document_title: Oath of office of the President of the United States

question_text: who administers the oath of office for the president

text: Text[edit]

text: Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."[2]

text: Administration of the oath[edit]

text: While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it is typically administered by the Chief Justice. There have been several exceptions, however. George Washington was sworn into office during his first inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston.[3][4] William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to Millard Fillmore on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of Zachary Taylor.[5] Upon being informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a notary public.[6][7] Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. This was the first (and to date only) time a woman administered the oath of office. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 Chief Justices (one of whom—William Howard Taft—was also a former president), one Associate Justice, four federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public.

text: Option of taking an oath or an affirmation[edit]

text: The Constitutional language gives the option to "affirm" instead of "swear". While the reasons for this are not documented, it may relate to certain Christians, including Quakers, who apply this scripture literally: "But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation" (James 5:12, KJV).[8] Franklin Pierce was the only president known to use the word "affirm" rather than "swear." Herbert Hoover is often listed to have used "affirm" as well, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were "solemnly swear."[9] Richard Nixon, who was also a Quaker, also swore, rather than affirmed.[10][11]

text: Forms of administering the oath[edit]

text: There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office.

text: Under the first form, now in disuse, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, "Do you, George Washington, solemnly swear ..." and then requested an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completed the oath.[citation needed]

text: It is believed that this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God."[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ...",[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".[14]

text: Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, so that the president takes the oath by repeating it verbatim.[citation needed] Franklin Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, then repeated that oath from beginning to end himself.[15] By the time of Harry Truman's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the Chief Justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president-elect repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed.[16]

text: Use of Bibles[edit]

text: By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an altar Bible borrowed from the St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward.[17][18] Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry Truman, followed suit.[19] Dwight Eisenhower broke that tradition in 1953 when he said a prayer instead of kissing the Bible.[20]

text: Theodore Roosevelt did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1901.[21] Both John Quincy Adams and Franklin Pierce[22] swore on a book of law, with the intention that they were swearing on the constitution.[23] Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One.[24] Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump each swore the oath on two Bibles.[21]

text: "So help me God"[edit]

text: It is uncertain how many presidents used a Bible or added the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath, or in their acceptance of the oath, as neither is required by law; unlike many other federal oaths which do include the phrase "So help me God."[25] There is currently debate as to whether or not George Washington, the first president, added the phrase to his acceptance of the oath. No contemporary sources mention Washington as adding a religious codicil to his acceptance.[26]

text: The historical debate over who first used "So help me God," is marred by ignoring the two forms of giving the oath. The first, now in disuse, is when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, "Do you George Washington solemnly swear...", requesting an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1865 the Sacramento Daily Union covered the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln finished his oath with "So help me God," and he kissed the Bible.[27] However, the Daily Union's account seems embellished in a number of ways, and other newspaper accounts, published closer in time to the ceremony, do not mention Lincoln's uttering the phrase.[28] In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God".[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear..."[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".

text: A Federal lawsuit filed in the District of Columbia by Michael Newdow on December 30, 2008, contended the second, current form of administration, where both the chief justice and the president articulate the oath, appending "So help me God", to be a breach of the Constitutional instructions. The suit distinguishes between the words spoken by the administrator, which must conform to the exact 35 words of the Constitution, and the president, who has a right to add a personal prayer, such as "So help me God."[29]

text: Chief Justice Roberts' reply was that his "prompting" for these four extra-constitutional words were to be recited "after" the oath of office, and not as a part of the oath as claimed in the suit. After rendering the oath to President Barack Obama, Roberts prompted with a question "So help you God?", to which the president responded, "So help me God."[30]

text: The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase "So help me God" in oaths under the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.S. judges and officers other than the president. It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state constitutions[31] as well as by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.[32][33] Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act also allows for the option that the phrase be omitted by the officer, in which case it would be called an affirmation instead of an oath: "Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath."[34] In contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase "So help me God", and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In practice, however, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the oath (rather than an affirmation), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the oath with the customary phrase.

text: The earliest known source indicating Washington added "So help me God" to his acceptance, not to the oath, is attributed to Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 65 years after the event.[35] The only contemporary account that repeats the oath in full, a report from the French consul, Comte de Moustier, states only the constitutional oath,[36] without reference to Washington's adding "So Help Me God" to his acceptance.

text: Evidence is lacking to support the claim that presidents between Washington and Abraham Lincoln used the phrase "So help me God." A contemporaneous newspaper account of Lincoln's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase "So help me God" to the oath.[37] This newspaper report is followed by another account, provided later in the same year after Lincoln's death (April 15, 1865), that Lincoln said "So help me God" during his oath.[38] The evidence pertaining to the 1865 inauguration is much stronger than that pertaining to Lincoln's 1861 use of the phrase. Several sources claim that Lincoln said "So help me God" at his 1861 inauguration, yet these sources were not contemporaneous to the event.[39][40] During the speech, Lincoln stated that his oath was "registered in Heaven",[41] something some have taken as indicating he likely uttered the phrase "So help me God." Conversely, there was a claim made by A.M. Milligan (a Presbyterian minister who advocated for an official Christian U.S. government) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back saying that God's name was not in the Constitution, and he could not depart from the letter of that instrument.[42][43]

text: All federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which case the phrase must be omitted.[44] Given that nearly every president-elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the codicil, it is likely that the majority of presidents-elect have uttered the phrase[45] (as well as some vice presidents, while taking their oaths). However, as President Theodore Roosevelt chose to conclude his oath with the phrase "And thus I swear," it seems that this current of tradition was not overwhelmingly strong even as recently as the turn of the twentieth century.

text: Oath mishaps[edit]

text:
In 1909, when President William Howard Taft was sworn in, Chief Justice Melville Fuller misquoted the oath, but the error was not publicized at the time. The mistake was similar to the one Taft himself would make twenty years later when swearing in President Hoover. Recalling the incident, Taft wrote, "When I was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Fuller, he made a similar slip," and added, "but in those days when there was no radio, it was observed only in the Senate chamber where I took the oath."[13]
In 1929, Taft, later the Chief Justice, garbled the oath when he swore in President Herbert Hoover using the words "preserve, maintain, and defend the Constitution", instead of "preserve, protect, and defend". The error was picked up by schoolgirl Helen Terwilliger on the radio. Taft eventually acknowledged his error, but did not think it was important, and Hoover did not retake the oath. In Taft's view, his departure from the text did not invalidate the oath.[13][46][47]
In 1945, President Harry S. Truman's bare initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and took the oath. At a meeting in the Cabinet Room, Chief Justice Harlan Stone, apparently mistaken about the meaning of Truman's middle initial (which is not an abbreviation but rather the whole middle name in itself), began reading the oath by saying "I, Harry Shipp Truman...", Truman responded: "I, Harry S Truman,..."[48]
In both his 1953 and 1957 inaugurations, Dwight D. Eisenhower read the line "the office of President of the United States" as "the office of the President of the United States," even as Chief Justices Fred Vinson (in 1953) and Earl Warren (in 1957) said the line correctly.
In 1965, Chief Justice Earl Warren prompted Lyndon Johnson to say, "the Office of the Presidency of the United States".[49]
In 1973, President Richard Nixon added the word "and" between "preserve" and "protect", resulting in "preserve and protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Nixon had recited the line correctly during his first inauguration.
In 2009, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, while administering the oath to Barack Obama, incorrectly recited part of the oath. Roberts prompted, "That I will execute the Office of President to the United States faithfully." Obama stopped at "execute," and waited for Roberts to correct himself. Roberts, after a false start, then followed Obama's "execute" with "faithfully", which results in "execute faithfully," which is also incorrect. Obama then repeated Roberts' initial, incorrect prompt, with the word "faithfully" after "United States."[50][51] The oath was re-administered the next day by Roberts at the White House.[52][53]

text: List of oath takings[edit]

text: Since the office of president of the United States came into existence in 1789 there have been 58 inaugural ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year presidential term, plus an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2017 inauguration of Donald Trump, the oath has been taken 75 different times by 44 persons. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because Inauguration Day has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inaugural ceremonies. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges.[54]

text:
Date
Type
Event[a]
Location
Oath administered by

000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789
(Thursday)
Public
washingtona !First inauguration of George Washington
Balcony,
Federal Hall
New York, New York
livingston !Robert Livingston,
Chancellor of New York

