document_title: Electron configurations of the elements (data page)

question_text: (1) what is the complete ground state electron configuration for the germanium atom

question_tokens: ( 1 ) what is the complete ground state electron configuration for the germanium atom

text: This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) are predicted.

text: As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule. However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2, written as [Ar] 3d4 4s2, but whose actual configuration given in the table below is [Ar] 3d5 4s1.

text:
Legend

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
5s
5p
5d
5f
5g
6s
6p
6d
6f
7s
7p
7d
8s
8p
9s
9p

1 H hydrogen : 1s1

1s1

1

2 He helium : 1s2

1s2

2

3 Li lithium : [He] 2s1

1s2
2s1

2
1

4 Be beryllium : [He] 2s2

1s2
2s2

2
2

5 B boron : [He] 2s2 2p1

1s2
2s2
2p1

2
3

6 C carbon : [He] 2s2 2p2

1s2
2s2
2p2

2
4

7 N nitrogen : [He] 2s2 2p3

1s2
2s2
2p3

2
5

8 O oxygen : [He] 2s2 2p4

1s2
2s2
2p4

2
6

9 F fluorine : [He] 2s2 2p5

1s2
2s2
2p5

2
7

10 Ne neon : [He] 2s2 2p6

1s2
2s2
2p6

2
8

11 Na sodium : [Ne] 3s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s1

2
8
1

12 Mg magnesium : [Ne] 3s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2

2
8
2

13 Al aluminium : [Ne] 3s2 3p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p1

2
8
3

14 Si silicon : [Ne] 3s2 3p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p2

2
8
4

15 P phosphorus : [Ne] 3s2 3p3

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p3

2
8
5

16 S sulfur : [Ne] 3s2 3p4

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p4

2
8
6

17 Cl chlorine : [Ne] 3s2 3p5

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p5

2
8
7

18 Ar argon : [Ne] 3s2 3p6

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6

2
8
8

19 K potassium : [Ar] 4s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6

4s1

2
8
8
1

20 Ca calcium : [Ar] 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6

4s2

2
8
8
2

21 Sc scandium : [Ar] 3d1 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d1
4s2

2
8
9
2

22 Ti titanium : [Ar] 3d2 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d2
4s2

2
8
10
2

23 V vanadium : [Ar] 3d3 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d3
4s2

2
8
11
2

24 Cr chromium : [Ar] 3d5 4s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d5
4s1

2
8
13
1

25 Mn manganese : [Ar] 3d5 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d5
4s2

2
8
13
2

26 Fe iron : [Ar] 3d6 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d6
4s2

2
8
14
2

27 Co cobalt : [Ar] 3d7 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d7
4s2

2
8
15
2

28 Ni nickel : [Ar] 3d8 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d8
4s2

2
8
16
2

29 Cu copper : [Ar] 3d10 4s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s1

2
8
18
1

30 Zn zinc : [Ar] 3d10 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2

2
8
18
2

31 Ga gallium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p1

2
8
18
3

32 Ge germanium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p2

2
8
18
4

33 As arsenic : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p3

2
8
18
5

34 Se selenium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p4

2
8
18
6

35 Br bromine : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p5

2
8
18
7

36 Kr krypton : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6

2
8
18
8

37 Rb rubidium : [Kr] 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6

5s1

2
8
18
8
1

38 Sr strontium : [Kr] 5s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6

5s2

2
8
18
8
2

39 Y yttrium : [Kr] 4d1 5s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d1

5s2

2
8
18
9
2

40 Zr zirconium : [Kr] 4d2 5s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d2

5s2

2
8
18
10
2

41 Nb niobium : [Kr] 4d4 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d4

5s1

2
8
18
12
1

42 Mo molybdenum : [Kr] 4d5 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d5

5s1

2
8
18
13
1

43 Tc technetium : [Kr] 4d5 5s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d5

5s2

2
8
18
13
2

44 Ru ruthenium : [Kr] 4d7 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d7

5s1

2
8
18
15
1

45 Rh rhodium : [Kr] 4d8 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d8

5s1

2
8
18
16
1

46 Pd palladium : [Kr] 4d10

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

2
8
18
18

47 Ag silver : [Kr] 4d10 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s1

2
8
18
18
1

48 Cd cadmium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2

2
8
18
18
2

49 In indium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p1

2
8
18
18
3

50 Sn tin : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p2

2
8
18
18
4

51 Sb antimony : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p3

2
8
18
18
5

52 Te tellurium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p4

2
8
18
18
6

53 I iodine : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p5

2
8
18
18
7

54 Xe xenon : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p6

2
8
18
18
8

55 Cs caesium : [Xe] 6s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p6

6s1

2
8
18
18
8
1

56 Ba barium : [Xe] 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
18
8
2

57 La lanthanum : [Xe] 5d1 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p6
5d1

6s2

2
8
18
18
9
2

58 Ce cerium : [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f1
5s2
5p6
5d1

6s2

2
8
18
19
9
2

59 Pr praseodymium : [Xe] 4f3 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f3
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
21
8
2

60 Nd neodymium : [Xe] 4f4 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f4
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
22
8
2

61 Pm promethium : [Xe] 4f5 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f5
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
23
8
2

62 Sm samarium : [Xe] 4f6 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f6
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
24
8
2

63 Eu europium : [Xe] 4f7 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f7
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
25
8
2

64 Gd gadolinium : [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f7
5s2
5p6
5d1

6s2

2
8
18
25
9
2

65 Tb terbium : [Xe] 4f9 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f9
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
27
8
2

66 Dy dysprosium : [Xe] 4f10 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f10
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
28
8
2

67 Ho holmium : [Xe] 4f11 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f11
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
29
8
2

68 Er erbium : [Xe] 4f12 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f12
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
30
8
2

69 Tm thulium : [Xe] 4f13 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f13
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
31
8
2

70 Yb ytterbium : [Xe] 4f14 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
32
8
2

71 Lu lutetium : [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d1

6s2

2
8
18
32
9
2

72 Hf hafnium : [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d2

6s2

2
8
18
32
10
2

73 Ta tantalum : [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d3

6s2

2
8
18
32
11
2

74 W tungsten : [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d4

6s2

2
8
18
32
12
2

75 Re rhenium : [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d5

6s2

2
8
18
32
13
2

76 Os osmium : [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d6

6s2

2
8
18
32
14
2

77 Ir iridium : [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d7

6s2

2
8
18
32
15
2

78 Pt platinum : [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d9

6s1

2
8
18
32
17
1

79 Au gold : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s1

2
8
18
32
18
1

80 Hg mercury : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2

2
8
18
32
18
2

81 Tl thallium : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p1

2
8
18
32
18
3

82 Pb lead : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p2

2
8
18
32
18
4

83 Bi bismuth : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p3

2
8
18
32
18
5

84 Po polonium : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p4

2
8
18
32
18
6

85 At astatine : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p5

2
8
18
32
18
7

86 Rn radon : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p6

2
8
18
32
18
8

87 Fr francium : [Rn] 7s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p6

7s1

2
8
18
32
18
8
1

88 Ra radium : [Rn] 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
18
8
2

89 Ac actinium : [Rn] 6d1 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p6
6d1

7s2

2
8
18
32
18
9
2

90 Th thorium : [Rn] 6d2 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p6
6d2

7s2

2
8
18
32
18
10
2

91 Pa protactinium : [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f2

6s2
6p6
6d1

7s2

2
8
18
32
20
9
2

92 U uranium : [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f3

6s2
6p6
6d1

7s2

2
8
18
32
21
9
2

93 Np neptunium : [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f4

6s2
6p6
6d1

7s2

2
8
18
32
22
9
2

94 Pu plutonium : [Rn] 5f6 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f6

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
24
8
2

95 Am americium : [Rn] 5f7 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f7

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
25
8
2

96 Cm curium : [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f7

6s2
6p6
6d1

7s2

2
8
18
32
25
9
2

97 Bk berkelium : [Rn] 5f9 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f9

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
27
8
2

98 Cf californium : [Rn] 5f10 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f10

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
28
8
2

99 Es einsteinium : [Rn] 5f11 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f11

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
29
8
2

100 Fm fermium : [Rn] 5f12 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f12

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
30
8
2

101 Md mendelevium : [Rn] 5f13 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f13

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
31
8
2

102 No nobelium : [Rn] 5f14 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
8
2

103 Lr lawrencium : [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6

7s2
7p1

2
8
18
32
32
8
3

104 Rf rutherfordium : [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d2

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
10
2

105 Db dubnium : [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d3

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
11
2

106 Sg seaborgium : [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d4

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
12
2

107 Bh bohrium : [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d5

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
13
2

108 Hs hassium : [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d6

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
14
2

109 Mt meitnerium : [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d7

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
15
2

110 Ds darmstadtium : [Rn] 5f14 6d8 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d8

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
16
2

111 Rg roentgenium : [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d9

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
17
2

112 Cn copernicium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
18
2

113 Nh nihonium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p1

2
8
18
32
32
18
3

114 Fl flerovium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p2

2
8
18
32
32
18
4

115 Mc moscovium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p3

2
8
18
32
32
18
5

116 Lv livermorium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p4

2
8
18
32
32
18
6

117 Ts tennessine : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p5

2
8
18
32
32
18
7

118 Og oganesson : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p6

2
8
18
32
32
18
8

119 Uue ununennium : [Og] 8s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p6

8s1

2
8
18
32
32
18
8
1

120 Ubn unbinilium : [Og] 8s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p6

8s2

2
8
18
32
32
18
8
2

121 Ubu unbiunium : [Og] 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p6

8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
32
18
8
3

122 Ubb unbibium : [Og] 7d1 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
32
18
9
3

123 Ubt unbitrium : [Og] 6f1 7d1 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10
6f1
7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
32
19
9
3

124 Ubq unbiquadium : [Og] 6f3 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
32
21
8
3

125 Ubp unbipentium : [Og] 5g1 6f3 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g1
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
33
21
8
3

126 Ubh unbihexium : [Og] 5g2 6f2 7d1 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g2
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
34
20
9
3

127 Ubs unbiseptium : [Og] 5g3 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g3
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
35
20
8
4

128 Ubo unbioctium : [Og] 5g4 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g4
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
36
20
8
4

129 Ube unbiennium : [Og] 5g5 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g5
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
37
20
8
4

