document_title: Spirit Riding Free

question_text: who does the voice of lucky in spirit

question_tokens: who does the voice of lucky in spirit

text: Spirit Riding Free

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set during the 19th century in the small town of Miradero, Texas, a 12-year-old[2] girl named Lucky, who had recently relocated from the city, encounters a wild kiger mustang named Spirit. Offspring of Spirit and Rain from Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron, the horse is caught by wranglers and brought to be "broken" in Miradero. Lucky gradually bonds with the stallion, and frees him. Lucky also meets two other girls, Pru and Abigail, who both own horses, Chica Linda, a palomino, and Boomerang, a pinto horse, respectively. They embark on everyday adventures across the land.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amber Frank as Lucky Prescott[2]
Bailey Gambertoglio as Abigail Stone[2]
Sydney Park as Pru Granger[2]
Jeff Bennett as Mesteneros
Darcy Rose Byrnes as Maricela[2]
Nolan North as Jim Prescott[2]
Andy Pessoa as Turo
Tiya Sircar as Miss Flores
Kari Wahlgren as Aunt Cora[2]
Jonathan Craig Williams as Al

text: Production[edit]

text: Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5, 2017.[3] The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8, 2017.[6] The series was renewed for a third season and it premiered on November 17, 2017.[7] The series was renewed for a fourth season and it premiered on March 16, 2018.[8]

text: Crew[edit]

text: The voice director for the first three episodes was Ginny McSwain; Katie McWane took over as voice director subsequent to that.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
6
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)

2
7
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

3
7
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)

4
6
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboarded by
Original release date

1
1
"Lucky and the Unbreakable Spirit"
Joshua Taback
Aury Wallington
Stephanie Arnett
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)

Newly arrived in the town of Miradero, city girl Lucky struggles to fit in at school but befriends a wild stallion after he is wrangled for taming.

2
2
"Lucky and the Treacherous Trail"
Joshua Taback
Aury Wallington
Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)

Headstrong Lucky persuades Pru to give her a crash course in horseback riding so she and Spirit can participate in the annual Saddle Club race.

3
3
"Lucky and the Mysterious Map"
Beth Sleven
Aury Wallington
Jean Kang & Christina Manrique
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)

On her first camping trip, Lucky decides to decode her dad's old treasure map, then sneaks off with Abigail, Pru and Spirit to find the fortune.

4
4
"Lucky and the Competition Conundrum"
Joshua Taback
Katherine Nolfi
Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)

Desperate to be Student of the Month, Lucky teams with Maricela to create a booth for a school fundraiser, pitting herself against Pru and Abigail.

5
5
"Lucky and the Appaloosa Adventure"
Beth Sleven
Robert Taylor
Jean Kang & Christina Manrique
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)

As Lucky and saddle-maker Turo plot to help a horse neglected by his cruel owner, Lucky's dad works to fix a cracked dam before disaster strikes.

6
6
"Lucky and the Not-So-Secret Surprise"
Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice
Nancy Cohen
Kathryn Marusik & David Van Tuyle
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)

Determined to throw Pru the best surprise birthday party ever, Lucky enlists Abigail's help in planning the event, which quickly gets out of hand.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboarded by
Original release date

7
1
"Lucky and the Cowboy Next Door"
Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice
Laura Sreebny
Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Eager to follow in her mother's footsteps, Lucky gets lessons in trick riding from dashing young performer, Javier.

8
2
"Lucky and the Pie P.I."
Beth Sleven
Robert Taylor
Jean Kang & Christina Manrique
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

When Abigail's prize cherry pie goes missing, Lucky draws inspiration from her favorite book sleuth and plays detectives with her pals.

9
3
"Lucky and the Super Amazing and Fun Cousin Julian"
Beth Sleven
Nancy Cohen
Jean Kang & Christina Manrique
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Lucky's visiting cousin, Julian, charms her friends with his exciting schemes, but Lucky believes he's up to no good.

10
4
"Lucky and the Harvest Hunt"
Joshua Taback
Laura Sreebny
Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Lucky and her pals search for a scarecrow.

11
5
"Lucky and the Christmas Spirit"
Joshua Taback
Katherine Nolfi
Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Lucky and her friends send gifts to everyone in town during Christmas.

12
6
"Lucky and the Deadly Blizzard"
Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice
Aury Wallington
Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Lucky and Maricela work together to get medicine from a broken train during a flu outbreak when a blizzard is coming.

13
7
"Lucky and the Price of Freedom"
Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice
Aury Wallington
Christian Lignan & Kathryn Marusik
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Lucky pretends to be a man to enter a horse race to prove that women are good at riding horses. Though she wins, her identity is exposed and she is disqualified. The winner, Junipero's former owner, decides to get back at Lucky by capturing Spirit, a wild mustang, and shipping him to the auction house. Will Lucky ever see Spirit again?

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboarded by
Original release date

14
1
"Lucky and the Long Way Home"
Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice
Nancy Cohen
Gus Corrales, Liza Epps, Rianna Liu, Kathryn Marusik
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)

Spirit's a wild stallion, but he can't bear the thought of being away from Lucky -- which means he'll do anything to find his way back home.

15
2
"Lucky and the New Governor"
Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice
Lauren Bradley
Kathryn Marusik
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)

As a mare in Spirit's herd prepares to give birth, Lucky enrolls Pru and Abigail in Prescott's Charm School to get them ready for the Governor's Ball.

16
3
"Lucky and the Risky Rescue"
Beth Sleven
Laura Sreebny
Jean Kang, Christina "Kiki" Manrique
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)

The girls plan a risky mission to free a wrongly detained Tuckapaw teen from a speeding train and reunite him with his trusty horse.

17
4
"Lucky and the Field Trip Fraud"
Beth Sleven
Candie Kelty Langdale
Jean Kang, Christina "Kiki" Manrique
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)

After the kids at school tease her about being "teacher's pet," Lucky sets out to prove them wrong by stirring up trouble on an overnight field trip.

18
5
"Lucky and the Shaky Day"
Beth Sleven
Katherine Nolfi
Jean Kang, Christina "Kiki" Manrique
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)

When a rumbling earthquake takes out a railroad bridge, Lucky and her friends must find a way to warn the passengers aboard a fast-approaching train.

19
6
"Lucky and the Golden Opportunity"
Joshua Tabeck
Robert Taylor
Mandy Clotworthy, Kevin Wotton
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)

A potentially big payoff goes off the rails when Lucky and her pals find gold and enlist the help of Lucky's crafty cousin, Julian.

20
7
"Lucky and the Lion"
Joshua Taback
Aury Wallington
Rianna Liu, Marc Wasik, Kevin Wotton
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)

Lucky and the girls help Aunt Cora back into the saddle to prepare for an upcoming ride. A mountain lion threatens Spirit's herd.

text: Season 4 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboarded by
Original release date

21
1
"Lucky and the Impatient Patient"
Joshua Taback
Nancy Cohen & Robert Taylor
Mandy Clotworthy & Kevin Wotton
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)

While Spirit heals from an injury, Lucky assists a sidelined Winthrop at his store by dishing up ice cream -- and advice -- with mixed results.

22
2
"Lucky and the Train Tycoon"
Joshua Taback
Rich Burns
Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)

Lucky's over the moon about the O-Mok-See she has planned for her 13th birthday... until her wealthy grandpa rolls into town with his own ideas.

23
3
"Lucky and the Role Reversal"
Beth Sleven
Katherine Nolfi
Jean Kang & Christina "Kiki" Manrique
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)

Lucky and her dad are doing their best to keep things running smoothly at home. But everything's a disaster without Aunt Cora -- even the school play!

24
4
"Lucky and the Patchwork Plan"
Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice
Laura Sreebny
Liza Epps & Kathryn Marusik
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)

Lucky's so desperate to stop Aunt Cora leaving Miradero that she'll stoop to anything (even goosenapping!) to keep here in town

25
5
"Lucky and the Her New Family Part 1"
Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice
Aury Wallington
Liza Epps & Kathryn Marusik
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)

Miss Flores feels out of place when a traveling circus brings Lucky closer to her mother than ever before. A rival horse steps up to challenge Spirit. Lucky's proud to follow in her mother's footsteps when a young circus star can't perform. But it feels like her father's putting Miss Flores first.

26
6
"Lucky and the Her New Family Part 2"
Beth Sleven
Aury Wallington
Jean Kang & Christina "Kiki" Manrique
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)

text: Home media[edit]

text: A DVD collection of all the season 1-4 episodes, titled Spirit Riding Free: Season 1-4 was released on DVD on June 5, 2018 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.[9] In UK, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment will publish the series soon on DVD. In Italy, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment will publish the series soon on DVD. In Germany, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment will publish the series soon on DVD.


document_title: List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit characters

question_text: who plays the bad guy in roger rabbit

question_tokens: who plays the bad guy in roger rabbit

root

text: Eddie Valiant[edit]

text:
Eddie Valiant

First appearance
Who Censored Roger Rabbit?

Created by
Gary K. Wolf

Portrayed by
Bob Hoskins

Information

Species
Human

Gender
Male

Family
Theodore "Teddy" Valiant (twin brother)

Significant other(s)
Dolores

tag: table

text: Eddie Valiant is the protagonist of Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

tag: p

text: In the original novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?, Eddie Valiant is a fictional modern day California private detective hired by comic book star Roger Rabbit to investigate the workings of Roger's corrupt employers, the DeGreasy Brothers. When Roger is found dead, and his final words having been censored out, Valiant is soon sent on the case of tracking Roger's murderers. This original incarnation of Eddie is a heavy smoker and has a beard.

text: The 1988 film gives insight into the character, as portrayed by Bob Hoskins. Pictures and newspaper clippings in his office reveal that he and his brother Theodore ("Teddy" for short) were sons of a circus clown; they joined the police force in 1925 and started their own private investigation service in 1938. The brothers quickly established a reputation for helping Toons in trouble, such as solving the kidnapping of Donald Duck's nephews and clearing Goofy of espionage charges. In 1942, while they were investigating a robbery in Toontown, an unknown assailant (later revealed as Judge Doom) dropped a piano on them. Eddie survived with a broken arm, but Teddy was killed. The incident soured him on the idea of working for Toons, his business suffered greatly, and he became an alcoholic. Eddie began living in the office he and Teddy had shared and left Teddy's desk as a memorial to him, refusing to dust it or let anyone sit in its chair.