000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793
(Monday)
Public
washingtonb !Second inauguration of George Washington
Senate Chamber,
Congress Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
cushing !William Cushing,
Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court

000000001797-03-04-0000March 4, 1797
(Saturday)
Public
adamsa !Inauguration of John Adams
House Chamber,
Congress Hall
ellsworth !Oliver Ellsworth,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001801-03-04-0000March 4, 1801
(Wednesday)
Public
jeffersona !First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
Washington, D.C.
marshalla !John Marshall,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001805-03-04-0000March 4, 1805
(Monday)
Public
jeffersonb !Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallb !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001809-03-04-0000March 4, 1809
(Saturday)
Public
madisona !First inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallc !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001813-03-04-0000March 4, 1813
(Thursday)
Public
madisonb !Second inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshalld !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001817-03-04-0000March 4, 1817
(Tuesday)
Public
monroea !First inauguration of James Monroe
Front steps,
Old Brick Capitol
marshalle !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001821-03-05-0000March 5, 1821[b]
(Monday)
Public
monroeb !Second inauguration of James Monroe
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallf !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001825-03-04-0000March 4, 1825
(Friday)
Public
adamsq !Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallg !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001829-03-04-0000March 4, 1829
(Wednesday)
Public
jacksona !First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
marshallh !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001833-03-04-0000March 4, 1833
(Monday)
Public
jacksonb !Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshalli !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001837-03-04-0000March 4, 1837
(Saturday)
Public
vanburen !Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneya !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001841-03-04-0000March 4, 1841
(Thursday)
Public
harrisonw !Inauguration of William Henry Harrison
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyb !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001841-04-06-0000April 6, 1841[c]
(Tuesday)
Private
tyler !Inauguration of John Tyler
Brown’s Indian Queen Hotel,
Washington, D.C.
crancha !William Cranch
Chief Judge, U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia

000000001845-03-04-0000March 4, 1845
(Tuesday)
Public
polk !Inauguration of James K. Polk
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyc !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001849-03-05-0000March 5, 1849[b]
(Monday)
Public
taylor !Inauguration of Zachary Taylor
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyd !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001850-07-10-0000July 10, 1850[d]
(Wednesday)
Public
fillmore !Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
cranchb !William Cranch
Circuit Court Judge

000000001853-03-04-0000March 4, 1853
(Friday)
Public
pierce !Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneye !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001857-03-04-0000March 4, 1857
(Wednesday)
Public
buchanan !Inauguration of James Buchanan
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyf !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001861-03-04-0000March 4, 1861
(Monday)
Public
lincolna !First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyg !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001865-03-04-0000March 4, 1865
(Saturday)
Public
lincolnb !Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chasea !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001865-04-15-0000April 15, 1865
(Saturday)
Private
johnsona !Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
Kirkwood House Hotel,
Washington, D.C.
chaseb !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice

000000001869-03-04-0000March 4, 1869
(Thursday)
Public
granta !First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chasec !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice

000000001873-03-04-0000March 4, 1873
(Tuesday)
Public
grantb !Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chased !Salmon P. Chase
Chief Justice

000000001877-03-03-0000March 3, 1877[55][b]
(Saturday)
Private
hayes !Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Red Room,
White House
waitea !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001877-03-05-0000March 5, 1877[b]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001881-03-04-0000March 4, 1881
(Friday)
Public
garfield !Inauguration of James A. Garfield
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
waiteb !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice

000000001881-09-20-0000September 20, 1881[56][e]
(Tuesday)
Private
arthur !Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
Chester A. Arthur Home,
New York, New York
brady !John R. Brady,
Justice of the New York Supreme Court

000000001881-09-22-0000September 22, 1881[e]
(Thursday)
Public
The Vice President's Room,
U.S. Capitol
waitec !Morrison Waite
Chief Justice

000000001885-03-04-0000March 4, 1885
(Wednesday)
Public
clevelanda !First inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
waited !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice

000000001889-03-04-0000March 4, 1889
(Monday)
Public
harrisonb !Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullera !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893
(Saturday)
Public
clevelandb !Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullerb !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001897-03-04-0000March 4, 1897
(Thursday)
Public
mckinleya !First inauguration of William McKinley
Front of original Senate Wing
U.S. Capitol
fullerc !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001901-03-04-0000March 4, 1901
(Monday)
Public
mckinleyb !Second inauguration of William McKinley
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullerd !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001901-09-14-0000September 14, 1901
(Saturday)
Private
rooseveltta !First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
Ainsley Wilcox Home,
Buffalo, New York
hazel !John R. Hazel,
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York

000000001905-03-04-0000March 4, 1905
(Saturday)
Public
roosevelttb !Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullere !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
(Thursday)
Public
taft !Inauguration of William Howard Taft
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
fullerf !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
(Tuesday)
Public
wilsona !First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
whitea !Edward D. White,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001917-03-04-0000March 4, 1917[57]
(Sunday)
Private
wilsonb !Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
The President's Room,
U.S. Capitol
whiteb !Edward D. White
Chief Justice

000000001917-03-05-0000March 5, 1917[b]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001921-03-04-0000March 4, 1921
(Friday)
Public
harding !Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
whitec !Edward D. White
Chief Justice

000000001923-08-03-0000August 3, 1923[58][f]
(Friday)
Private
coolidgea !First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge Homestead,
Plymouth Notch, Vermont
coolidge !John Calvin Coolidge
Notary public

000000001923-08-21-0000August 21, 1923[58][f]
(Tuesday)
Private
Willard Hotel
Washington, D.C.
hoehling !Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr.
Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia

000000001925-03-04-0000March 4, 1925
(Wednesday)
Public
coolidgeb !Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tafta !William Howard Taft
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001929-03-04-0000March 4, 1929
(Monday)
Public
hoover !Inauguration of Herbert Hoover
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
taftb !William H. Taft
Chief Justice

000000001933-03-04-0000March 4, 1933
(Saturday)
Public
rooseveltfa !First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesa !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001937-01-20-0000January 20, 1937
(Wednesday)
Public
rooseveltfb !Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesb !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice

000000001941-01-20-0000January 20, 1941
(Monday)
Public
rooseveltfc !Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesc !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice

000000001945-01-20-0000January 20, 1945
(Saturday)
Public
rooseveltfd !Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
South Portico,
White House
stonea !Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001945-04-12-0000April 12, 1945
(Thursday)
Private
trumana !First inauguration of Harry S. Truman
Cabinet Room,
White House
stoneb !Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice

000000001949-01-20-0000January 20, 1949
(Thursday)
Public
trumanb !Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
vinsona !Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001953-01-20-0000January 20, 1953
(Tuesday)
Public
eisenhowera !First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
vinsonb !Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice

000000001957-01-20-0000January 20, 1957
(Sunday)
Private
eisenhowerb !Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
East Room,
White House
warrena !Earl Warren
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001957-01-21-0000January 21, 1957[g]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001961-01-20-0000January 20, 1961
(Friday)
Public
kennedy !Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrenb !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001963-11-22-0000November 22, 1963
(Friday)
Private
johnsonla !First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
Air Force One,
Dallas Love Field,
Dallas, Texas
hughes !Sarah T. Hughes
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas

000000001965-01-20-0000January 20, 1965
(Wednesday)
Public
johnsonlb !Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrenc !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001969-01-20-0000January 20, 1969
(Monday)
Public
nixona !First inauguration of Richard Nixon
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrend !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001973-01-20-0000January 20, 1973
(Saturday)
Public
nixonb !Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
burgera !Warren Burger
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001974-08-09-0000August 9, 1974
(Friday)
Public
ford !Inauguration of Gerald Ford
East Room,
White House
burgerb !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001977-01-20-0000January 20, 1977
(Thursday)
Public
carter !Inauguration of Jimmy Carter
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
burgerc !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
(Tuesday)
Public
reagana !First inauguration of Ronald Reagan
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
burgerd !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985
(Sunday)
Private
reaganb !Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan
Entrance Hall,
White House
burgere !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985[g]
(Monday)
Public
Rotunda,
U.S. Capitol