130 Utn untrinilium : [Og] 5g6 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g6
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
38
20
8
4

131 Utu untriunium : [Og] 5g7 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g7
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
39
20
8
4

132 Utb untribium : [Og] 5g8 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g8
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
40
20
8
4

133 Utt untritrium : [Og] 5g8 6f3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g8
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
40
21
8
4

134 Utq untriquadium : [Og] 5g8 6f4 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g8
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f4
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
40
22
8
4

135 Utp untripentium : [Og] 5g9 6f4 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g9
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f4
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
41
22
8
4

136 Uth untrihexium : [Og] 5g10 6f4 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g10
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f4
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
42
22
8
4

137 Uts untriseptium : [Og] 5g11 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g11
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
43
21
9
4

138 Uto untrioctium : [Og] 5g12 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g12
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
44
21
9
4

139 Ute untriennium : [Og] 5g13 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g13
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
45
20
10
4

140 Uqn unquadnilium : [Og] 5g14 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g14
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
46
21
9
4

141 Uqu unquadunium : [Og] 5g15 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g15
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
47
20
10
4

142 Uqb unquadbium : [Og] 5g16 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g16
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
48
20
10
4

143 Uqt unquadtrium : [Og] 5g17 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g17
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
49
20
10
4

144 Uqq unquadquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f1 7d3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f1
7s2
7p6
7d3
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
19
11
4

145 Uqp unquadpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f3 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
21
10
4

146 Uqh unquadhexium : [Og] 5g18 6f4 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f4
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
22
10
4

147 Uqs unquadseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f5 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f5
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
23
10
4

148 Uqo unquadoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f6
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
24
10
4

149 Uqe unquadennium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f6
7s2
7p6
7d3
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
24
11
4

150 Upn unpentnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d4 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f6
7s2
7p6
7d4
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
24
12
4

151 Upu unpentunium : [Og] 5g18 6f8 7d3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f8
7s2
7p6
7d3
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
26
11
4

152 Upb unpentbium : [Og] 5g18 6f9 7d3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f9
7s2
7p6
7d3
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
27
11
4

153 Upt unpenttrium : [Og] 5g18 6f11 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f11
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
29
10
4

154 Upq unpentquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f12 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f12
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
30
10
4

155 Upp unpentpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f13 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f13
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
31
10
4

156 Uph unpenthexium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
10
4

157 Ups unpentseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d3
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
11
4

158 Upo unpentoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d4
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
12
4

159 Upe unpentennium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2 9s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d4
8s2
8p2
9s1

2
8
18
32
50
32
12
4
1

160 Uhn unhexnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d5 8s2 8p2 9s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d5
8s2
8p2
9s1

2
8
18
32
50
32
13
4
1

161 Uhu unhexunium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d6 8s2 8p2 9s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d6
8s2
8p2
9s1

2
8
18
32
50
32
14
4
1

162 Uhb unhexbium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d8 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d8
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
16
4

163 Uht unhextrium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d9 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d9
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
17
4

164 Uhq unhexquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
4

165 Uhp unhexpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p2
9s1

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
4
1

166 Uhh unhexhexium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p2
9s2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
4
2

167 Uhs unhexseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p2
9s2
9p1

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
4
3

168 Uho unhexoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p2
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
4
4

169 Uhe unhexennium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p3 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p3
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
5
4

170 Usn unseptnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p4 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p4
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
6
4

171 Usu unseptunium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p5 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p5
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
7
4

172 Usb unseptbium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p6
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
8
4

text:
Legend

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
5s
5p
5d
5f
5g
6s
6p
6d
6f
6g
7s
7p
7d
8s
8p
9s
9p

173 Ust unsepttrium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 6g1 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
6g1
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p6
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
33
18
8
4


document_title: Twin-lens reflex camera

question_text: when was the twin lens reflex camera invented

root

text: Twin-lens reflex camera

text: History[edit]

text: Double-lens cameras were first developed around 1870, due to the realization that having a second lens alongside the taking lens would mean that one could focus without having to keep swapping the ground glass screen for the plate, reducing the time required for taking a picture.[1] This sort of approach was still used as late as the 1960s, as the Koni-Omegaflex[2] testifies.

tag: p

text: The TLR camera was thus an evolution. Using a reflex mirror to allow viewing from above also enabled the camera to be held much more steadily than if it were to be held in the hand. The same principle of course applied to SLR cameras, but early SLR cameras caused delays and inconvenience through the need to move the mirror out of the focal plane to allow light to pass to the plate behind it. When this process was automated, the movement of the mirror could cause shake in the camera and blur the image. The London Stereoscopic Co's "Carlton" model is claimed to have been the first off-the-shelf TLR camera, dating from 1885.[3]

text: The major step forward to mass marketing of the TLR came with the Rolleicord and then Rolleiflex in 1929, developed by Franke & Heidecke in Germany. The Rolleiflex was widely imitated and copied and most mass-market TLR cameras owe much to its design. It is said that Reinhold Heidecke had the inspiration for the Rollei TLRs whilst undertaking photography of enemy lines from the German trenches in 1916, when a periscopic approach to focusing and taking photos radically reduced the risk to the photographer from sniper fire.[4]

text: TLRs are still manufactured in Germany by DHW Fototechnik, the successor of Franke & Heidecke in three versions.[5]

text: Features[edit]

text: Higher-end TLRs may have a pop-up magnifying glass to assist the user in focusing the camera. In addition, many have a "sports finder" consisting of a square hole punched in the back of the pop-up hood, and a knock-out in the front. Photographers can sight through these instead of using the matte screen. This is especially useful in tracking moving subjects such as animals or race cars, since the image on the matte screen is reversed left-to-right. It is nearly impossible to accurately judge composition with such an arrangement, however.

text: Mamiya's C-Series, introduced in the 1960s, the C-3, C-2, C-33, C-22 and the Mamiya C330 and Mamiya C220 along with their predecessor the Mamiyaflex,[6] are the main conventional TLR cameras to feature truly interchangeable lenses.[7] "Bayonet-mount" TLRs, notably Rolleis & Yashicas, had both wide-angle and tele supplementary front add-ons, with Rollei's Zeiss Mutars being expensive but fairly sharp. Rollei also made separate TLRs having fixed wide-angle or tele lenses: the Tele Rollei and the Rollei Wide, in relatively limited quantities; higher sharpness, more convenient (faster than changing lenses) if one could carry multiple cameras around one's neck, but much more costly than using 1 camera with supplements. The Mamiya TLRs also employ bellows focusing, making extreme closeups possible.

text: Many TLRs used front and back cut-outs in the hinged top hood to provide a quick-action finder for sports and action photography. Late model Rollei Rolleiflex TLRs introduced the widely copied additional feature of a second-mirror "sports finder". When the hinged front hood knock-out is moved to the sports finder position a secondary mirror swings down over the view screen to reflect the image to a secondary magnifier on the back of the hood, just below the direct view cutout. This permits precise focusing while using the sports finder feature. The magnified central image is reversed both top-to-bottom and left-to-right. This feature made Rolleis the leading choice for press photographers during the 1940s to 1960s.[8]

text: Advantages[edit]

text: A primary advantage of the TLR is in its mechanical simplicity as compared to the more common single-lens reflex cameras. The SLR must employ some method of blocking light from reaching the film during focusing, either with a focal plane shutter (most common) or with the reflex mirror itself. Both methods are mechanically complicated and add significant bulk and weight, especially in medium-format cameras.

tag: ul

text:
Because of their mechanical simplicity, TLR cameras are considerably cheaper than SLR cameras of similar optical quality, as well as inherently less prone to mechanical failure.
SLR shutter mechanisms are comparatively noisy. Most TLRs use a leaf shutter in the lens. The only mechanical noise during exposure is from the shutter leaves opening and closing.
TLRs are practically different from single-lens reflex cameras (SLR) in several respects. First, unlike virtually all film SLRs, TLRs provide a continuous image on the finder screen. The view does not black out during exposure.
Since a mirror does not need to be moved out of the way, the picture can be taken much closer to the time the shutter is actuated by the photographer, reducing so-called shutter lag. This trait, and the continuous viewing, made TLRs the preferred camera style for dance photography[9]
The separate viewing lens is also very advantageous for long-exposure photographs. During exposure, an SLR's mirror must be retracted, blacking out the image in the viewfinder. A TLR's mirror is fixed and the taking lens remains open throughout the exposure, letting the photographer examine the image while the exposure is in progress. This can ease the creation of special lighting or transparency effects.
TLRs are also ideal for candid camera shots where an eye-level camera would be conspicuous. A TLR can be hung on a neck strap and the shutter fired by cable release.
Models with leaf shutters within the lens, rather than focal-plane shutters installed inside the camera body, can synchronize with flash at higher speeds than can SLRs. Flashes on SLRs usually cannot synchronize accurately when the shutter speed is faster than 1/60th of a second and occasionally 1/125th. Some higher quality DSLRs can synchronize at up to 1/500th of a second. Leaf shutters allow for flash synchronization at all shutter speeds.
Owing to the availability of medium-format cameras and the ease of image composition, the TLR was for many years also preferred by many portrait studios for static poses.
Extreme dark photographic filter like the opaque Wratten 87 can be used without problems, as they cover and thus darken only the taking lens. The image in the viewfinder stays bright.