text: In 1947, R.K. Maroon, head of the Maroon Cartoons studio, hires Valiant to photograph Jessica Rabbit, Roger's wife; she is literally "playing pattycake" with Marvin Acme, owner of Toontown and founder of the Acme Corporation. When Acme is murdered and Roger becomes the prime suspect, Valiant teams up with Roger to find the culprit. Maroon is subsequently killed, and Valiant discovers that Doom is responsible for not only these two deaths, but Teddy's as well. He defeats Doom at Acme's warehouse, finds Acme's lost will that bequeaths Toontown to the Toons, and abandons his prejudice against them.

text: In the graphic novel of the film published in 1989 by Marvel Comics, Valiant is the narrator of the story, telling the film through his eyes and in the style of a detective story.

text: According to Roger Rabbit: The Resurrection of Doom, Valiant tends to eat jellybeans quite a bit as he gave up drinking.

text: In the novel Who P-P-P-Plugged Roger Rabbit?, Valiant has once again vowed to no longer take any Toon cases, but is forced to do so when Baby Herman is found dead.

text: Roger Rabbit[edit]

text: Jessica Rabbit[edit]

text: Judge Doom[edit]

text:
Judge Doom

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Created by
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Portrayed by
Christopher Lloyd

Information

Species
Toon (in Human guise)

text: Judge Doom (also known in his Toon form as Baron von Rotten) is the much-feared judge of Toontown and the main antagonist in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Despite presiding over a city of Toons, Doom is totally without mirth and passes capital punishment on Toons who break the law, placing them in a vat of mixed chemicals consisting of turpentine, acetone, and benzene (paint thinner) which he calls "The Dip". This concoction will dissolve Toons, permanently killing them when submerged. Judge Doom employs the Toon Patrol to assist him in hunting down Roger for the murder of Marvin Acme.

text: Doom wears a black ensemble which includes a trenchcoat, a fedora, gloves, and rimless yellow-tinted safety glasses. He also carries a pocket watch and a swordstick that also serves as a walking stick.

text: When the film first introduces Judge Doom, Lt. Santino confides to Eddie that Judge Doom bought the election. Later at the Terminal Bar, Judge Doom uses the "Shave and a Haircut" trick to lure Roger out, then prepares to execute him. After a brief scuffle inside the bar, Judge Doom orders the weasels to capture Roger and Eddie. Roger realizes he's in trouble with Doom after him, and begs Eddie to hide him. When Eddie learns that studio head R.K. Maroon is connected to the plot to frame Roger, Eddie interrogates him, but Maroon pleads that he's "a dead man" if he confesses. Just as Maroon is about to spill everything, he's killed by an unseen gunman who nearly shoots Eddie as well.

text: Upon chasing the killer to Toontown, Eddie catches Jessica Rabbit thinking she's the murderer, but Jessica reveals that Judge Doom was the one who killed Acme and Maroon. At the film's climax, Judge Doom traps Eddie, Jessica, and Roger in the Acme Factory to explain his scheme: Literally erase Toontown from the map using a giant mobile vat of Dip linked to a high-pressure water cannon, and then build a freeway over it. Judge Doom then plans to retire from being a judge and control all the profits from the new road system. Judge Doom also reveals that he is the sole stockholder of Cloverleaf Industries and explains that he bought the "red car" (a variant on the name of the Pacific Electric Railway) for the sole purpose of putting it out of commission. He then orders Jessica and Roger to be tied up and raised into the air via skyhook to be sprayed by the Dip cannon.

text: Eddie escapes and defeats the weasels, then tries to rescue Roger and Jessica when he's interrupted by Judge Doom. The two men then square off, dueling with various ACME props. During the fight, Judge Doom is run over and "flattened" by a steamroller. He survives where it is revealed that he is actually a Toon with bulging red eyes and a high-pitched shrieking voice - the same Toon that killed Eddie's brother as revenge. Judge Doom taunts Eddie and exhibits his hidden Toon powers like leaping after Eddie with springs in his shoes, changing his right hand firstly into a massive anvil, and then a circular saw. After Eddie breaks open a vat of Dip with a boxing glove-loaded hammer, Judge Doom is doused in his own Dip. He dissolves to his death, shrieking the familiar "melting" lines of the Wicked Witch of the West. Following Judge Doom's death, his scheme is finally exposed and all charges against Roger are dropped.

text: Wizard Magazine rated him the 60th Greatest Villain of All Time.

text: Graphic novel version[edit]

text: In the graphic novel Roger Rabbit: The Resurrection of Doom, it is explained that Doom was originally a Toon named Baron von Rotten who took up the role of playing the villain in animated movies until a filming accident in which he suffered a concussion and awakens believing he is a real villain. Baron von Rotten thus begins his crime career, robbing the First National Bank of Toontown, then killing Teddy Valiant by dropping a piano on his head from 15 stories, and spreading the stolen money all over the town in order to buy the election for Judge of Toontown, assuming the new name of Judge Doom. He was revived by another gang of weasels who (using an old cell and a multiplane camera) were able to revive him proving it is possible to revive a toon (it is later revealed that the other group are the brothers of the weasels that were killed in the film). Judge Doom disguises himself as a director forcing Roger to purposely tone down his acting, in hopes to ruin his career, and has other designs in mind for his revenge.

text: Baby Herman[edit]

text:
Baby Herman

First appearance
Who Censored Roger Rabbit?

Created by
Gary K. Wolf
Richard Williams
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Portrayed by
April Winchell (baby voice)
Lou Hirsch (adult voice)
Jim Cummings (adult voice, Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin)

Information

Species
Toon infant

text: Baby Herman is Roger's major co-star in the animated shorts in which they appear. He is Roger's best friend. Baby Herman's "mother", Mrs. Herman (voiced by April Winchell) makes an appearance at the beginning of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and its spin-off short films, but she is only shown from the waist down.

text: Baby Herman and Roger Rabbit comprised an Abbott and Costello-like comedy team for the fictitious Maroon Cartoons studio in the 1940s. A typical Roger/Baby Herman cartoon consists of Roger being given responsibility for Baby Herman's well-being; Herman immediately begins crawling through a number of dangerous situations from which Roger must rescue him. In the process, Roger suffers extravagant injuries and humiliations reminiscent of those in classic Tex Avery cartoons while Baby Herman remains unscathed. For both book adaptations, Baby Herman was murdered, leaving behind a doppelganger for Eddie Valiant to help solve the crime.

text: In the film, Baby Herman's role was downplayed. In one scene, he tells Eddie that that Roger didn't murder Marvin Acme, and tips off that Acme had a will that promised to leave Toontown to the Toons, which is the reason why Acme was killed. Baby Herman later appears at the end of the film, expressing his annoyance that Acme didn't leave his will where it could easily be found.

text: Despite his name and appearance, "Baby Herman" is actually a middle-aged, cigar-smoking Toon who looks like an infant. While filming "in character", he speaks baby talk in a typical baby boy's voice provided by Winchell; off-camera, he has a loud, gravelly voice provided by Lou Hirsch. Animation director Richard Williams loved the character of "adult" Baby Herman so much that he personally animated all of the scenes of the character in the film. When he loses his cigar and finds himself unable to reach it, he starts crying like a baby (albeit with his voice still sounding like a middle-aged man).

text: In the novel Who P-P-P-Plugged Roger Rabbit?, Valiant takes up the Toon case again when Baby Herman is found dead.

text: Benny the Cab[edit]

text:
Benny the Cab

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Created by
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Voiced by
Charles Fleischer
Maurice LaMarche (Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin)

Information

Species
Toon taxicab

Gender
Male

text: Benny the Cab is a taxicab that services the Los Angeles area in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. He is voiced in all appearances by Charles Fleischer. His license plate reads Looney. In the original story, Who Censored Roger Rabbit?, Benny was a thug and had a minor role as a trader in second-hand items.

text: The Walt Disney Company and Amblin Entertainment expanded on Benny's character for the movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit. In the movie, Benny is an anthropomorphized colorful yellow Volkswagen Beetle-style taxi cab that takes Roger where he needs to go. Unlike most of the prominent supporting characters in the movie, Benny does not appear in the cartoon shorts. However, he does appear in the Roger Rabbit comic book and had his own feature once in the second issue of Roger Rabbit's Toontown.

text: Benny also made an appearance as a guest on House of Mouse in the episodes "Max's New Car" and "Mickey vs. Shelby".

text: Benny makes an appearance in the Roger Rabbit's Cartoon Spin attraction located at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland, and guests ride in spinning cabs named Lenny (who is said to be Benny's cousin).

text: Toon Patrol[edit]

text:
Toon Patrol

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Created by
Richard Williams
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Voices by
David Lander (Smart Ass voice)
Charles Fleischer (Greasy, Psycho voice)
Jeff Bergman (Greasy voice, Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin)
Jim Cummings (Psycho voice, Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin)
June Foray (Wheezy voice)
Fred Newman (Stupid voice)

Information

Species
Toon (anthropomorphic weasels)

Gender
Male (All weasels)

text: The Toon Patrol is a group of five anthropomorphic animated tailless weasels who serve as henchmen to Judge Doom in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. They serve as the secondary antagonists of the film.

text: In the film, the Toon Patrol are the "police officers" of Toontown, but they behave less like law enforcers and more like gangsters and crooks. Judge Doom hires them to capture Roger Rabbit for the murder of Marvin Acme. The Toon Patrol drive around in a black Dodge Humpback paddy wagon labeled with the Los Angeles city seal like with cruisers of the LAPD.

text: The weasels enjoy laughing at the misery of others, including each other. Like all the other Toons in the movie, they are invincible to physical body harm except for The Dip. However, prolonged laughter is also shown to be lethal to them. Eddie Valiant jokes around in front of them during the climax of the movie, causing all but Smartass to "die" from laughing at him, after which their toon souls rise to heaven in angel forms. According to Judge Doom, they once had hyena cousins who died in the same manner.

text: While being designed, the weasels and their fondness of weapons were modeled after the weasels in the 1949 Disney cartoon The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad. The weasels make an appearance in the Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin attraction located at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland.

