document_title: Cardiac surgery

question_text: who did the first open heart surgery in the world

text: Cardiac surgery

text: History[edit]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The earliest operations on the pericardium (the sac that surrounds the heart) took place in the 19th century and were performed by Francisco Romero (1801),[1] Dominique Jean Larrey (1810), Henry Dalton (1891), and Daniel Hale Williams (1893).[2] The first surgery on the heart itself was performed by Axel Cappelen on 4 September 1895 at Rikshospitalet in Kristiania, now Oslo. Cappelen ligated a bleeding coronary artery in a 24-year-old man who had been stabbed in the left axilla and was in deep shock upon arrival. Access was through a left thoracotomy. The patient awoke and seemed fine for 24 hours, but became ill with a fever and died three days after the surgery from mediastinitis.[3][4]

text: The first successful surgery on the heart, without any complications, was performed by Dr. Ludwig Rehn of Frankfurt, Germany, who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle on 7 September 1896.[5][6]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Surgery on the great vessels (e.g., aortic coarctation repair, Blalock-Thomas-Taussig shunt creation, closure of patent ductus arteriosus) became common after the turn of the century. However, operations on the heart valves were unknown until, in 1925, Henry Souttar operated successfully on a young woman with mitral valve stenosis. He made an opening in the appendage of the left atrium and inserted a finger in order to palpate and explore the damaged mitral valve. The patient survived for several years,[7] but Souttar's colleagues considered the procedure unjustified, and he could not continue.[8][9]

text: Cardiac surgery changed significantly after World War II. In 1947, Thomas Holmes Sellors (1902–1987) of Middlesex Hospital in London operated on a Tetralogy of Fallot patient with pulmonary stenosis and successfully divided the stenosed pulmonary valve. In 1948, Russell Brock, probably unaware of Sellors's work, used a specially designed dilator in three cases of pulmonary stenosis. Later that year, he designed a punch to resect a stenosed infundibulum, which is often associated with Tetralogy of Fallot. Many thousands of these "blind" operations were performed until the introduction of cardiopulmonary bypass made direct surgery on valves possible.[8]

text: Also in 1948, four surgeons carried out successful operations for mitral valve stenosis resulting from rheumatic fever. Horace Smithy (1914–1948) of Charlotte used a valvulotome to remove a portion of a patient's mitral valve,[10] while three other doctors—Charles Bailey (1910–1993) of Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia; Dwight Harken in Boston; and Russell Brock of Guy's Hospital in London—adopted Souttar's method. All four men began their work independently of one another within a period of a few months. This time, Souttar's technique was widely adopted, with some modifications.[8][9]

text: The first successful intracardiac correction of a congenital heart defect using hypothermia was performed by Drs. C. Walton Lillehei and F. John Lewis at the University of Minnesota on 2 September 1952. In 1953, Alexander Alexandrovich Vishnevsky conducted the first cardiac surgery under local anesthesia. In 1956, Dr. John Carter Callaghan performed the first documented open heart surgery in Canada.

text: Alfred Blalock, Helen Taussig and Vivien Thomas performed the first successful pediatric cardiac operation at Johns Hopkins Hospital on November, 29 1944, a total repair of Tetralogy of Fallot in a one-year-old girl.[11]

text: Types of cardiac surgery[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Open heart surgery[edit]

text: Open-heart surgery is any kind of surgery in which a surgeon makes a large incision (cut) in the chest to open the rib cage and operate on the heart. “Open” refers to the chest, not the heart. Depending on the type of surgery, the surgeon also may open the heart. [12]

text: Dr. Wilfred G. Bigelow of the University of Toronto found that procedures involving opening the patient's heart could be performed better in a bloodless and motionless environment. Therefore, during such surgery, the heart is temporarily stopped, and the patient is placed on cardiopulmonary bypass, meaning a machine pumps their blood and oxygen. Because the machine cannot function the same way as the heart, surgeons try to minimize the time a patient spends on it.[13]

text: Cardiopulmonary bypass was developed after surgeons realized the limitations of hypothermia in cardiac surgery: Complex intracardiac repairs take time, and the patient needs blood flow to the body (particularly to the brain), as well as heart and lung function. In 1953, Dr. John Heysham Gibbon of Jefferson Medical School in Philadelphia reported the first successful use of extracorporeal circulation by means of an oxygenator, but he abandoned the method after subsequent failures. In 1954, Dr. Lillehei performed a series of successful operations with the controlled cross-circulation technique, in which the patient's mother or father was used as a "heart-lung machine". Dr. John W. Kirklin at the Mayo Clinic was the first to use a Gibbon-type pump-oxygenator.

text: Nazih Zuhdi performed the first total intentional hemodilution open heart surgery on Terry Gene Nix, age 7, on 25 February 1960 at Mercy Hospital in Oklahoma City. The operation was a success; however, Nix died three years later.[14] In March 1961, Zuhdi, Carey, and Greer performed open heart surgery on a child, age 3 1⁄2, using the total intentional hemodilution machine.

text: Modern beating-heart surgery[edit]

text: In the early 1990s, surgeons began to perform off-pump coronary artery bypass, done without cardiopulmonary bypass. In these operations, the heart continues beating during surgery, but is stabilized to provide an almost still work area in which to connect a conduit vessel that bypasses a blockage.The conduit vessel that is often used is the Saphenous vein. This vein is harvested using a technique known as endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH).

text: Heart transplant[edit]

text: In 1945, the Soviet pathologist Nikolai Sinitsyn successfully transplanted a heart from one frog to another frog and from one dog to another dog.

text: Norman Shumway is widely regarded as the father of human heart transplantation, although the world's first adult heart transplant was performed by a South African cardiac surgeon, Christiaan Barnard, using techniques developed by Shumway and Richard Lower.[15] Barnard performed the first transplant on Louis Washkansky on 3 December 1967 at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town.[15][16] Adrian Kantrowitz performed the first pediatric heart transplant on 6 December 1967 at Maimonides Hospital (now Maimonides Medical Center) in Brooklyn, New York, barely three days later.[15] Shumway performed the first adult heart transplant in the United States on 6 January 1968 at Stanford University Hospital.[15]

text: Coronary artery bypass grafting[edit]

text: Coronary artery bypass grafting, also called revascularization, is a common surgical procedure to create an alternative path to deliver blood supply to the heart and body, with the goal of preventing clot formation. This can be done in many ways, and the arteries used can be taken from several areas of the body.[17] Arteries are typically harvested from the chest, arm, or wrist and then attached to a portion of the coronary artery, relieving pressure and limiting clotting factors in that area of the heart.[18]

text: The procedure is typically performed because of coronary artery disease (CAD), in which a plaque-like substance builds up in the coronary artery, the main pathway carrying oxygen-rich blood to the heart. This can cause a blockage and/or a rupture, which can lead to a heart attack.[18]

text: Minimally invasive surgery[edit]

text: As an alternative to open heart surgery, which involves a five- to eight-inch incision in the chest wall, a surgeon may perform an endoscopic procedure by making very small incisions through which a camera and specialized tools are inserted.[19]

text: In robot-assisted heart surgery, a machine controlled by a cardiac surgeon is used to perform a procedure. The main advantage to this is the size of the incision required: three small holes instead of an incision big enough for the surgeon's hands.[citation needed]

text: Post-surgical procedures[edit]

text: As with any surgical procedure, cardiac surgery requires postoperative precautions to avoid complications. Incision care is needed to avoid infection and minimize scarring. Swelling and loss of appetite are common.[20][21]

text: Recovery from open heart surgery begins with about 48 hours in an intensive care unit, where heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels are closely monitored. Chest tubes are inserted to drain blood around the heart and lungs. After discharge from the hospital, compression socks may be recommended in order to regulate blood flow.[22]

text: Risks[edit]

text: The advancement of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques has greatly reduced the mortality rates of these procedures. For instance, repairs of congenital heart defects are currently estimated to have 4–6% mortality rates.[23][24]

text: A major concern with cardiac surgery is neurological damage. Stroke occurs in 2–3% of all people undergoing cardiac surgery, and the rate is higher in patients with other risk factors for stroke.[25] A more subtle complication attributed to cardiopulmonary bypass is postperfusion syndrome, sometimes called "pumphead". The neurocognitive symptoms of postperfusion syndrome were initially thought to be permanent,[26] but turned out to be transient, with no permanent neurological impairment.[27]

text: In order to assess the performance of surgical units and individual surgeons, a popular risk model has been created called the EuroSCORE. It takes a number of health factors from a patient and, using precalculated logistic regression coefficients, attempts to quantify the probability that they will survive to discharge. Within the United Kingdom, the EuroSCORE was used to give a breakdown of all cardiothoracic surgery centres and to indicate whether the units and their individuals surgeons performed within an acceptable range. The results are available on the Care Quality Commission website.[28]

