document_title: List of United States treaties

question_text: approximately how many treaties were made with tribes in the u.s

text: List of United States treaties

text: Pre-Revolutionary War treaties[edit]

text: Before the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, the sovereign of the United Kingdom and the leaders of various North American colonies negotiated treaties that affected the territory of what would later become the United States.

text:
1722 – Great Treaty of 1722[1]
1726 – Deed in Trust from Three of the Five Nations of Indians to the King
1744 – Treaty of Lancaster
1752 – Treaty of Logstown
1754 – Treaty of Albany
1758 – Treaty of Easton
1760 – Treaty of Pittsburgh
1763 – Treaty of Paris
1768 – Treaty of Hard Labour
1768 – Treaty of Fort Stanwix
1770 – Treaty of Lochaber
1774 – Treaty of Camp Charlotte

text: U.S. international treaties[edit]

text: These are treaties which the United States has made with other sovereign international states. This is mostly to distinguish them from the next category. Under the treaty clause of the United States Constitution, treaties come into effect upon final ratification by the President of the United States, provided that a two-thirds majority of the United States Senate concurs.[2]

text:
1776 – Model Treaty passed by the Continental Congress becomes the template for its future international treaties[3]
1778 – Treaty of Alliance – American Revolutionary War alliance with France
1778 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States – France)
1782 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce[4][5] – with Dutch Republic
1783 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States – Sweden)[6] – with Sweden
1783 – Second Treaty of Paris Ended the American Revolutionary War
1785 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Prussia–United States)[7] – with Prussia
1786 – Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship – Morocco — first Sovereign state to recognize the U.S; oldest unbroken U.S. treaty
– trade treaty with Spain (not ratified)
1794 – Jay Treaty AKA Treaty of London – attempts to settle post-Revolution disputes with Great Britain
1795 – Treaty of Greenville – opened most of Ohio to white settlement
1795 – Treaty with Algeria
1795 – Pinckney's Treaty AKA Treaty of Madrid, Treaty of San Lorenzo – defines boundaries of U.S. with Spanish colonies
1796 – Treaty with Tripoli – tribute payments to Tripoli to protect Americans from seizure and ransom
1797 – Treaty with Tunis – increases tribute payments to Tripoli

text:
1800 – Convention of 1800 (Treaty of Mortefontaine) – Ends the Quasi War between France and the U.S.
1803 - Louisiana Purchase Treaty - Acquire Louisiana Territory from the French Republic.
1805 – Treaty with Tripoli [8] – Secure release of Americans being held and proclaim peace and amity.
1814 – Treaty of Ghent – Ends the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Great Britain
1815 – Commercial treaty with Great Britain – Established free trade between the United States, England, and much of the British Empire (Ireland was among the areas excluded) [9][10][11]
1817 – Rush–Bagot Treaty – The United States and Great Britain agree to demilitarize the Great Lakes.
1818 – Treaty of 1818 – resolved boundary issues between U.S. and Great Britain
1819 – Adams–Onís Treaty – purchase of Florida from Spain
1824 – Russo-American Treaty – gave Russian claims on land off the Northwest Pacific coast of North America (north of the Oregon Country)
1824 – Anderson–Gual Treaty – between U.S. and Gran Colombia; first bilateral treaty with another American country
1828 – Treaty of Limits – between Mexico and the U.S.; confirms the boundary agreed to with Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty.
1830 – Treaty with the Ottoman Porte[12][13] Also see Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
1831 – Franco-American Treaty of 1831 - France agreed to pay reparations of 25 million francs for damage to American shipping during the Napoleonic wars[14] (ratified in 1835 under Victor de Broglie's government – see July Monarchy)
1833 – Siamese-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce – commercial treaty between the Kingdom of Siam and the United States, first treaty with an East Asian nation
1833 – Treaty with Muscat[15]
1842 – Webster–Ashburton Treaty – settles boundary disputes between the U.S. and Canada
1844 - Treaty of Wanghia - between China and the U.S.; established five U.S. treaty ports in China with extraterritoriality
1846 – Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty with the Republic of New Granada (Colombia)
1846 – Oregon Treaty – brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country
1847 – Treaty of Cahuenga – ends the Mexican–American War in California
1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – fully ends the Mexican–American War
1849 – Hawaiian–American Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation – Treaty between the Hawaiian Kingdom and the United States

text:
1850 – Clayton–Bulwer Treaty – U.S. and United Kingdom agree not to colonize Central America
1851 - Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) - with the Cheyenne, Sioux, Arapaho, Crow, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nations
1854 – Convention of Kanagawa – forcibly opens Japan to American trade
1855 – Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty – with Canada on trade and tariffs
1855 - Treaty of Detroit (1855) - U. S. and Ottawa and Chippewa Nations of Indians which severed the link between the two Native American groups for further treaty negotiations and prepared the way for allotment of tribal land to individuals.
1857 – American treaty is kept with france- Treaty between American and Russia
1858 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan), also known as Harris Treaty – forces the opening of treaty ports on Japan
1858 - Treaty of Tientsin - with China; established peace, amity, and commerce
1862 – Ottoman-American Treaty of Commerce and Navigation[13]
1864 – Geneva Convention governing the treatment of sick and wounded combatants – established rules for the treatment of battlefield casualties
1867 – Alaska Purchase – U.S. buys Alaska from Russia
1868 – Burlingame Treaty – with China; established improved relations
1868 – Naturalization Convention – with North German Confederation; first recognition by a European power of the legal right of its subjects to become American citizens
1868 – Naturalization Convention – with Belgium
1868 - Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) - with the Sioux and Arapaho
1869 – Naturalization Convention – with Sweden and Norway.
1870 – Naturalization Convention – with United Kingdom
1871 – Treaty of Washington – settles grievances between the U.S. and Canada
1872 – Naturalization Convention – with Denmark
1883 – Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property – intellectual property systems, including patents, of any contracting state become accessible to the nationals of other states party to the Convention
1886 – Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (ratified by U.S. in 1989)
1898 – Sixth Treaty of Paris – ends the Spanish–American War
1899 – Hague Conventions – one of the first formal statements of the laws of war

text:
1900 – Treaty between Spain and the United States for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines. Concluded November 7, 1900; ratification advised by Senate January 22, 1901 .. ratified by the President January 30, 1901; ratifications exchanged March 23, 1901; proclaimed March 23, 1901.
1901 – Hay–Pauncefote Treaty – nullified Clayton–Bulwer Treaty in exchange for free access to build a canal across Central America
1901 – Boxer Protocol AKA Treaty of 1901, Peace Agreement between the Great Powers and China – one of the Unequal Treaties with China
1902 – Naturalization Convention – with Haiti
1903 – Hay–Herrán Treaty – the U.S. attempt to acquire a lease on Panama from Colombia (not ratified by Colombia)
1903 – Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty – establishes the Panama Canal Zone
1903 – Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903) –
1905 – Treaty of Portsmouth – ends Russo-Japanese War; negotiated by Theodore Roosevelt
1905 – Taft–Katsura Agreement – Japan and U.S. agree on spheres of influence in Asia
1906 – Geneva Convention governing the sick and wounded at sea – treatment of wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea
1906 – Inter-American Convention Establishing the Status of Naturalized Citizens Who Again Take Up Residence in the Country of Their Origin
1907 – Gentlemen's Agreement – limiting Japanese immigration to the U.S.
1907 – Naturalization Convention – with Peru
1908 – Naturalization Convention – with Portugal
1908 – Naturalization Convention – with El Salvador
1908 – Naturalization Convention – with Honduras
1908 – Naturalization Convention – with Nicaragua
1908 – Naturalization Convention – with Uruguay
1909 – Boundary Waters Treaty – regulates water quantity and water quality along the boundary between Canada and the United States.
1911 – Naturalization Convention – with Costa Rica
1911 – North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 – first international treaty for wildlife preservation
1912 – International Opium Convention – first international drug control treaty
1916 – Treaty of the Danish West Indies – U.S. purchase of the Danish West Indies, renaming them the United States Virgin Islands
1917 – Lansing–Ishii Agreement – trade treaty between the U.S. and Japan
1918 – Migratory Bird Treaty – Environment treaty with the United Kingdom representing Canada, to protect birds which migrate between Canada and the U.S.
1919 - Treaty of Versailles, 1919 - ended the conflict between Germany and the Allied forces.
1921 – U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (1921) – separate World War I peace agreement between United States and Austria[16]
1921 – Treaty of Berlin – separate World War I peace agreement between United States and Germany
1921 – U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921) – separate World War I peace agreement between United States and Hungary[17]
1922 – Washington Naval Treaty – limits the naval armaments race, supplement to restrict submarine warfare and ban chemical warfare was rejected by France.
1923 – Treaty of Lausanne – sets the boundaries of modern Turkey
1925 – Anglo-American Convention – American acceptance of the provisions of the Mandate for Palestine and supervision of British performance as mandatory of the Mandate for Palestine.
1925 – Hay-Quesada Treaty – America accepts Cuban ownership of Isle of Pines.
1928 – Kellogg–Briand Pact – calls "for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy"
1929 – Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War – establishes rules for the treatment of prisoners of war
1930 – London Naval Treaty – regulates submarine warfare and shipbuilding
1930 – Convention Between the United States and Great Britain – Definitely delimits the boundary between North Borneo (then a British protectorate) and the Philippine archipelago (then a U.S. Territory)
1934 – Treaty of Relations – agreements between United States and Cuba [18] s:United States – Cuban Agreements and Treaty of 1934
1937 – Treaty Defining Liability for Military Service, etc. – with Lithuania
1943 - Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China - relinquished previous U.S. rights to extraterritoriality in China
1944 – Bretton Woods Agreement – establishes the rules for commercial and financial relations among the major industrial states
1945 – UN Charter – establishes the United Nations
1946 – Bermuda Agreement – bilateral treaty on Civil Aviation between U.S. and United Kingdom
1946 – Treaty of Manila (1946) – United States recognizes independence of the Republic of the Philippines
1947 – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – establishes rules for international trade
1947 – Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 – establishes peace in Europe after World War II
1947 – Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) – Western Hemisphere mutual defense
1947 – Convention on International Civil Aviation AKA Chicago Convention – establishes International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
1949 – North Atlantic Treaty (Treaty of Washington) – establishes NATO mutual defense organization
1949 – Fourth Geneva Convention – establishes rules for the protection of civilians during times of war
1949 – Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China – establishes amiable relations between the U.S. and China.