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text:
Few TLR cameras offered interchangeable lenses and none were made with a zoom lens. In systems with interchangeable lenses, such as the Mamiya, the fixed distance between the lenses sets a hard limit on their size, which precludes the possibility of large aperture long-focus lenses.
Because the photographer views through one lens but takes the photograph through another, parallax error makes the photograph different from the view on the screen. This difference is negligible when the subject is far away, but is critical for nearby subjects. Parallax compensation may be performed by the photographer in adjustment of the sight line while compensating for the framing change, or for highly repeatable accuracy in tabletop photography (in which the subject might be within a foot (30 cm) of the camera), devices are available that move the camera upwards so that the taking lens goes to the exact position that the viewing lens occupied. [Mamiya's very accurate version was called the Para-mender, and mounted on a tripod.] Some TLRs like the Rolleiflex (a notable early example is the Voigtländer Superb of 1933[10]) also came with - more or less complex - devices to adjust parallax with focussing.
It is generally not possible to preview depth of field, as one can with most SLRs, since the TLR's viewing lens usually has no diaphragm. Exceptions to this are the Rolleiflex, the Mamiya 105 D and 105 DS lenses, which have a depth of field preview.
As the viewfinder of a TLR camera requires the photographer to look down toward the camera, it is inconvenient to frame a photo with a subject that requires the camera to be positioned above the photographer's chest unless a tripod is used. In these cases, the camera may be positioned with the lenses oriented horizontally. Due to the TLR's square format, the composition need not be altered.
The image in the waist-level finder is reversed 'left to right' which can make framing a photograph difficult, especially for an inexperienced user or with a moving subject. With high-quality TLRs like the Rolleiflex and the Mamiya C220/C330 the waist-level finder can be replaced by an eye-level finder, using a roof pentaprism or pentamirror to correct the image while making it viewable through an eyepiece at the rear of the camera.
The design of the leaf shutter limits almost all TLRs to a maximum shutter speed between 1/100th and 1/500th of a second.
Certain photographic filters are inconvenient without line of sight through the taking lens - notably, graduated neutral density filters are hard to use with a TLR, as there is no easy way to position the filter accurately.

text: Film formats[edit]

text: 6x6 format[edit]

text: The typical TLR is medium format, using 120 roll film with square 6×6 cm images. Presently, the Chinese Seagull Camera is still in production along with Lomography's Lubitel, but in the past, many manufacturers made them. DHW-Fototechnik GmbH, continues to make the Rolleiflex TLR, as well.[11] The Ciro-flex produced by Ciro Cameras Inc. rose dramatically in popularity due in large part to the inability to obtain the German Rollei TLRs during World War II. The Ciro-flex was widely accessible, inexpensive, and produced high quality images.[12] Models with the Mamiya, Minolta and Yashica brands are common on the used-camera market, and many other companies made TLRs that are now classics. The Mamiya C series TLRs had interchangeable lenses, allowing focal lengths from 55mm (wide angle) to 250mm (telephoto) to be used. The bellows focusing of these models also allowed extreme closeups to be taken, something difficult or impossible with most TLRs. The simple, sturdy construction of many TLRs means they have tended to endure the years well. Many low-end cameras used cheap shutters however, and the slow speeds on these often stick or are inaccurate.

text: 127 format[edit]

text: There were smaller TLR models, using 127 roll film with square 4×4 cm images, most famous the "Baby" Rolleiflex and the Yashica 44. The TLR design was also popular in the 1950s for inexpensive fixed focus cameras such as the Kodak Duaflex and Argus 75.

text: 35mm format[edit]

text: Though most used medium format film, a few 35mm TLRs were made, the very expensive Contaflex TLR[13] being the most elaborate, with interchangeable lenses and removable backs. The LOMO Lubitel 166+, a natively medium format camera, comes with an adapter for 35mm film.

text: Instant film format[edit]

text: The only twin lens reflex camera that uses instant film is Instantflex TL70 manufactured by MiNT Camera which is compatible with Fuji instax mini film (film size 54 X 86 mm, picture size 46 X 62 mm) . It is the world's first instant twin lens reflex camera.

text: Subminiature format[edit]

text: Gemflex is a subminiature twin lens reflex camera made by Showa Optica Works (昭和光学精機) in occupied Japan in the 50s[14]。Gemflex resembles the well known Rolleiflex 6x6cm twin lens reflex, but much smaller in size. The body of Gemflex is die casted from shatter proof metal。[15]

text: The smallest photography TLR camera using 35mm film is the Swiss-made Tessina, using perforated 35mm film reloaded into special Tessina cassette, forming images of 14×21 mm.

text: Goerz Minicord twin lens reflex made 10x10mm format on double perforated 16mm film in metal cassette.6 Element Goerz Helgor F2 lens, metal focal plane shutter B,10,25,50,100 and 400. Viewing lens uses pentaprism reflex optics for the viewing lens. Picture format 10x10mm on double perforated 16mm film

text: Minox rebadged Sharan Rolleflex 2.8F classic retro TLR film camera, 1/3 scale 6x6 Rolleiflex TLR, using Minox cassette image size 8x11mm, 15mm F5.6 glass triplet lens, mechanical shutter 1/250 sec.

text: Japan made Gemflex, a twin lens reflex using 17.5mm paper back roll film

text: It has been argued that the medical gastroscopy camera, the Olympus Gastro Camera[16] is technically the smallest TLR device.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Holmes, Edward (1978). An Age Of Cameras. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8524-2346-2. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.tlr-cameras.com/Japanese/slides/Koni-Omegaflex.html
Jump up ^ http://www.tlr-cameras.com/history.htm
Jump up ^ "Complete Collector's Guide to the Rollei TLR, Ian Parker, Hove Photo Books, Jersey, 1993
Jump up ^ "DHW Fototechnik unveils new version of the classic Rolleiflex TLR camera".
Jump up ^ Www.Tlr-Cameras.Com/Mamiya
Jump up ^ However, the (6×6 cm) Koniflex (from Konica) is one of several others sold in small volumes to have a supplementary tele lens, and the (6×7 cm) Koni-Omegaflex (cited above) can be used as a TLR with an optional finder and has interchangeable lenses.
Jump up ^ Ian Parker: Complete Rollei Collector's Guide, 1993
Jump up ^ Dance Movement Photography (DOC format)
Jump up ^ http://www.tlr-cameras.com/German/Voigtlander.html
Jump up ^ http://www.dhw-fototechnik.de/en/rolleiflex-tlr.html
Jump up ^ Mike Roskin, "Occam's Ciroflex," Camera Shopper, May, 1995, 38.
Jump up ^ http://elekm.net/pages/images/Contaflex-tlr.jpg
Jump up ^ William White Subminiature Photography p108, Focal Press 1990
Jump up ^ Popular Science - Apr 1954 - Page 196
Jump up ^ http://www.tlr-cameras.com/misc/Gastro.htm

tag: ol


document_title: West Forsyth High School (Georgia)

question_text: how many students attend west forsyth high school

text: West Forsyth High School (Georgia)

text:
West Forsyth High School

West Forsyth High School

Address

4155 Drew Road
Cumming, Georgia, 30040
United States

Information

Type
Public school

Established
2008

Principal
Heather Gordy

Grades
9-12

Enrollment
2,492[1]

Color(s)
Kelly green, Vegas gold, and navy blue

Mascot
Wolverine

Website
West Forsyth High School

tag: table

text: West Forsyth High School is a public high school, located in Cumming, Georgia, United States, a suburb northeast of Atlanta. The school is located at 4155 Drew Road.[2][3]

text: West Forsyth High School opened in 2007 with 1,200 students in grades 9 through 11, with a senior class added the following year. West Forsyth High School was the first true high school since Forsyth Central (formally Forsyth County High) was built in 1955. North and South Forsyth High are converted junior high schools. West Forsyth High was built to alleviate overcrowding at South Forsyth and Forsyth Central high schools. West Forsyth High is the first construction of the district's two-story high school prototype. [4]

text: Athletics and clubs[edit]

text: West Forsyth currently competes in the GHSA Region 6-AAAAAA[5] in all sports, except for lacrosse, in which it competes in Area 3-AAAAAA,[6] and has since 2010.

text: WFHS has varsity sports teams in competition cheerleading, cross country, football, softball, volleyball, basketball, swimming, wrestling, baseball, golf, lacrosse, track, tennis, and gymnastics.[7]

text: The school's clubs include the National Honor Society, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, an equestrian club and a dance team.[8]

text: West Forsyth also has a Region 6-AAAAA competing theatre troupe.

text: The school has a renowned AP program offering over 20 courses.

text: West Forsyth has received multiple honors including AP STEM Achievement School, AP Merit School, and AP Humanities School.[9]

text: West Forsyth has the second largest DECA chapter in the world, as of the 2015-2016 school year. [10]


document_title: Qadam Qadam Badaye Ja

question_text: who wrote kadam kadam badhaye ja khushi k geet gaye ja

text: Qadam Qadam Badaye Ja

text:
"Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja"
March by Ram Singh ThakurWritten
1942Text
by Pt. Vanshidhar ShuklaLanguage
Devanagari, Hindi

text: "Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja" (Hindi: क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा) was the regimental quick march of the Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army.  Written by Pt. Vanshidhar Shukla and composed by  Ram Singh Thakuri, it was banned in India after World War II as "seditious", which was subsequently lifted in August 1947. The song has since become a patriotic song in India, and has been re-interpreted by various Indian musicians including C. Ramachandra and A.R. Rahman. The song  is currently the regimental quickmarch of the Indian Army.[1][2]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
Devnagari script

Romanised Hindi

Translation (Approximate)

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

तू शेर-ए-हिन्द आगे बढ़
मरने से तू कभी न डर
उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर
जोश-ए-वतन बढ़ाये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे
ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे
जो सामने तेरे खड़े
तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

चलो दिल्ली पुकार के
क़ौमी-निशाँ संभाल के
लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के
लहराये जा लहराये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē gīt gāē jā
yē zīndagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

tū shēr-ē-hind āgē baṛ
marnē sē tū kabhī nā daṛ
Ūṛākē dushmanō kā  saṛ
jōsh-ē-vatan baṛāē jā

Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē gīt gāē jā
yē zīndagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

himmat tēri baṛtī rahē
khuda tērī suntā rahē
jō sāmnē tērē khaṛē
tū khāq mē milāē jā

Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē gīt gāē jā
yē zndagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

Chalō Dillī pūkār kē
qâumi-nishāñ sam.bhāl kē
Lāl qilē pē gāṛ kē
lehrāē jā lehrāē jā

Qadam qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē geet gāē jā
yē zindagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her

March forward You the Tiger of India
never ever be afraid to die
By Blowing away the enemy's head
Raise the spirits of your nation

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her

Let your courage be ever increasing
May The Lord always hear you
As for those who stand in your way
Keep trampling them to dust and ashes

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her

Let "Towards Delhi" be your war-cry
And hold the Nation's banner high
Plant it on the Red Fort
And wave it high, wave it high

