document_title: Usability

question_text: what term is used to describe something that is useful and provide satisfaction

text: Usability

text: Introduction[edit]

text: The primary notion of usability is that an object designed with a generalized users' psychology and physiology in mind is, for example:

text:
More efficient to use—takes less time to accomplish a particular task
Easier to learn—operation can be learned by observing the object
More satisfying to use

text: Complex computer systems find their way into everyday life, and at the same time the market is saturated with competing brands. This has made usability more popular and widely recognized in recent years, as companies see the benefits of researching and developing their products with user-oriented methods instead of technology-oriented methods. By understanding and researching the interaction between product and user, the usability expert can also provide insight that is unattainable by traditional company-oriented market research. For example, after observing and interviewing users, the usability expert may identify needed functionality or design flaws that were not anticipated. A method called contextual inquiry does this in the naturally occurring context of the users own environment. In the user-centered design paradigm, the product is designed with its intended users in mind at all times. In the user-driven or participatory design paradigm, some of the users become actual or de facto members of the design team.[5]

text: The term user friendly is often used as a synonym for usable, though it may also refer to accessibility. Usability describes the quality of user experience across websites, software, products, and environments. There is no consensus about the relation of the terms ergonomics (or human factors) and usability. Some think of usability as the software specialization of the larger topic of ergonomics. Others view these topics as tangential, with ergonomics focusing on physiological matters (e.g., turning a door handle) and usability focusing on psychological matters (e.g., recognizing that a door can be opened by turning its handle). Usability is also important in website development (web usability). According to Jakob Nielsen, "Studies of user behavior on the Web find a low tolerance for difficult designs or slow sites. People don't want to wait. And they don't want to learn how to use a home page. There's no such thing as a training class or a manual for a Web site. People have to be able to grasp the functioning of the site immediately after scanning the home page—for a few seconds at most."[6] Otherwise, most casual users simply leave the site and browse or shop elsewhere.

text: Definition[edit]

text: ISO defines usability as "The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use." The word "usability" also refers to methods for improving ease-of-use during the design process. Usability consultant Jakob Nielsen and computer science professor Ben Shneiderman have written (separately) about a framework of system acceptability, where usability is a part of "usefulness" and is composed of:[7]

text:
Learnability: How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the design?
Efficiency: Once users have learned the design, how quickly can they perform tasks?
Memorability: When users return to the design after a period of not using it, how easily can they re-establish proficiency?
Errors: How many errors do users make, how severe are these errors, and how easily can they recover from the errors?
Satisfaction: How pleasant is it to use the design?

text: Usability is often associated with the functionalities of the product (cf. ISO definition, below), in addition to being solely a characteristic of the user interface (cf. framework of system acceptability, also below, which separates usefulness into usability and utility). For example, in the context of mainstream consumer products, an automobile lacking a reverse gear could be considered unusable according to the former view, and lacking in utility according to the latter view. When evaluating user interfaces for usability, the definition can be as simple as "the perception of a target user of the effectiveness (fit for purpose) and efficiency (work or time required to use) of the Interface"[citation needed]. Each component may be measured subjectively against criteria, e.g., Principles of User Interface Design, to provide a metric, often expressed as a percentage. It is important to distinguish between usability testing and usability engineering. Usability testing is the measurement of ease of use of a product or piece of software. In contrast, usability engineering (UE) is the research and design process that ensures a product with good usability. Usability is a non-functional requirement. As with other non-functional requirements, usability cannot be directly measured but must be quantified by means of indirect measures or attributes such as, for example, the number of reported problems with ease-of-use of a system.

text: Intuitive interfaces[edit]

text: The term intuitive is often listed as a desirable trait in usable interfaces, often used as a synonym for learnable. Some experts such as Jef Raskin have discouraged using this term in user interface design, claiming that easy to use interfaces are often easy because of the user's exposure to previous similar systems, thus the term 'familiar' should be preferred.[8] As an example: Two vertical lines "||" on media player buttons do not intuitively mean "pause"—they do so by convention. Aiming for "intuitive" interfaces (based on reusing existing skills with interaction systems) could lead designers to discard a better design solution only because it would require a novel approach. This position is sometimes illustrated with the remark that "The only intuitive interface is the nipple; everything else is learned."[9] Bruce Tognazzini even denies the existence of "intuitive" interfaces, since such interfaces must be able to intuit, i.e., "perceive the patterns of the user's behavior and draw inferences."[10] Instead, he advocates the term "intuitable," i.e., "that users could intuit the workings of an application by seeing it and using it." He continues, however, "But even that is a less than useful goal since only 25 percent of the population depends on intuition to perceive anything."

text: ISO standards[edit]

text: ISO/TR 16982:2002 standard[edit]

text: ISO/TR 16982:2002 ("Ergonomics of human-system interaction—Usability methods supporting human-centered design") is an International Standards Organization (ISO) standard that provides information on human-centered usability methods that can be used for design and evaluation. It details the advantages, disadvantages, and other factors relevant to using each usability method. It explains the implications of the stage of the life cycle and the individual project characteristics for the selection of usability methods and provides examples of usability methods in context. The main users of ISO/TR 16982:2002 are project managers. It therefore addresses technical human factors and ergonomics issues only to the extent necessary to allow managers to understand their relevance and importance in the design process as a whole. The guidance in ISO/TR 16982:2002 can be tailored for specific design situations by using the lists of issues characterizing the context of use of the product to be delivered. Selection of appropriate usability methods should also take account of the relevant life-cycle process. ISO/TR 16982:2002 is restricted to methods that are widely used by usability specialists and project managers. It does not specify the details of how to implement or carry out the usability methods described.

text: ISO 9241 standard[edit]

text: ISO 9241 is a multi-part standard that covers a number of aspects of people working with computers. Although originally titled Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs), it has been retitled to the more generic Ergonomics of Human System Interaction.[11] As part of this change, ISO is renumbering some parts of the standard so that it can cover more topics, e.g. tactile and haptic interaction. The first part to be renumbered was part 10 in 2006, now part 110.[12]

text: Designing for usability[edit]

text: Any system or device designed for use by people should be easy to use, easy to learn, easy to remember (the instructions), and helpful to users. John Gould and Clayton Lewis recommend that designers striving for usability follow these three design principles[13]

text:
Early focus on end users and the tasks they need the system/device to do
Empirical measurement using quantitative or qualitative measures
Iterative design, in which the designers work in a series of stages, improving the design each time

text: Early focus on users and tasks[edit]

text: The design team should be user-driven and it should be in direct contact with potential users. Several evaluation methods, including personas, cognitive modeling, inspection, inquiry, prototyping, and testing methods may contribute to understanding potential users and their perceptions of how well the product or process works. Usability considerations, such as who the users are and their experience with similar systems must be examined. As part of understanding users, this knowledge must "...be played against the tasks that the users will be expected to perform."[13] This includes the analysis of what tasks the users will perform, which are most important, and what decisions the users will make while using your system. Designers must understand how cognitive and emotional characteristics of users will relate to a proposed system. One way to stress the importance of these issues in the designers' minds is to use personas, which are made-up representative users. See below for further discussion of personas. Another more expensive but more insightful method is to have a panel of potential users work closely with the design team from the early stages.[14]

text: Empirical measurement[edit]

text: Test the system early on, and test the system on real users using behavioral measurements. This includes testing the system for both learnability and usability. (See Evaluation Methods). It is important in this stage to use quantitative usability specifications such as time and errors to complete tasks and number of users to test, as well as examine performance and attitudes of the users testing the system.[14] Finally, "reviewing or demonstrating" a system before the user tests it can result in misleading results. The emphasis of empirical measurement is on measurement, both informal and formal, which can be carried out through a variety of evaluation methods.[13]

text: Iterative design[edit]

text: Iterative design is a design methodology based on a cyclic process of prototyping, testing, analyzing, and refining a product or process. Based on the results of testing the most recent iteration of a design, changes and refinements are made. This process is intended to ultimately improve the quality and functionality of a design. In iterative design, interaction with the designed system is used as a form of research for informing and evolving a project, as successive versions, or iterations of a design are implemented. The key requirements for Iterative Design are: identification of required changes, an ability to make changes, and a willingness to make changes. When a problem is encountered, there is no set method to determine the correct solution. Rather, there are empirical methods that can be used during system development or after the system is delivered, usually a more inopportune time. Ultimately, iterative design works towards meeting goals such as making the system user friendly, easy to use, easy to operate, simple, etc.[14]

text: Evaluation methods[edit]

text: There are a variety of usability evaluation methods. Certain methods use data from users, while others rely on usability experts. There are usability evaluation methods for all stages of design and development, from product definition to final design modifications. When choosing a method, consider cost, time constraints, and appropriateness. For a brief overview of methods, see Comparison of usability evaluation methods or continue reading below. Usability methods can be further classified into the subcategories below.