text:
Smart Ass (voiced by David Lander) – Smart Ass is the smartest, wisecracking leader of the weasels and ranked a sergeant by Judge Doom. He has brown fur and wears a light pink double breasted zoot suit coat with a gold chain in the left pocket, a white dress shirt with a reddish pink, bejewelled tie, a matching pink zoot hat with a darker pink band, and spats on his feet. His weapon of choice is a revolver, though in the bar scene he is shown threatening Eddie Valiant with a switchblade. He is rude, sarcastic (hence his name), sadistic like the rest of his 'men', and seems pretty eager to please his boss. He is a frequent committer of malaprops, but does not really seem to notice or care. Smart Ass proves to be the most disciplined of the weasels, as he has more control over his laughter and tries to get his cohorts to follow suit. He is the third weasel to die in the film, but not by losing control of his laughter: after he disagrees with a lyric Eddie "entertains" the weasels with, Eddie kicks him in the crotch, sending him into the reservoir of Judge Doom's Dip sprayer, thus unlike the others, his angel does not appear after his death.
Greasy (voiced by Charles Fleischer, Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin voiced by Jeff Bergman) – Greasy is the Mexican second-in-command of the weasels, and has long greasy black hair and dark brown fur. He wears a green zoot suit styled trench coat and trousers hiked up all the way to his chest, a partially obscured pink tie and white dress shirt, as well as a tall green zoot hat and spectator shoes, and is slightly overweight. His weapon of choice is a switchblade knife, although at one point in Eddie Valiant's apartment, he is seen wielding a revolver. He is mostly shown speaking English with a heavy accent, and curses in Spanish when Roger shoots into the Acme Factory via a storm drain, propelling Greasy and himself up towards the ceiling, and when he springs a bear trap hidden in the top of Jessica Rabbit's dress. He also appears perverted, as he quickly takes Judge Doom's orders to search Jessica for Acme's will as an opportunity to feel her. He is the fourth weasel to die after losing control of his laughter, and drops dead out of the cab of the Dip Machine, putting it in gear as he does so before his corpse dissolves into an ink by the Dip.
Psycho (voiced by Charles Fleischer, Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin voiced by Jim Cummings) – Psycho is the most mentally unstable of the group of weasels. He has a shrilling laugh and high-pitched voice. Psycho wears an unbuckled straitjacket, has a lighter, tanner muzzle, blue eyes with yellow and white swirls characterizing his insanity, and unkempt fur by the hairline, giving it a spiky appearance. His weapon of choice is a barbershop straight razor. He is the last weasel to die by laughing hard enough to lose his balance and fall into the machinery of the Dip sprayer. As his soul rises to heaven, it pushes one of the levels back up so the Dip could spray Roger and Jessica and the straitjacket sleeves buckle themselves together.
Wheezy (voiced by June Foray) – Wheezy is a heavy smoker. Unlike his compatriots, who all have brown fur, his fur is smoky blue and has long, nicotine-stained fingers. He is dressed in a wrinkled dress shirt, black vest, pork pie hat with cigarettes stuffed into the band, and loose black tie, all of which are stained to some degree from nicotine. His weapon of choice is a 1940s Tommy gun, though he only uses it once, when he was searching Eddie Valiant's office. When he has cigarettes in his mouth, he has a harsh, raspy voice and when he does not, he has a deep voice, as shown when he says "Let's go!" after Eddie Valiant and Roger Rabbit free Benny the Cab. Wheezy is the second weasel to die as his soul escapes while he is hanging from a ladder, he tries to pull it back but to no avail, then his corpse dissolves into an ink by the Dip. Wheezy was once thought to be female, since he was voiced by a woman.
Stupid (voiced by Fred Newman) – Stupid is the dumbest of the weasels, though he appears to be more childish than unintelligent. He wears a horizontally striped blue and white T-shirt, a red beanie with a yellow propeller on top, and white tennis shoes that are constantly untied. He has a pigeon-toed stance, and his weapon of choice is a baseball bat with a nail in it. He is also very chubby. Stupid has only one line in the film "Uh, Toontown's right on the other side of the wall, boss!". He is the first weasel to die after losing control of his laughter, knocking himself over the head several times before keeling over and his hands were seen clutching a lily before his corpse dissolves into an ink by the Dip.

tag: ul

text: Dolores[edit]

text:
Dolores

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Created by
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Portrayed by
Joanna Cassidy

Information

Species
Human

text: Dolores (Joanna Cassidy) is Eddie Valiant's girlfriend who works as a waitress in a bar. She is involved in helping Eddie solve the case against Judge Doom.

text: R.K. Maroon[edit]

text:
R.K. Maroon

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Created by
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Portrayed by
Alan Tilvern

Information

Species
Human

text: R.K. Maroon (Alan Tilvern) is the owner of Maroon Cartoons. He paid Eddie $100 to photograph Jessica and Marvin Acme, which eventually led to Acme's murder. Maroon later admitted that he was trying to blackmail Acme into selling Toontown to Cloverleaf Industries so that he could sell his studio as well, since Cloverleaf wanted to buy both properties at once. Before he could reveal who was behind the plot, he was shot and killed by Judge Doom.

text: Marvin Acme[edit]

text:
Marvin Acme

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Created by
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Portrayed by
Stubby Kaye

Information

Species
Human

text: Marvin Acme (Stubby Kaye) is the owner of Acme Products and Toontown. He is known around Hollywood as "the gag king" for the prank items he makes his living selling. Among his top sellers are Disappearing/Reappearing Ink and a hand buzzer. In a blackmail scheme by R.K. Maroon, he has an "affair" with Toon Jessica Rabbit which Eddie Valiant (who briefly meets Acme) photographs. Acme is murdered later that night by Judge Doom, who drops a safe on his head and frames Jessica's husband, Roger.

text: Lt. Santino[edit]

text:
Lt. Santino

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Portrayed by
Richard LeParmentier

Information

Species
Human

text: Lt. Santino (Richard LeParmentier) is a lieutenant with the LAPD, and friend of Eddie. He accompanies Eddie to the Acme factory, where Marvin Acme has been murdered and everyone suspects Roger. Here they are introduced to Judge Doom who explains the ingredients of the Dip. When Doom demonstrates the Dip on a defenceless Toon shoe, Santino turns away in distress, unable to watch the Toon die. Santino is present with several officers when Eddie discovers that it was Doom who killed Acme along with Maroon and Teddy.

text: Teddy Valiant[edit]

text: Theodore "Teddy" J. Valiant is the deceased brother of Eddie. Teddy was killed by a piano dropped onto him by a Toon later revealed to be Judge Doom while investigating a robbery in Toontown. Due to his brother's death, Eddie, with whom Teddy had cracked many a case and helped Toons who were in trouble, vowed never to work for a Toon again and wouldn't for many years. To honor his brother, Eddie left Teddy's desk the way it was the day he died and refuses to allow anyone to sit at it. Eddie avenged his brother's death when he destroyed Doom with his own Dip.

text: Angelo[edit]

text:
Angelo

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Created by
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Portrayed by
Richard Ridings

Information

Species
Human

text: Angelo (Richard Ridings) is a client of Dolores's bar. Eddie is not particularly fond of Angelo, as he makes fun of Eddie for his detective work. Eddie regards Angelo as the kind of guy who would sell someone out at the first opportunity, but Angelo helps Roger avoid Judge Doom's search after Roger makes him laugh. When asked by Doom if he has seen a rabbit, Angelo mocks him by gesturing to a patch of empty space and saying, "Say hello, Harvey" - a reference to the 1944 play of that name by Mary Coyle Chase.

text: Bongo the Gorilla[edit]

text:
Bongo the Gorilla

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Created by
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Portrayed by
Morgan Deare
Jeff Bergman (Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin)

Information

Species
Toon Gorilla

text: Bongo (voiced by Morgan Deare, Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin voiced by Jeff Bergman) is a cartoon gorilla bouncer of The Ink and Paint Club. The password that Eddie uses to get in was "Walt sent me" and Bongo lets him in. He also tosses Eddie out of the club when he catches Eddie spying on Jessica Rabbit and Marvin P. Acme in Jessica's dressing room. He is seen again in the deleted Pig Head scene where he knocks Eddie out cold for sneaking back into Jessica's dressing room. In those parts of the movie, he was supposedly a henchman of Doom until the final scene where he is seen with the other Toons following Judge Doom's destruction. It is possible after Doom's death that Bongo reformed and is now good.

text: Lena Hyena[edit]

text:
Lena Hyena

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Created by
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Portrayed by
June Foray

Information

Species
Toon hag

text: Lena Hyena is a Toon Hag that resembles Jessica Rabbit. When Eddie was looking for Jessica Rabbit, he saw what appeared to be her in an apartment building. When Eddie entered the room, he encountered Lena Hyena who developed a crush on Eddie and chased him around parts of Toon Town. Eddie was able to get rid of her by tricking her into running into the wall of a building.

text: Toon Bullets[edit]

text:
Toon Bullets

First appearance
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Created by
Jeffrey Price
Peter Seaman

Portrayed by
Pat Buttram (Toon Bullet #1)
Jim Cummings (Toon Bullet #2)
Jim Gallant (Toon Bullet #3)

Information

Species
Toon bullets

text: The Toon Bullets are a group of six bullets with personalities similar to those of characters in Western movies. They were a present from Yosemite Sam, thanking Eddie for "springing him from the hoosegow."

text: When Eddie Valiant decides to enter Toontown in pursuit of Judge Doom, he discards his pistol in favor of an oversized Toon revolver and loads the bullets into it. He fires at Doom, but the bullets become confused as to where he went and turn in the wrong direction. "Dum-dums," Eddie says sourly. (This is a wordplay insofar as dum-dums are a type of bullet, specifically ones which are hollow-nosed or soft-nosed.)


document_title: Knights of Labor

question_text: what incident lead to the downfall of the knights of labor

text: Knights of Labor

text: Organizational history[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: In 1869, Uriah Smith Stephens, James L. Wright, and a small group of Philadelphia tailors founded a secret organization known as the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor. The collapse of the National Labor Union in 1873 left a vacuum for workers looking for organization. The Knights became better organized with a national vision when they replaced Stephens with Terence V. Powderly. The body became popular with Pennsylvania coal miners during the economic depression of the mid-1870s, then it grew rapidly.[4] The KOL was a diverse industrial union open to all workers. The leaders felt that it was best to have a versatile population in order to get points of view from all aspects. The Knights of Labor barred membership from five groups: bankers, land speculators, lawyers, liquor dealers and gamblers.[5] Its members included low skilled workers, railroad workers, immigrants, and steel workers.[6]

text: As membership expanded, the Knights began to function more as a labor union and less of a secret organization. During the 1880's, the Knights of Labor played a huge role in independent and third-party movements.[7] Local assemblies began not only to emphasize cooperative enterprises, but to initiate strikes to win concessions from employers. The Knights of Labor brought together workers of different religion, race and gender and helped them all create a bond and unify all for the same cause.[8] The new leader Powderly, opposed strikes as a "relic of barbarism," but the size and the diversity of the Knights afforded local assemblies a great deal of autonomy.

