document_title: Five-Year Plans of India

question_text: write any two objectives of planning in india

root

text: Five-Year Plans of India

text: History[edit]

text: Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national economic programs. Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s. Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them. China and India both continue to use FYPs, although China renamed its Eleventh FYP, from 2006 to 2010, a guideline (guihua), rather than a plan (jihua), to signify the central government’s more hands-off approach to development. India launched its First FYP in 1951, immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.[3]

tag: p

text: The First Five-Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after Independence. Thus, it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country (but less than the Second Plan, which focused on heavy industries). It built a particular system of mixed economy, with a great role for the public sector (with an emerging welfare state), as well as a growing private sector (represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan).

text: First Plan (1951–1956)[edit]

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tag: table

text: The first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five-Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention. The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the Harrod–Domar model with few modifications.

text: The total planned budget of Rs.2069 crore (2378 crore later) was allocated to seven broad areas: irrigation and energy (27.2%), agriculture and community development (17.4%), transport and communications (24%), industry (8.4%), social services (16.6%), rehabilitation of landless farmers (4.1%), and for other sectors and services (2.5%). The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors. Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence, India was facing basic problems—deficiency of capital and low capacity to save.

text: The target growth rate was 2.1% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net domestic product went up by 15%. The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields, boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income, which increased by 8%. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra, Hirakud, Mettur Dam and Damodar Valley dams. The World Health Organization (WHO), with the Indian government, addressed children's health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth.

text: At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The University Grants Commission (UGC) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country. Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five-Year Plan. The plan was quasi successful for the government.

text: Second Plan (1956–1961)[edit]

text: The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and "rapid Industrialisation". The plan followed the Mahalanobis model, an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth. It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods.[4][5]

text: Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia, Britain (the U.K) and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the north east.

text: The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as research institutes. In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power.

text: The total amount allocated under the Second Five-Year Plan in India was Rs.48 billion. This amount was allocated among various sectors: power and irrigation, social services, communications and transport, and miscellaneous.

text: "The target growth rate was 4.5% and the actual growth rate was 4.27%.[6]"

text: Third Plan (1961–1966)[edit]

text: The Third Five-year Plan, stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965–1966, India fought a War with Pakistan. There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat.

text: Many primary schools were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to the grass-root level, Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities.

text: State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for secondary and higher education. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility.

text: The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%.[6]

text: Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare "plan holidays" (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared "Devaluation of Rupee" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created.

text: Fourth Plan (1969–1974)[edit]

text: At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was becoming dire as the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development. India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test (Pokhran-1) in Rajasthan on May 18, 1974, partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal. The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war.

text: The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.[6]

text: Fifth Plan (1974–1978)[edit]

text: The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on employment, poverty alleviation (Garibi Hatao), and justice. The plan also focused on self-reliance in agricultural production and defence. In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission.[7][citation needed]

text: The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic. Tourism also expanded. The twenty-point programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1974 to 1979.

text: The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974–78). The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people.

text: The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 4.8%.[6]

text: Rolling Plan (1978–1980)[edit]

text: The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five-Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five-Year Plan (1978–1980). This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made.The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed. The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years, which may be 3, 4 or 5 years. Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy. The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10, 15 or 20 years. Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans. The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets, the object of the exercise, projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country’s economy. The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year, it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five-year period and it turned out to be a complex plan. Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress.

text: Sixth Plan (1980–1985)[edit]

text: The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation. Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living. This was the end of Nehruvian socialism. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee. Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation. In contrast to China's strict and binding one-child policy, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force[citation needed]. More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high birth rate.

text: The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual growth rate was 5.4%.[6] The only Five-Year Plan which was done twice.[clarification needed]

text: Seventh Plan (1985–1990)[edit]

text: The Seventh Five-Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology.

text: The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice".

text: As an outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, controls on the rate of inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five-Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were: social justice, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, agricultural development, anti-poverty programmes, full supply of food, clothing, and shelter, increasing productivity of small- and large-scale farmers, and making India an independent economy.

text: Based on a 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self-sustaining growth by the year 2000. The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year.

text: Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five-Year Plan India are given below:

text:
Balance of payments (estimates): Export – ₹330 billion (US$5.1 billion), Imports – (-)₹540 billion (US$8.3 billion), Trade Balance – (-)₹210 billion (US$3.2 billion)
Merchandise exports (estimates): ₹606.53 billion (US$9.3 billion)
Merchandise imports (estimates): ₹954.37 billion (US$14.6 billion)
Projections for balance of payments: Export – ₹607 billion (US$9.3 billion), Imports – (-) ₹954 billion (US$14.6 billion), Trade Balance- (-) ₹347 billion (US$5.3 billion)

tag: ul

text: Under the Seventh Five-Year Plan, India strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace.

text: The target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual growth rate was 6.01%.[8] and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7%.

text: Annual Plans (1990–1992)[edit]

text: The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992–1997.

text: Eighth Plan (1992–1997)[edit]

text: 1989–91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five-year plan was implemented. Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in foreign exchange (forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about US$1 billion. Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy. P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party, and led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh (later Prime Minister of India) launched India's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of liberalization, privatisation and globalization (LPG) in India.

text: Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995. The major objectives included, controlling population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, institutional building, tourism management, human resource development, involvement of Panchayati rajs, Nagar Palikas, NGOs, decentralisation and people's participation.

text: Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the outlay.

text: The target growth rate was 5.6% and the actual growth rate was 6.8%.

text: To achieve the target of an average of 5.6% per annum, investment of 23.2% of the gross domestic product was required. The incremental capital ratio is 4.1. The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources, with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6% of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6% of gross domestic production.[9]

text: Ninth Plan (1997–2002)[edit]

text: The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth. It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty. The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan also ensured the states' ability to proceed on the path of faster development. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country. In addition, the Ninth Five-Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country. New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans (SAPs) were evolved during the Ninth Five-Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources. The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure, agriculture, information technology and Water policy.

text: Budget

text: The Ninth Five-Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₹859,200 crore (US$130 billion). The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw a hike of 48% in terms of plan expenditure and 33% in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five-Year Plan. In the total outlay, the share of the center was approximately 57% while it was 43% for the states and the union territories.

text: The Ninth Five-Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country. The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity. The Ninth Five-Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society.

text: Objectives

text: The main objective of the Ninth Five-Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country. Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five-Year Plan were:

text:
Population control.
Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development.
Reduction of poverty.
Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor.
Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities.
Primary education to all children in the country.
Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like Scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes and other backward classes.
Developing self-reliance in terms of agriculture.
Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices.

text: Strategies

text:
Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy.
New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country.
Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth.
Combination of public and private support to increase employment.
Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self-reliance.
Providing services like electricity, telecommunication, railways etc.
Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country.
Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions/bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process.

text: Performance

text:
The Ninth Five-Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4% against a target of 6.5%
The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1% against the target of 4.2%
The industrial growth in the country was 4.5% which was higher than that of the target of 3%
The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8%.
An average annual growth rate of 6.7% was reached.

text: The Ninth Five-Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio-economic development of the country. However, for a well-planned economy of any country, there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation. A combined effort of public, private, and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India's economy.

text: The target growth was 7.1% and the actual growth was 6.8%.

text: Tenth Plan (2002–2007)[edit]

text: The main objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan:

text:
Attain 8% GDP growth per year.
Reduction of poverty rate by 5% by 2007.
Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force.
Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007.
20-point program was introduced.
Target growth: 8.1% – growth achieved: 7.7%.
The Tenth Plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities.
Expenditure of ₹43,825 crore (US$6.7 billion) for tenth five years.

text: Out of total plan outlay, ₹921,291 crore (US$140 billion) (57.9%) was for central government and ₹691,009 crore (US$110 billion) (42.1%) was for states and union territories.

text: Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)[edit]

text:
it was in the period of Manmohan Singh as a prime minister.
It aimed to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18-23 years of age group by 2011-12.
It focused on distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and IT education institutions.
Rapid and inclusive growth (poverty reduction).
Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein.
Empowerment through education and skill development.
Reduction of gender inequality.
Environmental sustainability.
To increase the growth rate in agriculture, industry and services to 4%, 10% and 9% respectively.
Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1.
Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009.
Increase agriculture growth to 4%.

text: Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)[edit]

text: The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8% for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.[10]

text: With the deteriorating global situation, the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible. The Final growth target has been set at 8% by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi.

text: "It is not possible to think of an average of 9% [in the 12th plan]. I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible,” Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments. The approached paper for the 12th Plan, approved last year, talked about an annual average growth rate of 9%.

text: “When I say feasible... that will require major effort. If you don’t do that, there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent. I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year...the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan (2012–13) is 6.5 to 7 percent.”

text: He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number (economic growth target) to put before the country’s NDC for its approval.

