document_title: Surface Pro 4

question_text: what type of ram is in the surface pro 4

text: Surface Pro 4

text: History[edit]

text: The Surface Pro 4 was announced on October 6, 2015 alongside the Surface Book. Both devices were available for pre-order the following day and available for customers beginning on October 26, 2015.

text: The device initially exhibited failure to sleep properly, which drained the battery very quickly.[9] Microsoft subsequently developed a fix that was made available on February 17, 2016.[10]

text: Features[edit]

text: Hardware[edit]

text: The Surface Pro 4 is the same size as the Surface Pro 3, but has a thinner screen bezel which allows for a display of a slightly greater size of 12.3 inches (31 cm). The screen resolution is also greater than the Surface Pro 3's, at 2736x1824 at 267 PPI, with the same aspect ratio of 3:2 and 10-point multi-touch. The chassis is 0.03 inches (0.76 mm) thinner and 0.03 pounds (14 g) lighter than the Surface Pro 3.

text: The cooling system of the 2-in-1 has been redesigned and dubbed hybrid liquid cooling system. It includes heat pipes with a flowing liquid, which is meant to avoid the use of the internal fan when the device is used for less demanding tasks such as web browsing.

text: All Surface Pro 4 models feature 6th-generation Skylake Intel Core processors—m3, i5 or i7—which are more powerful and run cooler over its Intel Core Haswell predecessors found in the Surface Pro 3 and 2. The maximum clock rate of the most powerful CPU option (i7-6650U) is also greater at 2.2 GHz, with up to 3.4 GHz in the Turbo Boost mode. The m3-powered model is completely fanless.

text: RAM and SSD options available are 4, 8, 16 GB and 128, 256, 512, 1024 GB respectively; the top options are two times as capacious compared to top options of the Surface Pro 4's two recent predecessors.

text: The common traits, inherited from the previous generation device, are a continuous kickstand, magnesium casing with a silver-colored back side, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi radio, Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy, full-size USB 3.0 port, microSD card reader, headset jack, Mini DisplayPort, Cover Port, and a renamed SurfaceConnect, a port on the side to connect a wall charger, Docking Station or Surface Dock accessories.

text:
[hide]Surface Pro 4 Configuration Options[11]

Price Tier (USD)
CPU
Integrated GPU
RAM
Internal Storage

899
Intel Core m3-6Y30 (0.9 to 2.2 GHz)
HD 515
4 GB
128 GB

999
Intel Core i5-6300U (2.4 to 3.0 GHz)
HD 520

1299
8 GB
256 GB

1499
16 GB

1699
8 GB
512 GB

1899
16 GB

1599
Intel Core i7-6650U (2.2 to 3.4 GHz)
Iris 540
8 GB
256 GB

1799
16 GB

2199
512 GB

2699
1 TB

text: Software[edit]

text: All Surface Pro 4 models come with a 64-bit version of Windows 10 Pro and a Microsoft Office 30-day trial. Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail, Calendar, People, Xbox (app), Photos, Movies and TV, Groove, and Microsoft Edge. With Windows 10 the Tablet mode is available when the Type Cover is detached from the device. In this mode, all windows are opened full-screen and the interface becomes more touch-centric.

text: The device also has a Windows Hello-compatible camera. It combines the use of a regular and infrared cameras to authenticate the user.

text: Accessories[edit]

text: The Surface Pro 4 is backward compatible with all accessories of its predecessor. At the Windows 10 Devices Event on 6 October, 2015, alongside new Surface 2-in-1s, new accessories were announced.

text: The Surface Dock is a redesigned docking accessory in a brick form factor. It is compatible with all past and future Surface models with a SurfaceConnect side port, previously used to connect a wall charger or Docking Station accessory: Surface Pro 3, 4 and Surface Book. The Surface Dock will have 2 Mini DisplayPorts, 1 Gigabit Ethernet, 4 USB 3.0, and 1 audio out ports.

text: Although Surface Pro 4 is backward compatible with Type Cover accessory of Surface Pro 3, an attachable keyboard which doubles as a screen protector, the Surface Pro 4 Type Cover has been announced with and without a fingerprint ID sensor. The new Type Cover is thinner and lighter than its predecessor, has improved magnetic stability for lap use, a mechanical keyboard with improved key spacing, as well as a larger touchpad.

text: An updated version of Surface Pen is included with the Surface Pro 4, which has 1024 levels of pressure sensitivity and is heavier with a rubberized tip.[12] However, the new pen has only one button on the side rather than the previous pen's two. There is a eraser on the end that doubles as a button, which may perform different tasks, like opening the OneNote app or activating Cortana,[13] and can be customized using the Surface App.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Surface Pro 4 received generally positive reviews from technology critics. Most praise a sharper and larger display compared to the one found in the predecessor, redesigned cooling system, improved technical specifications, and an improved Type Cover. The common disadvantages found by reviewers were that the Type Cover is still a separate purchase, the relatively modest performance of the Intel Core m3 chip, and modest battery life.[15][16][17]

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Source: Microsoft Devices Blog


document_title: In the Dark (miniseries)

question_text: where was in the dark tv series filmed

question_tokens: where was in the dark tv series filmed

root

text: In the Dark (miniseries)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: In the Dark consists of two separate two-part stories centring around detective Helen Weeks. In the first two-parter, Helen finds out that she is pregnant and becomes involved in a case in which the husband of her childhood best friend is accused of kidnapping two young girls. In the second two-parter, a heavily pregnant Helen is pulled into the dark side of urban Manchester as she deals with an unexpected tragedy.[2]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
MyAnna Buring as DI Helen Weeks[4] of the Manchester Metropolitan Police.
Ben Batt as DI Paul Hopkins, Helen's partner and fellow detective in the Manchester Metropolitan Police.[4]
Emma Fryer as Linda Bates, the wife of Stephen Bates who is the main suspect in the abduction of two young girls.[4]
David Leon as DI Adam Perrin.[3], a detective in the Manchester Metropolitan Police and Helen's former fling
Pearce Quigley as Trevor Hare[3], the owner of a pub in Helens hometown of Polesford.
Ashley Walters as DI Tim Cornish, a North Derbyshire Police officer leading the abduction case.[4]
Matt King as Phil Hendricks, a forensic scientist.[4]
Jamie Sives as DCI Jack Gosforth.[3], Week's superior at the Manchester Metropolitan Police
Georgia Tennant as Jenny, Helen's sister.[5]
Sinead Matthews as Paula Days, an old acquaintance from Helen's childhood.[4]
Clive Wood as Robert Weeks, Helen's father.[4]
Jessica Gunning as DC Sophie Carson, the North Derbyshire Police officer on the field in the abduction case.[4]
Kevin Sutton as Gavin Sweeney, Paula's husband.[4]

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [6]

1
"Time of Death: Part 1"
Gilles Bannier
Danny Brocklehurst
11 July 2017 (2017-07-11)
7.96

