document_title: Conscription in the United States

question_text: when was the last time the draft was used

question_tokens: when was the last time the draft was used

root

text: Conscription in the United States

text: History[edit]

text: Colonial to 1862[edit]

text: In colonial times, the Thirteen Colonies used a militia system for defense. Colonial militia laws—and after independence those of the United States and the various states—required able-bodied males to enroll in the militia, to undergo a minimum of military training, and to serve for limited periods of time in war or emergency. This earliest form of conscription involved selective drafts of militiamen for service in particular campaigns. Following this system in its essentials, the Continental Congress in 1778 recommended that the states draft men from their militias for one year's service in the Continental army; this first national conscription was irregularly applied and failed to fill the Continental ranks.

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text: For long-term operations, conscription was occasionally used when volunteers or paid substitutes were insufficient to raise the needed manpower. During the American Revolutionary War, the states sometimes drafted men for militia duty or to fill state Continental Army units, but the central government did not have the authority to conscript except for purposes of naval impressment. President James Madison and his Secretary of War James Monroe unsuccessfully attempted to create a national draft of 40,000 men during the War of 1812.[6] This proposal was fiercely criticized on the House floor by antiwar Congressman Daniel Webster of New Hampshire.[7]

text:
The administration asserts the right to fill the ranks of the regular army by compulsion...Is this, sir, consistent with the character of a free government? Is this civil liberty? Is this the real character of our Constitution? No, sir, indeed it is not...Where is it written in the Constitution, in what article or section is it contained, that you may take children from their parents, and parents from their children, and compel them to fight the battles of any war, in which the folly or the wickedness of government may engage it? Under what concealment has this power lain hidden, which now for the first time comes forth, with a tremendous and baleful aspect, to trample down and destroy the dearest rights of personal liberty?

Daniel Webster (December 9, 1814 House of Representatives Address)

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text: Civil War[edit]

text: The United States first employed national conscription during the American Civil War. The vast majority of troops were volunteers; of the 2,100,000 Union soldiers, about 2% were draftees, and another 6% were substitutes paid by draftees.[8][9]

text: The Confederacy had far fewer inhabitants than the Union, and Confederate President Jefferson Davis proposed the first conscription act on March 28, 1862; it was passed into law the next month.[10] Resistance was both widespread and violent, with comparisons made between conscription and slavery.

text: Both sides permitted conscripts to hire substitutes to serve in their place. In the Union, many states and cities offered bounties and bonuses for enlistment. They also arranged to take credit against their draft quota by claiming freed slaves who enlisted in the Union Army.

text: Although both sides resorted to conscription, the system did not work effectively in either.[11] The Confederate Congress on April 16, 1862, passed an act requiring military service for three years from all males aged eighteen to thirty-five not legally exempt; it later extended the obligation. The U.S. Congress followed with the Militia Act of 1862 authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers.[citation needed] This state-administered system failed in practice and in 1863 Congress passed the Enrollment Act, the first genuine national conscription law, setting up under the Union Army an elaborate machinery for enrolling and drafting men between twenty and forty-five years of age. Quotas were assigned in each state, the deficiencies in volunteers required to be met by conscription.

text: Still, men drafted could provide substitutes, and until mid-1864 could even avoid service by paying commutation money. Many eligible men pooled their money to cover the cost of any one of them drafted. Families used the substitute provision to select which member should go into the army and which would stay home. The other popular means of procuring a substitute was to pay a soldier whose period of enlistment was about to expire - the advantage of this method was that the Army could retain a trained veteran in place of a raw recruit. Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union Army through the draft, 117,986 were substitutes, leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted. There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft, and the New York City draft riots were in direct response to the draft and were the first large-scale resistance against the draft in the United States.

text: The problem of Confederate desertion was aggravated by the inequitable inclinations of conscription officers and local judges. The three conscription acts of the Confederacy exempted certain categories, most notably the planter class, and enrolling officers and local judges often practiced favoritism, sometimes accepting bribes. Attempts to effectively deal with the issue were frustrated by conflict between state and local governments on the one hand and the national government of the Confederacy.[12]

text: World War I[edit]

text: In 1917 the administration of President Woodrow Wilson decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower for World War I when only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of the war.[13] One claimed motivation was to head off the former President, Theodore Roosevelt, who proposed to raise a volunteer division, which would upstage Wilson; however, there is no evidence that even Roosevelt had the popularity to overcome the unpopular war, and also, since Wilson had just started his second term in office the former President's prospects for substantial political gain would seem dubious.

text: The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and—by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples—to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort. The act established a "liability for military service of all male citizens"; authorized a selective draft of all those between 21 and 31 years of age (later from 18 to 45); and prohibited all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community. These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions.

text: In 1917, 10 million men were registered. This was deemed to be inadequate, so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced, and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3 million inducted into the military services, with little of the resistance that characterized the Civil War, thanks to a huge campaign by the government to build support for the war, and shut down newspapers and magazines that published articles against the war.[14][15]

text: The draft was universal and included blacks on the same terms as whites, although they served in different units. In all 367,710 black Americans were drafted (13.0% of the total), compared to 2,442,586 white (86.9%). Along with a general opposition to American involvement in a foreign conflict, Southern farmers objected to unfair conscription practices that exempted members of the upper class and industrial workers.

text: Draft boards were localized and based their decisions on social class: the poorest were the most often conscripted because they were considered the most expendable at home.[citation needed] African-Americans in particular were often disproportionately drafted, though they generally were conscripted as laborers and not sent into combat to avoid the tensions that would arise from mixing races in military units.[citation needed] Forms of resistance ranged from peaceful protest to violent demonstrations and from humble letter-writing campaigns asking for mercy to radical newspapers demanding reform. The most common tactics were dodging and desertion, and many communities sheltered and defended their draft dodgers as political heroes.

text: Nearly half a million immigrants were drafted, which forced the military to develop training procedures that took ethnic differences into account. Military leaders invited Progressive reformers and ethnic group leaders to assist in formulating new military policies. The military attempted to socialize and Americanize young immigrant recruits, not by forcing "angloconformity", but by showing remarkable sensitivity and respect for ethnic values and traditions and a concern for the morale of immigrant troops. Sports activities, keeping immigrant groups together, newspapers in various languages, the assistance of bilingual officers, and ethnic entertainment programs were all employed.[16]

text: Opposition[edit]

text: The Conscription Act of 1917 was passed in June. Conscripts were court-martialed by the Army if they refused to wear uniforms, bear arms, perform basic duties, or submit to military authority. Convicted objectors were often given long sentences of 20 years in Fort Leavenworth.[17] In 1918 Secretary Baker created the Board of Inquiry to question the conscientious objectors' sincerity.[18] Military tribunals tried men found by the Board to be insincere for a variety of offenses, sentencing 17 to death, 142 to life imprisonment, and 345 to penal labor camps.[18]

text: In 1917, a number of radicals and anarchists, including Emma Goldman, challenged the new draft law in federal court, arguing that it was a direct violation of the Thirteenth Amendment's prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude. The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the Selective Draft Law Cases on January 7, 1918. The decision said the Constitution gave Congress the power to declare war and to raise and support armies. The Court, relying partly on Vattel's The Law of Nations, emphasized the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens:[19]

text: It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government and its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need, and the right to compel it. To do more than state the proposition is absolutely unnecessary in view of the practical illustration afforded by the almost universal legislation to that effect now in force.

text: Conscription was unpopular from left-wing sectors at the start, with many Socialists jailed for "obstructing the recruitment or enlistment service". The most famous was Eugene Debs, head of the Socialist Party of America, who ran for president in 1920 from his Atlanta prison cell. He had his sentence commuted to time served and was released on December 25, 1921, by President Warren G. Harding.

text: The Industrial Workers of the World mobilized to obstruct the war effort through strikes in war-related industries and not registering.

text: Conscientious objectors[edit]

text: Conscientious objector (CO) exemptions were allowed for the Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, and Church of the Brethren only. All other religious and political objectors were forced to participate. Some 64,700 men claimed conscientious objector status; local draft boards certified 57,000, of whom 30,000 passed the physical and 21,000 were inducted into the U.S. Army. About 80% of the 21,000 decided to abandon their objection and take up arms, but 3,989 drafted objectors refused to serve. Most belonged to historically pacifist denominations, especially Quakers, Mennonites, and Moravian Brethren, as well as a few Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses. About 15% were religious objectors from non-pacifist churches.[20]

text: Ben Salmon was a nationally known political activist who encouraged men not to register and personally refused to comply with the draft procedures. He rejected the Army Review Board proposal that he do noncombatant farm work. Sentenced to 25 years in prison, he again refused a proposed desk job. He was pardoned and released in November 1920 with a "dishonorable discharge".[21]

text: Interwar[edit]

text: The draft ended in 1918 but the Army designed the modern draft mechanism in 1926 and built it based on military needs despite an era of pacifism. Working where Congress would not, it gathered a cadre of officers for its nascent Joint Army-Navy Selective Service Committee, most of whom were commissioned based on social standing rather than military experience.[22] This effort did not receive congressionally approved funding until 1934 when Major General Lewis B. Hershey was assigned to the organization. The passage of a conscription act was opposed by some, including Dorothy Day and George Barry O'Toole, who were concerned that such conscription would not provide adequate protection for the rights of conscientious objectors.  However, much of Hershey's work was codified into law with the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 (STSA).[23]

text: World War II[edit]

text: By the summer of 1940, as Germany conquered France, Americans became more affable to the return of conscription. One national survey found that 67% of respondents believed that a German-Italian victory would endanger the United States, and that 71% supported "the immediate adoption of compulsory military training for all young men".[24] Similarly, a November 1942 survey of American high-school students found that 69% favored compulsory postwar military training.[25]

text: The World War I system served as a model for that of World War II. The 1940 law instituted conscription in peacetime, requiring the registration of all men between 21 and 35, with selection for one year's service by a national lottery. President Roosevelt's signing of the Selective Training and Service Act on September 16, 1940, began the first peacetime draft in the United States. It also reestablished the Selective Service System as an independent agency responsible for identifying young men and facilitating their military service. Roosevelt named Lewis B. Hershey to head the System on July 31, 1941, where he remained until 1969.[23] This act came when other preparations, such as increased training and equipment production, had not yet been approved. Nevertheless, it served as the basis for the conscription programs that would continue to the present.