text: In 1882, the Knights ended their membership rituals and removed the words "Noble Order" from their name. This was to mollify the concerns of Catholic members and the bishops who wanted to avoid any resemblance to freemasonry.[9] Though initially averse to strikes as a method to advance their goals, the Knights aided various strikes and boycotts. The Wabash Railroad strike in 1885 was also a significant success, as Powderly finally supported what became a successful strike on Jay Gould's Wabash Line. Gould met with Powderly and agreed to call off his campaign against the Knights of Labor, which had caused the turmoil originally. These positive developments gave momentum and a surge of members, so by 1886, the Knights had over 700,000 members.

text: The Knights' primary demand was for an eight-hour day; they also called for legislation to end child and convict labor, as well as a graduated income tax. They were eager supporters of cooperatives. The only woman to hold office in the Knights of Labor, Leonora Barry worked as an investigator and described the horrific conditions in factories, conditions tantamount to the abuse of women and children. These reports made Barry the first person to collect national statistics on the American working woman.[10]

text: Powderly and the Organization tried to avoid divisive political issues, but in the early 1880s, many Knights had become followers of Henry George's radical ideology known now as georgism. In 1883, Powderly officially recommended George's book and announced his support of "single tax" on land values. During the New York mayoral election of 1886, Powderly was able to successfully push the organization towards the favor of Henry George.[11]

text: The Knights of Labor was an organization that helped to join together many different types of people from all different walks of life; for example Catholic and Protestant Irish-born workers. The KOL was appealing to them because they worked very closely with the Irish Land League.[12] The Knights of Labor had a mixed history of inclusiveness and exclusiveness, accepting women and blacks (after 1878) and their employers as members, and advocating the admission of blacks into local assemblies, but tolerating the segregation of assemblies in the South. Bankers, doctors, lawyers, stockholders, and liquor manufacturers were excluded because they were considered unproductive members of society. Asians were also excluded, and in November 1885, a branch of the Knights in Tacoma, Washington worked to expel the city's Chinese, who amounted to nearly a tenth of the overall city population at the time. The Union Pacific Railroad came into conflict with the Knights. When the Knights in Wyoming refused to work more hours in 1885, the railroad hired Chinese workers. The result was the Rock Springs massacre, that killed scores of Chinese, and drove all the rest out of Wyoming.[13] About 50 African-American sugar-cane laborers organized by the Knights went on strike and were murdered by strikebreaking thugs in the 1887 Thibodaux massacre in Louisiana. The Knights strongly supported the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Contract Labor Law of 1885, as did many other labor groups. But they were not against immigration, the Knights of Labor wanted more regulations, not restrictions.[14]

text: Decline[edit]

text: The Knights of Labor attracted many Catholics, who were a large part of the membership, perhaps a majority. Powderly was also a Catholic. However, the Knights's use of secrecy, similar to the Masons, during its early years concerned many bishops of the church. The Knights used secrecy and deception to help prevent employers from firing members. After the Archbishop of Quebec condemned the Knights in 1884, twelve American archbishops voted 10 to 2 against doing likewise in the United States. Furthermore, Cardinals James Gibbons and John Ireland defended the Knights. Gibbons went to the Vatican to talk to the hierarchy.[15] In 1886, right after the peak of the Knights of Labor, they started to lose more members to the American Federation of Labor. It has been believed that the fall of the Knights of Labor was due to their lack of adaptability and beliefs in the old-style industrial capitalism.[16]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Though often overlooked, the Knights of Labor contributed to the tradition of labor protest songs in America. The Knights frequently included music in their regular meetings, and encouraged local members to write and perform their work. In Chicago, James and Emily Talmadge, printers and supporters of the Knights of Labor, published the songbook "Labor Songs Dedicated to the Knights of Labor" (1885). The song "Hold the Fort" [also "Storm the Fort"], a Knights of Labor pro-labor revision of the hymn by the same name, became the most popular labor song prior to Ralph Chaplin's IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) anthem "Solidarity Forever". Pete Seeger often performed this song and it appears on a number of his recordings. Songwriter and labor singer Bucky Halker includes the Talmadge version, entitled "Labor's Battle Song," on his CD Don't Want Your Millions (Revolting Records 2000). Halker also draws heavily on the Knights songs and poems in his book on labor song and poetry, For Democracy, Workers and God: Labor Song-Poems and Labor Protest, 1865-1895 (University of Illinois Press, 1991).

text: Immigration restriction[edit]

text: The Knights of Labor, supported the Chinese Exclusion Act because it believed that industrialists were using Chinese workers as a wedge to keep wages low.[17]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Knights of Labor Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Knights of Labor". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaufman, Jason (2001). "Rise and Fall of a Nation of Joiners". The Knights of Labor Revisited. 31 (4): 553–579.
Jump up ^ Kemmerer and Wickersham, (1950)
Jump up ^ Ware, (1929) pp 23- 37
Jump up ^ Kazin, Michael (1995). The Populist Persuasion. New York: Cornell University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8014-8558-9.
Jump up ^ Keene, Jennifer; Saul, Cornell; O'Donnell, Edward (2012). "Visions of America". Power in the Numbers:Organized Labor. 2: 490–495.
Jump up ^ Hild, Matthew (2007). Greenbackers Knights of Labor & Populists. University of Georgia. p. 80.
Jump up ^ Phelan, Craig (2000). Grand Master Workman Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor. Greenwood Press Westpor. p. 61.
Jump up ^ Robert E. Weir, Beyond labor's veil: the culture of the Knights of Labor (1996) p 94
Jump up ^ Whitman, American Reformers, 57.
Jump up ^ Weir, Robert E. (October 1997). "A Fragile Alliance: Henry George and the Knights of Labor". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 56 (4).  |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Hallgrimsdottir, Helga; Benoit, Cecilia (2007). "From Wage Slaves to Wage Workers". Cultural Opportunity Structures and the Evolution of the Wage Demands of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, 1880-1900. 85 (3): 1393–1411.
Jump up ^ Craig Storti, Incident at Bitter Creek: The Story of the Rock Springs Chinese Massacre (1990),
Jump up ^ Parfitt, Steven. Knights Across the Atlantic: The Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland. Liverpool University Press. p. 43.
Jump up ^ James Hennesey, American Catholics, Oxford University Press, 1981, page 188.
Jump up ^ Wheeler, Hoyt (2002). The Future of the American Labor Movement. Cambridge University Press. p. 85.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, David M.; Cohen, Lizabeth; Bailey, Thomas A. (2002). The American Pageant (12th ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

tag: ol

text: Grand Master Workmen[edit]

text:
Uriah Smith Stephens (1869–1879)
Terence V. Powderly (1879–1893)
James Sovereign (1893–1901)
John Hayes (1901–1917)


document_title: List of largest mosques

question_text: which is the biggest mosque of the world

text: List of largest mosques

text: Definition[edit]

text: A mosque, or masjid, is a place of worship for followers of Islam. Mosques listed here are of any religious branch which regards themselves as Muslim.

text: Measurements[edit]

text: The default listing is alphabetical; to sort using different criteria, click on the desired column headers. Whilst claims are made about the relative size of mosques many of these claims are not easily substantiated. "Largest" is at best a vague term, which is often not qualified by claimants. Accepted measures of largeness could include area, volume, length, width, height, and/or capacity, although the last is far more subjective. It is important to note therefore that mosques may claim to be "the largest" based on only one of these measurements; and thus that there may be several mosques that have equal claim to be "the largest mosque". Since there is no official body governing these claims, there is no generally accepted criterion for being "the largest mosque".

text: List[edit]

text:
Name
Images
Capacity
(worshipers)
Area (m2)
City
Country
Architectural style
Year of first building

Al-Haram Mosque map
Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الْـحَـرَام, translit. Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām

7006400000000000000♠4,000,000[1]H
7005400000000000000♠400,000[1]
Mecca
 Saudi Arabia
Islamic
0622 !Pre 622

The Prophet's Mosque map
Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الـنَّـبَـوِي, translit. Al-Masjid an-Nabawī

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000I
7005384000000000000♠384,000[2]
Medina
 Saudi Arabia
Islamic, Ottoman, Mamluk Revivalist
0634 !between 634 and 644

Al-Aqsa Mosque
Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الْاَقْـصَى, translit. Al-Masjid al-Aqṣá

7003500000000000000♠5,000
7003465000000000000♠4,650[3]
Jerusalem
 Israel  Palestinian Authority (disputed)
Gothic, Romanesque, Abbasid, Fatimid
0705 !705

1st November of 1954 Great Mosque
Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الْـكَـبِـيْـر 1 نـوْفـمْـبَـر 1954

7004300000000000000♠30,000[4]
7004420000000000000♠42,000[4]
Batna
 Algeria
Contemporary Islamic
2003

Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque
Russian: Мечеть Ахмата Кадырова
Russian: Кадыров Ахьмадан цӀарах дина маьждиг

7004100000000000000♠10,000[5]

Grozny
 Russia
Late Classical Ottoman
2008

Al-Azhar Mosque
Arabic: جَـامِـع الْأَزْهَـر, translit. Jami‘ al-Azhar

7004200000000000000♠20,000

Cairo
 Egypt
Hypostle Mosque, Fatimid
0972 !972

Al-Fateh Grand Mosque map
Arabic: مَـسْــجِـد الْـفَـاتِـح

7003700000000000000♠7,000

Manama
 Bahrain
Islamic
1987

Al-Ittihad Mosque Jatibarang
Indonesian: Masjid Al-Ittihad Jatibarang
Javanese: ꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦗꦶꦢ꧀ꦄꦭ꧀ꦆꦠ꧀ꦠꦶꦲꦢ꧀ꦗꦠꦶꦨꦫꦁ
Jawi Arabic: مسجد الاتحاد جاتيبراڠ, translit. Masjid Al-Iṫṫiḥād Jāṫībarāng

7004100000000000000♠10,000

Brebes
 Indonesia
Javanese, Islamic
2008

Al-Markaz Al-Islami Mosque
Indonesian: Masjid Al-Markaz Al-Islami
Buginese: ᨆᨔᨍᨗᨉ ᨕᨒ-ᨆᨑᨀᨍ ᨕᨒ-ᨀᨗᨔᨒᨆᨗ

7004500000000000000♠50,000

Makassar
 Indonesia
Buginese, Makassarese, Italian
1996

Aymani Kadyrov Mosque
Russian: Мечеть Аймани Кадырова

7003500000000000000♠5,000[6]

Argun
 Russia

2014

Badshahi Mosque map
Urdu: بادشاہی مسجد

7004500000000000000♠50,000E
7004298672000000000♠29,867.2E
Lahore
 Pakistan
Mughal, Indo-Islamic
1673