Manchester-based DI Helen Weeks informs her boyfriend and fellow detective Paul that she is pregnant. While Paul is overjoyed by the news, Helen is apprehensive. Helen returns to her rural home town of Polesford, Derbyshire, after learning that the husband of her childhood best friend, Linda, has been arrested for the abduction of two young girls. Meanwhile, local DI Tim Cornish is under pressure to close the case and is keen to pin the crime on Linda's husband, Stephen.[7]

2
"Time of Death: Part 2"
Gilles Bannier
Danny Brocklehurst
18 July 2017 (2017-07-18)
6.71

3
"In the Dark: Part 1"
Ulrik Imtiaz Rolfsen
Danny Brocklehurst
25 July 2017 (2017-07-25)
6.41

4
"In the Dark: Part 2"
Ulrik Imtiaz Rolfsen
Danny Brocklehurst
1 August 2017 (2017-08-01)
6.38

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming for the series began in April 2017 in Manchester and Marsden.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Daily Telegraph's Michael Hogan gave the first episode three stars out of five, noting that: "In the Dark did show promise and could yet come good. It was taut and tensely atmospheric with an intriguing premise which found its heroine caught in the middle between police and prime suspect."[9]

text: Reviewing the first episode, The Guardian's Sam Wollaston concluded that: "In The Dark is by no means a trope-free zone...But once you have accepted that, it's a crisp opener (of four) – pacy, thoughtful and skilfully constructed, with multiple strands I am eager to see twisted together again."[7]


document_title: Educational stage

question_text: what are the four stages of high school

question_tokens: what are the four stages of high school

text: Educational stage

text: Organization[edit]

text: Education during childhood and early adulthood is typically provided through either a two- or three-stage system of childhood school, followed by additional stages of higher education or vocational education for those who continue their formal education:

text:
Early childhood education at preschool, nursery school, or kindergarten (outside the U.S. and Canada)
Primary education at primary school or elementary school, and sometimes in the early years of middle school
Secondary education at secondary school or high school, and sometimes in the latter years of middle school
Higher education or vocational education

text: The following table introduces the main concepts, although terms and ages may vary in different places:

text:
Age
Educational stage
2-stage system
3-stage system
ISCED

4
Early childhood education
Preschool
Preschool
0

5
Primary education
Primary school
Elementary school
1

6

7

8
2

9

10
Middle school

11

12

13
Secondary education
Secondary school

14

15

16
High school
3

17

18

text: For additional ISCED stages of education, see ISCED.

text: Alternative organizational structures[edit]

text: Sudbury schools[edit]

text: Sudbury schools do not use formal grade levels or educational stages. Instead, students ages 4 through 18 are intermingled in a democratic educational system, relying on a series of certifications to use equipment that may require specialized knowledge or safety procedures. These certifications are not typically restricted by age, but rather by demonstrated ability.[2]

text: By country[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, children undergo thirteen years of formal education (plus non-compulsory preschool or kindergarten), usually starting at age 4, 5 or 6, and finishing at age 16, 17 or 18. The years are numbered from "Prep/Kindergarten" to 12.

text: In New South Wales (NSW), Western Australia (WA), Queensland (QLD) and Victoria (VIC), primary school is Kindergarten (NSW)/Prep (Vic & Qld)/Pre-primary (WA) and Years 1–6, and secondary school, Years 7–12 (see table below).

text:
Year
Ages
School

Kindergarten
3–5
Preschool

Prep/Kindergarten/Pre-primary
5–6
Primary

Grade or Year 1
6–7

Grade or Year 2
7–8

Grade or Year 3
8–9

Grade or Year 4
9–10

Grade or Year 5
10–11

Grade or Year 6
11–12

Grade or Year 7
12–13
Secondary

Grade or Year 8
13–14

Grade or Year 9
14–15

Grade or Year 10
15–16

Grade or Year 11
16–17

Grade or Year 12
17–18

text: In the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and Tasmania (TAS), primary school is Kindergarten (ACT)/Prep (Tas) and years 1–6, secondary school is years 7–10 and college or Senior Secondary is years 11 and 12 (see table below).

text:
Year
Ages
School

Pre Kindergarten
3–5
Preschool

Kindergarten/Prep
5–6
Primary

Grade or Year 1
6–7

Grade or Year 2
7–8

Grade or Year 3
8–9

Grade or Year 4
9–10

Grade or Year 5
10–11

Grade or Year 6
11–12

Grade or Year 7
12–13
Secondary

Grade or Year 8
13–14

Grade or Year 9
14–15

Grade or Year 10
15–16

Grade or Year 11
16–17
College/senior secondary

Grade or Year 12
17–18

text: In South Australia, primary school is Reception and Years 1–7, and secondary school is Years 8–12 (see table below).

text:
Year
Ages
School

Kindergarten
3–4
Preschool

Reception
4–5
Primary

Grade or Year 1
5–6

Grade or Year 2
6–7

Grade or Year 3
7–8

Grade or Year 4
8–9

Grade or Year 5
9–10

Grade or Year 6
10–11

Grade or Year 7
11–12

Grade or Year 8
12–13
Secondary

Grade or Year 9
13–14

Grade or Year 10
14–15

Grade or Year 11
15–16

Grade or Year 12
16–17

text: Belarus[edit]

text: In Belarus, education is guaranteed for everyone. Primary school lasts for 4 years, but some psycho-physically challenged children study for 5 years according to a special standard. Forms 1 to 9 are considered compulsory. After completing general basic school a person can study in a special establishment to get a job. To enter a higher educational establishment a person must complete general secondary school (all 11 forms) and pass three centralized tests.[3]

text:
Year
Ages
School

Ясли
(nursery)

1–2
Early

Детский сад
(kindergarten)

3–5(6)

Form 1
6–7
Primary

Form 2
7–8

Form 3
8–9

Form 4
9–10

Form 5
10–11
General basic
(secondary)

Form 6
11–12

Form 7
12–13

Form 8
13–14

Form 9
14–15

Form 10
15–16
General secondary
(high)

Form 11
16–17

text: Iran[edit]

text: There are 2 formal stages of education in Iran: primary school (دبستان, Dabestãn) and high school (دبیرستان, Dabirestãn). The high school itself is broken into 2 parts: A and B.[further explanation needed] Preschool educations are informal, therefore Grade 1 is the first year. In Grade 1 (پایه‌ی 1, Paye 1) also known as the 1st class (کلاس اوّل, Klãs Avval), children learn the basics of reading and writing.

