document_title: Oriole Park at Camden Yards

question_text: where did the name camden yards come from

text: Oriole Park at Camden Yards

text: History[edit]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Prior to Camden Yards, the predominant design trend of big league ballparks was the symmetrical "multi-purpose stadium".  Memorial Stadium, the Orioles' home since they moved from St. Louis in 1954, was an early example of such a design.

text: In 1984, the Baltimore Colts moved to Indianapolis, in part because Baltimore and Maryland officials refused to commit money for a replacement for Memorial Stadium. Not wanting to risk losing the Orioles—and Baltimore's status as a major-league city in its own right—city and state officials immediately began planning a new park in order to keep them in town.[9]

text: The master plan was designed by international design firm RTKL. The stadium design was completed by the architectural firm HOK Sport (now Populous), which had pioneered retro ballparks on the minor league level four years earlier with Pilot Field in Buffalo, New York.

text: HOK Sport's original design was very similar to the new Comiskey Park. However, at the urging of architectural consultant Janet Marie Smith, the Orioles turned it down, preferring a retro-style park.[10]

text: Construction began in 1989, and lasted 33 months. Former Orioles owner Eli Jacobs favored naming the new field Oriole Park, while then-Maryland Governor William Donald Schaefer favored Camden Yards. After considerable debate a compromise was reached to use both names.[11]

text: The ballpark opened on April 6, 1992 with the Orioles hosting the Cleveland Indians. The great success of Camden Yards sparked a trend in the construction of more traditional, fan-friendly ballparks in downtown locations across the U.S.[12]  Indeed, by the 2012 season, all but two teams (the Toronto Blue Jays and Oakland Athletics) played in baseball-only parks.

text: The first run scored at Camden Yards occurred when Chris Hoiles hit a ground rule double that brought in Sam Horn. The Orioles went on to win the game 2-0 on Rick Sutcliffe's shutout.

text: Camden Yards hosted the 1993 MLB All-Star Game.

text: On June 18, 1994, an escalator accident injured 43 people; one of the stadium's multiple-story escalators, overcrowded with fans heading to their upper-deck seats, jerked backward, throwing passengers to the bottom landing. On September 6, 1995, Camden Yards witnessed Cal Ripken, Jr.'s record-setting 2,131st consecutive game. Exactly one year later, Eddie Murray blasted his 500th home run there.

text: Two orange seats stand out from the park's dark green plastic chairs. One, located at Section 96, Row 7, Seat 23 in the right-center field bleachers (officially known as the Eutaw Street Reserve sections), commemorates the spot where Murray's 500th home run landed. The other, Section 86, Row FF, Seat 10 in the left field bleachers, was the landing spot for Ripken's 278th home run as a shortstop, breaking Chicago Cubs legend Ernie Banks' record for the position. That home run was hit on July 15, 1993. Ripken finished his career with 345 home runs as a shortstop and 431 overall.

text: Renovations[edit]

text: After the 2008 season, a new HD video display and scoreboard were installed below the right field bleachers. A new, high fidelity sound reinforcement system was added around the ballpark in 2009.  The Orioles made numerous improvements to their home ballpark and to their spring training facility, Ed Smith Stadium, before the start of the 2011 season. All seats in the lower seating bowl were replaced and drink rails were added in the club level. Several skyboxes were also eliminated and refurbished to make room for more party suites and casual luxury boxes. The renovation reduced Oriole Park's capacity from 48,876 to 45,971, making it more comparable with newer ballparks.

text: During the 2011–12 off season, the Orioles announced further upgrades to Camden Yards in preparation for the 20th anniversary of the park's opening. These improvements included the expansion of concession food choices, widening of the concourses in the upper deck, the installation of a replica of the B&O Warehouse's original canopy, and the addition of a lounge atop the batter's eye in center field, which had been previously been inaccessible to fans.  The lounge would contain a restaurant and have bar-style and casual deck seating where fans could watch the game. The team also announced that cast-bronze statues of all the Oriole Baseball Hall of Famers would be erected in the picnic area beyond the bullpens in left-center field.[13]  Furthermore, the right field wall would be lowered from 25 feet to 21 feet to improve the view of the field from Eutaw Street.