Baitul-Futuh Mosque map

7004100000000000000♠10,000[7]
7004210000000000000♠21,000[7]
London
 United Kingdom
Modern
2003

Jamiatul Falah Mosque
Bengali: জমিয়াতুল ফালাহ

7003500000000000000♠5,000

Chittagong
 Bangladesh

Baitul Mukarram National Mosque map
Bengali: বায়তুল মোকাররম
Arabic: بَـيْـتُ الْـمُـكَـرَّم, translit. Bayṫul-Mukarram

7004400000000000000♠40,000

Dhaka
 Bangladesh
Islamic
1960

Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
Indonesian: Masjid Raya Baiturrahman
Jawi Arabic: مسجد رايا بيتر الرحمن, translit. Masjid Rāyā Bayṫur-Raḥmān

7004300000000000000♠30,000

Banda Aceh
 Indonesia
Indo-Saracenic Revival, Mughal, Moorish
1881

Bara Imambara
Hindi: बारा इमामबारा
Urdu: بارہ امامباڑا

7005350000000000000♠350,000

Lucknow
 India
Mughal
1784

Central Mosque Almaty
Kazakh: орталық мешіті Алматы

7003700000000000000♠7,000

Almaty
 Kazakhstan
Islamic
1890

Chota Imambara
Hindi: छोटा इमामबाड़ा
Arabic: چھوٹا امامباڑا

7005100000000000000♠100,000

Lucknow
 India
Mughal
1784

Grand Mosque of Conakry
French: Grande Mosquée de Conakry

7004125000000000000♠12,500

Conakry
 Guinea
Sudano-Sahelian
1982

Dian Al-Mahri Mosque
Indonesian: Masjid Dian Al-Mahri
ᮙᮞ᮪ᮏᮤᮓ᮪ ᮃᮜ᮪-ᮙᮂᮛᮤ

7004200000000000000♠20,000

Depok
 Indonesia
Islamic, Iranian, Indo-Islamic
2006

East London Mosque

7003750000000000000♠7,500

London
 United Kingdom
Modern, Islamic
1910

Emir Abdelkader Mosque
Arabic: مَـسْـجِـد الْأَمِـيْـر عَـبْـد الْـقَـادِر, translit. Masjid al-Amîr ‘Abd Al-Qâdir

7004150000000000000♠15,000

Constantine
 Algeria
Islamic
1994

Ertuğrul Gazi Mosque
Turkmen: Ärtogrul Gazy Metjidi

7003500000000000000♠5,000

Ashgabat
 Turkmenistan
Ottoman
1998

Faisal Mosque map
Urdu: فیصل مسجد

7005100000000000000♠100,000[8]
7003500000000000000♠5,000D
Islamabad
 Pakistan
Contemporary Islamic
1986

Federal Territory Mosque
Malayalam: Masjid Wilayah Persekutuan
Jawi Arabic: مسجد ولايه ڤرسكوتوان
联邦疆土清真寺
Tamil: பெடரல் மண்டலம் மசூதி

7004170000000000000♠17,000

Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
Ottoman, Malay
2000

Uganda National Mosque
Arabic: مَـسْـجِـد أْوْغَـنْـدَا الْـوَطَـنِي, translit. Masjid Ūghandā al-Waṭanī

7004122000000000000♠12,200
7004485623000000000♠48,562.3
Kampala
 Uganda
Islamic
1972

Grand Mosque
Arabic: مَـسْـجِـد الـدَّوْلَـة الْـكَـبِـيْـر, translit. Masjid ad-Dawlah al-Kabīr

7004130000000000000♠13,000

Kuwait City
 Kuwait
Islamic
1986

Grand Jamia Mosque
Urdu: گرینڈ جامع مسجد

7004700000000000000♠70,000

Lahore
 Pakistan
Islamic, Mughal
2014

Grand Mosque of Bandung
Indonesian: Masjid Raya Bandung
ᮙᮞ᮪ᮏᮤᮓ᮪ ᮛᮚ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ

7004124120000000000♠12,412

Bandung
 Indonesia
Arabian, Sundanese
2003

Grand Mosque of Évry
French: Grande Mosquée d'Évry

7003500000000000000♠5,000

Courcouronnes
 France
Islamic
1994

Grand Mosque of West Sumatra
Indonesian: Masjid Raya Sumatera Barat
Jawi Arabic: موساجيك رايا سومترا بارايق

7004200000000000000♠20,000

Padang
 Indonesia
Minangkabau
Under construction

Great Mosque of Central Java
Indonesian: Masjid Agung Jawa Tengah
Javanese: ꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦗꦶꦢ꧀ꦲꦒꦸꦁꦠꦼꦔꦃ
Jawi Arabic: ہاڠـت ݢوڠ جاوا مسجد

7004150000000000000♠15,000[9]
7005100000000000000♠100,000[9]
Semarang
 Indonesia
Javanese, Islamic, Greek Revival
2006

Great Mosque of Makassar
Indonesian: Masjid Agung Makassar
Buginese: ᨆᨔᨍᨗᨉ ᨕᨁᨘᨂ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ

7004100000000000000♠10,000

Makassar
 Indonesia
Islamic, Renaissance
1999

Great Mosque of Palembang
Indonesian: Masjid Agung Palembang
Jawi Arabic: أݢوڠ ڤلامبڠ مسجد, translit. Agūng Palāmbang Masjid

7004150000000000000♠15,000

Palembang
 Indonesia
Malay, Chinese, Palladian
1738

Al-Akbar Mosque
Indonesian: Masjid Al-Akbar
Javanese: ꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦗꦶꦢ꧀ꦄꦭ꧀ꦄꦏ꧀ꦧꦂ
Arabic: مَـسْـجِـد الْأَكْـبَـر, translit. Masjid Al-Akbar

7004590000000000000♠59,000[10]

Surabaya
 Indonesia
Islamic
2000

Hassan II Mosque
Arabic: مَـسْـجِـد الْـحَـسَـن الـثَّـانِي, translit. Masjid Al-Ḥasan Ath-Thānī

7005105000000000000♠105,000[11]C
7004900000000000000♠90,000C
Casablanca
 Morocco
Islamic, Moorish, Moroccan
1993

Id Kah Mosque map
Persian: ھېيتگاھ مەسچىتى
艾提尕尔清真寺

7004200000000000000♠20,000[12]

Kashgar
 China
Chinese
1442

Imam Ali Mosque
Arabic: حَـرَم الْإِمَـام عَـلِي, translit. Ḥaram al-Imām ‘Alī

7005800000000000000♠800,000

Najaf
 Iraq
Islamic
0900 !900

Imam Hussein Mosque
Arabic: مَـسْـجِـد الْإِمَـام الْـحُـسَـيْـن, translit. Masjid al-Imām Al-Ḥusayn

7003600000000000000♠6,000

Kuwait City
 Kuwait
Islamic
1986

Imam Husayn Shrine
Arabic: مَـقَـام الْإِمَـام الْـحُـسَـيْـن ابْـن عَـلِي, translit. Maqām al-Imām Al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī

7003859700000000000♠8,597[13]
Karbala
 Iraq
Islamic
0680 !680

Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque
Arabic: مَـسْـجِـد مُـحَـمَّـد ابْـن عَـبْـد الْـوَهَّـاب, translit. Masjid Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd Al-Wahhāb

7004300000000000000♠30,000[14]

Doha
 Qatar
Islamic
2010

Imam Reza Shrine map
Persian: حرم امام رضا, translit. Ḥaram Imām Riḍā

7005500000000000000♠500,000[15]A
7005598657000000000♠598,657[16]A
Mashhad
 Iran
Islamic, Iranian
0818 !818

Istiqlal Mosque map
Indonesian: Masjid Istiqlal

7005200000000000000♠200,000B

Jakarta
 Indonesia
International Style
1978

Jama Masjid map
Hindi: जामा मस्जिद

7004250000000000000♠25,000G

Old Delhi
 India
Indo-Islamic
1656

Jamkaran Mosque
Persian: مسجد جمکران, translit. Masjid Jamkarân

7005800000000000000♠800,000

Qom
 Iran
Islamic, Iranian
0984 !984

Jamia Masjid, Srinagar[17]
Urdu: جامع مسجد سرینگر, translit. Jāmi‘ Masjid Srīnagar

7004330000000000000♠33,000

Jammu and Kashmir
 India
Indo-Islamic
1400

Juma Mosque[18]
Arabic: جُـمُـعَـة مَـسْـجِـد, translit. Jumu‘ah Masjid

7003600000000000000♠6,000

Durban
 South Africa
Rationalism
1881

Kocatepe Mosque
Turkish: Kocatepe Camii

7004240000000000000♠24,000

Ankara
 Turkey
Modern, Islamic, Neo Classical Ottoman
1987

Mahmood Mosque map
Arabic: مَـسْـجِـد مَـحْـمُـوْد, translit. Masjid Maḥmūd
Hebrew: מסגד האחמדים

7003500000000000000♠5,000

Haifa
 Israel
Islamic
1970

Grand Mosque of Makhachkala
Russian: Джума мечеть Махачкалы

7004170000000000000♠17,000[19]

Makhachkala
 Russia
Islamic, Late Classical Ottoman
1998

Masjid Al-Dahab
Arabic: مَـسْـجِـد الـذَّهَـب, translit. Masjid Adh-Dhahab
Moskeng Ginto

7004150000000000000♠15,000

Manila
 Philippines
Islamic, Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausug
1976

Masjid-e-Aqsa map
Urdu: مسجدِ اقصی, translit. Masjid-i Aqṣā J

7004185000000000000♠18,500

Rabwah
 Pakistan
Islamic
1972

Masjid e Tooba
Urdu: مسجدِ طوبٰی, translit. Masjid-i Ṭawbá

7003500000000000000♠5,000

Karachi
 Pakistan
Islamic
1969

Mecca Masjid
Hindi: मक्का मस्जिद

7004200000000000000♠20,000

Hyderabad
 India
Islamic
1694

Moscow Cathedral Mosque
Russian: Московская соборная мечеть

7004100000000000000♠10,000

Moscow
 Russia
Islamic
1904 (rebuilt 2015)

Mosque of Rome
Italian: Moschea di Roma

7004120000000000000♠12,000
7004300000000000000♠30,000
Rome
 Italy
Islamic
1995

Muğdat Mosque
Turkish: Muğdat Camisi

7003550000000000000♠5,500
7003790000000000000♠7,900
Mersin
 Turkey
Ottoman
1998

National Mosque of Malaysia map
Malayalam: Masjid Negara Malaysia
Jawi Arabic: مسجد نݢارا مليسيا, translit. Masjid Negārā Malaysiyā
马来西亚国家清真寺
Tamil: மலேசியாவின் தேசிய மசூதி