text: Another important source of complications are the neuropsychological and psychopathologic changes following open heart surgery. One example is Skumin syndrome, described by Victor Skumin in 1978, which is a "cardioprosthetic psychopathological syndrome"[29] associated with mechanical heart valve implants and characterized by irrational fear, anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, and weakness.[30][31]

text: Risk reduction[edit]

text: A 2012 Cochrane systematic review found evidence that preoperative physical therapy reduced postoperative pulmonary complications, such as pneumonia and atelectasis, in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery.[32] In addition, the researchers found that preoperative physical therapy decreased the length of hospital stay by more than three days on average.[32]

text: A 2013 Cochrane review showed that both pharmacological and non-pharmacological prevention reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation after an operation and reduced the length of hospital stays. No difference in mortality could be shown.[33]

text: There is evidence that quitting smoking at least four weeks before surgery may reduce the risk of postoperative complications.[34]


document_title: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag

question_text: when did assassins creed black flag come out

root

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag is an action-adventure, stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective. The game features three main cities; Havana, Kingston, and Nassau, which reside under Spanish, British, and pirate influence, respectively.[2] It also features 50 other individual locations to explore, including atolls, sea forts, Mayan ruins, sugar plantations, and underwater shipwrecks, with a 60/40 balance between land and naval exploration.[6] It has a more open world feel, with missions similar to those found in Assassin's Creed, as well as fewer restrictions for the player. The world opens up sooner in the game, as opposed to Assassin's Creed III, which had very scripted missions and did not give players freedom to explore until the game was well into its first act.[2][15][16][17] The player will encounter jungles, forts, ruins, and small villages and the world is built to allow players much more freedom, such as allowing players to engage, board, and capture passing ships and swimming to nearby beaches in a seamless fashion.[6][14] In addition, the hunting system has been retained from Assassin's Creed III, allowing the player to hunt on land, and fish in the water, with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment.[6]

tag: p

text: A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw, the ship that the player captains. The Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game, and is easily accessible to the player when needed.[15] In addition, a new underwater component has been added.[2] The player has access to a spyglass, allowing the examination of distant ships, along with their cargo and strength. It can also help determine if an island still has animals to hunt, treasures to find, high points to reach for synchronization or additional side-quests to complete, such as assassinations and naval contracts.[2] An updated form of the recruit system introduced in Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood has returned,[2] allowing Edward to recruit crew members. While Kenway's crew will remain loyal to him, they can be promoted to captain acquired ships, and are needed to assist in boarding enemy vessels, they cannot assist in combat or perform long-range assassinations, as in previous games. Ubisoft removed this aspect of the brotherhood system, believing it allowed players to bypass tense and challenging scenarios too easily.[18]

text: In the present day, at the offices of Abstergo Entertainment—a subsidiary of Abstergo Industries—in Montreal, Quebec, players engage in modern-day pirating through the exploration of Abstergo's offices, eavesdropping and hacking, all without combat. As well, various "hacking" games, similar to previous cluster and glyph puzzles, are present, that uncover secrets about Abstergo.[19]

text: Multiplayer also returns, with new settings and game modes, though it is only land-based.[2]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The main character of the game is Edward Kenway (Matt Ryan),[20] a Welsh[21] privateer-turned-pirate and eventual member of the Assassin Order. Edward is the father of Haytham Kenway, and grandfather of Ratonhnhaké:ton (Connor), the two playable characters of Assassin's Creed III. Real-life individuals that are encountered include the pirates Edward "Blackbeard" Thatch[note 1][22] (voiced by Mark Bonnar),[20] Benjamin Hornigold,[2] Mary Read,[2] Stede Bonnet,[2] Anne Bonny,[2] Calico Jack,[2] and Charles Vane[2] (Ralph Ineson).[20]

text: Setting[edit]

text: As is the case in previous games in the Assassin's Creed series, the story is divided into two intertwined halves, with one in the present day, one in a historical setting, and the events of each influencing the other. Although the present-day story had previously established that an Animus was required to view one's ancestors memories, the ending of Assassin's Creed III reveals that Abstergo can now view a host's genetic memories simply by sequencing the host's DNA. As such, the player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment to investigate a pivotal character in Desmond's ancestry, the Assassin Edward Kenway.[23] A notorious pirate and privateer operating during the Golden Age of Piracy, Kenway's story is set in the Caribbean, and mixes open-ended ship-based exploration with combat and land-based adventures in Cuba and Jamaica, and on a number of Caribbean islands, parts of southern Florida and eastern Mexico.[24][25][26]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Samples taken from Desmond Miles' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus' newfound cloud computing abilities. The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment, from their Montréal headquarters, to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway, an eighteenth-century pirate, the father of Haytham Kenway and the grandfather of Ratonhnhaké:ton. Ostensibly, this is to gather material for an Animus-powered interactive feature film, but in reality, Abstergo—the Templars of the present time—are searching for a First Civilization structure known as the Observatory, and are using the memories of Edward Kenway to find it.

text: As Kenway, the player must unravel a conspiracy between high-ranking Templars within the British and Spanish empires who, under the guise of cleaning up piracy in the Caribbean, have used their positions to locate the Sage—later identified as Bartholomew Roberts—who is the only man that can lead them to the Observatory, a First Civilization device which can monitor anyone anywhere in the world when provided a blood sample, which they intend to use to spy on and blackmail world leaders. Kenway becomes an unwitting player in their plot when he kills a rogue Assassin, Duncan Walpole. Seeing an opportunity for profit, Kenway takes Walpole's place at a meeting of Templars in Havana, where he meets Woodes Rogers as well as Cuban Governor, and Templar Grandmaster, Laureano Torres. His recklessness endangers the entire Assassins' Order, prompting him to pursue the Sage and the conspirators from the Yucatán Peninsula to Jamaica, eventually catching Roberts on the island of Príncipe off of the African coast.

text: Meanwhile, a band of notorious pirates—including Edward "Blackbeard" Thatch, Benjamin Hornigold, Mary Read (under the alias "James Kidd") and Charles Vane, among others—dream of a pirate utopia where man is free to live beyond the reach of kings and rulers. With Kenway's help, they seize control of Nassau and establish a pirate republic. However, poor governance, a lack of an economy and an outbreak of disease bring the pirate state perilously close to collapse, with the founders divided on the best way forward. Kenway attempts to resolve the dispute, but is too late to stop the Templars from exploiting the situation for their own ends.

text: Eventually, Kenway and Roberts uncover the location of the Observatory and retrieve the artifact powering it, but Kenway is betrayed by Roberts at the last moment. After a brief stint in prison for the crimes of piracy, Edward escapes with the aid of Ah Tabai, the Assassin Mentor, and elects to join their Order. Chasing down and eliminating Roberts and the Templar conspirators, Kenway retrieves the artifact and returns it to the Observatory, sealing it away for good. He is left facing an uncertain future with his newfound convictions until he receives a letter informing him of the passing of his wife and the imminent arrival of his hitherto unknown daughter, Jennifer Scott. Kenway travels back to England, promising Ah Tabai that he will continue the fight against the Templars back home in England. Some years later, Kenway, Jennifer (using her mother's surname in her memory) and Kenway's young son Haytham are about to watch a play in an English theatre.

text: In the present day, the player is contacted by John, Abstergo Entertainment's information technology manager. John convinces the player that their employers know more than they are telling, and encourages them to investigate in more detail. He convinces the player to hack several Animus terminals and security cameras, and then has them deliver the information taken to Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane, who are working undercover to infiltrate Abstergo. When the facility is locked down after the hackings are discovered, John arranges for the player to access the Animus' core, at which point Juno materializes into an incorporeal form. She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster, the world was not ready for her, and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended. John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno, but is killed by Abstergo's security before he can do so, thus implicating him as the one responsible for the hacks. As Roberts, the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends. With the Sage dead, the player is contacted by the Assassins as they continue their infiltration of Abstergo, but neither side is able to explain the Sage's presence or identify his followers, the Instruments of the First Will.[note 2]

text: Freedom Cry[edit]

text: The Freedom Cry downloadable content is set twenty years after the events of Black Flag and follows Adéwalé in his mission as an Assassin.

text: While attempting to intercept Templar activities in the West Indies Sea, Adéwalé is shipwrecked off the coast of Haiti. Making his way into Port-au-Prince, he establishes that the Templars are working with Bastienne Josèphe, the proprietor of a local brothel and a sympathiser to the Maroons, a faction of freedom fighters made up of liberated slaves led by Augustin Dieufort. Despite his obligations to the Brotherhood of Assassins, Adéwalé becomes sympathetic to their cause, and joins with the Maroons in hijacking a vessel, Experto Crede, in order to interrupt the slave trade.

text: Whilst working for Bastienne, Adéwalé begins to uncover a conspiracy within the French provincial government ruling Port-au-Prince. The local governor, Pierre de Fayet, plans a clandestine scientific expedition to measure the curvature of the earth and gather geographical data, which they intend to sell to the highest bidder with the promise of naval superiority. Adéwalé successfully sabotages the expedition by substituting the illiterate slaves being used by the expedition for literate members of the Maroons.