000000001989-01-20-0000January 20, 1989
(Friday)
Public
bushh !Inauguration of George H. W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquista !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001993-01-20-0000January 20, 1993
(Wednesday)
Public
clintona !First inauguration of Bill Clinton
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistb !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000001997-01-20-0000January 20, 1997
(Monday)
Public
clintonb !Second inauguration of Bill Clinton
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistc !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002001-01-20-0000January 20, 2001
(Saturday)
Public
bushwa !First inauguration of George W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistd !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002005-01-20-0000January 20, 2005
(Thursday)
Public
bushwb !Second inauguration of George W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquiste !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002009-01-20-0000January 20, 2009
(Tuesday)
Public
obamaa !First inauguration of Barack Obama
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
robertsa !John Roberts
Chief Justice of the United States

000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009[59][h]
(Wednesday)
Private
Map Room,
White House

000000002013-01-20-0000January 20, 2013[60]
(Sunday)
Private
obamab !Second inauguration of Barack Obama
Blue Room,
White House
robertsb !John Roberts
Chief Justice

000000002013-01-21-0000January 21, 2013[g]
(Monday)
Public
West Front,
U.S. Capitol

000000002017-01-20-0000January 20, 2017
(Friday)
Public
trump !Inauguration of Donald Trump
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
robertsc !John Roberts
Chief Justice

ZZZDate
ZZZType
ZZZEvent
ZZZLocation
ZZZOath administered by

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Inaugurations sort alphabetically by president's last name.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Term began Sunday, March 4.
Jump up ^ Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.
Jump up ^ Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.
^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.
^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Harding died on August 2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Term began Sunday, January 20.
Jump up ^ Term began on January 20, despite the oath mishap.


document_title: Thelma & Louise

question_text: what year was the thunderbird in the movie thelma and louise

root

text: Thelma & Louise

text: Plot[edit]

text: Best friends Thelma Dickinson and Louise Sawyer set out for a weekend vacation at a fishing cabin in the mountains, to take a break from their dreary lives in Arkansas. Thelma, a ditzy housewife, is married to a disrespectful and controlling man, Darryl, while sharp-tongued Louise works as a waitress in a diner, and is on-off dating a musician, Jimmy, who spends most of his time on the road.

tag: p

text: On the way they stop for a drink at a roadhouse bar where Thelma meets and dances with a flirtatious stranger, Harlan. When he takes her outside to the parking lot to get some fresh air, he starts kissing her and taking her clothes off without her consent. Thelma resists but Harlan hits her, and then starts raping her. Louise finds them and threatens to shoot Harlan with the gun that Thelma brought with her. Harlan stops but as the women walk away, he yells that he should have continued the rape and continually insults them. Enraged, Louise responds by shooting him dead, and the pair flee the scene.

text: At a motel, they discuss how to handle the situation. Thelma wants to go to the police but Louise fears that no one will believe Thelma's claim of attempted rape and they will be subsequently charged for murder. They decide to go on the run, but Louise demands they travel from Oklahoma to Mexico without going through Texas. Something happened to Louise in Texas, and Thelma suspects it was something similar to what had happened with Harlan but Louise adamantly refuses to discuss it. Heading west, the women come across an attractive young drifter, J.D., who Thelma quickly falls for, and she convinces Louise to let him hitch a ride with them. Louise then contacts Jimmy and asks him to wire transfer her life savings to her. When she goes to pick up the money, she finds that Jimmy has come to see her to deliver the money in person, and the two spend the night together. Jimmy proposes to Louise but she refuses. Meanwhile, Thelma invites J.D. to her room, and they sleep together. She then learns he is a thief who has broken parole.

text: The following morning, Thelma leaves J.D. in her motel room while she meets Louise downstairs for breakfast and, when they return, they discover J.D. has stolen Louise's life savings and fled. Louise is distraught, so a guilty Thelma takes charge and later robs a nearby convenience store using the tactics she learned from listening to J.D. Meanwhile, the FBI are getting closer to catching the fugitives after witnesses at the bar saw Louise's 1966 Ford Thunderbird convertible speeding out of the parking lot the night of the shooting. Their whereabouts are also questioned by the owner of the fishing cabin after the women failed to arrive for the weekend. Arkansas State Police Investigator Hal Slocumb leads the investigation and questions both J.D. and Jimmy, and taps into the phone line at Darryl's house. He discovers that Louise had been raped years earlier in Texas, so sympathizes with her situation and understands why they didn't report Harlan's murder to the authorities. During a couple of brief phone conversations with Louise, he expresses his sympathy, but is unsuccessful in his attempts to persuade her to surrender.

text: Thelma tells Louise she understands if she wants to go back home, knowing she has Jimmy waiting for her, but explains she cannot go back to Darryl. Louise promises they will keep going together. The pair are later pulled over by a New Mexico state trooper for speeding. Knowing he will soon discover they are wanted for murder and armed robbery, Thelma holds him at gunpoint and locks him in the trunk of his police car, while Louise takes his gun and ammunition. They drive away from the scene and spend the next few nights heading further west. On the road, they encounter a foul-mouthed truck driver who repeatedly makes obscene gestures at them. They pull over and demand an apology from him, but when he refuses, they fire at the fuel tanker he is driving, causing it to explode.

text: Thelma and Louise are finally cornered by the authorities only one hundred yards from the edge of the Grand Canyon. Hal arrives on the scene, but he is refused the chance to make one last attempt to talk the women into surrendering. Rather than be captured and spend the rest of their lives in jail, Thelma proposes that they "keep going". Louise asks Thelma if she is certain, and Thelma says yes. They kiss, then Louise steps on the accelerator, and they ride the car over the cliff to their deaths.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Susan Sarandon as Louise Elizabeth Sawyer
Geena Davis as Thelma Yvonne Dickinson
Harvey Keitel as Detective Hal Slocumb
Michael Madsen as Jimmy Lennox
Christopher McDonald as Darryl Dickinson
Stephen Tobolowsky as Max
Brad Pitt as J.D.
Timothy Carhart as Harlan Puckett
Jason Beghe as State Trooper
Marco St. John as Truck Driver

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Although the setting for the film is a fictional route between Arkansas and the Grand Canyon, the movie was filmed almost entirely in the states of California and Utah. The primary filming locations for the movie are rural areas around Bakersfield, California and Moab, Utah. The Grand Canyon scenes were actually filmed just south of Dead Horse Point State Park in Utah.[2] Parts of the film were also shot at Shafer Overlook, Monument Valley, La Sal Mountains, La Sal Junction, Cisco, Old Valley City Reservoir, Thompson Springs, Arches National Park, and Crescent Junction in Utah.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: General[edit]

text: The film was an overwhelming critical success. Metacritic lists a composite critical score of 88 out of 100.[4] Rotten Tomatoes rates Thelma & Louise 83% "Fresh". Janet Maslin of The New York Times had only praise for the film in her review: "Mr. Scott's Thelma and Louise, with a sparkling screenplay by the first-time writer Callie Khouri, is a surprise on this and many other scores. It reveals the previously untapped talent of Mr. Scott (best known for majestically moody action films like Alien, Blade Runner and Black Rain) for exuberant comedy, and for vibrant American imagery, notwithstanding his English roots. It reimagines the buddy film with such freshness and vigor that the genre seems positively new. It discovers unexpected resources in both its stars, Susan Sarandon and Geena Davis, who are perfectly teamed as the spirited and original title characters."[5] Roger Ebert also praised the film, but withheld a perfect score on the basis of "the last shot before the titles begin. It's a freeze frame that fades to white, which is fine, except it does so with unseemly haste... It's unsettling to get involved in a movie that takes 128 minutes to bring you to a payoff that the filmmakers seem to fear."[6]

text: The film was screened out of competition at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.[7] After watching the film, singer-songwriter Tori Amos wrote "Me and a Gun", the story of her rape several years earlier.[8][9]

text: Argentinian singer and musician Fito Páez wrote a hit song called "Dos días en la vida" ("Two days in one lifetime") after watching this movie. The lyrics tell the story of the main characters, with verses played by singers Fabiana Cantilo (in the role of Thelma) and Celeste Carballo (Louise). It was one of the most successful singles from his 1992 album El amor después del amor.