7004150000000000000♠15,000

Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
Modern
1965

Nizamiye Mosque[20]

7003600000000000000♠6,000

Midrand
 South Africa

2009

Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque
Нижегородская соборная мечеть

7003500000000000000♠5,000

Nizhny Novgorod
 Russia

1915

Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque
Malayalam: Masjid Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin
Jawi Arabic: مسجد توانكو ميزن زاينل عابدين, translit. Masjid Ṫuwānkū Mīzan Zaynal-‘Ābidīn
端姑米占再納阿比丁清真寺
Tamil: டுங்கு மஸான் ஜைனல் அபிடின் மசூதி

7004240000000000000♠24,000

Putrajaya
 Malaysia
Islamic, Modern
2009

Putra Mosque
Malayalam: Masjid Putra
Jawi Arabic: مسجد ڤوترا, translit. Masjid Pūṫrā
布特拉清真寺
Tamil: புத்ரா மசூதி

7004150000000000000♠15,000

Putrajaya
 Malaysia
Islamic, Modern, Mamluk, Moorish
1997

Sabancı Central Mosque
Turkish: Sabancı Merkez Camii

7004280000000000000♠28,000

Adana
 Turkey
New Ottoman
1998

KH Hasyim Asy'ari Grand Mosque
Masjid Raya KH Hasyim Asy'ari

16,000

Jakarta
 Indonesia
Betawi
2013

Grand Mosque of Sabilal Muhtadin
Indonesian: Masjid Raya Sabilal Muhtadin
Jawi Arabic: مسجد رايا سبيلَ المهتدين, translit. Masjid Rāyā Sabīlal-Muhṫadīn

7004150000000000000♠15,000

Banjermasin
 Indonesia
Banjarese, Neoclassical
1979

Samarinda Islamic Center Mosque
Indonesian: Masjid Islamic Centre Samarinda
Jawi Arabic: مسجد الإسلام ﺳﻴنتر ساماریندا, translit. Masjid al-Islām Sīnṫār Sāmārīndā

7004400000000000000♠40,000
7004435000000000000♠43,500
Samarinda
 Indonesia
Ottoman, Greek Revival

Saint Petersburg Mosque
Russian: Санкт-Петербу́ргская мече́ть

7003500000000000000♠5,000

Saint Petersburg
 Russia
National Romantic
1913

Ar-Rakhim Mosque
Russian: Соборная мечеть «Ар-Рахим»
Bashkir: Әр-Рәхим мәсете

7003500000000000000♠5,000

Ufa
 Russia

2019

Saleh Mosque
Arabic: جَـامِـع الـصَّـالِـح, translit. Jāmi‘ Aṣ-Ṣāliḥ

7004440000000000000♠44,000[21]
7004273000000000000♠27,300
Sana'a
 Yemen
Islamic
2008

Saparmurat Hajji Mosque
Turkmen: Saparmyrat Hajy Metjidi

7003800000000000000♠8,000

Gökdepe
 Turkmenistan
Islamic
1995

Shah Mosque
Persian: مسجد شاه, translit. Masjid Shâh

7005700000000000000♠700,000
7004190000000000000♠19,000[22]
Isfahan
 Iran
Safavid
1611

Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
Persian: مسجد شیخ لطفُ الله, translit. Masjid Shaykh Luṭfullâh

7005500000000000000♠500,000
7003250000000000000♠2,500[22]
Isfahan
 Iran
Isfahani
1618

Sheikh Zayed Mosque map
Arabic: جَـامِـع الـشَّـيْـخ زَايِـد الْـكَـبِـيْـر, translit. Jāmi‘ Ash-Shaykh Zāyid Al-Kabīr

7004400000000000000♠40,000 F
7004220000000000000♠22,000[23]
Abu Dhabi
 United Arab Emirates
Islamic, Persian, Mughal, Indo-Islamic, Moorish
2007

Sultan Ahmed Mosque
Turkish: Sultan Ahmet Camii

7004100000000000000♠10,000

Istanbul
 Turkey
Islamic, Late Classical Ottoman
1616

Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Masjid
Filipino: Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Masjid

7004600000000000000♠60,000

Cotabato City
 Philippines
Islamic
2011

Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque
Malayalam: Masjid Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz
Jawi Arabic: مسجد سلطان صلاحُ الدين عبدُ العزيز, translit. Masjid Sulṭān Salāḥud-Dīn ‘Abdul-‘Azīz
苏丹沙拉胡汀阿都阿兹沙回教堂
Tamil: சுல்தான் சலாஹுதின் அப்துல் அஸீஸ் மசூதி

7004240000000000000♠24,000

Shah Alam
 Malaysia
Islamic, Malay, Modern
1988

Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque map
Arabic: جَـامِـع الـسُّـلْـطَـان قَـابُـوْس الْـكَـبِـيْـر, translit. Jāmi‘ As-Sulṭān Qābūs Al-Kabīr

7004200000000000000♠20,000
7005416000000000000♠416,000[24]
Muscat
 Oman
Contemporary Islamic
2001

Taj-ul-Masajid map
Hindi: ताज-उल-मस्जिद

7005175000000000000♠175,000+
400,000
Bhopal
 India
Mughal
1901

Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque
Turkmen: Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Metjidi

7004100000000000000♠10,000

Gypjak
 Turkmenistan
Islamic
2004

UGM Campus Mosque
Indonesian: Masjid Kampus UGM
Javanese: ꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦗꦶꦢ꧀ꦑꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦱ꧀ꦈꦤꦶꦥ꦳ꦼꦂꦱꦶꦠꦱ꧀ꦓꦗꦃꦩꦢ

7004100000000000000♠10,000

Sleman Regency
 Indonesia
Modern, Islamic, Chinese, Indo-Islamic
1999

Umayyad Mosque map
Arabic: جَـامِـع بَـنِي أُمَـيَّـة الْـكَـبِـيْـر, translit. Jāmi‘ Banī Umayyah al-Kabīr

7004200000000000000♠20,000

Damascus
 Syria
Islamic, Umayyad
0705 !705

Qolşärif Mosque
Russian: мечеть Кул-Шариф
Turkish: Qol Şärif Mäçete

7003600000000000000♠6,000

Kazan
 Russia
Renaissance, Ottoman
2005

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
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text:
^A Capacity of one courtyard: 100,000; Total number courtyards: 7; Total shrine area: 267,079 m2; Total courtyard area: 331,578 m2 (world's largest)
^B Capacity, main building: 61,000; secondary building: 8,000; bridge building: ~1,000; Terrace: 50,000;
^C Capacity, inside: 25,000; outside: 80,000. Covered Area: 20,000 m2
^D Capacity, hall: 10,000; porticoes: 24,000; courtyard; 40,000. Covered Area: 5,000 m2
^E Capacity, hall: 5,000; courtyard and porticoes: 95,000. Courtyard area: 278,784 m2
^F Capacity, main prayer hall: 9,000; 2 halls for women: 2 * 1,500; porticoes: 18,000.
^G Capacity, hall: 10,000; courtyard: 75,000.
^H Accommodates more than 1,000,000 during peak times
^I Plans announced in 2012 for expansion to accommodate two million worshippers by 2040.[2]
^J This is an Ahmadiyya place of worship in Pakistan. While members of the Ahmadiyya movement regard themselves as Muslim, and this place is considered a mosque by those outside Pakistan, Ahmadiyya are legally classed as non-Muslims in Pakistan by the Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and therefore this is not considered a mosque in Pakistan, for legal purposes.

text:
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps

Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

text: Mapping[edit]

text:
^ Masjid al-Haram, 21°25′19″N 039°49′33″E / 21.42194°N 39.82583°E / 21.42194; 39.82583 (Masjid al-Haram)
^ Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, 24°28′06″N 039°36′39″E / 24.46833°N 39.61083°E / 24.46833; 39.61083 (Al-Masjid al-Nabawi)
^ Imām Ridhā Mosque, 36°17′16″N 59°36′56″E / 36.28778°N 59.61556°E / 36.28778; 59.61556 (Imām Ridhā Mosque)
^ Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, 06°10′11″S 106°49′51″E / 6.16972°S 106.83083°E / -6.16972; 106.83083 (Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta)
^ Hassan II Mosque, 33°36′26.4″N 7°37′57″W / 33.607333°N 7.63250°W / 33.607333; -7.63250 (Hassan II Mosque)
^ Faisal Mosque, 33°43′47″N 073°02′18″E / 33.72972°N 73.03833°E / 33.72972; 73.03833 (Faisal Mosque)
^ Badshahi Mosque, 31°35′18″N 074°18′49″E / 31.58833°N 74.31361°E / 31.58833; 74.31361 (Badshahi Mosque)
^ Sheikh Zayed Mosque, 24°24′44″N 054°28′28″E / 24.41222°N 54.47444°E / 24.41222; 54.47444 (Sheikh Zayed Mosque)
^ Jama Masjid, 28°39′03″N 077°13′59″E / 28.65083°N 77.23306°E / 28.65083; 77.23306 (Jama Masjid)
^ Baitul Mukarram, 23°43′46″N 090°24′44″E / 23.72944°N 90.41222°E / 23.72944; 90.41222 (Baitul Mukarram)
^ Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, 23°35′02″N 58°23′21″E / 23.58389°N 58.38917°E / 23.58389; 58.38917 (Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque)
^ Id Kah Mosque, 39°28′20″N 075°59′05″E / 39.47222°N 75.98472°E / 39.47222; 75.98472 (Id Kah Mosque)
^ Masjid Negara, 03°08′31″N 101°41′29″E / 3.14194°N 101.69139°E / 3.14194; 101.69139 (Masjid Negara)
^ Sultan Ahmed Mosqu, 41°00′19″N 028°58′36″E / 41.00528°N 28.97667°E / 41.00528; 28.97667 (Sultan Ahmed Mosque)
^ Al Fateh Mosque, 26°13′08″N 050°35′53″E / 26.21889°N 50.59806°E / 26.21889; 50.59806 (Al Fateh Mosque)
^ Al-Aqsa Mosque, 31°46′35″N 035°14′08″E / 31.77639°N 35.23556°E / 31.77639; 35.23556 (Al-Aqsa Mosque)[25]
^ Baitul Futuh, 51°23′46″N 0°11′56″W / 51.39611°N 0.19889°W / 51.39611; -0.19889 (Baitul Futuh)
^ Masjid-e-Aqsa, 31°45′6″N 72°54′38″E / 31.75167°N 72.91056°E / 31.75167; 72.91056 (Masjid-e-Aqsa)
^ Mahmood Mosque,32°47′17.8″N 34°58′11.7″E / 32.788278°N 34.969917°E / 32.788278; 34.969917 (Mahmood Mosque on Mount Carmel)