text:
1951 – Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide – (with U.S. qualifications)
1951 – Treaty of San Francisco – a peace treaty between the Allied powers and Japan; ends the Pacific conflict of World War II
1951 – Mutual Defense Treaty – alliance between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America
1951 – Treaty of Security between the United States and Japan (updated 1960)
1952 – ANZUS Treaty – mutual defense alliance between Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S.
1953 – Mutual Defense Treaty – Created an alliance with South Korea, and established the basis of South Korean adherence with U.S. Government consulations on North Korean policy
1954 – U.S. and Japan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement
1954 – Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty – creates SEATO mutual defense organization
1954 – Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty
1955 – Central Treaty Organization AKA CENTO, the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO), Baghdad Pact – creates CENTO mutual defense organization
1955 – The Open Skies Treaty – allow access to other nations' military activities by means of aerial surveillance flights
1956 – Dutch-American Friendship Treaty
1957 – International Atomic Energy Treaty (US PL 85-177)
1958 – 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement – with United Kingdom
1960 – Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan – mutual defense treaty with Japan
1961 – Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (US PL 87-297)
1961 – Antarctic Treaty – governs international relations in Antarctica
1961 – Columbia River Treaty (ratified in 1964) – with Canada to manage water in the Columbia River valley
1961 – Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
1961 – Alliance for Progress
1961 – Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
1962 – Nassau Agreement – defense treaty with United Kingdom
1963 – Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
1963 – Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage
1963 – Partial Test Ban Treaty
1966 – Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations (Thailand–United States) – commercial treaty with the Kingdom of Thailand
1966 - International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1967 – Outer Space Treaty
1968 – Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
1968 - Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
1969 – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
1970 – Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
1970 – Boundary Treaty of 1970 – settles U.S. – Mexico border on Rio Grande
1971 – Geneva Phonograms Convention
1971 – Convention on Psychotropic Substances
1972 – Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty AKA ABM Treaty (U.S. withdrew in 2002)
1972 – SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)
1972 – Biological Weapons Convention
1972 – Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) (implemented by U.S., but not signed)
1972 – Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement – regulates water quality along the U.S.-Canada border
1973 – Paris Peace Accords – with North Vietnam ending the Vietnam War
1974 – Threshold Test Ban Treaty
1977 – Torrijos-Carter Treaties – transfer of Panama Canal to Panama
1978 – Camp David Accords – between Israel and Egypt; negotiated and signed in U.S.
1978 – Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (1978) – regulates water quality along the U.S.-Canada border
1979 – SALT II (not ratified by U.S.)
1985 – Plaza Accord – G-5 agreed to devalue the US dollar in relation to the Japanese yen and German Deutsche Mark by intervening in currency markets
1986 – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations
1986 – United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
1988 – Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) – with U.S. and USSR
1988 – United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
1988 – United Nations Convention Against Torture
1989 – Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
1990 – Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany – final World War II peace with Germany and Allies
1991 – Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe – Signed by all 16 NATO members and Warsaw Pact nations; ratified by all 16 NATO states, the eight successor states to the USSR that have territory in Europe, and the six former Warsaw Pact nations
1991 – START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) – with US and USSR
1992 – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ratified with qualifications by U.S. Senate)
1992 – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1993 – Oslo Accords – between PLO and Israel; negotiated with U.S. involvement
1993 – Chemical Weapons Convention
1993 – START II (ratified by U.S. and Russia)
1994 – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
1994 – Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods
1994 – Kremlin accords – US and USSR missile and nuclear weapons control
1994 – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea AKA Law of the Sea, LOS (not ratified by U.S.)
1994 – Colorado river dispute – with Mexico on water quality and quantity
1995 – Dayton Agreement – ends war and determines the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina; negotiated and signed in U.S.
1995 – General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
1996 – WIPO Copyright Treaty – protects computer programs and databases
1996 – WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
1996 – Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (signed but not ratified by U.S.)
1997 – Worldwide Chemical Weapons Convention
1998 – Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ("unsigned" by the U.S.)

text:
2000 – Patents Law Treaty (PLT) – (not ratified by U.S.)
2001 – Convention on Cybercrime – a highly controversial proposal (U.S. Senate ratified August 2006 [19])
2002 – SORT (Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty) AKA Moscow Treaty – limits the nuclear arsenals of Russia and the U.S.
2004 – International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture AKA "International Seed Treaty" – to assure farmers' access to seeds of the world's food security crops (not ratified by U.S.)
2005 – Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement
2010 – New START (The New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) U.S./Russia Treaty – limits the nuclear arsenal capabilities of Russia and the U.S. while allowing for inspection.
2012 – United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA)
2013 – UN Arms Treaty (U.S./U.N. Treaty) – regulates the international arms trade (signed but not ratified by U.S.)

text: U.S.–Native American treaties[edit]

text:
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text: From 1778 to 1871, the United States government entered into more than 500 treaties with the Native American tribes; all of these treaties have since been violated in some way or outright broken by the US government,[20][21][22][23] while at least one treaty was violated or broken by Native American tribes.[24] However, violations by one party do not nullify the treaties under US law; the treaties still have legal effect today, and Native Americans and First Nations peoples are still fighting for their treaty rights in federal courts and at the United Nations.[21][25]

text: In addition to treaties, which are ratified by the US Senate and signed by the US President, there were also Acts of Congress and Executive Orders which dealt with land agreements. The U.S. military and representatives of a tribe, or sub unit of a tribe, signed documents which were understood at the time to be treaties, rather than armistices, ceasefires and truces.

text:
Year
Date
Treaty Name
Alternative
Treaty Name
Statutes
Land Cession
Reference
(Royce Area)
Tribe(s)

1778
September 17
Treaty of Fort Pitt
Treaty with the Delaware
7 Stat. 13

Lenape

1784
October 22
Treaty of Fort Stanwix
Treaty with the Six Nations
7 Stat. 15
1, 2
Six Nations (Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Tuscarora, Cayuga, Onondaga)

1785
January 21
Treaty of Fort McIntosh
Treaty with the Wyandot, etc.
7 Stat. 16

Wyandot, Lenape, Ojibwe, Odawa

1785
November 28
Treaty of Hopewell
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 18
3
Cherokee

1786
January 3
Treaty of Hopewell
Treaty with the Choctaw
7 Stat. 21

Choctaw

1786
January 10
Treaty of Hopewell
Treaty with the Chickasaw
7 Stat. 24

Chickasaw

1786
January 31
Treaty of Fort Finney
Treaty with the Shawnee
7 Stat. 26

Shawnee

1788
September 3
Ordinance of Congress
Moravian Indian Grants
v34 p 485-487
4, 5, 6
Christian Indians

1789
January 9
Treaty of Fort Harmar
Treaty with the Wyandot, etc.
7 Stat. 28

Wyandot, Lenape, Council of Three Fires (Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi), Sauk

1789
January 9
Treaty of Fort Harmar
Treaty with the Six Nations
7 Stat. 33

Six Nations (Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Tuscarora, Cayuga, Onondaga)

1790
August 7
Treaty of New York (1790)
Treaty with the Creek
7 Stat. 35
7
Creek

1791
March 3
Act of Congress

1 Stat. 221

Piankeshaw, Kaskaskia

1791
July 2
Treaty of Holston
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 39
8
Cherokee

1792
February 17

Additional article to the Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 42

Cherokee

1792
April 23
Philadelphia Agreement
Agreement with the Five Nations of Indians

Five Nations (Seneca, Oneida, Tuscarora, Cayuga, Onondaga)

1794
June 26
Treaty of Holston
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 43

Cherokee

1794
November 11
Treaty of Canandaigua
Treaty with the Six Nations
7 Stat. 44
9, 10
Six Nations (Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Tuscarora, Cayuga, Onondaga)

1794
December 2
Treaty of Oneida
Treaty with the Oneida, etc.
7 Stat. 47

Five Nations (Seneca, Oneida, Tuscarora, Cayuga, Onondaga)

1795
August 3
Treaty of Greenville
Treaty with the Wyandot, etc.
7 Stat. 49
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
Wyandot, Lenape, Shawnee, Council of Three Fires (Chippewa, Sauk, Ottawa, Potawatomi), Miami, Eel River, Wea, Kickapoo, Piankeshaw, Kaskaskia

1796
May 31
Treaty of New York (1796) - this is a treaty of the State of New York, not the U.S.
Treaty with the Seven Nations of Canada
7 Stat. 55
28
Seven Nations of Canada (Akwesasne Mohawk, Kahnawake Mohawk, Anishinaabeg (Algonquin and Nipissing) and Mohawk of Oka, Odanak Abenaki, Becancour Abenaki, Jeune-Lorette Wyandot, Oswegatchie Onondaga)

1796
June 29
Treaty of Colerain
Treaty with the Creeks
7 Stat. 56

Creek

1797
March 29
Treaty of Albany
Relinquishment by the Mohawks
7 Stat. 61

Mohawk

1797
September 15
Genesee Agreement
Agreement with the Seneca
7 Stat. 601
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41
Seneca

1798
June 1
Ratified Treaty Number 28
Convention Between the State of New York and the Oneida Indians

Oneida

1798
October 2
Treaty of Tellico
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 62
42
Cherokee

text:
Year
Date
Treaty Name
Alternative
Treaty Name
Statutes
Land Cession
Reference
(Royce Area)
Tribe(s)

1801
October 24
Treaty of Chickasaw Bluffs
Treaty with the Chickasaw
7 Stat. 65

Chickasaw

1801
December 17
Treaty of Fort Adams
Treaty with the Choctaw
7 Stat. 66
43
Choctaw

1802
June 16
Treaty of Fort Wilkinson
Treaty with the Creeks
7 Stat. 68
44
Creek

1802
June 30
Treaty of Buffalo Creek
Indenture with the Senecas
7 Stat. 70
45
Seneca

1802
June 30
Treaty of Buffalo Creek
Treaty with the Seneca
7 Stat. 72

Seneca

1802
October 17
Treaty of Fort Confederation
Provisional Convention with the Choctaws
7 Stat. 73
46
Choctaw

1803
June 7
Treaty of Fort Wayne
Treaty with the Delawares, etc.
7 Stat. 74

Lenape, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Miami, Eel River, Wea, Kickapoo, Piankeshaw, Kaskaskia

1803
August 7
Treaty of Vincennes
Relinquishment of land to the United States by the Eel-Rivers, Wyandots, Piankeshaws, Kaskaskias, and Kickapoos, Treaty with the Eel River, etc.
7 Stat. 77
47
Eel River, Wyandot, Piankeshaw, Kaskaskia, Kickapoo