text: The final scene, where the two embrace each other before driving off a cliff, has become iconic. Numerous homages and parodies of the scene have appeared, including alternate movie endings, cartoon parodies, video game "Easter Eggs", and as a tragic ending to television series, music videos and commercials.[clarification needed]

text: The film also received harsh and significant criticism from those who thought it was anti-male and that its depictions of men were unfairly negative.[10][11]

text: Feminism[edit]

text: Numerous critics and writers have remarked on the strong feminist overtones of Thelma & Louise. Film critic B. Ruby Rich praises the film as an uncompromising validation of women's experiences,[12] while Kenneth Turan calls it a "neo-feminist road movie".[13] In her essay "The Daughters of Thelma and Louise", Jessica Enevold argues that the movie constitutes "an attack on conventional patterns of chauvinist male behavior toward females". In addition, it "exposes the traditional stereotyping of male–female relationships" while rescripting the typical gender roles of the road movie genre.[14]

text: In her review for The Los Angeles Times, film critic Sheila Benson objects to the characterization of the film as feminist, arguing that it is more preoccupied with revenge and violence than feminist values.[15]

text: In his review for The New York Post, film critic Kyle Smith describes the film as "a misogynist tale about unbelievably ditzy women who lose what remains of their reason under pressure and suffer the ultimate punishment." Smith's review focused less on the fact that the film stars strong female characters and instead points out the terrible decisions these strong female characters make throughout the entire movie.[16]

text: In an article commemorating the film's 20th anniversary in 2011, Raina Lipsitz called it "the last great film about women" and said that it heralded the achievements of women that caused 1992 to become "the year of the woman". However, she also said that women-themed films have since been losing ground.[17]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Khouri won an Academy Award for Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen; Scott, Davis, Sarandon, cinematographer Adrian Biddle, and film editor Thom Noble were nominated for Oscars.

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Boston Society of Film Critics
Best Actress
Geena Davis
Won

British Society of Cinematographers
Best Cinematography Award
Adrian Biddle
Nominated

Los Angeles Film Critics Association
Best Actress
Geena Davis
Nominated

NBR Award
Best Actress
Susan Sarandon
Won

Geena Davis

Top Ten Films

Won

Saint Jordi Award
Best Foreign Actress
Susan Sarandon
Nominated

Golden Spike Award

Ridley Scott
Won
(tied with The Adjuster)

Academy Award
Best Original Screenplay
Callie Khouri
Won

Best Actress in a Leading Role
Geena Davis
Nominated

Susan Sarandon

Best Cinematography
Adrian Biddle
Nominated

Best Director
Ridley Scott
Nominated

Best Film Editing
Thom Noble
Nominated

BAFTA Award
Best Actress
Geena Davis
Nominated

Susan Sarandon

Best Cinematography
Adrian Bibble
Nominated

Best Direction
Ridley Scott
Nominated

Best Editing
Thom Noble
Nominated

Best Film
Ridley Scott
Mimi Polk Gitlin
Nominated

Best Original Film Score
Hans Zimmer
Nominated

Best Screenplay – Original
Callie Khouri
Nominated

Bodil Award
Best Non-European Film
Ridley Scott
Won

Chicago Film Critics Association
Best Actress
Geena Davis
Nominated

Susan Sarandon

Best Director
Ridley Scott
Nominated

Best Picture

Nominated

Best Screenplay
Callie Khouri
Nominated

César Award
Best Foreign Film
Ridley Scott
Nominated

David di Donatello Award
Best Foreign Actress
Geena Davis
Won

Susan Sarandon

Best Foreign Film
Ridley Scott
Nominated

DGA Award
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures
Ridley Scott
Nominated

Golden Globe Award
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture
Callie Khouri
Won

Best Motion Picture – Drama

Nominated

Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
Geena Davis
Nominated

Susan Sarandon

Silver Ribbon
Best Female Dubbing
Rossella Izzo
(voice of Louise)
Won

Best Foreign Director
Ridley Scott
Nominated

Critics' Circle Film Awards
Actress of the Year
Susan Sarandon
(also for White Palace)
Won

Director of the Year
Ridley Scott
Won

Film of the Year

Won

MTV Movie Award
Best Female Performance
Geena Davis
Nominated

Best On-Screen Duo
Geena Davis
Susan Sarandon
Nominated

NSFC Award
Best Supporting Actor
Harvey Keitel
(also for Bugsy and Mortal Thoughts)
Won

Best Actress
Susan Sarandon
Nominated

Literary Award
Screenplay
Callie Khouri
Won

Writers Guild of America Award
Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen
Won

tag: table

text: The British Film Institute published a book[15] about the film in 2000, as part of a Modern Classics series. On the Writers Guild of America Award's 101 Best Screenplays List it made No. 72.[18] The film was ranked on the Australian program 20 to 1, in the episode Magnificent Movie Moments.

text: American Film Institute lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – No. 76
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains: Thelma Dickinson & Louise Sawyer – No. 24 Heroes
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 78

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Pete Haycock on slide guitar contributed to Thunderbird, the theme music for the film.[19] In addition to Glenn Frey's "Part of Me, Part of You", which became the film's primary theme song, the soundtrack included songs by Chris Whitley, Martha Reeves, Toni Childs, Marianne Faithfull, Charlie Sexton, Grayson Hugh, B.B. King, and Michael McDonald.


document_title: Hacksaw Ridge

question_text: where does the movie hacksaw ridge take place

text: Hacksaw Ridge

text: Plot[edit]

text: As a young boy, Desmond Doss nearly kills his younger brother Hal. This experience and his Seventh-day Adventist upbringing reinforce Desmond's belief in the commandment "Thou shalt not kill". Years later, Doss takes an injured man to the hospital and meets a nurse, Dorothy Schutte. The two begin a relationship and Doss tells Dorothy of his interest in medical work.

text: After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Doss is motivated to enlist in the Army and intends to serve as a combat medic. His father Tom, a troubled World War I veteran, is deeply upset by the decision. Before leaving for Fort Jackson, he asks for Dorothy's hand in marriage and she accepts.

text: Doss is placed under the command of Sergeant Howell. He excels physically but becomes an outcast among his fellow soldiers for refusing to handle a rifle and train on Saturdays. Howell and Captain Glover attempt to discharge Doss for psychiatric reasons but are overruled, as Doss' religious beliefs do not constitute mental illness. They subsequently torment Doss by putting him through grueling labor, intending to get Doss to leave of his own accord. Despite being beaten one night by his fellow soldiers, he refuses to identify his attackers and continues training.

text: Doss' unit completes basic training and is released on leave, during which Doss intends to marry Dorothy, but his refusal to carry a firearm leads to an arrest for insubordination. Captain Glover and Dorothy visit Doss in jail and try to convince him to plead guilty so that he can be released without charge but Doss refuses to compromise his beliefs. At his trial, Doss pleads not guilty, but before he is sentenced, his father barges into the tribunal with a letter from a former commanding officer stating that his son's pacifism is protected by an Act of Congress. The charges against Doss are dropped, and he and Dorothy are married.

text: Doss' unit is assigned to the 77th Infantry Division and deployed to the Pacific theater. During the Battle of Okinawa, Doss' unit is informed that they are to relieve the 96th Infantry Division, which was tasked with ascending and securing the Maeda Escarpment ("Hacksaw Ridge”). In the initial fight, both sides sustain heavy losses, and Doss successfully saves several soldiers, including those with severe injuries. The Americans camp for the night, which Doss spends in a foxhole with Smitty, a squadmate who was the first to call Doss a coward. Doss reveals that his aversion to holding a firearm stems from nearly shooting his drunken father, who threatened his mother with a gun. Smitty apologizes for doubting his courage and the two make amends.