text: The act set a cap of 900,000 men to be in training at any given time, and limited military service to 12 months unless Congress deemed it necessary to extend such service in the interest of national defense. An amendment added 18 more months to this service period on August 18, 1941. After Pearl Harbor the STSA was further amended (December 19, 1941), extending the term of service to the duration of the war plus six months and requiring the registration of all men 18 to 64 years of age. During World War II, 49 million men were registered, 36 million classified[not in citation given], and 10 million inducted.[26] 18 and 19 year olds were made liable for induction on November 13, 1942. By late 1942, the Selective Service System moved away from a national lottery to administrative selection by its more than 6,000 local boards.

text: On December 5, 1942, presidential Executive Order 9279 made it so that all men from the ages of 18 to 37 could not voluntarily enlist for the duration of the war, providing protection for the nation's home front manpower pool. The Navy and Marine Corps began procuring their personnel through the Selective Service System in early 1943. The Navy and Marine Corps enlisted inductees and volunteers under the same service agreements, but with different service obligations, while the Army placed wartime inductees and volunteers into a special service component known as the Army of the United States, commonly known as the "AUS;" service commitments were set at the length of the war plus six months.[27][28]

text: Paul V. McNutt, head of the War Manpower Commission, estimated that the changes would increase the ratio of men drafted from one out of nine to one out of five. The commission's goal was to have nine million men in the armed forces by the end of 1943.[29] This facilitated the massive requirement of up to 200,000 men per month and would remain the standard for the length of the war.

text: The World War II draft operated from 1940 until 1946 when further inductions were suspended, and its legislative authorization expired without further extension by Congress in 1947. During this time, more than 10 million men had been inducted into military service.[30] However, the Selective Service System remained intact.

text: Opposition[edit]

text: Scattered opposition was encountered especially in the northern cities where African-Americans protested the system. The young Nation of Islam was at the forefront, with many Black Muslims jailed for refusing the draft, and their leader Elijah Muhammed was sentenced to federal prison for 5 years for inciting draft resistance. Organized draft resistance also developed in the Japanese American internment camps, where groups like the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee refused to serve unless they and their families were released. 300 Nisei men from eight of the ten War Relocation Authority camps were arrested and stood trial for felony draft evasion; most were sentenced to federal prison.[31] American Communists also opposed the war until Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941, whereupon they became supporters.[32]

text: Conscientious objectors[edit]

text: Of the more than 72,000 men registering as conscientious objectors (CO), nearly 52,000 received CO status. Of these, over 25,000 entered the military in noncombatant roles, another 12,000 went to civilian work camps, and nearly 6,000 went to prison. Draft evasion only accounted for about 4% of the total inducted. About 373,000 alleged evaders were investigated with just over 16,000 being imprisoned.[33]

text: Cold War[edit]

text: The second peacetime draft began with passage of the Selective Service Act of 1948 after the STSA expired. The new law required all men, ages 18 to 26, to register. It also created the system for the "Doctor Draft" aimed at inducting health professionals into military service.[34] Unless otherwise exempted or deferred (see Berry Plan), these men could be called for up to 21 months of active duty and five years of reserve duty service. Congress further tweaked this act in 1950 although the post–World War II surplus of military manpower left little need for draft calls until Truman's declaration of national emergency in December 1950.[35] Only 20,348 men were inducted in 1948 and only 9,781 in 1949.

text: Between the Korean War's outbreak in June 1950 and the armistice agreement in 1953, Selective Service inducted over 1.5 million men.[30] Another 1.3 million volunteered, usually choosing the Navy or Air Force.[22][33] Congress passed the Universal Military Training and Service Act in 1951 to meet the demands of the war. It lowered the induction age to 18½ and extended active-duty service commitments to 24 months. Despite the early combat failures and later stalemate in Korea, the draft has been credited by some as playing a vital role in turning the tide of war.[22] A February 1953 Gallup Poll showed 70 percent of Americans surveyed felt the SSS handled the draft fairly. Notably, Gallup reported that 64 percent of the demographic group including all draft age men (males 21 to 29) believed the draft to be fair.[36]

text: To increase equity in the system, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order on July 11, 1953, that ended the paternity deferment for married men.[37] In large part, the change in the draft served the purposes of the burgeoning Cold War. From a program that had just barely passed congressional muster during the fearful prelude to World War II, a more robust draft continued as fears now focused on the Soviet threat. Nevertheless, some dissenting voices in Congress continued to appeal to the history of voluntary American military service as preferable for a democracy.[38][39]

text: The onset of the Cold War coincided with the time men born during the Great Depression began to reach military age. That the Depression had resulted in a substantial reduction of the birth rate was frequently pointed out by Hershey and other supporters of the draft to back up their doubts regarding the wisdom of returning to an all-volunteer military at a time when it was known that the number of men reaching military age was going to fall significantly. The Korean War was the first time any form of student deferment was used. During the Korean War a student carrying at least twelve semester hours was spared until the end of his current semester.[40]

text: The United States breathed easier with the Korean War Armistice on July 27, 1953; however, technology brought new promises and threats. U.S. air and nuclear power fueled the Eisenhower doctrine of "massive retaliation". This strategy demanded more machines and fewer foot soldiers, so the draft slipped to the back burner. However, the head of the SSS, Maj. Gen. Hershey, urged caution fearing the conflict looming in Vietnam. In May 1953, he told his state directors to do everything possible to keep SSS alive in order to meet upcoming needs.[41]

text: Following the 1953 Korean War Armistice, Congress passed the Reserve Forces Act of 1955 with the aim of improving National Guard and federal Reserve Component readiness while also constraining its use by the president. Towards this end, it mandated a six-year service commitment, in a combination of reserve and active duty time, for every line military member regardless of their means of entry. Meanwhile, the SSS kept itself alive by devising and managing a complex system of deferments for a swelling pool of candidates during a period of shrinking requirements. The greatest challenge to the draft came not from protesters but rather lobbyists seeking additional deferments for their constituency groups such as scientists and farmers.[23]

text: Government leaders felt the potential for a draft was a critical element in maintaining a constant flow of volunteers. On numerous occasions Gen. Hershey told Congress for every man drafted, three or four more were scared into volunteering.[42] Assuming his assessment was accurate, this would mean over 11 million men volunteered for service because of the draft between January 1954 and April 1975.[22]

text: The policy of using the draft as force to compel "voluntary" enlistment was unique in U.S. history. Previous drafts had not aimed at encouraging individuals to sign up in order to gain preferential placement or less dangerous postings. However, the incremental buildup of Vietnam without a clear threat to the country bolstered this.[22] Some estimates suggest conscription encompassed almost one-third of all eligible men during the period of 1965–69.[43][44] This group represented those without exemption or resources to avoid military service. During the active combat phase, the possibility of avoiding combat by selecting their service and military specialty led as many as four out of 11 eligible men to enlist.[45][46] The military relied upon this draft-induced volunteerism to make its quotas, especially the Army, which accounted for nearly 95 percent of all inductees during Vietnam. For example, defense recruiting reports show 34% of the recruits in 1964 up to 50% in 1970 indicated they joined to avoid placement uncertainty via the draft.[47][48][49] These rates dwindled to 24% in 1972 and 15% in 1973 after the change to a lottery system. Accounting for other factors, it can be argued up to 60 percent of those who served throughout the Vietnam War did so directly or indirectly because of the draft.[45]

text: In addition, deferments provided an incentive for men to follow pursuits considered useful to the state. This process, known as channeling, helped push men into educational, occupational, and family choices they might not otherwise have pursued. Undergraduate degrees were valued. Graduate work had varying value over time, though technical and religious training received near constant support. War industry support in the form of teaching, research, or skilled labor also received deferred or exempt status. Finally, marriage and family were exempted because of its positive social consequences.[23][50]  This included using presidential orders to extend exemptions again to fathers and others.[51] Channeling was also seen as a means of preempting the early loss of the country's "best and brightest" who had historically joined and died early in war.[52]

text: In the only extended period of military conscription of U.S. males during a major peacetime period, the draft continued on a more limited basis during the late 1950s and early 1960s. While a far smaller percentage of eligible males were conscripted compared to war periods, draftees by law served in the Army for two years. Elvis Presley and Willie Mays were two of the most famous people drafted during this period.

text: Public protests in the United States were few during the Korean War. However, the percentage of CO exemptions for inductees grew to 1.5% compared to a rate of just 0.5% in the past two wars. The Justice Department also investigated more than 80,000 draft evasion cases.[44][53][54]

text: Vietnam War[edit]

text: President Kennedy's decision to send military troops to Vietnam as "advisors" was a signal that Selective Service Director Lewis B. Hershey needed to visit the Oval Office. From that visit emerged two wishes of JFK with regard to conscription. The first was that the names of married men with children should occupy the very bottom of the callup list. Just above them should be the names of men who are married. This Presidential policy, however, was not to be formally encoded into Selective Service Status. Men who fit into these categories became known as Kennedy Husbands. When President Lyndon Johnson decided to rescind this Kennedy policy, there was a last-minute rush to the altar by thousands of American couples.[citation needed]

text: Many early rank-and-file anti-conscription protesters had been allied with the National Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy. The completion in 1963 of a Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty left a mass of undirected youth in search of a cause.[citation needed]Syndicated cartoonist Al Capp portrayed them as S.W.I.N.E, (Students Wildly Indignant About Nearly Everything). The catalyst for protest reconnection was the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

text: Consequently, there was some opposition to the draft even before the major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began. The large cohort of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service during the Vietnam War was responsible for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments, especially for college students.  Besides being able to avoid the draft, college graduates who volunteered for military service (primarily as commissioned officers) had a much better chance of securing a preferential posting compared to less-educated inductees.