1803
August 13
Treaty of Vincennes
Treaty with the Kaskaskia
7 Stat. 78
48
Kaskaskia

1803
August 31
Treaty of Hoe Buckintoopa
Treaty with the Choctaw
7 Stat. 80

Choctaw

1804
August 18
Treaty of Vincennes
Treaty with the Delawares
7 Stat. 81
49
Lenape

1804
August 27
Treaty of Vincennes
Treaty with the Piankeshaw
7 Stat. 83

Piankeshaw

1804
October 24
Treaty of Tellico
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 228
52
Cherokee

1804
November 3
Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes
7 Stat. 84
50, 51
Sac and Fox

1805
July 4
Treaty of Fort Industry
Treaty with the Wyandot, etc.
7 Stat. 87
53, 54
Wyandot, Odawa, Ojibwe, Munsee, Lenape, Shawnee, Potawatomi

1805
July 23
Treaty of Chickasaw County
Treaty with the Chickasaw
7 Stat. 89
55
Chickasaw

1805
August 21
Treaty of Grouseland
Treaty with the Delawares, etc.
7 Stat. 91
56
Lenape, Potawatomi, Miami, Eel River, Wea

1805
September 23
Pike's Purchase
Treaty with the Sioux

Sioux

1805
October 25
Treaty of Tellico
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 93
57
Cherokee

1805
October 27
Treaty of Tellico
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 95
58, 59
Cherokee

1805
November 14
Treaty of Washington
Convention with the Creeks
7 Stat. 96
60
Creek

1805
November 16
Treaty of Mount Dexter
Treaty with the Choctaw
7 Stat. 98
61, 62
Choctaw

1805
December 30
Treaty of Vincennes
Treaty with the Piankashaw
7 Stat. 100
63
Piankeshaw

1806
January 7
Treaty of Washington
Convention with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 101
64, 65
Cherokee

1807
March 3
Act of Congress

7 Stat. 448

Lenape

1807
September 11
Treaty of Chickasaw Old Fields
Elucidation of the convention with the Cherokees of January 7, 1806
7 Stat. 103

Cherokee

1807
November 17
Treaty of Detroit
Treaty with the Ottawa, etc.
7 Stat. 105
66
Odawa, Ojibwe, Wyandot, Potawatomi

1808
November 10
Treaty of Fort Clark
Treaty with the Osage
7 Stat. 107
67, 68, 69
Osage

1808
November 25
Treaty of Brownstown
Treaty with the Chippewa, etc.
7 Stat. 112
70
Council of Three Fires (Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi), Wyandot, Shawnee

1809
February 28
Act of Congress

2 Stat. 527

Alabama

1809
February 28
Act of Congress

2 Stat. 527

Wyandot

1809
September 30
Treaty of Fort Wayne
Treaty with the Delawares, etc.
7 Stat. 113
71, 72, 73
Lenape, Potawatomi, Miami, Eel River

1809
September 30
Treaty of Fort Wayne, Addendum
Supplementary Treaty with the Miami, etc., Separate article with the Miamies and Eel-Rivers, forming part of the treaty of September 30, 1809
7 Stat. 115

Miami, Eel River

1809
October 26
Treaty of Vincennes
Convention with the Wea
7 Stat. 116

Wea

1809
December 9
Treaty with the Kickapoo

7 Stat. 117
74
Kickapoo

text:
Year
Date
Treaty Name
Alternative
Treaty Name
Statutes
Land Cession
Reference
(Royce Area)
Tribe(s)

1814
July 22
Treaty of Greenville
Treaty with the Wyandot, etc.
7 Stat. 118

Wyandot, Lenape, Shawnee, Seneca, Miami

1814
August 9
Treaty of Fort Jackson
Treaty with the Creeks, Articles of agreement and capitualtion with the Creeks
7 Stat. 120
75
Creek

1815
July 18
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 123

Potawatomi

1815
July 18
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Piankashaw
7 Stat. 124

Piankeshaw

1815
July 19
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Teton
7 Stat. 125

Lakota

1815
July 19
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Sioux of the Lakes
7 Stat. 126

Mdewakantonwan Dakota

1815
July 19
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Sioux of St. Peter's River
7 Stat. 127

Wahpekute Dakota, Wahpetonwan Dakota

1815
July 19
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Yankton Sioux
7 Stat. 128

Ihanktonwan Dakota

1815
July 20
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Omaha
7 Stat. 129

Omaha

1815
September 2
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Kickapoo
7 Stat. 130

Kickapoo

1815
September 8
Treaty of Springwells
Treaty with the Wyandot, etc.
7 Stat. 131

Wyandot, Lenape, Seneca, Shawnee, Miami, Council of Three Fires (Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi)

1815
September 12
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Osage
7 Stat. 133

Osage

1815
September 13
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Sauk
7 Stat. 134

Sac

1815
September 14
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Foxes
7 Stat. 135

Fox

1815
September 16
Treaty of Portage des Sioux
Treaty with the Iowa
7 Stat. 136

Iowa

1815
October 28
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Kansa
7 Stat. 137

Kaw

1816
March 22
Treaty of Washington]
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 138
76
Cherokee

1816
March 22
Treaty of Washington
Convention with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 139

Cherokee

1816
May 13
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Sauk
7 Stat. 141

Sac

1816
June 1
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Sioux
7 Stat. 143

Wahpekute Dakota, Wahpetonwan Dakota, Wazikute Nakota

1816
June 3
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Winnebago
7 Stat. 144

Winnebago

1816
June 4
Treaty of Fort Harrison
Treaty with the Wea and Kickapoo
7 Stat. 145

Wea, Kickapoo

1816
August 24
Treaty of St. Louis (1816)
Treaty with the Ottawa, etc.
7 Stat. 146
77, 78, 78a
Council of Three Fires (Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi)

1816
September 14
Treaty of Chickasaw Council House
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 148
79
Cherokee

1816
September 20
Treaty of Chickasaw Council House
Treaty with the Chickasaw
7 Stat. 150
80, 81
Chickasaw

1816
October 24
Treaty of Choctaw Trading House
Treaty with the Choctaw
7 Stat. 152
82
Choctaw

1817
March 30
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Menominee
7 Stat. 153

Menominee

1817
June 24
Treaty with the Oto

7 Stat. 154

Otoe, Missouri

1817
June 25
Treaty with the Ponca

7 Stat. 155

Ponca

1817
July 8
Treaty of Cherokee Agency
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 156
83, 84, 85, 86
Cherokee

1817
September 29
Treaty of Fort Meigs
Treaty with the Wyandot, etc., Treaty of the Foot of the Rapids, Treaty of Miami Rapids
7 Stat. 160
87, 88, 89, 90, 91
Wyandot, Seneca, Lenape, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Odawa, Ojibwe

1818
January 3
Vincennes Contract
Agreement with the Piankeshaw

Piankeshaw

1818
January 22
Treaty of Creek Agency
Treaty with the Creeks
7 Stat. 171
92, 93
Creek

1818
June 18
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Grand Pawnee
7 Stat. 172

Chaui Pawnee

1818
June 19
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Noisy Pawnee
7 Stat. 173

Pawnee

1818
June 20
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Pawnee Republic
7 Stat. 174

Kitkehahki Pawnee

1818
June 22
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Pawnee Marhar
7 Stat. 175

Pawnee

1818
August 24
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Quapaw
7 Stat. 176
94
Quapaw

1818
September 17
Treaty of St. Mary's
Treaty with the Wyandot, etc.
7 Stat. 178

Wyandot, Seneca, Shawnee, Odawa

1818
September 20
Treaty of St. Mary's
Treaty with the Wyandot
7 Stat. 180
95, 96
Wyandot

1818
September 21
Treaty of Edwardsville
Treaty with the Peoria, etc.
7 Stat. 181
96a
Peoria, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Cahokia, Tamaroa

1818
September 25
Treaty of St. Louis (1818)
Treaty with the Osage
7 Stat. 183
97
Osage

1818
October 2
Treaty of St. Mary's
Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 185
98
Potawatomi

1818
October 2
Treaty of St. Mary's
Treaty with the Wea
7 Stat. 186

Wea

1818
October 3
Treaty of St. Mary's
Treaty with the Delawares
7 Stat. 188

Lenape

1818
October 6
Treaty of St. Mary's
Treaty with the Miami
7 Stat. 189
99
Miami

1818
October 19
Treaty of Old Town
Treaty with the Chickasaw
7 Stat. 192
100
Chickasaw

1819
February 27
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 195
101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109
Cherokee

1819
July 30
Treaty of Edwardsville
Treaty with the Kickapoo
7 Stat. 200
110
Kickapoo

1819
August 30
Treaty of Fort Harrison
Treaty with the Kickapoo
7 Stat. 202
110
Kickapoo

1819
September 24
Treaty of Saginaw
Treaty with the Chippewa
7 Stat. 203
111
Ojibwe

text:
Year
Date
Treaty Name
Alternative
Treaty Name
Statutes
Land Cession
Reference
(Royce Area)
Tribe(s)

1820
June 16
Treaty of Sault Ste. Marie
Treaty with the Chippewa
7 Stat. 206
112
Ojibwe

1820
July 6
Treaty of L'Arbor Croche and Michilimackinac
Treaty with the Ottawa and Chippewa
7 Stat. 207
113
Odawa, Ojibwe

1820
July 19
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Kickapoo
7 Stat. 208

Kickapoo

1820
August 11
Treaty of Vincennes
Treaty with the Wea
7 Stat. 209
114
Wea

1820
September 5
Treaty of Vincennes
Treaty with the Kickapoo of the Vermilion, Convention with the Kickapoo
7 Stat. 210

Kickapoo

1820
October 18
Treaty of Doak's Stand
Treaty with the Choctaw
7 Stat. 210
115
Choctaw

1821
January 8
Treaty of Indian Springs
Treaty with the Creeks
7 Stat. 215
116
Creek

1821
January 8
Treaty of Mineral Spring
Treaty with the Creeks, Articles of agreement with the Creeks
7 Stat. 217

Creek

1821
August 29
Treaty of Chicago
Treaty with the Ottawa, etc.
7 Stat. 218
117
Council of Three Fires (Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi)

1822
August 31
Treaty of Fort Clark
Treaty with the Osage
7 Stat. 222

Great and Little Osage

1822
September 3
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes
7 Stat. 223

Sac and Fox

1823
March 3
Act of Congress
Moravian Indian Grants
3 Stat. 749
4, 5, 6
Christian Munsee

1823
September 3
Moscow Agreement
Agreement with the Seneca

Seneca

1823
September 18
Treaty of Moultrie Creek
Treaty with the Florida Tribes of Indians
7 Stat. 224
118, 119
Seminole

1824
May 26
Act of Congress
Moravian Indian Grants
4 Stat. 57
4, 5, 6
Christian Munsee

1824
August 4
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes
7 Stat. 229
120
Sac and Fox

1824
August 4
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Iowa
7 Stat. 231

Iowa

1824
November 15
Treaty of Harrington's
Treaty with the Quapaw
7 Stat. 232
121
Quapaw

1825
January 20
Treaty of Washington City
Convention with the Choctaw
7 Stat. 234
122
Choctaw

1825
February 12
Treaty of Indian Springs
Convention with the Creeks
7 Stat. 237

Creek

1825
June 2
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Osage
7 Stat. 240
123
Great and Little Osage

1825
June 3
Treaty of St. Louis
Treaty with the Kansa
7 Stat. 244
124
Kansa

1825
June 9
Treaty of White Paint Creek
Treaty with the Ponca
7 Stat. 247

Ponca

1825
June 22
Treaty of Fort Lookout
Treaty with the Teton, etc., Sioux
7 Stat. 250

Teton (Lakota), Yankton-Yanktonai (Nakota)