text:
Stage
School
Age

Preschool
Kindergarten
3–6

Primary school

Grade 1
7

Grade 2
7–8

Grade 3
8–9

Grade 4
9–10

Grade 5
10–11

Grade 6
11–12

High school

Grade 7
13

Grade 8
14

Grade 9
15

Grade 10
16

Grade 11
17

Grade 12
18

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, there are three levels of basic education: "Educação Infantil" (preschool), "Ensino Fundamental" (primary school) and "Ensino Médio" (high school), which are generally completed by age eighteen. Basic education is designed to provide the necessary minimum knowledge for the exercise of citizenship. It also serves to develop consciousness for choosing future professions. In Brazil, after the name of the grade one may use the names "série" or "ano." The educational stages in Brazil are divided as follows:

text:
Educação Infantil (Brazil Grade)
Ages
Correspondent in the U.S

Creche
0–3
Day Care

Pré-Escola
4–6
Preschool

text:
Ensino Fundamental (Brazil Grade)
Ages
Correspondent in the U.S

1o ano (Primeiro Ano)
6–7
first grade

2o ano (Segundo Ano)
7–8
second grade

3o ano (Terceiro Ano)
8–9
third grade

4o ano (Quarto Ano)
9–10
fourth grade

5o ano (Quinto Ano)
10–11
fifth grade

6o ano (Sexto Ano)
11–12
sixth grade

7o ano (Sétimo Ano)
12–13
seventh grade

8o ano (Oitavo Ano)
13–14
eighth grade

9o ano (Nono Ano)
14–15
ninth grade

text:
Ensino Médio (Brazil Grade)
Ages
Correspondent in the U.S

1o ano (Primeiro Ano)
15–16
tenth grade

2o ano (Segundo Ano)
16–17
eleventh grade

3o ano (Terceiro Ano)
17–18
twelfth grade

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, schooling officially begins at Kindergarten (or Maternelle in Quebec), followed by grades, with some variations for certain levels in certain provinces/territories. When referred to as a grade, school years are usually referred to by their cardinal number ("Grade Three").

text: At the post-secondary level in (Anglophone) Canada, a student is usually referred to by the year of study they are in (i.e. First Year, Second Year, etc.). If they are pursuing something higher than an undergraduate degree, the designation usually refers to what year of study they are in since entering Graduate studies (i.e. First Year Graduate Student, etc.). Any student who has completed their first year of undergraduate studies is considered to be an Upper Year Student.

text: Each province and territory has its own autonomous education system. As such, the name of each level of education and what year each level begins at will vary across the country (as will the curriculum itself).

text: Grade structure by province/territory[edit]

text: The following table shows how grades are organized in various provinces. Often, there will be exceptions within each province, both with terminology for groups, and which grades apply to each group.

text:
Alberta
(source)

Elementary
Junior high
Senior high

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

British Columbia
(source)[not in citation given]

Primary
Middle
Secondary

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Manitoba[4]

Early years
Middle years
Senior years

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

New Brunswick
(source)

Elementary
Middle school
High school

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Newfoundland and Labrador
(source)

Primary
Elementary
Junior high
Senior high

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Level I
Level II
Level III

Northwest Territories
(source)

Primary
Intermediate
Junior secondary
Senior secondary

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Nova Scotia
(source)

Elementary
Junior high
Senior high

Primary
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Ontario[5]
Elementary
Secondary

Junior kindergarten
Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

PEI
(source)

Elementary
Intermediate school
Senior high

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Quebec
[citation needed]

Primary school
Secondary school
College (CÉGEP)

Garderie
Maternelle
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sec I
Sec II
Sec III
Sec IV
Sec V
first
second
third

Saskatchewan
(source[permanent dead link])

Elementary level
Middle level
Secondary level

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Yukon
(source)

Elementary
Junior secondary
Senior secondary

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

text: China[edit]

text: In the People's Republic of China (excluding Hong Kong and Macau), the years are organized in three stages and renumbered within each stage: 6 years in elementary school (小学) years 1 to 6, then 3 years in lower secondary (初级中学, abbreviated 初中) years 7 to 9, then 3 years in higher secondary (高级中学, abbreviated 高中) years 1 to 3. The first nine years (elementary 1–6 and junior secondary 1–3) are compulsory, and the years in higher secondary school are voluntary. Completing higher secondary education or attaining an equivalent level is required before one may receive higher education (高等教育) at universities.

text:
Year
Ages
Stage

Year 1
6–7
Elementary

Year 2
7–8

Year 3
8–9

Year 4
9–10

Year 5
10–11

Year 6
11–12

Year 7
12–13
Lower secondary

Year 8
13–14

Year 9
14–15

Year 10
15–16
Higher secondary

Year 11
16–17

Year 12
17–18

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: The Hong Kong system was based on the United Kingdom system, with an optional year at kindergarten, six years of primary school (小學) and six years of secondary school (中學), followed by four years at university. Primary 1 – 6 (小一 – 小六) corresponds to Years 1 – 6 in the UK, and Forms 1 – 6 (中一 – 中六) correspond to Years 7 – 12. Usually students begin Primary 1 at age 5 or 6 and complete Form 6 at age 17 or 18.

text: In Hong Kong, international schools follow the system of the country they are based upon, for example the English Schools Foundation uses the UK year system, and French International Schools use the French collège, école, lycée system. Also, the English term form followed by the English number is common usage even in otherwise Cantonese conversations.

text: France[edit]

text: Education is compulsory from age 6 to age 14 or 16.

text: At the end of the lycée cursus, is the French Baccalaureat exam. It is possible in France to fail a year, and need to resit (redoubler).

text:
Age
School
Classe
Cycle

2–3
École maternelle
TPS: Toute petite section
Cycle I : Apprentissages premiers

3–4
PS: Petite section

4–5
MS: Moyenne section

5–6
GS: Grande section
Cycle II : Apprentissages fondamentaux

6–7
École élémentaire
CP: Cours préparatoire

7–8
CE1: Cours élémentaire, 1ère année

8–9
CE2: Cours élémentaire, 2éme année
Cycle III : Approfondissements

9–10
CM1: Cours moyen, 1ère année

10–11
CM2: Cours moyen, 2ème année

11–12
Collège
Sixième

12–13
Cinquième

13–14
Quatrième

14–15
Troisième

15–16
Lycée
Seconde

16–17
Première

17–18
Terminale

text: India[edit]

text: The central and most state boards uniformly follow the "10+2+3" pattern of education.In this pattern, study of 10 years is done in schools and 2 years in Junior colleges,and then 3 years of graduation for a bachelor's degree. The first 10 years is further subdivided into 4 years of primary education, 6 years of High School followed by 2 years of Junior colleges. This pattern originated from the recommendation of the Education Commission of 1964–66.

text: Pre-Primary education[edit]

text:
Play group (pre-nursery): At play schools, children are exposed to a lot of basic learning activities that help them to get independent faster and develop their self-help qualities like eating food themselves, dressing up, and maintaining cleanliness. The age limit for admission into pre-nursery is 2 to 3 years
Nursery: Nursery level activities help children unfold their talents, thus enabling them to sharpen their mental and physical abilities. The age limit for admission in nursery is 3 to 4 years.
LKG: It is also called the Junior Kindergarten (Jr. kg) stage. The age limit for admission in LKG is 4 to 5 years.
UKG: It is also called the Senior Kindergarten (Sr. kg) stage. The age limit for admission in UKG is 5 to 6 years.

text: Primary education[edit]

text: The Indian government lays emphasis on primary education, also referred to as elementary education, to children aged 6 to 14 years old. Because education laws are given by the states, duration of primary school visit alters between the Indian states. The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions.However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions.80% of all recognised schools at the elementary stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the country.