text: Tensions begin to arise within the Maroons when Adéwalé plots further raids against the slave trade. Bastienne objects, as de Fayet will only punish those trapped in slavery further as punishment. Adéwalé ignores her, but is horrified when he witnesses a frigate fire on an unarmed slave ship to prevent the slaves from joining the Maroons. Adéwalé boards the slave ship and manages to save a few slaves from drowning before the ship capsized with the rest. He plans retribution, but Bastienne cautions that taking revenge will weaken the Maroons' cause; if Adéwalé is to kill de Fayet, then he should do so acting as an agent of justice. After assaulting the Governor's Mansion, pursuing him through the city and fighting off a local garrison, Adéwalé finally corners and kills de Fayet, who claims that slaves are incapable of self-governance and turn to armed uprising at the slightest provocation. Adéwalé points out that none of the slaves or overseers came to his aid, and instead let him die. After killing de Fayet, Adéwalé returns to say goodbye to Bastienne before returning to the Assassin Order, but pledging to use his newfound convictions to aid people who are oppressed rather than the cause of their would-be liberators.

text: Development[edit]

text: In early February 2013, during its quarterly financial call to investors, Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next Assassin's Creed game, due for release some time before April 2014, would feature a new hero, time period, and development team.[27] On February 28, 2013, Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next Assassin's Creed game, following leaked marketing material days before.[28] It announced the title of the game as Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag and featured an unnamed character holding a flintlock and a sword with a black flag in the back ground containing the Assassin's symbol with a skull.[28] A reported glitch on the official Assassin's Creed IV website suggested the game will release on next-gen consoles and October 29 as the release date,[29] which was confirmed by the first trailer for the game, released on March 4, 2013 (originally leaked on March 2, 2013, but was quickly pulled by Ubisoft).[6][30][31]

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag was announced with a cinematic trailer on March 4, 2013.[30] Development began in mid-2011 at Ubisoft Montreal by a separate team from the one on Assassin's Creed III, with additional work done by Ubisoft studios in Annecy, Bucharest, Kyiv, Montpellier, Singapore and Sofia.[2]

text: Lead content manager Carsten Myhill stressed away the sentiment that the sequel should have been a spin-off in the same vein as Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood or Assassin's Creed: Revelations, given the ostensible similarities with Assassin's Creed III. He stated "The whole feeling of the game is completely fresh and new. It will feel very different from Assassin's Creed III. I think it completely warrants the Assassin's Creed IV moniker, not only with the new name and setting, but the attitude and the tone of the experience."[32] Assassin's Creed IV is the first main series numbered title to carry a subtitle, a decision which Myhill says was made to clearly distinguish the pirate theme from the rest of the franchise.[32]

text: By utilizing the AnvilNext engine, the development team is able to work with one engine for both the next-gen and current-gen versions of the game, as the AnvilNext engine was designed with next-gen capabilities in mind, while still working on current-gen systems.[6] In addition, each system will have their own intricacies and feature sets, with support for the different controllers and utilizing features specific to each console.[6] The PC version supports Nvidia's TXAA.[33]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Original Game Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler

Released
October 14, 2013 (2013-10-14)

Genre
Video game soundtrack

Length
1:41:33

Label
Ubisoft Music

tag: table

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Original Game Soundtrack) was composed by American composer Brian Tyler, who also composed the soundtrack of the previous Ubisoft title Far Cry 3. Additional compositions and arrangements were provided by Sarah Schachner, Omar Fadel,[34] Steve Davis, Mike Kramer, Jeremy Lamb, Matthew Llewellyn, and Robert Lydecker. The soundtrack was released on Amazon MP3[35] and iTunes on October 14, 2013.[36] Two other soundtracks have also been released:

text:
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — Sea Shanty Edition), a second soundtrack containing a set of 16 sea shanties composed by various artists, was released on Amazon MP3[37] and iTunes on October 29, 2013.[38]
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — The Complete Edition), a complete soundtrack including the two previous soundtracks as well as the multiplayer soundtrack composed by Joe Henson and Alexis Smith, was released on Amazon MP3[39] and iTunes on December 2, 2013.[40]

tag: ul

text: The score to the Freedom Cry DLC was composed by French composer Olivier Deriviere. It was recorded at Avatar Studios in New York with La Troupe Makandal, a dedicated group for Haitian music, and at Galaxy Studios in Belgium with the Brussels Philharmonic.[5]

text:
[show]Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Original Game Soundtrack) / Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — The Complete Edition) (Disc One)

No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Assassin's Creed IV Black Flag Main Theme[a]"
Sarah Schachner
2:13

2.
"Pyrates Beware[a]"
Schachner
3:16

3.
"On the Horizon[a]"
Brian Tyler, Schachner
3:01

4.
"The High Seas[a]"
Tyler
2:44

5.
"The Fortune of Edward Kenway[a]"
Schachner
1:57

6.
"In This World or the One Below[a]"
Tyler, Schachner
2:49

7.
"Under the Black Flag[a]"
Schachner
3:21

8.
"The Ends of the Earth[a]"
Tyler
2:53

9.
"Stealing a Brig[a]"
Tyler
1:52

10.
"Fare Thee Well[a]"
Tyler
5:14

11.
"The Buccaneers[a]"
Tyler
4:05

12.
"Marked for Death[a]"
Tyler
3:21

13.
"Last Goodbyes[a]"
Tyler
2:24

14.
"Take What Is Ours![a]"
Tyler
3:15

15.
"I'll Be with You[a]"
Tyler
6:04

16.
"Lay Aboard Lads[a]"
Tyler
2:24

17.
"A Pirate's Life[a]"
Tyler
2:02

18.
"Men of War[a]"
Tyler
2:57

19.
"Order of the Assassin[a]"
Tyler
3:10

20.
"In the Midst[a]"
Tyler
3:05

21.
"The British Empire"
Tyler
3:08

22.
"Batten Down the Hatches"
Tyler
1:37

23.
"Modernity"
Tyler
2:14

24.
"A Merry Life and a Short One"
Tyler
1:16

25.
"Queen Anne's Revenge"
Tyler
4:42

26.
"Confrontation"
Tyler
3:15

27.
"Prizes Plunder and Adventure"
Tyler
2:12

28.
"Meet the Sage"
Omar Fadel
3:36

29.
"Into the Jungle"
Tyler
1:46

30.
"The Spanish Empire"
Tyler
3:57

31.
"The Islands of the West Indies"
Tyler
3:06

32.
"Ships of Legend"
Tyler
2:02

33.
"Secrets of the Maya"
Tyler
3:24

34.
"Life at Sea"
Fadel
3:10

Total length:
1:41:33

text:
[show]Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — Sea Shanty Edition) / Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — The Complete Edition) (Disc Two)

No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Randy Dandy Oh[a]"
Sean Dagher, Nils Brown, Michiel Schrey
1:35

2.
"Maid of Amsterdam[a]"
Brown, Schrey, Dagher
1:41

3.
"Leave Her Johnny[a]"
Dagher, Brown, Schrey
2:12

4.
"Whisky Johnny O'[a]"
Schrey, Dagher, Brown
1:21

5.
"Good Morning Ladies[a]"
Dagher, Brown, Schrey
1:38

6.
"Fish in the Sea[a]"
Schrey, Dagher, Brown
1:29

7.
"Dead Horse[a]"
Dagher, Brown, Schrey
1:07

8.
"Running Down to Cuba[a]"
Schrey, Dagher, Brown
1:29

9.
"Trooper and the Maid"
Charlotte Cumberbirch, Dagher, Nelson Carter, Richard Irwin, David Gossage
1:57

10.
"William Taylor"
Dagher, Brown, Schrey, Cumberbirch, Carter, Irwin, Gossage
2:16

11.
"Patrick Spens"
Schrey, Dagher, Irwin, Gossage
1:52

12.
"Fathom the Bowl"
Linda Morrison, Dagher, Carter, Patrick Graham, Gossage
2:13

13.
"Admiral Benbow"
Schrey, Dagher, Brown, Carter, Irwin, Gossage
1:53

14.
"All for Me Grog"
Morrison, Dagher, Carter, Graham, Gossage
2:06

15.
"Buleria"
Marco Marin, Dominic Soulard, Eric Breton
2:06

16.
"Verdiales"
Marin, Soulard, Breton
1:26

Total length:
28:22

text:
[show]Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — The Complete Edition) (Disc Three)

No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Saba Island"
Joe Henson, Alexis Smith
3:37