text: B&O Warehouse[edit]

text: The stadium planners incorporated the warehouse into the architecture of the ballpark experience rather than demolish or truncate it. The floors of the warehouse contain offices, service spaces, and a private club. The warehouse has been hit by a ball only once, by Ken Griffey, Jr. during the Home Run Derby of the 1993 MLB All-Star Game.

text: Eutaw Street[edit]

text: Eutaw Street, between the stadium and the warehouse, is closed to vehicular traffic. Along this street, spectators can get a view of the game or visit the many shops and restaurants that line the thoroughfare, including former Oriole star Boog Powell's outdoor barbecue stand. On game days, pedestrians must have a ticket in order to walk on the part of Eutaw Street adjacent to the stadium; however, on non-game days the street is open to all, while access to the stadium is gated. Sections 90–98, called Eutaw Street palace, are located not in the stadium, but adjacent to Eutaw Street, with the seats descending toward the outfield below. If a game sells out, fans may purchase reduced-price "Standing-room only" tickets, which entitle them to enter Eutaw Street and watch the game from two designated standing areas (in LF bullpen area or above scoreboard in RF).

text: Many home run balls have landed on Eutaw Street, and the Orioles organization has marked the spots with small baseball-shaped bronze plaques embedded in the street, though it sometimes takes up to a year for each homer to get a plaque. The first home run to reach Eutaw Street was hit by Mickey Tettleton of the Detroit Tigers on April 20, 1992.[14] The most recent home run to land on Eutaw Street was a shot by Greg Bird of the New York Yankees on July 11, 2018.[15][16] As of July 11, 2018, 97 home runs have landed on Eutaw Street in stadium history.[17] The June 29, 2012 game against the Cleveland Indians was only the second time multiple home runs have landed on Eutaw Street in a single game. The first occurrence was during the April 11, 1997 game against the Texas Rangers when Rafael Palmeiro hit two home runs which landed on Eutaw Street. The single season record for home runs landing on Eutaw Street is eight, set in 2008.[18]

text: Blocked skyline views[edit]

text: In 2007–08 construction started on two large buildings beyond the stadium's outfield walls — a 757-room Hilton Baltimore hotel north of the stadium occupying a two-city block area and a high-rise apartment building, both completed in 2009 — which have blocked views of the city's skyline from most sections of the grandstand. The Baltimore Sun said on April 21, 2008, "There's just a glimpse of the Bromo Seltzer Tower's crenellated top just to the right of the new Hilton Baltimore Convention Center hotel ... something's drastically different at Oriole Park this year ... the sweeping view of downtown Baltimore that fans have enjoyed for the past 16 seasons has changed considerably..."[19] Sportswriter Peter Schmuck complained, "the big, antiseptic convention hotel ... looms over Camden Yards ... [and] has blocked out the best part of the Baltimore skyline".[20] A Washington Post columnist called it a "cruel cubist joke on a previously perfect ballpark", although others said they were pleased with new construction downtown as indicative of urban revitalization.[19]

text: Notable events[edit]

text: Notable games[edit]

