot goal and an empty net goal.[4]

text: Of the 44 players to achieve the feat, Ian Turnbull is the only defenseman.

text: Scorers[edit]

text:
Name
Team
Date
Goals

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Montreal Canadiens
000000001917-12-19-0000December 19, 1917
5

 Hyland, HarryHarry Hyland
Montreal Wanderers
000000001917-12-19-0000December 19, 1917
5

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Montreal Canadiens
000000001918-01-12-0000January 12, 1918
5

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Montreal Canadiens
000000001918-02-02-0000February 2, 1918
5

 Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde[3]
Montreal Canadiens
000000001919-03-01-0000March 1, 1919
5

 Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde
Montreal Canadiens
000000001920-01-10-0000January 10, 1920
6

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Quebec Bulldogs
000000001920-01-31-0000January 31, 1920
7

 Roach, MickeyMickey Roach
Toronto St. Pats
000000001920-03-06-0000March 6, 1920
5

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Quebec Bulldogs
000000001920-03-10-0000March 10, 1920
6

 Denneny, CorbCorb Denneny
Toronto St. Pats
000000001921-01-26-0000January 26, 1921
6

 Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde
Montreal Canadiens
000000001921-02-16-0000February 16, 1921
5

 Denneny, CyCy Denneny
Ottawa Senators
000000001921-03-07-0000March 7, 1921
6

 Dye, BabeBabe Dye
Toronto St. Pats
000000001922-12-16-0000December 16, 1922
5

 Green, RedRed Green
Hamilton Tigers
000000001924-12-05-0000December 5, 1924
5

 Dye, BabeBabe Dye
Toronto St. Pats
000000001924-12-22-0000December 22, 1924
5

 Broadbent, PunchPunch Broadbent
Montreal Maroons
000000001925-01-07-0000January 7, 1925
5

 Lepine, PitPit Lepine
Montreal Canadiens
000000001929-12-14-0000December 14, 1929
5

 Morenz, HowieHowie Morenz
Montreal Canadiens
000000001930-03-18-0000March 18, 1930
5

 Conacher, CharlieCharlie Conacher
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001932-01-19-0000January 19, 1932
5

 Getliffe, RayRay Getliffe
Montreal Canadiens
000000001943-02-06-0000February 6, 1943
5

 Howe, SydSyd Howe
Detroit Red Wings
000000001944-02-03-0000February 3, 1944
6

 Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard[5]
Montreal Canadiens
000000001944-03-23-0000March 23, 1944
5

 Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard
Montreal Canadiens
000000001944-12-28-0000December 28, 1944
5

 Meeker, HowieHowie Meeker
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001947-01-08-0000January 8, 1947
5

 Geoffrion, BernieBernie Geoffrion
Montreal Canadiens
000000001955-02-19-0000February 19, 1955
5

 Rousseau, BobbyBobby Rousseau
Montreal Canadiens
000000001964-02-01-0000February 1, 1964
5

 Berenson, RedRed Berenson
St. Louis Blues
000000001968-11-07-0000November 7, 1968
6

 Cournoyer, YvanYvan Cournoyer
Montreal Canadiens
000000001975-02-15-0000February 15, 1975
5

 Sittler, DarrylDarryl Sittler
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001976-02-07-0000February 7, 1976
6

 Sittler, DarrylDarryl Sittler[5]
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001976-04-22-0000April 22, 1976
5

 Leach, ReggieReggie Leach[5]
Philadelphia Flyers
000000001976-05-06-0000May 6, 1976
5

 Murdoch, DonDon Murdoch
New York Rangers
000000001976-10-12-0000October 12, 1976
5

 Turnbull, IanIan Turnbull (D)
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001977-02-02-0000February 2, 1977
5

 Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
New York Islanders
000000001978-12-23-0000December 23, 1978
5

 Young, TimTim Young
Minnesota North Stars
000000001979-01-15-0000January 15, 1979
5

 Tonelli, JohnJohn Tonelli
New York Islanders
000000001981-01-06-0000January 6, 1981
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001981-02-18-0000February 18, 1981
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001981-12-30-0000December 30, 1981
5