2.
"Santa Lucia"
Joe Henson, Smith
3:10

3.
"Tampa Bay"
Joe Henson, Smith, Christian Henson
3:19

4.
"Prison"
Joe Henson, Smith
3:00

5.
"La Havana"
Joe Henson, Smith
3:18

6.
"Portobelo"
Joe Henson, Smith
3:45

7.
"Saint Pierre"
Joe Henson, Smith, Christian Henson
3:23

8.
"King Of The Seven Seas"
Orivian
3:08

Total length:
(Disc 3) 26:40
(Complete) 2:36:35

text: ^[a] signifies a song that is included in the "Skull Edition"[41]

text: Marketing and release[edit]

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 29, 2013,[10][11][12] while the Wii U was released on October 29, 2013 in North America,[8][11][12] November 21, 2013 in Australia, November 22, 2013 in Europe[7] and November 28, 2013 in Japan.[42] The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1, 2013 release date.[7] It was announced on March 1, 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4, and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One.[9] Both versions were launch titles, with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29, 2013 in North America and Europe, respectively,[11][12] and November 22, 2013 worldwide for Xbox One.[11][12]

text: Ubisoft partnered with Sony to bring exclusive content to the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of the game,[43] which will feature the protagonist of Assassin's Creed III: Liberation, Aveline de Grandpré, in three missions. The Aveline content, which was written by Liberation writer Jill Murray, picks up after the conclusion of her story in Liberation.[44] The content is also available on the PC platform, through the Uplay Gold Edition.[45]

text: On June 21, 2013, it was announced that the Microsoft Windows version had been delayed "a few weeks" from its intended release of October 29, 2013.[46] Its new release dates were later revealed to be November 19, 2013 in North America and November 22, 2013 in Europe.[7] Lead designer Jean-Sebastien Decant explained that the delay was caused by the team working on the "master version" first, making sure it works and then proceeding to the other versions. For Black Flag, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was the master, before the team adapted it to the other consoles.[47]

text: On October 31, 2013 Ubisoft announced that the Uplay Passport requirement would be removed from Assassin's Creed IV and all future games. Uplay Passport came with all new copies of the game and was required for accessing multiplayer and Edward's Fleet minigame. Owners of used copies could download Uplay Passport for a fee before the removal.[48][49]

text: A Japanese manga adaptation of the game, written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kenji Oiwa, began serialization in Shueisha's Jump X magazine on August 10, 2013.[50] The manga however contradicts many parts of the game's actual storyline, despite the manga being an adaptation of the game.

text: Downloadable content[edit]

text: On October 8, 2013, Ubisoft announced that a Season Pass would be available for purchase at the launch of the game on PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One and PC, and would include the Freedom Cry single-player missions, Kraken Ship pack featuring elements to personalize the Jackdaw, as well as additional single-player and multiplayer elements.[51]

text: Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé, a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway's Quartermaster, and later a member of the Assassin Order. The story mode takes place 15 years after the events of Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint-Domingue, where he comes face-to-face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies. The DLC is written by Jill Murray, who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag.[52] In February 2014, it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18, 2014 for North America and February 19, 2014 for Europe. It was released for the PC on February 25, 2014.[53]

text: Blackbeard's Wrath allows the player to play any one of three new characters in Black Flag's multiplayer mode. These characters include Blackbeard, The Jaguar and The Orchid. This DLC is free with the Season Pass.[54]

text: Guild of Rogues adds three new characters to the multiplayer mode. These characters are The Shaman, The Siren and The Stowaway. It was not released for the Wii U.[55]

text: The PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 releases both contain an exclusive DLC, "Aveline". As an exception it is available on PC in the Uplay Digital Deluxe Edition and Jackdaw Edition only.

text: A Game of The Year Edition, called the Jackdaw Edition, was released only on the Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and PC. It includes all available downloadable content.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(PS3) 88/100[56]
(WIIU) 86/100[57]
(X360) 86/100[58]
(PS4) 83/100[59]
(PC) 84/100[60]

Review scores

Publication
Score

CVG
9/10[61]

Edge
9/10[62]

EGM
9.5/10[63]

Eurogamer
9/10[64]

Famitsu
37/40[65]

Game Informer
8.25/10[66]

GameSpot
9/10[67]

Giant Bomb
[68]

IGN
8.5/10[69]

Joystiq
[70]

OPM (UK)
8/10[71]

OXM (US)
9.0/10[72]

PC Gamer (UK)
90%[73]

VideoGamer.com
7/10[74]

The Escapist
[75]

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag received positive reviews, with critics generally praising the open world gameplay, side-quests, graphics and naval combat. In November 2013, Hardcore Gamer ranked Black Flag as the 70th greatest game of the seventh generation era.[76]

text: Black Flag was generally praised as superior to Assassin's Creed III,[70][74] with Game Informer's Joe Juba noting that Ubisoft responded to criticisms the previous game faced and rectified them.[66] CVG's Matt Gilman called the game "a return to form for the franchise,"[61] while Mikel Reparaz of Official Xbox Magazine stated that "After weathering the somewhat diminishing returns of Revelations and ACIII, Black Flag is exactly the shot in the arm Assassin's Creed needed."[72] Two days after its release, IGN ranked Black Flag as the 2nd best game in the Assassin's Creed series, only behind Assassin's Creed II.[77]

text: Several reviewers directed heavy acclaim to the game's open world structure, with the Edge staff declaring that Black Flag "sets new benchmarks not only for Ubisoft's series but for open-world gaming."[62] Eurogamer's Tom Bramwell called the open world gameplay "a surprising breath of fresh sea air,"[64] with Gilman stating it "revitalizes the series."[61] The large scale of the open world was praised,[69] with Greg Tito of The Escapist saying that the game "opens up the whole Caribbean."[75] Reviewers also praised the game's side-quests and collectibles,[61] as it actively encouraged the player to explore the open world,[64][69] with GameSpot's Shaun McInnis saying that "Black Flag presents a world full of adventure and opportunity and full of reasons to go exploring."[67] The side-quests were generally agreed to be superior to the main missions,[63][66] with IGN's Marty Sliva stating that "Black Flag is at its best [when you] set out in search of your own fun."[69] The assassination side-missions were particularly praised.[66][73] The seamless exploration between ship, land, and sea without loading was also praised.[67][73]

text: The graphics were also widely acclaimed. The Edge staff stated that "From a graphical standpoint, Black Flag's world is built to amaze regardless of which console generation you're playing it on."[62] Reviewers praised the game's open world as "beautiful" and "gorgeous;"[61][67] Sliva called Black Flag "one of the best looking games of 2013."[69] The game's level of detail was also acclaimed,[63] with the open world's water, rain and sea, being cited as "amazing" to look at.[61][66]

text: The game's naval combat system drew much praise. Reviewers noted that the naval combat was Assassin's Creed III's best feature, and consequently praised Black Flag for improving on it.[62] Tito explained that, while Assassin's Creed III's naval missions were linear and limited, Black Flag offered the player much greater freedom by allowing them to explore, fight or sail whenever they wanted.[75] McInnis said that the game "places a huge emphasis on naval combat," and stated that it "builds on ACIII's naval side missions to create an experience every bit as important as running around on dry land."[67] The naval combat received praise for its additions of boarding ships and attacking forts,[75] as well as the seamless transitions between ship and sword gameplay,[67][73] with Tito calling it "a great dual system that rewards both skill in naval combat, and [in] pirate action."[75]

text: The stealth in the game was praised for being more flexible than previous games by allowing the player more options to accomplish their goals.[61][67] The Edge staff said that "Stealth games are only as good as the flexibility of their encounters, and in that regard Black Flag is the most generous Assassin's Creed game to date."[62] However, some also criticized the stealth for being frustrating,[66] due to its clunky and poorly defined controls.[64][74] Reviewers noted that fighting as Edward was similar to previous games,[71] with some criticizing it for being monotonous,[64] too easy,[61] and lacking nuance.[75] However, it was also praised for being "an effective and violent power trip,"[73] and for being "fluid and lively."[67] Some also complained about the enemy A.I. for lacking intelligence.[71][73][74] The simplified crafting system was praised for improving over Assassin's Creed III's,[67][72] with reviewers noting it took inspiration from Far Cry 3.[62][73]

text: The story received a positive response overall. Reparaz praised it as "engrossing" and one of the Assassin's Creed series' best. Reparaz and McInnis also complimented the characters, and praised the way the story explores the human side of pirates, painting them in a sympathetic and relatable light.[67][72] Bramwell felt that the story "flourishes," particularly praising the supporting characters and Edward's character arc.[64] PlayStation Official Magazine's Joel Gregory felt that Black Flag's storyline was nothing unique for the series, though he praised the characters as "far more interesting, more likeable, and more varied" than previous games.[71] While he praised the story's first half, Gilman was more critical of the latter half, adding that its flawed pacing and structure resulted in player apathy towards the characters.[61] Both Sliva and Juba also criticized the main story,[69] with Juba complaining about its lack of purpose, or a compelling antagonist, and felt that most of the supporting characters were underdeveloped.[66]