text:
September 6, 1995: Cal Ripken Jr. broke Lou Gehrig's record of 2,130 consecutive games played, and hit a home run during that game. Attendees included President Bill Clinton, Vice President Al Gore, Joe DiMaggio,  and Cal Ripken, Sr.
September 6, 1996: Eddie Murray hit his 500th career home run exactly one year after Cal Ripken, Jr. broke Lou Gehrig's consecutive game streak.
October 15, 1997: The Cleveland Indians win Game 6 of the 1997 ALCS 1-0 in 11 innings to win the series 4-2 and advance to the 1997 World Series. To date, this is the closest the Orioles have been to hosting a World Series in Camden Yards, with the last one occurring 14 years before, when they were still playing at Memorial Stadium.
May 3, 1999: The Cuban national baseball team defeats the Orioles 12-6 in the second game of a two-game exhibition series
April 4, 2001: Hideo Nomo pitched the first no-hitter in the history of Camden Yards, walking three and striking out eleven.
October 4, 2001: Tim Raines, Sr. played left field and Tim Raines, Jr. played center field, in the 5-4 loss to the Boston Red Sox becoming only the second father-son duo to play in the same game.  Ken Griffey, Sr. and Ken Griffey, Jr. were the only other father-son duo to do so (with the Seattle Mariners, on August 31, 1990).
October 6, 2001: Cal Ripken, Jr.'s final MLB game. Former President Bill Clinton and MLB Commissioner Bud Selig were in attendance.
August 22, 2007: The Texas Rangers beat the Orioles 30–3[21] in game one of a doubleheader, the highest scoring game in 110 years.
May 31, 2008: Manny Ramirez of the Boston Red Sox hits his 500th home run in a game against the Orioles.
June 30, 2009: The Orioles rallied to score 10 runs against the Red Sox after facing a 10–1 deficit in the 7th inning, breaking the franchise record for the largest comeback, and the Major League Baseball record for the largest comeback by a last place team over a first place team.
September 28, 2011: The Orioles defeated the Boston Red Sox in the final day of the season with a 3-4 walk-off win.  The loss, coupled with the Tampa Bay Rays' 8-7 victory over the New York Yankees at Tropicana Field minutes later, eliminated the Red Sox from postseason contention.  The Red Sox became the first team in baseball history to miss the postseason after leading by as many as nine games for a playoff spot entering the month of September.
May 8, 2012: Josh Hamilton tied the Major League Baseball record for home runs in a game with 4. He went 5 for 5 with four home runs and one double.
April 29, 2015: As a result of the 2015 Baltimore riots, the game against the White Sox was closed to the public, the first time that has ever happened in MLB history.[22]

text: Ballpark firsts[edit]

text:
Ballpark First
Date
Details

First Game
April 6, 1992
vs. Cleveland Indians

Ceremonial First Pitch
April 6, 1992
George H. W. Bush

First Pitch
April 6, 1992
Rick Sutcliffe, 3:20 p.m. EDT – pitch was a ball

First Batter
April 6, 1992
Kenny Lofton, Indians center fielder, flied out to right fielder Joe Orsulak on a 3-2 pitch

First Hit
April 6, 1992
Cleveland's first baseman Paul Sorrento, singled to left-center with one out in the top of the second inning

First Orioles Hit
April 6, 1992
Orioles first baseman Glenn Davis led off the bottom of the second inning with a single to center

First Run
April 6, 1992
In the fifth inning, O's designated hitter Sam Horn walked, went to second base on third baseman Leo Gómez's single and scored on catcher Chris Hoiles' double

First RBI
April 6, 1992
Chris Hoiles hit an automatic double (ball bounced over the left-center fence) to score Sam Horn

First Double
April 6, 1992
See above.

First Strikeout
April 6, 1992
Sutcliffe struck out Cleveland right fielder Mark Whiten in the second inning

First Home Run
April 8, 1992
Cleveland's Paul Sorrento (3-run homer)

First Orioles Home Run
April 9, 1992
Mike Devereaux, leading off the fourth inning (off Cleveland's Jack Armstrong)

First Stolen Base
April 9, 1992
Cleveland's Mark Lewis (against Ben McDonald and Chris Hoiles), third inning

First Grand Slam
April 17, 1992
Randy Milligan, seventh inning, off Detroit's Les Lancaster

First Multi-Home Run Game
April 17, 1992
Milligan (2), off Detroit's Scott Aldred (one on) and Les Lancaster (grand Slam)

First Triple
April 17, 1992
Cal Ripken, 6th inning, vs. Detroit, off Scott Aldred

First Save
April 19, 1992
Gregg Olson, vs. Detroit, in a 3-2 victory

First No-Hitter
April 4, 2001
Boston's Hideo Nomo, in a 3–0 victory

First Game Played In Front of an Empty Stadium
April 29, 2015
First game ever in MLB history to be played at an empty stadium due to concerns about civil unrest in Baltimore after the death of Freddie Gray in police custody earlier that month.  Baltimore prevailed over the Chicago White Sox in an 8-2 victory.