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her


question_text: who plays the ice queen in sharkboy and lavagirl

text: Plot[edit]

text: Max is a lonely child in the suburbs of Austin who creates an imaginary dreamworld named Planet Drool, where all of his dreams come to life. He creates two characters; Sharkboy, who was raised by sharks after losing his father at sea, and Lavagirl, who can produce fire and lava, but has trouble touching objects without setting them alight. The two left Max to guard Planet Drool. In reality, Max's parents have little time for him, and their marital relationship is not going well. Max is also bullied by fellow schoolmate Linus. However, he does receive friendship from Marissa, the daughter of his teacher Mr. Electricidad, whose name is Spanish for "electricity". After a chase, Linus steals Max's dream journal (where all of his most precious dreams are kept) and vandalizes it. The next day, as Max attempts to retaliate, twin tornadoes form outside the school. Sharkboy and Lavagirl emerge from the tornadoes and have Max accompany them to Planet Drool, which he learns is turning bad because of Mr. Electric, the dreamworld's now-corrupt electrician.

text: They confront Mr. Electric, who drops them in the Dream Graveyard, where some of Max's dreams have been dumped. They find Tobor, a robot toy that Max never finished building in the real world after being discouraged by his father. Tobor gives them a lift to other parts of the planet. The three form a friendship during their journey, but they face hardships, such as Sharkboy's anger for the oceans being frozen over, and Lavagirl's desperation to find her true purpose on Planet Drool. They are pursued by Mr. Electric and his "plughounds" across the planet. They plan to visit the Ice Princess and obtain the Crystal Heart, which can freeze time, giving them enough time to get to the center of Planet Drool and fix the dreamworld using Max's daydreaming. However, they are captured by Mr. Electric, and delivered to Linus's Planet Drool incarnation Minus, who has altered the dreamworld with Max's own dream journal, and traps the three in a cage. Sharkboy gets annoyed by Minus and has a shark frenzy, destroying the cage. After they escape, Max retrieves the dream journal from Minus while he is sleeping. Max informs Sharkboy that his father is alive in his book, but when Lavagirl wishes to learn what it says about her true identity, she burns the book to ash. In rage, Lavagirl asks Max why she was made out of lava, but Sharkboy tells him to let her cool down.

text: After an encounter with the Ice Guardian, Max, Sharkboy, and Lavagirl reach the Ice Princess, the Planet Drool incarnation of Marissa Electricidad. She hands over the Crystal Heart, but they are too late to stop the corruption since the ice princess is the only one who can use the Crystal Heart's power, and she cannot leave her home. Mr. Electric fools Sharkboy into jumping into water filled with electric eels, seemingly killing him. Lavagirl also dies after jumping into the water to retrieve Sharkboy. Tobor appears and convinces Max to dream a better and unselfish dream, which in turn revives Sharkboy, who then races Lavagirl to a volcano to revive her. Max concludes that her purpose is as a light against the dark clouds which have engulfed Planet Drool's skies. Max gains reality warping as the Daydreamer and defeats Minus, then offers to make a better dreamworld between the two of them, to which Minus agrees.

text: Mr. Electric refuses to accept the new dreamworld, and flies to Earth to kill Max while he is dreaming. Max awakens back in his classroom during the tornado storm. Mr. Electric materializes, and Max's parents get sucked into the storm, but are saved by Sharkboy and Lavagirl. Max gives the Crystal Heart to Marissa so she can use the Ice Princess's powers to destroy Mr. Electric. Mr. Electricidad, Linus and Max make peace with one another, and Max reunites with his parents.

text: Max later informs his class that Planet Drool became a proper dreamworld again, Sharkboy became the King of the Ocean, and Lavagirl became Queen of the Volcanoes, and as the film shows Max finally finishing Tobor, he reminds the class to "dream a better dream, and work to make it real".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cayden Boyd as Max. An imaginative 10-year-old[4] boy, known as the "day-dreamer" on Planet Drool. "At first he's dreaming all for himself; he wants Shark Boy and Lava Girl to take him away", says Boyd about the role. "I like that he's selfish in the beginning and he's not selfish in the end".[4]
Taylor Lautner as Sharkboy. Lautner said about the character, "He's very self-confident and sometimes his confidence gets him into trouble. He's also kinda jealous of the character, Max, because he has an inside crush on Lava Girl and she's overly motherly to Max."[5] Lautner's martial arts skills helped him to obtain the role of Sharkboy. "When I auditioned for the film, Robert Rodriguez, the director, didn't know that I had my martial arts [background], and while we were there in Austin, TX he saw a DVD of me and asked me to choreograph my own fight scenes", said Lautner.[6] Lautner was the first to audition for the film, says Rodriguez, and was chosen immediately.[7]
Taylor Dooley as Lavagirl. The role was cast after the two other main characters, Sharkboy and Max, had already been cast.[4] Her lava bike was computer-generated, like many of the elements in the film; Dooley and Lautner described the on-set versions of the lava bike and Sharkboy's shark-themed jetski as "a green box with handles".[8]
David Arquette and Kristin Davis play Max's parents. Max's father is an unemployed writer. They are on the brink of a divorce. They mean well for Max but are unable to settle his troubles. On Planet Drool, Max's parents appear as a pair of "Cookie Giants," who live happily in the Land of Milk and Cookies.
George Lopez as Mr. Electricidad, Mr. Electric, and the voices of Tobor and the Ice Guardian. Rodriguez states that he kept asking Lopez to play additional characters. Lopez spent a total of two weeks working on the film.[9]
Jacob Davich as Linus / Minus. He is a bully at Max's school and steals his Dream Journal. With it, he enters Max's dreamworld and, using the name "Minus" (a nickname bestowed by Mr. Electricidad for Linus' habit of disliked conduct), alters it to his version before ultimately befriending Max.
Sasha Pieterse as Marissa Electricidad / Ice Princess. Marissa is the daughter of Mr. Electricidad, and at first the only student who befriends Max. On Planet Drool, she appears as the Ice Princess, keeper of the Crystal Heart, which is a necklace she wears which can freeze anything, including time.

text: Robert Rodriguez has an uncredited role voicing a shark. As seen in the credits, two of Robert Rodriguez's children, Rebel and Racer, portray Sharkboy at age five and age seven respectively. Rico Torres plays Sharkboy's father. Marc Musso and Shane Graham play children at Max's school.

text: Production[edit]

text: Parts of the film were shot on location in Texas, where Max resides and goes to school in the film. Much of the film was shot in a studio against green screen. Most of the ships, landscapes and other effects including some creatures and characters, were accomplished digitally. According to Lautner and Dooley, when filming the scene with the dream train, the front part of the train was an actual physical set piece. "The whole inside was there and when they have all the gadgets you can pull on, that was all there but everything else was a green screen," said Dooley.[10] Eleven visual effects companies (Hybride Technologies, CafeFX, The Orphanage, Post Logic, Hydraulx, Industrial Light & Magic, R!ot Pictures, Tippett Studio, Amalgamated Pixels and Intelligent Creatures and Rodriguez's Texas-based Troublemaker Digital) worked on the film in order to accomplish over 1,000 visual effect shots.[11]

text: Robert Rodriguez appears in the credits fourteen times, most notably as director, a producer, a screenwriter (along with Marcel Rodriguez), visual effects supervisor, director of photography, editor, a camera operator, and a composer and performer. The story is credited to Racer Max Rodriguez, with additional story elements by Rebecca Rodriguez, who also wrote the lyrics for the main song, "Sharkboy and Lavagirl". Other members of the Rodriguez family can be seen in the film or were involved in the production.

text: Miley Cyrus had auditioned for the film with Lautner, and said it came down to her and another girl who was also auditioning; however, Cyrus began production on Hannah Montana.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response [edit]

text: The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl received a 20% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and the consensus: "The decision to turn this kiddie fantasy into a 3-D film was a miscalculation."[13] Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and agreed with the other criticisms in which the 3-D process used was distracting and muted the colors, thus, he believes, "spoiling" much of the film and that the film would look more visually appealing when released in the home media market.[14]

text: Box office[edit]

text: For its opening weekend, the film earned $12.6 million in 2,655 theaters. It also was placed #5 at the box office, being overshadowed by Mr. & Mrs. Smith, Madagascar, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, and The Longest Yard.[15] The film was not very successful in the US, taking in $39,177,541 and was a box office bomb. However, it did manage to gross $30,248,282 overseas, for a total of $69,425,966 worldwide.[3]

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: The Total Nonstop Action professional wrestler Dean Roll, who trademarked the name "Shark Boy" in 1999, sued Miramax on June 8, 2005, claiming that his trademark had been infringed and demanding "[any] money, profits and advantages wrongfully gained". In April 2007, the suit was settled for a disclosed amount of $200,000.[16]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Original Motion Picture Soundtrack: The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
June 28, 2005

Genre
Soundtrack, rock, pop

Length
43:26

Label
Varèse Sarabande

Robert Rodriguez film soundtrack chronology

Sin City
(2005)Sin City2005
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D
(2005)
Planet Terror
(2007)Planet Terror2007

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Filmtracks
[17]

Music from the Movies
[18]

SoundtrackNet
[19]

text: Director Robert Rodriguez composed parts of the score himself, with contributions by composers John Debney and Graeme Revell. Green Day were reportedly set to contribute "Wake Me Up When September Ends" to the soundtrack, but Robert Rodriguez declined it.[citation needed]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"The Shark Boy"
Robert Rodriguez, John Debney

3:47

2.
"The Lava Girl"
Rodriguez

1:28

3.
"Max's Dream"
Rodriguez

1:37

4.
"Sharkboy and Lavagirl Return"
Rodriguez

1:44

5.
"Planet Drool"
Rodriguez

2:12

6.
"Mount Never Rest"
Graeme Revell

2:35

7.
"Passage of Time"
Rodriguez, Carl Thiel

1:30

8.
"Mr. Electric"
Revell

1:09

9.
"Train of Thought"
Debney

2:01

10.
"Dream Dream Dream Dream (Dream Dream)"
Rodriguez
Shark Boy and the Lava Girls
1:54

11.
"Stream of Consciousness"
Debney

1:33

12.
"Sea of Confusion"
Debney

3:04

13.
"The LaLa's"
Nicole Weinstein

1:09

14.
"The Ice Princess"
Rodriguez, Debney

2:51

15.
"Sharkboy vs. Mr. Electric"
Revell

0:55

16.
"Lavagirl's Sacrifice"
Rodriguez

2:10

17.
"The Light"
Rodriguez

2:21

18.
"Battle of the Dreamers"
Rodriguez

1:21

19.
"Mr. Electric on Earth"
Revell

1:15

20.
"Unplugged"
Rodriguez, Debney

1:12

21.
"The Day Dreamer"
Rodriguez, Debney

1:29

22.
"Sharkboy and Lavagirl"
Rodriguez, Rebecca Rodriguez
Ariel Abshire & The Lava Girls
4:09