text: Secondary education[edit]

text: Secondary education covers children aged 12 to 18, a group comprising 8.85 crore children according to the 2001 Census of India. The final two years of secondary is often called Higher Secondary (HS), Senior Secondary, or simply the "+2" stage. The two halves of secondary education are each an important stage for which a pass certificate is needed, and thus are affiliated by central boards of education under HRD ministry, before one can pursue higher education, including college or professional courses.

text: UGC, NCERT, CBSE and ICSE directives state qualifying ages for candidates who wish to take board exams. Those at least 15 years old by 30 May for a given academic year are eligible to appear for Secondary board exams, and those 17 by the same date are eligible to appear for Higher Secondary certificate board exams. It further states that upon successful completion of Higher Secondary, one can apply to higher education under UGC control such as Engineering, Medical, and Business Administration.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia, children spend 12 years of formal education, but some children attend nursery playgroup (called Kelompok Belajar in 2 years) and attend kindergarten (Called Taman Kanak-Kanak in 2 years).

text:
Age
Stage
School
Year

2–3
Pre-school
Kelompok Belajar (KB)
(Nursery Playgroup)

KB-A

3–4
KB-B

4–5
Taman Kanak-kanak (TK)
(Kindergarten)

TK-A

5–6
TK-B

6–7
Primary School
Sekolah Dasar (SD)
(Elementary School)

Kelas 1

7–8
Kelas 2

8–9
Kelas 3

9–10
Kelas 4

10–11
Kelas 5

11–12
Kelas 6

12–13
Secondary School
Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP)
(Junior High School)

Kelas 7

13–14
Kelas 8

14–15
Kelas 9

15–16
Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA)
(Senior High School)

Kelas 10

16–17
Kelas 11

17–18
Kelas 12

text: Iran[edit]

text: The Iranian system has experienced several changes in the last seven to eight decades. Prior to 1940–1950, the education system had consisted of three levels, called in order: an optional year in kindergarten, six years of primary school, finally followed by six years of secondary school ending up with a diploma. After some improvements during Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the system was changed to four consecutive periods: two optional years in kindergarten and pre-primary school, primary school consisting of 5 years, 3 years in middle school, and finally four years in high school. The system ended up by honoring a diploma in certain majors, e.g. math and physics.

text: Around 1996–1997, one year was reduced from the entire education system and one was honored with a diploma after three years in high school. However, if one would have liked to continue her/his education towards university degrees, one would have been required to take the last year, so called pre-university year. This year had been a requirement to participate in the Iranian University Entrance Exam for high school students. Again, around 2012, the system turned back to its previous system, consisting of two 6-year periods.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In the Republic of Ireland, there are two levels of compulsory education; primary school (ca.5–12 years of age) and secondary school (ca.12–18 years). The names of each class are as follows:

text:
Junior Infants (4–5 years)
Senior Infants (5–6 years)
First Class (6–7 years)
Second Class (7–8 years)
Third Class (8–9 years)
Fourth Class (9–10 years)
Fifth Class (10–11 years)
Sixth Class (11–12 years)

text: After Sixth Class, students move to secondary school, entering;

text: Junior Cycle:

text:
First Year (12–13 years)
Second Year (13–14 years)
Third Year (14–15 years) – Junior Certificate
Fourth Year [or Transition Year] (15–16 years)

text: Senior Cycle:

text:
Fifth Year (15–17 years)
Sixth Year [or Final Year] (16–18 years) – Leaving Certificate

text: In some schools, Transition Year is compulsory, in others it is optional, and in others is not available.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, education is compulsory from the age of 6 to the age of 16. On parents' demand, children can start the Scuola primaria (see below) one year earlier.

text: Educazione Infantile:

text:
Asilo nido: 3 months – 3 years
Scuola d'infanzia: 3 years – 5 years

text: Scuola primaria (informally: Scuola Elementare):

text:
I elementare: 6–7
II elementare: 7–8
III elementare: 8–9
IV elementare: 9–10
V elementare: 10–11

text: Scuola secondaria di primo grado (informally: Scuola Media):

text:
I media – 11–12
II media – 12–13
III media – 13–14

text: Scuola secondaria di secondo grado (informally: Scuola Superiore):

text:
biennio

I superiore – 14–15
II superiore – 15–16

triennio

III superiore – 16–17
IV superiore – 17–18
V superiore – 18–19

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, the years are organized in three stages and renumbered within each stage: 6 years in elementary school (小学校, shōgakkō) years 1 to 6, then 3 years in lower secondary (中学校, chūgakkō) years 1 to 3, then 3 years in higher secondary (高等学校, kōtōgakkō, abbreviated 高校, kōkō) years 1 to 3. The first nine years (elementary 1–6 and lower secondary 1–3) are compulsory, and the years in higher secondary school are voluntary. Completing higher secondary education or attaining an equivalent level is required before one may receive higher education at universities (大学, daigaku).

text:
Year
Ages
Stage

Year 1
6–7
Elementary

Year 2
7–8

Year 3
8–9

Year 4
9–10

Year 5
10–11

Year 6
11–12

Year 1
12–13
Lower secondary

Year 2
13–14

Year 3
14–15

Year 1
15–16
Higher secondary

Year 2
16–17

Year 3
17–18

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: Compulsory education in Malaysia spans a period of 11 years and comprises both primary and secondary education. Kindergarten is optional.

text: Malaysian primary school consists of six years of education, referred to as Year 1 to Year 6 (formerly Standard 1 to Standard 6). Year 1 – 3 are classified as Level One (Tahap Satu in Malay) while Year 4 – 6 make up Level Two (Tahap Dua). Primary schooling usually begins at the age of 7 and ends at 12. Students take their first national examination, the UPSR, towards the end of the Year 6 school year. Performance in the UPSR has no effect on their resuming schooling; all students continue with their secondary education after leaving primary school.

text: Secondary schooling usually begins at age 13. Secondary schools offer education for a total of five years, starting with Form 1 and finishing at Form 5. Forms 1 – 3 are grouped together into the "Lower Form" and Forms 4 & 5 are considered the "Upper Form". Students in Form 3 will have to sit for their second national exam, the PT3. They are then streamed into sciences or humanities classes for the Upper Form according to their performance in this exam. At age 17 students in Form 5 sit for the final level of national examinations, the SPM (Malaysian Certificate of Education). Achieving a passing grade in the Bahasa Melayu (Malay Language) portion of the exams is compulsory; failure results in an automatic failing grade for all subjects taken in the examination and the student is held back to repeat Form 5. Completion of the examination signifies that the student has completed formal education in Malaysia; an SPM certificate remains the base requirement to secure most jobs in Malaysia.

text: After the SPM, students have a choice of either continuing with Form 6 (which comprises 2 years, Lower and Upper Six) or entering matriculation (pre-university programs). If they opt for Form 6, they will be required to take the STPM examination. Although generally taken by those desiring to attend public universities in Malaysia, an STPM certification is internationally recognized and may also be used, though rarely required, to enter private local universities for undergraduate courses.