text: The government intends to reduce poverty by 10% during the 12th Five-Year Plan. Ahluwalia said, “We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9% annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period". Earlier, addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments, he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan. The commission had said, while using the Tendulkar poverty line, the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004–05 and 2009–10, was about 1.5%points each year, which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993–95 to 2004–05.[11] The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks. The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US$1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five-year plan, which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP (gross domestic product). The UID (Unique Identification Number) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan.

text: The objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan were:

text:
To create 50 million new work opportunities in the non farm sector.
To remove gender and social gap in school enrolment.
To enhance access to higher education.
To reduce malnutrition among children aged 0-3 years.
To provide electricity to all villages.
To ensure that 50% of the rural population have accesses to proper drinking water.
To increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year.
To provide access to banking services to 90% of households.


document_title: New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games

question_text: when did new zealand hold the commonwealth games

text: New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games

text: Host nation[edit]

text: New Zealand has hosted the Games three times:

text:
1950 British Empire Games – Auckland
1974 British Commonwealth Games – Christchurch
1990 Commonwealth Games – Auckland

text: Medal tally[edit]

text: Historically, New Zealand has generally been 4th or 5th, though was up to 3rd (1950 & 1962), and down to 11th (1970 & 2010) and 9th (2006). At the first games in 1930, New Zealand's 4th position was ahead of Australia at 5th. At the conclusion of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, New Zealand has earned 159 gold medals, 220 silver medals and 278 bronze medals. In the all-time medal tally New Zealand is ranked 5th behind Australia, England, Canada and India.

text: Host country (New Zealand)[1]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank

 1930 Hamilton
3
4
2
9
4th

 1934 London
1
0
2
3
6th

 1938 Sydney
5
7
13
25
5th

 1950 Auckland
10
22
22
54
3rd

 1954 Vancouver
7
7
5
19
5th

 1958 Cardiff
4
6
9
19
5th

 1962 Perth
10
12
10
32
3rd

 1966 Kingston
8
5
13
26
4th

 1970 Edinburgh
2
6
6
14
11th

 1974 Christchurch
9
8
18
35
4th

 1978 Edmonton
5
6
9
20
5th

 1982 Brisbane
5
8
13
26
5th

 1986 Edinburgh
8
16
14
38
4th

 1990 Auckland
17
14
27
58
4th

 1994 Victoria
5
16
20
41
8th

 1998 Kuala Lumpur
8
6
20
34
6th

 2002 Manchester
11
13
21
45
5th

 2006 Melbourne
6
12
14
32
9th

 2010 Delhi
6
22
8
36
11th

 2014 Glasgow
14
14
17
45
6th

 2018 Gold Coast
15
16
15
46
5th

Total
159
220
278
657
5th

text: By sport[edit]

text: Events in bold featured at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.

text:
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Athletics
37
48
51
136

Cycling
25
47
42
114

Swimming
18
30
36
84

Shooting
15
16
21
52

Lawn bowls
13
12
15
40

Weightlifting
12
12
16
40

Rowing
9
15
7
31

Boxing
7
6
24
37

Rugby sevens
6
1
0
7

Squash
5
4
4
13

Wrestling
3
9
17
29

Netball
2
3
0
5

Gymnastics
2
0
9
11

Judo
1
4
6
11

Hockey
1
3
3
7

Fencing
1
2
3
6

Table tennis
1
1
2
4

Archery
1
0
0
1

Badminton
0
2
9
11

Triathlon
0
2
3
5

Basketball
0
2
2
4

Water polo
0
1
0
1

Diving
0
0
4
4

Synchronised swimming
0
0
2
2

Beach volleyball
0
0
1
1

Cricket
0
0
1
1

text: Competitors[edit]

text: Notable competitors for New Zealand include Greg Yelavich in sports shooting, who has won 11 medals at 6 games from 1986 to 2006. Rowan Brassey has also competed at 6 games, and has won 3 medals in lawn bowls. Gary Anderson won 3 golds, 2 silvers and 3 bronze medals for New Zealand in cycling. Athlete Valerie Young has won the most gold medals (5) of any New Zealand competitor.


document_title: Angel Oak

question_text: where is the angel oak tree in sc

question_tokens: where is the angel oak tree in sc

text: Angel Oak

text: Angel Oak is a Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) located in Angel Oak Park on Johns Island near Charleston, South Carolina. The tree is estimated to be 400-500 years old.[1] It stands 66.5 ft (20 m) tall, measures 28 ft (8.5 m) in circumference, and produces shade that covers 17,200 square feet (1,600 m2). Its longest branch distance is 187 ft[2] in length. Angel Oak was the 210th tree to be registered with the Live Oak Society.[3][4][5]

text: The oak derives its name from the estate of Justus Angel and his wife, Martha Waight Tucker Angel.[6] Local folklore tells stories of ghosts of former slaves appearing as angels around the tree.[7][8]

text: Despite the claims that the Angel Oak is the oldest tree east of the Mississippi River, bald cypress trees throughout North and South Carolina are[9] significantly older. One example in North Carolina is over 1,600 years old.

text: History[edit]

text: Angel Oak was damaged severely during Hurricane Hugo in 1989 but has since recovered.[10] The City of Charleston has owned the tree and surrounding park since 1991.[11]

text: Development is beginning to encroach on the site of Angel Oak. In 2012, plans to build a 500-unit apartment complex that would be 160 yards (150 m) from Angel Oak were challenged in court by a group called Save the Angel Oak and the Coastal Conservation League; their concerns included the construction's effect on available groundwater and nutrients.[12] By December, 2013, another South Carolina nonprofit celebrated [13] "the preservation of 17 acres adjacent to the majestic tree."

text: The Angel Oak tree is featured prominently in the book The Heart of A Child by Emily Nelson.


document_title: Shiba Inu

question_text: what is the lifespan of a shiba inu

question_tokens: what is the lifespan of a shiba inu

text: Shiba Inu

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Inu is the Japanese word for dog, but the origin of the prefix "Shiba" is less clear. The word shiba means "brushwood" in Japanese, and refers to a type of tree or shrub whose leaves turn red in the fall.[6] This leads some to believe that the Shiba was named with this in mind, either because the dogs were used to hunt in wild shrubs, or because the most common color of the Shiba Inu is a red color similar to that of the shrubs. However, in an old Nagano dialect, the word shiba also had the meaning of "small", thus this might be a reference to the dog's diminutive stature.[6] Therefore, the Shiba Inu is sometimes translated as "Little Brushwood Dog".[1]

text: Description[edit]

text: Appearance[edit]

text: The Shiba's frame is compact with well-developed muscles.[7] Males are 35 to 43 cm (14 to 17 in) at the withers. Females are 33 to 41 cm (13 to 16 in). The preferred size is the middle of the range for each sex. Average weight at preferred size is approximately 10 kg (22 lb) for males, 8 kg (18 lb) for females. Bones are moderate.

text: The Shiba is double coated, with the outer coat being stiff and straight and the undercoat soft and thick. Fur is short and even on the fox-like face, ears, and legs. Guard hairs stand off the body and are about 4 to 5 cm (1 1⁄2 to 2 in) long at the withers. Tail hair is slightly longer and stands open in a brush. Shibas may be red, black and tan, or sesame (red with black-tipped hairs),[7] with a cream, buff, or grey undercoat. They may also be white (cream), though this color is considered a "major fault" by the American Kennel Club and should never be intentionally bred in a show dog, as the required markings known as "urajiro" (裏白) are not visible; "Urajiro" literally translates to "underside white".[2] Conversely, a white (cream) coat is perfectly acceptable according to the British Kennel Club breed standard.[8]

text: The urajiro (cream to white ventral color) is required in the following areas on all coat colors: on the sides of the muzzle, on the cheeks, inside the ears, on the underjaw and upper throat inside of legs, on the abdomen, around the vent and the ventral side of the tail. On reds: commonly on the throat, forechest, and chest. On blacks and sesames: commonly as a triangular mark on both sides of the forechest.[9]

text: Temperament[edit]

text: Shibas tend to exhibit an independent nature[7] and sometimes show aggression. This is more prevalent between female Shibas and is influenced by the breed's strong prey drive. The Shiba Inu is best in a home without other small dogs or young children, but consistent obedience training and early socialization can make all the difference. The breed also interacts fairly well with cats.[2]

text: From the Japanese breed standard:

text: A spirited boldness, a good nature, and an unaffected forthrightness, which together yield dignity and natural beauty. The Shiba has an independent nature and can be reserved toward strangers but is loyal and affectionate to those who earn his respect. They can be aggressive toward other dogs.