text: As U.S. troop strength in South Vietnam increased, more young men were drafted for service there, and many of those still at home sought means of avoiding the draft. Since only 15,000 National Guard and Reserve soldiers were sent to South Vietnam, enlistment in the Guard or the Reserves became a popular means of avoiding serving in a war zone. For those who could meet the more stringent enlistment standards, service in the Air Force, Navy, or Coast Guard was a means of reducing the chances of being killed. Vocations to the ministry and the rabbinate soared, because divinity students were exempt from the draft[citation needed]. Doctors and draft board members found themselves being pressured by relatives or family friends to exempt potential draftees.[citation needed]

text: The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26, 1965. Around 3:10pm President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day, then around 5pm he announced the change for the first time.[55]

text: Some conscientious objectors objected to the war based on the theory of Just War. One of these, Stephen Spiro, was convicted of avoiding the draft, but given a suspended sentence of five years. He was later pardoned by President Gerald Ford.[56]

text: There were 8,744,000 servicemembers between 1964 and 1975, of whom 3,403,000 were deployed to Southeast Asia.[57] From a pool of approximately 27 million, the draft raised 2,215,000 men for military service (in the United States, South Vietnam, and elsewhere) during the Vietnam War era. The majority of servicemembers deployed to South Vietnam were volunteers, even though hundreds of thousands of men opted to join the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Coast Guard (for three or four year terms of enlistment) rather than risk being drafted, serve for two years, and have no choice over their military occupational specialty (MOS).[58]

text: Of the nearly 16 million men not engaged in active military service, 57% were exempted (typically because of jobs including other military service), deferred (usually for educational reasons), or disqualified (usually for physical and mental deficiencies but also for criminal records including draft violations).[22] The requirements for obtaining and maintaining an educational deferment changed several times in the late 1960s. For several years, students were required to take an annual qualification test. In 1967 educational deferments were changed for graduate students. Those starting graduate studies in the fall of 1967 were given two semester deferments becoming eligible in June 1968. Those further along in their graduate study who entered prior to the summer of 1967 could continue to receive a deferment until they completed their studies. Peace Corps Volunteers were no longer given deferments and their induction was left to the discretion of their local boards. However most boards allowed Peace Corps Volunteers to complete their two years assignment before inducting them into the service. On December 1, 1969, a lottery was held to establish a draft priority for all those born between 1944 and 1950. Those with a high number no longer had to be concerned about the draft. Nearly 500,000 men were disqualified for criminal records, but less than 10,000 of them were convicted of draft violations.[33] Finally, as many as 100,000 draft eligible men fled the country.[59][60]

text: End of conscription[edit]

text: During the 1968 presidential election, Richard Nixon campaigned on a promise to end the draft.[61]  He had first become interested in the idea of an all-volunteer army during his time out of office, based upon a paper by Martin Anderson of Columbia University.[62]  Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam War movement, since he believed affluent youths would stop protesting the war once their own probability of having to fight in it was gone.[63]  There was opposition to the all-volunteer notion from both the Department of Defense and Congress, so Nixon took no immediate action towards ending the draft early in his presidency.[62]

text: Instead, the Gates Commission was formed, headed by Thomas S. Gates, Jr., a former Secretary of Defense in the Eisenhower administration.  Gates initially opposed the all-volunteer army idea, but changed his mind during the course of the 15-member commission's work.[62]  The Gates Commission issued its report in February 1970, describing how adequate military strength could be maintained without having conscription.[61][64]  The existing draft law was expiring at the end of June 1971, but the Department of Defense and Nixon administration decided the draft needed to continue for at least some time.[64]  In February 1971, the administration requested of Congress a two-year extension of the draft, to June 1973.[65][66]

text: Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one-year extension, or eliminate the draft altogether, or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam;[67] Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach, trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation, shut down conscription, and directly force an end to the war.[68]  Senators supporting Nixon's war efforts supported the bill, even though some had qualms about ending the draft.[66]  After a prolonged battle in the Senate, in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved.[69]  Meanwhile, military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers, and television advertising for the U.S. Army began.[61]  With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam, December 1972 saw the last men conscripted, who were born in 1952[70] and who reported for duty in June 1973. On February 2, 1972, a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953, but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued.[71][72] In March 1973, 1974, and 1975, the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954, 1955, and 1956, in case the draft was extended, but it never was.[73]

text: Command Sergeant Major Jeff Mellinger, believed to be the last drafted enlisted ranked soldier still on active duty, retired in 2011.[74][75]

text: Chief Warrant Officer 5 Ralph E. Rigby, the last Vietnam War-era drafted soldier of Warrant Officer rank, retired from the army on November 10, 2014 after a 42-year career.[76]

text: Post-1980 draft registration[edit]

text: On July 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and re-instated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System.[77] At that time it was required that all males, born on or after January 1, 1960, register with the Selective Service System. Those now in this category are male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25, who are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday even if they are not eligible to join the military.

text: The Selective Service System describes its mission as "to serve the emergency manpower needs of the Military by conscripting untrained manpower, or personnel with professional health care skills, if directed by Congress and the President in a national crisis".[78] Registration forms are available either online or at any U.S. Post Office.

text: The Selective Service registration form states that failure to register is a felony punishable by up to five years imprisonment or a $250,000 fine.[79] In practice, no one has been prosecuted for failure to comply with draft registration since 1986,[80] in part because prosecutions of draft resisters proved counter-productive for the government, and in part because of the difficulty of proving that noncompliance with the law was "knowing and wilful". In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of nonregistrants.[81] Many men do not register at all, register late, or change addresses without notifying the Selective Service System.[82] Registration is a requirement for employment by the federal government and some states, as well as for receiving some state benefits such as driver's licenses.[83] Refusing to register can also cause a loss of eligibility for federal financial aid for college.[84]

text: Health care personnel[edit]

text: On December 1, 1989, Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting "persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care and professional occupation", if such a special-skills draft should be ordered by Congress.[85] In response, Selective Service published plans for the "Health Care Personnel Delivery System" (HCPDS) in 1989 and has had them ready ever since. The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998, followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999. The HCPDS plans include women and men ages 20–54 in 57 different job categories.[86] As of May 2003, the Defense Department has said the most likely form of draft is a special skills draft, probably of health care workers.[87]

text: Legality[edit]

text: In 1918, the Supreme Court ruled that the World War I draft did not violate the United States Constitution in the Selective Draft Law Cases. The Court summarized the history of conscription in England and in colonial America, a history that it read as establishing that the Framers envisioned compulsory military service as a governmental power. It held that the Constitution's grant to Congress of the powers to declare war and to create standing armies included the power to mandate conscription. It rejected arguments based on states' rights, the 13th Amendment, and other provisions of the Constitution.

text: Later, during the Vietnam War, a lower appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional. United States v. Holmes, 387 F.2d 781 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 391 U.S. 936 (1968).[88] Justice William O. Douglas, in voting to hear the appeal in Holmes, agreed that the government had the authority to employ conscription in wartime, but argued that the constitutionality of a draft in the absence of a declaration of war was an open question, which the Supreme Court should address.

text: During the World War I era, the Supreme Court allowed the government great latitude in suppressing criticism of the draft. Examples include Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919)[89] and Gilbert v. Minnesota, 254 U.S. 325 (1920).[90] In subsequent decades, however, the Court has taken a much broader view of the extent to which advocacy speech is protected by the First Amendment. Thus, in 1971 the Court held it unconstitutional for a state to punish a man who entered a county courthouse wearing a jacket with the words "Fuck the Draft" visible on it. Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971).[91] Nevertheless, protesting the draft by the specific means of burning a draft registration card can be constitutionally prohibited, because of the government's interest in prohibiting the "nonspeech" element involved in destroying the card. United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968).[92]

text: Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980, the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act: Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981), upholding the Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group (MPIRG), 468 U.S. 841 (1984), upholding the Constitutionality of the first of the federal "Solomon Amendment" laws, which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration, either by having registered or by not being required to register; Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598 (1985), upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the "most vocal" nonregistrants for prosecution, after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of nonregistrants for prosecution; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury, 567 U.S. ____ (2012), regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for nonregistrants.[93]

text: In 1981, several men filed lawsuit in the case Rostker v. Goldberg, alleging that the Military Selective Service Act violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment by requiring that men only and not also women register with the Selective Service System. The Supreme Court upheld the act, stating that Congress's "decision to exempt women was not the accidental byproduct of a traditional way of thinking about women", that "since women are excluded from combat service by statute or military policy, men and women are simply not similarly situated for purposes of a draft or registration for a draft, and Congress' decision to authorize the registration of only men therefore does not violate the Due Process Clause", and that "the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than 'equity.'"[94]

text: The Rostker v. Goldberg opinion's dependence upon deference on decision of the executive to exclude women from combat has garnered renewed scrutiny since the Department of Defense announced its decision in January 2013 to do away with most of the federal policies that have kept women from serving in combat roles in ground war situations. Both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force had by then already opened up virtually all positions in sea and air combat to women.  At least two lawsuits have been filed challenging the continued Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register with the Selective service System: National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System (filed April 4, 2013, U.S. District Court for the Central District of California; dismissed by the District Court July 29, 2013 as not "ripe" for decision; appeal argued December 8, 2015 before the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals;[95] reversed and remanded February 19, 2016[96]), and Kyle v. Selective Service System (filed July 3, 2015, U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey), brought on behalf of Elizabeth Kyle-LaBell, who tried to register but was turned away because she is female.[97]

text: Conscientious objection[edit]

text: According to the Selective Service System,[98]

text:
A conscientious objector is one who is opposed to serving in the armed forces and/or bearing arms on the grounds of moral or religious principles.
[...]

text: Beliefs which qualify a registrant for CO status may be religious in nature, but don't have to be. Beliefs may be moral or ethical; however, a man's reasons for not wanting to participate in a war must not be based on politics, expediency, or self-interest. In general, the man's lifestyle prior to making his claim must reflect his current claims.

text: The Supreme Court has ruled in cases United States v. Seeger[99] (1965) and Welsh v. United States[100] (1970) that conscientious objection can be by non-religious beliefs as well as religious beliefs; but it has also ruled in Gillette v. United States (1971) against objections to specific wars as grounds for conscientious objection.[101]

text: There is currently no mechanism to indicate that one is a conscientious objector in the Selective Service system. According to the SSS, after a person is drafted, he can claim Conscientious Objector status and then justify it before the Local Board. This is criticized because during the times of a draft, when the country is in emergency conditions, there could be increased pressure for Local Boards to be more harsh on conscientious objector claims.

text: There are two types of status for conscientious objectors. If a person objects only to combat but not to service in the military, then the person could be given noncombatant service in the military without training of weapons. If the person objects to all military service, then the person could be ordered to "alternative service" with a job "deemed to make a meaningful contribution to the maintenance of the national health, safety, and interest".