text:
Educational stages in Malaysia

Year
Ages
School

Kindergarten (optional)
4–6
Preschool

Tahun 1 (Year 1)
7
Tahap Satu (Level One or Lower Primary)

Tahun 2 (Year 2)
8

Tahun 3 (Year 3)
9

Tahun 4 (Year 4)
10
Tahap Dua (Level Two or Higher Primary)

Tahun 5 (Year 5)
11

Tahun 6 (Year 6)
12

Tingkatan 1 (Form 1)
13
Menengah Rendah (Lower Secondary)

Tingkatan 2 (Form 2)
14

Tingkatan 3 (Form 3)
15

Tingkatan 4 (Form 4)
16
Menengah Atas (Upper Secondary)

Tingkatan 5 (Form 5)
17

Tingkatan 6 (Form 6) (optional)
18–19
Pre-university programme

text: Nepal[edit]

text: In Nepal, the stages of education are primary education, secondary education, and higher secondary. Pre-primary education is also found in some areas. Generally, the pre-primary level covers nursery and kindergarten. Primary education consists of grades one through five, while lower secondary education covers grades six through eight and secondary education covers grades nine through ten. Higher secondary covers grades eleven and twelve. Students get Secondary Education Examination certificate in grade ten. According to the new Education Act, the national grade 12 Examination will result in the School Leaving Certificate (SLC).

text:
Year
Ages
School

Nursery
3–4
Preschool

Kindergarten
4–6

Year 1
5–6
Primary

Year 2
6–7

Year 3
7–8

Year 4
8–9

Year 5
9–10

Year 6
10–11
Lower secondary

Year 7
11–12

Year 8
12–13

Year 9
13–14
Junior higher secondary

Year 10
14–16

Year 11
15–17
Senior higher secondary

Year 12
16–18

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand children are required by law to attend 10 years of educational instruction, from the age of 6 to 16. The law also provides in the same legislation that all people are allowed to attend free education to the age of 18, this legislation is the Education Act 1989. Children enroll at primary school when they turn five years old. From years 1–6 students attend primary school. In years 7 and 8 students attend intermediate, or a joint school (years 1–8 or years 7–13). The final years of free education are spent in secondary school (years 9–13). New Zealand also has two older educational stage-numbering systems; standards 5 & 6 were largely unused with the introduction of intermediate schools in the 1950s, while "primmer" numbering was in use well into the 1970s, and some academically focused secondary schools still use "form" numbering.

text: Primary school (sometimes includes up to year 8):

text:
Year level
Ages
Old systems

1
5–6
Junior 1
Primmers 1, 2 & 3

2
6–7
Junior 2
Primmers 3 & 4

3
7–8
Standard 1

4
8–9
Standard 2

5
9–10
Standard 3

6
10–11
Standard 4

text: Intermediate school:

text:
Year level
Ages
Old systems

7
11–12
Form 1
Standard 5

8
12–13
Form 2
Standard 6

text: Secondary school:

text:
Year level
Ages
Old system

9
13–14
Form 3

10
14–15
Form 4

11
15–16
Form 5

12
16–17
Form 6

13
17–18
Form 7

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway children start school at the age of six; before that kindergarten is voluntary. This school is called barneskole (childrenschool):

text:
6–7: First grade
7–8: Second grade
8–9: Third grade
9–10: Fourth grade
10–11: Fifth grade
11–12: Sixth grade
12–13: Seventh grade

text: The second school is ungdomsskole (youth-school). At this level the students are rated with grades in each subject, in addition to behavior and orderliness:

text:
13–14: Eighth grade
14–15: Ninth grade
15–16: Tenth grade

text: The last school before higher education is called videregående skole (ongoing school) and is voluntary, though most choose to attend. At this level students decide among separate career-related schools. The most popular such school is designed to prepare one for further education,[citation needed] while others prepare students for such as mechanics, electricians, cooks and so on. Educational stages in these schools begin again at "one" and are named Vg1, Vg2, Vg3 and Vg4. Some of the more practical schools last only two years, and some students may choose to attend an extra year to study higher education. The typical duration is three years, though some schools offer a four-year program to enable students to engage in more athletics or gather real work experience.

text:
16–17: Vg1
17–18: Vg2
18–19: Vg3
19–20: Vg4

text: Philippines[edit]

text: Previously in the Philippines, there are only ten years of compulsory education. School starts on the first or second week of June, while school ends in the last week of March or first week of April. There are three stages of education in the Philippines — elementary, junior high school, and senior high school. The original ten years of compulsory education, was raised to twelve years of education. This policy was implemented in June, 2012. Here is the table:

text:
Grade
Age
School
Stage

Kindergarten
4–6
Preschool
Elementary school

Grade 1
6–7
Primary school

Grade 2
7–8

Grade 3
8–9

Grade 4
9–10

Grade 5
10–11

Grade 6
11–12

Grade 7
12–13
Secondary school
Junior high school

Grade 8
13–14

Grade 9
14–15

Grade 10
15–16

Grade 11
16–17
Senior high school

Grade 12
17–18

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia, compulsory education lasts eight or nine years and begins the year the child turns seven (8 years) or, sometimes, six (9 years). The first stage of elementary school can last either 3 years (so called 1–3 programme for children starting at the age of 7) or 4 years (so called 1–4 programme for children starting at the age of 6). After of the first stage all pupils enter 5th grade, thus pupils that started at the age of 7 do not attend the 4th grade.

text:
Educational stages in Russia

Year
Ages
School

Yasli
1–2
Early

Kindergarten
3–6 (7)

First Grade
7–8 (6–7)
Elementary

Second Grade
8–9 (7–8)

Third Grade
9–10 (8–9)

Fourth grade
9–10 (only for the pupils studying by 1–4 programme)

Fifth Grade
10–11
Middle

Sixth Grade
11–12

Seventh Grade
12–13

Eighth Grade
13–14

Ninth Grade
14–15

Tenth Grade
15–16
High

Eleventh Grade
16–17

text: While it is not compulsory to remain in school after graduating from middle school, a student cannot progress to tertiary school without graduating from high school or vocational school.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, compulsory education lasts ten years and begins the year the child turns seven. However, most children receive a preschool education spanning two to three years before entering primary school after which they will move on to a secondary school, where Sec 5 is only made compulsory for students who have achieved a determined score for their PSLE.

text:
Educational stages in Singapore

Year
Ages
School

Preschool
3–6

Primary One
6–7
Primary

Primary Two
7–8

Primary Three
8–9

Primary Four
9–10

Primary Five
10–11

Primary Six
11–12

Secondary One
12–13
Secondary

Secondary Two
13–14

Secondary Three
14–15

Secondary Four
15–16

Secondary Five (optional)
16–17

text: While it is not compulsory to remain in school after graduating from secondary school, most go on to receive their tertiary education at a junior college, a polytechnic, or an institute of technical education (ITE) before moving on to university.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden children start school at the age of seven; before that preschool is voluntary. It is unusual to skip a year of "preschool class", with most children attending at age six.