text: The terms "spirited boldness" (悍威, kan'i), "good nature" (良性, ryōsei), and "artlessness" (素朴, soboku) have subtle interpretations that have been the subject of much commentary.[10]

text: The Shiba is a relatively fastidious breed and feels the need to maintain itself in a clean state. They can often be seen licking their paws and legs, much like a cat. They generally go out of their way to keep their coats clean. Because of their fastidious and proud nature, Shiba puppies are easy to housebreak and in many cases will housebreak themselves. Having their owner simply place them outside after meal times and naps is generally enough to teach the Shiba the appropriate method of toileting.[11]

text: A distinguishing characteristic of the breed is the so-called "shiba scream". When sufficiently provoked or unhappy, the dog will produce a loud, high pitched scream. This can occur when attempting to handle the dog in a way that it deems unacceptable.[1][12][13] The animal may also emit a very similar sound during periods of great joy, such as the return of the owner after an extended absence, or the arrival of a favored human guest.

text: History[edit]

text: The Shiba Inu has been identified as a basal breed that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th Century.

text: Originally, the Shiba Inu was bred to hunt and flush small game, such as birds and rabbits. Despite efforts to preserve the breed, the Shiba nearly became extinct during World War II[7] due to a combination of food shortage and a post-war distemper epidemic.[1] All subsequent dogs were bred from the only three surviving bloodlines.[14] These bloodlines were the Shinshu Shiba from Nagano Prefecture, the Mino Shiba from Gifu Prefecture, and the San'in Shiba from Tottori and Shimane Prefectures.[6] The Shinshu Shibas possessed a solid undercoat, with a dense layer of guard-hairs, and were small and red in color.

text: The Mino Shibas tended to have thick, prick ears, and possessed a sickle tail, rather than the common curled tail found on most modern Shibas. The San'in Shibas were larger than most modern shibas, and tended to be black, without the common tan and white accents found on modern black-and-tan shibas.[6] When the study of Japanese dogs was formalized in the early and mid-20th century, these three strains were combined into one overall breed, the Shiba Inu.[6] The first Japanese breed standard for the Shiba, the Nippo Standard, was published in 1934. In December 1936, the Shiba Inu was recognized as a Natural Monument of Japan through the Cultural Properties Act, largely due to the efforts of Nippo (Nihon Ken Hozonkai), the Association for the Preservation of the Japanese Dog.[6][15]

text: In 1954, an armed service family brought the first Shiba Inu to the United States.[14] In 1979, the first recorded litter was born in the United States.[14] The Shiba was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1992 and added to the AKC Non-Sporting Group in 1993.[1][16] It is now primarily kept as a pet both in Japan and abroad.[17] In the United States, the growing popularity of the Shiba Inu is evident as the American Kennel Club Registration Statistics ranked the breed in 44th place in 2016; a rise from 50th place in 2012.[18]

text: Health[edit]

text: Overall, the Shiba Inu is a healthy dog breed.[19][20][21][22] Health conditions known to affect this breed are allergies, glaucoma, cataracts, hip dysplasia, entropion, and luxating patella.[23] Periodic joint examinations are recommended throughout the life of the dog but problems are generally discovered early in the dog's life. Eye tests should be performed yearly as eye problems can develop over time. By two years of age, Shiba Inus can be considered fully free from joint problems if none have been discovered by this point, since at this age the skeleton is fully developed.

text: As with any dog, Shibas should be walked or otherwise exercised daily.[24]

text: Life span[edit]

text: Their average life expectancy is from 12 to 15 years. Exercise, especially daily walks, is preferred for this breed to live a long and healthy life.[14] The oldest known Shiba, Pusuke, died at age 26 in early December 2011 and was the oldest dog alive at the time.

text: Grooming[edit]

text: These dogs are very clean, so grooming needs will likely be minimal. A Shiba Inu's coat is coarse; short to medium length with the outer coat being 2.5 to 3.2 cm (1 to 1 1⁄4 in) long, and is naturally waterproof so there is little need for regular bathing. They also have a thick undercoat that can protect them from temperatures well below freezing. However, shedding, also known as blowing coat, can be a nuisance. Shedding is heaviest during the seasonal change and particularly during the summer season, but daily brushing can temper this problem. It is recommended that owners never shave or cut the coat of Shiba Inu, as the coat is needed to protect them from both cold and hot temperatures.[25]

text:
Shiba Inu

Shiba Inu from profile

A cream coated Shiba Inu

Two red with a black and tan Shiba Inus

A red Shiba Inu


document_title: List of children of the Presidents of the United States

question_text: the only child of a president to be born in the whitehouse

text: List of children of the Presidents of the United States

text: 18th century[edit]

text: George and Martha Washington[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

John Parke Custisnickname: Jacky

Nov. 27, 1754 – Nov. 5, 1781

Eleanor Calvert

Stepson; father was Daniel Parke Custis
Father of:

Elizabeth Parke Custis Law (1776–1831)
Martha Parke Custis Peter (1777–1854)
Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis (1779–1852)
George Washington Parke Custis (1781–1857)

Martha Parke Custisnickname: Patsy

1756 – June 19, 1773

no spouse

Stepdaughter; father was Daniel Parke Custis

Elizabeth Parke Custisnickname: Eliza

Aug. 21, 1776 - Dec. 31, 1831

Thomas Law

Mother of:
Elizabeth  (1797 - 1822)
Unknown number of other children (all died in infancy)

Martha Parke Custisnickname: Patsy

Dec. 31, 1777 - July 13, 1854

Thomas Peter

Mother of:
Martha Eliza Angela (1796 - 1800)
Columbia Lafayette (1797 - 1820)
John Parke Custis (1799 - 1848)
George Washington Parke Custis (1801 - 1877)
America Pinckney (1803 - 1842)
Robert Thomas (1806 - 1807)
Martha Custis Castania (1808 - 1809)
Brittania Wellington (1815 - 1911)

Eleanor Parke Custisnickname: Nelly

Mar. 31, 1779 – July 15, 1852

Lawrence Lewis

Adopted daughter; daughter of stepson John Parke Custis
Mother of:

Frances Parke (1799 - 1875)
Martha Betty (1801 - 1802)
Lawrence Fielding (1802 - 1802)
Lorenzo (1803 - 1847)
Eleanor Agnes Freire (1805 - 1820)
Fielding Augustine (1807 - 1809)
George Washington Custis (1810 - 1811)
Martha Eleanor Angela (1813 - 1839)

George Washington Parke Custisnickname: Wash

Apr. 30, 1781 – Oct. 10, 1857

Mary Lee Fitzhugh

Legal ward; son of stepson John Parke Custis
Father of:

Mary Anna Randolph Custis (1807–1873)
3 other daughters (none of whom survived past age three)

text: John and Abigail Adams[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Abigail Adamsnickname: Nabby or Amelia

July 14, 1765 – Aug. 15, 1813

William Stephens Smith

Mother of:
William Steuben Smith
John Adams Smith
Thomas Hollis Smith
Caroline Amelia Smith

John Quincy Adams2nd President (1825-1829)

July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848

Louisa Catherine Johnson

6th President of the United States, see below at John Quincy and Louisa Adams

Grace Susanna Adamsnickname: Suky

Dec. 28, 1768 – Feb. 4, 1770

no spouse

died of unknown causes

Charles Adams

May 29, 1770 – Nov. 30, 1800

Sarah Smith

Father of:
Susanna Boylston (1796 – 1884)
Abigail Louisa Smith (1798 – 1836)

Thomas Boylston Adams

Sep. 15, 1772 – Mar. 13, 1832

Ann Harrod

Father of:
Abigail Smith Adams Angier (1806 - 1845)
Marie Adams Harkins (1808 - 1893)
Thomas Boylston Adams (1809 - 1837)
Elizabeth Coombs Adams (1809 - 1903)
Frances Foster Adams (1811 - 1812)
Isaac Hull Adams (1813 - 1900)
John Quincy Adams (1815 - 1854)
Joseph Harod Adams (1817 - 1853)

Elizabeth Adams

July 11, 1777

no spouse

stillborn

text: 19th century[edit]

text: Thomas Jefferson[edit]

text: with Martha Jefferson[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Martha Jefferson Randolphnickname: Patsy

Sep. 27, 1772 – Oct. 10, 1836

Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr.