Total length:
43:26

text: Books[edit]

text: Around the time of the film's debut Rodriguez co-wrote a series of children's novels entitled Sharkboy and Lavagirl Adventures with acclaimed science fiction writer Chris Roberson. They include Book 1, The Day Dreamer, and Book 2, Return to Planet Drool, which announces that it will be continued in a third volume, Deep Sleep, which has yet to appear. They are illustrated throughout by Alex Toader, who designed characters and environments for the film and the previous Spy Kids franchise.[20]

text: In the first book, the story of the film is told from Lavagirl's and Sharkboy's perspective, with at least one new event. In Return to Planet Drool, Sharkboy, remembering his encounter with the Imagineer in the first book, continues the search for his father by seeking to return to the Dream World. He meets a very bored Lavagirl in the underwater city of Vent, where she now reigns as queen, and together they embark on a subterranean journey. They encounter piranhas, a gargantuan red bear, and a city of inhabited by the dreams of bygone eras, where they are held captive by superheroes, pirates, and cowboys. By the end, after learning the city's secrets, Sharkboy still hopes to find his father, and Lavagirl the secrets of her origin.

text: Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly praised another book appearing around the time of the film, The Adventures of SharkBoy and LavaGirl: The Movie Storybook (by Racer Max Rodriguez and Robert Rodriguez), as a far cry from the usual movie storybook tie-in, and also praised Alex Toader's "cartoony yet detailed" illustrations.[21]


document_title: History of United States postage rates

question_text: when was the last time stamp prices went up

text: History of United States postage rates

text: Historical rates[edit]

text:
United States domestic first class & postcard rates, 1863–present (USD)[conversion 1]

Date Introduced
Letters  (for first ounce)
Packages (for first ounce)
Additional  (per ounce)

Postcard rate[2]
Comments

March 3, 1863
.06 (.03 for 1⁄2 oz)
.06
.06 (.03 per 1⁄2 oz)
.06
.02 per half ounce in drop boxes[3][4]

October 1, 1883
.04 (.02 for 1⁄2 oz)
.04
.04 (.02 per 1⁄2 oz)
.04
[5]

July 1, 1885
.02
.02
.02
.02
[6]

July 1, 1898
.02
.02
.02
.01
[7]

November 2, 1917
.03
.03
.03
.02
War Years

July 1, 1919
.02
.02
.02
.01
Dropped back by Congress

July 1, 1928
.02
.02
.02
.01

July 6, 1932
.03
.03
.03
.01

January 1, 1952
.03
.03
.03
.02

August 1, 1958
.04
.04
.04
.03

January 7, 1963
.05
.05
.05
.04

January 7, 1968
.06
.06
.06
.05

May 16, 1971
.08
.08
.08
.06

March 2, 1974
.10
.10
.10
.08

September 14, 1975
.10
.10
.09
.07
Last surface mail rate

December 31, 1975
.13
.13
.11
.09
All domestic first class & postcards by airmail

May 29, 1978
.15
.15
.13
.10
A Stamp Used

March 22, 1981
.18
.18
.17
.12
B Stamp Used

November 1, 1981
.20
.20
.17
.13
C Stamp Used

February 17, 1985
.22
.22
.17
.14
D Stamp Used

April 3, 1988[8]
.25
.25
.20
.15
E Stamp Used

February 3, 1991
.29
.29
.23
.19
F Stamp Used (also 4 cent F makeup rate stamp)

January 1, 1995
.32
.32
.23
.20
G Stamp Used (also 3 cent G makeup rate stamp)

January 10, 1999
.33
.33
.22
.20
H Stamp Used (also 1 cent H makeup rate stamp)

January 7, 2001
.34
.34
.21
.20
Nondenominated Stamps Used

July 1, 2001
.34
.34
.23
.21
Nondenominated Stamps Used

June 30, 2002
.37
.37
.23
.23
Flag and Antique Toy Stamps Used

January 8, 2006
.39
.39
.24
.24
Lady Liberty Flag Stamp Used

May 14, 2007
.41
1.13
.17
.26
Shape-based postage pricing introduced; Forever stamps introduced; different prices for letters and packages for the first time

May 12, 2008
.42
1.17
.17
.27
Price change announced February 11, 2008

May 11, 2009
.44
1.22
.17
.28
Price change announced February 10, 2009

April 17, 2011
.44
1.71 (3 oz)
.20 (letters).17 (packages)
.29
[9]

January 22, 2012
.45
1.95 (3 oz)
.20 (letters).17 (packages)
.32

January 27, 2013
.46
2.07 (3 oz)
.20 (letters).17 (packages)
.33
Price change announced October 11, 2012

January 26, 2014
.49
2.32 (3 oz)
.21 (letters).17 (packages)
.34
Price change announced September 25, 2013[10]

May 31, 2015
.49
2.54 (3 oz)
.22 (letters).20 (packages)
.35

April 10, 2016
.47[11]
2.54 (3 oz)
.21 (letters).20 (packages)
.34
Price change announced February 25, 2016

January 22, 2017

.49[12]

2.67 (3 oz)[13]

.21 (letters).18 (packages)

.34

Price change announced October 12, 2016

January 21, 2018

.50[14]

3.50 (4 oz)[15]

.21 (letters).35 (packages)[16]

.35

Price change announced October 6, 2017

text: Jump up ^ 1oz is 28.34g

text: Historical trend[edit]

text:
Taking the above data and plotting it yields the graph shown to the right.
The dark plot is the nominal issued price of the stamp and the light plot is the price adjusted for inflation and is shown in 2016 US cents.

text:
This plot shows that, despite the rise in the nominal cost of a first-class stamp, the adjusted cost of the stamp has stayed relatively stable.
The large jumps in the early 1900s are because a change by a single penny was large compared to the cost of the stamp.
For example, the price increase from $0.02 to $0.03 on July 6, 1932 was a 50% increase in cost.
Additionally, while the cost of the stamp itself remained fixed, the adjusted price in 2016 dollars was not fixed over time which added to larger jumps in adjusted prices.

text: Historical notes[edit]

text: Domestic parcel post service was adopted in 1913, 25 years after the Post Office had agreed to deliver international parcel post packages pursuant to the Universal Postal Union treaty and various bilateral agreements with other nations.[17] Initially, there were no or few postal regulations governing packages mailed by parcel post. E.g., to construct a bank in Vernal, Utah, in 1916, a Salt Lake City company ascertained that the cheapest way to send 40 tons of bricks to the building was by parcel post.[18]

text: Bulk postal rates were restructured in 1996:[citation needed]

text:
Second Class became Periodicals
Third and Fourth Class Mail became Standard Mail (A) and (B)
Special Fourth Class Mail was renamed Special Standard Mail

text: In 2007, First Class Mail was restructured to include variable pricing based on size, not just on weight.  Shape-based postage pricing is a form of dimensional weight. Also at that time, International Parcel Post air service was re-branded as Priority Mail International, and Parcel Post surface service was discontinued for international destinations.[19]

text: Regular Air Mail service began in 1918 and over the years rates varied considerably depending on distance and technology. Domestic Air Mail, as a class of service, officially ended May 1, 1977. By that time all domestic First Class Mail was being dispatched by the most expeditious means, surface or air, whether or not the Air Mail postage had been paid.[citation needed]

text: Additional charges for Special delivery existed from 1885 to 2001. Today, Express Mail Overnight is the most similar service level.[citation needed]

text: During the summer of 2010 the USPS requested the Postal Regulatory Commission to raise the price of a first class stamp by 2 cents, from 44 cents to 46 cents, to take effect January 2, 2011. On September 30, 2010, the PRC formally denied the request, but the USPS filed an appeal with the Federal Court of Appeals in Washington DC.[20][21]

text: On September 25, 2013, the USPS announced a 3 cent increase in the First Class postal rate, to be effective January 26, 2014, increasing the price of a stamp to 49 cents. Bulk mail, periodicals, and package service rates were also increased by 6 percent. A loss of US$5 billion during the 2013 fiscal year was the reason given for the increase.[22]

text: The legislation which set the price to 49 cents was enacted as a temporary measure and as an "exigent surcharge for mailing products and services".[23] However, this legislation was set to expire in April 2016. As a result, the Post Office retained one cent of the price change as a previously allotted adjustment for inflation, but the price of a first class stamp became 47 cents: for the first time in 97 years (and for the third time in the agency's history[24]), the price of a stamp decreased.


document_title: List of New York Knicks first and second round draft picks

question_text: who did the knicks draft in the first round

text: This is a list of the New York Knicks' National Basketball Association (NBA) Draft selections from the first and second rounds.

text: Key[edit]

text:
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abbreviation
Meaning

T
Territorial pick
(#)
Retired Knicks' Number

text:
^
Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-NBA Team

+
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game

x
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-NBA Team

#
Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs

text:
Position
G
Guard
PG
Point guard
SG
Shooting guard
F
Forward
SF
Small forward
PF
Power forward
C
Center

text: Selections[edit]

text:
Year
Round
Pick
Player
Nationality
Position
College/High School/Club
Notes
Ref(s)