document_title: Necessary and Proper Clause

question_text: what gives congress the right to make all laws necessary and proper

text: Necessary and Proper Clause

text: Text[edit]

text: The Necessary and Proper Clause is as follows:

text: The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

text: History leading up to ratification[edit]

text: According to the Articles of Confederation, "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated" (emphasis added). Thus, the Continental Congress had no powers incidental to those which were "expressly delegated" by the Articles of Confederation.[2] By contrast, the Necessary and Proper Clause expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress, while no other clauses in the Constitution do so by themselves.[2]

text: The draft Necessary and Proper Clause provoked controversy during discussions of the proposed constitution, and its inclusion became a focal point of criticism for those opposed to the Constitution's ratification. While Anti-Federalists expressed concern that the clause would grant the federal government boundless power, Federalists argued that the clause would only permit execution of power already granted by the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton spoke vigorously for this second interpretation in The Federalist Papers. At this time James Madison concurred with Hamilton, arguing in Federalist No. 44 that without this clause, the constitution would be a "dead letter". At the Virginia Ratifying Convention, Patrick Henry took the opposing view, saying that the clause would lead to limitless federal power that would inevitably menace individual liberty.[3]

text: National bank[edit]

text: For several decades after the Constitution was ratified, the interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause continued to be a powerful bone of contention between the Democratic-Republican Party and the Federalist Party, and several other political parties in the United States. The first practical example of this contention came in 1791, when Hamilton used the clause to defend the constitutionality of the creation of the First Bank of the United States, the first federal bank in the new nation's history. Concerned that monied Northern aristocrats would take advantage of the bank to exploit the South, Madison argued that Congress lacked the constitutional authority to charter a bank. Hamilton countered that the bank was a reasonable means of carrying out powers related to taxation and the borrowing of funds, claiming the clause applied to activities reasonably related to constitutional powers, not just those that were absolutely necessary to carry out said powers. To embarrass Madison, his contrary claims from The Federalist Papers were read aloud in Congress:[4]

text: "No axiom is more clearly established in law or in reason than wherever the end is required, the means are authorized; wherever a general power to do a thing is given, every particular power for doing it is included."

text: Eventually, Southern opposition to the bank and to Hamilton's plan to have the federal government assume the war debts of the states was mollified by the transfer of the nation's capital from its temporary seat in Philadelphia to a more southerly permanent seat on the Potomac, and the bill, along with the establishment of a national mint, was passed by Congress and signed by President Washington.[5]

text: Landmark decision by Chief Justice Marshall[edit]

text: This clause, as justification for the creation of a national bank, was put to the test in 1819 in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland,[6] wherein the state of Maryland had attempted to impede the operations of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on out-of-state banks, of which the Second Bank of the United States was the only one. The court ruled against Maryland, and Chief Justice John Marshall, Hamilton's longtime Federalist ally, wrote the opinion, which stated that while the Constitution did not explicitly give permission to create a federal bank, it conferred upon Congress an implied power to do so under the Necessary and Proper Clause so that Congress could realize or fulfill its express taxing and spending powers. The case reaffirmed Hamilton's view that legislation reasonably related to express powers was constitutional. Marshall wrote:

text: We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional.

text: The court in McCulloch v. Maryland[6] held that federal laws could be necessary without being "absolutely necessary", and noted that "The clause is placed among the powers of Congress, not among the limitations on those powers." At the same time, the court retained the power of judicial review established in Marbury v. Madison, declaring that it had the power to strike down laws that departed from those powers: "Should Congress, in the execution of its powers, adopt measures which are prohibited by the Constitution, or should Congress, under the pretext of executing its powers, pass laws for the accomplishment of objects not intrusted to the Government, it would become the painful duty of this tribunal, should a case requiring such a decision come before it, to say that such an act was not the law of the land."

text: As Chief Justice Marshall put it, the Necessary and Proper Clause "purport[s] to enlarge, not to diminish the powers vested in the government. It purports to be an additional power, not a restriction on those already granted."[7][8] Without this clause in the Constitution, there would have been a dispute about whether the express powers imply incidental powers, whereas this clause resolved that dispute by making the incidental powers to be expressed instead of implied.[8]

text: In a related case following the Civil War, the clause was employed (in combination with other enumerated powers) to give the federal government virtually complete control over currency.[9]

text: Later applications[edit]

text: The clause has been paired with the Commerce Clause to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of federal laws. For instance, various reforms involved in the New Deal were found to be necessary and proper enactments of the objective of regulating interstate commerce.[10]

text: Indeed, the influence of the Necessary and Proper Clause and its broader interpretation under McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) in American jurisprudence can be seen in cases generally thought to simply involve the Commerce Clause.

text: In Wickard v. Filburn (1942), the Supreme Court upheld a federal statute making it a crime for a farmer to produce more wheat than was allowed under price controls and production controls, even if the excess production was for the farmer's own personal consumption. The Necessary and Proper Clause was used to justify the regulation of production and consumption.[11]

text: Also, in addition to this combination of clauses being used to uphold federal laws affecting economic activity, they also were used to justify federal criminal laws.[12] For example, Congress in the Federal Kidnapping Act (1932) made it a federal crime to transport a kidnapped person across state lines, because the transportation would be an act of interstate activity over which the Congress has power. It has also provided justification for a wide range of criminal laws relating to interference with the federal government's rightful operation, including federal laws against assaulting or murdering federal employees.[citation needed]

text: In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012), the Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act cannot be upheld under the Necessary and Proper Clause. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in his ruling that the mandate cannot "be sustained under the Necessary and Proper Clause as an integral part of the Affordable Care Act’s other reforms. Each of this Court’s prior cases upholding laws under that Clause involved exercises of authority derivative of, and in service to, a granted power. [...] The individual mandate, by contrast, vests Congress with the extraordinary ability to create the necessary predicate to the exercise of an enumerated power and draw within its regulatory scope those who would otherwise be outside of it. Even if the individual mandate is “necessary” to the Affordable Care Act’s other reforms, such an expansion of federal power is not a “proper” means for making those reforms effective."[13]

text: According to its proponents, this ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius returns the Necessary and Proper clause to its original interpretation outlined by John Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland. According to David Kopel, the clause "simply restates the background principle that Congress can exercise powers which are merely 'incidental' to Congress’s enumerated powers."[14]

text: Name of the clause[edit]

text: The specific term "Necessary and Proper Clause" was coined in 1926 by Associate Justice Louis Brandeis, writing for the majority in the Supreme Court decision in Lambert v. Yellowley, 272 U.S. 581 (1926), wherein the court upheld a law restricting medicinal use of alcohol as a necessary and proper exercise of power under the 18th Amendment establishing Prohibition in the United States.

text: This phrase has become the label of choice for this constitutional clause, and it was universally adopted by the courts, and it received Congress's imprimatur in Title 50 of the United States Code, section 1541(b) (1994), in the purpose and policy of the War Powers Resolution.[15]


document_title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

question_text: who died in the plane crash in grey's anatomy

question_tokens: who died in the plane crash in grey 's anatomy

text: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: Plot[edit]

text: After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins' femur is broken and sticking through the skin, Sloan has serious internal injuries; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under a piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they cannot save her, so Sloan holds her hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching.

text: Lexie's death devastates Meredith, who is still desperately trying to find her husband. Eventually, she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can. Meanwhile, back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors. Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents, which Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), and Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) are dreading. Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center, and he and Kepner share a moment. Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George) and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) decide to get married, even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles. After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd), the chief of surgery, fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died. As the episode ends, Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise. The residents, finally excited to celebrate at Webber's dinner, are left waiting for their stranded friends. The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out. In the closing monologue, Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series.

text: Production[edit]

text:
"It was so hard. It was physically and emotionally challenging because you're constantly at extremely high stakes. The physicality for Cristina, she had to do a lot of things with one arm, and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe. You're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way. And it's like we've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital. But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating; you cannot beat location work. I've done very little greenscreen work, but it's just a pooper. I don't care how much you blow that fan on my face, there's not a helicopter coming at me. It's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is, but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing, you're freezing."

— Oh's impressions on shooting in the mountains[1]

tag: div

text: The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn.[2] Featured music included The Paper Kites' "Featherstone" and Feist's 'Graveyard".[3] Filming took place in Big Bear Lake, California, a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd's fishing trip.[4] Commenting on the filming conditions, Leigh said: "It would rain and be sunny and hot. I never died before [on camera]. That sounds funny saying that. I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung. Everybody was very accommodating — the crew, cast. And I opted to stay underneath [the wreckage] for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out."[5]

text: In regard to the episode, Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write, largely because of the death of a main character. She compared it to writing the season six finale, by explaining that the former was "more painful" to write.[6] After the episode aired, Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale, adding: "I did not enjoy it. It made me sick and it made me sad."[7] Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh, whose character died after the plane crash, by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie, after extensive discussion. Speaking of Raver's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM, Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal, but declined.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The episode received mixed reviews among television critics, and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings. "Flight" was originally broadcast on May 17, 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people,[8] a 16.5% (1.62 million) increase from the previous episode "Migration", which garnered 9.82 million viewers.[9] In terms of viewership, "Flight" ranked fourth for the night, behind the season finales of Fox's American Idol, and CBS's Person of Interest and The Mentalist.[8] In terms of Grey's Anatomy's other season finales, the episode was the show's second least-viewed finale, just behind the seventh season's, which garnered 9.89 million viewers.[10] The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership, but its 4.1/11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9:00 Eastern time-slot and second for the night, registering the show as Thursday's No. 1 drama, for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18–49 demographic. Its rating lost to American Idol, but beat out CBS's The Big Bang Theory, Person of Interest, and The Mentalist.[8] In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night, it was an increase from the previous episode, which netted a 3.5/10 rating/share in the 18–49 demographic.[9] The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year's finale, which attained a 3.6/9 rating/share in the 18–49 demographic.[10]