text: 6–7: Preschool class (Förskoleklass)

text: First set of grades are called "lågstadiet" (low grades).

text:
7–8: "ettan" (First Grade)
8–9: "tvåan" (Second Grade)
9–10: "trean" (Third grade)

text: Second set of grades are called "mellanstadiet" (middle grades).

text:
10–11: "fyran" (Fourth grade)
11–12: "femman" (Fifth grade)
12–13: "sexan" (Sixth grade)

text: Third set of grades are called "högstadiet" (high grades).

text:
13–14: "sjuan" (Seventh grade)
14–15: "åttan" (Eighth grade)
15–16: "nian" (Ninth grade)

text: The last school before higher education is called "gymnasiet" (ongoing school) and is voluntary, though most choose to attend. At this level students decide among separate career-related schools. Some of the more practical schools last only two years, and some students may choose to attend an extra year to study higher education. The typical duration is three years, though some schools offer a four-year program to enable students to engage in more athletics or gather real work experience.

text:
16–17: "första ring" (First Level)
17–18: "andra ring" (Second Level)
18–19: "tredje ring" (Third Level)
19–20: "fjärde ring" (Fourth Level)

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: England and Wales[edit]

text: In England and Wales education is divided into two stages: primary education and secondary education. Required assessment within the National Curriculum takes place in years 2 and 6 (National Curriculum assessments) and Year 11 (GCSEs). School education is generally followed by two years of further education – often in a 6th form or 6th form college and then three or four years at university by those who decide to stay in education.

text: Children begin school either in the school year or school term in which they reach their fifth birthday. Primary schools educate children from Reception through to Year 6, and may be subdivided into infant and junior schools. Alternatively, children may attend private prep schools.

text: Secondary education is compulsory to the age of 16. Schools have various possible names, such as grammar, comprehensive and secondary schools, which may or may not indicate selective admission or tuition fees (see main article). 6th form|6th form education is not compulsory at present, and not all secondary schools have a 6th form. There are also 6th form colleges just for Year 12 and 13 students.

text: Some secondary schools still use the 'form' system, with Year 7 being 1st Form (or "1st year"), Year 8 being Second Form, et cetera, up until Year 12 and Year 13, which together make up the 6th Form (namely lower and upper sixth form). Some independent schools use other naming systems.

text: In some areas in England, a three-tier system of education is used, in which students pass through three stages: First school/Lower school (Reception to Year 3/4), Middle school (Year 4/5 to Year 7/8) and finally High or Upper School (Year 8/9–Year 13)

text: Scotland[edit]

text: In Scotland, education is divided into two stages: primary education and secondary education. Primary education is delivered almost exclusively through primary schools which offer education for pupils aged between 4 and 12. Children are entitled to pre-school education from their third birthday, and must enter compulsory education from the August after their 5th birthday. There is some leeway in the starting date or pupils.[6]

text: Education lasts 7 years in the primary school, before pupils move to a secondary school for between 4 and 6 years, the last two being optional. There is some variation in the phasing of education in more remote areas of Scotland, where provision may be made in a through school, or in other combinations of institutes.

text:
Numbering of years in Scottish state schools

Year
Ages
School

Nursery
3–4 or 3–5

Primary One
4–5 or 5–6
Primary

Primary Two
5–6 or 6–7

Primary Three
6–7 or 7–8

Primary Four
7–8 or 8–9

Primary Five
8–9 or 9–10

Primary Six
9–10 or 10–11

Primary Seven
10–11 or 11–12

First year (or S1)
11–12 or 12–13
Secondary

Second Year (or S2)
12–13 or 13–14

Third Year (or S3)
13–14 or 14–15

Fourth Year (or S4)
14–15 or 15–16

Fifth Year (or S5)
15–16 or 16–17

Sixth Year (or S6)
16–17 or 17–18

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States (U.S.), the grades traditionally begin at 1 and run to 12; they are referred to by ordinal number (e.g. first grade, or 3rd grade to 12th grade). An additional preceding level called kindergarten ("K") is now standard in most areas, and a further preceding level called preschool education or nursery school is not uncommon. In some parts of the state of Wisconsin, kindergarten is split further into junior and senior kindergarten.

text: Before the term "middle school" became much more commonly applied, grades 7–8 were placed in "junior high school" (with grade 6 in some schools).

text: At the secondary school level ("high school"), grades 9–12 are also known as freshman (or "first-year"), sophomore, junior, and senior. At the post-secondary level (college or university), these terms are used almost exclusively to refer to what would otherwise be grades 13–16, ending denoted as "college senior". Then come post-graduate levels.

text:
Table US: Ages in grades

Ages
Year

Elementary school

5–6
Kindergarten

6–7
First grade

7–8
Second grade

8–9
Third grade

9–10
Fourth grade

10–11
Fifth grade

Middle school

11–12
Sixth grade[7][8]

12–13
Seventh grade

13–14
Eighth grade

High school

14–15
Ninth grade (freshman)

15–16
Tenth grade (sophomore)

16–17
Eleventh grade (junior)

17–18
Twelfth grade (senior)

text: The Table US (at left) outlines the ages, in years, of each grade level in the US. However, students are sometimes older because of grade retention or younger because of grade skipping.

text: In some classes, students from various grades might attend together as a multi-grade class, to offer more variety in course subjects, rather than have only a single grade attend those classes.


document_title: In the Vineyard

question_text: where was hallmark summer in the vineyard filmed

text: In the Vineyard

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rachael Leigh Cook as Frankie Baldwin, a talented winemaker who has helped her father at the family winery and sets out to make a mark for herself
Brendan Penny as Nate DeLuca, a budding chef who returns to use his college education to manage grape crops in a winery in his hometown
Laura Soltis as Carla DeLuca, matriarch of the DeLucas and Nate's mother
Tom Butler as Charles Baldwin, patriarch of the Baldwins and Frankie and Jonah's father
Jeremy Guilbaut as Jonah Baldwin, the local police officer and Frankie's brother
Marcus Rosner as Marco DeLuca, Nate's brother and manager at the DeLuca winery
Ali Liebert as Hannah, Frankie's best friend and confidante and Marco's ex
Tegan Moss as Lexi, Frankie's cousin and a baker who moves to town and catches Marco's attention

text: Production[edit]

text: The first film was shot in River Stone winery near Oliver and Osoyos in the South Okanagan Valley in British Columbia.[3] The second installment of the film series, Summer in the Vineyard, was also shot in Okanagan Valley.[4][5]

text: Films[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"Autumn in the Vineyard"Martin WoodMarina Adair, Suzette CoutureOctober 8, 2016 (2016-10-08)[6][7]
Frankie Baldwin has been working on her family winery but wants to do something of her own. When her father, Charles, hires an outsider to help out at the winery, on an impulse she buys the Sorrento farm from a friend who is in the middle of a divorce. It is only after the purchase that she finds out that she actually co-owns Sorrento with her former boyfriend and recently back-in-town Nate DeLuca who comes from the DeLuca winery. The two are forced to reach a compromise and decide to co-manage the property to bring in the harvest leading up to the Best Wine competition at the annual Autumn Harvest Festival.