1947
1
5
Holub, Dick !Dick Holub
 United States
C
Long Island

1948
1
4
Schayes, Dolph !Dolph Schayes^
 United States
C
NYU

1949
1
7
McGuire, Dick !Dick McGuire^ (15)
 United States
G
St. John's

1950
1
6
Dambrot, Irwin !Irwin Dambrot#
 United States
F
CCNY

1950
2
17
Scherer, Herb !Herb Scherer
 United States
C
Long Island

1951
1
6
Smith, Ed !Ed Smith
 United States
F
Harvard

1951
2
15
Minson, Roland !Roland Minson#
 United States
G
Brigham Young

1952
1
5
Polson, Ralph !Ralph Polson
 United States
F/C
Whitworth

1953
T

Dukes, Walter !Walter Dukes+
 United States
C
Seton Hall

1953
2
9
Ackerman, Don !Don Ackerman
 United States
PG
Long Island

1953
2
15
Gordon, Neil !Neil Gordon#
 United States
F
Furman

1954
1
8
Turner, JackJack Turner
 United States
G/F
Western Kentucky

1954
2
17
Guerin, Richie !Richie Guerin*
 United States
G
Iona

1955
1
4
Sears, Ken !Ken Sears+
 United States
PF
Santa Clara

1955
2
11
Mullen, Jerry !Jerry Mullen#
 United States
F
San Francisco

1956
1
4
Shavlik, Ronnie !Ronnie Shavlik
 United States
F
North Carolina State

1956
2
11
Bergen, Gary !Gary Bergen
 United States
C
Utah

1957
1
5
McCann, BrendanBrendan McCann
 United States
G
St. Bonaventure

1957
2
13
Friend, LarryLarry Friend
 United States
G/F
California

1958
1
3
Farmer, Mike !Mike Farmer
 United States
SF
San Francisco

1958
1
4
Brennan, Pete !Pete Brennan
 United States
SF
North Carolina

1958
2
11
Quigg, Joe !Joe Quigg#
 United States
F/C
North Carolina

1959
1
5
Green, Johnny !Johnny Green
 United States
SF
Michigan State

1960
1
3
Imhoff, Darrall !Darrall Imhoff+
 United States
C
California

1960
2
10
Budd, Dave !Dave Budd
 United States
PF
Wake Forest

1960
2
11
Coleman, Kelly !Kelly Coleman#
 United States
G
Kentucky Wesleyan

1961
1
2
Stith, Tom !Tom Stith
 United States
SF
St. Bonaventure

1961
2
10
Martin, Whitey !Whitey Martin
 United States
G
St. Bonaventure

1962
1
2
Hogue, Paul !Paul Hogue
 United States
C
Cincinnati

1962
2
9
Rudometkin, JohnJohn Rudometkin
 United States
SF
USC

1963
1
1
Heyman, ArtArt Heyman
 United States
SF/G
Duke

1963
2
9
Harkness, JerryJerry Harkness
 United States
PG
Loyola (Chicago)

1964
1
1
Barnes, JimJim Barnes
 United States
C/F
Texas Western

1964
2
8
Reed, Willis !Willis Reed^ (19)
 United States
C/F
Grambling State

1964
2
13
Komives, Howard !Howard Komives
 United States
PG
Bowling Green

1965
T

Bradley, Bill !Bill Bradley^ (24)
 United States
SF/SG
Princeton

1965
1
3
Stallworth, Dave !Dave Stallworth
 United States
PF/C
Wichita State

1965
2
10
Van Arsdale, Dick !Dick Van Arsdale+
 United States
G/SF
Indiana

1965
2
14
Blevins, Hal !Hal Blevins
 United States
G
Arkansas AM&N

1966
1
1
Russell, Cazzie !Cazzie Russell+
 United States
SF/G
Michigan

1966
2
11
Akin, Henry !Henry Akin
 United States
PF/C
Morehead State

1967
1
5
Frazier, Walt !Walt Frazier^ (10)
 United States
PG
Southern Illinois

1967
2
17
Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson
 United States
F/C
North Dakota

1968
1
10
Hosket, Bill !Bill Hosket, Jr.
 United States
PF/C
Ohio State

1969
1
11
Warren, John !John Warren
 United States
G/SF
St. John's

1969
2
26
Bunting, Bill !Bill Bunting#
 United States
F/C
North Carolina

1970
1
17
Price, Mike !Mike Price
 United States
G
Illinois

1970
2
34
Wright, HowieHowie Wright#
 United States
G
Austin Peay

1971
1
16
Meminger, Dean !Dean Meminger
 United States
PG
Marquette

1971
2
34
Northington, Gregg !Gregg Northington#
 United States
C
Alabama State

1972
1
8
Riker, Tom !Tom Riker
 United States
C/F
South Carolina

1973
1
14
Davis, Mel !Mel Davis
 United States
SF
St. John's

1973
2
28
McFarland, PatrickPatrick McFarland#
 United States
F/G
Saint Joseph's

1974
2
32
Dark, Jesse !Jesse Dark
 United States
G
Virginia Commonwealth

1975
1
9
Short, Gene !Gene Short
 United States
SF
Jackson State

1975
2
26
Burden, Ticky !Luther Burden
 United States
SG
Utah

1975
2
34
Fogle, Larry !Larry Fogle
 United States
G
Canisius

1976
2
25
Shelton, Lonnie !Lonnie Shelton+
 United States
PF/C
Oregon State

1977
1
10
Williams, Ray !Ray Williams
 United States
PG
Minnesota

1977
2
26
Gondrezick, GlenGlen Gondrezick
 United States
SF/SG
UNLV

1977
2
32
Knight, TobyToby Knight
 United States
PF
Notre Dame

1978
1
4
Ray Richardson, Micheal !Micheal Ray Richardson+
 United States
PG/SG
Montana

1978
2
32
Rudd, John !John Rudd
 United States
F
McNeese State

1978
2
34
Bunch, Greg !Greg Bunch
 United States
SF
Cal State Fullerton

1979
1
3
Cartwright, Bill !Bill Cartwright+
 United States
C
San Francisco

1979
1
9
Demic, Larry !Larry Demic
 United States
F/C
Arizona

1979
1
21
Williams, Sly !Sly Williams
 United States
SF/SG
Rhode Island

1979
2
27
Carter, Reggie !Reggie Carter
 United States
SG
St. John's

1979
2
34
Goetz, Kim !Kim Goetz#
 United States
F
San Diego State

1980
1
12
Woodson, Mike !Mike Woodson
 United States
SG/SF
Indiana

1980
2
36
Scales, Dewayne !DeWayne Scales
 United States
PF
LSU

1981
2
40
Cook, Greg !Greg Cook#
 United States
F
LSU

1982
1
6
Tucker, TrentTrent Tucker
 United States
SG
Minnesota

1982
2
29
Hastings, Scott !Scott Hastings
 United States
PF/C
Arkansas

1982
2
34
Taylor, VinceVince Taylor
 United States
SF
Duke

1983
1
12
Walker, Darrell !Darrell Walker
 United States
G
Arkansas

1985
1
1
Ewing, Patrick !Patrick Ewing^ (33)
 United States
C
Georgetown

1985
2
47
Wilkins, Gerald !Gerald Wilkins
 United States
SG
UT–Chattanooga

1986
1
5
Walker, Kenny !Kenny Walker
 United States
SF
Kentucky

1986
2
47
Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson
 United States
PG
Georgetown

1987
1
18
Jackson, Mark !Mark Jackson+
 United States
PG
St. John's

1987
2
25
Moore, Ron !Ron Moore
 United States
C
West Virginia State

1988
1
19
Strickland, Rod !Rod Stricklandx
 United States
PG
DePaul

1988
2
37
Butler, Greg !Greg Butler
 United States
C
Stanford

1989
2
50
Quinnett, Brian !Brian Quinnett
 United States
PF
Washington State

1990
1
17
Mustaf, Jerrod !Jerrod Mustaf
 United States
PF/C
Maryland

1991
1
12
Anthony, Greg !Greg Anthony
 United States
PG
UNLV

1992
1
20
Davis, Hubert !Hubert Davis
 United States
SG
North Carolina

1994
1
24
Williams, Monty !Monty Williams
 United States
SF
Notre Dame

1994
1
26
Ward, CharlieCharlie Ward
 United States
PG
Florida State

1996
1
18
Wallace, JohnJohn Wallace
 United States
SF
Syracuse

1996
1
19
McCarty, WalterWalter McCarty
 United States
PF
Kentucky

1996
1
21
Jones, Dontae !Dontae' Jones
 United States
PF
Mississippi State

1997
1
25
Thomas, JohnJohn Thomas
 United States
C
Minnesota

1998
2
38
Johnson, DeMarcoDeMarco Johnson
 United States
PF
UNC Charlotte

1998
2
44
Marks, SeanSean Marks
 New Zealand
F/C
California

1999
1
15
Weis, Frederic !Frédéric Weis#
 France
C
CSP Limoges (France)

1999
2
46
Koch, J. R.J. R. Koch
 United States
F
Iowa

2000
1
22
Harvey, DonnellDonnell Harvey
 United States
SF
Florida

2000
2
39
Postell, LavorLavor Postell
 United States
SG
St. John's

2001
2
38
Wright, MichaelMichael Wright
 United States
PF
Arizona

2001
2
42
Chenowith, EricEric Chenowith
 United States
C
Kansas

2002
1
7
Nene !Nenê
 Brazil
PF/C
Vasco da Gama (Brazil)

2002
2
36
Vujanic, Milos !Miloš Vujanić
 Serbia and Montenegro
PG
KK Partizan (Serbia)

2003
1
9
Sweetney, Mike !Michael Sweetney
 United States
PF
Georgetown

2003
2
30
Lampe, MaciejMaciej Lampe
 Poland
F/C
Real Madrid (Spain)

2003
2
39
Vranes, Slavko !Slavko Vraneš
 Serbia and Montenegro
C
Budućnost Podgorica (Montenegro)

2004
2
44
Ariza, TrevorTrevor Ariza
 United States
SF
UCLA

2005
1
8
Frye, ChanningChanning Frye
 United States
PF/C
Arizona

2005
1
30
Lee, David !David Lee+
 United States
PF/C
Florida

2005
2
54
Thompson, DijonDijon Thompson
 United States
SG/SF
UCLA

2006
1
20
Balkman, RenaldoRenaldo Balkman
 United States
SF/PF
South Carolina

2006
1
29
Collins, MardyMardy Collins
 United States
PG/SG
Temple

2007
1
23
Chandler, WilsonWilson Chandler
 United States
SF
DePaul

2008
1
6
Gallinari, DaniloDanilo Gallinari
 Italy
SF
Olimpia Milano (Italy)

2009
1
8
Hill, JordanJordan Hill
 United States
PF
Arizona

2010
2
38
Rautins, AndyAndy Rautins
 Canada
SG
Syracuse

2010
2
39
Fields, LandryLandry Fields
 United States
SG
Stanford

2011
1
17
Shumpert, ImanIman Shumpert
 United States
SG/PG
Georgia Tech

2012
2
48
Papanikolaou, KostasKostas Papanikolaou
 Greece
PF
Olympiacos (Greece)