text: Cognitive modeling methods[edit]

text: Cognitive modeling involves creating a computational model to estimate how long it takes people to perform a given task. Models are based on psychological principles and experimental studies to determine times for cognitive processing and motor movements. Cognitive models can be used to improve user interfaces or predict problem errors and pitfalls during the design process. A few examples of cognitive models include:

text: With parallel design, several people create an initial design from the same set of requirements. Each person works independently, and when finished, shares concepts with the group. The design team considers each solution, and each designer uses the best ideas to further improve their own solution. This process helps generate many different, diverse ideas, and ensures that the best ideas from each design are integrated into the final concept. This process can be repeated several times until the team is satisfied with the final concept.

text: GOMS stands for goals, operator, methods, and selection rules. It is a family of techniques that analyzes the user complexity of interactive systems. Goals are what the user must accomplish. An operator is an action performed in pursuit of a goal. A method is a sequence of operators that accomplish a goal. Selection rules specify which method satisfies a given goal, based on context.

text: Sometimes it is useful to break a task down and analyze each individual aspect separately. This helps the tester locate specific areas for improvement. To do this, it is necessary to understand how the human brain processes information. A model of the human processor is shown below.

text: Many studies have been done to estimate the cycle times, decay times, and capacities of each of these processors. Variables that affect these can include subject age, aptitudes, ability, and the surrounding environment. For a younger adult, reasonable estimates are:

text:
Parameter
Mean
Range

Eye movement time
230 ms
70–700 ms

Decay half-life of visual image storage
200 ms
90–1000 ms

Perceptual processor cycle time
100 ms
50–200 ms

Cognitive processor cycle time
70 ms
25–170 ms

Motor processor cycle time
70 ms
30–100 ms

Effective working memory capacity
2 items
2–3 items

tag: table

text: Long-term memory is believed to have an infinite capacity and decay time.[15]

text: Keystroke level modeling is essentially a less comprehensive version of GOMS that makes simplifying assumptions in order to reduce calculation time and complexity.

text: Inspection methods[edit]

text: These usability evaluation methods involve observation of users by an experimenter, or the testing and evaluation of a program by an expert reviewer. They provide more quantitative data as tasks can be timed and recorded.

text: Card sorting is a way to involve users in grouping information for a website's usability review. Participants in a card sorting session are asked to organize the content from a Web site in a way that makes sense to them. Participants review items from a Web site and then group these items into categories. Card sorting helps to learn how users think about the content and how they would organize the information on the Web site. Card sorting helps to build the structure for a Web site, decide what to put on the home page, and label the home page categories. It also helps to ensure that information is organized on the site in a way that is logical to users.

text: Tree testing is a way to evaluate the effectiveness of a website's top-down organization. Participants are given "find it" tasks, then asked to drill down through successive text lists of topics and subtopics to find a suitable answer. Tree testing evaluates the findability and labeling of topics in a site, separate from its navigation controls or visual design.

text: Ethnographic analysis is derived from anthropology. Field observations are taken at a site of a possible user, which track the artifacts of work such as Post-It notes, items on desktop, shortcuts, and items in trash bins. These observations also gather the sequence of work and interruptions that determine the user's typical day.

text: Heuristic evaluation is a usability engineering method for finding and assessing usability problems in a user interface design as part of an iterative design process. It involves having a small set of evaluators examining the interface and using recognized usability principles (the "heuristics"). It is the most popular of the usability inspection methods, as it is quick, cheap, and easy. Heuristic evaluation was developed to aid in the design of computer user-interface design. It relies on expert reviewers to discover usability problems and then categorize and rate them by a set of principles (heuristics.) It is widely used based on its speed and cost-effectiveness. Jakob Nielsen's list of ten heuristics is the most commonly used in industry. These are ten general principles for user interface design. They are called "heuristics" because they are more in the nature of rules of thumb than specific usability guidelines.

text:
Visibility of system status: The system should always keep users informed about what is going on, through appropriate feedback within reasonable time.
Match between system and the real world: The system should speak the users' language, with words, phrases and concepts familiar to the user, rather than system-oriented terms. Follow real-world conventions, making information appear in a natural and logical order.
User control and freedom: Users often choose system functions by mistake and will need a clearly marked "emergency exit" to leave the unwanted state without having to go through an extended dialogue. Support undo and redo.
Consistency and standards: Users should not have to wonder whether different words, situations, or actions mean the same thing. Follow platform conventions.
Error prevention: Even better than good error messages is a careful design that prevents a problem from occurring in the first place. Either eliminate error-prone conditions or check for them and present users with a confirmation option before they commit to the action.
Recognition rather than recall:[16] Minimize the user's memory load by making objects, actions, and options visible. The user should not have to remember information from one part of the dialogue to another. Instructions for use of the system should be visible or easily retrievable whenever appropriate.
Flexibility and efficiency of use: Accelerators—unseen by the novice user—may often speed up the interaction for the expert user such that the system can cater to both inexperienced and experienced users. Allow users to tailor frequent actions.
Aesthetic and minimalist design: Dialogues should not contain information that is irrelevant or rarely needed. Every extra unit of information in a dialogue competes with the relevant units of information and diminishes their relative visibility.
Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors: Error messages should be expressed in plain language (no codes), precisely indicate the problem, and constructively suggest a solution.
Help and documentation: Even though it is better if the system can be used without documentation, it may be necessary to provide help and documentation. Any such information should be easy to search, focused on the user's task, list concrete steps to be carried out, and not be too large.

text: Thus, by determining which guidelines are violated, the usability of a device can be determined.

text: Usability inspection is a review of a system based on a set of guidelines. The review is conducted by a group of experts who are deeply familiar with the concepts of usability in design. The experts focus on a list of areas in design that have been shown to be troublesome for users.

text: Pluralistic Inspections are meetings where users, developers, and human factors people meet together to discuss and evaluate step by step of a task scenario. As more people inspect the scenario for problems, the higher the probability to find problems. In addition, the more interaction in the team, the faster the usability issues are resolved.

text: In consistency inspection, expert designers review products or projects to ensure consistency across multiple products to look if it does things in the same way as their own designs.

text: Activity analysis is a usability method used in preliminary stages of development to get a sense of situation. It involves an investigator observing users as they work in the field. Also referred to as user observation, it is useful for specifying user requirements and studying currently used tasks and subtasks. The data collected are qualitative and useful for defining the problem. It should be used when you wish to frame what is needed, or "What do we want to know?"

text: Inquiry methods[edit]

text: The following usability evaluation methods involve collecting qualitative data from users. Although the data collected is subjective, it provides valuable information on what the user wants.

text: Task analysis means learning about users' goals and users' ways of working. Task analysis can also mean figuring out what more specific tasks users must do to meet those goals and what steps they must take to accomplish those tasks. Along with user and task analysis, a third analysis is often used: understanding users' environments (physical, social, cultural, and technological environments).

text: A focus group is a focused discussion where a moderator leads a group of participants through a set of questions on a particular topic. Although typically used as a marketing tool, Focus Groups are sometimes used to evaluate usability. Used in the product definition stage, a group of 6 to 10 users are gathered to discuss what they desire in a product. An experienced focus group facilitator is hired to guide the discussion to areas of interest for the developers. Focus groups are typically videotaped to help get verbatim quotes, and clips are often used to summarize opinions. The data gathered is not usually quantitative, but can help get an idea of a target group's opinion.

text: Surveys have the advantages of being inexpensive, require no testing equipment, and results reflect the users' opinions. When written carefully and given to actual users who have experience with the product and knowledge of design, surveys provide useful feedback on the strong and weak areas of the usability of a design. This is a very common method and often does not appear to be a survey, but just a warranty card.

text: Prototyping methods[edit]

text: It is often very difficult for designers to conduct usability tests with the exact system being designed. Cost constraints, size, and design constraints usually lead the designer to creating a prototype of the system. Instead of creating the complete final system, the designer may test different sections of the system, thus making several small models of each component of the system. The types of usability prototypes may vary from using paper models, index cards, hand drawn models, or storyboards.[17] Prototypes are able to be modified quickly, often are faster and easier to create with less time invested by designers and are more apt to change design; although sometimes are not an adequate representation of the whole system, are often not durable and testing results may not be parallel to those of the actual system.