1825
June 29
Broken Arrow Agreement
Agreement with the Creeks, Appendix

Creek

1825
July 5
Treaty of Teton River
Treaty with the Sioune and Oglala Tribes
7 Stat. 252

Oglala Sioux

1825
July 6
Treaty of Teton River
Treaty with the Cheyenne Tribe
7 Stat. 255

Cheyenne

1825
July 16
Treaty of Arikara
Treaty with the Hunkpapa Band of the Sioux Tribe
7 Stat. 257

Hunkpapa

1825
July 18
Treaty of Arikara
Treaty with the Arikara Tribe
7 Stat. 259

Arikara

1825
July 30
Treaty of Mandan
Treaty with the Belantse-Etoa or Minitaree Tribe
7 Stat. 261

Hidatsa

1825
July 30
Treaty of Mandan
Treaty with the Mandan Tribe
7 Stat. 264

Mandan

1825
August 4
Treaty of Mandan
Treaty with the Crow Tribe
7 Stat. 266

Crow

1825
August 10
Treaty of Council Grove
Treaty with the Great and Little Osage
7 Stat. 268

Great and Little Osage

1825
August 16
Treaty of Sora Kansas Creek
Treaty with the Kansa
7 Stat. 270

Kansa

1825
August 19
First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
Treaty with the Sioux, etc.
7 Stat. 272

Sioux, Ojibwe, Sac and Fox, Menomini, Ioway, Ho-chunk, and Council of Three Fires (Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi)

1825
September 26
Treaty of Fort Atkinson
Treaty with the Oto and Missouri Tribe
7 Stat. 277

Oto, Missouri

1825
September 30
Treaty of Fort Atkinson
Treaty with the Pawnee Tribe
7 Stat. 279

Pawnee

1825
October 6
Treaty of Fort Atkinson
Treaty with the Omaha Tribe
7 Stat. 282

Omaha

1825
November 7
Treaty of St. Louis (1825)
Convention with the Shawnee
7 Stat. 284
125, 126
Shawnee

1826
January 24
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Creeks
7 Stat. 286
127, 128, 129, 130, 131
Creek

1826
March 31
Supplement to the Treaty of Washington
Supplementary article to the Treaty with the Creeks of January 24, 1826
7 Stat. 289

Creek

1826
August 5
Treaty of Fond du Lac
Treaty with the Chippewa
7 Stat. 290

Ojibwe

1826
October 16
Treaty of Mississinwas
Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 295
132, 133
Potawatomi

1826
October 23
Treaty of Mississinwas
Treaty with the Miami
7 Stat. 300

Miami

1827
August 11
Treaty of Butte des Morts
Treaty with the Chippewa, Menomonie, Winnebago
7 Stat. 303
134
Ojibwe, Menomini, Ho-chunk

1827
September 19
Treaty of St. Joseph
Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 305
135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140
Potawatomi

1827
November 15
Treaty of Creek Agency
Articles of agreement with the Creeks
7 Stat. 307
141
Creek

1828
February 11
Treaty of Wyandot
Treaty with the Eel River, Treaty with the Thorntown Party of the Miami Indians, Treaty with the Miami
7 Stat. 309
142
Eel River

1828
May 6
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Western Cherokee; Treaty with the Cherokees West of the Mississippi River; Convention with the Cherokees
7 Stat. 311
143, 144
Cherokee

1828
August 25
Treaty of Green Bay
Treaty with the Winnebago, etc.; Treaty with the Winnebago Tribe and the United Tribes of Pottawatomie, Chippewa and Ottawa; Articles of agreement with the Winnebagoes, Pottawatimies, Chippewas, and Ottawas
7 Stat. 315

Ho-Chunk, Council of Three Fires (Potawatomi, Ojibwe, Odawa)

1828
September 20
Treaty of St. Joseph
Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 317
7 Stat. 603
145, 146
Potawatomi

1829
July 29
Treaty of Prairie du Chien
Treaty with the Chippewa, etc., Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien
7 Stat. 320
7 Stat. 604
147, 148
Council of Three Fires (Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi)

1829
August 1
Treaty of Prairie du Chien
Third Treaty of Prairie du Chien, Treaty with the Winnebago
7 Stat. 323
149
Ho-Chunk

1829
August 3
Treaty of Little Sandusky
Treaty with the Delawares; Articles of agreement with the Delawares
7 Stat. 326
150
Lenape

1829
September 24
Treaty of James Fork
Supplementary article to the Treaty of St. Mary's; Supplementary articles of agreement with the Delawares of October 3, 1818
7 Stat. 327
150a
Lenape

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2009)

text:
Year
Date
Treaty Name
Alternative
Treaty Name
Statutes
Land Cession
Reference
(Royce Area)
Tribe(s)

1830
July 15
Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, etc., Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chein
7 Stat. 328
151
Sac and Fox, the Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton and Sisiton Sioux, Omaha, Ioway, Otoe and Missouria