text: The next morning, the Japanese launch a massive counterattack and drive the Americans off the escarpment. Smitty is killed, while Howell and several of Doss' squad mates are left injured on the battlefield. Doss hears the cries of dying soldiers and decides to run back into the carnage while his comrades retreat. He starts carrying wounded soldiers to the cliff's edge and belaying them down by rope, each time praying to save one more. The arrival of dozens of wounded once presumed dead comes as a shock to the rest of the unit below. When day breaks, Doss rescues Howell and the two finally escape Hacksaw under enemy fire.

text: Captain Glover tells Doss that the men have been inspired by his miraculous efforts, and that they will not launch the next attack without him. Despite the next day being the Sabbath day, he joins his fellow soldiers after finishing his prayers. With reinforcements, they turn the tide of battle. During an ambush set by Japanese soldiers feigning surrender, Doss manages to save Glover and others by knocking away enemy grenades. Doss is eventually wounded by a grenade blast, but the battle is won. Doss descends the cliff, clutching the Bible Dorothy gave him.

text: The film switches to archival photos and footage showing that Doss was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Harry S. Truman for rescuing 75 soldiers at Hacksaw Ridge. Doss stayed married to Dorothy until her death in 1991. He died on March 23, 2006, at the age of 87.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Andrew Garfield as Desmond Doss
Vince Vaughn as Sergeant Howell
Sam Worthington as Captain Jack Glover
Luke Bracey as Smitty Ryker
Hugo Weaving as Tom Doss, Desmond's father
Ryan Corr as Lieutenant Manville
Teresa Palmer as Dorothy Schutte, Desmond's wife
Rachel Griffiths as Bertha Doss, Desmond's mother
Richard Roxburgh as Colonel Stelzer
Luke Pegler as Milt "Hollywood" Zane
Richard Pyros as Randall "Teach" Fuller
Ben Mingay as Grease Nolan
Firass Dirani as Vito Rinnelli
Damien Thomlinson as Ralph Morgan
Matt Nable as Lt. Colonel Cooney
Robert Morgan as Colonel Sangston
Nathaniel Buzolic as Harold "Hal" Doss, Desmond's brother

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The project was in development hell for 14 years.[10] Numerous producers had tried for decades to film Doss' story, including decorated war hero Audie Murphy and Hal B. Wallis (producer of Casablanca).[11]

text: In 2001, after finally convincing Doss that making a movie on his remarkable life was the right thing to do, screenwriter/producer Gregory Crosby (grandson of Bing Crosby) wrote the treatment and brought the project to film producer David Permut, of Permut Presentations, through the early efforts of Stan Jensen of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which ultimately led to the film being financed.[10]

text: In 2004, director Terry Benedict won the rights to make a documentary about Doss, The Conscientious Objector, and secured the dramatic film rights in the process. However, Doss died in 2006, after which producer Bill Mechanic acquired and then sold the rights to Walden Media, which developed the project along with producer David Permut.[12] Co-producers of the film are Gregory Crosby and Steve Longi.[13] Walden Media insisted on a PG-13 version of the battle, and Mechanic spent years working to buy the rights back.[11][14]

text: After acquiring the rights, Mechanic approached Mel Gibson, and wanted him to create a concoction of violence and faith, as he did with The Passion of the Christ (2004). Gibson turned down the offer twice, as he previously did with Braveheart (1995).[15] Then nearly a decade later, Gibson finally agreed to helm the film, a decision announced in November 2014. The same month, Andrew Garfield was confirmed to play the role of Desmond Doss.[12]

text: With a budget of $40 million, the team still faced many challenges. Hacksaw Ridge became an international co-production, with key players and firms located in both the United States and Australia. When Australian tax incentives were taken off the table, the film had to qualify as Australian to receive government subsidies. Despite being American-born, Gibson's early years in Australia helped the film qualify, along with most of the cast being Australian, including Rachel Griffiths (Doss' mother), Teresa Palmer (Doss' wife), Sam Worthington (unit leader), Hugo Weaving (as Doss' father), Richard Roxburgh (as a colonel) and Luke Bracey (as Smitty, one of Doss' most antagonistic unit members). Rounding out the cast was American actor Vince Vaughn.[16]

text: On February 9, 2015, IM Global closed a deal to finance the film, and also sold the film into the international markets.[17] On the same day, Lionsgate acquired the North American distribution rights to the film.[18] Chinese distribution rights were acquired by Bliss Media, a Shanghai-based film production and distribution company.[19]

text: Hacksaw Ridge is the first film directed by Gibson since Apocalypto in 2006,[20][21] and marks a departure from his previous films, such as Apocalypto and Braveheart, in which the protagonists acted violently.[22]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Robert Schenkkan and Randall Wallace wrote the script, and Wallace was previously attached to direct the film. Andrew Knight polished the original script. Gibson's partner Bruce Davey also produced the film, along with Paul Currie.[23]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The cast – Andrew Garfield, Vince Vaughn, Sam Worthington, Luke Bracey, Teresa Palmer, Rachel Griffiths, Richard Roxburgh, Luke Pegler, Richard Pyros, Ben Mingay, Firass Dirani, Nico Cortez, Michael Sheasby, Goran Kleut, Jacob Warner, Harry Greenwood, Damien Thomlinson, Ben O’Toole, Benedict Hardie, Robert Morgan, Ori Pfeffer, Milo Gibson, and Nathaniel Buzolic, Hugo Weaving, and Ryan Corr – was announced between November 2014 and October 2015.[23][24][25][26][27] The younger Doss was played by Darcy Bryce.[28]

text: Garfield plays Desmond Doss, a US Army medic awarded the Medal of Honor by President Harry S. Truman for saving lives during the Battle of Okinawa in World War II.[12] Garfield had high regards for Doss, and venerated him for his act of bravery, hailing him as a "wonderful symbol of embodying the idea of live and let live no matter what your ideology is, no matter what your value system is, just to allow other people to be who they are and allow yourself to be who you are." He found the idea of playing a real superhero, as compared to his past roles playing Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man and its sequel, much more inspiring.[29] Garfield admitted that he cried the first time he read the screenplay.[30] He visited Doss' hometown and touched his various tools.[31] Gibson was drawn to Garfield the first time he saw his performance in The Social Network.[22]

text: Palmer wanted a role in the film so badly that she auditioned via phone, and sent the recording to Gibson. She heard nothing back for three months, until Gibson called Palmer to tell her in a Skype chat that he had cast her in the role of Dorothy, Doss' wife.[32]

text: Principal photography[edit]

text: Principal photography started on September 29, 2015,[21] and lasted for 59 days,[33] ending in December of that year.[10] Filming took place entirely in Australia.[15] The film was based at Fox Studios in Sydney, after producers vigorously scouted for locations around the country.[34] Filming took place mostly in the state of New South Wales — where Gibson spent much of his early years — in and around Sydney such as in Richmond,[35] Bringelly,[36] and Oran Park.[37] Gibson moved to the state in July 2015, two months before filming began.[38] The graveyard scene was shot at a set-constructed cemetery in Sydney's Centennial Park.[39] The grounds of Newington Armory at Sydney Olympic Park were used as Fort Jackson. Filming in Bringelly required the team to clear and deforest over 500 hectares of land, which evoked the ire of some environmentalists. However, the producers had complete approval and clearance to do so. Also conditions were imposed to replant and rehabilitate part of the land after filming ceased.[40] According to Troy Grant, New South Wales' deputy premier and minister for the arts, the film brought 720 jobs and US$19 million to regional and rural New South Wales.[41]

text: Altogether, three jeeps, two trucks and a tank were featured in the film.[15] Bulldozers and backhoes were used to transform a dairy pasture near Sydney to re-create the Okinawa battlefield. A berm had to be raised around the perimeter so cameras could turn 360 degrees without getting any eucalyptus trees in the background.[15] Gibson did not want to rely heavily on computer visual effects, either on the screen or in pre-visualizing the battle scenes. Visual effects were used only during bloody scenes, like napalm-burnt soldiers.[15] During filming of the war scenes, Gibson incorporated his past war-movie experiences, and would yell to the actors, reminding them constantly of what they were fighting for.[15]

text: Themes[edit]