text: Rapid prototyping is a method used in early stages of development to validate and refine the usability of a system. It can be used to quickly and cheaply evaluate user-interface designs without the need for an expensive working model. This can help remove hesitation to change the design, since it is implemented before any real programming begins. One such method of rapid prototyping is paper prototyping.

text: Testing methods[edit]

text: These usability evaluation methods involve testing of subjects for the most quantitative data. Usually recorded on video, they provide task completion time and allow for observation of attitude. Regardless to how carefully a system is designed, all theories must be tested using usability tests. Usability tests involve typical users using the system (or product) in a realistic environment [see simulation]. Observation of the user's behavior, emotions, and difficulties while performing different tasks, often identify areas of improvement for the system.

text: Metrics[edit]

text: While conducting usability tests, designers must use usability metrics to identify what it is they are going to measure, or the usability metrics. These metrics are often variable, and change in conjunction with the scope and goals of the project. The number of subjects being tested can also affect usability metrics, as it is often easier to focus on specific demographics. Qualitative design phases, such as general usability (can the task be accomplished?), and user satisfaction are also typically done with smaller groups of subjects.[18] Using inexpensive prototypes on small user groups provides more detailed information, because of the more interactive atmosphere, and the designer's ability to focus more on the individual user.

text: As the designs become more complex, the testing must become more formalized. Testing equipment will become more sophisticated and testing metrics become more quantitative. With a more refined prototype, designers often test effectiveness, efficiency, and subjective satisfaction, by asking the user to complete various tasks. These categories are measured by the percent that complete the task, how long it takes to complete the tasks, ratios of success to failure to complete the task, time spent on errors, the number of errors, rating scale of satisfactions, number of times user seems frustrated, etc.[19] Additional observations of the users give designers insight on navigation difficulties, controls, conceptual models, etc. The ultimate goal of analyzing these metrics is to find/create a prototype design that users like and use to successfully perform given tasks.[17] After conducting usability tests, it is important for a designer to record what was observed, in addition to why such behavior occurred and modify the model according to the results. Often it is quite difficult to distinguish the source of the design errors, and what the user did wrong. However, effective usability tests will not generate a solution to the problems, but provide modified design guidelines for continued testing.

text: Remote usability testing (also known as unmoderated or asynchronous usability testing) involves the use of a specially modified online survey, allowing the quantification of user testing studies by providing the ability to generate large sample sizes, or a deep qualitative analysis without the need for dedicated facilities. Additionally, this style of user testing also provides an opportunity to segment feedback by demographic, attitudinal and behavioral type. The tests are carried out in the user's own environment (rather than labs) helping further simulate real-life scenario testing. This approach also provides a vehicle to easily solicit feedback from users in remote areas. There are two types, quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative use large sample sized and task based surveys. These types of studies are useful for validating suspected usability issues. Qualitative studies are best used as exploratory research, in small sample sizes but frequent, even daily iterations. Qualitative usually allows for observing respondent's screens and verbal think aloud commentary (Screen Recording Video, SRV), and for a richer level of insight also include the webcam view of the respondent (Video-in-Video, ViV, sometimes referred to as Picture-in-Picture, PiP)

text: The growth in mobile and associated platforms and services (e.g.: Mobile gaming has experienced 20x growth in 2010-2012) has generated a need for unmoderated remote usability testing on mobile devices, both for websites but especially for app interactions. One methodology consists of shipping cameras and special camera holding fixtures to dedicated testers, and having them record the screens of the mobile smart-phone or tablet device, usually using an HD camera. A drawback of this approach is that the finger movements of the respondent can obscure the view of the screen, in addition to the bias and logistical issues inherent in shipping special hardware to selected respondents. A newer approach uses a wireless projection of the mobile device screen onto the computer desktop screen of the respondent, who can then be recorded through their webcam, and thus a combined Video-in-Video view of the participant and the screen interactions viewed simultaneously while incorporating the verbal think aloud commentary of the respondents.

text: The Think aloud protocol is a method of gathering data that is used in both usability and psychology studies. It involves getting a user to verbalize their thought processes as they perform a task or set of tasks. Often an instructor is present to prompt the user into being more vocal as they work. Similar to the Subjects-in-Tandem method, it is useful in pinpointing problems and is relatively simple to set up. Additionally, it can provide insight into the user's attitude, which can not usually be discerned from a survey or questionnaire.

text: Rapid Iterative Testing and Evaluation (RITE)[20] is an iterative usability method similar to traditional "discount" usability testing. The tester and team must define a target population for testing, schedule participants to come into the lab, decide on how the users behaviors will be measured, construct a test script and have participants engage in a verbal protocol (e.g., think aloud). However it differs from these methods in that it advocates that changes to the user interface are made as soon as a problem is identified and a solution is clear. Sometimes this can occur after observing as few as 1 participant. Once the data for a participant has been collected the usability engineer and team decide if they will be making any changes to the prototype prior to the next participant. The changed interface is then tested with the remaining users.

text: Subjects-in-tandem (also called co-discovery) is the pairing of subjects in a usability test to gather important information on the ease of use of a product. Subjects tend to discuss the tasks they have to accomplish out loud and through these discussions observers learn where the problem areas of a design are. To encourage co-operative problem-solving between the two subjects, and the attendant discussions leading to it, the tests can be designed to make the subjects dependent on each other by assigning them complementary areas of responsibility (e.g. for testing of software, one subject may be put in charge of the mouse and the other of the keyboard.)

text: Component-based usability testing is an approach which aims to test the usability of elementary units of an interaction system, referred to as interaction components. The approach includes component-specific quantitative measures based on user interaction recorded in log files, and component-based usability questionnaires.

text: Other methods[edit]

text: Cognitive walkthrough is a method of evaluating the user interaction of a working prototype or final product. It is used to evaluate the system's ease of learning. Cognitive walk through is useful to understand the user's thought processes and decision making when interacting with a system, specially for first-time or infrequent users.

text: Benchmarking creates standardized test materials for a specific type of design. Four key characteristics are considered when establishing a benchmark: time to do the core task, time to fix errors, time to learn applications, and the functionality of the system. Once there is a benchmark, other designs can be compared to it to determine the usability of the system. Many of the common objectives of usability studies, such as trying to understand user behavior or exploring alternative designs, must be put aside. Unlike many other usability methods or types of labs studies, benchmark studies more closely resemble true experimental psychology lab studies, with greater attention to detail on methodology, study protocol and data analysis.[21]

text: Meta-analysis is a statistical procedure to combine results across studies to integrate the findings. This phrase was coined in 1976 as a quantitative literature review. This type of evaluation is very powerful for determining the usability of a device because it combines multiple studies to provide very accurate quantitative support.

text: Personas are fictitious characters created to represent a site or product's different user types and their associated demographics and technographics. Alan Cooper introduced the concept of using personas as a part of interactive design in 1998 in his book The Inmates Are Running the Asylum,[22] but had used this concept since as early as 1975. Personas are a usability evaluation method that can be used at various design stages. The most typical time to create personas is at the beginning of designing so that designers have a tangible idea of who the users of their product will be. Personas are the archetypes that represent actual groups of users and their needs, which can be a general description of person, context, or usage scenario. This technique turns marketing data on target user population into a few physical concepts of users to create empathy among the design team, with the final aim of tailoring a product more closely to how the personas will use it. To gather the marketing data that personas require, several tools can be used, including online surveys, web analytics, customer feedback forms, and usability tests, and interviews with customer-service representatives.[23]

text: Benefits[edit]

text: The key benefits of usability are:

text:
Higher revenues through increased sales
Increased user efficiency and user satisfaction
Reduced development costs
Reduced support costs

text: Corporate integration[edit]

text: An increase in usability generally positively affects several facets of a company's output quality. In particular, the benefits fall into several common areas:[24]

text:
Increased productivity
Decreased training and support costs
Increased sales and revenues
Reduced development time and costs
Reduced maintenance costs
Increased customer satisfaction

text: Increased usability in the workplace fosters several responses from employees: "Workers who enjoy their work do it better, stay longer in the face of temptation, and contribute ideas and enthusiasm to the evolution of enhanced productivity."[25] To create standards, companies often implement experimental design techniques that create baseline levels. Areas of concern in an office environment include (though are not necessarily limited to):[26]

text:
Working posture
Design of workstation furniture
Screen displays
Input devices
Organization issues
Office environment
Software interface

text: By working to improve said factors, corporations can achieve their goals of increased output at lower costs, while potentially creating optimal levels of customer satisfaction. There are numerous reasons why each of these factors correlates to overall improvement. For example, making software user interfaces easier to understand reduces the need for extensive training. The improved interface tends to lower the time needed to perform tasks, and so would both raise the productivity levels for employees and reduce development time (and thus costs). Each of the aforementioned factors are not mutually exclusive; rather they should be understood to work in conjunction to form the overall workplace environment. In the 2010s, usability is recognized as an important software quality attribute, earning its place among more traditional attributes such as performance, robustness and aesthetic appearance. Various academic programs focus on usability.[27] Several usability consultancy companies have emerged, and traditional consultancy and design firms offer similar services.