1830
September 27
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
Treaty with the Choctaw
7 Stat. 333

Choctaw

1830
August 31
Treaty of Franklin
Treaty with the Chickasaw
N/A

Chickasaw

1830
September 1
Supplement to the Treaty of Franklin
Supplemental Treaty with the Chickasaw
N/A

Chickasaw

1831
February 8
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Menominee
7 Stat. 342

Menomini

1831
February 17
Supplement to the Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Menominee
7 Stat. 346

Menomini

1831
February 28
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Seneca
7 Stat. 348

Seneca nation

1831
July 20
Treaty of Lewistown
Treaty with the Seneca, etc.
7 Stat. 351

Seneca nation, Shawnee

1831
August 8
Treaty of Wapakoneta
Treaty with the Shawnee
7 Stat. 355

Shawnee

1831
August 30
Treaty of Miami Bay
Treaty with the Ottawa
7 Stat. 359

Ottawa

1832
January 19

Treaty with the Wyandot
7 Stat. 364

Wyandot

1832
March 24
Treaty of Cusseta
Treaty with the Creeks
7 Stat. 366

Creek

1832
May 9
Treaty of Payne's Landing
Treaty with the Seminole
7 Stat. 368

Seminole

1832
September 15

Treaty with the Winnebago
7 Stat. 370

Winnebago

1832
September 21

Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes
7 Stat. 374

Sac and Fox

1832
October 11

Treaty with the Appalachicola Band
7 Stat. 377

1832
October 20

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 378

Potawatomi

1832
October 20

Treaty with the Chickasaw
7 Stat. 381

Chickasaw

1832
October 22

Treaty with the Chickasaw
7 Stat. 388

Chickasaw

1832
October 24

Treaty with the Kickapoo
7 Stat. 391

Kickapoo

1832
October 26

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 394

Potawatomi

1832
October 26

Treaty with the Shawnee, etc.
7 Stat. 397

1832
October 27

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 399

Potawatomi

1832
October 27

Treaty with the Kaskaskia, etc.
7 Stat. 403

1832
October 27

Treaty with the Menominee
7 Stat. 405

Menominee

1832
October 29

Treaty with the Piankashaw and Wea
7 Stat. 410

Piankasaw and Wea

1832
December 29

Treaty with the Seneca and Shawnee
7 Stat. 411

Seneca and Shawnee

1833
February 14

Treaty with the Western Cherokee
7 Stat. 414

Western Cherokee

1833
February 14

Treaty with the Creeks
7 Stat. 417

Creek

1833
February 18

Treaty with the Ottawa
7 Stat. 420

Ottawa

1833
March 28

Treaty with the Seminole
7 Stat. 423

Seminole

1833
May 13

Treaty with the Quapaw
7 Stat. 424

Quapaw

1833
June 18

Treaty with the Appalachicola Band
7 Stat. 427

1833
September 21

Treaty with the Oto and Missouri
7 Stat. 429

Oto and Missouri

1833
September 26
Treaty of Chicago
Treaty with the Chippewa, etc.
7 Stat. 431

Ottawa, Ojibwe and Potawatomi

1833
October 9

Treaty with the Pawnee
7 Stat. 448

Pawnee

1834
May 24

Treaty with the Chickasaw
7 Stat. 450

Chickasaw

1834
October 23

Treaty with the Miami
7 Stat. 458

Miami

1834
December 4

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 467

Potawatomi

1834
December 10

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 467

Potawatomi

1834
December 16

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 468

Potawatomi

1834
December 17

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 469

Potawatomi

1835
July 1

Treaty with the Caddo
7 Stat. 470

Caddo

1835
August 24

Treaty with the Comanche, etc.
7 Stat. 474

1835
December 29
Treaty of New Echota
Treaty with the Cherokee
7 Stat. 478

Cherokee

1835
March 14
Treaty of Washington
Agreement with the Cherokee
N/A

Cherokee

1836
March 26

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 490

Potawatomi

1836
March 28
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Ottawa, etc.
7 Stat. 491

Ottawa and Ojibwe

1836
March 29

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 498

Potawatomi

1836
April 11

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 499

Potawatomi

1836
April 22

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 500

Potawatomi

1836
April 22

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 501

Potawatomi

1836
April 23

Treaty with the Wyandot
7 Stat. 502

Wyandot

1836
May 9

Treaty with the Chippewa
7 Stat. 503

Chippewa

1836
August 5

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 505

Potawatomi

1836
September 3

Treaty with the Menominee
7 Stat. 506

Menominee

1836
September 10

Treaty with the Sioux
7 Stat. 510

Sioux

1836
September 17

Treaty with the Iowa, etc.
7 Stat. 511

1836
September 20

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 513

Potawatomi

1836
September 22

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 514

Potawatomi

1836
September 23

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 515

Potawatomi

1836
September 27

Treaty with the Sauk and Fox Tribe
7 Stat. 516

Sac and Fox

1836
September 28

Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes
7 Stat. 517

Sac and Fox

1836
September 28

Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes
7 Stat. 520

Sac and Fox

1836
October 15

Treaty with the Oto, etc.
7 Stat. 524

1836
November 30

Treaty with the Sioux
7 Stat. 527

Sioux

1837
January 14
Treaty of Detroit
Treaty with the Chippewa
7 Stat. 528

Chippewa

1837
January 17
Treaty of Doaksville
Treaty with the Choctaw and Chickasaw
11 Stat. 573

Choctaw and Chickasaw

1837
February 11

Treaty with the Potawatomi
7 Stat. 532

Potawatomi

1837
May 26

Treaty with the Kiowa, etc.
7 Stat. 533

1837
July 29

Treaty with the Chippewa
7 Stat. 536

Chippewa

1837
September 29

Treaty with the Sioux
7 Stat. 538

Sioux

1837
October 21

Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes
7 Stat. 540

Sac and Fox

1837
October 21

Treaty with the Yankton Sioux
7 Stat. 542

Yankton Sioux

1837
October 21

Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes
7 Stat. 543

Sac and Fox

1837
November 1

Treaty with the Winnebago
7 Stat. 544

Winnebago

1837
November 23

Treaty with the Iowa
7 Stat. 547

Iowa

1837
December 20

Treaty with the Chippewa
7 Stat. 547

Chippewa

1838
January 15
Treaty of Buffalo Creek
Treaty with the New York Indians
7 Stat. 550

Seneca, Mohwak, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Tuscarora

1838
January 23
Treaty of Saginaw
Treaty with the Chippewa
7 Stat. 565

Chippewa

1838
February 3
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Oneida
7 Stat. 566

Oneida

1838
October 19
Treaty of Great Nemowhaw
Treaty with the Iowa
7 Stat. 568

Iowa

1838
November 6
Treaty of Wabash Forks
Treaty with the Miami
7 Stat. 569

Miami

1838
November 23
Treaty of Fort Gibson
Treaty with the Creeks
7 Stat. 574
11 Stat. 599

Creek

1839
January 11
Treaty of Fort Gibson
Treaty with the Osage
7 Stat. 576

Osage

1839
February 7
Supplement to the Treaty of Detroit
Treaty with the Chippewa
7 Stat. 578

Chippewa

1839
September 3
Treaty of Stockbridge
Treaty with the Stockbridge and Munsee
7 Stat. 580 11 Stat. 577

Stockbridge and Munsee

text:
Year
Date
Treaty Name
Alternative
Treaty Name
Statutes
Land Cession
Reference
(Royce Area)
Tribe(s)

1840
November 28
Treaty of the Wabash
Treaty with the Miami
7 Stat. 582

Miami

1842
March 17

Treaty with the Wyandot
11 Stat. 557

Wyandot

1842
May 20
Treaty of Buffalo Creek
Treaty with the Seneca
7 Stat. 586

Seneca

1842
October 4
Treaty of La Pointe
Treaty with the Chippewa
7 Stat. 591

Chippewa

1842
October 11

Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes
7 Stat. 596

Sac and Fox

1843

Agreement with the Delawares and Wyandot

Delaware and Wyandot

1845
January 4

Treaty with the Creeks and Seminole
9 Stat. 891

Creek and Seminole

1846
January 14

Treaty with the Kansas Tribe
9 Stat. 842

1846
May 15

Treaty with the Comanche, Ioni, Aionai, Anadarko, Caddo, etc.
9 Stat. 844

1846
June 5 & 17

Treaty with the Potawatomi Nation
9 Stat. 853

Potawatomi

1846
August 6

Treaty with the Cherokee
9 Stat. 871

Cherokee

1846
October 13

Treaty with the Winnebago
9 Stat. 878

Winnebago

1846
November 21
Bear Springs Treaty

not ratified
Navajo people

1847
August 2

Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi and Lake Superior
9 Stat. 904

Chippewa

1847
August 21

Treaty with the Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians
9 Stat. 908

1848
August 6
Treaty of Fort Childs
Treaty with the Pawnee – Grand, Loups, Republicans, etc.
9 Stat. 949

Pawnee

1848
October 18

Treaty with the Menominee
9 Stat. 952

Menominee

1848
November 24

Treaty with the Stockbridge Tribe
9 Stat. 955

Stockbridge Indians (Mahican)

1849
September 9

Treaty with the Navaho
9 Stat. 974

Navaho

1849
December 30
Treaty of Albuquerque
Treaty with the Utah
9 Stat. 984

Ute

text:
Year
Date
Treaty Name
Alternative
Treaty Name
Statutes
Land Cession
Reference
(Royce Area)
Tribe(s)

1850
April 1

Treaty with the Wyandot
9 Stat. 987

Wyandot

1851
July 23
Treaty of Traverse des Sioux
Treaty with the Sioux-Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands

Sioux

1851
August 5
Treaty of Mendota
Treaty with the Sioux-Mdewakanton and Wahpakoota Bands

Sioux

1851
September 17
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, etc.
11 Stat. 749

Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Shoshone, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara

1852

Treaty with the Chickasaw

Chickasaw

1852

Treaty with the Apache

Apache

1853
July 27

Treaty with the Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache

Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache

1853

Agreement with the Rogue River
Not Ratified

Rogue River

1853
September 10

Treaty with the Rogue River, 1853

Rogue River

1853

Treaty with the Umpqua–Cow Creek Band

1854
March 15

Treaty with the Oto and Missouri
11 Stat. 605

Oto and Missouri

1854
March 16

Treaty with the Omaha

Omaha

1854
May 6

Treaty with the Delawares

Delaware

1854
May 10

Treaty with the Shawnee

Shawnee

1854

Treaty with the Menominee

Menominee

1854
May 17

Treaty with the Iowa

Iowa

1854
May 18

Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes of Missouri

Sac and Fox

1854
May 18

Treaty with the Kickapoo

Kickapoo

1854
May 30

Treaty with the Kaskaskia, Peoria, etc.

1854
June 5

Treaty with the Miami

Miami

1854
May 6

Treaty with the Creeks

Creek

1854
September 30
Treaty of La Pointe (1854)
Treaty with the Chippewa

Chippewa

1854

Treaty with the Choctaw and Chickasaw

Choctaw and Chickasaw

1854

Treaty with the Rogue River, 1854

Rogue River

1854
November 18

Treaty with the Chasta, Scoton, Umpqua

1854
November 29
Treaty of Calapooia Creek
Treaty with the Umpqua and Kalapuya

Umpqua and Kalapuya

1854
December 9

Treaty with the Confederated Oto and Missouri

Oto and Missouri

1854
December 26
Treaty of Medicine Creek
Treaty with the Nisqualli, Puyallup, etc.

Nisqually, Puyallup and Squaxin Island

1855

Willamette Valley Treaty of 1855
Treaty of Dayton
Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc.

1855
January 22
Treaty of Point Elliott
Treaty with the Dwamish, Suquamish, etc., Point Elliott Treaty
12 Stat. 927

Duwamish, Suquamish, Snoqualmie, Snohomish, Lummi, Skagit, Swinomish

1855
January 26

Treaty with the S'klallam
12 Stat. 933

S'klallam

1855
January 31
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Wyandot

Wyandot

1855
January 31
Treaty of Neah Bay
Treaty with the Makah
12 Stat. 939

Makah

1855
February 22
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Chippewa

Ojibwe (Mississippi and Pillager)

1855
February 27
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Winnebago

Ho-chunk

1855
June 9
Treaties of Walla Walla
Treaty with the Wallawalla, Cayuse, etc.
12 Stat. 945

Cayuse, Nez Perce, Umatilla, Walla Walla and Yakama

1855
June 9

Treaty with the Yakima
12 Stat. 951

Yakima

1855
June 11

Treaty with the Nez Perces
12 Stat. 957

1855
June 22
Treaty of Washington
Treaty with the Choctaw and Chickasaw
11 Stat. 611

Choctaw and Chickasaw

1855
June 25

Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon
12 Stat. 963

1855
July 1

Treaty with the Quinaielt, etc.
12 Stat. 971

1855
July 16
Treaty of Hellgate
Treaty with the Flatheads, etc.
12 Stat. 975

Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai and Pend d'Oreilles

1855
July 18

Merriwether's Agreement with Navajo
1 Stat. 621

Navajo

1855
July 31

Treaty with the Ottawa and Chippewa
1 Stat. 621

Chippewa, Ottawa

1855
August 2

Treaty with the Chippewa of Sault Ste. Marie
11 Stat. 631

Chippewa

1855
August 2

Treaty with the Chippewa of Saginaw, Swan Creek and Black River
11 Stat. 633

Chippewa

1855
October 17

Treaty with the Blackfeet and other tribes
11 Stat. 6571

1855
December 21

Treaty with the Molala
12 Stat. 981

Molala

1856
February 5

Treaty with the Stockbridge and Munsee
11 Stat. 668

Stockbridge and Munsee

1856
February 11

Treaty with the Menominee
11 Stat. 679

Menominee

1856
August 7

Treaty with the Creeks and Seminole
11 Stat. 699
Creeks ceded lands to Seminoles, Seminole removal
Creek and Seminole

1857
September 24

Treaty with Pawnee, Four Confederated Bands
11 Stat. 729

1857
November 5

Treaty with the Seneca, Tonawanda Band
11 Stat. 73512 Stat. 991

1858
March 12

Treaty with the Ponca
12 Stat. 997

Ponca

1858
June 19

Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Medawakanton and Wahpakoota Bands
12 Stat. 1023

1858
June 19

Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Sisseton and Wahpaton Bands
12 Stat. 1031

1858
June 19

Treaty with the Sioux, Medawakanton and Sisseeton Bands
12 Stat. 1042

Sioux, Medawakanton, and Sisseeton

1858
December 25

Bonneville's Agreement with Navajo

518, 519
Navajo

1859
April 15

Treaty with the Winnebago
12 Stat. 1101

Winnebago

1859
July 16

Treaty with the Chippewa, Swan Creek and Black Bands, and Monsee Christian Indians
12 Stat. 1105

Chippewa, Swan Creek and Black Bands, and Christian Indians

1859

Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes

Sac and Fox

1859
October 5

Treaty with the Kansas Tribe
12 Stat. 1111

text:
Year
Date
Treaty Name
Alternative
Treaty Name
Statutes
Land Cession
Reference
(Royce Area)
Tribe(s)

1860
May 30

Treaty with the Delawares
12 Stat. 1129

1861
February 18

Treaty with the Arapaho and Cheyenne
12 Stat. 1163

1861
March 6

Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes and Iowas.
12 Stat. 1171

1861
July 2

Treaty with the Delawares
12 Stat. 1177

1861
November 15

Treaty with the Potawatomi
12 Stat. 1191

1862
March 13

Treaty with the Kansas Indians
12 Stat. 1221

1862
June 24

Treaty with the Ottawa of Blanchard's Fork and Roche de Boeuf
12 Stat. 1237

1862
June 28

Treaty with the Kickapoo
13 Stat. 623

1863
March 11

Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi and the Pillager and Lake Winnibigoshish Bands
12 Stat. 1249