text: Poverty Draft[edit]

text:
The poverty draft is a controversial belief in some circles that low-income demographics are either intentionally targeted by the military for recruitment, or that their low socioeconomic status makes enlistment especially attractive, such that they are overrepresented in the armed forces.
The "poverty draft" is a term describing U.S. military recruiters' purposeful tendency to focus their recruiting efforts on inner-city and poor rural schools.  The low-income youth and young people of color who attend these schools generally have fewer good educational and job opportunities than middle-class and wealthy youth and are therefore more likely to enlist.  Proponents of the poverty draft view often claim that because of this the U.S. armed forces are disproportionally men and women of color and from poor and working-class backgrounds.[102]
[103]

text: Selective Service reforms[edit]

text: The Selective Service System has maintained that they have implemented several reforms that would make the draft more fair and equitable.

text: Some of the measures they have implemented include:[104]

text:
Before and during the Vietnam War, a young man could get a deferment by showing that he was a full-time student making satisfactory progress towards a degree; now deferment only lasts to the end of the semester. If the man is a senior he can defer until the end of the academic year.
The government has said that draft boards are now more representative of the local communities in areas such as race and national origin.
A lottery system would be used to determine the order of people being called up. Previously the oldest men who were found eligible for the draft would be taken first. In the new system, the men called first would be those who are or will turn 20 years old in the calendar year or those whose deferments will end in the calendar year. Each year after, the man will be placed on a lower priority status until his liability ends.

text: Conscription controversies since 2003[edit]

text: The effort to enforce Selective Service registration law was abandoned in 1986. Since then, no attempt to reinstate conscription has been able to attract much support in the legislature or among the public.[82] Since early 2003, when the Iraq War appeared imminent, there had been attempts through legislation and campaign rhetoric to begin a new public conversation on the topic. Public opinion since 1973 has been largely negative.

text: In 2003, several Democratic congressmen (Charles Rangel of New York, Jim McDermott of Washington, John Conyers of Michigan, John Lewis of Georgia, Pete Stark of California, Neil Abercrombie of Hawaii) introduced legislation that would draft both men and women into either military or civilian government service, should there be a draft in the future. The Republican majority leadership suddenly considered the bill, nine months after its introduction, without a report from the Armed Services Committee (to which it had been referred), and just one month prior to the 2004 presidential and congressional elections. The Republican leadership used an expedited parliamentary procedure that would have required a two-thirds vote for passage of the bill. The bill was defeated on October 5, 2004, with two members voting for it and 402 members voting against.

text: In 2004, the platforms of both the Democratic and Republican parties opposed military conscription, but neither party moved to end draft registration. John Kerry in one debate criticized Bush's policies, "You've got stop-loss policies so people can't get out when they were supposed to. You've got a backdoor draft right now."

text: This statement was in reference to the U.S. Department of Defense use of "stop-loss" orders, which have extended the Active Duty periods of some military personnel. All enlistees, upon entering the service, volunteer for a minimum eight-year Military Service Obligation (MSO). This MSO is split between a minimum active duty period, followed by a reserve period where enlistees may be called back to active duty for the remainder of the eight years.[105] Some of these active duty extensions have been for as long as two years. The Pentagon stated that as of August 24, 2004, 20,000 soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines had been affected.[106] As of January 31, 2006 it has been reported that more than 50,000 soldiers and reservists had been affected.[107]

text: Despite arguments by defense leaders that they had no interest in re-instituting the draft, Representative Neil Abercrombie's (D-HI) inclusion of a DOD memo in the Congressional Record which detailed a meeting by senior leaders signaled renewed interest. Though the conclusion of the meeting memo did not call for a reinstatement of the draft, it did suggest Selective Service Act modifications to include registration by women and self-reporting of critical skills that could serve to meet military, homeland-defense, and humanitarian needs.[108] This hinted at more targeted draft options being considered, perhaps like that of the "Doctor Draft" that began in the 1950s to provide nearly 66% of the medical professionals who served in the Army in Korea.[109] Once created, this manpower tool continued to be used through 1972. The meeting memo gave DOD's primary reason for opposing a draft as a matter of cost effectiveness and efficiency. Draftees with less than two years' retention were said to be a net drain on military resources providing insufficient benefit to offset overhead costs of using them.[22]

text: Mentions of the draft during the presidential campaign led to a resurgence of anti-draft and draft resistance organizing.[110] One poll of young voters in October 2004 found that 29% would resist if drafted.[111]

text: In November 2006, Representative Charles B. Rangel (D-NY) again called for the draft to be reinstated; Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi rejected the proposal.[112]

text: On December 19, 2006, President George W. Bush announced that he was considering sending more troops to Iraq. The next day, the Selective Service System's director for operations and chief information officer, Scott Campbell, announced plans for a "readiness exercise" to test the system's operations in 2006, for the first time since 1998.[113]

text: On December 21, 2006, Veterans Affairs Secretary Jim Nicholson, when asked by a reporter whether the draft should be reinstated to make the military more equal, said, "I think that our society would benefit from that, yes sir." Nicholson proceeded to relate his experience as a company commander in an infantry unit which brought together soldiers of different socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels, noting that the draft "does bring people from all quarters of our society together in the common purpose of serving". Nicholson later issued a statement saying he does not support reinstating the draft.[114]

text: On August 10, 2007, with National Public Radio on "All Things Considered", Lieutenant General Douglas Lute, National Security Adviser to the President and Congress for all matters pertaining to the United States Military efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan, expressed support for a draft to alleviate the stress on the Army's all-volunteer force. He cited the fact that repeated deployments place much strain upon one soldier's family and himself which, in turn, can affect retention.[115]

text: A similar bill to Rangel's 2003 one was introduced in 2007, called the Universal National Service Act of 2007 (H.R. 393), but it has not received a hearing or been scheduled for consideration.

text: At the end of June 2014 in Pennsylvania 14,250 letters of conscription were erroneously posted to men born in the 19th century calling upon them to register for the US military draft. This was attributed to a clerk at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation who failed to select a century during a transfer of 400,000 records to the Selective Service. The Selective Service identified 27,218 records of men born in the 19th century made errantly applicable by the change of century and began sending out notices to them on June 30.[116]

text: On June 14, 2016, the Senate voted to require women to register for the draft, though language requiring this was dropped from later versions of the bill.[117]

text: Non-citizens[edit]

text: The Selective Service (and the draft) in the United States is not limited to citizens. Howard Stringer, for example, was drafted six weeks after arriving from his native Britain in 1965.[118][119] Today, non-citizen males of appropriate age in the United States, who are permanent residents (holders of green cards), seasonal agricultural workers not holding an H-2A Visa, refugees, parolees, asylees, and illegal immigrants, are required to register with the Selective Service System.[120] Refusal to do so is grounds for denial of a future citizenship application. In addition, immigrants who seek to naturalize as citizens must, as part of the Oath of Citizenship, swear to the following:

text: ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law;[121]

text: The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) website also states however:

text: However, since 1975, USCIS has allowed the oath to be taken without the clauses:". . .that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by law...."

text: Non-citizens who serve in the United States military enjoy several naturalization benefits which are unavailable to non-citizens who do not, such as a waiver of application fees.[122] Permanent resident aliens who die while serving in the U.S. Armed Forces may be naturalized posthumously, which may be beneficial to surviving family members.[123]


document_title: List of fatal snake bites in the United States

question_text: what's the deadliest snake in the united states

question_tokens: what 's the deadliest snake in the united states

text: Snake species[edit]

text: The United States has about 20 species of venomous snakes, which include 16 species of rattlesnakes, two species of coral snakes, one species of cottonmouth (or water moccasin), and four species of copperhead. At least one type of venomous snake is found in every state except Alaska and Hawaii.[4]

text: It has been estimated that 7,000–8,000 people per year receive venomous bites in the United States, and about five of those people die.[5] Most fatal bites are attributed to the eastern and western diamondback rattlesnake. Copperheads account for more cases of venomous snake bite than any other North American species; however, their venom is the least toxic, so their bite is seldom fatal.[6]

text: Venomous snakes are distributed unevenly throughout the United States — the vast majority of snake bites occur in warm weather states. States like Florida and Texas have a wide variety and large population of venomous snakes. Bites from venomous snakes are extremely rare in the states near the Canada–US border. Maine, for example, has only one species (timber rattlesnake); they are rarely seen, and then only in the southern part of the state, but the species is likely extinct in Maine, with the last sighting in 1901.[7]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Barry Lester, 57, male
April 29, 2018
Rattlesnake
Osage County, Oklahoma, Lester was driving down a road when he spotted the rattlesnake, he tried to move it to safety but ended up being bit on both hands, Lester collapsed shortly after and was pronounced dead.[8]

Daniel Hohs, 31, male
October 7, 2017
Rattlesnake
Hohs was bitten on the ankle while hiking near Golden, Colorado.[9]

Wayne Grooms, 71, male
June 12, 2016
Rattlesnake (likely timber rattlesnake)
Grooms was in the Santee National Wildlife Refuge in South Carolina when a rattlesnake bit his lower left leg.[10] He collapsed and died within 15 minutes. He may have had an undisclosed condition which contributed to the severity of his reaction to the bite.[11] Timber rattlesnakes are the most common in this refuge, but eastern diamondback rattlesnakes are adaptable, could potentially be found in this refuge, and are more likely to cause serious bites than timbers, due to their disposition and venomous potential.[12]

David Brock, 60, male

July 28, 2015

Unknown (almost certainly timber rattlesnake)

Brock was bitten during a religious service at a Pentecostal Church in Jenson, Kentucky. He refused treatment and died in his brother's home.[13]

Russell E. Davis, 39, male
July 19, 2015
Timber rattlesnake
Davis was sitting by a fire at his family's camp in Elk County, Pennsylvania when he was bitten by a rattlesnake.  He was taken to a hospital and from there airlifted to a Pittsburgh-area hospital.  While in the helicopter, Davis suffered a cardiac arrest and was subsequently pronounced dead upon arrival to the hospital. The cause of death was an anaphylactic reaction from the snake's venom. No autopsy was performed and the death was ruled accidental.[14]

Grant Thompson, 18, male
July 14, 2015
Monocled cobra
Thompson was found unresponsive in his car in a Lowe's store parking lot in North Austin, Texas.  He was taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead. A monocled cobra that he was known to own was missing and was later found dead nearby, having been run over by a car [15] An autopsy was performed and Thompson's death was ruled a suicide.[16]

Gilbert De Leon, 37, male
May 23, 2015
Cottonmouth
De Leon was bitten on each leg while wading in the James River near Nixa, Missouri. After the bite, he did not seek medical attention and died the next day.[17]

David Giles, 59, male

May 20, 2015

Unknown, but likely rattlesnake

Giles, of Watkinsville, Georgia, was bitten while he was alone in Arnoldsville, Georgia. He normally carried a snakebite kit, but did not have it with him this time. He drove to a nearby house to seek help, and collapsed. A timber rattlesnake would have been the normal suspect, but since he was weakened by Lyme disease it could have been a pygmy, cottonmouth, or copperhead.[18]

Timothy Levins, 52, male
July 8, 2014
Copperhead
While camping at Sam A. Baker State Park in Missouri, Levins walked outside, saw a snake, and brought it to his son's attention. When he picked it up, the snake bit him. Levins walked back into the cabin, washed his hand at the kitchen sink and sat down on the couch. When he became sick, someone from a neighboring cabin came over to help and performed CPR. Levins was later pronounced dead at an area hospital.[19]

Brayden Bullard, 4, male

June 20, 2014

Timber rattlesnake

Bitten while planting watermelons in his backyard in Bryceville, Florida.[20] He was rushed to the hospital, but died 2 weeks later[21]

Jamie Coots, 42, male
Feb 15, 2014
Rattlesnake
Coots was bitten on the right hand during a service at his Full Gospel Tabernacle in Jesus Name church in Middlesboro, Kentucky. After the bite, Coots dropped the snakes, but then picked them back up and continued the ceremony. Later, he was driven to his home. When paramedics arrived, his relatives refused medical treatment for him, saying it was inconsistent with his religion. He died at home.