text: There is some resistance to integrating usability work in organisations. Usability is seen as a vague concept, it is difficult to measure and other areas are prioritised when IT projects run out of time or money.[28]

text: Professional development[edit]

text: Usability practitioners are sometimes trained as industrial engineers, psychologists, kinesiologists, systems design engineers, or with a degree in information architecture, information or library science, or Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). More often though they are people who are trained in specific applied fields who have taken on a usability focus within their organization. Anyone who aims to make tools easier to use and more effective for their desired function within the context of work or everyday living can benefit from studying usability principles and guidelines. For those seeking to extend their training, the Usability Professionals' Association offers online resources, reference lists, courses, conferences, and local chapter meetings. The UPA also sponsors World Usability Day each November.[29] Related professional organizations include the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) and the Association for Computing Machinery's special interest groups in Computer Human Interaction (SIGCHI), Design of Communication (SIGDOC) and Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH). The Society for Technical Communication also has a special interest group on Usability and User Experience (UUX). They publish a quarterly newsletter called Usability Interface.[30]


document_title: Battle of Ortona

question_text: how long did the battle of ortona last

question_tokens: how long did the battle of ortona last

root

text: Battle of Ortona

text: Background[edit]

text: The British Eighth Army's offensive on the Winter Line defences east of the Apennine mountains had commenced on 23 November with the crossing of the river Sangro. By the end of the month, the main Gustav Line defences had been penetrated and the Allied troops were fighting their way forward to the next river, the Moro, 4 miles (6.4 km) north of the mouth of which lay Ortona. For the Moro crossing in early December the exhausted British 78th Infantry Division on the Allied right flank on the Adriatic coast had been relieved by the Canadian 1st Infantry Division, under Major-General Christopher Vokes.[8] By mid-December, after fierce fighting in the cold and mud, the Division's 1st Infantry Brigade had fought its way to within 2 mi (3.2 km) of Ortona and was relieved by the 2nd Infantry Brigade for the advance on the town.

tag: p

text: Ortona was of high strategic importance, as it was one of Italy's few usable deep water ports on the east coast, and was needed for docking allied ships and to shorten Eighth Army's lines of supply which at the time stretched back to Bari and Taranto. Allied forces were ordered to maintain the offensive, and going through the built-up areas in and around Ortona was the only feasible option. Ortona was part of the Winter Line defence system and the Germans had constructed a series of interlocking defensive positions in the town. This—together with the fact that the Germans had been ordered to "fight for every last house and tree"—[9][10] made the town a formidable obstacle to any attacking force.

text: Battle[edit]

text: The Canadians faced elements of the renowned German 1st Parachute Division.[Note 1] These soldiers were battle-hardened after many years of war, and defended doggedly.

text: The initial Canadian attack on the town was made on 20 December by Canadian 2nd Brigade's Loyal Edmonton Regiment with elements of the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada under command.[10] Meanwhile, elements of the division's 3rd Infantry Brigade launched a northerly attack to the west of the town in attempt to outflank and cut off the town's rear communications but made slow progress because of the difficult terrain and the skillful and determined German defence.

text:
The Germans also concealed various machine guns and anti-tank emplacements throughout the town, making movement by armour and infantry increasingly difficult.[11] The house-to-house fighting was vicious and the Canadians made use of a new tactic: "mouse-holing". This tactic involved using weapons such as the PIAT (or even cumbersome anti-tank guns) to breach the walls of a building, as houses within Ortona shared adjoining walls.[11] The soldiers would then throw in grenades and assault through the mouse holes, clearing the top floors and making their way down, where both adversaries struggled in repeated close-quarters combat.[10] Mouse-holing was also used to pierce through walls into adjoining rooms, sometimes catching enemy troops by surprise. The tactic would be used repeatedly as assaulting through the streets caused heavy casualties for both Canadian and German troops.[12] Throughout the battle, engineers on both sides used the brutal but effective tactic of using demolition charges to collapse entire buildings on top of enemy troops.[13]
After six days of combat, 2nd Brigade's third battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, joined the battle together with tanks from 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade's Three Rivers Regiment.

text: On 28 December, after eight days of fighting, the depleted German troops finally withdrew from the town. The Canadians suffered 1,375 dead[3] during the Moro River battles of which Ortona was a part. This represented almost a quarter of all Canadians killed during the entire Italian Campaign.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Infantrymen of the Loyal Edmonton Regiment advance with Sherman tanks of the Three Rivers Regiment

Canadian rifleman, December 1943, Ortona, Italy.

German corporal killed during fighting against the Loyal Edmonton Regiment, Ortona, Italy.

Ortona War Cemetery, which contains 1,615 dead. 1,375 of whom are Canadian, 169 British, 42 New Zealanders, 16 South Africans, 5 Indian, 4 Australian, 2 other allied. 52 are unidentified by name and 2 are entirely unidentified.

tag: ul


document_title: Kyle Harmon

question_text: who plays kyle's mother in csi miami

question_tokens: who plays kyle 's mother in csi miami

text: Kyle Harmon

text: Background[edit]

text: Kyle Harmon was born on July 6, 1991, to "John Walden" (undercover alias of Horatio Caine at the time) and Julia Eberly in Pensacola, Florida. Through unknown events, Harmon ended up in the foster care system. Around age 15, Harmon (now living in Miami) stole a boat on Biscayne Bay and was arrested for the offense. The crime was alcohol-related. He served six months in juvenile detention then was released on parole with an ankle-bracelet monitor. Harmon's parole officer, Andrew Bennet, secured him a job at the Miste Cafe, where he was coerced into committing a felony by another parolee and co-worker, and was sent to an adult prison to await trial. Kyle didn't know who his father was, but a dangerous escapee found out by chance. In retribution against Caine, this prisoner arranged to have Kyle kidnapped and hidden within the prison. Lt. Caine told Kyle about their relationship when he located and freed him from a maintenance tunnel next to Block C. Caine then arranged protection for Kyle by another prisoner. The background of Kyle's last name remains unclear.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In "Dangerous Son," parole officer Andrew Bennet is murdered and Harmon, having recently broken his parole agreement to abstain from alcohol, is brought in for questioning. While being interrogated by Eric Delko, Horatio Caine spots the boy and suspects a biological relationship, previously unknown to both parties. Meanwhile, Harmon kidnaps a woman named Kathleen Newbury and demands cash for her ransom. It is later revealed that Kyle had been blackmailed into the crime by a fellow employee at the Miste Cafe. Nevertheless, Harmon is arrested after running from the Coast Guard.

text: While in prison, Harmon finds himself a prime target by the gangsters after it is known that his father is a police officer. He is kidnapped by Joe LeBrock and left to die in a maintenance pipeline. He is rescued by Caine, who then proceeds to reveal his paternal relationship to Harmon. From then on, Harmon is protected by Oscar Monahan who is acting on Caine's orders. However, when Monahan is murdered by a bomb triggered by the cellphone found in Harmon's bunk, the boy becomes a prime suspect. He is questioned by his father, but Harmon claims to not know anything about the phone. Caine later realizes that Harmon lied, and that the phone did belong to him, but unknown to him, it had been rigged by LeBrock's men. Caine still manages to prove Harmon's innocence in the murder of Oscar Monahan.

text: Harmon's day in court arrives, and he finds himself amongst his father and his mother, Julia Winston, who has suddenly reappeared. The key witness in Harmon's case does not appear, and the judge dismisses the charges. The judge also informs Harmon that both his parents have filed separate petitions for custody for him, and that he must choose with whom he will live. Although he appears to struggle with the decision, Harmon ultimately chooses to go with his mother.

text: During the events of "Bombshell," Caine breaks up a fistfight between Harmon and his adult neighbor. This neighbor ultimately ends up murdered, and Harmon once again becomes a suspect. Harmon insists to Caine that he had nothing to do with the murder, but is hesitant when Caine starts question whether Harmon's mother could have had anything to do with it. The murderer is revealed to be neither Harmon nor his mother, and both walk free.