1863
June 9

Treaty with the Nez Perce
14 Stat. 647

Nez Perce

1863

Treaty with the Eastern Shoshoni
18 Stat. 685

1863
July 30

Treaty with the Shoshoni-Northwestern Bands
13 Stat. 663

1863

Treaty with the Western Shoshoni
18 Stat. 689 444

1863
October 2

Supplement to Treaty with the Chippewa-Red Lake and Pembina Bands
13 Stat. 667

1863
October 7

Treaty with the Utah-Tabeguache Band
13 Stat. 673

1863

Treaty with the Shoshoni-Goship
13 Stat. 681

1864
April 12

Supplement to Treaty with the Chippewa—Red Lake and Pembina Bands
13 Stat. 689

1864
May 7

Treaty with the Chippewa, Mississippi, and Pillager and Lake Winnibigoshish Bands
13 Stat. 693

1864
October 14

Treaty with the Klamath, etc.
16 Stat. 707

1864
October 18

Treaty with the Chippewa of Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black River
14 Stat. 657

1865
March 6

Treaty with the Omaha
14 Stat. 667

1865
March 8

Treaty with the Winnebago
14 Stat. 671

1865
March 10

Supplement to Treaty with the Ponca
14 Stat. 675

1865
August 12

Treaty with the Snake, Wal Pah Pe Tribe
14 Stat. 683

1865
September 29

Treaty with the Osage
14 Stat. 687

1865
October 10

Treaty with the Sioux or Dakota, Miniconjou Band
14 Stat. 695

1865
October 14

Treaty with the Sioux or Dakota, Lower Brule Band
14 Stat. 699

1865

Agreement with the Cherokee and Other Tribes in the Indian Territory

1865
October 14

Treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
14 Stat. 703

1865
October 17

Treaty with the Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapaho
14 Stat. 713

1865
October 18

Treaty with the Comanche and Kiowa
14 Stat. 717

1865
October 19

Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Two-Kettle Band
14 Stat. 723

1865
October 19

Treaty with the Blackfeet Sioux
14 Stat. 727

1865
October 20

Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Sans Arc Band
14 Stat. 731

1865
October 20

Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Yankpapa Band
14 Stat. 735

1865
October 20

Treaty with the Dakata or Sioux, Onkpahpah Band
14 Stat. 739

1865
October 28

Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Upper Yanktonai Band
14 Stat. 743

1865
October 28

Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Oglala Band
14 Stat. 747

1865
November 15

Supplement to Treaty with the Confederated Tribes and Bands of Middle Oregon
14 Stat. 751

1866
March 21

Treaty with the Seminole
14 Stat. 755

1866
March 29

Treaty with the Potawatomi
14 Stat. 763

1866
April 7

Treaty with the Chippewa, Bois Fort Band
14 Stat. 765

1866
April 28

Treaty with the Choctaw and Chickasaw
14 Stat. 769

1866
June 14

Treaty with the Creek Nation
14 Stat. 785

1866
July 4

Treaty with the Delawares
14 Stat. 793

1866

Agreement at Fort Berthold, Appendix

1866
July 19

Treaty with the Cherokee
14 Stat. 799

1866
July 19

Supplement to Treaty with the Cherokee
16 Stat. 727

1867
February 18

Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes
15 Stat. 495

1867
February 19

Treaty with the Sioux—Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands
15 Stat. 505

1867
February 19

Treaty with the Seneca, Mixed Seneca and Shawnee, Quapaw, etc.
15 Stat. 513

1867
February 27

Treaty with the Potawatomi
15 Stat. 531

1867
March 19

Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi
16 Stat. 719

1867
October 21
Medicine Lodge Treaty
Treaty with the Kiowa and Comanche
15 Stat. 581

1867
July 25

Treaty with the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache
15 Stat. 589

1867
October 28

Treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
15 Stat. 593

1868
March 2

Treaty with the Ute
15 Stat. 619

1868
April 27

Treaty with the Cherokee
16 Stat. 727

1868
April 29
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Treaty with the Sioux—Brule, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee—and Arapaho
15 Stat. 635

1868
May 7

Treaty with the Crows
15 Stat. 649

1868
May 10

Treaty with the Northern Cheyenne and Northern Arapaho
15 Stat. 655

1868
June 1
Treaty of Fort Sumner
Treaty with the Navajo Indians; Navajo Treaty of 1868; Bosque Redondo Treaty; Treaty of Hwéeldi
15 Stat. 667
518, 519
Navajo

1868
July 3

Treaty with the Eastern Band Shoshoni and Bannock
15 Stat. 673
524,539,540

1868
August 13
Treaty of Lapwai
Treaty with the Nez Perce
15 Stat. 693

Nez Perce

text: Treaty-making between various Native American governments and the United States officially concluded on March 3, 1871 with the passing of the United States Code Title 25, Chapter 3, Subchapter 1, Section 71 (25 U.S.C. § 71). Pre-existing treaties were grandfathered, and further agreements were made under domestic law.

text:
Year
Date
Treaty Name
Alternative
Treaty Name
Statutes
Land Cession
Reference
(Royce Area)
Tribe(s)

1870
January 31
Executive Order

N/A
527, 528
San Pasqual and Pala Valley Mission Indians

1870
March 30
Executive Order

N/A

Round Valley Indian Reservation

1870
April 12
Executive Order

N/A
620, 621
Arikara, Gros Ventre, and Mandan

1870
April 12
Executive Order

N/A
529
Arikara, Gros Ventre, and Mandan

1870
July 15
Act of Congress

16 Stat. 359
650
Kickapoo of Texas and Mexico

1870
July 15
Act of Congress

16 Stat. 362
534
Great and Little Osage

1870
July 15
Act of Congress

16 Stat. 362
530
Great and Little Osage

1871
February 6
Act of Congress

16 Stat. 404
403
Stockbridge and Munsee

1871
March 3
Act of Congress
United States Code Title 25, Chapter 3, Subchapter 1, Section 71
16 Stat. 566

1871
March 3
Act of Congress

16 Stat. 569
650
Kickapoo of Texas and Mexico

1871
March 14
Executive Order

N/A
537
Paiute, Snake, Shoshoni

1871
March 27
Executive Order

N/A
534
Osage

1871
November 9
Executive Order

N/A
531
Southern Apache

1871
November 9
Executive Order

N/A
573, 603
Apache

1871
November 9
Executive Order

N/A
541
Apache

1871
November 9
Executive Order

N/A
582
Apache

1871
December
Memorandum

N/A

Methow, Okanagan, Kootenay, Pend d'Oreille, Colville, North Spokane, San Poeil et al.

1872
April 9
Executive Order

N/A
533
Methow, Okanagan, et al.

1872
April 23
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 55
566
Ute

1872
May 8
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 85

Kaw

1872
May 23
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 159
506
Potawatomi and Absentee Shawnee

1872
May 29
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 190

Lake Superior Chippewa

1872
May 29
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 190

Cheyenne and Arapaho

1872
June 1
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 213
256
Miami (Meshin-go-mesia's band)

1872
June 5
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 228
534
Great and Little Osage

1872
June 5
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 228
535
Kaw

1872
June 5
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 266

Flathead

1872
June 7
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 281

Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux

1872
June 10
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 381

Ottawa and Chippewa

1872
June 10
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 388

Ottawa of Blanchards Fork and Roche de Boeuf

1872
June 10
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 391

Omaha, Pawnee, Oto, Missouri, and Sac and Fox of the Missouri

1872
July 2
Executive Order

N/A
533, 536
Methow, Okanaga, et al.

1872
September 12
Executive Order

N/A
537, 638, 646
Paiute, Snake, and Shoshoni

1872
September 20
Agreement
Agreement with the Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands of Sioux Indians
Rev. Stat 1050
538
Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands of Sioux

1872
September 26
Agreement

18 Stat. 291
539, 540
Shoshoni

1872
October 19
Agreement

N/A
540A
Wichita and affiliated bands

1872
October 26
Executive Order

N/A

Makah

1872
December 14
Executive Order

N/A
541, 600
Apache

1872
December 14
Executive Order

N/A

Apache

1873
January 2
Executive Order

N/A

Makah

1873
January 9
Executive Order

N/A
607
Tule River, King's River, Owen's River, et al.

1873
February 14
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 456
538
Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux

1873
February 19
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 466
249
New York Indians

1873
March 1
Executive Order

N/A
337
Lac Courte Oreille Band of Chippewa

1873
March 3
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 539
542
Pembina Chippewa

1873
March 3
Act of Congress
Abolish tribal relations
17 Stat. 631
330
Miami

1873
March 3
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 633
543
Creek and Seminole

1873
March 3
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 626
544, 583
Round Valley Indian Reservation

1873
March 3
Act of Congress

17 Stat. 626

Crow

1873
April 8
Executive Order

N/A
576
Paiute, et al.

1873
April 8
Executive Order

N/A
583
Round Valley Indian Reservation

1873
May 2
Agreement
Amended Agreement with Certain Sioux Indians
17 Stat. 456; 18 Stat. 167

Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands of Sioux

1873
May 29
Executive Order

N/A
643, 644
Mescalero Apache

1873
June 16
Executive Order

N/A
545
Nez Perce

1873
July 5
Executive Order

N/A
565, 574
Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, et al.

1873
August 5
Executive Order

N/A
546
Apache

1873
August 16
Agreement

N/A
557
Crow

1873
September 6
Executive Order

N/A
405
Niskwali, et al.

1873
September 9
Executive Order

N/A
349
Dwamish, et al.

1873
September 13
Agreement
Brunot Treaty[29]
N/A
566
Colorado Ute

1873
October 3
Executive Order

N/A
547, 607
Tule river, King's river, Owen's river, et al.

1873
October 21
Executive Order

N/A
548
Makah

1873
November 4
Executive Order

N/A
549
Mississippi Chippewa

1873
November 4
Executive Order

N/A
550
Mississippi Chippewa

1873
November 4
Executive Order

N/A
372, 551
Quinaielt, Quillehute, et al.

1873
November 8
Executive Order

N/A
552, 553
Coeur d'Alene, et al.

1873
November 22
Executive Order

N/A
554
Colorado River Indian Reservation

1873
November 22
Executive Order

N/A
555
Dwamish, et al.

1873
December 10
Executive Order

N/A
563
Jicarilla Apache

1873
December 23
Executive Order

N/A
351
Dwamish, et al.