text: The story missions also had a mixed reception. Reparaz, who gave the game high praise, felt that they were the weakest aspect of Black Flag.[72] Juba and VideoGamer.com's Steven Burns both felt that most of the story missions were extremely repetitive and were tediously tiring.[66][74] Tito, however, felt that they were varied, and that the frustrating portions compensated by being challenging.[75] One particular aspect that received heavy criticism from most reviewers were the eavesdropping and tailing missions,[62][64][66][67][72][74][75] with several noting that these problems should have been fixed or removed entirely from the series.[61][71] The tailing objectives were also extended to ship/sea missions, with reviewers also criticizing this form of naval stealth.[62][70] The game's pacing and opening were praised, as it introduced the pirate gameplay without the need of an overly long tutorial,[63][69][73] with Juba noting it an improvement over Assassin's Creed III.[66]

text: Several reviewers labelled Black Flag a more pirate game than it is an Assassin's Creed one, due to its heavy focusing on pirating in gameplay, story, and characters.[62][70][71][73] Reviewers felt that it was better for the game; they praised Black Flag's more light-hearted fare and tone compared to previous games,[62][69][74] while also believing the game wisely avoided the usual convoluted Assassin's plot in favor of a simplistic pirate story.[69][73] Gilman stated that "Black Flag is a better pirate game than it is an assassin game,"[61] with PC Gamer's Tom Senior remarking that "Black Flag doesn't really want to be an Assassin's Creed game, and [...] that is a welcome move."[73] Reparaz called it the greatest pirate game he had ever played,[72] while Electronic Gaming Monthly's Ray Carsillo declared Black Flag to be "probably the best pirate simulation in gaming history."[63] Tito stated that Black Flag's gameplay reminded him more of a 3D version of Sid Meier's Pirates! than any Assassin's Creed game.[75] Edward Kenway's character as a self-motivated pirate rather than an Assassin was also praised by most.[64][67][69][74] Sliva believed that Edward's character was a "refreshing change of pace from a series that had started to take itself a bit too seriously,"[69] while he and Gilman stated that Edward was a "livelier" and more "palatable" protagonist than Assassin's Creed III's Connor.[61][69]

text: In December 2015, Game Informer ranked the game as the fifth best game in the Assassin's Creed series to date.[78]

text: Sales[edit]

text: During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom, Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag became the best-selling game on all available formats, ahead of Battlefield 4.[79] However, the game's opening week sales were 60% down compared to 2012's Assassin's Creed III. Ubisoft blamed the fall in demand on uncertainty caused by the upcoming transition to eighth generation consoles.[80] According to NPD Group figures, Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag was the third best-selling game of November 2013 in the United States, only behind Call of Duty: Ghosts and Battlefield 4.[81] In May 2014, Ubisoft announced that the game had shipped over 11 million copies.[82]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag has received Game of the Year nominations from media outlets Cheat Code Central,[83] GameSpot,[84] and the Inside Gaming Awards,[85] It won the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game,[86] and the GameSpot awards for PS4 Game of the Year and Xbox One Game of the Year.[87][88]

text:
[show]List of notable awards and nominations for Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag

Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.

2013
5th Annual Inside Gaming Awards
Game of the Year
Nominated
[85]

Best Story
Nominated

Gamers' Choice
Nominated

Cheat Code Central's 7th Annual Cody Awards
Game of the Year
Nominated
[89]

Studio of the Year (Ubisoft Montreal)
Nominated
[90]

Best Graphics
Nominated
[91]

Best Action/Adventure Game
Nominated
[92]

Spike VGX 2013
Best Action Adventure Game
Won
[86]

Game Revolution's Best of 2013 Awards
Best Action-Adventure Game
Won
[93]

Best Publisher (Ubisoft)
Nominated
[94]

GameSpot's Game of the Year 2013 Awards
PS4 Game of the Year
Won
[87]

Xbox One Game of the Year
Won
[88]

Game of the Year
Nominated
[84]

PS3 Game of the Year
Nominated
[95]

Xbox 360 Game of the Year
Nominated
[96]

Hardcore Gamer's Game of the Year Awards 2013
Best Adventure Game
Won
[97]

The Sequel of Sequels
Won
[98]

Game of the Year
Nominated
[99]

Best Multiplatform Game
Nominated
[100]

Best Multiplayer
Nominated
[101]

Best New Character (Edward Kenway)
Nominated
[102]

Best Technical Graphics
Nominated
[103]

Destructoid's Best of 2013
Best Multiplatform Game
Nominated
[104]

Best Action Game
Nominated
[105]

Best Competitive Game
Nominated
[106]

Giant Bomb's 2013 Game of the Year Awards
Best Surprise
Won
[107]

Best Game
Nominated
[108]

13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards
Art Direction, Period Influence
Nominated
[109]

Character Design
Won

Costume Design
Won

Game Design, Franchise
Nominated

Graphics, Technical
Nominated

Game, Franchise Adventure
Nominated

2014
GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2013
Game of the Year
Nominated
[110]

Best Multiplatform Game
Nominated

Best Action/Adventure Game
Nominated

IGN's Best of 2013
Best PS4 Multiplayer Game
Won
[111]

Xbox One Game of the Year
Won
[112]

Best Xbox One Action-Adventure Game
Won
[113]

Best Xbox One Story
Won
[114]

Best Wii U Action-Adventure Game
Won
[115]

Best Wii U Sound
Won
[116]

Best Overall Action-Adventure Game
Nominated
[117]

Best Overall Music
Nominated
[118]

Best PC Action-Adventure Game
Nominated
[119]

Best PS3 Action-Adventure Game
Nominated
[120]

Best PS3 Sound
Nominated
[121]

Best PS3 Story
Nominated
[122]

PS4 Game of the Year
Nominated
[123]

Best Xbox 360 Action-Adventure Game
Nominated
[124]

Best Xbox 360 Sound
Nominated
[125]

Best Xbox 360 Story
Nominated
[126]

Best Xbox One Sound
Nominated
[127]

Wii U Game of the Year
Nominated
[128]

Best Wii U Multiplayer Game
Nominated
[129]

Best Wii U Music
Nominated
[130]

The Escapist Awards 2013
Game of the Year
Nominated
[131]

Best Action-Adventure Game
Nominated
[132]

Official Xbox Magazine's Game of the Year Awards 2013
Best Action Game
Won
[133]

Game of the Year
Nominated
[134]

66th Writers Guild of America Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing
(Story by Darby McDevitt, Mustapha Mahrach, Jean Guesdon; Lead Scriptwriter Darby McDevitt;
Scriptwriter Jill Murray; AI Scriptwriter Nicholas Grimwood; Scriptwriter Singapore Mark Llabres Hill)
Nominated
[135]

17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards
Game of the Year
Nominated
[136]

Adventure Game of the Year
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Animation
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering
Nominated

10th BAFTA Video Games Awards
Best Game
Nominated

Action/Adventure
Nominated

Game Design
Nominated

Music
Nominated

14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards
Best Technology
Nominated
[137]

32nd Golden Joystick Awards
Best Visual Design
Won
[138][139]

Studio of the Year (Ubisoft Montreal)
Won

Best Audio
Won

Best Gaming Moment (Sea shanties)
Nominated

Game of the Year
Nominated

text: PETA criticism[edit]

text: The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), an animal rights organisation criticised Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag for the usage of harpoons and "glorification" of whaling. The organisation said it was disgraceful that the video game industry doesn't condemn the addition.[140] Ubisoft responded to the claims by saying that Assassin's Creed's is based on history and is a "work of fiction which depicts real events during the Golden Era of Pirates". Ubisoft claimed they do not condone whaling, along with other mechanics and features in the 4th installment in the series.[141]

text: PETA has had a history of criticising video games, some of the notable cases being Mario and Pokémon.[142]

text: Series continuation[edit]

text: Assassin's Creed Unity, set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution,[143] was released worldwide on PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows on November 11, 2014.[144]

text: Additionally, Assassin's Creed Rogue is the sequel to Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag and the prequel to both Unity and III, following Shay Cormac, an Assassin-turned-Templar who hunts members of the Assassin order. Taking place in North America during the Seven Years' War, the game was released worldwide on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11, 2014.[145]

text: Other data[edit]

text: In November of 2013 the video game company of Ubisoft financed the exhumation of the remains of the Spanish corsair Amaro Pargo to reconstruct his face for its possible appearance in Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag. For the first time in history,[146] a company in the video game industry exhumab the remains of a historical character in a pioneering campaign that got the attention of national and international media. In addition, this exhumation had important discoveries on the physiognomy of this mythical corsair.[147]


document_title: Mr William Collins

question_text: which bennet sister did mr. collins first propose to

text: Mr William Collins

text: Background[edit]

text: Mr William Collins, 25 years old as the novel begins, is Mr Bennet's distant cousin, a clergyman, and the heir presumptive to Mr Bennet's estate of Longbourn. The property is entailed to heirs male, meaning that Mr Bennet's daughters and their issue cannot inherit. Unless Mr Bennet has a son (which he and Mrs Bennet have no expectation of), the estate of two thousand a year will pass to Mr Collins.