2"Summer in the Vineyard"Martin WoodMarina Adair, Julie Sherman WolfeAugust 12, 2017 (2017-08-12)[8][9]
As their first year at Sorrento Farms is coming to a close, they are looking forward to debuting their first vintage wine during the town's annual 'Summerfest' celebration. When the host winery for Summerfest pulls out at the last minute, Nate volunteers Sorrento to replace them, thinking it will be great publicity for their fledgling operation. Frankie, however, is more concerned with whether she can have their first Cabernet ready on time. The pressure is on them both to make a big splash for Sorrento at Summerfest to ensure the viability of their winery going forward. These two headstrong paramours are about to find out if you really can mix business with pleasure.

3"Wedding in the Vineyard"TBAMarina Adair2018 (2018)


document_title: That Thing You Do (song)

question_text: who actually sang the song that thing you do

text: That Thing You Do (song)

text: In the film[edit]

text: In 1964, an Erie, Pennsylvania band named "The One-ders" (later known as The Wonders) goes from a college talent show to climbing up the Billboard charts thanks to the song "That Thing You Do". Written by guitarist/vocalist Jimmy Mattingly II, it was originally crafted as a ballad. During the performance at the talent show, drummer Guy Patterson produces a much more up-tempo beat and the rest of the band follow suit, turning the song into an upbeat, Beatles-esque rock number. The song is a hit with the audience, and they win the talent show. From there, the band is picked up by a local manager who helps them get more shows in the area, and eventually the song receives radio airplay. The band is then signed to Play-Tone Records, under Mr. White's guidance, and the song climbs up the Billboard Hot 100, starting at #93, then #71, #49, and #21. The following week, "That Thing You Do" climbs to #7, becoming the quickest charting song ever on Play-Tone Records. However, Jimmy walks out on the band before they can produce another record, so they eventually become one-hit wonders.

text: Early in the film, when Jimmy and Lenny are asking Guy to join them at the talent competition at the college, Jimmy mentions they'll perform a song he wrote. Lenny takes offense to that by slapping Jimmy on the arm. Jimmy begrudgingly corrects himself by saying, "We wrote." Later, when the vinyl 45 is officially released, the label states: Written by James Mattingly II. Later still, when being interviewed live on radio station KJZZ, Jimmy says of the song, "We wrote it in my garage back in Erie, PA".

text: In the film, the song is performed by James "Jimmy" Mattingly II on lead vocals and guitar, Leonard "Lenny" Haise on lead guitar and backing vocals, "T.B. Player" on bass and backing vocals (as a running gag, the bass player in the film is unnamed), and Guy "Shades" Patterson on drums. For their live performance of the song on The Hollywood Television Showcase, studio bassist Scott "Wolfman" Pell replaced T.B. Player on bass and backing vocals.

text: In the fictitious "mockumentary" liner notes from the soundtrack CD, "That Thing You Do" peaked at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 during the summer of 1964.

text: In Reality[edit]

text: The song was written by Adam Schlesinger, the bassist of the alternative rock group Fountains of Wayne. Schlesinger did not expect his song to be chosen, but tried as "a personal exercise". Performers include Mike Viola on vocals with Schlesinger on backup vocals.[2]

text: The song was released as a single, and although not as successful as was depicted in the film, the track still did moderately well in the US, peaking at #41 on the Billboard Hot 100. (It also reached #22 on the Adult Contemporary chart, #18 on the Adult Top 40, and #24 on the Top 40 Mainstream chart.)[2]

text: The song was a bigger hit outside of the US, reaching #31 in Canada in December 1996,[3] and #22 on the UK Singles Chart in February 1997.[4] The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 69th Academy Awards as well as Best Original Song at the 54th Golden Globe Awards, losing out on both occasions to Madonna's "You Must Love Me" (written by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber) from the musical Evita.[5]

text: On April 25, 2017, three quarters of the actors who played The Wonders - Tom Everett Scott (Guy "Shades" Patterson), Johnathon Schaech (Jimmy Mattingly II) and Ethan Embry ("T.B. Player") - performed the song live during a surprise appearance at the Roxy in Los Angeles.[6] The occasion was the Goddamn Comedy Jam, a live show series in which comedians tell funny stories about a meaningful song and then perform it with a live band.[7] Comedian and show creator Josh Adam Meyers persuaded the actors to perform the song with him. After initial hesitation on Scott's part, Meyers managed to persuade him with help from The After Jam producer Jason Gallagher, who happened to be Scott's brother-in-law. The other actors soon followed suit, with Gallagher helping them learn how to play the instruments. Steve Zahn (Lenny Haise) was unable to participate due to living in Kentucky; comedian Jeremiah Watkins took his place on lead guitar while wearing a cut-out mask of Zahn's face.[8] On April 10, 2017, Embry posted a video of himself playing the song's bass line; it is now apparent that the video was a teaser for the event two weeks later.[9] Coincidentally, Tom Everett Scott replaced Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series.

text: Cover versions[edit]

text:
The Knack recorded the song for their 1998 hits collection, Proof: The Very Best of the Knack.[10]
'N Sync performed the song during their 1999 tour, as part of a '60s segment.[11]
New Found Glory did a cover of this song for their EP, From the Screen to Your Stereo in 2000.
Japanese ska band Shaka Labbits included a cover of the song on their 2004 live album Burning Cylinder.
Scottish band Bubblegum Lemonade included the song on their 2008 EP Ten Years Younger.[12]
In 2010, the song was parodied by The Fringemunks to recap Fringe episode 3.03, "The Plateau."[13]
Day6's Jae Park performed it on the South Korean reality show K-pop Star in 2012.
Pentatonix performed the song at the 2014 Kennedy Center Honors, paying tribute to Tom Hanks, the writer and director of the song's feature film by the same name.[14]
Set It Off used the beat as inspiration for their song "Ancient History."


document_title: Cigarette lighter receptacle

question_text: when did they start putting cigarette lighters in cars

text: Cigarette lighter receptacle

text: History[edit]

text: The electrical cigar-lighter was invented and patented in the early 1880s by the German inventor Friedrich Wilhelm Schindler (de).[citation needed] In the 1890s, these tools were sold as electrical cigar lighters (Cigarrenanzünder), and later as Zigarrenanzünder in the major German warehouse catalogues.[citation needed] Probably in the 1920s they were renamed "cigarette lighters", as cigarettes overtook cigars in sales.