1873
December 31
Executive Order

N/A

Santee Sioux

1874
January 31
Executive Order

N/A
557
Crow

1874
February 2
Executive Order

N/A
643
Mescalero Apache

1874
February 12
Executive Order

N/A
558, 576
Paiute, et al.

1874
February 14
Executive Order

N/A

Odawa and Ojibwe in Michigan

1874
February 25
Executive Order

N/A
559
Skokomish (S'klallam)

1874
March 19
Executive Order

N/A
560
Paiute

1874
March 23
Executive Order

N/A
561, 562
Paiute

1874
March 25
Executive Order

N/A
563
Apache (Jicarilla bands)

1874
April 9
Executive Order

N/A
564
Muckleshoot Indian Reservation

1874
April 9
Executive Order

N/A
588
Apache

1874
April 15
Act of Congress
Established reservation
18 Stat. 28
565
Gros Ventre, Piegan, Blood, Blackfoot, River Crow

1874
April 29
Act of Congress
Agreement of 18 Sept 1873 confirmed
18 Stat. 36
566
Ute

1874
May 26
Executive Order

N/A
567, 568
Pillager Chippewa

1874
June 22
Act of Congress
Payment for land by 12 Sept 1854 Treaty
18 Stat. 140
569
L'Anse and Lac Vieux Desert Ojibwe

1874
June 22
Act of Congress
Agreement of 26 Sept 1872 confirmed
18 Stat. 166
539
Shoshoni

1874
June 22
Act of Congress
2nd payment re Acts of 1872 & 1873
18 Stat. 167
538
Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux

1874
June 22
Act of Congress
Purchase of Land
18 Stat. 170
570
From Omaha for Winnegagoes

1874
June 22
Act of Congress
Fund removal, as per Treaty 18 May 1854
18 Stat. 156

Kickapoo of Texas and Mexico

1874
June 23
Agreement

N/A
571
Eastern Shawnee

1874
June 23
Act of Congress
Sale of lands per 1872 Act
18 Stat. 272

Kaw, "Kansas Indian" lands

1874
June 23
Act of Congress
NA
18 Stat. 273 not in cite
572
Papago

1874
June 23
Act of Congress
NA
18 Stat. 273 not in cite

New York Indians

1874
July 21
Executive Order

N/A
573
Apache

1874
August 19
Executive Order

N/A
574
Gros Ventre, Piegan, Blood, Blackfoot, River Crow

1874
November 16
Executive Order

N/A
466, 554, 593

1874
November 24
Executive Order

N/A
531
Southern Apache

1874
December 15
Act of Congress
Treaty 3 July 1868 amended, land ceded
18 Stat. 291
539
Shoshoni

1875
January 11
Executive Order

N/A
614
Sioux

1875
February 12
Executive Order

N/A
575
Shoshone, Bannock, Sheepeater

1875
March 3
Act of Congress
Reduced reservation
18 Stat. 445
576, 577
Paiute

1875
March 3
Act of Congress
Removed to new reservation
18 Stat. 446
578, 579
Alsea Indian Reservation, Siletz Indian Reservation

1875
March 3
Act of Congress
Purchase land for
18 Stat. 447
580
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians

1875
March 3
Act of Congress
Agreement 23 June 1874 confirmed, Eastern Shawnee lands to Modoc
18 Stat. 447
571
Eastern Shawnee, Modoc

1875
March 16
Executive Order

N/A
581
Sioux

1875
March 25
Executive Order

N/A
557
Crow (Judith Basin Indian Reservation)

1875
April 13
Executive Order

N/A
622, 623
Gros Ventre, Piegan, Blood, Blackfoot, River Crow

1875
April 23
Executive Order

N/A
582
Apache

1875
May 15
Executive Order

N/A
589, 646
Paiute and Shoshoni

1875
May 18
Executive Order

N/A
583
Round Valley Indian Reservation

1875
May 20
Executive Order

N/A
614
Sioux

1875
June 10
Executive Order

N/A
545
Nez Perce

1875
June 23
Executive Order

N/A
584
Sioux

1875
July 3
Executive Order

N/A
577
Paiute

1875
October 20
Executive Order

N/A

Mescalero Apache

1875
October 20
Executive Order

N/A
585
Crow

1875
November 22
Executive Order

N/A
586
Ute

1875
December 21
Executive Order

N/A
587, 588
Southern Apache

1875
December 27
Executive Order

N/A

Missin Indians (Portrero [Rincon, Gapich, LaJolla], Cahuila, Capitan Grande, Santa Ysabel [Mesa Grande], Pala, Agua Caliente, Sycuan, Inaja, Cosmit)

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2012)

text:
Year
Date
Treaty Name
Alternative
Treaty Name
Statutes
Land Cession
Reference
(Royce Area)
Tribe(s)

1880
January 6
Executive Order

N/A
615
Navajo

1880
January 17
Executive Order

N/A

Mission Indians (Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, Santa Ysabel Indian Reservation)

1880
March 6
Agreement

21 Stat. 199
616, 617
Ute

1880
March 6
Executive Order

N/A
618
Nez Perce (Moses' Band)

1880
March 16
Act of Congress

21 Stat. 68

Kaw

1880
May 14
Agreement

N/A

Crow

1880
May 14
Agreement

N/A

Shoshoni, Bannock, and Sheep-eater

1880
June 8
Executive Order

N/A

Havasupai

1880
June 12
Agreement
Agreement with the Crows
N/A
619
Crow

1880
June 15
Act of Congress

N/A

Ute

1880
July 13
Executive Order

N/A
620, 621
Arikara, Gros Ventre, and Mandan

1880
July 13
Executive Order

N/A
622, 623
Gros Ventre, Piegan, Blood, Blackfoot, and River Crow

1880
July 13
Executive Order

N/A
613
Sioux (Drifting Goose's Band)

1880
July 23
Executive Order

N/A

Malheur Indian Reservation

1880
September 11
Agreement

N/A
616, 617
Ute

1880
September 21
Executive Order

N/A
624
Jicarilla Apache

1880
November 23
Executive Order

N/A

Havasupai

1882–83

Agreement with the Sioux of Various Tribes

1883

Agreement with the Columbia and Colville

1891
January 12
Act of Congress

26 Stat. 712

Mission Indians

1891
February 13
Act of Congress

26 Stat. 749

Sac and Fox

1891
March 3
Act of Congress

26 Stat. 1016
506
Citizen Band of Potawatomi

1891
March 3
Act of Congress

26 Stat. 1022
525
Cheyenne and Arapaho

1891
March 3
Act of Congress

26 Stat. 1027
553
Coeur d'Alene

1891
March 3
Act of Congress

26 Stat. 1032
712, 713
Gros Ventre and Mandan

1891
March 3
Act of Congress

26 Stat. 1035
496
Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux

1891
March 13
Act of Congress

26 Stat. 1016
506
Absentee Shawnee

1891
October 16
Executive Order

N/A
400, 461
Hupa et al.

1892
June 17
Executive Order

N/A
716
Fort Berthold Indian Reservation

1892
June 17
Act of Congress

27 Stat. 52
400
Klamath River Indian Reservation

1892
July 1
Act of Congress

27 Stat. 62
717, 718
Colville Indian Reservation

1892
July 13
Act of Congress

27 Stat. 124
552
Coeur d'Alene

1892
July 13
Act of Congress

27 Stat. 139
625
Spokane

1892
October 22
McCumber Agreement
Agreement Between the Turtle Mountain Indians and the Commission
52nd-2nd-Ex.Doc.229

Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa

1892
November 21
Executive Order

N/A
655
Navajo

1892
November 21
Executive Order

N/A
719
Red Lake Band of Chippewa

1892
November 28
Executive Order

N/A

Yakima

1893
February 20
Act of Congress

27 Stat. 469
720
White Mountain Apache

1893
March 3
Act of Congress

27 Stat. 557
650
Kickapoo

1893
March 3
Act of Congress

27 Stat. 640
289
Cherokee

1893
March 3
Act of Congress

27 Stat. 643
606
Tonkawa

1893
March 3
Act of Congress

27 Stat. 644
591
Pawnee

1893
April 12
Executive Order

N/A

Osette Indians

1893
September 11
Executive Order

N/A

Hoh River Indians

1894
June 6
Act of Congress

28 Stat. 86
370
Warm Springs

1894
August 15
Act of Congress

28 Stat. 314
411
Yankton Sioux

1894
August 15
Act of Congress

28 Stat. 320
400
Yakima

1894
August 15
Act of Congress

28 Stat. 332
552
Coeur d'Alene

1894
August 15
Act of Congress

28 Stat. 320

Yakima

1894
August 15
Act of Congress

28 Stat. 323
479
Alsea et al.

1894
August 15
Act of Congress

28 Stat. 326
442
Nez Perce

1894
August 15
Act of Congress

28 Stat. 332
652
Yuma

1902
March 10
McLaughlin Agreement
Agreement Between the Red Lake Indians and the Commission
33 Stat. 46

1904
April 21
Act of Congress
Turtle Mountain Chippewa Treaty; 10-cent Treaty; Agreement with the Turtle Mountain Band, amended and ratified
33 Stat. 194

Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians


document_title: Star formation

question_text: where are stars formed in the milky way

question_tokens: where are stars formed in the milky way

root

text: Star formation

text: Stellar nurseries[edit]

text: Interstellar clouds[edit]

text: A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars, stellar remnants, and a diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) of gas and dust. The interstellar medium consists of 10−4 to 106 particles per cm3 and is typically composed of roughly 70% hydrogen by mass, with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium. This medium has been chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime. Higher density regions of the interstellar medium form clouds, or diffuse nebulae,[2] where star formation takes place.[3] In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies.[4]

tag: p

text: In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H2) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds.[3] Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low-mass stars, observed first in the infrared inside the clouds, then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate, while giant molecular clouds, which are generally warmer, produce stars of all masses.[5] These giant molecular clouds have typical densities of 100 particles per cm3, diameters of 100 light-years (9.5×1014 km), masses of up to 6 million solar masses (M☉),[6] and an average interior temperature of 10 K. About half the total mass of the galactic ISM is found in molecular clouds[7] and in the Milky Way there are an estimated 6,000 molecular clouds, each with more than 100,000 M☉.[8] The nearest nebula to the Sun where massive stars are being formed is the Orion nebula, 1,300 ly (1.2×1016 km) away.[9] However, lower mass star formation is occurring about 400–450 light years distant in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex.[10]

text: A more compact site of star formation is the opaque clouds of dense gas and dust known as Bok globules; so named after the astronomer Bart Bok. These can form in association with collapsing molecular clouds or possibly independently.[11] The Bok globules are typically up to a light year across and contain a few solar masses.[12] They can be observed as dark clouds silhouetted against bright emission nebulae or background stars. Over half the known Bok globules have been found to contain newly forming stars.[13]

text: Cloud collapse[edit]

text: An interstellar cloud of gas will remain in hydrostatic equilibrium as long as the kinetic energy of the gas pressure is in balance with the potential energy of the internal gravitational force. Mathematically this is expressed using the virial theorem, which states that, to maintain equilibrium, the gravitational potential energy must equal twice the internal thermal energy.[15] If a cloud is massive enough that the gas pressure is insufficient to support it, the cloud will undergo gravitational collapse. The mass above which a cloud will undergo such collapse is called the Jeans mass. The Jeans mass depends on the temperature and density of the cloud, but is typically thousands to tens of thousands of solar masses.[3] This coincides with the typical mass of an open cluster of stars, which is the end product of a collapsing cloud.[16]

text: In triggered star formation, one of several events might occur to compress a molecular cloud and initiate its gravitational collapse. Molecular clouds may collide with each other, or a nearby supernova explosion can be a trigger, sending shocked matter into the cloud at very high speeds.[3] (The resulting new stars may themselves soon produce supernovae, producing self-propagating star formation.) Alternatively, galactic collisions can trigger massive starbursts of star formation as the gas clouds in each galaxy are compressed and agitated by tidal forces.[18] The latter mechanism may be responsible for the formation of globular clusters.[19]

text: A supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy may serve to regulate the rate of star formation in a galactic nucleus. A black hole that is accreting infalling matter can become active, emitting a strong wind through a collimated relativistic jet. This can limit further star formation. Massive black holes ejecting radio-frequency-emitting particles at near-light speed can also block the formation of new stars in aging galaxies.[20] However, the radio emissions around the jets may also trigger star formation. Likewise, a weaker jet may trigger star formation when it collides with a cloud.[21]

text: As it collapses, a molecular cloud breaks into smaller and smaller pieces in a hierarchical manner, until the fragments reach stellar mass. In each of these fragments, the collapsing gas radiates away the energy gained by the release of gravitational potential energy. As the density increases, the fragments become opaque and are thus less efficient at radiating away their energy. This raises the temperature of the cloud and inhibits further fragmentation. The fragments now condense into rotating spheres of gas that serve as stellar embryos.[23]

text: Complicating this picture of a collapsing cloud are the effects of turbulence, macroscopic flows, rotation, magnetic fields and the cloud geometry. Both rotation and magnetic fields can hinder the collapse of a cloud.[24][25] Turbulence is instrumental in causing fragmentation of the cloud, and on the smallest scales it promotes collapse.[26]

text: Protostar[edit]

text: A protostellar cloud will continue to collapse as long as the gravitational binding energy can be eliminated. This excess energy is primarily lost through radiation. However, the collapsing cloud will eventually become opaque to its own radiation, and the energy must be removed through some other means. The dust within the cloud becomes heated to temperatures of 60–100 K, and these particles radiate at wavelengths in the far infrared where the cloud is transparent. Thus the dust mediates the further collapse of the cloud.[27]

text: During the collapse, the density of the cloud increases towards the center and thus the middle region becomes optically opaque first. This occurs when the density is about 10−13 g / cm3. A core region, called the First Hydrostatic Core, forms where the collapse is essentially halted. It continues to increase in temperature as determined by the virial theorem. The gas falling toward this opaque region collides with it and creates shock waves that further heat the core.[28]

text: When the core temperature reaches about 2000 K, the thermal energy dissociates the H2 molecules.[28] This is followed by the ionization of the hydrogen and helium atoms. These processes absorb the energy of the contraction, allowing it to continue on timescales comparable to the period of collapse at free fall velocities.[29] After the density of infalling material has reached about 10−8 g / cm3, that material is sufficiently transparent to allow energy radiated by the protostar to escape. The combination of convection within the protostar and radiation from its exterior allow the star to contract further.[28] This continues until the gas is hot enough for the internal pressure to support the protostar against further gravitational collapse—a state called hydrostatic equilibrium. When this accretion phase is nearly complete, the resulting object is known as a protostar.[3]

text: Accretion of material onto the protostar continues partially from the newly formed circumstellar disc. When the density and temperature are high enough, deuterium fusion begins, and the outward pressure of the resultant radiation slows (but does not stop) the collapse. Material comprising the cloud continues to "rain" onto the protostar. In this stage bipolar jets are produced called Herbig-Haro objects. This is probably the means by which excess angular momentum of the infalling material is expelled, allowing the star to continue to form.

text: When the surrounding gas and dust envelope disperses and accretion process stops, the star is considered a pre–main sequence star (PMS star). The energy source of these objects is gravitational contraction, as opposed to hydrogen burning in main sequence stars. The PMS star follows a Hayashi track on the Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram.[31] The contraction will proceed until the Hayashi limit is reached, and thereafter contraction will continue on a Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale with the temperature remaining stable. Stars with less than 0.5 M☉ thereafter join the main sequence. For more massive PMS stars, at the end of the Hayashi track they will slowly collapse in near hydrostatic equilibrium, following the Henyey track.[32]

text: Finally, hydrogen begins to fuse in the core of the star, and the rest of the enveloping material is cleared away. This ends the protostellar phase and begins the star's main sequence phase on the H–R diagram.

text: The stages of the process are well defined in stars with masses around 1 M☉ or less. In high mass stars, the length of the star formation process is comparable to the other timescales of their evolution, much shorter, and the process is not so well defined. The later evolution of stars are studied in stellar evolution.

text:
Protostar

Protostar outburst - HOPS 383 (2015).

tag: table

text: Observations[edit]

text: Key elements of star formation are only available by observing in wavelengths other than the optical. The protostellar stage of stellar existence is almost invariably hidden away deep inside dense clouds of gas and dust left over from the GMC. Often, these star-forming cocoons known as Bok globules, can be seen in silhouette against bright emission from surrounding gas.[33] Early stages of a star's life can be seen in infrared light, which penetrates the dust more easily than visible light.[34] Observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have thus been especially important for unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their parent star clusters.[35][36] Examples of such embedded star clusters are FSR 1184, FSR 1190, Camargo 14, Camargo 74, Majaess 64, and Majaess 98.[37]

text: The structure of the molecular cloud and the effects of the protostar can be observed in near-IR extinction maps (where the number of stars are counted per unit area and compared to a nearby zero extinction area of sky), continuum dust emission and rotational transitions of CO and other molecules; these last two are observed in the millimeter and submillimeter range. The radiation from the protostar and early star has to be observed in infrared astronomy wavelengths, as the extinction caused by the rest of the cloud in which the star is forming is usually too big to allow us to observe it in the visual part of the spectrum. This presents considerable difficulties as the Earth's atmosphere is almost entirely opaque from 20μm to 850μm, with narrow windows at 200μm and 450μm. Even outside this range, atmospheric subtraction techniques must be used.

text: X-ray observations have proven useful for studying young stars, since X-ray emission from these objects is 100–100,000 times stronger than X-ray emission from main-sequence stars.[39] The earliest detections of X-rays from T Tauri stars were made by the Einstein X-ray Observatory.[40][41] For low-mass stars X-rays are generated by the heating of the stellar corona through magnetic reconnection, while for high-mass O and early B-type stars X-rays are generated through supersonic shocks in the stellar winds. Photons in the soft X-ray energy range covered by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM Newton may penetrate the interstellar medium with only moderate absorption due to gas, making the X-ray a useful wavelength for seeing the stellar populations within molecular clouds. X-ray emission as evidence of stellar youth makes this band particularly useful for performing censuses of stars in star-forming regions, given that not all young stars have infrared excesses.[42] X-ray observations have provided near-complete censuses of all stellar-mass objects in the Orion Nebula Cluster and Taurus Molecular Cloud.[43][44]

text: The formation of individual stars can only be directly observed in the Milky Way Galaxy, but in distant galaxies star formation has been detected through its unique spectral signature.

text: Initial research indicates star-forming clumps start as giant, dense areas in turbulent gas-rich matter in young galaxies, live about 500 million years, and may migrate to the center of a galaxy, creating the central bulge of a galaxy.[45]

text: On February 21, 2014, NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the universe. According to scientists, more than 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, possible starting materials for the formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets.[46]

text: In February 2018, astronomers reported, for the first time, a signal of the reionization epoch, an indirect detection of light from the earliest stars formed - about 180 million years after the Big Bang.[47]

text: Notable pathfinder objects[edit]

text:
MWC 349 was first discovered in 1978, and is estimated to be only 1,000 years old.
VLA 1623 – The first exemplar Class 0 protostar, a type of embedded protostar that has yet to accrete the majority of its mass. Found in 1993, is possibly younger than 10,000 years.[48]
L1014 – An extremely faint embedded object representative of a new class of sources that are only now being detected with the newest telescopes. Their status is still undetermined, they could be the youngest low-mass Class 0 protostars yet seen or even very low-mass evolved objects (like a brown dwarf or even an interstellar planet).[49]
IRS 8* – The youngest known main sequence star in the Galactic Center region, discovered in August 2006. It is estimated to be 3.5 million years old.[50]

tag: ul

text: Low mass and high mass star formation[edit]

text: Stars of different masses are thought to form by slightly different mechanisms. The theory of low-mass star formation, which is well-supported by a plethora of observations, suggests that low-mass stars form by the gravitational collapse of rotating density enhancements within molecular clouds. As described above, the collapse of a rotating cloud of gas and dust leads to the formation of an accretion disk through which matter is channeled onto a central protostar. For stars with masses higher than about 8 M☉, however, the mechanism of star formation is not well understood.

text: Massive stars emit copious quantities of radiation which pushes against infalling material. In the past, it was thought that this radiation pressure might be substantial enough to halt accretion onto the massive protostar and prevent the formation of stars with masses more than a few tens of solar masses.[53] Recent theoretical work has shown that the production of a jet and outflow clears a cavity through which much of the radiation from a massive protostar can escape without hindering accretion through the disk and onto the protostar.[54][55] Present thinking is that massive stars may therefore be able to form by a mechanism similar to that by which low mass stars form.

text: There is mounting evidence that at least some massive protostars are indeed surrounded by accretion disks. Several other theories of massive star formation remain to be tested observationally. Of these, perhaps the most prominent is the theory of competitive accretion, which suggests that massive protostars are "seeded" by low-mass protostars which compete with other protostars to draw in matter from the entire parent molecular cloud, instead of simply from a small local region.[56][57]

text: Another theory of massive star formation suggests that massive stars may form by the coalescence of two or more stars of lower mass.[58]