text: Design and features[edit]

text: Camden Yards was built on land that once served as the rail yard for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Camden Station. The view from much of the park is dominated by the former B&O Warehouse behind the right-field wall. Some seats in the stadium have a good view of the downtown Baltimore skyline.

text: The bullpen area was designed after many write-in designs were submitted by the public. Its unique two-tiered design was a first in major league parks.

text: A picnic area is located above and behind the bullpens. Rows of picnic tables covered by orange umbrellas are available for fans to sit and eat. Many trees are located there, too. Many fans at home games view the game from behind the railing behind the bullpens. Until the 2012 season, the Mid-Atlantic Sports Network's pre- and post-game shows before Orioles home games were televised in an outdoor studio behind the bullpens. Bronze sculptures of the six Orioles greats whose uniform numbers were retired by the ballclub were unveiled individually in the walking zone of the area behind the bullpens throughout the 2012 season.[13] The statues were created by Antonio Tobias Mendez and cast at the locally based New Arts Foundry.[23]

text: On the street there is a statue of Babe Ruth entitled, Babe's Dream, created in 1996 by sculptor Susan Luery.[24] In the same courtyard, one will find sculptures indicating the retired jersey numbers of the Baltimore Orioles.

text:
The stadium is the first major league park to have an outfield wall made up entirely of straight wall segments since Ebbets Field. The playing field is 16 feet below street level.
The stadium contains 4,631 club seats and 72 luxury suites. Every seat in the ballpark is green, except for two – one in left field which marks the spot of Cal Ripken's 278th career home run, breaking Ernie Banks' all-time record among shortstops, and one in right field, which marks the spot of Eddie Murray's 500th career home run.

text: Seating capacity[edit]

text:
Years

Capacity

1992–1996

48,041

1997–2000

48,079

2001–2004

48,190

2005–2010

48,290

2011–present

45,971

text: Ballparks influenced by Camden Yards[edit]

text: Camden Yards lights spell out GO ORIOLES all throughout the month of September.

text: Since its opening day in 1992, Camden Yards was a success and fan favorite. Attendance jumped from an average of 25,722 over the last 10 years of Memorial Stadium's tenure to an average of 43,490 over the first 10 years of Camden Yards' existence.[25] Due to its success, many other cities built traditional-feeling asymmetrical ballparks with modern amenities (such as skyboxes) in a downtown setting. Many of these stadiums, like Camden Yards, incorporate "retro" features in the stadium exteriors as well as interiors; these parks have been dubbed "retro-classic" parks. Other parks, known as "retro-modern" parks, have combined "retro" interiors with more modern exterior elements.

text: The park also ended a quarter-century trend of multi-purpose stadiums in which baseball and football teams shared the same stadium.  Although intended to cut costs, the fundamentally different sizes and shapes of baseball and football fields made this concept fundamentally inadequate for either sport.  By the 2012 season, all but two teams played in baseball-only parks.

text: Retro-classic parks include:

text:
Globe Life Park in Arlington in Arlington, Texas (1994)
Coors Field in Denver (1995)
AT&T Park in San Francisco (2000)
Comerica Park in Detroit (2000)
PNC Park in Pittsburgh (2001)
Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia (2004)
Busch Stadium in St. Louis (2006)
Citi Field in Queens, New York City (2009)
New Yankee Stadium in The Bronx, New York City (2009)
Guaranteed Rate Field in Chicago (1991/2011)
This park opened in 1991 as the last of the so-called "modern" ballparks. It was heavily renovated from 2001–2011 into a retro-classic park.