text: The film has been described as an anti-war film,[42] with pacifist themes.[15] It also incorporates recurring religious imagery, such as baptism and ascension.[3]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: After the war, Doss turned down many requests for books and film versions of his actions, because he was wary of whether his life, wartime experiences, and Seventh-day Adventist beliefs would be portrayed inaccurately or sensationally. Doss' only child, Desmond Doss Jr., stated: "The reason he declined is that none of them adhered to his one requirement: that it be accurate. And I find it remarkable, the level of accuracy in adhering to the principle of the story in this movie."[43] Producer David Permut stated that the filmmakers took great care in maintaining the integrity of the story, since Doss was very religious.[3]

text: However, the filmmakers did change some details, notably the backstory about his father, the incident with the gun Doss took out of his alcoholic father's hands, and the circumstances of his first marriage.[43][44] The film also omits his prior combat service in the Battle of Guam and Battle of Leyte (Doss was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for extraordinary bravery in both battles),[45] and leaves the impression that Doss' actions at Okinawa took place over a period of a few days, though his Medal of Honor citation covered his actions over a period of about three weeks.[43]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's accompanying score was provided by Rupert Gregson-Williams and was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London, with an orchestra of 70 musicians, and a 36-voice choir.[46]

text: Release[edit]

text: The world premiere of Hacksaw Ridge occurred on September 4, 2016,[47] at the 73rd Venice Film Festival, where it received a 10-minute standing ovation.[48] The film was released in Australia on November 3, 2016, by Icon Film Distribution, and in the United States on November 4, 2016, by Lionsgate/Summit Entertainment.[49][50] It was released by Bliss Media in China in November,[51][52] and in the United Kingdom in 2017,[53] with IM Global handling international sales.[21]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In August 2016, Gibson appeared at Pastor Greg Laurie's SoCal Harvest in Anaheim, California, to promote the film.[54]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Hacksaw Ridge grossed $67.1 million in the United States and Canada and $108.2 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $175.3 million, against a production budget of $40 million.[5]

text: The film opened alongside Doctor Strange and Trolls, and was projected to gross around $12 million from 2,886 theaters. It was expected to play very well among faith-based, Midwest, and Southern audiences.[55][56] It made $5.2 million on its first day and $15.2 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office. The debut was on par with the $15 million opening of Gibson's last directorial effort, Apocalypto, in 2006.[57] In its second weekend, the film grossed $10.8 million (a drop of just 29.1%), finishing 5th at the box office.

text: The film also opened successfully in China, grossing over $16 million in its first four days at the box office.[58]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 86%, based on 232 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Hacksaw Ridge uses a real-life pacifist's legacy to lay the groundwork for a gripping wartime tribute to faith, valor, and the courage of remaining true to one's convictions."[59] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average to reviews, the film has a score of 71 out of 100, based on reviews from 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[60] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[61]

text: The Milford Daily News called the film a "masterpiece", adding that it "is going to end up on many 2016 Top 10 lists, that should get Oscar nominations for Best Actor, Best Director and Best Picture."[62] Maggie Stancu of Movie Pilot wrote that "Gibson made some of his most genius directing choices in Hacksaw Ridge, and Garfield has given his best performance yet. With amazing performances by Vince Vaughn, Teresa Palmer, Sam Worthington and Hugo Weaving, it is absolutely one of 2016's must-see films."[63] Mick LaSalle of SFGate called the film "a brilliant return for Mel Gibson, which confirms his position as a director with a singular talent for spectacle and a sure way with actors."[64] In The Film Lawyers, Samar Khan called Hacksaw Ridge "fantastic," and emphasised "just how wonderful it is to have Gibson back in a more prominent position in Hollywood, hopefully with the demons of his past behind him. If Hacksaw Ridge is any indication, we are poised for a future filled with great films from the visionary director."[65] The Telegraph awarded the film four stars, and added: "Hacksaw Ridge is a fantastically moving and bruising war film that hits you like a raw topside of beef in the face – a kind of primary-coloured Guernica that flourishes on a big screen with a crowd.”[66]

text: The Guardian also awarded the film four stars, and stated that Gibson had "absolutely hit Hacksaw Ridge out of the park."[67] The Australian's reviewer was equally positive, stating that, as a director, "Gibson’s approach is bold and fearless; this represents his best work to date behind the camera."[68] Rex Reed of Observer rated the film with four stars, and called it "the best war film since Saving Private Ryan... [I]t is violent, harrowing, heartbreaking and unforgettable. And yes, it was directed by Mel Gibson. He deserves a medal, too"[69] Michael Smith of Tulsa World called Hacksaw Ridge a "moving character study" and praised both the direction and acting. He observed: "It’s truly remarkable how Gibson can film scenes of such heartfelt emotion with such sweet subtlety as easily as he stages some of the most vicious, visual scenes of violence that you will ever see. ... Hacksaw Ridge is beautiful and brutal, and that’s a potent combination for a movie about a man determined to serve his country, as well as his soul."[70] IGN critic Alex Welch gave the film a score of 8/10, praising it as "one of the most successful war films of recent memory," and "at times horrifying, inspiring, and heart-wrenching."[71] Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review, praising Gibson's direction and saying, "There are two moments during the second half of Mel Gibson's Hacksaw Ridge when I literally jumped out of my seat in terror. The film's depiction of war is the best I’ve seen since Saving Private Ryan."[72] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 stars, writing, "Thanks to some of the greatest battle scenes ever filmed, Gibson once again shows his staggering gifts as a filmmaker, able to juxtapose savagery with aching tenderness."[73] In contrast, Matt Zoller Seitz for RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 stars, and described the film as "a movie at war with itself."[74]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Hacksaw Ridge won Best Film Editing and Best Sound Mixing and was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor for Garfield and Best Sound Editing at the Academy Awards.[75] The film won Best Editing and was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role for Garfield, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Sound and Best Makeup and Hair at the British Academy Film Awards.[76] The film won Best Action Movie and Best Actor in an Action Movie for Garfield and was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor for Garfield, Best Editing and Best Hair and Makeup at the Critics' Choice Awards.[77] The film received three nominations at the Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for Garfield and Best Director.[9] The film won Best Actor for Garfield, Best Film Editing and Best Sound and was nominated for Best Film, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Original Score and Best Art Direction and Production Design at the Satellite Awards.[78]


document_title: Air Force One

question_text: who ordered the new air force one planes

text: Air Force One

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: On 11 October 1910, Theodore Roosevelt became the first U.S. president to fly in an aircraft, an early Wright Flyer from Kinloch Field near St. Louis, Missouri.  He was no longer in office at the time, having been succeeded by William Howard Taft. The record-making occasion was a brief overflight of the crowd at a county fair but was nonetheless the beginning of presidential air travel.[6]

text: Prior to World War II, overseas and cross-country presidential travel was rare.  The lack of wireless telecommunication and available modes of transportation made long-distance travel impractical, as it took much time and isolated the president from events in Washington, D.C. Railroads were a safer and more reliable option if the president needed to travel to distant states. By the late 1930s, with the arrival of aircraft such as the Douglas DC-3, increasing numbers of the U.S. public saw passenger air travel as a reasonable mode of transportation. All-metal aircraft, more reliable engines, and new radio aids to navigation had made commercial airline travel safer and more convenient. Life insurance companies even began to offer airline pilots insurance policies, albeit at extravagant rates, and many commercial travelers and government officials began using the airlines in preference to rail travel, especially for longer trips.

text: First presidential aircraft[edit]