Mother of 12, including:

Thomas Jefferson Randolph (1792 – 1875)
George Wythe Randolph (1818 – 1867)

Jane Randolph Jefferson

Apr. 3, 1774 – Sep. 1775[3]

no spouse

died of unknown causes

unnamed son[4]

May 28 – June 14, 1777

no spouse

died in infancy

Mary Jeffersonnickname: Polly or Maria

Aug. 1, 1778 – Apr. 17, 1804

John Wayles Eppes

Mother of Francis Wayles Eppes VII (1801 – 1881)

Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (I)

Nov. 3, 1780 – Apr. 15, 1781

no spouse

died of an unspecified illness[5]

Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (II)

May 8, 1782 – ca. Oct. 13, 1784[6]

no spouse

died of whooping cough[6]

text: with Sally Hemings[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Children

Thomas Jefferson Hemingsnickname: Tom

1790 – 1879

Jemima Price

Father of:
Lewis Woodson (1806 – 1878)
Sarah Jane Woodson (1825 – 1907)

Harriet Hemings (I)

October 5, 1795 – December 7, 1797

no spouse

died of unknown causes

Edy Hemings

1796

no spouse

died in infancy

William Beverly Hemings

Apr. 1, 1798 – 1873

Darek Joseph

one daughter, unknown name

Thenia Hemings

December 7, 1799 – ca. 1802

no spouse

died in early childhood

Harriet Hemings (II)

May 22, 1801 – 1863

unknown

James Madison Hemings

Jan. 18, 1805 – Nov. 26, 1877

Mary Hughes McCoy

Eston Hemings

May 21, 1808 – Jan. 3, 1856

Julia Ann Isaacs

Father of John Wayles Jefferson (1835 – 1892)

text: James and Dolley Madison[edit]

text: No children together, but raised the older of Dolley's 2 sons from her first marriage:

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

John Payne Todd

Feb. 29, 1792 – Jan. 16, 1852

Greta Bunce

raised by James Madison; father was John Todd, Jr.

William Temple Todd

July 4 – Oct. 14, 1793

no spouse

died of yellow fever[7]

text: James and Elizabeth Monroe[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Eliza Kortright Monroe

Dec. 1786 –  January 27, 1840[8][9]

George Hay

James Spence Monroe

May 1799 – Sep. 28, 1800[10][a]

no spouse

died after "several days sickness".[10]

Maria Hester Monroe

May 20, 1803 – 1850

Samuel Laurence Gouverneur

text: John Quincy and Louisa Adams[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

George Washington Adams

Apr. 12, 1801 – Apr. 30, 1829

none

 committed suicide

John Adams II

July 4, 1803 – Oct. 23, 1834

Mary Catherine Hellen

Father of:
Mary Louisa (December 2, 1828 - July 16, 1859)
Georgiana Frances (September 10, 1830 - November 20, 1839)

unnamed son[12]

June 29, 1806

no spouse

stillborn

Charles Francis Adams

Aug. 18, 1807 – Nov. 21, 1886

Abigail Brown Brooks

Served as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1861-1868)Father of 7, including:

John Quincy Adams II (1833 – 1894)
Charles Francis Adams, Jr. (1835 – 1915)
Henry Brooks Adams (1838 – 1918)
Brooks Adams (1848 – 1927)

Louisa Catherine Adams

Aug. 12, 1811 – Sep. 15, 1812

no spouse

died in St. Petersburg, Russia from an unknown illness while her father was serving as Minister to Russia[13][14]

text: Andrew and Rachel Jackson[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Andrew Jackson, Jr.

Dec. 4, 1808 – Apr. 17, 1865

Sarah Yorke

adopted at birth; biological son of Severn Donelson

Lyncoya Jackson

c. 1811 – June 1, 1828

no spouse

adopted Creek Indian orphan,[15] died of tuberculosis

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

John Samuel Donelson

before 1805 – 1817

unknown

Orphaned nephews of Rachel, sons of Samuel Donelson who died in 1804

Andrew Jackson Donelson

Aug. 25, 1799 – June 26, 1871

Emily Tennessee Donelson

Elizabeth Martin Randolph

Daniel Smith Donelson

June 23, 1801 – Apr. 17, 1863

Margaret Donelson

Andrew Jackson Hutchings

1812–1841

Mary Coffee

Orphaned grandnephew of Rachel

Caroline Butler

before 1804 – 1817

unknown

Orphaned children of family friend Edward Butler[16]

Eliza Eleanor Butler

Apr. 20, 1791–Nov. 4, 1850

John Donelson[b]

Edward George Washington Butler

Feb. 22, 1800–Sep. 5, 1888

Frances Parke Lewis[c]

Anthony Wayne Butler

1803–1824

unknown

text: Martin and Hannah Van Buren[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Abraham Van Buren

Nov. 27, 1807 – Mar. 15, 1873

Angelica Singleton

John Van Buren

Feb. 10, 1810 – Oct. 13, 1866

Elizabeth Vanderpoel

Father of:
Anna (1842-1923)

Martin Van Buren, Jr.

Dec. 20, 1812 – Mar. 19, 1855

no spouse

died of tuberculosis

Winfield Scott Van Buren[18]

1814

no spouse

died in infancy

Smith Thompson Van Buren

Jan. 16, 1817 – 1876

Ellen King James Henrietta Eckford Irving

7 children between 2 wives

unnamed daughter[19]

birth and death date unknown

no spouse

stillborn

text: William Henry Harrison[edit]

text: with Anna Harrison[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Elizabeth Bassett Harrisonnickname:  Betsy

Sep. 29, 1796 – Sep. 27, 1846

John Cleves Short

John Cleves Symmes Harrison

Oct. 28, 1798 – Oct. 30, 1830

Clarissa Pike[d]

6 children

Lucy Singleton Harrison

Sep. 1800 – Apr. 7, 1826[20]

David K. Este[21]

4 children

William Henry Harrison, Jr.

Sep. 3, 1802 – Feb. 6, 1838[20]

Jane Findlay Irwin

2 children

John Scott Harrison

Oct. 4, 1804 – May 25, 1878

Lucretia Knapp Johnson

3 children

Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin

10 children, including President Benjamin Harrison (1833 – 1901)

Benjamin Harrison

1806 – June 9, 1840[20]

Louisa Smith Bonner

Mary Raney

Mary Symmes Harrison

Jan. 22, 1809 – Nov. 16, 1842[22]

John Henry Fitzhugh Thornton

Carter Bassett Harrison

Oct. 26, 1811 – Aug. 12, 1839

Mary Anne Sutherland

Anna Tuthill Harrison

Oct. 28, 1813 – July 5, 1845[22]

William Henry Harrison Taylor[e]

James Findlay Harrison

1814 – 1817[22]

no spouse

died of unknown causes

text: Alleged child with a slave[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Dilsia

1809 – before 1900

Unknown

Daughter conceived by one of his slaves.[23]

text: John Tyler[edit]

text: with Letitia Tyler[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Mary Tyler

Apr. 15, 1815 – June 17, 1847

Henry Lightfoot Jones

Robert Tyler

Sep. 9, 1816 – Dec. 3, 1877

Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper

John Tyler III

Apr. 27, 1819 – Jan. 26, 1896

Martha Rochelle

Letitia Tylernickname: Letty

May 11, 1821 – Dec. 28, 1907

James Allen Semple

no children

Elizabeth Tylernickname: Lizzie

July 11, 1823 – June 1, 1850

William Nevison Waller

Anne Contesse Tyler[24]

Apr. 5 – July 1825

no spouse

died in infancy

Alice Tyler

Mar. 23, 1827 – June 8, 1854

Henry Mandeville Denison

Tazewell Tyler

Dec. 6, 1830 – Jan. 8, 1874

Nannie Bridges

text: Alleged child with a slave[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

John William Dunjee

1833 – 1903

Lydia Ann Taylor

allegedly the son of John Tyler; unproven as of 2011[25]

text: with Julia Tyler[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

David Gardiner Tylernickname: Gardie

July 12, 1846 – Sep. 5, 1927

Mary Morris Jones

John Alexander Tylernickname: Alex

Apr. 7, 1848 – Sep. 1, 1883

Sarah Griswold Gardiner

Julia Gardiner Tyler

Dec. 25, 1849 – May 8, 1871

William H. Spencer

Lachlan Tyler

Dec. 2, 1851 – Jan 26, 1902

Georgia Webb Powell

Lyon Gardiner Tyler

Aug. 24, 1853 – Feb. 12, 1935

Anne Baker Tucker

Father of:
John Tyler
Elizabeth Gilmour Tyler
Julia Gardiner Tyler

Sue Ruffin

Father of:
Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Jr.
Harrison Ruffin Tyler
Henry Tyler
Both Lyon Jr. and Harrison were still alive as of March 6, 2018, meaning John Tyler is, by far, the earliest president with living grandchildren.[26]

Robert Fitzwalter Tyler

Mar. 12, 1856 – Dec. 30, 1927

Fannie Glenn

at least 3 children

Pearl Tyler

June 20, 1860 – June 30, 1947

William Munford Ellis

text: James and Sarah Polk[edit]

text: The Polks are the only presidential couple to never have children while together, biologically, adopted, or from previous marriage.

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Marshall Tate Polk, Jr.