text: Retro-modern parks include:

text:
Progressive Field in Cleveland (1994)
Angel Stadium of Anaheim in Anaheim (1966/1998)
Angel Stadium opened in 1966 as a modern park. From 1979 to 1980, it was converted into a multi-purpose park shared with the NFL's Los Angeles Rams. After the Rams moved to St. Louis after the 1994 NFL season, the stadium was extensively renovated a second time from 1996–1998, with the most significant change being the removal of almost all of the seats added for football. The final result was a retro-modern park.
Chase Field in Phoenix (1998)
Safeco Field in Seattle (1999)
Minute Maid Park in Houston (2000)
Miller Park in Milwaukee (2001)
Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati (2003)
Petco Park in San Diego (2004)
Nationals Park in Washington, D.C. (2008)
Target Field in Minneapolis (2010)
SunTrust Park in Cumberland, Georgia (2017)

text: Marlins Park in Miami (opened in 2012), was the first since Camden Yards not classified as a "retro" park, whether of the classic or modern variety. Marlins owner Jeffrey Loria specifically rejected the retro model for the new park, desiring a facility that reflected the 21st-century culture of Miami. Populous, which designed both Camden Yards and Marlins Park, was willing to listen; the lead designer for Marlins Park would later say the company was "waiting for a client willing to break the [retro] mold."[26] Stadium planners are labeling Marlins Park the first example of contemporary architecture in MLB.

text: Non-baseball events[edit]

text: On October 8, 1995, Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass at Camden Yards as part of his visit to Baltimore,[27] one of the most prominent non-baseball events at Camden Yards.

text: Awards and recognitions[edit]

text: In March 2013, Oriole Park was named the No. 3 ballpark in the U.S. by TripAdvisor.[28]

text: Attendance[edit]

text: Between 1992–2000, the Orioles averaged more than 40,000 spectators per game, with a total attendance of 3.71 million persons in the 1997 season.[29] Since then, attendance has declined to 1.9 million in the 2009 season.[30] The current single game highest attendance record at Camden Yards is 49,828, set on July 10, 2005 against the Boston Red Sox. On April 12, 2010, the low-attendance mark was set, when just 9,129 fans watched the Orioles play the Tampa Bay Rays. On April 29, 2015, Camden Yards was practically empty after the riots in Baltimore over Freddie Gray. Only two scouts, one scoreboard display operator, and the players showed up to watch, and official attendance was 0. This marks the first time in MLB history that the public was not permitted to attend a baseball game.[31]

text: On August 19, 2008, the stadium hosted its 50 millionth fan, a milestone reached in just 17 seasons, the fastest park in baseball history to reach such a figure. Since opening in 1992, Oriole Park has hosted the third-most number of fans in Major League Baseball, exceeded only by Dodger Stadium and the first Yankee Stadium.[32]

text: Access and transportation[edit]

text: On the far side of the B&O Warehouse is the present Camden Station, served by both the Baltimore Light Rail and MARC commuter rail. The latter rail line provides direct service to Washington, D.C., and the former to BWI Airport. The Light Rail service began around the time the stadium opened.

text: The stadium is located in downtown Baltimore, near the Inner Harbor. The ballpark, along with the adjacent M&T Bank Stadium, home of the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League, make up the Camden Yards Sports Complex, though Camden Yards generally refers to only the baseball stadium. The football stadium was not built until 1998, the Ravens' third season in existence. Camden Yards is just a short walk from Babe Ruth's birthplace, which is now a museum. According to some sources, Ruth's father once owned a pub located in what is now center field of the stadium.[33]

text: In May 2005, a new sports museum, the Sports Legends Museum at Camden Yards, opened in Camden Station. It lasted only 10 years, closing on October 12, 2015.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The movie Dave (1993) features a scene with the President of the United States, played by Kevin Kline, throwing out the first pitch at Camden Yards. That scene was filmed in front of an actual capacity crowd at the ballpark, prior to a regular-season game in early August 1992.[34] Similar scenes were filmed for the Chris Rock movie Head of State, for the Geena Davis TV Series Commander in Chief, and for the 2004 season finale of The West Wing. A short clip in the 2005 film Wedding Crashers shows Oriole Park at Camden Yards.
The movie Major League II used Camden Yards as the home of the Indians.
Part of the sixth-season premiere of the NBC police drama series Homicide: Life on the Street was filmed at Camden Yards. In these scenes, the detectives must hurry to solve a murder at Camden Yards before a game between the Orioles and the New York Yankees ends.
The pilot of the HBO 2009 comedy series Eastbound & Down begins with an aerial shot of Camden Yards; however, when actor Danny McBride takes the mound, the field level shot is at a different ballpark.[35]
A portion of an episode of the HBO series The Wire, a show about police officers and drug dealers in Baltimore, was filmed during an actual Orioles game in which characters Jimmy McNulty and Bunk Moreland, played by Dominic West and Wendell Pierce, take their sons to a game while discussing a case.
House of Cards features Vice President of the United States Frank Underwood (Kevin Spacey) throwing out a ceremonial first pitch at Camden Yards. Spacey, a noted Orioles fan who actually threw a real ceremonial first pitch against the Blue Jays a season ago, is first seen wearing a jacket featuring the cartoon bird in the tunnel to the team dugout as he is being introduced to the crowd. Former closer Jim Johnson and outfielder Nate McLouth meet Spacey's character on the field, with Johnson expecting to receive the pitch as the stadium lights suddenly go out. For added realism, the crowd even yells "O" during the national anthem.[36]