Daniel Frank Mitchell, 53, male

Sept. 20, 2013

Rattlesnake (probably eastern diamondback, but possibly timber)

Salem, Alabama[22]

Ernest Burch, 80, male

July 2, 2013[23]

Timber rattlesnake

Burch found the snake in his garage in Armuchee, Georgia. Not wanting to kill it, he tried moving it out with a broom but lost his balance, fell on top of the snake, and was bitten on his left arm. He was rushed to the hospital and received eight vials of antivenom, but died 30 hours later.[24]

Jack Redmond, male, 70

October 2, 2012

Unknown

He was likely killed by one of the 24 venomous snakes he kept in his home in Chesterfield, Virginia.[25]

Terry Brown, 50, male
July 2012
Copperhead
Brown died of a heart attack one day after he was bitten by a copperhead snake while camping on the Current River, Missouri. The coroner's office listed the cause of death as a heart attack, with the snake bite as a contributing factor. Witnesses told investigators that Brown had seen a snake in one of the tents and was trying to remove it when the snake bit him on the right thumb.[26]

Mark Randall Wolford, 44, male
May 28, 2012
Timber rattlesnake
Wolford was bitten on the thigh while handling a timber rattlesnake as part of an outdoor religious service at Panther State Forest in McDowell County, West Virginia.[27][28] Wolford did not initially seek medical treatment for his injury, but was taken to Bluefield Regional Medical Center when his condition began to deteriorate some eight hours later.[27] Wolford was a pastor and often handled his pet snake during church services.[27] Wolford's father, Mack Wolford, died in 1983 under similar circumstances.[29]

Aleta Stacy, 56, female

June 2011

presumably Black Mamba

Found dead in her home in Putnam Co., NY. She illegally kept numerous venomous snakes in her home, one of which was a Black Mamba.[30] Some suspect that her death was a suicide.[31]

Mark Shaw, 47, male

April 5, 2011

Rattlesnake (probably western diamondback, but possibly timber)

Shaw was bitten by a rattlesnake he was trying to kill in Bastrop County, Texas.[32]

Wade Westbrook, 26, male
January 29, 2011
Copperhead
Westbrook was bitten just above the right elbow while handling a copperhead; he had been attempting to determine the snake's sex.[33] According to witnesses, he "tried to extract the venom with a tool after he was bitten, then he began coughing and vomiting before he collapsed."[34] Westbrook was pronounced dead on arrival at Erlanger Hospital in Chattanooga, Tennessee.[34] The cause of death was determined to be "anaphylactic shock as a result of the snake bite." Westbrook had been bitten previously by a Copperhead, which may have made him hypersensitive to snake venom.[34]

William Price, 67, male
October 13, 2010
Rattlesnake, probably a Southern Pacific rattlesnake
Price was bitten above the right ankle while wading across a stream near Cuyamaca Reservoir in Cuyamaca, California.[35] He had been taking part in a study of steelhead trout that was funded by a state Department of Fish and Game grant.[35] According to witnesses, Price "stopped breathing within minutes" of being bitten. The bite marks on his foot were reportedly an inch and a half across.[35] Price was airlifted to Palomar Medical Center, but later died.

Peyton Hood, 1, female

Aug. 11, 2010

Western diamondback rattlesnake

Accidentally stepped on baby Western Diamondback while climbing down ladder at Possum Kingdom Lake, Texas. The snake struck her main artery.[36] She was rushed to the hospital, but died within a few hours.[37]

George Yancy, 35, male

May 9, 2010

Rattlesnake (probably western diamondback, but possibly timber)

Yancy was bitten while pulling up his pants in Smithville, Texas.[32]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Richard Rupert, 68, male
October 10, 2009
Timber rattlesnake
Rupert was hunting with his grandson in Oglethorpe County, Georgia.[38]

Jackie Ledwell, 63, female
October, 2007
Mojave rattlesnake
Ledwell was bitten while taking a walk in Paulden, Arizona.[39]

Linda Long, 48, female

November 5, 2006

Rattlesnake

Long died after being bitten by a snake during a serpent-handling service at church.[40]

Inocencio Hernandez-Hernandez, 29, male
June 10, 2006
Eastern coral snake
Hernandez-Hernandez became the first person to die in the United States from a fatal coral snake bite since 1967. He and Jesus Moreida, both of Bonita Springs, Florida, were bitten by a coral snake they tried to kill.[41]

Former police officer from Madison County, Texas
2006
Copperhead
[42]

Joe Guidry, 54, male
October 2005
Eastern diamondback rattlesnake
Guidry, the Putnam County, Florida, fire marshal, went to help a neighbor who had spotted a rattlesnake while mowing grass. He shot at the snake; it went under a shed, and Guidry was bitten when he reached for it.[43]

Marcus Wolf, 35, male
September 12, 2005
Rattlesnake
Wolf, a German tourist, was bitten while hiking near  Willcox, Arizona.[44]

Margaret Wilson White, 54, female
July 2005
Rattlesnake
White was bitten in Hays County, Texas, near Wimberley along Ranch Road 12, about a quarter mile west of County Road 213.[45][46][47]

Trent Leprette, 31, male
June 2004
Copperhead
Leprette was bitten on each hand while swimming in Saugahatchee Creek near Loachapoka, Alabama. He was admitted to East Alabama Medical Center in Opelika; he developed complications and died after several days of treatment.[48]

Ross Cooke, 50, male
May 2003
Southern Pacific rattlesnake
Cooke was killed in Lyle Creek, San Bernardino County, California, having stepped on a snake he mistook for a log.[49]

Pat Hughes, 45, male
August 2002
Rattlesnake
Hughes was bitten on the finger by a small snake in his own garage. He was admitted to Sierra Vista Regional Health Center in Sierra Vista, Arizona, and treated with antivenom, but died of "complications associated with the bite".[50]

Derek Lema, 2, male
September 16, 2000
Eastern diamondback rattlesnake
Lema was bitten in the thigh by a rattlesnake while helping his father Victor Lema in their Lakewood Ranch, Florida, backyard.[51]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Anita Finch, 33, female
Reported December 17, 1999
Gaboon viper or hog-nosed sand viper
Finch was bitten by either of these snakes she kept as pets in her Van Nuys, California home.[52]

John Wayne "Punkin" Brown, Jr., 34, male
October 3, 1995
Rattlesnake
Brown was bitten while handling rattlesnake during a religious service in Macedonia, Alabama. He had reportedly survived 22 previous snake bites. Brown's wife, Melinda, had been killed by a snake during a religious service three years earlier, in August 1995. The Browns left five children orphaned. [53]

Dewey Bruce Hale, 40, male
January 15, 1995
Rattlesnake
Hale was bitten on the hand while removing a rattlesnake from a box during a religious service in Enigma, Georgia. [54]

Melinda Brown, 28, female

August 8, 1995

Rattlesnake

Brown was bitten while handling a snake during a religious service in Middlesboro, Kentucky on August 6, 1995. She died two day later. Brown's husband, Dewey "Punkin" Brown, was killed by snake during a religious service in 1998. [55]

Kale Saylor, 77, male
March 8, 1995
Rattlesnake
Saylor, a Pentecostal preacher, was bitten while handling a rattlesnake during a religious service in Bell County, Kentucky. Saylor figured prominently in David Kimbrough's 2002 book, Taking Up Serpents: Snake Handlers of Eastern Kentucky [56]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Adult male
1980s
Rattlesnake
A single fatal rattlesnake bite was reported in Utah during this decade.

Curtis Davison, 22, male
August 19, 1989
Eastern diamondback rattlesnake
Davison was bitten on the top of his right hand as he transferred a six-foot rattlesnake from one cage to another at Silver Springs Nature Park near Ocala, Florida.[57]

Glenn R. Alexander, 29, male
March 25, 1987
Rattlesnake
Alexander was bitten during the 23rd Annual Brownwood Rattlesnake Roundup in Brownwood, Texas on March 21, 1987 and died four days later.[58]

Mack Ray Wolford, 39, male
August 28, 1983
Timber rattlesnake
Wolford was bitten on the arm by a timber rattlesnake during religious services at the Lord Jesus Temple in Mile Branch, near Iaeger, West Virginia.[29] Wolford did not initially seek medical treatment.[59] An ambulance was summoned eight hours after Wolford had been bitten, but he died during transport to Stevens Clinic in Welch, West Virginia.[29] Wolford's son, Mark Wolford, died in 2012 under similar circumstances.[27]

John Holbrook, 38, male
August 1982
Rattlesnake
Reverend Holbrook was bitten while handling a rattlesnake during religious services in Oceana, West Virginia.[29][60] Holbrook reportedly refused medical assistance because his religion did not permit it.[29][60]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Gregory Lee Hall, 3, male
May 31, 1976
Copperhead
Bitten on the right hand by a copperhead he picked while playing near his home in Jacksonville, Alabama on May 31, 1976.[61]

Curtis Mounts, 61, male
May 19, 1974
Rattlesnake
Mounts was bitten on the right arm while handling a snake during a religious service in Bens Run, West Virginia on May 16, 1974. He died three days later.[62]