text: In 1921, the Morris U.S. Patent 1,376,154 was issued for a so-called "wireless" or "cordless" lighter with a removable element. The igniter was heated in the socket and then manually removed for use after an appropriate time interval.[1]

text: In the United States, cigarette lighters started appearing as standard equipment in automobiles in 1925–1926.[2]

text: In 1928, the Connecticut Automotive Specialty Company (Casco) in Bridgeport patented its version of an automotive cigarette lighter, which used a cord and reel.[3] In the reel-type lighters, the igniter unit was connected with a source of current by a cable which was wound on a spring drum so that the igniter unit and cable could be withdrawn from the socket and be used for lighting a cigar or cigarette. As the removable plug was returned to the socket, the wires were reeled back into it. The circuit was closed either by pressing a button or removing the igniter from its socket.[1]

text: The modern "automatic" removable automotive V-Coil lighter was developed by Casco in 1956,[3] for which it received U.S. Patent 2,959,664, issued in 1960.

text: Use as a lighter[edit]

text: The lighter is a metal or plastic cylinder containing a thin flat coil of nichrome metal strip, through which high current (~10 amperes) passes when the device is activated, usually by pushing it into the socket as though it were a push-button. When pushed in, the lighter is held against the force of a spring by a clip attached to a bi-metallic strip.[4] The heating element glows orange hot in seconds, causing the bi-metallic strip to bend and release the mechanism, and the handle pops out, eliminating the need for the user to time the heating operation. If the lighter is then promptly removed from its socket, it can light a  cigarette, cigar, or tinder.

text: Use as an electrical outlet[edit]

text: In newer cars, the socket is equipped with a plastic cover without the lighter heating element.[5] However, the socket has been repurposed and continues to be used to power consumer electronics in vehicles.[6] Often, a vehicle may come with several outlets for convenience, some in the rear passenger area of the vehicle or even the cargo area, for such purposes as powering portable GPS devices, recharging mobile phones, or powering a tire inflator, a vacuum cleaner or a thermoelectric cooler. These outlets usually have a plastic cap tethered to them, and are usually labeled as being only for DC power, because they are not intended to withstand the heat produced by an electrical cigarette lighter.

text: The use of cigarette lighter receptacles to supply 12 volt DC power is a classic example of backward compatibility to a de facto standard. The connector falls far short of ideal, being physically large and awkward to use, while being less reliable than alternatives such as the Anderson Powerpole connector (which is often used by amateur radio enthusiasts in mobile operations). Nevertheless, cigarette lighter receptacles are in widespread use, and all but the lowest-cost cars, trucks, RVs, and even boats can be expected to have at least one such receptacle. Portable cigarette lighter receptacles attached to cables and alligator clips for connection directly to car batteries are available for temporary use. In newer vehicles, one or more USB connectors may also be provided, as a source of modest amounts of 5 volt DC power, but even in these situations a cigarette lighter receptacle is provided for 12 volt DC power, and for applications that require higher current.

text: Standardized 12 volt DC automobile plugs are defined in the United States by UL Standard 2089 regarding vehicle battery adapters. This standard covers plugs and cord sets that insert into cigarette lighter receptacles. In Europe, 12 volt plugs and sockets are not specially regulated, and do not require approvals for the CE mark.[citation needed]

text: The male plug is sometimes used to feed power into a vehicle to recharge its battery. For instance, portable solar battery maintainers generally connect to a vehicle's battery in this manner. Trickle chargers also sometimes connect in this way, eliminating the need to leave a vehicle's hood open, as well as eliminating the possibility of reversed polarity. In some models, the cigarette lighter outlet is not powered when the ignition key is removed and charging is not possible.

text: Technical details[edit]

text: The sockets and mating plugs are defined in the ANSI/SAE J563[7] specification. For the 12 volt systems, the "contact point", which is the center part of the plug when viewed end-on, carries the positive voltage, whereas the "can" part, which is the outer part of the connector, carries the negative voltage (which is the "ground" connection for most automobiles, which have a negative ground electrical system).

text: 12 volt auto connectors are made to comply with a standard by Underwriters Laboratories for safety. UL2089 was developed to cover the requirements for portable adapters rated 24 V DC or less that are intended to be supplied from the battery powered electrical system of a vehicle. Products covered by the standard include cord assemblies of a plug that mates with the standard cigarette receptacle found in automobiles.

text:
Receptacle inside diameter: 21.34–21.46 mm (median 21.4 mm)
Plug body diameter: 21.08–21.23 mm (median 21.155 mm)

text:
Receptacle inside diameter: 20.93–21.01 mm (median 20.97 mm)
Plug body diameter: 20.73–20.88 mm (median 20.805 mm)
Most often used in American automobiles

text:
Receptacle inside diameter: 21.41–21.51 mm (median 21.455 mm)
Plug body diameter: 21.13–21.33 mm (median 21.18 mm)
Most often used in European automobiles, and sometimes as a second socket in American automobiles expressly for DC power connections.

text: Plugs often include a pilot light LED indicator to indicate that electrical power is connected. Optionally, the plug may be equipped with an internal fuse for electrical safety, usually rated at 10 amps or less. In some designs, the tip of the plug may be unscrewed to reveal a cylindrical glass fuse; other variants may use a newer blade-type fuse inserted into the side or back of the plug.

text: Design considerations[edit]

text: Since the cigarette lighter socket was originally designed only to heat a cigarette lighter, repurposing these sockets as generic power connectors can lead to many problems. In addition to the issues with partially-compatible physical dimensions, the plugs can vibrate out of the socket under normal driving conditions, owing to poor retention. Also, there have been reports of melted plug tips due to poor contact and heat generation from ohmic resistance.[8]  Non-vehicular use in stationary settings may avoid vibration problems when used as an alternative to 120 volt AC outlets, but low-quality connectors may still develop high resistance or intermittent contact.

text: A second problem is that nominally "twelve-volt" power in cars fluctuates widely. The actual voltage will be approximately 12.5 volts when dormant (less in cold conditions), approximately 14.5 volts when the engine and the alternator/generator are operating (more when cold), and may briefly drop as low as 5–6 volts during engine start.[9] When used, DC to DC converters will usually compensate for small fluctuations, but reliable power may not be available without an independent battery-powered uninterruptible power supply.

text: Rarely, more extreme cases of voltage fluctuation can occur when the car battery is disconnected while the engine is running, or when the car receives a jump start. When the battery is disconnected while the engine is running, a load dump transient can produce very high voltages as the built in voltage regulator has been controlling the alternator field current to charge the vehicle battery and although it will attempt to reduce the field current to keep the output voltage constant, the field winding is highly inductive and setting the current to its new value takes several hundred milliseconds, during which the alternator output voltage will exceed its intended value. The load dump transient may also ruin the diodes in the alternator by exceeding their breakdown voltage. A car receiving a jump start from a truck may be subject to a 24 V electrical system used in some vehicles.[10] Also, a "double battery jump-start" is performed by some tow truck drivers in cold climates.[11]

text: Equipment intended to be powered by the receptacle needs to account for intermittent contact, and voltages outside the nominal 12 V DC, such as maximum voltage 9–16 V continuously, or maximum voltage of 20 V lasting 1 hour, 24 V lasting 1 minute, and 40 V lasting 400 ms.[12] An example of protection component ratings tolerance is +50 to −60 V DC.[13] Robust equipment must tolerate temperatures varying between −40 and +85 °C (−40 and 185 °F), plus possible high humidity and condensation of water.[12]