document_title: Battle of the Network Stars

question_text: where did they film battle of the network stars

root

text: Battle of the Network Stars

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: The first Battle was broadcast on ABC starting in November 1976. The program proved popular and continued for an additional eight and a half years, with subsequent episodes airing approximately every six months until May 1985. One final competition aired in December 1988. NBC tried to revive the competition in 2003, but with an intra-network contest consisting of personalities from the NBC family of networks. Typically, episodes were aired twice per calendar year, once during the spring and once during the fall during Nielsen Ratings sweeps weeks.

tag: p

text: Sports broadcaster Howard Cosell hosted or co-hosted all but one of the first nineteen competitions (he did not host the 1985 edition due to a falling-out with ABC, but he returned for the final edition in 1988), and commented on the action with a semi-serious version of the style for which he was famous.

text: When ABC revived the program as a weekly series in 2017, Mike Greenberg and Joe Tessitore took over the hosting duties.

text: Format[edit]

text: Each network was represented by eight or ten of its stars from various series, and one of those people from each team would be elected to serve as the network's team captain.

text: Some of the events were modeled after those used on The Superstars, another Trans World-ABC production that featured athletes from all sports competing against each other for an overall title. Regular events included swimming, kayaking, volleyball, golf, tennis, bowling (on custom-made outdoor lanes), cycling, 3-on-3 football, the baseball dunk, running, and the obstacle course. Also featured as a regular event was a game of "Simon Says", directed by Catskill hotel Grossinger's entertainer Lou Goldstein.[1] Each network received points based on how it performed in the event.

text: After the regular events were over, the lowest scoring network was eliminated from further competition and the two remaining networks determined the day's winner with a tug of war.

text: Two teams of five celebrities compete each week with a professional athlete as their coach (The coaches return throughout the season). The teams are typically assigned based on the genre or role of the celebrities' notable TV credits. For example, one episode pitted prime-time soap opera stars against actors associated with comedies, while another had had actors who played lawyers vs. those who played White House employees. Teams often include at last one veteran actor or actress who previously competed in the original Battle of the Network Stars and archive footage of their previous appearance(s) is shown. The venue remains Pepperdine University, as was the original.

text: Rosters[edit]

text: Battles I-III: Each network had a roster of 10 stars: six men and four women.

text: Battles IV-VI: Each network had a roster of eight stars: five men and three women.

text: Battles VII-XIX: Each network had a roster of eight stars: four men and four women.

text: Events[edit]

text: Battle I: swimming relay, tennis, golf, basketball dunk, bicycle relay, obstacle course, volleyball, running relay, tug of war

text: Battle II: swimming relay, kayak relay, basketball dunk, obstacle course, golf, running relay, 3-on-3 football, tug of war

text: Battle III: swimming relay, kayak relay, bowling, basketball dunk, obstacle course, golf, running relay, 3-on-3 football, tug of war

text: Battle IV: swimming relay, kayak relay, frisbee catch, basketball dunk, obstacle course, running relay, 3-on-3 football, tug of war

text: Battles V-VII: swimming relay, kayak relay, 3-on-3 football, basketball dunk, obstacle course, running relay, tug of war

text: Battles VIII-XVII: swimming relay, kayak relay, 3-on-3 football, basketball dunk, obstacle course, tandem bike relay, running relay, tug of war

text: 2017: running relay, swimming relay (2-on-2), kayak relay (2-on-2), basketball dunk, tennis (service return), archery, soccer (target practice), basketball (3-point shooting), golf (closest to pin), women's obstacle course, men's obstacle course, tug of war