text: Harmon is brought to the station after being pulled over while driving erratically with his mother in the passenger seat. Caine finds out that Harmon was attempting to get his mother to her job interview on time and she was the one who had continually told him to go faster despite his protests. It becomes clear at this point that Winston is psychologically unstable. Attempting to give him some stability and to get him away from his mother, Caine secures Harmon a job as the ME Dr. Tara Price's assistant. Although Harmon breaks the protocol the first day by letting Winston visit the morgue without permission, Tara allows him to keep his job and seems to enjoy it. He again unknowningly breaks protocol the first day when he answers a murder victim's cell phone while it rings. In doing so however, he breaks the case wide open. Caine explains that while he broke the case, he shouldn't touch others' personal effects without clearance as it may be potential evidence. Caine also sets up Harmon in his own apartment, explaining that in living there comes a greater responsibility.

text: Harmon catches Tara taking a pill and confronts her about it. She lies, and he calls her on it, to which she angrily responds, "I don't have to explain myself to you, Kyle."

text: During "Collateral Damage," a grenade explodes in the morgue, throwing Ryan Wolfe, Tara Price, and Harmon across the room. No one is injured, but Harmon is extremely shaken up. He expresses to Wolfe that he feels responsible for the grenade because he knocked it out of the victim's clothes but Wolfe tells him that accidents always happen.

text: During "Dissolved," Harmon expresses to Caine that he is struggling to cope with his mother's psychological instability. Winston appears to be calling Harmon nonstop, as well as going into his apartment uninvited. Winston eventually breaks into the morgue, where Tara, Wolfe, Harmon, and an unnamed intern are, and starts shooting. She waves the gun around and demands that Harmon come with her. Harmon agrees to go if she will put the gun down. The scene is interrupted by Caine, who tries to talk sense into Winston. Instead of listening, Winston says goodbye to Harmon and puts the gun to her head. Harmon screams "No!" and lunges forward, but the act is ultimately stopped by Caine, who grabs the gun before Winston can pull the trigger. Winston is arrested while Harmon looks on, obviously hurt and disappointed.

text: In the Season 8 episode "Into the Wind" (aired on February 1, 2010), Harmon is seen via Skype from a U.S. Army forward operating base outside Kabul, Afghanistan, where it's revealed to viewers that he's joined the armed forces. He reassures his father that he's made the right choice, but of course, Caine privately feels otherwise.

text: In the episode "Dishonor," Harmon has returned to Miami from Afghanistan. At the start of the episode he tells his father that he has decided to return to Afghanistan. Caine is immediately disappointed and worried, and also upset that Harmon did not make the decision with him. Later, Harmon discovers a body on fire and believes it to be his military friend, Brian, who had also returned home. It is soon discovered to be another man, but Brian is still missing. Harmon receives a call from Brian, who asks him to meet him but not to tell Caine. Harmon agrees, but tells Caine anyway. At the end of the episode, Harmon is shown in uniform, ready to return to Afghanistan. He says goodbye to Caine, and offers his hand for a handshake. Caine instead hugs him, tells him he loves him, and that he must come home alive.

text: He is seen briefly in the episode "Friendly Fire", however the dialogue was not heard.

text: Personality[edit]

text: Kyle Harmon is portrayed as impetuous but good-hearted. He is shown to be courageous, and takes any implication of cowardice as a personal insult ("Dangerous Son.") He has respect for the law, but is not afraid to break it when he feels it necessary ("Dangerous Son", "Chain Reaction", "Bombshell", "Divorce Party.") He is extremely independent, and often tries to take care of problems even when they are over his head ("Bombshell", "Divorce Party.")

text: Harmon shares many qualities and mannerisms with Caine, but is also different from him. Most notably, Kyle is openly emotional and very impatient. He tends to "wear his heart on his sleeve." Caine, on the other hand, is extremely reserved and almost unnaturally patient.

text: Relationships[edit]

text:
Horatio Caine (David Caruso):
Kyle Harmon met his father when he was sixteen. He is distrustful of him at first, thinking that Caine will abandon him "just like all the others." However, as his mother's condition deteriorates, Harmon seems to grow closer to his father, especially after his father gets him a job as the ME's assistant. By the seventh season, Harmon seems to gravitate more towards Caine, as evidenced by his confessions of the problems with his mother to him. During the eighth season, Caine and Harmon seem to have a close relationship, and Harmon shows great trust in Caine. When Harmon leaves for Afghanistan the second time, Caine tells him that he loves him.

text:
Julia Eberly - Winston (Elizabeth Berkley):
Harmon is very happy to see his mother when she first appears in "Raising Caine," as he has been looking for her for some time. When Julia and Horatio file separate custody suits for him, he ultimately chooses his mother. For a while Harmon is quite protective of his mother. However, as time goes on and Winston's mental condition worsens, Harmon appears to grow somewhat weary of Winston's unpredictable temperament. The breaking point comes after she goes on a rampage in the penultimate episode of season 7 ("Dissolved") and demands Harmon at gunpoint to return with her. He is obviously disappointed as he watches his father have her arrested and later sent to rehab. During the eighth season, Winston is not mentioned by Harmon or Caine, and it is implied that Harmon no longer has much of a relationship, if any at all, with his mother.


document_title: Constitution of India

question_text: how many schedule the constitution of india contains

text: Constitution of India

text: Background

text: Most of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. The constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act, 1935 when it became effective on 26 January 1950. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950.[12]

text: Previous legislation

text: The constitution was drawn from a number of sources. Mindful of India's needs and conditions, its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the Government of India Act 1858, the Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892 and 1909, the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935, and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The latter, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan, divided the former Constituent Assembly in two. Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states.[13]

text: Constituent Assembly

text: The constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[14] The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the partition of India) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period.[2][13]

text: Membership

text: B. R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly,[2][13] which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community,[2] and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi.[2] Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians.[2] Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community.[2] Judges, such as  Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau, K. M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly.[2] Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.[2]

text: The first, two-day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president.[13][14] It met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[2][14][15]

text: Drafting

text: Benegal Narsing Rau, a civil servant who became the first Indian judge in the International Court of Justice and was president of the United Nations Security Council, was appointed as the assembly's constitutional adviser in 1946.[16] Responsible for the constitution's general structure, Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948.[16][17][18]

text: At 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly, committees were proposed.[14] Rau's draft was considered, debated and amended by the eight-person drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with B. R. Ambedkar as chair.[2][15] A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947.[15]

text: While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635.[13][19] Before adopting the constitution, the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days.[2][13] On 26 November 1949 it adopted the constitution,[2][13][15][18][20] which was signed by 284 members.[2][13][15][18][20] The day is celebrated as National Law Day,[2][21] or Constitution Day.[2][22]

text: The assembly's final session convened on 24 January 1950. Each member signed two copies of the constitution, one in Hindi and the other in English.[2][13][18] The original constitution is hand-written, with each page decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose.[15][18] Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada.[15] The constitution was published in Dehradun and photolithographed by the Survey of India. Production of the original constitution took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of India.[15][23] The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹6.3 crore (₹63 million).[13] The constitution has had a number of amendments since it was enacted.[24] The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium-filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi.[15]

text: Influence of other constitutions

text:
United Kingdom
Parliamentary government[2]
Concept of single citizenship[2]
Rule of law
The legislative speaker and their role
Legislative procedure

text:
United States[25]
Bill of Rights[2][15]
Federal structure of government[2]
Electoral College
Independent judiciary and separation of powers
Judicial review
President as commander-in-chief of the armed forces
Equal protection under law

text:
Ireland
Directive principles of state policy[15]

text:
Australia
Freedom of trade between states[13]
National legislative power to implement treaties, even on matters outside normal federal jurisdiction
Concurrent List[26]
Preamble terminology

text:
France
Ideals of liberté, égalité, fraternité[2][15]

text:
Canada
Quasi-federal government — a federal system with a strong central government[13]
Distribution of powers between the central and state governments[2][13]
Residual powers, retained by the central government[citation needed]

text:
Soviet Union
Fundamental Duties under article 51-A[2]
Mandated planning commission to oversee economic development[2]

text:
Other constitutions
The emergency provision under article 356 (from the Weimar Constitution)[15]
Amending the constitution (from South Africa)
Due process (from Japan)

text: Structure

text: The Indian constitution is the world's longest for a sovereign nation.[b][2][3][4] At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.[13] At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution – after the Constitution of Alabama – in the world.[27][28]