text: Born to a father, Mr Collins Sr, who is described as an "illiterate and miserly father", the son, William Collins is not much better (sans the miser part)'. The greatest part of his life has been spent under his father's guidance. So the younger Collins is "not a sensible man, and the deficiency of nature had been but little assisted by education or society". He's further described as having "belonged to one of the universities" (either Oxford or Cambridge), but he'd "merely kept the necessary terms, without forming at it any useful acquaintance", nor accomplishments. He is an insensible man, obsequious and lacking in common sense, and all too easily defers and kowtows to his social superiors. His father passes away some point not too long prior to events at the beginning of the novel. His physical appearance is described as being "tall, heavy looking young man of five and twenty. His air was grave and stately, and his manners were very formal".

text: Austen writes that prior to his entry into the novel, his circumstances in early life, and the 'subjection' in which his father had brought him up, had "originally given him great humility of manner". However, this characteristic has been "now a good deal counteracted by the self-conceit of a weak head, living in retirement", altered greatly and been replaced with arrogance and vanity due to "early and unexpected prosperity".[2] This early prosperity came, by chance, at the hands of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, when a vacancy arose for the living of the Hunsford parish, "and the respect which he felt for her high rank and his veneration for her as his patroness, mingling with a very good opinion of himself, of his authority as a clergyman, and his rights as a rector, made him altogether a mixture of pride and obsequiousness, self-importance and humility". He has a ridiculously high regard for Lady Catherine de Bourgh and her daughter, of whom he is "eloquent in their praise".[3]

text: Elizabeth's rejection of Mr Collins's marriage proposal is welcomed by her father, regardless of the financial benefit to the family of such a match. Mr Collins then marries Elizabeth's friend, Charlotte Lucas. Mr Collins is usually considered to be the foil to Mr. Darcy, who is grave and serious, and acts with propriety at all times. On the other hand, Mr Collins acts with impropriety and exaggerated humility, which offers some comedic relief. He likes things, especially if they are expensive or numerous, but is indifferent to true beauty and value ("Here, leading the way through every walk and cross walk, and scarcely allowing them an interval to utter the praises he asked for, every view was pointed out with a minuteness which left beauty entirely behind. He could number the fields in every direction, and could tell how many trees there were in the most distant clump[4]).

text: Portrayal[edit]

text: Mr Collins is first mentioned when Mr. Bennet tells his wife that his cousin will be visiting them. Mr Bennet reads them a letter sent to him from Mr Collins where Collins speaks of making amends for any past disagreements between his father and Mr Bennet. In his letter, Mr Collins readily assumes that his overtures of peace will be gratefully accepted and presumes upon the family to announce that he will come stay with them for a week.

text: Upon the first night of his visit he spends time dining with the family and reading to them from Fordyce's Sermons in their parlour. It is at this point that Mr Collins seems to take a fancy to the eldest daughter, Jane Bennet. When discussing his intentions with Mrs. Bennet he is told that Jane may very soon be engaged.[2] It takes Mr Collins only a few moments to redirect his attentions to Elizabeth Bennet, who in he believes in "birth and beauty",[2] succeeds her sister.

text: He spends the rest of his stay making visits around the neighbourhood with the young Misses Bennet. They visit Mrs Phillips, Mrs Bennet's sister. Mr Collins is quite charmed by this encounter and seems extremely pleased to be treated so well by the family. He continues to pay specific attention to Miss Elizabeth.

text: Collins first gives Elizabeth a hint of his intentions prior to the Netherfield ball hosted by Charles Bingley. He asks Elizabeth if she will allow him the pleasure of being her partner for the first two dances.[5] Though Mr Collins quite enjoys himself during these dances, Elizabeth has entirely different feelings on the matter. Miss Elizabeth has a strong aversion for Mr Collins. However, she usually tries to avoid any conversation beyond what is polite and proper. At the Netherfield ball she describes her dances with Mr Collins as "dances of mortification". She comments that Mr Collins acts awkwardly and solemn and gives her "all the shame and misery which a disagreeable partner for a couple of dances can give".[5]

text: At the end of Mr Collins' weeklong visit he seeks a private audience with Miss Elizabeth. Oblivious to how Elizabeth might be feeling, Mr Collins tells her that "almost as soon as he entered the house, he singled her out as the companion of his future life". He also expounds upon his reasons for getting married which are:

text:
He 'feels' that every clergyman should set the example of matrimony in his parish.
he believes it will add to his own personal happiness.
Lady Catherine has 'urged' him to find a wife as quickly as possible (contradicting his first reason, cited above).[6]

tag: ol

text: When Elizabeth rejects his proposal, despite her mother's approval of the match, Collins is quite taken aback and does not believe that she is serious. Elizabeth has to tell him firmly that she is in fact serious. Mr Collins seems surprised and insulted. He had not considered that his proposal would ever be undesirable. Miss Elizabeth has to insistently repeat to Mr Collins that she does not intend to marry him since he believes she is really only trying to behave with propriety by refusing him. Collins only accepts her refusal once Mrs Bennet admits that it is not likely that Elizabeth intends changing her mind.

text: In a few short days after this rejection, Mr Collins' sentiments are quickly transferred to Elizabeth's friend Charlotte Lucas, who encourages his regard because she seeks to improve her own social position (and does not wish to remain a spinster). Since Collins has very good prospects, Charlotte is determined to gain his favour.[7] Her plan works well. A few days after this Elizabeth hears that Charlotte is now engaged to Mr Collins. Upon hearing this news from Charlotte herself, Elizabeth declares it impossible and wonders how it is that someone could find Mr Collins less than ridiculous, let alone choose to marry him. This engagement takes place rather quickly and later, Mr Collins comes to visit the Bennets with his new wife to pay their respects.

text: A few months later Elizabeth is invited to visit Charlotte at her new home in Hunsford. Mr Collins makes it his goal to show Elizabeth that she made a grave mistake when refusing to marry him. Later on, he seems intent on convincing the Bennets that his pride was never injured and that he never had intentions towards Miss Elizabeth or any of her sisters.[8]

text: Mr Collins is only mentioned a few more times throughout the novel in passing.

text: Extra-textual information[edit]

text: Some scholarly analysis has been conducted on Jane Austen's characterisation of Mr Collins. Possibly the most thorough examination of this character was made by Ivor Morris in his book Mr Collins Considered: Approaches to Jane Austen. Morris says "there is no one quite like Mr Collins [...] his name has become a byword for a silliness all of his own—a felicitous blend of complacent self-approval and ceremonious servility."[9] He continues to say that Austen designed Mr Collins as a flat character, yet he is one of her great accomplishments. Morris suggests that though Mr Collins has few dimensions, he is just as rounded as Sense and Sensibility's Edward Ferrars and Colonel Brandon, or Emma's Mr Knightley and Harriet Smith.[10] In another analysis, Deirdre Le Faye wrote "what does make Mr Collins a figure of fun and rightful mockery is his lack of sense, of taste, and of generosity of spirit contrasted to his own supreme unawareness of his shortcomings in these respects".[11] He has also been criticised for taking such a casual air of his own marriage, which is one of the primary concerns of the Church.[12]

text: In a book review written by Dinah Birch, a professor at the University of Liverpool, she examines the role of Mr Collins as a clergyman in Jane Austen's writing. Birch says that "one of the strongest points of Pride and Prejudice is its understanding that Jane Austen's Christianity ... is also an imaginative force in her writing", because Austen is "deeply interested in the role of the church", in her society.[13] She writes about the lack of religious dedication she sees in some clergyman through her character Mr Collins who is "by no means an aspirant to sainthood".[14] Margaret Kirkham regards the "asinine" Mr Collins, who will inherit Longbourn, as a way that Austen "mocks sexist pride and prejudice" in legal customs.[15]

text: Depictions in other media[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Role
Film
Notes

1940
Melville Cooper
Mr. William Collins
Pride and Prejudice

2003
Hubbel Palmer
William Collins
Pride and Prejudice: A Latter-day Comedy
Modern adaptation of Pride and Prejudice

2004
Nitin Ganatra
Mr. Kholi
Bride and Prejudice
A Bollywood-style adaptation of Pride and Prejudice

2005
Tom Hollander
Mr. William Collins
Pride & Prejudice

2016
Matt Smith
Parson Collins
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies
Based on the parody novel by Seth Grahame-Smith.