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an aircraft while in office. The first aircraft obtained specifically for presidential travel was a Douglas Dolphin amphibian delivered in 1933 which was designated RD-2 by the US Navy and based at the Naval base at Anacostia D.C. The Dolphin was modified with luxury upholstery for four passengers and a small separate sleeping compartment.[7] The aircraft remained in service as a presidential transport from 1933 until 1939.[8] There are no reports, however, on whether the president actually flew in the aircraft. During World War II, Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper, a Pan Am-crewed Boeing 314 flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference in Morocco, a flight that covered 5,500 miles (8,890 km) in three legs.[9] The threat from the German submarines throughout the Battle of the Atlantic made air travel the preferred method of VIP transatlantic transportation.[10]

text: Concerned about relying upon commercial airlines to transport the president, USAAF leaders ordered the conversion of a military aircraft to accommodate the special needs of the Commander-in-Chief.[11] The first dedicated aircraft proposed for presidential use was a C-87A VIP transport aircraft. This aircraft, number 41-24159, was modified in 1943 for use as a presidential VIP transport, the Guess Where II, intended to carry President Franklin D. Roosevelt on international trips.[12]  Had it been accepted, it would have been the first aircraft to be used in presidential service, in effect the first Air Force One. However, after a review of the C-87's highly controversial safety record in service, the Secret Service flatly refused to approve the Guess Where II for presidential carriage.[12] As the C-87 was a derivative of the Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber, it presented strong offensive impressions to enemy fighter aircraft as well as foreign destinations visited, an issue not present with airplanes that were used purely for transport. The Guess Where II was used to transport senior members of the Roosevelt administration on various trips. In March 1944, it transported Eleanor Roosevelt on a goodwill tour of several Latin American countries. The C-87 was scrapped in 1945.[12]

text: The Secret Service subsequently reconfigured a Douglas C-54 Skymaster for presidential transport duty. The VC-54C aircraft, nicknamed the Sacred Cow, included a sleeping area, radio telephone, and retractable elevator to lift Roosevelt in his wheelchair. As modified, the VC-54C was used by President Roosevelt only once before his death, on his trip to the Yalta Conference in February 1945.[11]

text: Sacred Cow is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.

text: Late 1940s and 1950s[edit]

text: After Roosevelt's death in April 1945, Vice President Harry S. Truman became president. The legislation that created the U.S. Air Force, the National Security Act of 1947, was signed by Truman while on board the VC-54C.[11] He replaced the VC-54C in 1947 with a modified C-118 Liftmaster, calling it the Independence (name of Truman's Missouri hometown). This was the first aircraft acting as Air Force One that had a distinctive exterior—a bald eagle head painted on its nose.

text: The presidential call sign was established for security purposes during the administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower. The change stemmed from a 1953 incident where an Eastern Airlines commercial flight (8610) had the same call sign as the flight the president was on (Air Force 8610). The airliner accidentally entered the same airspace, and after the incident, the unique presidential aircraft call sign "Air Force One" was introduced. The first official flight using the call sign Air Force One was in 1959, during the Eisenhower administration.

text: Eisenhower introduced four propeller-driven aircraft to presidential service. This group included two Lockheed C-121 Constellations, the aircraft Columbine II (VC-121A 48-610)[13][14][15]—the only primary presidential airplane ever sold—and Columbine III (VC-121E 53-7885).[16]  They were named by First Lady Mamie Eisenhower after the columbine, the official state flower of her adopted home state of Colorado. Two Aero Commanders were added to the fleet and earned the distinction of being the smallest aircraft ever to serve as Air Force One. President Eisenhower also upgraded Air Force One's technology by adding an air-to-ground telephone and an air-to-ground teletype machine.

text: Boeing 707s and entry to jet age[edit]

text: Toward the end of Eisenhower's term in 1958, the Air Force added three Boeing 707 jets (as VC-137s designated SAM 970, 971, and 972), into the fleet.[17] Eisenhower became the first president to use the VC-137 during his "Flight to Peace" Goodwill tour, from 3 December through 22 December 1959. He visited 11 Asian nations, flying 22,000 miles (35,000 km) in 19 days, about twice as fast as he could have covered that distance via one of the Columbines.

text: SAM 26000[edit]

text: Under John F. Kennedy, presidential air travel entered the jet age.[18] He had used the Eisenhower-era jets for trips to Canada, France, Austria, and the United Kingdom.[19]  Then in October 1962, the U.S. Air Force purchased a Boeing C-137 Stratoliner, a modified long-range Boeing 707—Special Air Mission (SAM) 26000.[20]

text: The Air Force had designed a special presidential livery in red and metallic gold, with the nation's name in block letters. Kennedy felt the aircraft appeared too regal, and, on advice from his wife, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, he contacted the French-born American industrial designer Raymond Loewy for help in designing a new livery and interiors for the VC-137 jet.[2] Loewy met with the president, and his earliest research on the project took him to the National Archives, where he looked at the first printed copy of the United States Declaration of Independence; he saw the country's name set widely spaced and in upper case in Caslon typeface. He chose to expose the polished aluminum fuselage on the bottom side and used two blues – slate-blue associated with the early republic and the presidency and a more contemporary cyan to represent the present and future. The presidential seal was added to both sides of the fuselage near the nose, a large American flag was painted on the tail, and the sides of the aircraft read "United States of America" in all capital letters. Loewy's work won immediate praise from the president and the press. The VC-137 markings were adapted for the larger VC-25 when it entered service in 1990.[21]

text: SAM 26000 was in service from 1962 to 1998, serving Presidents Kennedy to Clinton. On 22 November 1963, SAM 26000 carried President Kennedy to Dallas, Texas, where it served as the backdrop as the Kennedys greeted well-wishers at Dallas's Love Field. Later that afternoon, Kennedy was assassinated, and Vice President Lyndon Johnson assumed the office of President and took the oath of office aboard SAM 26000. On Johnson's orders, the plane carried Kennedy's body back to Washington.[22]  A decade later, SAM 26000 took Johnson's body home to Texas after his state funeral in Washington.[23][24]

text: Johnson used SAM 26000 to travel extensively domestically and to visit troops in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. SAM 26000 served President Nixon on several groundbreaking overseas voyages, including his famous visit to the People's Republic of China in February 1972 and trip to the Soviet Union later that year, both firsts for an American president.[25] Nixon dubbed the plane the "Spirit of '76" in honor of the forthcoming bicentennial of the United States; that logo was painted on both sides of the plane's nose.[26]

text: SAM 26000 is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.

text: SAM 27000[edit]

text: SAM 26000 was replaced in December 1972 by another VC-137, Special Air Mission 27000, although SAM 26000 was kept as a backup until it was finally retired in 1998.[27] Richard Nixon was the first president to use SAM 27000; the newer aircraft served every president until it was replaced by two VC-25 aircraft (SAM 28000 and 29000) in 1990.

text: In June 1974, while President Nixon was on his way to a scheduled stop in Syria, Syrian fighter jets intercepted Air Force One to act as escorts. However, the Air Force One crew was not informed in advance and, as a result, took evasive action including a dive.[28]

text: After announcing his intention to resign the presidency, Nixon boarded SAM 27000 (with call sign "Air Force One") to travel to California. Colonel Ralph Albertazzie, then pilot of Air Force One, recounted that after Gerald Ford was sworn in as president, the plane had to be redesignated as SAM 27000, indicating no president was on board the aircraft. Over Jefferson City, Missouri, Albertazzie radioed: "'Kansas City, this was Air Force One. Will you change our call sign to Sierra Alpha Mike (SAM) 27000?' Back came the reply: 'Roger, Sierra Alpha Mike 27000. Good luck to the President.'"[29]

text: SAM 27000's last flight as Air Force One was on 29 August 2001 when it flew President George W. Bush from San Antonio to Waco, Texas. Following the flight, it was formally decommissioned, then flown to San Bernardino International Airport (former Norton AFB) in California.  It was dismantled and taken to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, where it was reassembled and is on permanent display.

text: Boeing 747s[edit]

text: Though Ronald Reagan's two terms as president saw no major changes to Air Force One, the manufacture of the presidential aircraft version of the 747 began during his presidency. The USAF issued a Request For Proposal in 1985 for two wide-body aircraft with a minimum of three engines and an unrefueled range of 6,000 miles (9,700 km). Boeing with the 747 and McDonnell Douglas with the DC-10 submitted proposals, and the Reagan Administration ordered two identical 747s to replace the aging 707s he used.[30] The interior designs, drawn up by First Lady Nancy Reagan, were reminiscent of the American Southwest.[30] The first of two aircraft, designated VC-25A, was delivered in 1990, during the administration of George H. W. Bush. Delays were experienced to allow for additional work to protect the aircraft from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) effects.