2013
1
24
Hardaway, Jr., TimTim Hardaway, Jr.
 United States
G
Michigan

2014
2
34
Early, CleanthonyCleanthony Early
 United States
SF
Wichita State

2014
2
51
Antetokounmpo, ThanasisThanasis Antetokounmpo
 Greece
SF
Delaware 87ers (D-League)

2015
1
4
Porziņģis, KristapsKristaps Porziņģis
 Latvia
C
CB Sevilla (Spain)

2017
1
8
Ntilikina, FrankFrank Ntilikina
 France
PG
SIG Strasbourg (France)

2017
2
44
Dotson, DamyeanDamyean Dotson
 United States
SG
Houston

2017
2
58
Jaramaz, OgnjenOgnjen Jaramaz
 Serbia
PG
Mega Leks (Serbia)


question_text: how many binding sites for atp are there in pfk

text: Structure[edit]

text: As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code 2JG5.

text: 1-Phosphofructokinase is a tetramer of 4 identical subunits[4]  that each have a catalytic site.  In addition to the catalytic binding sites, there are 4 additional binding sites for allosteric regulation.[4]

text: Function[edit]

text: 1-phosphofructokinase catalyzes the committed step of glycolysis.  This step can be a rate limiting step in glycolysis, and may be regulated to establish the rate of glucose oxidation in the cell.  This reaction is a phosphoryl group transfer from ATP to fructose 6-phosphate, yielding fructose 1,6-biphosphate.  The reaction is highly exergonic and is irreversible within the cell, though can be bypassed in gluconeogenesis via the enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase.[5]

text: Regulation[edit]

text: Cellular[edit]

text: The regulation of 1-phosphofructokinase occurs primarily by allosteric effectors, and is based on the cell's energy needs.  There are two ATP binding sites; a substrate site where the phosphate transfer occurs, and an allosteric site where allosteric regulation occurs.  ATP acts as an allosteric inhibitor and when cellular concentrations of ATP are high, and the cell's energy needs are low, the reaction catalyzed by 1-phosphofructokinase is inhibited.  When the cell is actively consuming ATP and stores deplete, the concentration of ATP lowers while the concentrations of AMP and ADP increase.  AMP and ADP are both positive effectors of 1-phosphofructokinase and bind allosterically to activate the reaction.  This activation encourages glycolysis and ATP production.[4]  Inhibition can also occur via citrate, a product of glycolysis and intermediate in the citric acid cycle.  An increased concentration of citrate indicates the cell is meeting current energy needs, and therefore encourages allosteric inhibition of 1-phosphofructokinase allosterically via ATP.

text: Hormonal[edit]

text:
Allosteric regulation of 1-phosphofructokinase is facilitated hormonally to help the liver to maintain blood glucose levels.  This is achieved in part by increasing or decreasing rates of glycolysis.  When blood glucose levels are low, the secretion of glucagon leads to the phosphorylation of phosphofructokinase 2 which inhibits formation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Therefore, when glucagon inhibits  phosphofructokinase 2, cellular levels of   fructose 2,6-bisphosphate decrease, and reduce activation of 1-phosphofructokinase, ultimately reducing the rate of glycolysis within the cell.  When 1-phosphofructokinase is inhibited, rates of gluconeogenesis increase, further aiding an increase in blood sugar.
When blood sugar is high, however, the secretion of insulin produces the opposite effect by removing the phosphate group from phosphofructokinase 2, which leads to activation, and formation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.  As concentrations of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate increase, 1-phosphofructokinase is allosterically activated, and rates of glycolysis increase, consuming glucose.  At the same time the rate of gluconeogenesis decrease, also contributing to lowering blood sugar levels.

text: Clinical Significance[edit]

text: A deficiency of 1-phosphofructokinase can be inherited due to the genetic disorder glycogenosis type VII Tarui's disease.  Research has shown that this disease can lead to insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion by beta cells in the pancreas, leading to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or diabetes type 2.[6] Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is considered a global epidemic by the World Health Organization.[7]


document_title: US Airways Flight 1549

question_text: where is the airplane that landed in the hudson

text: US Airways Flight 1549

text: Background[edit]

text:
On January 15, 2009, US Airways Flight 1549[b] with call sign 'CACTUS 1549' was scheduled to fly from New York City's LaGuardia Airport (LGA) to Charlotte Douglas (CLT), with direct onward service to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport.
The aircraft was an Airbus A320-214 powered by two GE Aviation/Snecma-designed CFM56-5B4/P turbofan engines.[9][c]

text: The pilot in command was 57-year-old Chesley Sullenberger, a former fighter pilot who had been an airline pilot since leaving the United States Air Force in 1980. At the time, he had logged 19,663 total flight hours, including 4,765 in an A320; he was also a glider pilot and expert on aviation safety.[12][13][14] First officer Jeffrey B. Skiles, 49,[13][15][16] had accrued 15,643 career flight hours, but this was his first Airbus A320 assignment since qualifying to fly it.[17] There were 150 passengers and three flight attendants aboard.[1][18]

text: Accident[edit]

text: Takeoff and bird strike[edit]

text:
New York TRACON audio

Air traffic control audio from about time of bird strike until ditching (3:10 long)
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text:
The flight was cleared for takeoff to the northeast from LaGuardia's Runway 4 at 3:24:56 pm Eastern Standard Time (20:24:56 UTC).
With Skiles in control, the crew made its first report after becoming airborne at 3:25:51 as being at 700 feet (210 m) and climbing.[19]

text: The weather at 2:51 p.m. was 10 miles (16 km) visibility with broken clouds at 3,700 feet (1,100 m), wind 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) from 290°; an hour later it was few clouds at 4,200 feet (1,300 m), wind 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) from 310°.[20] At 3:26:37 Sullenberger remarked to Skiles: "What a view of the Hudson today."[21]

text: At 3:27:11 the plane struck a flock of Canada geese at an altitude of 2,818 feet (859 m) about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north-northwest of LaGuardia. The pilots' view was filled with the large birds;[22][23] passengers and crew heard very loud bangs and saw flames from the engines, followed by silence and an odor of fuel.[24][25][26]

text: Realizing that both engines had shut down, Sullenberger took control while Skiles worked the checklist for engine restart.[d][2] The aircraft slowed but continued to climb for a further 19 seconds, reaching about 3,060 feet (930 m) at an airspeed of about 185 knots (343 km/h; 213 mph), then began a glide descent, accelerating to 210 knots (390 km/h; 240 mph) at 3:28:10 as it descended through 1,650 feet (500 m).

text: At 3:27:33, Sullenberger radioed a mayday call to New York Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON):[28][29] "... this is Cactus 1539 [sic – correct call sign was Cactus 1549], hit birds. We've lost thrust on both engines. We're turning back towards LaGuardia".[21] Air traffic controller Patrick Harten[30] told LaGuardia's tower to hold all departures, and directed Sullenberger back to Runway 13.[29] Sullenberger responded, "Unable".[29]

text: Sullenberger asked controllers for landing options in New Jersey, mentioning Teterboro Airport.[29][31][32] Permission was given for Teterboro's Runway 1,[32] but Sullenberger responded: "We can't do it ... We're gonna be in the Hudson".[31] The aircraft passed less than 900 feet (270 m) above the George Washington Bridge.[33] Sullenberger commanded over the cabin address system, "Brace for impact",[33] and the flight attendants relayed the command to passengers.[34] Meanwhile, air traffic controllers asked the Coast Guard to caution vessels in the Hudson and ask them to prepare to assist with rescue.[citation needed]

text: Ditching and evacuation[edit]

text: About ninety seconds later, at 3:31 pm, the plane made an unpowered ditching, descending southwards at about 125 knots (140 mph; 230 km/h) into the middle of the North River section of the Hudson tidal estuary, at 40°46′10″N 74°00′17″W / 40.7695°N 74.0046°W / 40.7695; -74.0046[35] on the New York side of the state line, roughly opposite West 50th Street (near the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum) in Manhattan and Port Imperial in Weehawken, New Jersey. Flight attendants compared the ditching to a "hard landing" with "one impact, no bounce, then a gradual deceleration."[31] The ebb tide then began to take the plane southward.[36]

text: Sullenberger opened the cockpit door and ordered evacuation. The crew began evacuating the passengers through the four overwing window exits and into an inflatable slide/raft deployed from the front right passenger door (the front left slide failed to operate, so the manual inflation handle was pulled). A panicked passenger opened a rear door, which a flight attendant was unable to reseal.[37] Water was also entering a hole in the fuselage and through cargo doors that had come open,[38] so as the water rose the attendant urged passengers to move forward by climbing over seats.[e] One passenger was in a wheelchair.[40][41] Finally, Sullenberger walked the cabin twice to confirm it was empty.[42][43][44]

text: The air and water temperatures were about 19 °F (−7 °C) and 41 °F (5 °C) respectively.[20] Some evacuees waited for rescue knee-deep in water on the partially submerged slides, some wearing life-vests. Others stood on the wings or, fearing an explosion, swam away from the plane.[37] One passenger, after helping with the evacuation, found the wing so crowded that he jumped into the river and swam to a boat.[45][31][46]

text: Rescue[edit]

text: Sullenberger had ditched near boats which facilitated rescue.[19][42] NY Waterway ferries Thomas Jefferson and then Governor Thomas H. Kean both arrived within minutes[47][48] and began taking people aboard using a Jason's cradle. Sullenberger advised the ferry crews to rescue those on the wings first, as they were in more jeopardy than those on the slides, which detached to become life rafts.[33] As the plane drifted, passengers on one slide, fearing that the boat would crush them, shouted for it to steer away.[49] The last person was taken from the plane at 3:55 pm.[50]

text: About 140 New York City firefighters responded to nearby docks,[51][52][53] as did police, helicopters, and various vessels and divers.[51] Other agencies provided medical help on the Weehawken side of the river, where most passengers were taken.[54]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: There were five serious injuries,[2] including a deep laceration in flight attendant Doreen Welsh's leg.[31][55] Seventy-eight people were treated, mostly for minor injuries[56] and hypothermia;[57] twenty-four passengers and two rescuers were treated at hospitals,[58] with two passengers kept overnight. One passenger now wears glasses because of eye damage from jet fuel.[45] No pets were being carried on the flight.[59]