May 15, 1831 – Feb. 29, 1884

Evalina McNeal Bills

Guardianship/Legal ward, nephew, son of brother Marshall Tate Polk

Sarah Polk Fall

April 1, 1847 – July 22, 1924

George William Fall

Legal ward, shortly after the death of the president his widow unofficially adopted a great niece

text: Zachary and Margaret Taylor[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Anne Margaret Mackall Taylor Wood

Apr. 9, 1811 – Dec. 2, 1875

Dr. Robert Crooke Wood

Mother of four children, including John Taylor Wood (1830 – 1904)

Sarah Knox Taylornickname: Knoxie

1813  – Sep. 15, 1835[27]

Jefferson Finis Davis

died from malaria as a newlywed

Octavia Pannel Taylor[28] [f]

Aug. 15, 1816 – Sep. 1820[27]

no spouse

died from malaria [g]

Margaret Smith Taylor

July 17, 1819 – Oct. 1820

no spouse

died from malaria [h]

Mary Elizabeth Taylornickname: Betty

Apr. 20, 1824 – July 25, 1909

William Wallace Smith Bliss

Betty Bliss served as President Taylor's White House hostess, as the First Lady was an invalid.

Philip Pendleton Dandridge

Richard Scott Taylornickname: Dick

Jan. 27, 1826 – Apr. 17, 1879[27]

Louise Marie Myrthe Bringier

Father of Richard, Zachary, Louise, Elizabeth, and Myrthe.

text: Millard and Abigail Fillmore[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Millard Powers Fillmore

Apr. 25, 1828 – Nov. 15, 1889

no spouse

Mary Abigail Fillmorenickname: Abby

Mar. 27, 1832 – July 26, 1854

no spouse

Served as Acting First Lady during her mother's illness

text: Franklin and Jane Pierce[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Franklin Pierce, Jr.

Feb. 2 – Feb. 4, 1836

no spouse

died in infancy

Frank Robert Pierce

Aug. 27, 1839 – Nov. 14, 1843

no spouse

died of typhus fever

Benjamin Pierce

Apr. 13, 1841 – Jan. 6, 1853

no spouse

died in train accident in front of his parents, weeks before his father was inaugurated

text: James Buchanan[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Mary Elizabeth Speer Lane

1826 – 1855

George Washington Baker

Adopted daughter;niece (daughter of sister Jane Buchanan and Elliot Tole Lane)

Harriet Rebecca Lane

May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903

Henry Elliott Johnston

Adopted daughter;niece (daughter of sister Jane Buchanan and Elliot Tole Lane);served as Acting First Lady
Mother of:

James Buchanan Johnston
Henry Elliott Johnston

text: Abraham and Mary Lincoln[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Robert Todd Lincoln

Aug. 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926

Mary Eunice Harlan

Served as Secretary of War under the administrations of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur.
Father of:

Mary Todd Lincoln (1869 – 1938)
Abraham Lincoln II (1873 – 1890)
Jessie Harlan Lincoln (1875 – 1948)

Edward Baker Lincolnnickname: Eddie

Mar. 10, 1846 – Feb. 1, 1850

no spouse

died of "chronic consumption"

William Wallace Lincolnnickname: Willie

Dec. 21, 1850 – Feb. 20, 1862

no spouse

died from typhoid fever

Thomas Lincoln IIInickname: Tad

Apr. 4, 1853 – July 15, 1871

no spouse

The cause of Tad Lincoln's death has been reported as possibly any one of the following:
tuberculosis,[31]
pleuristic attack,[32]
pneumonia[33]
congestive heart failure[34]

text: Andrew and Eliza Johnson[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Martha Johnson

Oct. 25, 1828 – July 10, 1901

David Trotter Patterson

Charles Johnson

Feb. 19, 1830 – Apr. 4, 1863

no spouse

Mary Johnson

May 8, 1832 – Apr. 19, 1883

Daniel Stover

William Browne

Robert Johnson

Feb. 22, 1834 – Apr. 22, 1869

no spouse

died from suicide

Andrew Johnson, Jr.

Aug. 5, 1852 – Mar. 12, 1879

Bessie May Kumbaugh

text: Ulysses and Julia Grant[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Frederick Dent Grant

May 30, 1850 – Apr. 12, 1912

Ida Marie Honoré

Father of:
Julia Grant (1876 – 1975)
Ulysses Simpson Grant III (1881 – 1968)

Ulysses S. Grant, Jr.nickname: Buck

July 22, 1852 – Sep. 25, 1929

Frances Josephine Chaffee

Father of 5 children, including Ulysses Simpson Grant IV (1893 – 1977)

America Workman Will

no children

Ellen Wrenshall Grantnickname: Nellie

July 4, 1855 – Aug. 30, 1922

Algernon Charles Frederick Sartoris

Mother of:
Grant Grenville Edward Sartoris (1875 – 1876)
Algernon Edward Sartoris (1877 – 1907)
Vivien May Sartoris (1879 – 1933)
Rosemary Alice Sartoris (1880 – 1914)

Frank Hatch Jones

Jesse Root Grant

Feb. 6, 1858 – June 8, 1934

Elizabeth Chapman

Father of two, including Chapman Grant (1887 – 1983)

Lillian Burns

text: Rutherford and Lucy Hayes[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Sardis Birchard Austin Hayes

Nov. 4, 1853 – Jan. 24, 1926

Mary Nancy Sherman

James Webb Cook Hayes

Mar. 20, 1856 – July 26, 1934

Mary Otis Brinkerhoff Miller

Rutherford Platt Hayes

June 24, 1858 – July 31, 1937

Lucy Hayes Platt

Joseph Thompson Hayesnickname: Jody

Dec. 21, 1861 – June 24, 1863

no spouse

died of dysentery

George Crook Hayes

Sep. 29, 1864 – May 4, 1866

no spouse

died of scarlet fever

Frances Hayesnickname: Fanny

Sep. 2, 1867 – Mar. 18, 1950

Harry Eaton Smith

Scott Russell Hayes

Feb. 8, 1871 – May 6, 1923

Maude Anderson

Manning Force Hayes

Aug. 1, 1873 – Aug. 28, 1874[35]

no spouse

died in infancy

text: James and Lucretia Garfield[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Eliza Arabella Garfieldnickname: Trot

July 3, 1860 – Dec. 3, 1863

no spouse

died of diphtheria[36]

Harry Augustus Garfieldnickname: Hal

Oct. 11, 1863 – Dec. 12, 1942

Belle Hartford Mason

James Rudolph Garfield

Oct. 17, 1865 – Mar. 24, 1950

Helen Newell

He was Secretary of the Interior during Theodore Roosevelt's administration.Father of 4 children, including:
John Newell Garfield (1892–1931)
Newell Garfield (1895–1975)
Rudolph Hills Garfield (1899–1946)

Mary Garfieldnickname: Mollie

Jan. 16, 1867 – Dec. 30, 1947

Joseph Stanley Brown

Irvin McDowell Garfield

Aug. 3, 1870 – July 18, 1951

Susan Emmons

Abram Garfield

Nov. 21, 1872 – Oct. 16, 1958

Sarah Granger Williams

Helen Grannis Matthews

Edward Garfield

Dec. 25, 1874 – Oct. 25, 1876

no spouse

died of whooping cough

text: Chester and Ellen Arthur[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

William Lewis Arthur

Dec. 10, 1860 – July 7, 1863

no spouse

died of "convulsions"

Chester Alan Arthur II

July 25, 1864 – July 18, 1937

Myra Townsend

Father of Chester Alan "Gavin" Arthur III (1901-1972)

Rowena Graves

Ellen Hansbrough Herndon Arthurnickname: Nell

Nov. 21, 1871 – Sep. 6, 1915

Charles Pinkerton

text: Grover Cleveland and Maria Halpin[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Oscar Folsom Cleveland

Sep. 14, 1874 – 1947

unknown name
(married for ten years)[37]

Illegitimate.  Cleveland made payments to Maria Halpin after the boy was born.[38]
Grover Cleveland acknowledged possibility he was Oscar Folsom Cleveland's father.[38]
During the 1884 presidential race the controversy prompted Cleveland's opponents to adopt the chant, "Ma, ma, where's my pa?"[39][40]
The child was adopted as "James E. King Jr" into the family of Dr. James King.[37][40][41]

text: Benjamin Harrison[edit]

text: with Caroline Harrison[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Russell Benjamin Harrison

Aug. 12, 1854 – Dec. 13, 1936

May Angeline Saunders

born Russell Farnum Lord Harrison
Father of 2, including William Henry Harrison (1896 – 1990)

Mary Scott Harrisonnickname: Mamie

Apr. 3, 1858 – Oct. 28, 1930

James Robert McKee

served as acting First Lady

unnamed daughter

June 13, 1861

no spouse

died in infancy

text: with Mary Harrison[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Elizabeth Harrison Walker

Feb. 21, 1897 – Dec. 25, 1955

James Blaine Walker

text: Grover and Frances Cleveland[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Ruth Clevelandnickname: Baby Ruth

Oct. 3, 1891 – Jan. 7, 1904

no spouse

died of diphtheria

Esther Cleveland

Sep. 9, 1893 – June 25, 1980

William Sydney Bence Bosanquet

First Presidential child to be born in the White House.Mother of 2 children, including Philippa Ruth Bosanquet (1920 – 2010)