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Battle of the Network Stars I (Nov. 13, 1976)[edit]

text:
Host
ABC (winner)
CBS
NBC

Howard Cosell
Gabe Kaplan (captain)
Darleen Carr
Lynda Carter
Farrah Fawcett
Richard Hatch
Robert Hegyes
Ron Howard
Hal Linden
Penny Marshall
John Schuck
Telly Savalas (captain)
Adrienne Barbeau
Gary Burghoff
Kevin Dobson
Pat Harrington, Jr.
Bill Macy
Lee Meriwether
Mackenzie Phillips
Loretta Swit
Jimmie Walker
Robert Conrad (captain)
Melissa Sue Anderson
Karen Grassle
Tim Matheson
Ben Murphy
Barbara Parkins
Joanna Pettet
Kevin Tighe
Bobby Troup
Demond Wilson

tag: table

text: Battle of the Network Stars II (Feb. 28, 1977)[edit]

text: This edition aired under the title Challenge of the Network Stars.

text:
Hosts:
ABC
CBS
NBC (winner)

Howard Cosell
Bruce Jenner[a]
O.J. Simpson
Gabe Kaplan (captain)
LeVar Burton
Darleen Carr
Richard Hatch
Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs
Ron Howard
Hal Linden
Kristy McNichol
Penny Marshall
Jaclyn Smith
Telly Savalas (captain)
Sonny Bono
Kevin Dobson
Mike Farrell
David Groh
Linda Lavin
Lee Meriwether
Rob Reiner
Loretta Swit
Marcia Wallace
Robert Conrad (captain)
Elizabeth Allen
Lynda Day George
Carl Franklin
Karen Grassle
Dan Haggerty
Art Hindle
Kurt Russell
Jane Seymour
W. K. Stratton

text: Battle of the Network Stars III (Nov. 4, 1977)[edit]

text:
Hosts:
ABC (winner)
CBS
NBC

Howard Cosell
Telly Savalas
Bruce Jenner[a]
Gabe Kaplan (captain)
Fred Berry
Billy Crystal
Chris DeRose
Victor French
Cheryl Ladd
Kristy McNichol
Penny Marshall
Suzanne Somers
Parker Stevenson
Jimmie Walker (captain)
Adrienne Barbeau
Valerie Bertinelli
Kevin Dobson
Jamie Farr
Caren Kaye
James MacArthur
Jimmy McNichol
Loretta Swit
Lyle Waggoner
Dan Haggerty (captain)
Robert Conrad
Elinor Donahue
Patrick Duffy
Peter Isacksen
Lance Kerwin
Donna Mills
Belinda Montgomery
Michelle Phillips
Larry Wilcox

text: Battle of the Network Stars IV (May 7, 1978)[edit]

text:
Hosts:
ABC
CBS (winner)
NBC

Howard Cosell
Bruce Jenner[a]
Suzanne Somers
Gabe Kaplan (captain)
Debby Boone
Daryl Dragon
Kene Holliday
Steve Landesberg
Parker Stevenson
Toni Tennille
Cheryl Tiegs
Tony Randall (captain)
Kevin Dobson
James MacArthur
Denise Nicholas
Mackenzie Phillips
Victoria Principal
Bo Svenson
Jimmie Walker
Richard Benjamin (captain)
Rhonda Bates
Jane Curtin
Dennis Dugan
Melissa Gilbert
Arte Johnson
Lance Kerwin
Larry Wilcox

text: Battle of the Network Stars V (Nov. 18, 1978)[edit]

text:
Hosts:
ABC
CBS
NBC (winner)