Richard Lee Williams, 33, male
April 2, 1974
Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
Rev. Williams, of Columbus, Ohio, was bitten while handling a snake during a religious service in Switzer, West Virginia on April 4, 1974.[63]

Gordon D. Ball, 34, male
August 5, 1973
Rattlesnake
Ball was presumably bitten by a snake, possibly a massasauga, while traveling alone through Bergen-Byron Swamp on a "picture-taking expedition".[64] A five-day police search recovered Ball's body from a small clearing "near Warboys Road, on the swamp's northern perimeter."[64] An autopsy report listed snakebite as the presumptive cause of death.[64][65]

Beulah Bucklen, 59, female
September 24, 1972
Rattlesnake
Bucklen, of Charleston, West Virginia, was bitten while handling a snake during a religious service in Fraziers Bottom, West Virginia on September 16, 1972. She died eight days later.[66]

Susan Mary Gaboury, 34, fermale
September 13, 1972
Probably a Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
While driving near St. Augustine, Florida, Gaboury had stopped to relieve herself in the bushes beside the road. Thinking she had been pricked by a spiny plant, possibly the Spanish bayonet, she went to the emergency room, where she was treated for an allergic reaction and released. She returned home and was found dead the next morning. A snake expert determined from the size of the bite that Gaboury had likely been bitten by a diamondback rattler.[67]

Bryan L. Bristow, 28, male
December 29, 1971
Cottonmouth
Bristow had been collecting snakes in a bag when he was bitten on the hand by a cottonmouth moccasin in Garyville, Louisiana, on December 29, 1971.[68]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

James Saylor, 24, male
February 20, 1967
Rattlesnake
Bitten while handling a rattlesnake during a religious service in Covington, Kentucky, on February 19, 1967. [69]

Wesley Howard Dickinson, 45, male
July 10, 1966
King cobra
An experienced herpetologist, Dickinson was bitten while force-feeding an 8-foot Indian king cobra in Santa Ana, California, on July 10, 1966. Dickinson had previously survived bites from other cobras, rattlesnakes, a water moccasin and a Gila monster. [70]

Frederick A. Shannon, 43, male
August 31, 1965
Mojave rattlesnake
Bitten on a finger of his left hand by Mojave rattlesnake while collecting specimens near Klondyke, Arizona, on August 29, 1965. Shannon was one of the foremost American herpetologists, a physician and an expert on snakebite, having coauthored a manual for the U.S. armed services. He died on August 31, 1965, after being airlifted to a hospital in Los Angeles.[71]

Donald Bebis, 1, male
August 4, 1965
Rattlesnake
15-month-old Don Bebis was playing in the yard at his home in Cat Creek, Montana, when he was bitten on both legs on August 4, 1965.[72]

Jerry de Bary, 37, male
January 27, 1964
 African puff adder
De Bary, the director of the Salt Lake City Zoo, was bitten on the left forearm by a South African puff adder when he opened the cage to tend to the animal.[73]

Jimmy Cornell, 14, male
March 15, 1961
Eastern diamondback rattlesnake
Bitten on the hand by diamondback rattler while reaching into a gopher hole in Fort Myers, Florida, on March 11, 1961. He died four days later.[74]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

David P. Henson, 74, male
July 26, 1959
Rattlesnake
Rev. Henson, described as an "elderly minister" in the Free Holiness Church, was bitten on the hand while handling a rattlesnake during a religious service in Robinwood, Alabama. Relatives report that he had been handling snakes for "more than 30 years" and that he had survived several bites during that time.[75]

Karl P. Schmidt, 67, male
September 26, 1957
Boomslang
Schmidt, a renowned herpetologist, died in Chicago while documenting the effects of a venomous bite of a snake he was trying to identify. The snake was later identified as a juvenile African Boomslang.[76]

Anna Marie Yost, 46, female
August 29, 1955
Rattlesnake
Bitten on the arm while handling a rattlesnake during a religious service in Savannah, Tennessee on August 29, 1955. Her brother, Mansel Covington, a well-known snake handler, was bitten on both hands during the same service but survived. The event is recounted in writer  Dennis Covington's 1995 book, Salvation on Sand Mountain[77]

George Went Hensley, 74, male
July 25, 1955
Unknown
Hensley died from a bite sustained while handling snakes during a religious service in Florida.

Karen Perry, 1, female
June 26, 1953
Rattlesnake
15-month-old Perry was playing in the backyard of her home in Tujunga, California when she was bitten on the hand by a "pencil thin", 18-inch long rattlesnake. [78]

Nathaniel Akins, 25, male
August 18, 1951
Rattlesnake
Bitten by a "giant rattlesnake" while cutting pulpwood alongside the Orlando Highway in Kissimmee, Florida on Augusta 18, 1951.[79]

Ruthie Craig, 50, female
July 15, 1951
Rattlesnake
Bitten on the right forearm while handling a rattlesnake during a religious service in New Hope, Alabama on July 15, 1951.[80]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Ben Padgett, 26, male
September 2, 1949
Rattlesnake
Bitten below the left knee while cutting trees near Maxville, Florida on September 2, 1949[81]

Grace Olive Wiley, 64, female
July 20, 1948
Indian Cobra
Wiley, an experienced herpetologist, who was known as the "Queen of the Cobras" for her work in the movie industry, was posing for a photograph with a juvenile cobra when she was bitten after a flashbulb startled the snake. Cypress, California [82]

Mrs. Floyd Butterbaugh, 22, Female
July 18, 1947
Timber rattlesnake
Mrs. Butterbaugh was bitten by a timber rattler at her home on Piney Creek, 12 miles east of Chillicothe, Ohio near the Tar Hollow State Forest. She was picking beans in her garden when she was bitten. She died the next day. This is the last known fatality from a wild snake bite in the state of Ohio.[83]

Jerry Frier, 7, male
June 22, 1943
Rattlesnake
Frier died from rattlesnake bite in Lafayette County, Florida.[84]

Dorothy Louise Key, 8, female
May 1, 1942
Rattlesnake
Bitten while walking in woods near her home in Bradenton, Florida[85]

Mahel Coffey, 10, female
July 21, 1941
Rattlesnake
Bitten by a rattlesnake while picking berries near her home in Lenoir, North Carolina [86]

John Charles Goss, 2, male
June 23, 1941
Rattlesnake
Bitten beneath the right knee while at a picnic near the city reservoir alongside the Willow Creek Highway in Bradford, Pennsylvania[87]

Reba Ann Cooper, 2, female
April 28, 1940
Rattlesnake
The daughter of a rancher, Cooper was bitten by a rattlesnake on a ranch near Rocksprings, Texas. [88]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Paul D. Emerson, 50, male
September 17, 1937
unknown
Dr. Emerson, a nationally known soil expert, was found dead on a trail eight miles west of Rapid City, South Dakota. Bitten on the left leg by a snake, Dr. Emerson had applied a tourniquet below the knee and made an incision over the wound with razor blade before he died. [89]

Marshal Ray Weddle, 5, male
July 24, 1937
Rattlesnake
Bitten while playing near his home in Riggins, Idaho.[90]

B.T. Walley, 34, male
July 21, 1937
Rattlesnake
Bitten while walking near Laurel, Mississippi.[91]

Alfred Weaver, 35, male
May 4, 1936
Rattlesnake
Weaver, a 35-year-old itinerant was bitten on the hand by a rattlesnake during a "faith" demonstration at a revival service in Bartow, Florida on May 3, 1936. He died the next day after refusing medical treatment.[92]

Jess Correll, 28, male
July 24, 1931
Copperhead
A farmer, Correll was bitten on the hand, while in the hay loft of his barn near Washington, Indiana.[93]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Wilmer Hassinger, 15, male
June 15, 1929
Rattlesnake
Bitten while fishing along Rattling Creek near Lykens, Pennsylvania.[94]

Maggie Collins, 33, female

May 29, 1929

Rattlesnake

Collins died from a rattlesnake bite while picking blackberries in Grady County, Georgia.

Rebecca Nimmons, 19, female
July 1928
Rattlesnake
Nimmons was killed by a rattlesnake in Pickens County, South Carolina.

Jane Lancaster, 66, female
August 21, 1921
Probably a timber rattlesnake
The bite occurred in Franklin Township at Snake Hollow, near the present-day Scioto Trails State Forest, southeast of Chillicothe, Ohio, in Ross County. An article in the Chillicothe Gazette explained that it could not be confirmed whether the bite Lancaster suffered was from a copperhead or rattlesnake. Given the severity of her wounds, it was likely a timber rattlesnake.[95]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Gustav A. Link, 51, male
August 15, 1917
Timber rattlesnake
Link was showing his pet timber rattlesnake to a group of University of Pittsburgh students in the taxidermy lab of Carnegie Museum. While putting the snake back into its cage, Link was bitten on his right index finger. Link was admitted to Mercy Hospital and treated. Herpetologist Raymond Ditmars sent antivenom from New York by train in the custody of a Pullman porter. Antivenom was administered 12 hours after the bite, but Link died 15 hours after the bite.[96][97]

Helen Moomey, 4, female
September 23, 1915
Rattlesnake
Moomey died from a rattlesnake bite she received while playing with friends near her house in Billings County, North Dakota.[98] The prairie rattlesnake is the only venomous snake in North Dakota.

Two Wilson children
June 1913
Prairie rattlesnake
The children were bitten and died while their family was sleeping on the North Dakota prairie.

Frank Stankiewicz, 57, male
July 9, 1910
Rattlesnake
Stankiewicz, a Lithuanian immigrant, trapped a rattlesnake while fishing near Nanticoke, Pennsylvania. When he attempted to pull off the rattles, the snake escaped and bit him twice.[99]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Mary Bull, 12, female
July 9, 1907
Rattlesnake
Bull died from a rattlesnake bite in Shenandoah County, Virginia. The timber rattlesnake is the only species of rattlesnake in this region.

Frank Benham, 2, male
September 25, 1903
Prairie rattlesnake
Benham died from a rattlesnake bite in Adams County, Colorado, 17 miles north of Deer Trail.