Marion Cleveland

July 7, 1895 – Mar. 10, 1977

William Stanley Dell

John Harlan Amen

Richard Folsom Clevelandnickname: Dick

Oct. 28, 1897 – Jan. 10, 1974

Ellen Douglas Gailor

Jessie Maxwell Black

Francis Grover Cleveland

June 18, 1903 – Nov. 8, 1995

Alice Erdman

text: William and Ida McKinley[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Notes

Katherine McKinleynickname: Katie

Dec. 25, 1871 – June 25, 1875

died of typhoid fever

Ida McKinley

Apr. 1 – Aug. 22, 1873

died in infancy

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Theodore Roosevelt[edit]

text: with Alice Roosevelt[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Alice Lee Rooseveltnickname: Lee

Feb. 12, 1884 – Feb. 20, 1980

Nicholas Longworth IV

Mother of Paulina Longworth (1925 – 1957)[42]

text: with Edith Roosevelt[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.nickname: Ted

Sep. 13, 1887 – July 12, 1944

Eleanor Butler Alexander

Governor General of the Philippines and Governor of Puerto Rico.Father of 4, including:
Theodore Roosevelt III (1914 – 2001)
Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt (1915 – 1991)
Quentin Roosevelt II (1919 – 1948)

Kermit Roosevelt

Oct. 10, 1889 – June 4, 1943

Belle Wyatt Willard[42]

Father of 4, including:
Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. (1916 – 2000)
Joseph Willard Roosevelt (1918 – 2008)

Ethel Carow Roosevelt

Aug. 13, 1891 – Dec. 10, 1977

Richard Derby

Mother of:
Richard Jr. (1914 – 1922)[42]
Edith Roosevelt Derby (1917 – 2008)
Sarah Alden (1920 – 1999)[42]
Judith Quentin Derby (1923 – 1973)[42]

Archibald Bulloch Rooseveltnickname: Archie

Apr. 10, 1894 – Oct. 13, 1979

Grace Lockwood

Father of 4, including:
Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, Jr. (1918 – 1990)
Theodora Roosevelt (1919 – 2008)

Quentin Rooseveltnickname: Quentyquee or Quinikins

Nov. 19, 1897 – July 14, 1918

no spouse

died in combat in World War I

text: William and Helen Taft[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Robert Alphonso Taft

Sep. 8, 1889 – July 31, 1953

Martha Wheaton Bowers

US Senator and perennial Presidential Candidate Father of:
William Howard Taft III (1915 – 1991)
Robert A. Taft (1917 – 1993)
Lloyd Bowers Taft (1923 – 1985)
Horace Dwight Taft (1925 – 1983)

Helen Herron Taft Manning

Aug. 1, 1891 – Feb. 21, 1987

Frederick Johnson Manning

Mother of:
Helen Taft Manning (1921– 2013)
Caroline Manning (b. 1925)

Charles Phelps Taft II

Sep. 20, 1897 – June 24, 1983

Eleanor Kellogg Chase

Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio Father of:
Eleanor Kellogg Taft (1918 – 2002)
Sylvia Howard Taft (1920 – 2008)
Seth Chase Taft (1922 – 2013)
Lucia Chase Taft (1924 – 1955)
Cynthia Herron Taft
Rosalyn Rawson Taft (1930 – 1941)
Peter Rawson Taft III

text: Woodrow and Ellen Wilson[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Margaret Woodrow Wilsonnickname: Nistha

Apr. 16, 1886 – Feb. 12, 1944

no spouse

Served as acting First Lady for a brief period

Jessie Woodrow Wilson

Aug. 28, 1887 – Jan. 15, 1933

Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr.

Mother of:
Francis Bowes Sayre Jr. (1915 - 2008)
Eleanor Axson Sayre (1916 - 2001)
Woodrow Wilson Sayre (1919 - 2002)

Eleanor Randolph Wilson

Oct. 16, 1889 – Apr. 5, 1967

William Gibbs McAdoo

Mother of:
Ellen Wilson McAdoo (1915 - 1946)
Mary Faith McAdoo (1920 - 1988)

text: Warren G. Harding[edit]

text: with Florence Harding[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Marshall Eugene DeWolfenickname: Pete

Sep. 22, 1880 – Jan. 1, 1915

Esther Naomi Neely

stepson from Florence's first marriage, to Henry Athenton DeWolfe

text: with Nan Britton[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Elizabeth Ann Brittonnickname: Emma or Ann

Oct. 22, 1919 – Nov. 17, 2005

Henry Edward Blaesing

Illegitimate daughter of Warren G. Harding, proven by DNA testing in 2015[43]

text: Calvin and Grace Coolidge[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

John Coolidge

Sep. 7, 1906 – May 31, 2000

Florence Trumbull

Father of:
Cynthia Coolidge Jeter (1933–1989)
Lydia Coolidge Sayles (1939–2001)

Calvin Coolidge, Jr.

Apr. 13, 1908 – April 7, 1924

no spouse

died of blood poisoning

text: Herbert and Lou Hoover[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Herbert Clark Hoover, Jr.

Aug. 4, 1903 – July 9, 1969

Margaret Ava Watson

Served as Under Secretary of State (October 4, 1954 - February 5, 1957) in the Eisenhower Administration. Variously named as "Herbert Hoover, Jr.,"[44] "Herbert Charles Hoover,"[45] and "Herbert Clark Hoover."[46]
Father of:

Margaret Ann Hoover (1926–2011)
Herbert "Pete" Hoover III (1927–2010)
Joan Leslie Hoover (1930–2002)

Allan Henry Hoover

July 17, 1907 – Nov. 4, 1993

Margaret Coberly

Father of:
Andrew Hoover (1938–2013)
Allan Henry Hoover Jr. (b. 1940)
Lou Henry Hoover (1943–2012)

text: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt

May 3, 1906 – Dec. 1, 1975

Curtis Bean Dall

Mother of:
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (b. 1927)[42]
Curtis Roosevelt (1930–2016)[42]

Clarence John Boettiger

Mother of John Roosevelt Boettiger (b. 1939)[42]

James Addison Halsted

James Rooseveltnickname: Jimmy

Dec. 23, 1907 – Aug. 13, 1991

Betsey Maria Cushing[42]

Father of Sara Delano Roosevelt (b. 1932)[42]

Romelle Theresa Schneider

Father of James Roosevelt, Jr. (b. 1945)[42]

Gladys Irene Owens

Mary Lena Winskill

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. (I)

Mar. 18 – Nov. 8, 1909

no spouse

died as an infant

Elliott Roosevelt

Sep. 23, 1910 – Oct. 27, 1990

Elizabeth Browning Donner

Father of William Donner Roosevelt (1932–2003)[42]

Ruth Josephine Googins

Father of:
Ruth Chandler Roosevelt (Lindsley) (b. 1934)[42]
Elliott "Tony" Roosevelt Jr. (b. 1936)[42]
David Boynton Roosevelt (b. 1942)[42]

Faye Margaret Emerson

Minnewa Bell

Patricia Peabody

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. (II)

Aug. 17, 1914 – Aug. 17, 1988

Ethel du Pont

Father of:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt III (b. 1938)[42]
Christopher du Pont Roosevelt (b. 1941)[42]

Suzanne Perrin

Father of:
Nancy Suzanne Roosevelt (b. 1952)[42]
Laura Delano Roosevelt (b. 1959)[42]

Felicia Schiff Warburg

Patricia Luisa Oakes

Father of:
John Alexander Roosevelt (b. 1977)[42]

Linda McKay Stevenson

John Aspinwall Roosevelt

Mar. 13, 1916 – Apr. 27, 1981

Anne Lindsay Clark

Father of:
Haven Clark Roosevelt[42]
Anne Sturgis "Nina" Roosevelt (b. 1942)[42]
Sara Delano "Sally" Roosevelt (1946–1960)[42]
Joan Lindsay Roosevelt (1952–1997)[42]

Irene Elder Boyd

text: Harry and Bess Truman[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Note

Place of Birth

Mary Margaret Truman

Feb. 17, 1924 – Jan. 29, 2008

Elbert Clifton Daniel, Jr.

Mother of:
Clifton Truman Daniel (b. 1957)
William Wallace Daniel (1959–2000)
Harrison Gates Daniel  (b. 1963)
Thomas Washington Daniel (b. 1966)

Independence, Missouri

text: Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Doud Dwight Eisenhowernickname: Icky

Sep. 24, 1917 – Jan. 2, 1921

no spouse

died of scarlet fever

San Antonio, Texas

John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower

Aug. 3, 1922 – Dec. 21, 2013

Barbara Jean Thompson

Served as United States Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971.
Father of:

Dwight David Eisenhower II (b. 1948)
Barbara Anne Eisenhower (b. 1949)
Susan Elaine Eisenhower (b. 1951)
Mary Jean Eisenhower  (b. 1955)

Denver, Colorado

Joanne Thompson

text: John and Jackie Kennedy[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Arabella Kennedy

Aug. 23, 1956

no spouse

stillborn

Caroline Bouvier Kennedy

born Nov. 27, 1957

Edwin Arthur Schlossberg

Served as United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017.
Mother of:

Rose Kennedy Schlossberg (b. 1988)
Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg (b. 1990)
John Bouvier "Jack" Kennedy Schlossberg (b. 1993)

Manhattan, New York

John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.nickname: John-John

Nov. 25, 1960 – July 16, 1999

Carolyn Jeanne Bessette

Killed in a plane crash

Washington, D.C.