text: The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles,[c][15] which are grouped into 25 parts.[d][15] With 12 schedules[e][15] and five appendices,[15][29] it has been amended 101 times; the latest amendment became effective on 1 July 2017.[30]

text: Parts

text: The constitution's articles are grouped into the following parts:

text:
Preamble,[31] with the words "socialist" and "secular", and 'integrity' added in 1976 by the 42nd amendment[32][33]
Part I[34] – States and union territories
Part II[35] – Citizenship
Part III – Fundamental Rights
Part IV[36] – Directive Principles of State Policy
Part IVA – Fundamental Duties
Part V[37] – The union
Part VI[38] – The states
Part VII[39] – States in the B part of the first schedule (repealed)
Part VIII[40] – Union territories
Part IX[41] – Panchayats
Part IXA[42] – Municipalities
Part IXB – Co-operative societies[43]
Part X – Scheduled and tribal areas
Part XI – Relations between the union and the states
Part XII – Finance, property, contracts and suits
Part XIII – Trade and commerce within India
Part XIV – Services under the union and states
 Part XIVA – Tribunals
Part XV – Elections
Part XVI – Special provisions relating to certain classes
Part XVII – Languages
Part XVIII – Emergency provisions
Part XIX – Miscellaneous
Part XX – Amending the constitution
Part XXI – Temporary, transitional and special provisions
Part XXII – Short title, date of commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and repeals

text: Schedules

text: Schedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy.

text:
First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) – Lists India's states and territories, changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change.
Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221) –  Lists the salaries of public officials, judges, and the Comptroller and Auditor General.
Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219) – Forms of oaths – Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges.
Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – Details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (upper house of Parliament) by state or union territory.
Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – Provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[f] and Scheduled Tribes[g] (areas and tribes requiring special protection).
Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) – Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — Central government, state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities
Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351) – Official languages
Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain acts and regulations[h]
Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) – Anti-defection provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures.
Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government)
Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government)

text: Appendices

text:
Appendix I – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954
Appendix II – Re-statement, referring to the constitution's present text, of exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir
Appendix III – Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978
Appendix IV – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002
Appendix V – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003

text: Constitution and government

text: The executive, legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it.[44] With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. The President of India is head of the executive branch, under Articles 52 and 53, with the duty of preserving, protecting and defending the constitution and the law under Article 60. Article 74 provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers, which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties. The council is answerable to the lower house under Article 75(3).

text: The constitution is considered federal in nature, and unitary in spirit. It has features of a federation (a codified, supreme constitution, a three-tier governmental structure [central, state and local], division of powers, bicameralism and an independent judiciary) and unitary features such as a single constitution, single citizenship, an integrated judiciary, a flexible constitution, a strong central government, appointment of state governors by the central government, All India Services (the IAS, IFS and IPS) and emergency provisions. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.[45]

text: Each state and union territory has its own government. Analogous to the president and prime minister, each has a governor or (in union territories) a lieutenant governor and a chief minister. Article 356 permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government cannot be conducted in accordance with constitution. This power, known as president's rule, was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons. After the S. R. Bommai v. Union of India  decision,[46][47] such a course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review.[48]

text: The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of panchayati raj in rural areas and Nagar Palikas in urban areas.[15] Article 370 gives special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

text: Constitution and legislature

text: Amendments

text: Amendments are additions, variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament.[49] The procedure is detailed in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a with a two-thirds majority of its total membership when at least two-thirds are present and vote. Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with Article 245 (except for money bills), there is no provision for a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass a constitutional amendment. During a parliamentary recess, the president cannot promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers under Article 123, Chapter III. Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under the legislative powers of parliament were invalidated by Article 368(1) in the Twenty-fourth Amendment.[49]

text: By July 2018, 124 amendment bills had been presented in Parliament; of these, 101 became Amendment Acts.[50] Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document.[51] The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies.

text: In 2000, the Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was formed to examine a constitutional update.[52] The government of India establishes term-based law commissions to recommend legal reforms, facilitating the rule of law.

text: Limitations

text: In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, the Supreme Court ruled that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify; it cannot tinker with the constitution's basic structure or framework, which are immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid, although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution. According to the doctrine, the constitution's basic features (when "read as a whole") cannot be abridged or abolished. These "basic features" have not been fully defined,[44] and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a "basic feature" is decided by the courts.[53]

text: The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution's basic structure:[54]

text:
Supremacy of the constitution
Republican, democratic form of government
Its secular nature
Separation of powers
Its federal character[54]

tag: ol

text: This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure. The Supreme Court or a high court may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, after a judicial review. This is typical of parliamentary governments, where the judiciary checks parliamentary power.

text: In its 1967 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.[55] The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights.[56] The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.[56]

text: Constitution and judiciary

text: The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution.[57] Its duty (mandated by the constitution) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds.[58] The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people (enshrined in the constitution) from infringement by any state body, and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state (or states).

text: The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution,[59][60] which cannot be changed by the legislature or the executive.[61]

text: Judicial review

text: Judicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from judicial review in the United States.[62] In the Indian constitution, judicial review is dealt with in Article 13. The constitution is the supreme power of the nation, and governs all laws. According to Article 13,

text:
All pre-constitutional laws, if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended (the Doctrine of Eclipse).[63]
Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it, or they will be deemed void ab initio.
In such situations, the Supreme Court (or a high court) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency (and where separation is possible), the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void. In addition to Article 13, Articles 32, 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review.[64]

text: Due to the adoption of the Thirty-eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe fundamental rights under article 32 (the right to constitutional remedies).[65] The Forty-second Amendment widened Article 31C and added Articles 368(4) and 368(5), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in Minerva Mills v. Union of India that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368(4), 368(5) and 31C.[66]

text: Flexibility

text: According to Granville Austin, "The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."[i][67] The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities (not in vague terms) to ensure its flexibility.[68] John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, said that a constitution's "great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves."[69] A document "intended to endure for ages to come",[70] it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context.

text: The "right to life" guaranteed under Article 21[A] has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including the right to a speedy trial,[2][71]; the right to water;[2][72] the right to earn a livelihood,[2] the right to health,[2] and the right to education.[73]

text: At the conclusion of his book, Making of India's Constitution, retired Supreme Court of India justice Hans Raj Khanna wrote:

text: If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people."[74]


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu

question_text: who is the chief minister of the tamil nadu

text: List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu

text: List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu[edit]

text: Madras Presidency[edit]

text: The Madras Presidency, headquartered in Fort St. George, was a province of British India that comprised present day Tamil Nadu, the Malabar region of North Kerala, the coastal and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh, and the Bellary, Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi districts of Karnataka. It was established in 1653 to be the headquarters of the English settlements on the Coromandel Coast.

text: The territory under the presidency comprised only Madraspatnam and surrounding regions. But, after the Anglo-French wars and the consequent alliance between the English East India Company and the Nawab of Arcot, it was expanded to comprise the region from Northern Circars to Cape Comorin. Alongside, the governance structure also evolved from a modest secretariat with a single secretary for the Public Department in 1670 to six departments overseen by a Chief Secretary by 1920. With the enactment of Government of India Act 1919, the first legislature was formed in 1920 after general elections.[4] The term of the legislative council was three years. It had 132 members of whom 34 were nominated by the Governor and the rest were elected.

text: Under the Government of India Act 1935, a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly consisting of 215 members and a legislative council having 56 members. The first legislative assembly under this act was constituted in July 1937. The legislative council was a permanent body with a third of its members retiring every three years.[5]

text: In 1939, the British government declared India's entrance into World War II without consulting provincial governments. The Indian National Congress protested by asking all its elected representatives to resign from the governments.[6] Congress came back to power in 1946 after new provincial elections.[7]

text:
#[8]
Name
Portrait
Took office
Left office
Term[9]
Political party
Election

1
A. Subbarayalu Reddiar

17 December 1920
11 July 1921
1st
(206 days)
Justice Party[10]
1920 Madras Legislative Council Election

2
Raja of Panagal

11 July 1921
11 September 1923
1st
(792 days)
Justice Party[10]

Raja of Panagal
19 November 1923
4 December 1926
2nd
(1,111 days)
Justice Party[11][12][13]
1923 Madras Legislative Council Election