text: Each passenger later received a letter of apology, $5,000 in compensation for lost baggage (and $5,000 more if they could demonstrate larger losses) and refund of the ticket price.[60][61] In May 2009 they received any belongings that had been recovered. In addition, they reported offers of $10,000 each in return for agreeing not to sue US Airways.[62]

text: Many passengers and rescuers later experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms such as sleeplessness, flashbacks, and panic attacks; some began an email support group.[63] Patrick Harten, the controller who had worked the flight, said that "the hardest, most traumatic part of the entire event was when it was over", and that he was "gripped by raw moments of shock and grief".[64]

text: In an effort to prevent similar accidents, officials captured and gassed 1,235 Canada geese at 17 locations across New York City in mid-2009 and coated 1,739 goose eggs with oil to smother the developing goslings.[65]

text: Investigation[edit]

text: The partially submerged plane was moored to a pier near the World Financial Center in Lower Manhattan, roughly 4 miles (6 km) downstream from the ditching location.[34] The left engine, detached by the ditching, was recovered from the riverbed.[66] On January 17 the aircraft was barged[67][68] to New Jersey.[69]

text: The initial National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) evaluation that the plane had lost thrust after a bird strike[70][71][72] was confirmed by analysis of the cockpit voice and flight data recorders.[73]

text: Two days earlier the plane had experienced a less severe compressor stall,[74][75] but the affected engine was restarted. A faulty temperature sensor was replaced, and inspection verified the engine had not been damaged in that incident.[76]

text: On January 21, the NTSB found evidence of soft-body damage in the right engine along with organic debris including a feather.[77][78] The left engine also evidenced soft body impact, with: "dents on both the spinner and inlet lip of the engine cowling. Five booster inlet guide vanes are fractured and eight outlet guide vanes are missing." Both engines, missing large portions of their housings,[79] were sent to the manufacturer for examination.[80] On January 31, the plane was moved to Kearny, New Jersey. The bird remains[76][81] were later identified by DNA testing to be Canada geese, which typically weigh more than engines are designed to withstand ingesting.[76]

text: Because the plane was assembled in France the European Aviation Safety Agency (the European counterpart of the FAA) and the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (the French counterpart of the NTSB) joined the investigation, with technical assistance from Airbus and GE Aviation/Snecma, respectively the manufacturers of the airframe and the engines.[82][83][84]

text: The NTSB used flight simulators to test the possibility that the flight could have returned safely to LaGuardia or diverted to Teterboro; only seven of the thirteen simulated returns to La Guardia succeeded, and only one of the two to Teterboro.[85] Furthermore, the NTSB report called these simulations unrealistic: "The immediate turn made by the pilots during the simulations did not reflect or account for real-world considerations." A further simulation, conducted with the pilot delayed by 35 seconds, crashed.[86] In testimony before the NTSB, Sullenberger maintained that there had been no time to bring the plane to any airport, and that attempting to do so would likely have killed those onboard and more on the ground.[87]

text: The Board ultimately ruled that Sullenberger had made the correct decision,[87] reasoning that the checklist for dual-engine failure is designed for higher altitudes, when pilots have more time to deal with the situation, and that while simulations showed that the plane might have just barely made it back to LaGuardia, those scenarios assumed an instant decision to do so, with no time allowed for assessing the situation.[88][89]

text: On May 4, 2010 the NTSB issued its final report, which identified the probable cause as "the ingestion of large birds into each engine, which resulted in an almost total loss of thrust in both engines."[86] The final report credited the outcome to four factors: good decision-making and teamwork by the cockpit crew (including decisions to immediately turn on the APU and to ditch in the Hudson); the fact that the A320 is certified for extended overwater operation (and hence carried life vests and additional raft/slides) even though not required for that route; the performance of the flight crew during the evacuation; and the proximity of working vessels to the ditching site. Contributing factors were good visibility and a fast response from the ferry operators and emergency responders. The report also makes a range of recommendations to improve safety in such situations.[2]

text: Author and pilot William Langewiesche asserted that insufficient credit was given to the A320's fly-by-wire design, by which the pilot uses a side-stick to make control inputs to the flight control computers. The computers then impose adjustments and limits of their own to keep the plane stable, which the pilot cannot override even in an emergency. This design allowed the pilots of Flight 1549 to concentrate on engine restart and deciding the course, without the burden of manually adjusting the glidepath to reduce the plane's rate of descent.[50] However, Sullenberger said that these computer-imposed limits also prevented him from achieving the optimum landing flare for the ditching, which would have softened the impact.[90]

text: In 2010, the damaged plane (excluding its engines)[91] was acquired for the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina,[92] which held a reception on June 11 to commemorate the arrival in Charlotte of the plane's body, with Sullenberger as keynote speaker and the passengers invited.[93][94][95][96]

text: Crew awards and honors[edit]

text:
The reactions of all members of the crew, the split second decision making and the handling of this emergency and evacuation was "text book" and an example to us all. To have safely executed this emergency ditching and evacuation, with the loss of no lives, is a heroic and unique aviation achievement.
—Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators citation

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text: An NTSB board member called the ditching "the most successful ... in aviation history. These people knew what they were supposed to do and they did it and as a result, no lives were lost."[97]

text: The crew, especially Sullenberger, was praised, notably by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and New York State Governor David Paterson, who said: "We had a Miracle on 34th Street. I believe now we have had a Miracle on the Hudson."[56][98][99] U.S. President George W. Bush said he was "inspired by the skill and heroism of the flight crew," and praised the emergency responders and volunteers.[100] President-elect Barack Obama said that everyone was proud of Sullenberger's "heroic and graceful job in landing the damaged aircraft." He thanked the crew, whom he invited to his inauguration five days later.[101][102]

text: The Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators awarded the crew a Master's Medal on January 22, 2009; this is awarded only rarely, for outstanding aviation achievements at the discretion of the Master of the Guild.[8] New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg presented the crew with the Keys to the City, and Sullenberger with a replacement copy of a library book lost on the flight, Sidney Dekker's Just Culture: Balancing Safety and Accountability.[103] Rescuers received Certificates of Honor.[104]

text: The crew received a standing ovation at the Super Bowl XLIII on February 1, 2009,[105] and Sullenberger threw out the first pitch at the 2009 Major League Baseball season for the San Francisco Giants. His Giants jersey was inscribed with the name "Sully" and the number 155 – the count of people aboard the plane.[106]

text: On July 28, passengers Dave Sanderson and Barry Leonard organized a thank you luncheon for emergency responders from Hudson County, New Jersey, on the shores of Palisades Medical Center in North Bergen, New Jersey, where 57 passengers had been brought following their rescue. Present were members of the U.S. Coast Guard, North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue, NY Waterway Ferries, the American Red Cross, Weehawken Volunteer First Aid, the Weehawken Police Department, West New York E.M.S., North Bergen E.M.S., the Hudson County Office of Emergency Management, the New Jersey E.M.S. Task Force, the Guttenberg Police Department, McCabe Ambulance, the Harrison Police Department, and doctors and nurses who treated survivors.[107][108]

text: Sullenberger was named Grand Marshal for the 2010 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California.

text: In August 2010, Jeppesen issued an approach plate titled "Hudson Miracle APCH," dedicated to the five crew of Flight 1549 and annotated "Presented with Pride and Gratitude from your friends at Jeppesen."[109]

text: Sullenberger retired on March 3, 2010, after thirty years with US Airways and its predecessor, Pacific Southwest Airlines. At the end of his final flight he was reunited with Skiles and a number of the passengers from Flight 1549.[110]

text: In 2013, the entire crew was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[111]

text: Media and popular culture[edit]

text: The accident was recorded by several closed-circuit television cameras. Various television reports and documentaries produced soon afterwards contained extensive video of the ditching and rescue, and recorded interviews with the aircrew, passengers, rescuers, and other key participants. These included:

text:
On February 8, 2009, the CBS program 60 Minutes broadcast three segments that included interviews with the aircrew as well as their reunion with passengers. The program aired again on July 5, 2009.
"Flight 1549: A Routine Takeoff Turns Ugly"[112]
"Flight 1549: Saving 155 Souls In Minutes"[113]
"Flight 1549: An Emotional Reunion"[114]
On February 19, 2009, Channel 4 in the United Kingdom aired a documentary titled The Miracle of the Hudson Plane Crash included personal accounts from passengers, rescuers, and witnesses.[49]
On February 21, 2009, KGO-TV in San Francisco broadcast an interview in the "Face to Face" series. Dan Ashley talked to Captain and Mrs. Sullenberger about their experiences during and since the accident.[115]
On March 4, 2009, the Discovery Channel broadcast a one-hour documentary titled Hudson Plane Crash – What Really Happened, with computer-generated imagery (CGI) animations of the flight, and interviews with passengers, crew, witnesses, rescuers, and aviation safety experts.[116]
On January 10, 2010, TLC aired a documentary titled Brace For Impact, aired again on April 14 in Australia as Brace For Impact: Inside The Hudson Plane Crash.[117]
In March 2011, Ric Elias, a front-row passenger shared his experience during a TED conference.[118]
Beginning in June 2011, the University of North Carolina School of Filmmaking and Process Pictures, LLC worked with the Carolinas Aviation Museum to produce a documentary, which also looked at the impact of the incident on society.[119][120]

text: The crash was featured in the Discovery Channel (Canada) / National Geographic TV series Mayday on the episode Hudson Splash Down.[121] It was also recreated in a National Geographic Channel TV special titled "Miracle Landing on the Hudson,"[122] and in the United Kingdom for a Channel 5 special in 2011.[123]

text: Garrison Keillor honored the entire flight crew by writing a song and performing it on his show, A Prairie Home Companion.[124]

text: The ditching is referenced in the song "A Real Hero" by College and Electric Youth, best known from the 2011 movie Drive. The lyrics of the second verse describe the water landing and the survival of the passengers and crew, as well as alluding to the freezing river.[125]

text: Sullenberger's memoir, Highest Duty: My Search for What Really Matters was adapted into a feature film Sully: Miracle on the Hudson, directed by Clint Eastwood,[126] with Tom Hanks as Sullenberger and Aaron Eckhart as co-pilot Jeff Skiles.[127] It was released by Warner Bros. on September 9, 2016.[128]