 Mulvey, GrantGrant Mulvey
Chicago Black Hawks
000000001982-02-03-0000February 3, 1982
5

 Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
New York Islanders
000000001982-02-13-0000February 13, 1982
5[6][7]

 Lindstrom, WillyWilly Lindstrom
Winnipeg Jets
000000001982-03-02-0000March 2, 1982
5

 Pavelich, MarkMark Pavelich
New York Rangers
000000001983-02-23-0000February 23, 1983
5

 Kurri, JariJari Kurri
Edmonton Oilers
000000001983-11-19-0000November 19, 1983
5

 Gustafsson, Bengt-AkeBengt-Ake Gustafsson
Washington Capitals
000000001984-01-08-0000January 8, 1984
5

 Hughes, PatPat Hughes
Edmonton Oilers
000000001984-02-03-0000February 3, 1984
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001984-12-15-0000December 15, 1984
5

 Andreychuk, DaveDave Andreychuk
Buffalo Sabres
000000001986-02-06-0000February 6, 1986
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001987-12-06-0000December 6, 1987
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001988-12-31-0000December 31, 1988
5

 Nieuwendyk, JoeJoe Nieuwendyk
Calgary Flames
000000001989-01-11-0000January 11, 1989
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux[5]
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001989-04-25-0000April 25, 1989
5

 Sundin, MatsMats Sundin
Quebec Nordiques
000000001992-03-05-0000March 5, 1992
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001993-04-09-0000April 9, 1993
5

 Bondra, PeterPeter Bondra
Washington Capitals
000000001994-02-05-0000February 5, 1994
5

 Ricci, MikeMike Ricci
Quebec Nordiques
000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994
5

 Zhamnov, AlexeiAlexei Zhamnov
Winnipeg Jets
000000001995-04-01-0000April 1, 1995
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001996-03-26-0000March 26, 1996
5

 Fedorov, SergeiSergei Fedorov
Detroit Red Wings
000000001996-12-26-0000December 26, 1996
5

 Gaborik, MarianMarian Gaborik[8]
Minnesota Wild
000000002007-12-20-0000December 20, 2007
5

 Franzen, JohanJohan Franzen[9]
Detroit Red Wings
000000002011-02-02-0000February 2, 2011
5

text: Players who scored five or more goals in multiple games[edit]

text:
Name
Nationality
Total

Malone, JoeJoe Malone
 Canada
5

Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
 Canada
4

Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
 Canada
4

Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde
 Canada
3

Dye, BabeBabe Dye
 Canada
2

Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard
 Canada
2

Sittler, DarrylDarryl Sittler
 Canada
2

Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
 Canada
2


document_title: How Long Has This Been Going On (disambiguation)

question_text: who sings how long has it been going on

question_tokens: who sings how long has it been going on

text: How Long Has This Been Going On may refer to:

text:
"How Long Has This Been Going On?", a 1927 song by George and Ira Gershwin
How Long Has This Been Going On? (Sarah Vaughan album), a 1978 album
How Long Has This Been Going On (Van Morrison album), a 1996 album with Georgie Fame and Friends
"How Long" (Ace song), 1974
"How Long" (Charlie Puth song), 2017

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title How Long Has This Been Going On.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Skin of my teeth

question_text: where does the saying skin of your teeth come from

text: Skin of my teeth

text: Skin of my teeth (Hebrew: ע֣וֹר שִׁנָּֽי ‘ō-wr šin-nāy) is a phrase from the Bible. In Job 19:20, the King James Version of the Bible says, "My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth." In the Geneva Bible, the phrase is rendered as "I have escaped with the skinne of my tethe."[1]

text: In modern times, "by the skin of my teeth" is used to describe a situation from which one barely managed to escape.

text: Cultural references to the phrase[edit]

text:
Skin o' My Teeth—Megadeth used this phrase as a song name in their 1992 album, Countdown to Extinction, referring to the theme of a failed suicide attempt.
The Skin of Our Teeth—A play by Thornton Wilder with multiple Biblical allusions.
Skin o' My Tooth—A book by Baroness Emma Orczy in which the phrase is a nickname of the main character, a lawyer. The nickname is given by a client who says that he was freed "by the skin o' my tooth."