3
P. Subbarayan

4 December 1926
27 October 1930
1st
(1,423 days)
Unaffiliated[10]
1926 Madras Legislative Council Election

4
B. Munuswamy Naidu

27 October 1930
5 November 1932
1st
(740 days)
Justice Party[10]
1930 Madras Legislative Council Election

5
Ramakrishna Ranga Rao (Raja of Bobbilli)

5 November 1932
5 November 1934
1st
(730 days)
Justice Party[10]

Ramakrishna Ranga Rao
5 November 1934
4 April 1936
2nd
(516 days)
Justice Party[10]
1934 Madras Legislative Council Election

6
P. T. Rajan

4 April 1936
24 August 1936
1st
(142 days)
Justice Party[10]

(5)
Ramakrishna Ranga Rao

24 August 1936
1 April 1937
3rd
(220 days)
Justice Party[10]

7
Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu

1 April 1937
14 July 1937
1st
(104 days)
Interim provisional ministry[14][15][16][17]
1937 Madras Legislative Assembly Election

8
C. Rajagopalachari

14 July 1937
29 October 1939
1st
(837 days)
Indian National Congress

-
Governor's Rule[18]

29 October 1939
30 April 1946
(2,375 days)

9
Tanguturi Prakasam

30 April 1946
23 March 1947
1st
(327 days)
Indian National Congress
1946 Madras Legislative Assembly Election

10
O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar

23 March 1947
6 April 1949
1st
(745 days)
Indian National Congress

11
P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja

6 April 1949
26 January 1950
1st
(295 days)
Indian National Congress

text: Madras State[edit]

text: Madras State, precursor to the present day state of Tamil Nadu, was created after India became a republic on 26 January 1950.[19] It comprised present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. The first legislature of the Madras State to be elected on the basis of universal suffrage was constituted on 1 March 1952, after the general elections held in January 1952.[20]

text: The state was split up along linguistic lines in 1953, carving out Andhra State. Under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, the States of Kerala, and Mysore were carved out of the Madras state. Under the implementation of the Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act, 1959, with effect from 1 April 1960, Tirutani taluk and Pallipattu sub-taluk of Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh were transferred to Madras State in exchange for territories from the Chingelput and Salem Districts.[4][21]

text:
#[8]
Name
Portrait
Took office
Left office
Term[9]
Political party
Election

1
P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja

26 January 1950
10 April 1952
2nd
(805 days)
Indian National Congress
1946 Madras Legislative Assembly Election

2
C. Rajagopalachari

10 April 1952
13 April 1954
2nd
(733 days)
1952 Madras Legislative Assembly Election

3
K. Kamaraj

13 April 1954
31 March 1957
1st
(1,083 days)

13 April 1957
1 March 1962
2nd
(1,783 days)
1957 Madras Legislative Assembly Election

15 March 1962
2 October 1963
3rd
(566 days)
1962 Madras Legislative Assembly Election

4
M. Bakthavatsalam

2 October 1963
6 March 1967
1st
(1,251 days)

5
C. N. Annadurai

6 March 1967
14 January 1969
1st
(680 days)
DMK
1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election

text: Tamil Nadu[edit]

text: Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu (Tamil for Tamil country) on 14 January 1969.[19] The legislative assembly adopted a resolution on 14 May 1986, to abolish the legislative council. Thereafter, the legislative council was abolished through an act of Parliament named the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1986[23] with effect from 1 November 1986. The state legislature is unicameral, and consists of 235 members including one nominated member.[5]

text: The Chief Minister commands most of the executive powers while the Governor has a largely ceremonial role. The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, like other Chief Ministers of India, is elected by legislators of the political party or the coalition which commands a simple majority in the legislative assembly. The tenure of the Chief Minister extends as long as he or she enjoys the confidence of the assembly. The incumbent shall vacate the office in the event of a successful motion of no confidence. Also, the President of India, acting under the recommendations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Government of India, can dismiss an elected government using certain provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India. In 1976, Karunanidhi's government was dismissed and President's rule was imposed on the grounds of corruption.[24] If a vacancy is caused to the office of the Chief Minister due to death, demitting, or dismissal, the Governor can invite another person to form the government and request him or her to move a confidence-seeking motion in the Assembly. In the event of no one enjoying majority support, the Assembly is either dissolved or put in suspended animation and the state comes under President's rule or a caretaker government until fresh elections are held for the assembly. The incumbent shall be disqualified if convicted of a criminal offence with a jail sentence of two years or more. In 2014, Jayalalithaa lost her post due to a special court sentencing her to four years of prison term in the disproportionate assets case.[25]

text:
#[8]
Name
Portrait
Took office
Left office
Term[9]
Political party[26]
Election

1
C. N. Annadurai

14 January 1969
3 February 1969[†][27]
1st
(20 days)
DMK
1967 State assembly election

2
V.R. Nedunchezhiyan[19]
MLA for Triplicane

3 February 1969
10 February 1969
1st
(7 days)

3
M. Karunanidhi
MLA for Saidapet

10 February 1969
4 January 1971
1st
(693 days)

M. Karunanidhi
MLA for Saidapet
15 March 1971
31 January 1976
2nd
(1,783 days)
1971 State assembly election

President's rule[19]

31 January 1976
30 June 1977
(516 days)

4
M. G. Ramachandran
MLA for Aruppukkottai

July 1977
17 February 1980
1st
(962 days)
AIADMK
1977 State assembly election

President's rule[19]

17 February 1980
9 June 1980
(113 days)

(4)
M. G. Ramachandran
MLA for Madurai West

9 June 1980
15 November 1984
2nd
(1,620 days)
AIADMK
1980 State assembly election

M. G. Ramachandran
MLA for Andipatti
10 February 1985
24 December 1987[†]
3rd
(1,042 days)
1984 State assembly election

(2)
V.R. Nedunchezhiyan[19]
MLA for Athoor

24 December 1987
7 January 1988
2nd
(8 days)

5
Janaki Ramachandran

7 January 1988
30 January 1988
1st
(23 days)

President's rule[19]

30 January 1988
27 January 1989
(363 days)

(3)
M. Karunanidhi
MLA for Harbour

27 January 1989
30 January 1991
3rd
(733 days)
DMK
1989 State assembly election

President's rule[19]

30 January 1991
24 June 1991
(145 days)

6
J. Jayalalithaa
MLA for Bargur

24 June 1991
13 May 1996
1st
(1,785 days)
AIADMK
1991 State assembly election

(3)
M. Karunanidhi
MLA for Chepauk

13 May 1996
13 May 2001
4th
(1,826 days)
DMK
1996 State assembly election

(6)[28]
J. Jayalalithaa
MLA for Andipatti

14 May 2001
21 September 2001
2nd
(130 days) [28]

AIADMK
2001 State assembly election

7
O. Panneerselvam
MLA for Periyakulam

21 September 2001
1 March 2002
1st
(161 days)

(6)
J. Jayalalithaa
MLA for Andipatti

2 March 2002
12 May 2006
3rd
(1,532 days) [28]

(3)
M. Karunanidhi
MLA for Chepauk

13 May 2006
15 May 2011[29]
5th[30]
(1,828 days)
DMK
2006 State assembly election

(6)
J. Jayalalithaa
MLA for Srirangam

16 May 2011
27 September 2014[25]
4th[31]
(1,230 days)
AIADMK
2011 State assembly election

(7)
O. Panneerselvam
MLA for Bodinayakkanur

29 September 2014[32]
22 May 2015[33]
2nd
(235 days)

(6)
J. Jayalalithaa
MLA for RK Nagar

23 May 2015[34]
23 May 2016
5th
(366 days)

(6)
24 May 2016[35]
5 December 2016[†]
6th
(196 days)
2016 State assembly election

(7)
O. Panneerselvam
MLA for Bodinayakkanur

6 December 2016[36]
15 February 2017[22]
3rd
(72 days)

(8)
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
MLA for Edappadi

16 February 2017[37]
Incumbent
1st
1 year, 102 days

text: † Assassinated or died in office

text: Records[edit]

text:
Ignoring an intervening President's rule from 17 February 1980 to 9 June 1980, the Chief Minister with the longest tenure (in successive terms) in office was M. G. Ramachandran, lasting 10 years, 5 months and 25 days from 30 June 1977 until his death on 24 December 1987.
K. Kamaraj was the Chief Minister with the longest tenure without intervening President's rules. His terms lasted from 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963, i.e. 9 years, 5 months and 19 days.
The shortest period is 24 days by Janaki Ramachandran who held office from 7 January 1988 to 30 January 1988.
J.Jayalalithaa holds a record by sworning as Chief Minister six times, followed by Karunanidhi who sworn five times.
On 21 September 2001, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the appointment of Ms. Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister on 14 May 2001 was null and invalid, with retrospective effect. Therefore, technically, decisions of her cabinet during the period May–September 2001 in effect became legal fiction.
J. Jayalalithaa became the first incumbent Chief Minister to lose her post in a graft case when a special court sentenced her to four years of prison term on 27 September 2014.[25] The sentence was subsequently overturned by the Karnataka High Court which acquitted Jayalalithaa of all charges and that allowed her to return to the post for a fourth term.
M. Karunanidhi has been in the office as CM for around 6863 days (Around 18 years) in multiple tenures. Also was the only Indian Chief Minister holding post at different occasions spanning 6 decades starting from 1960's (from 1969), 1970's (till 1976), 1980's ( from 1989), 1990's (till 1991 and again from 1996), 2000's (till 2001 and again from 2006) and 2010's (up to 2011).