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Role
Television Program
Notes

1952
Lockwood West
Mr. Collins
Pride and Prejudice
Television mini-series

1967
Julian Curry
Mr. Collins
Pride and Prejudice

1980
Malcolm Rennie
Mr. Collins
Pride and Prejudice

1995
David Bamber
Mr. Collins
Pride and Prejudice

2008
Guy Henry
Mr. Collins
Lost in Austen
A fantasy adaptation of Pride and Prejudice

2012
Maxwell Glick
Ricky Collins
The Lizzie Bennet Diaries
A web series, modernized adaptation of Pride and Prejudice


document_title: Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen

question_text: when did the olsen twins start full house

text: Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen

text: Life and career

text: Childhood and acting career

text: The twins were born in Sherman Oaks, California to David "Dave" Olsen[1] (b. 1953) and Jarnette "Jarnie" (née Jones;[2] b. 1954). Despite being very similar in appearance, they are not identical, but sororal twins.[3] They have an elder brother, Trent, and a younger sister, actress Elizabeth, as well as a half-sister, Courtney Taylor, and a half-brother, Jake.[4] The twins' parents divorced in 1995; Taylor and Jake are from their father's second marriage to McKenzie.[5] The Olsen twins have English and Norwegian ancestry.[6]

text: In 1987, at the age of six months, the twins were cast in the role of Michelle Tanner on the ABC sitcom Full House. They began filming at nine months old. In order to comply with child labor laws that set strict limits on how long a child actor may work, the sisters took turns playing the role. The Olsens continued to portray Michelle throughout the show's run, which concluded in 1995.

text: In 1992, Mary-Kate and Ashley shared the role of Michelle Tanner when they guest-starred on the Full House crossover episode of Hangin' with Mr. Cooper. While starring on Full House, the Olsens also began appearing (as separate characters) in films for video and television. The first such film, To Grandmother's House We Go, debuted in 1992 and featured cameos from several other Full House actors. In 1993, the Olsens established the company Dualstar, which would produce the twins' subsequent films and videos, including that year's Double, Double, Toil and Trouble and 1994's How the West Was Fun. A series of musical mystery videos called The Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley premiered in 1994 and continued through 1997.

text: In 1995, following the end of Full House, the Olsens made their feature film debut in It Takes Two, co-starring Steve Guttenberg and Kirstie Alley. In the same year, they introduced a second video series, You're Invited to Mary-Kate & Ashley's..., which continued to release new entries until 2000.

text: The following year, the Olsens appeared in an episode of All My Children.[7] In 1997, they appeared once again as guest stars in an episode of Sister Sister. Also, in 1998, the twins returned to series television with another ABC sitcom, Two of a Kind, co-starring Christopher Sieber as their characters' widowed father. The series lasted only one season but aired in reruns on cable for several years afterward. 1998 also saw the release of Billboard Dad, the first of a new string of direct-to-video films starring the Olsens. The final such film, The Challenge, debuted in 2003.

text: In 2000, the Olsens appeared in an episode of 7th Heaven as bad girls Sue and Carol Murphy.[8] The following year, the sisters starred in two new series: So Little Time, a live-action sitcom on Fox Family (later ABC Family); and Mary-Kate and Ashley in Action!, an animated series airing Saturday mornings on ABC. Both shows were cancelled after one season, although Mary-Kate received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for her performance on So Little Time.

text: In early 2004, Mary-Kate and Ashley had a cameo voice role in an episode of The Simpsons as the readers of Marge's book-on-tape, The Harpooned Heart.[9] Also in 2004, the twins starred in a second feature film, New York Minute. It would be their last film together, as well as Ashley's last acting role. Mary-Kate has continued to appear in film and television.

text: Mary-Kate and Ashley had a fan club until 2000, "Mary-Kate & Ashley's Fun Club", where fans would pay to receive Mary-Kate and Ashley collectibles and photos. Each subscription included an issue of Our Funzine, Mary-Kate and Ashley's fan club magazine, exclusively available through the club, and a collectibles catalog, where one could purchase T-shirts, posters, baseball caps, key rings, school folders, postcards, and various other items. Subscribers would also receive "surprise gifts" (usually key rings, book excerpts, or back issues of the Funzine), lyric sheets to Mary-Kate and Ashley's songs, a school folder, a membership card, a full-sized poster, two black and white photos (one of each girl), and a color photo with reprint autographs. The club was advertised at the beginning of Mary-Kate and Ashley movies until 1998.[10]

text: Mary-Kate and Ashley were popular figures in the preteen market during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Their names and likenesses extended, not only to movies and videos, but to clothes, shoes, purses, hats, books, CDs and cassette tapes, fragrances and makeup, magazines, video and board games, dolls, posters, calendars, and even telephones and CD players—with a market share made up mostly of the tween demographic. Mattel produced various sets of Mary-Kate and Ashley fashion dolls from 2000 to 2005, along with separate outfits and accessory packs.

text: The sisters became co-presidents of Dualstar on their 18th birthday in 2004. Upon taking control of the company, Mary-Kate and Ashley made moves to secure the future of the company by releasing products that appealed to the teen market, including home decoration and fragrances.[11] The Dualstar brand has been sold in more than 3,000 stores in the United States and over 5,300 stores worldwide.[12] The Olsens have appeared on the Forbes "Celebrity 100" list since 2002; in 2007, Forbes ranked them (collectively) as the eleventh-richest women in entertainment, with an estimated net worth of US $100 million.[13]

text: Fashion career

text: As the sisters have matured, they expressed greater interest in their fashion choices, with The New York Times declaring Mary-Kate a fashion icon for pioneering her signature (and now popular among celebrities and fans alike) "homeless" look.[14] The style, sometimes referred to by fashion journalists as "ashcan" or "bohemian-bourgeois",[15] is similar to the boho-chic style popularized in Britain by Kate Moss and Sienna Miller. The look consists of oversized sunglasses, boots, loose sweaters, and flowing skirts, with an aesthetic of mixing high-end and low-end pieces.[15] The twins were tapped as the faces of upscale fashion line Badgley Mischka in 2006.[16]

text: The Olsens had a clothing line for girls ages 4–14 in Wal-Mart stores across North America, as well as a beauty line called "Mary-Kate and Ashley: Real fashion for real girls". In 2004, they made news by signing a pledge to allow full maternity leave to all the workers that sew their line of clothing in Bangladesh. The National Labor Committee, which organized the pledge, praised the twins for their commitment to worker rights.[17]

text: The Olsens have also launched their own couture fashion label, The Row, named after Savile Row in London.[18] In 2007, they launched Elizabeth & James, a contemporary collection inspired by many of their unique vintage finds and pieces in their personal wardrobes. They have also released a women's clothing line for J.C. Penney, called Olsenboye, and a T-shirt line called "StyleMint".[19] In 2008, the sisters published the book Influence, a compilation of interviews with many of the most prominent people in the field of fashion. In August 2013, the twins launched a new fashion line in Oslo, Norway.[20] The Olsens were first named Womensewear Designer of the Year by the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) for The Row in 2012. They received the award again in 2015.[21][22] The CFDA also named the Olsens Accessories Designer of the Year in 2014 for their work with The Row.[23]

text: Filmography

text:
Television and Film

Year(s)
Title
Mary-Kate's role
Ashley's role
Notes

1987–1995
Full House

Michelle Tanner (shared role)

191 episodes

1992
Hangin' with Mr. Cooper

Michelle Tanner (shared role)

Episode: "Hangin' With Michelle" (1.02)

1992
To Grandmother's House We Go
Sarah Thompson
Julie Thompson
TV movie

1993
Our First Video
Herself
Herself
Direct-to-video release

1993
Double, Double, Toil and Trouble
Kelly Farmer & Young Aunt Sophia
Lynn Farmer & Young Aunt Agatha
TV movie

1994
How the West Was Fun
Jessica Martin
Suzy Martin
TV movie

1994
The Little Rascals
Twin #2
Twin #1
Cameo role

1994–1997
The Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley
Herself
Herself
Video series, 11 videos

1995
It Takes Two
Amanda Lemmon
Alyssa Callaway

1995–2000
You're Invited to Mary-Kate & Ashley's...
Herself
Herself
Video series, 10 videos

1997
Sister, Sister
Herself
Herself
Episode: "Slime Party" (4.21)

1997
Our Music Video
Herself
Herself
Direct-to-video release

1998
Billboard Dad
Tess Tyler
Emily Tyler

1998
All My Children
Herself
Herself
1 episode, October 29, 1998

1998–1999
Two of a Kind
Mary-Kate Burke
Ashley Burke
1 season

1999
Passport to Paris
Melanie "Mel" Porter
Allyson "Ally" Porter

1999
Switching Goals
Sam Stanton
Emma Stanton
TV movie

2000
7th Heaven
Carol Murphy
Sue Murphy
Episode: "Gossip" (5.08)

2000
Our Lips Are Sealed
Maddie Parker
Abby Parker

2001
Mary-Kate & Ashley's Fashion Forward
Herself
Herself
Direct-to-video release

2001
Winning London
Chloe Lawrence
Riley Lawrence

2001–2002
So Little Time
Riley Carlson
Chloe Carlson
1 season

2001
Holiday in the Sun
Madison Stewart
Alex Stewart

2001–2002
Mary-Kate and Ashley in Action!
Misty (voice)
Amber (voice)
Animated series, 1 season