Patrick Bouvier Kennedy

Aug. 7 – Aug. 9, 1963

no spouse

Died after a premature birth

Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts

text: Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Lynda Bird Johnson

born Mar. 19, 1944

Charles Spittal Robb

Currently the oldest living presidential child
Mother of:

Lucinda Desha Robb (b. 1968)
Catherine Lewis Robb (b. 1970)
Jennifer Wickliffe Robb (b. 1978)

Washington, D.C.

Luci Baines Johnson

born July 2, 1947

Patrick John Nugent

Mother of:
Patrick Lyndon Nugent (b. 1967)
Nicole Marie Nugent (b. 1970)
Rebekah Johnson Nugent (b. 1974)
Claudia Taylor Nugent (b. 1976)

Ian Johnstone Turpin

text: Richard and Pat Nixon[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Patricia Nixonnickname: Tricia

born Feb. 21, 1946

Edward Ridley Finch Cox

Mother of Christopher Nixon Cox (b. 1979)

Whittier, California

Julie Nixon

born July 5, 1948

Dwight David Eisenhower IIson of John Eisenhower and grandson of 34th President Dwight Eisenhower

Mother of:
Jennie Elizabeth Eisenhower (b. 1978)
Alexander Richard (b. 1980)
Melanie Catherine (b. 1984)

Washington, D.C.

text: Gerald and Betty Ford[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Michael Gerald Ford

born Mar. 14, 1950

Gayle Ann Brumbaugh

Father of:
Sarah Joyce (b. 1979)
Rebekah Elizabeth (b. 1982)
Hannah Gayle (b. 1985)

John Gardner Fordnickname: Jack

born Mar. 16, 1952

Juliann Felando

Father of:
Christian Gerald (b. 1997)
Jonathan August (b. 1999)

Steven Meigs Ford

born May 19, 1956

no spouse

East Grand Rapids, Michigan

Susan Elizabeth Ford

born July 6, 1957

Charles Vance

Mother of:
Tyne Mary (b. 1980)
Heather Elizabeth (b. 1983)

Washington, D.C.

Vaden Bales

text: Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

John William Carternickname: Jack

born July 3, 1947

Juliet Langford

Father of:
Jason James Carter (b. 1975)
Sarah Rosemary Carter

Portsmouth, Virginia

Elizabeth Brasfield

James Earl Carter IIInickname: Chip;Jim III and Jimmy Jr.

born Apr. 12, 1950

Caron Griffin

Father of James Earl Carter IV (b. 1977)

Honolulu, Hawaii

Ginger Hodges

Father of Margaret Alicia Carter

Becky Payne

Donnel Jeffrey Carternickname: Jeff

born Aug. 18, 1952

Annette Jene Davis

Father of:
Joshua Jeffrey Carter
Jeremy Davis Carter (1987–2015)
James Carlton Carter

New London, Connecticut

Amy Lynn Carter

born Oct 19, 1967

James Gregory Wentzel

Mother of Hugo James Wentzel (b. 1999)

Plains, Georgia

text: Ronald Reagan[edit]

text: with Jane Wyman[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Maureen Elizabeth Reagan

Jan. 4, 1941 – Aug. 8, 2001

John Filippone

Los Angeles, California

David Sills

Dennis C. Revell

Mother of:
Margaret "Rita" Mirembe Revell (adopted)

Michael Edward Reagan (adopted)

born Mar. 18, 1945

Pamela Gail Putnam

Colleen Sterns

Father of:
Cameron Reagan (b. 1978)
Ashley Reagan (b. 1983)

Christine Reagan

June 26, 1947

died shortly after birth

text: with Nancy Reagan[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Place of Birth

Patti Davis

born Oct. 21, 1952

Paul Grilley (1984–1990)

Los Angeles, California

Ronald Prescott Reagannickname: Ron

born May 20, 1958

Doria Palmieri (died 2014)

text: George H. W.  and Barbara Bush[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

George Walker Bush43rd President (2001-2009)

born July 6, 1946

Laura Lane Welch

46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000) and 43rd President of the United States, see below at George W. and Laura Bush

New Haven, Connecticut

Pauline Robinson Bushnickname: Robin

Dec. 20, 1949 – Oct. 11, 1953

died of leukemia

Compton, California

John Ellis Bushnickname: Jeb

born Feb. 11, 1953

Columba Garnica Gallo

43rd Governor of Florida (1999–2007)
Father of:

George Prescott Bush (b. 1976)
Noelle Lucila Bush (b. 1977)
John Ellis "Jebby" Bush Jr. (b. 1983)

Midland, Texas

Neil Mallon Bush

born Jan. 22, 1955

Sharon Smith

Father of:
Lauren Pierce Bush (b. 1984)
Pierce Mallon Bush (b. 1986)
Ashley Walker Bush (b. 1989)

Maria Andrews

Marvin Pierce Bush

born Oct. 22, 1956

Margaret Conway Molster

Father of:
Marshall Lloyd Bush (b. 1986) (adopted)
Charles Walker Bush (b. 1989) (adopted)

Dorothy Walker Bushnickname: Doro

born Aug. 18, 1959

William LeBlond

Mother of:
Samuel Bush "Sam" LeBlond (b. 1984)
Nancy Ellis "Ellie" LeBlond (b. 1986)

Harris County, Texas

Robert P. Koch

Mother of:
Robert David Koch (b. 1993)
Georgia Grace "Gigi" Koch (b. 1996)

text: Bill and Hillary Clinton[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Chelsea Victoria Clinton

born Feb. 27, 1980

Marc Mezvinsky

Mother of:
Charlotte Clinton Mezvinsky (b. 2014)
Aidan Clinton Mezvinsky (b. 2016)

Little Rock, Arkansas

text: 21st century[edit]

text: George W. and Laura Bush[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Barbara Pierce Bush

born Nov. 25, 1981

Craig Coyne

Dallas, Texas

Jenna Welch Bush

Henry Chase Hager

Mother of:
Margaret Laura Hager (b. 2013)
Poppy Louise Hager (b. 2015)

text: Barack and Michelle Obama[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Malia Ann Obama

born July 4, 1998

Unmarried

Class of 2021 at Harvard University

Chicago, Illinois

Natasha Obama Nickname: Sasha

born June 10, 2001

Unmarried

text: Donald Trump[edit]

text: with Ivana Trump[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Donald John Trump Jr.Nickname: Don

born December 31, 1977

Vanessa Kay Haydon

Trustee of The Trump Organization along with Eric.
Father of:

Kai Madison Trump (b. 2007)
Donald John Trump III (b. 2009)
Tristan Milos Trump (b. 2011)
Spencer Frederick Trump (b. 2012)
Chloe Sophia Trump (b. 2014)

Manhattan, New York

Ivanka Marie Trump

born October 30, 1981

Jared Corey Kushner

Assistant to the President
Mother of:

Arabella Rose Kushner (b. 2011)
Joseph Frederick Kushner (b. 2013)
Theodore James Kushner (b. 2016)

Eric Frederick Trump

born January 6, 1984

Lara Lea Yunaska

Trustee of The Trump Organization along with Don Jr.
Father of:

Eric Luke Trump (b. 2017)

text: with Marla Maples[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Tiffany Ariana Trump

born October 13, 1993

Unmarried

College graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, her father's alma mater.