text: Poptimal's Tanya Lane wrote, "Wow…just wow. Grey's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale." While she appreciated the "realism and authenticity that Grey's is known for", she found the episode was "almost too much" as it was "extremely gory and difficult to watch, initially because of the grisly wounds" but later because of the "heavy and emotional things that transpired". She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead.[11] Digital Spy's Ben Lee found Leigh's and Dane's performances "phenomenal" and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane. He described the moment the two actors shared as "truly poignant". To him, Lexie's death felt like a finale, which was thus too early. As for what was happening in Seattle Grace, he thought it was "a bit pointless" and "uninteresting" except Altman's departure, which he deemed "the most significant moment at the hospital".[12] Entertainment Weekly's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie's death: "It was an intense death. I mean, how awful was it to watch one of Grey’s longest-running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I don't love that Lexie was the one to die. Could it have been someone less important somehow? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner. And you probably just don't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan, right?" Stransky also complained about Robbins' screams at the beginning of the episode, but enjoyed Bailey's story.[13]

text: In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year, Lexie's death was voted the "Top Tissue Moment",[14] while Robbins' injured leg and Shepherd's mangled hand were voted the "Most Disturbing Image".[15] The ending of the episode was also considered as the "Best Ending to an Otherwise So-So Season".[16] Lexie's death was also nominated under the "Best (Presumed) Death" category,[17] while the plane crash's aftermath was nominated as the "Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger",[18] and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for "Biggest Regret That I Didn't See It, I Just Heard or Read About It".[19] Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012.[20] In TVLine's review of 2012, Lexie's death was runner-up for "Biggest Tearjerker".[21] The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes.[22]


document_title: How Little We Know

question_text: who sang for lauren bacall in to have and have not

text: How Little We Know

text: "How Little We Know" is a song written by written by Hoagy Carmichael and Johnny Mercer for the 1944 film To Have and Have Not, where it is performed by the character "Slim" played by Lauren Bacall. A young Andy Williams recorded the song for the film as a possible alternative track to dub Bacall's low voice.[1] Bacall said they used her singing. After the film's release it was a hit recording sung by Judy Johnson.

text: It has been covered periodically, most recently in 1999 by Michael Feinstein with the Maynard Ferguson Big Band.[2]


document_title: Arctic Circle

question_text: what part of iceland is in the arctic circle

text: Arctic Circle

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός (arktikos: "near the Bear, northern")[3] and that from the word ἄρκτος (arktos: "bear").[4]

text: Midnight sun and polar night[edit]

text: The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for twenty-four hours; as a result, at least once each year at any location within the Arctic Circle the sun is visible at local midnight, and at least once it is not visible at local noon.[5]

text: Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur, in principle, exactly once per year: at the June and December solstices, respectively. However, because of atmospheric refraction and mirages, and because the sun appears as a disk and not a point, part of the midnight sun may be seen on the night of the northern summer solstice up to about 50 minutes (′) (90 km (56 mi)) south of the Arctic Circle; similarly, on the day of the northern winter solstice, part of the sun may be seen up to about 50′ north of the Arctic Circle. That is true at sea level; those limits increase with elevation above sea level, although in mountainous regions there is often no direct view of the true horizon.

text: Human habitation[edit]

text: Only four million people live north of the Arctic Circle due to the severe climate; nonetheless, some areas have been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples, who today make up 10% of the region's population.[6] Tens of thousands of years ago, waves of people migrated from eastern Siberia across the Bering Strait into North America to settle.

text: The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia and Norway: Murmansk (population 307,257), Norilsk (175,365), Tromsø (71,295) and Vorkuta (59,231). Rovaniemi (61,329) in Finland is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle, lying 6 kilometres (4 miles) south of the line.

text: In contrast, the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle, Sisimiut (Greenland), has approximately 5,000 inhabitants. Of the Canadian and United States Arctic communities, Barrow, Alaska is the largest settlement with about 4,000 inhabitants.

text: Geography[edit]

text:
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps

Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

text: The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 kilometres (9,900 mi).[7] The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km2 (7,700,000 sq mi) and covers roughly 4% of Earth's surface.[8]

text: The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, the Scandinavian Peninsula, North Asia, Northern America and Greenland. The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among 8 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey).

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk, Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30 °C (86 °F), while the winter temperatures frequently fall below −50 °C (−58 °F).

text: Sites along the Arctic Circle[edit]

text: Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards, the Arctic Circle passes through:

text:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes

66°34′N 000°00′E / 66.567°N 0.000°E / 66.567; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
Arctic Ocean
Norwegian Sea

66°34′N 12°48′E / 66.567°N 12.800°E / 66.567; 12.800 (Nordland County, Norway)
 Norway
Nordland County

66°34′N 15°31′E / 66.567°N 15.517°E / 66.567; 15.517 (Norrbotten County, Sweden)
 Sweden
Norrbotten County (Provinces of Lapland and Norrbotten)

66°34′N 23°51′E / 66.567°N 23.850°E / 66.567; 23.850 (Lapland Province, Finland)
 Finland
Lapland Region, crosses Rovaniemi Airport

66°34′N 29°28′E / 66.567°N 29.467°E / 66.567; 29.467 (Karelia, Russia)
 Russia
Republic of Karelia
Murmansk Oblast—from 66°34′N 31°36′E / 66.567°N 31.600°E / 66.567; 31.600 (Murmansk, Russia)
Republic of Karelia—from 66°34′N 32°37′E / 66.567°N 32.617°E / 66.567; 32.617 (Karelia, Russia)
Murmansk Oblast (Grand Island)—from 66°34′N 33°10′E / 66.567°N 33.167°E / 66.567; 33.167 (Murmansk, Russia)

66°34′N 33°25′E / 66.567°N 33.417°E / 66.567; 33.417 (Kandalaksha Gulf, White Sea)
White Sea
Kandalaksha Gulf

66°34′N 34°28′E / 66.567°N 34.467°E / 66.567; 34.467 (Murmansk Oblast, Russia)
 Russia
Murmansk Oblast (Kola Peninsula)—for about 7 km (4.3 mi)

66°34′N 34°38′E / 66.567°N 34.633°E / 66.567; 34.633 (Kandalaksha Gulf, White Sea)
White Sea
Kandalaksha Gulf

66°34′N 35°0′E / 66.567°N 35.000°E / 66.567; 35.000 (Murmansk Oblast, Kola Peninsula, Russia)
 Russia
Murmansk Oblast (Kola Peninsula)

66°34′N 40°42′E / 66.567°N 40.700°E / 66.567; 40.700 (White Sea)
White Sea

66°34′N 44°23′E / 66.567°N 44.383°E / 66.567; 44.383 (Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia)
 Russia
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Komi Republic—from 66°34′N 50°51′E / 66.567°N 50.850°E / 66.567; 50.850 (Komi Republic, Russia)
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug—from 66°34′N 63°48′E / 66.567°N 63.800°E / 66.567; 63.800 (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia)

66°34′N 71°5′E / 66.567°N 71.083°E / 66.567; 71.083 (Gulf of Ob)
Gulf of Ob

66°34′N 72°27′E / 66.567°N 72.450°E / 66.567; 72.450 (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia)
 Russia
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Krasnoyarsk Krai—from 66°34′N 83°3′E / 66.567°N 83.050°E / 66.567; 83.050 (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia)
Sakha Republic—from 66°34′N 106°18′E / 66.567°N 106.300°E / 66.567; 106.300 (Sakha Republic, Russia)
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug—from 66°34′N 158°38′E / 66.567°N 158.633°E / 66.567; 158.633 (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia)

66°34′N 171°1′W / 66.567°N 171.017°W / 66.567; -171.017 (Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean)
Arctic Ocean
Chukchi Sea

66°34′N 164°38′W / 66.567°N 164.633°W / 66.567; -164.633 (Seward Peninsula, Alaska, United States)
 United States
Alaska (Seward Peninsula)

66°34′N 163°44′W / 66.567°N 163.733°W / 66.567; -163.733 (Kotzebue Sound, Arctic Ocean)
Arctic Ocean
Kotzebue Sound

66°34′N 161°56′W / 66.567°N 161.933°W / 66.567; -161.933 (Alaska, United States)
 United States
Alaska—passing through Selawik Lake

66°34′N 141°0′W / 66.567°N 141.000°W / 66.567; -141.000 (Yukon, Canada)
 Canada
Yukon
Northwest Territories—from 66°34′N 133°36′W / 66.567°N 133.600°W / 66.567; -133.600 (Northwest Territories, Canada), passing through the Great Bear Lake
Nunavut—from 66°34′N 115°56′W / 66.567°N 115.933°W / 66.567; -115.933 (Nunavut, Canada)

66°34′N 82°59′W / 66.567°N 82.983°W / 66.567; -82.983 (Foxe Basin, Hudson Bay)
 Canada
Foxe Basin, Nunavut

66°34′N 73°25′W / 66.567°N 73.417°W / 66.567; -73.417 (Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada)
 Canada
Nunavut (Baffin Island), passing through Nettilling Lake

66°30′N 65°29′W / 66.500°N 65.483°W / 66.500; -65.483 (Baffin Island, Nunavut)
 Canada
Nunavut (Baffin Island), passing through Auyuittuq National Park (sign location)

66°34′N 61°24′W / 66.567°N 61.400°W / 66.567; -61.400 (Davis Strait, Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Davis Strait

66°34′N 53°16′W / 66.567°N 53.267°W / 66.567; -53.267 (Greenland)
 Greenland
Kingdom of Denmark, passing through Kangerlussuaq Fjord

66°34′N 37°0′W / 66.567°N 37.000°W / 66.567; -37.000 (Greenland)
 Greenland
Kingdom of Denmark, passing through Schweizerland

66°34′N 34°9′W / 66.567°N 34.150°W / 66.567; -34.150 (Denmark Strait, Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Denmark Strait
Greenland Sea—from 66°34′N 26°18′W / 66.567°N 26.300°W / 66.567; -26.300 (Greenland Sea)

66°34′N 18°1′W / 66.567°N 18.017°W / 66.567; -18.017 (Grímsey, Iceland)
 Iceland
Island of Grímsey

66°34′N 17°59′W / 66.567°N 17.983°W / 66.567; -17.983 (Greenland Sea, Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Greenland Sea
Norwegian Sea—from 66°34′N 12°32′W / 66.567°N 12.533°W / 66.567; -12.533 (Norwegian Sea)

A sign along the Dalton Highway marking the location of the Arctic Circle in Alaska

Arctic Circle line in Rovaniemi, Finland

Aurora Borealis above Arctic Circle sign along the Dempster Highway in Yukon at 66°33′55″N 136°18′26″W / 66.565325°N 136.307169°W / 66.565325; -136.307169

text:
A sign on the Vikingen island marking the Arctic Circle in Norway

The Arctic Circle on Grímsey in Iceland

Arctic Circle sign by the Inland Line railway, Sweden