Edward Comstock, 39, male
September 25, 1900
Rattlesnake
Comstock died as result of a bite from a rattlesnake during a snake handling exhibition on Water Street in Chillicothe, Ohio. A newspaper article read: "Edward Comstock, manager of a snake show, was bitten by a rattlesnake at Chilll- cothe, O., last week and died, in terrible agony. His hand and arm swelled to an enormous size. Every known antidote was tried without avail. He was changing the snakes and put his hand into a box, when the rattler bit him. He had handled snakes for years."[100]

text: Before 1900[edit]

text:
Name, age, gender
Date
Species
Location, comments

Belinda Rourke, 6, female
June 1891
Rattlesnake
Rourke died from a bite while playing near a pile of rocks near the family's ranch in the Purgatory River Valley of southern Colorado. The child survived for a day after the bite.

Rebecca O. Andrews, approximately 28, female
c. 1890
Rattlesnake
Andrews died from a rattlesnake bite in Kansas.

James Ananias Brannon, 2, male
July 1882
Rattlesnake
Brannon died from a rattlesnake bite received while lying on a blanket in Texas.

George Sides, 6, male
May 30, 1873
Rattlesnake
Sides died in Texas of a rattlesnake bite.

Frederick Louis Niemann, male
1873
Rattlesnake
Niemann died in Saline County, Kansas, from a rattlesnake bite.

William A. Perrin, male
1859
Rattlesnake
Perrin was killed by a rattlesnake at Stribling Springs in Augusta County, Virginia. The timber rattlesnake is the only rattlesnake in the state.

Maggie Lee, female

October 24, 1854

Rattlesnake

She was the first child to die of a snakebite in Parker County, Texas.[101]

H. M. Pettigrew, 31, male
August 15, 1841
Rattlesnake
Pettigrew died from a rattlesnake bite while clearing land in Fannin County, Texas.[102]

Richardson, infant son of Wm. & Ella

1796

Rattlesnake

Richardson Cemetery (Town of Springport, NY) [103]

Unknown person

1791

Timber rattlesnake

This was the last fatal snakebite in the state of Massachusetts.[104]

Child, 5 or 6
August 28, 1790
Rattlesnake
A child was bitten by a rattlesnake, and died the next day, in Hardwick, Massachusetts.[105]


question_text: what was the total 2016 presidential election vote of volusia county

text: Primary elections[edit]

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Democratic debate[edit]

text: March 9, 2016 – Kendall, Florida

text:
Candidate
Airtime
Polls[4]

Clinton
23:29
51.0%

Sanders
17:51
39.6%

text: The eighth debate took place on March 9, 2016, at 9:00 PM Eastern Standard Time in Building 7 of the Kendall Campus of Miami Dade College in Kendall, Florida. It was broadcast through a partnership between Univision and The Washington Post.[5][6] The debate was discussed during a job interview conducted in early 2015 between the Democratic National Committee's then-Communications Director Mo Elleithee and future Hispanic Media Director Pablo Manriquez. After starting at the DNC in April 2015, Manriquez "talked about the idea for a debate for Democratic candidates on Univision to anyone who had ears to listen."[7] The debate was officially announced on November 2, 2015.[8]

text: Opinion polling[edit]

text: Results[edit]

text: Three candidates appeared on the Democratic presidential primary ballot:

text:
e • d Democratic Party's presidential nominating process in Florida, 2016
– Summary of results –

Candidate
Popular vote
Estimated delegates

Count
Percentage
Pledged
Unpledged
Total

Hillary Clinton
1,101,414
64.44%
141
24
165

Bernie Sanders
568,839
33.28%
73
2
75

Martin O'Malley (withdrawn)
38,930
2.28%

Uncommitted
N/A
0
6
6

Total
1,709,183
100%
214
32
246

Source: The Green Papers, Florida Division of Elections - Official Primary Results

text:
[hide]Florida Democratic primary, March 15, 2016

District
Delegates
Votes Clinton
Votes Sanders
Votes Qualified
Clinton delegates
Sanders delegates

1
3
26987
18497
45484
2
1

2
6
50190
34073
84263
4
2

3
4
32070
27974
60044
2
2

4
4
33920
22765
56685
2
2

5
6
55855
18639
74494
4
2

6
5
37995
24443
62438
3
2

7
5
37410
26795
64205
3
2

8
5
39384
24376
63760
3
2

9
5
40609
19880
60489
3
2

10
5
38011
22213
60224
3
2

11
5
38061
21590
59651
3
2

12
5
35498
23172
58670
3
2

13
6
44121
29707
73828
4
2

14
6
49146
23617
72763
4
2

15
5
32793
20712
53505
3
2

16
6
43921
25856
69777
4
2

17
4
29899
17045
46944
3
1

18
6
42804
20620
63424
4
2

19
4
31958
17235
49193
3
1

20
7
61998
15761
77759
6
1

21
7
57723
22100
79823
5
2

22
6
49602
22209
71811
4
2

23
6
44510
19974
64484
4
2

24
8
59274
13893
73167
6
2

25
3
24897
9287
34184
2
1

26
4
32069
14148
46217
3
1

27
4
30709
12258
42967
3
1

Total
140
1101414
568839
1670253
93
47

PLEO
28
1101414
568839
1670253
18
10

At Large
46
1101414
568839
1670253
30
16

Gr. Total
214
1101414
568839
1670253
141
73

Total vote

64.44%
33.28%
1,709,183

Source: Florida Department of State Division of Elections

text: Republican primary[edit]

text: Republlican debate[edit]

text: March 10, 2016 – Coral Gables, Florida

text:
Candidate
Airtime
Polls[9]

Trump
28:11
38.6%

Cruz
21:42
21.8%

Rubio
21:23
18.0%

Kasich
18:49
12.0%

text: The twelfth debate was the fourth and final debate to air on CNN and led into the Florida, Illinois, North Carolina, Missouri, and Ohio primaries on March 15. The candidates debated at the University of Miami, moderated by Jake Tapper and questioned by CNN chief political correspondent Dana Bash, Salem Radio Network talk-show host Hugh Hewitt, and Washington Times contributor Stephen Dinan. The Washington Times cohosted the debate.[10] The debate was originally scheduled considering the likelihood that no candidate would clinch the Republican nomination before March 15, due to the overall size of the field.[11] On the day of the debate, CNN summarized the immediate stakes: "This debate comes just five days ahead of 'Super Tuesday 3', when more than 350 delegates are decided, including winner-take-all contests in Florida and Ohio. Both Trump and Rubio are predicting [a win in] Florida. For Trump, a win here would fuel his growing momentum and further grow his delegate lead; for Rubio, losing his home state could be the death knell for his campaign."[12] This was the twelfth and final debate appearance of Rubio, who suspended his campaign on March 15.[13]

text: Results[edit]

text: Twelve candidates appeared on the Republican presidential primary ballot:

text:
Florida Republican primary, March 15, 2016

Candidate
Votes
Percentage
Actual delegate count

Bound
Unbound
Total

 Donald Trump
1,079,870
45.72%
99
0
99

Marco Rubio
638,661
27.04%
0
0
0

Ted Cruz
404,891
17.14%
0
0
0

John Kasich
159,976
6.77%
0
0
0

Jeb Bush (withdrawn)
43,511
1.84%
0
0
0

Ben Carson (withdrawn)
21,207
0.90%
0
0
0

Rand Paul (withdrawn)
4,450
0.19%
0
0
0

Mike Huckabee (withdrawn)
2,624
0.11%
0
0
0

Chris Christie (withdrawn)
2,493
0.11%
0
0
0

Carly Fiorina (withdrawn)
1,899
0.08%
0
0
0

Rick Santorum (withdrawn)
1,211
0.05%
0
0
0

Lindsey Graham (withdrawn)
693
0.03%
0
0
0

Jim Gilmore (withdrawn)
319
0.01%
0
0
0

Unprojected delegates:
0
0
0

Total:
2,361,805
100.00%
99
0
99

Source: The Green Papers

text: Green primary[edit]

text: The Green Party held a primary in Florida on July 31, 2016. Early voting began on July 25.[14]

text: On July 31, 2016, the Green Party of Florida announced that Jill Stein had won the Florida primary via instant-runoff voting.

text:
Green Party of Florida Primary - First Round

Candidate
Votes
Percentage
National delegates

Jill Stein
18
52.9%

Elijah Manley
14
41.2%

William Kreml
1
2.94%

Kent Mesplay
1
2.94%

Sedinam Curry
0

Darryl Cherney
0

Total
34
100%

text:
Green Party of Florida Primary - Second Round

Candidate
Votes
Percentage
National delegates

Jill Stein
19
55.9%

Elijah Manley
14
41.2%

William Kreml
1
2.94%

Total
34
100

text:
Green Party of Florida Primary - Third Round

Candidate
Votes
Percentage
National delegates

Jill Stein
20
58.8%
15

Elijah Manley
14
41.2%
10

Total
34
100
25

text: Polling[edit]

text: General election[edit]

text: Predictions[edit]

text: The following are final 2016 predictions from various organizations for Florida as of Election Day.

text:
Los Angeles Times: Leans Clinton[15]
CNN: Tossup[16]
Sabato's Crystal Ball: Leans Clinton[17]
NBC: Tossup[18]
Electoral-vote.com: Tossup[19]
RealClearPolitics: Tossup[20]
Fox News: Tossup[21]
ABC: Tossup[22]

tag: ol

text: Results[edit]

text:
United States presidential election in Florida, 2016 [23]

Party
Candidate
Running mate
Votes
%
Electoral votes

Republican
Donald Trump
Mike Pence
4,617,886
49.0%
29

Democratic
Hillary Clinton
Tim Kaine
4,504,975
47.8%
0

Libertarian
Gary Johnson
William Weld
207,043
2.2%
0

Green
Jill Stein
Ajamu Baraka
64,399
0.7%
0

Constitution
Darrell Castle
Scott Bradley
16,475
0.2%
0

Reform
Rocky De La Fuente
Michael Steinberg
9,108
0.1%
0

Total
9,419,886
100.0%
29

text: By county[edit]

text: Final results from Florida Division of Elections.[3]

text:
County
Candidate
Total

Trump
Clinton
Johnson
Stein
(write-in)