West Palm Beach, Florida

text: with Melania Trump[edit]

text:
Child

Lifetime

Spouse

Notes

Place of Birth

Barron William Trump

born March 20, 2006

Unmarried

Between January to June 2017, Barron did not reside in the White House and chose to stay in Manhattan with his mother so that he could complete his school year. Youngest living child of any president.[47]

Manhattan, New York

text: Living presidential children[edit]

text: As of October 2018, 31 presidential children are living. In order of their ages, they are:

text: Current First Child

text:
Name

Birth

President

Lynda Bird Johnson Robb

 (1944-03-19) March 19, 1944 (age 74)

Lyndon B. Johnson

Michael Reagan

 (1945-03-18) March 18, 1945 (age 73)

Ronald Reagan

Tricia Nixon Cox

 (1946-02-21) February 21, 1946 (age 72)

Richard Nixon

President George W. Bush

 (1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 72)

George H. W. Bush

Luci Baines Johnson

 (1947-07-02) July 2, 1947 (age 71)

Lyndon B. Johnson

Jack Carter

 (1947-07-03) July 3, 1947 (age 71)

Jimmy Carter

Julie Nixon Eisenhower

 (1948-07-05) July 5, 1948 (age 70)

Richard Nixon

Michael Gerald Ford

 (1950-03-14) March 14, 1950 (age 68)

Gerald Ford

James E. Carter III

 (1950-04-12) April 12, 1950 (age 68)

Jimmy Carter

John Gardner Ford

 (1952-03-16) March 16, 1952 (age 66)

Gerald Ford

Jeff Carter

 (1952-08-18) August 18, 1952 (age 66)

Jimmy Carter

Patti Davis

 (1952-10-21) October 21, 1952 (age 66)

Ronald Reagan

Governor Jeb Bush

 (1953-02-11) February 11, 1953 (age 65)

George H. W. Bush

Neil Bush

 (1955-01-22) January 22, 1955 (age 63)

Steven Ford

 (1956-05-19) May 19, 1956 (age 62)

Gerald Ford

Marvin P. Bush

 (1956-10-22) October 22, 1956 (age 62)

George H. W. Bush

Susan Ford

 (1957-07-06) July 6, 1957 (age 61)

Gerald Ford

Caroline Kennedy

 (1957-11-27) November 27, 1957 (age 60)

John F. Kennedy

Ron Reagan

 (1958-05-20) May 20, 1958 (age 60)

Ronald Reagan

Dorothy Bush Koch

 (1959-08-18) August 18, 1959 (age 59)

George H. W. Bush

Amy Carter

 (1967-10-19) October 19, 1967 (age 51)

Jimmy Carter

Donald Trump Jr.

 (1977-12-31) December 31, 1977 (age 40)

Donald Trump

Chelsea Clinton

 (1980-02-27) February 27, 1980 (age 38)

Bill Clinton

Ivanka Trump

 (1981-10-30) October 30, 1981 (age 36)

Donald Trump

Barbara Pierce Bush

 (1981-11-25) November 25, 1981 (age 36)

George W. Bush

Jenna Bush Hager

 (1981-11-25) November 25, 1981 (age 36)

Eric Trump

 (1984-01-06) January 6, 1984 (age 34)

Donald Trump

Tiffany Trump

 (1993-10-13) October 13, 1993 (age 25)

Malia Obama

 (1998-07-04) July 4, 1998 (age 20)

Barack Obama

Sasha Obama

 (2001-06-10) June 10, 2001 (age 17)

Barron Trump

 (2006-03-20) March 20, 2006 (age 12)

Donald Trump

text: The most recent Presidential child to die was John Eisenhower, the son of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who died on December 21, 2013. He was also the father-in-law of Julie Nixon Eisenhower, another Presidential child.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ James Monroe wrote that his only son died on September 28, 1800. The date of September 28, 1801 that is said to appear on the James Spence Monroe gravestone in the St. John's Episcopal Church (Richmond, Virginia) churchyard is not contemporaneous to the child's death, the location of the actual grave remains unknown.[11]

Jump up ^ John Donelson was not related to Rachel Donelson Jackson

Jump up ^ Frances Parke Lewis was the step great-granddaughter of George Washington[17]

Jump up ^ Clarissa Pike was the daughter of Zebulon Pike, who discovered Pike's Peak

Jump up ^ William Henry Harrison Taylor was Anna Tuthill Harrison's cousin

Jump up ^ Some sources spell this name as Octavia Pannill Taylor.[29]

Jump up ^ Octavia's illness was described by her father as "bilious fever."[30]

Jump up ^ Margaret's illness was described by her father as "bilious fever."[30]

tag: ol


document_title: The Vampire Diaries (novel series)

question_text: when did the first vampire diaries book come out

text: The Vampire Diaries (novel series)

text: Publishing history[edit]

text: The series was originally published in 1991-1992 and it revolves around Stefan Salvatore and Elena Gilbert as the two main protagonists. The first three novels in the original series (The Awakening, The Struggle, and The Fury) all feature Stefan and Elena as the narrators of the series, while the last book in the original series, Dark Reunion, is from Bonnie McCullough's viewpoint.

text: After taking a long hiatus from writing, Smith published the first installment of "The Return" trilogy, Nightfall, on February 10, 2009. Shadow Souls, the second book of "The Return" trilogy, was released on March 16, 2010. The third and final book of "The Return" trilogy, Midnight, was released on March 15, 2011.[1]

text: The trilogy after The Return trilogy, The Hunters, was written by a ghostwriter. In fact, Smith signed a "work for hire" contract back when she had written the original Vampire Diaries novel trilogy, which means Alloy owns the copyrights to the series. Smith had originally intended to call the books in "The Hunters" trilogy Phantom, Evensong and Eternity,[2][3][4][5] but the third book was called Destiny Rising by the ghostwriter.[6] Phantom was released on October 25, 2011,[7] Moonsong on March 13, 2012,[8] and Destiny Rising on October 23, 2012.[9]

text: The Salvation trilogy was written by ghostwriter Aubrey Clark. The first installment, Unseen, was released on May 2, 2013,[10] the second book, Unspoken, on November 7, 2013, and the third and final book, Unmasked, on May 8, 2014. The first two books of The Salvation trilogy were first released on Amazon.com as a paperback and ebook while Unmasked was available for pre-order purchase in five formats as of March 11, 2014 at Amazon.com.[11][12]

text: On January 15, 2014, Smith announced that she would be continuing to write her version of The Vampire Diaries before she was fired by Alloy. Smith would continue to write her books on Amazon Kindle as fan fiction and are not part of the official series. The Evensong arc would pick up where The Return: Midnight had left off and it takes place in an alternate world from the official series that follows Midnight. The three titles in the Evensong trilogy include Paradise Lost, The War of Roses and Into the Wood.[13] While the first two titles were released in 2014, Into the Wood has not yet been released as of March 2017.

text: Novels[edit]

text: The Vampire Diaries[edit]

text:
The Awakening: Volume I (1991) ISBN 978-1-4449-0071-2
The Struggle: Volume II (1991) ISBN 978-0-06-199076-2
The Fury: Volume III (1991) ISBN 978-0-06-199077-9
Dark Reunion: Volume IV (1992) ISBN 978-0-06202058-1  (The Reunion in the UK and Australia version)

text: Omnibuses[edit]

text:
The Awakening and The Struggle  (2007) ISBN 978-1-41-782599-8
The Fury and Dark Reunion (2007) ISBN 978-0-06-114098-3

text: The Return trilogy[edit]

text:
The Return: Nightfall  (2009)ISBN 9780061720802
The Return: Shadow Souls (2010) ISBN 978-0-06-172083-3
The Return: Midnight (2011) ISBN 978-0-06-172085-7

text: The Hunters trilogy[edit]

text:
The Hunters: Phantom (2011) (Written by a ghostwriter)
The Hunters: Moonsong (2012) (Written by a ghostwriter)
The Hunters: Destiny Rising (2012) (Written by a ghostwriter)

text: The Salvation trilogy[edit]

text:
The Salvation: Unseen (2013) (Written by Aubrey Clark)
The Salvation: Unspoken (2013) (Written by Aubrey Clark)
The Salvation: Unmasked (2014) (Written by Aubrey Clark)

text: Short stories[edit]

text: Published on Lisa Jane Smith's official website.

text:
Matt and Elena - First Date (2010)
Matt and Elena - Tenth Date: On Wickery Pond (2010)
Bonnie and Damon: After Hours (2011)
An Untold Tale: Blood Will Tell (2010)
An Untold Tale: Elena's Christmas (2010)

text: Cuts from The Return: Shadow Souls[edit]

text:
Damon and Elena: Tumbleweeds (2011)
Dinner Disaster (2010)

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2010
Kids' Choice Awards[14]
Favorite Book
Nominated

text: Television adaptation[edit]

text: On February 6, 2009, Variety announced that The CW Television Network greenlit the pilot for a television series entitled The Vampire Diaries with Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec set as the writers and executive producers.[15] On May 19, 2009, the pilot was officially ordered to series for the 2009-2010 season.[16][17]

text: Stefan's Diaries[edit]

text: The Stefan's Diaries are six novels based on the TV series, attributed to Lisa Jane Smith but actually ghostwritten. They tell Stefan and Damon's past since Katherine's arrival. As they were written during the series broadcast, some things differ, such as the story of the original Vampires.

text:
The Vampire Diaries. Stefan's Diaries: Origins (November 2, 2010[18])
The Vampire Diaries. Stefan's Diaries: Bloodlust (January 4, 2011[18])
The Vampire Diaries. Stefan's Diaries: The Craving (March 3, 2011[18])
The Vampire Diaries. Stefan's Diaries: The Ripper (November 8, 2011[19])
The Vampire Diaries. Stefan's Diaries: The Asylum (January 17, 2012[20])
The Vampire Diaries. Stefan's Diaries: The Compelled (March 12, 2012[21])