text: J. Jayalalithaa became the first woman Chief Minister in India to die in office on 5 December 2016. She was the fifteenth Chief Minister to die in office and the third in Tamil Nadu, after C. N. Annadurai and M. G. Ramachandran.

text: Footnotes and References[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Mariappan, Julie (31 May 2013). "Tamil Nadu population rises to 7.2 crore in a decade". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Archive.org — Government of Tamil Nadu — Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu since 1920
Jump up ^ Government of Tamil Nadu — Assemblies — An Overview Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Government of Tamil Nadu — Tamil Nadu Secretariat — Brief History
^ Jump up to: a b Legislative bodies of India - Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
Jump up ^ The Telegraph - Own Goal - Partition became inevitable once the Congress resigned in 1939
Jump up ^ Pakistan - toward partition
^ Jump up to: a b c The colours indicate the political party affiliation of each Chief Minister.
^ Jump up to: a b c The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h World Statesmen.org — Provinces of British India
Jump up ^ Rajaraman, P. (1988). The Justice Party: a historical perspective, 1916-37. Poompozhil Publishers. pp. 212–220.
Jump up ^ Sundararajan, Saroja (1989). March to freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947. Lalitha Publications. pp. 334–389. OCLC 20222383.
Jump up ^ S. Krishnaswamy (1989). The role of Madras Legislature in the freedom struggle, 1861-1947. People's Pub. House (New Delhi). pp. 126–131.
Jump up ^ Though Congress won the election, it refused to form the government as it did not like the Governor's veto power over the cabinet. The Governor of Madras, Lord Erskine, decided to form an interim provisional Government with non-members and opposition members of the Legislative Assembly. V. S. Srinivasa Sastri was first offered the Chief Ministership of the interim government but he refused to accept it. Eventually an interim Government was formed under Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu on 1 April 1937. It lasted till July, when the Congress accepted Viceroy Linlithgow's assurance that the veto would not be abused and decided to form the government.
Jump up ^ Ramanathan, K. V. (2008). The Satyamurti letters: the Indian freedom struggle through the eyes of a parliamentarian, Volume 1. Pearson Education India. pp. 301–5. ISBN 9788131714881. ISBN 81-317-1488-8, ISBN 978-81-317-1488-1.
Jump up ^ Menon, Visalakshi (2003). From movement to government: the Congress in the United Provinces, 1937-42. Sage. p. 75. ISBN 9780761996200. ISBN 0-7619-9620-6, ISBN 978-0-7619-9620-0.
Jump up ^ Nagarajan, Krishnaswami (1989). Dr. Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar: a biography. Annamalai University. pp. 63–70.
Jump up ^ Congress Ministries in all the provinces of British India resigned on 29 October 1939 protesting the viceroy's declaration of war against Germany. Madras Presidency remained under "the direct rule of the Governor of the Province" till the next elections were held in March 1946. (INDIA (FAILURE OF CONSTITUTIONAL MACHINERY) HC Deb 16 April 1946 vol 421 cc2586-92)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h World Statesmen.org — Indian states since 1947
Jump up ^ Government of Tamil Nadu — The State Legislature — Origin and Evolution Archived 13 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Historical Importance of Kanchipuram Archived 18 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "O Panneerselvam resigns as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, cites personal reasons". The Indian Express. 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
Jump up ^ "The Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1986".
Jump up ^ The Hindu - Delhi's warning
^ Jump up to: a b c "Jayalalitha is the first CM to lose post in a graft case". DNA India. 27 September 2014.
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
Jump up ^ "DMK, AIADMK pay homage to Annadurai". Archived from the original on 2005-03-04. ... the leader's life was cut short by cancer 3 February 1969.
^ Jump up to: a b c On 21 September 2001, a five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India ruled in a unanimous verdict that "a person who is convicted for a criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of not less than two years cannot be appointed the Chief Minister of a State under Article 164 (1) read with (4) and cannot continue to function as such". Thereby, the bench decided that "in the appointment of Ms. Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister there has been a clear infringement of a Constitutional provision and that a writ of quo warranto must issue". In effect her appointment as Chief Minister was declared null and invalid with retrospective effect. Therefore, technically, she was not the Chief Minister in the period between 14 May 2001 and 21 September 2001 (The Hindu — SC unseats Jayalalithaa as CM, Full text of the judgment from official Supreme Court site).
Jump up ^ The Hindu - Karunanidhi resigns
Jump up ^ BBC News - New leader for Tamil Nadu state
Jump up ^ "Jayalalithaa begins third term as Chief Minister today". NDTV. 16 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Jayalalithaa's trusted aide Panneerselvam sworn as Tamil Nadu's new chief minister
Jump up ^ O Panneerselvam resigns from Chief Minister post
Jump up ^ "Jayalalitha sworn in as chief minister of Tamil Nadu". BBC News. 23 May 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ PTI. "AIADMK comes to power again; Jayalalitha bucks tradition". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jayalalithaa no more: O Panneerselvam sworn in as the new Tamil Nadu CM". The Financial Express. 2016-12-05. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
Jump up ^ T. Ramakrishnan. "Edappadi Palaniswami sworn in as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 February 2017.


document_title: Jersey Shore: Family Vacation

question_text: when did jersey shore family vacation episode 3 air

text: Jersey Shore: Family Vacation

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Pauly D
Snooki
Michael Sorrentino
Ronnie Ortiz-Magro
JWoww
Vinny Guadagnino
Deena Nicole Cortese

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Angelina Pivarnick

text: Duration of cast[edit]

text:
Cast members
Season 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Deena

JWoww

Mike

Pauly D

Ronnie

Snooki

Vinny

Ex-cast members
Season 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Angelina

text: Notes[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"What's in the Bag?"
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
2.41[4]

2
"The Ring"
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
2.55[4]

3
"Sunday Vinday"
April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)
1.68[5]

4
"Ron Ron Juice"
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)
1.73[6]

5
"About Last Night"
April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)
1.44[7]

6
"Meatball Down"
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
1.51[8]

7
"Baby Mama Drama"
May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)
1.75[9]

8
"The Temptation of the Keto Guido"
May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)
1.70[10]

9
"Umm, Hello"
May 24, 2018 (2018-05-24)
1.64[11]

10
"Meatball Training Day"
May 31, 2018 (2018-05-31)
2.02[12]

11
"Angelina Leaves Her Mark!"
June 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)
1.65[13]

12
"JWoww vs. The Proposal"
June 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)
1.65[14]

13
"Future Mrs. Situation?"[15]
June 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)
TBD

14
"The Final Supper"[15]
June 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)
TBD

text: Specials[edit]

text:
Special
Original air date

Road to Vacation: Jersey Shore’s Hottest Hookups
March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)

The cast looks back at all of the hook ups they have had in past seasons.

Road to Vacation: Jersey Shore’s Biggest Blowups
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)

The cast looks back at all of the fights and arguments they have had during the past six seasons.

Road to Vacation: Jersey Shore’s Snookiest Moments
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)

Jenni, Ronnie, Snooki, Deena and Pauly count down Snooki's 15 most hilarious, outrageous, and unforgettable meatball moments.

Road to Vacation: Jersey Shore’s Craziest Couplings
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)

As it turns out, everyone fell in love at the Jersey Shore. Pauly, Deena, Jenni, Ronnie and Snooki break it all down in Jersey Shore's 8 Craziest Couplings.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and filming[edit]

text: On November 27, 2017, MTV announced that the cast (with the exception of Sammi) would be reuniting in Miami, Florida for a new reunion season titled Jersey Shore: Family Vacation.[16] The series premiered globally on April 5, 2018. According to MTV, it is considered a new series and not the seventh season of the original show.[16][17]