text: The VC-25 is equipped with both secure and unsecure phone and computer communications systems, enabling the president to perform duties while airborne, in the event of an attack on the US.  The presidential air fleet is operated by the 89th Airlift Wing at Andrews Field, Maryland.

text: The Air Force usually does not have fighter aircraft escort the presidential aircraft over the United States but it has occurred, for example during the attack on the World Trade Center.[28]

text: 9/11 to present[edit]

text: On 11 September 2001, President George W. Bush was interrupted as he attended an event at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida, after the attack on the World Trade Center South Tower in New York City. He took off on a VC-25 from Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport with Colonel Mark Tillman, the senior pilot of Air Force One that day, in charge. Air traffic controllers gave Air Force One an ominous warning that a passenger jet was close to Air Force One and was unresponsive to calls. Tillman recalls: "As we got over Gainesville, Florida, we got the word from Jacksonville Center. They said, 'Air Force One you have traffic behind you and basically above you that is descending into you, we are not in contact with them – they have shut their responder [sic] off.' And at that time it kind of led us to believe maybe someone was coming into us in Sarasota, they saw us take off, they just stayed high and are following us at this point. We had no idea what the capabilities of the terrorists were at that point."[31]

text: In response to this reported threat, Col. Tillman said he flew Air Force One over the Gulf of Mexico to test whether the other aircraft would follow. The other jet continued on its route, and Tillman said that it was later explained to him that an airliner had lost its transponder and that the pilots on-board neglected to switch to another radio frequency.  An aircraft transponder broadcasts an electronic identification signal.[31]  A threat came again when Tillman received a message warning of an imminent attack on Air Force One. "We got word from the vice president and the staff that 'Angel was next.' Angel being the classified call sign for Air Force One. Once we got into the Gulf [of Mexico] and they passed to us that 'Angel was next,' at that point I asked for fighter support. If an airliner was part of the attack, it would be good to have fighters on the wing to go ahead and take care of us." At this point, Tillman said that the plan to fly the president back to Washington, DC, was aborted and instead Tillman landed at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana and Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, where the president made a speech. Tillman explained that this was due to his concern that because of the reported threat, Air Force One would be attacked when he returned to Andrews Air Force Base.[31]

text: After the preliminary stops, the president was returned to Washington. The next day, officials at the White House and the Justice Department explained that President Bush did this because there was "specific and credible information that the White House and Air Force One were also intended targets."[32] The White House could not confirm evidence of a threat made against Air Force One, and investigation found the original claim to be a result of miscommunication.[33]

text: Presidents have invited other world leaders to travel with them on Air Force One at times, including Nixon inviting Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev to travel with him to California from Washington, D.C. in June 1973.[34] In 1983, President Reagan and Queen Elizabeth II toured the U.S. West Coast aboard Air Force One.[35] In March 2012, President Obama took British Prime Minister David Cameron to a basketball game in Ohio aboard Air Force One.[36]

text: On 27 April 2009, a low-flying VC-25 circled New York City for a photo-op and training exercise and caused a scare for many in New York.[37] Fallout from the photo op incident led to the resignation of the director of the White House Military Office.

text: When President Bush came to the end of his second term in 2009, a VC-25 was used to transport him to Texas. For this purpose the aircraft call sign was Special Air Mission 28000, as the aircraft did not carry the current President of the United States. Similar arrangements were made for former Presidents Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama.

text: In January 2018, media reports stated that the cost for an upgrade of Air Force One's two refrigerators was $23.7 million.[38]

text: Future replacement[edit]

text: The VC-25As are expected to be replaced, as they have become less cost-effective to operate.[39]  On 28 January 2015, the Air Force announced that the Boeing 747-8 will serve as the next presidential aircraft.[40][41]  On 6 December 2016, then-President-elect Donald Trump tweeted his opposition to the Air Force One replacement due to its high cost of "more than $4 billion". The U.S. Government Accountability Office estimated the total cost at $3.2 billion, and the U.S. Air Force's budget for the program is projected to be nearly $4 billion.  In December 2016, Boeing was on contract for preliminary development worth $170 million.[42][43][44]

text: On 1 August 2017, Defense One reported that in an effort to pay less for the replacement program, the U.S. Air Force has contracted to purchase two of the bankrupt Russian airline Transaero's undelivered 747-8 Intercontinentals from Boeing, which is storing them in the Mojave Desert to prevent corrosion. These airplanes, which were flight-tested but never delivered, will be retrofitted with telecommunications and security equipment to bring them to the required security level for the presidential aircraft.[45][46]

text: Other presidential aircraft[edit]

text: During the Johnson Administration, the United States Air Force acquired a Beechcraft King Air B90 which was designated VC-6A.[47] The aircraft was used to transport President Johnson between Bergstrom Air Force Base and his family ranch near Johnson City, Texas,[48] and was used at least once to transport the President to Princeton, New Jersey.[49] It was referred to as Lady Bird's airplane and later in its service life featured a basic color scheme similar to civilian aircraft.[50] When the President was aboard, the aircraft used the call sign Air Force One.[49]

text: United Airlines is the only commercial airline to have operated Executive One, the call sign given to a civilian flight on which the U.S. President is aboard. On 26 December 1973, President Richard Nixon and his family flew as commercial passengers on a United DC-10 from Washington Dulles to Los Angeles International Airport. His staff explained that this was done to conserve fuel by not having to fly the usual Boeing 707 Air Force aircraft.[51]

text: The President regularly flies in helicopters (call sign Marine One) operated by the U.S. Marine Corps.[52]

text: In November 1999, President Bill Clinton flew from Ankara, Turkey, to Cengiz Topel Naval Air Station outside Izmit, Turkey, aboard a marked C-20C (Gulfstream III) using the call sign "Air Force One", escorted by three F-16s.[53]

text: On 8 March 2000, President Clinton flew to Pakistan aboard an unmarked Gulfstream III while another aircraft with the call sign "Air Force One" flew on the same route a few minutes later. This diversion was reported by several U.S. press outlets.[54][55][56]

text: On 1 May 2003, President George W. Bush flew in the co-pilot seat of a Sea Control Squadron Thirty-Five (VS-35) S-3B Viking from Naval Air Station North Island, California to the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln off the California coast, where Bush delivered his "Mission Accomplished" speech. During the flight, the aircraft used the call sign of "Navy One" for the first time.  This aircraft is now on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.[57]

text: When required by circumstances, the President makes domestic flights using a Boeing C-32, sometimes to allow access to smaller airports that cannot support the larger VC-25.[58]

text: Air Force One aircraft on display[edit]

text: Several presidential aircraft that have formerly served as Air Force One (Sacred Cow, Independence, Columbine III, SAM 26000, and other smaller presidential aircraft) are on display in the presidential hangar of the National Museum of the United States Air Force (located at Wright-Patterson AFB near Dayton, Ohio) and at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington (earlier VC-137B SAM 970). The Boeing VC-137C that served as Air Force One from the Nixon years through the George H. W. Bush administration (SAM 27000) is on display in Simi Valley, California at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. The library's Air Force One Pavilion was opened to the public on 24 October 2005.

text:
A VC-118A Liftmaster used by John F. Kennedy is on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.
A Lockheed JetStar which was used by Lyndon Johnson during his presidency is on display at the LBJ Ranch (now the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park) in Stonewall, Texas. The ranch had a runway, but was too small to accommodate a large plane such as a Boeing 707. President Johnson would take the larger Air Force One to Bergstrom AFB in Austin, where he would transfer to the smaller JetStar for the short flight to the ranch.[59]

text: A McDonnell Douglas VC-9C used by Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton is on display at Castle Air Museum in Atwater, California, adjacent to the former Castle Air Force Base.[60]

text: Notable appearances in media[edit]

text: Air Force One is shown as being equipped with a one-person escape pod and parachutes for emergency use by the President of the United States in at least five films: Escape from New York, Air Force One, White House Down, Bermuda Tentacles, and Big Game. However, the actual Air Force One does not have an escape pod or parachutes for emergency use.[61][62]