Alachua
percent
36.43%
58.97%
3.16%
1.17%
0.27%
100.00%

votes
46,834
75,820
4,059
1,507
351
128,571

Baker
percent
81.48%
16.72%
1.34%
0.24%
0.23%
100.00%

votes
10,294
2,112
169
30
29
12,634

Bay
percent
71.12%
24.92%
3.03%
0.64%
0.28%
100.00%

votes
62,194
21,797
2,652
562
248
87,453

Bradford
percent
73.67%
24.17%
1.46%
0.39%
0.31%
100.00%

votes
8,913
2,924
177
47
37
12,098

Brevard
percent
57.78%
38.02%
3.00%
0.86%
0.34%
100.00%

votes
181,848
119,679
9,451
2,708
1,066
314,752

Broward
percent
31.37%
66.51%
1.33%
0.61%
0.18%
100.00%

votes
260,951
553,320
11,078
5,094
1,508
831,951

Calhoun
percent
76.55%
20.41%
2.04%
0.41%
0.59%
100.00%

votes
4,655
1,241
124
25
36
6,081

Charlotte
percent
62.48%
34.70%
2.02%
0.59%
0.21%
100.00%

votes
60,218
33,445
1,946
567
198
96,374

Citrus
percent
68.33%
28.59%
2.16%
0.60%
0.31%
100.00%

votes
54,456
22,789
1,724
480
251
79,700

Clay
percent
70.40%
26.13%
2.64%
0.54%
0.30%
100.00%

votes
74,963
27,822
2,806
571
321
106,483

Collier
percent
61.73%
35.77%
1.91%
0.44%
0.16%
100.00%

votes
105,423
61,085
3,263
747
271
170,789

Columbia
percent
70.95%
26.48%
1.82%
0.52%
0.23%
100.00%

votes
20,368
7,601
523
150
65
28,707

DeSoto
percent
62.65%
34.95%
1.53%
0.49%
0.37%
100.00%

votes
6,778
3,781
166
53
40
10,818

Dixie
percent
80.84%
17.63%
1.07%
0.29%
0.17%
100.00%

votes
5,822
1,270
77
21
12
7,202

Duval
percent
48.92%
47.54%
2.62%
0.67%
0.25%
100.00%

votes
211,672
205,704
11,318
2,912
1,089
432,695

Escambia
percent
58.25%
37.69%
3.02%
0.69%
0.35%
100.00%

votes
88,808
57,461
4,612
1,055
533
152,469

Flagler
percent
58.87%
38.30%
1.94%
0.67%
0.22%
100.00%

votes
33,850
22,026
1,114
388
125
57,503

Franklin
percent
68.58%
28.99%
1.58%
0.55%
0.30%
100.00%

votes
4,125
1,744
95
33
18
6,015

Gadsden
percent
30.43%
67.62%
1.04%
0.35%
0.26%
100.00%

votes
6,728
15,020
229
78
58
22,113

Gilchrist
percent
80.05%
17.32%
1.84%
0.51%
0.29%
100.00%

votes
6,740
1,458
155
43
24
8,420

Glades
percent
68.83%
29.20%
1.24%
0.41%
0.32%
100.00%

votes
2,996
1,271
54
18
14
4,353

Gulf
percent
73.07%
23.58%
2.67%
0.37%
0.30%
100.00%

votes
5,329
1,720
195
27
22
7,293

Hamilton
percent
63.06%
34.87%
1.45%
0.31%
0.31%
100.00%

votes
3,443
1,904
79
17
17
5,460

Hardee
percent
69.13%
28.34%
1.85%
0.32%
0.37%
100.00%

votes
5,242
2,149
140
24
28
7,583

Hendry
percent
55.74%
41.52%
1.86%
0.47%
0.41%
100.00%

votes
6,195
4,615
207
52
46
11,115

Hernando
percent
62.87%
33.90%
2.19%
0.76%
0.29%
100.00%

votes
58,970
31,795
2,051
710
270
93,796

Highlands
percent
64.71%
32.69%
1.87%
0.41%
0.32%
100.00%

votes
29,565
14,937
854
186
144
45,686

Hillsborough
percent
44.65%
51.52%
2.63%
0.84%
0.36%
100.00%

votes
266,870
307,896
15,703
5,032
2,159
597,660

Holmes
percent
87.89%
10.02%
1.56%
0.22%
0.31%
100.00%

votes
7,483
853
133
19
26
8,514

Indian River
percent
60.77%
36.30%
2.15%
0.52%
0.25%
100.00%

votes
48,620
29,043
1,723
419
204
80,009

Jackson
percent
67.76%
30.40%
1.26%
0.29%
0.29%
100.00%

votes
14,257
6,397
266
60
61
21,041

Jefferson
percent
51.41%
46.32%
1.44%
0.55%
0.29%
100.00%

votes
3,930
3,541
110
42
22
7,645

Lafayette
percent
82.81%
15.27%
1.39%
0.29%
0.24%
100.00%

votes
2,809
518
47
10
8
3,392

Lake
percent
59.95%
36.86%
2.34%
0.57%
0.28%
100.00%

votes
102,188
62,838
3,985
975
476
170,462

Lee
percent
58.68%
38.27%
2.14%
0.65%
0.26%
100.00%

votes
191,551
124,908
6,982
2,127
852
326,420

Leon
percent
35.38%
60.52%
2.89%
0.90%
0.31%
100.00%

votes
53,821
92,068
4,403
1,366
474
152,132

Levy
percent
71.02%
26.30%
1.85%
0.53%
0.30%
100.00%

votes
13,775
5,101
358
102
59
19,395

Liberty
percent
77.15%
19.75%
2.31%
0.52%
0.27%
100.00%

votes
2,543
651
76
17
9
3,296

Madison
percent
57.04%
41.46%
1.12%
0.26%
0.13%
100.00%

votes
4,851
3,526
95
22
11
8,505

Manatee
percent
56.97%
39.80%
2.33%
0.64%
0.26%
100.00%

votes
101,944
71,224
4,177
1,149
464
178,958

Marion
percent
61.72%
35.51%
1.93%
0.56%
0.28%
100.00%

votes
107,833
62,041
3,365
972
489
174,700

Martin
percent
62.02%
35.18%
2.10%
0.55%
0.15%
100.00%

votes
53,204
30,185
1,804
474
125
85,792

Miami-Dade
percent
34.07%
63.68%
1.35%
0.61%
0.29%
100.00%

votes
333,999
624,146
13,219
5,985
2,855
980,204

Monroe
percent
51.57%
44.66%
2.66%
0.94%
0.17%
100.00%

votes
21,904
18,971
1,131
398
74
42,478

Nassau
percent
73.52%
23.32%
2.56%
0.40%
0.19%
100.00%

votes
34,266
10,869
1,195
188
89
46,607

Okaloosa
percent
71.28%
23.58%
4.14%
0.61%
0.40%
100.00%

votes
71,893
23,780
4,171
611
400
100,855

Okeechobee
percent
68.53%
29.00%
1.71%
0.39%
0.37%
100.00%

votes
9,356
3,959
234
53
51
13,653

Orange
percent
35.74%
60.39%
2.65%
0.87%
0.35%
100.00%

votes
195,216
329,894
14,483
4,777
1,905
546,275

Osceola
percent
35.88%
60.95%
2.00%
0.72%
0.45%
100.00%

votes
50,301
85,458
2,811
1,003
633
140,206

Palm Beach
percent
41.13%
56.57%
1.57%
0.56%
0.18%
100.00%

votes
272,402
374,673
10,370
3,723
1,164
662,332

Pasco
percent
58.93%
37.38%
2.54%
0.79%
0.36%
100.00%

votes
142,101
90,142
6,129
1,908
859
241,139

Pinellas
percent
48.58%
47.46%
2.77%
0.94%
0.26%
100.00%

votes
239,201
233,701
13,627
4,611
1,263
492,403

Polk
percent
55.37%
41.30%
2.40%
0.58%
0.35%
100.00%

votes
157,430
117,433
6,810
1,647
994
284,314

Putnam
percent
66.85%
30.48%
1.80%
0.66%
0.21%
100.00%

votes
22,138
10,094
597
219
69
33,117

Santa Rosa
percent
74.46%
21.04%
3.56%
0.60%
0.34%
100.00%

votes
65,339
18,464
3,123
524
295
87,745

Sarasota
percent
54.32%
42.73%
2.06%
0.70%
0.19%
100.00%

votes
124,438
97,870
4,715
1,596
444
229,063

Seminole
percent
48.66%
47.09%
3.03%
0.88%
0.34%
100.00%

votes
109,443
105,914
6,811
1,974
754
224,896

St. Johns
percent
64.96%
31.57%
2.65%
0.63%
0.19%
100.00%

votes
88,684
43,099
3,612
864
255
136,514

St. Lucie
percent
49.90%
47.48%
1.76%
0.62%
0.24%
100.00%

votes
70,289
66,881
2,475
867
335
140,847

Sumter
percent
68.78%
29.53%
1.27%
0.26%
0.16%
100.00%

votes
52,730
22,638
971
201
125
76,665

Suwannee
percent
76.43%
21.20%
1.65%
0.43%
0.28%
100.00%

votes
14,287
3,964
309
81
53
18,694

Taylor
percent
74.60%
23.16%
1.63%
0.36%
0.26%
100.00%

votes
6,930
2,152
151
33
24
9,290

Union
percent
80.22%
17.81%
1.58%
0.21%
0.18%
100.00%

votes
4,568
1,014
90
12
10
5,694

Volusia
percent
54.82%
41.82%
2.34%
0.77%
0.25%
100.00%

votes
143,007
109,091
6,111
2,003
657
260,869

Wakulla
percent
68.48%
28.32%
2.46%
0.43%
0.31%
100.00%

votes
10,512
4,348
378
66
47
15,351

Walton
percent
76.57%
20.44%
2.33%
0.42%
0.24%
100.00%

votes
25,756
6,876
783
142
80
33,637

Washington
percent
77.42%
20.29%
1.72%
0.20%
0.37%
100.00%

votes
8,637
2,264
192
22
41
11,156

Total
percent
49.02%
47.82%
2.20%
0.68%
0.27%
100.00%

votes
4,617,886
4,504,975
207,043
64,399
25,736
9,420,039

text: Analysis[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Florida voted for Donald Trump by a margin of 1.2%.[24] Trump's victory continued Florida's tradition of being a swing state in presidential elections, having not voted for a losing candidate since 1992.[original research?] Moreover, it was the fifth-closest state result, with only Wisconsin, Michigan, New Hampshire and Pennsylvania closer.

text: The Republican Party received 612,923 more popular votes in the primaries than the Democratic Party, whereas in 2008, the Republican Party had only received 368,044 more votes than the Democratic Party.[original research?] President Trump's victory in the state also means Florida has voted Republican in 7 of the last 10 presidential elections, tilting it to a more Republican-leaning swing state.[original research?]