2002
Getting There
Kylie Hunter
Taylor Hunter

2002
When in Rome
Charli Hunter
Leila Hunter

2003
The Challenge
Shane Dalton
Elizabeth "Lizzie" Dalton

2003
Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle

Future Angel (shared role)

Uncredited cameo

2004
The Simpsons
Herself (voice)
Herself (voice)
Episode: "Diatribe of a Mad Housewife" (15.10)

2004
New York Minute
Roxanne "Roxy" Ryan
Jane Ryan
Main roles


document_title: Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

question_text: who was the first child born after migration (hijrat)

question_tokens: who was the first child born after migration ( hijrat )

text: Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

text: Biography[edit]

text: Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr was a member of the Bani Hashim tribe and was born one year and 8 months after the hijra of Muhammad to Medina. As such, he was the first Muslim child born in Medina.[4]  He was the cousin of Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr who, in turn, was the grandfather of Jafar al-Sadiq.[5]

text: He was born of mutah.[6][7][8]

text: According to leading scholars such as al-Raghib al-Isphahani,[7] Abu Dawood al-Tayalisi,[who?] and Qadhi Sanaullah Panipati,[who?] he is perhaps the most important and famous personality born to a temporary marriage (Nikah mut'ah) between Zubayr al-Awaam and Asma bint Abi Bakr.[citation needed]

text: Ibn 'Abbas said about him: "his (maternal) grandfather, Abu Bakr was (the Prophet's) companion in the cave, his mother, Asma' was 'Dhatun-Nitaq', his aunt, 'Aisha was the mother of the Believers, his paternal aunt, Khadija was the wife of the Prophet , and the paternal aunt of the Prophet was his grandmother. He himself is pious and chaste in Islam, well versed in the Knowledge of the Quran".[9]

text: As a young man, Abd Allah was an active participant in numerous Muslim campaigns against both the Byzantine and Sassanid empires. He marched to Sbeitla, Tunisia, the capital of self-proclaimed local emperor Gregory the Patrician. Gregory was defeated and killed in the Battle of Sufetula in 647 CE. After the death of Uthman ibn Affan, he stayed politically inactive during the civil wars that followed; however when the Umayyad Dynasty came to power and Yazid I became the heir apparent he refused to swear allegiance.[1]

text: Yazid's reign[edit]

text: After Muawiyah I died in 680, his son Yazid I became Caliph, in the process also becoming the first one through inheritance. Both Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of Muhammad, and al Zubayr were instructed to give the Bay'ah (pledge of allegiance) to Yazid, which each refused. Both believed Yazid's ascension to the Caliphate as illegitimate. These disagreements would lead to the period of political and military disorder known as the Second Fitna.

text: Muawiyah is reputed to have told his son Yazid to defeat Hussein, who was surely preparing an army against him, and to deal with him gently thereafter as Hussein was a descendent of Muhammad; but to deal with Abdullah al Zubayr swiftly, as Muawiyah feared him the most.[10]

text: Ibn al-Zubayr's caliphate[edit]

text: Upon the accession of Yazid I, al-Zubayr refused to swear allegiance to the new caliph, and went to Mecca.[1] He advised Husayn bin Ali to make Mecca his base and fight against Yazid.[11]

text: When Hussain was martyred in Karbala, Ibn al-Zubair collected the people of Mecca and made the following speech:

text: "O people! No other people are worse than Iraqis and among the Iraqis, the people of Kufa are the worst. They repeatedly wrote letters and called Imam Husayn to them and took bay'at (allegiance) for his caliphate. But when Ibn Zeyad arrived in Kufa, they rallied around him and martyr Imam Husayn who was pious, observed the fast, read the Quran and deserved the caliphate in all respects[4]

text: After his speech, the people of Mecca declared that no one deserved the caliphate more than Ibn al-Zubair and requested to take an oath of allegiance to his caliphate. When he heard about this, Yazid had a silver chain made and sent to Mecca with the intention of having Walid ibn Utbah arrest Ibn al-Zubair with it.[4]

text: In Mecca and Medina Husayn's family had a strong support base and the people were willing to stand up for them. Husayn's remaining family moved back to Medina.

text: Eventually he consolidated his power by sending a governor to Kufa. Soon, Ibn Zubayr established his power in Iraq, southern Arabia and in the greater part of Syria, and parts of Egypt. Ibn Zubayr benefited greatly from widespread dissatisfaction among the populace with Umayyad rule. Yazid tried to end Ibn Zubayr's rebellion by invading the Hejaz, and took Medina after the bloody Battle of al-Harrah.  He then invaded the Tihamah and lay siege to Mecca but his sudden death, in 683,[1] ended the campaign and threw the Umayyads into disarray with civil war eventually breaking out.

text: Death by Abd al-Malik[edit]

text: The Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik then sent against ibn al-Zubayr the general al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. When Hajjaj approached Mecca, he sent a letter to Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr telling him he had three choices; to be taken and chained to Abd al-Malik who was then the caliph of Damascus; to leave by himself wherever he wished, renouncing claim on all the lands he had under his control; or to continue fighting to the death. He then went to his mother (Asma bint Abu Bakr) for advice, and she was over a hundred years old. So Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr said to his mother:

text: In death I will find peace and tranquility. My people have deserted me, even my children and my family, and I am left with a handful of men around me. And the people (al-Hajjaj) are willing to give me whatever I want from this world (i.e. they would let him leave freely without hindrance). So what is your counsel?

text: Thereupon Asma replied to her son:

text: You know better than me your circumstances. But I say to you this: if you know you are upon the truth, go forth and die like your companions; and if you are after this world, then you are the most wretched of men, for you have wasted yourself and those who are with you. And for how long shall you live in this world? And if you are upon the truth, but now that your companions have left you, you have become weak... this is not the action of a free man and a man of the deen.

text: Then he said, "I am afraid I will be mutilated by the people of al-Sham", to which she replied "My son, a slaughtered goat does not feel the pain when it is skinned". He kissed her upon the forehead and said:

text: I swear by Allah, this is my opinion. I have no desire to live in this world, for my aspiration is the life of the hereafter, and all my life I have stood up for truth. But I wanted to know your opinion so that your opinion strengthens my opinion!

text: And then his mother said, “Come closer my son!” When he came closer to her, she embraced him and when she did so, she felt that he had some metal armour on. And she said, “O’ my son! What is this? For people who want Shahaadah don’t wear this!” He said, “O’ my mother! I only did this to comfort you!” She said:

text: My son, take it off. Tie your belt so when you fall, your ‘awrah is not exposed! Fight with bravery for you are the son of Zubayr and the grandson of Abu Bakr and your grandmother was Safiyyah.

text: That day he fought bravely and would repel huge numbers of men until finally, they threw a rock upon him and he was on the floor and was still fighting. Then they cut off his leg and finally, they martyred him. And when they martyred him, al-Hajjaj came to the mother of Abdullah and wanted to break her resolve, and he said, “How has Allah dealt with His enemy?” but she answered, “You have ruined his life, but he has ruined for you the hereafter!"

text: They beheaded Abdullah ibn Zubayr and stuck his body up on a cross. The men of al Hajjaj were saying, “Allahu Akbar, Takbir!” and Abdullah ibn ‘Umar went by and he heard them saying that, and he turned towards his body and said,

text: I was there the day Abdullah was born and I am here the day he has died, and I heard those who said Takbir the day he was born and I heard those who have said Takbir the day he has died, and I swear by Allah those who said Takbir the day when he was born were far greater than those who have said Takbir today!

text: The soldiers went to al Hajjaj and said, "Take his body down, it has been up for days.” to which he responded, “I swear by Allah I will not take it down until Asma’ begs me.”

text:
And when they told Asma’ that, she said, “Take me to where the body of my son is.” She made du’a for her son and said, “Isn’t it time that knight of Allah was allowed to come off his horse?” And when they told this to al-Hajjaj, he felt so little and mean that he brought the body down.
[12]

text: Family tree[edit]

text:
`Abd Manaf ibn Qusai

    Abd Shams        Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf

    Umayya        Abdul Mutallib

 Abu'l-As    Harb `Abd Allah Abu Talib `Abbas (Abbasids) Safiyyah bint ‘Abd al-Muttalib

Affan Hakam Abu Sufyan Muhammad Ali `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas Zubayr ibn al-Awam

Uthman ibn Affan Marwan I Muawiyah I   Hasan ibn Ali Hussein ibn Ali   Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayralso Abu Bakr's grandson

        Yazid I

text: Timeline of the two caliphates[edit]

text: Four Umayyad caliphs reigned during the twelve years of Ibn Al-Zubayr's caliphate between 680 and 692. The shorts terms indicated in the upper plot in light blue and yellow correspond to the tenures of Muawiya II and Marwan I, respectively. (Note that a caliph's succession does not necessarily occur on the first day of the new year.)