Howard Cosell
Frank Gifford
Gabriel Kaplan (captain)
Debby Boone
Billy Crystal
Joyce DeWitt
Richard Hatch
Maren Jensen
Robert Urich
Robin Williams
McLean Stevenson (captain)
Valerie Bertinelli
LeVar Burton
Lou Ferrigno
Pat Klous
David Letterman
Tim Reid
Charlene Tilton
Robert Conrad (captain)
Joseph Bottoms
William Devane
Pamela Hensley
Brianne Leary
Wendy Rastatter
William Shatner
Caskey Swaim

text: Battle of the Network Stars VI (May 7, 1979)[edit]

text:
Host
ABC
CBS (winner)
NBC

Howard Cosell
Dick Van Patten (captain)
Scott Baio
Billy Crystal
Richard Hatch
Donna Pescow
Susan Richardson
Toni Tennille
Robert Urich
Jamie Farr (captain)
Catherine Bach
Valerie Bertinelli
Patrick Duffy
Lou Ferrigno
Leif Garrett
Victoria Principal
Gary Sandy
Robert Conrad (captain)
Todd Bridges
Mary Crosby
Jane Curtin
William Devane
Greg Evigan
Brianne Leary
Larry Wilcox

text: Battle of the Network Stars VII (Nov. 2, 1979)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC
CBS
NBC (winner)

Howard Cosell
Billy Crystal
Dick Van Patten (captain)
Willie Aames
Diana Canova
Joanna Cassidy
Robert Hays
Max Gail
Kristy McNichol
Shelley Smith
Ed Asner (captain)
Valerie Bertinelli
Gregory Harrison
Howard Hesseman
Kathryn Leigh Scott
Judy Norton Taylor
Jan Smithers
Allen Williams
Robert Conrad (captain)
Greg Evigan
Gil Gerard
Melissa Gilbert
Erin Gray
Randi Oakes
Sarah Purcell
Patrick Wayne

text: Battle of the Network Stars VIII (May 4, 1980)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC (winner)
CBS
NBC

Howard Cosell
Joyce DeWitt
Cathy Lee Crosby (captain)
Scott Baio
Robyn Douglass
Grant Goodeve
Robert Hays
Kent McCord
Caroline McWilliams
Joan Prather
Chad Everett (captain)
Jonelle Allen
Catherine Bach
Gregory Harrison
Sherman Hemsley
Gary Sandy
Charlene Tilton
Joan Van Ark
William Devane (captain)
Gil Gerard
Karen Grassle
Pamela Hensley
Brian Kerwin
Randi Oakes
Sarah Purcell
Larry Wilcox

text: Battle of the Network Stars IX (Dec. 5, 1980)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC
CBS (winner)
NBC

Howard Cosell
Cathy Lee Crosby
John Davidson (captain)
Willie Aames
Scott Baio
Phyllis Davis
Donna Dixon
Max Gail
Ann Jillian
Susan Richardson
Jamie Farr (captain)
Gregory Harrison
Diane Ladd
Donna Mills
Judy Norton Taylor
Tom Selleck
Joan Van Ark
Robert Walden
Arte Johnson (captain)
Byron Allen
John Beck
Greg Evigan
Erin Gray
Judy Landers
Sarah Purcell
Cristina Raines

text: Battle of the Network Stars X (May 8, 1981)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC
CBS (winner)
NBC

Howard Cosell
Erin Gray
Robert Urich (captain)
Scott Baio
Melanie Chartoff
Jeff Conaway
Linda Evans
Jenilee Harrison
Bo Hopkins
Ann Jillian
Tom Selleck (captain)
Danielle Brisebois
Gregory Harrison
Michele Lee
Leigh McCloskey
Judy Norton Taylor
Tim Reid
Charlene Tilton
Barbara Mandrell (captain)
Woody Brown
Melissa Gilbert
Brian Kerwin
Louise Mandrell
Randi Oakes
Skip Stephenson
Michael Warren

text: Battle of the Network Stars XI (Nov. 20, 1981)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC
CBS
NBC (winner)

Howard Cosell
Lee Majors
Scott Baio (captain)
Douglas Barr
Cathy Lee Crosby
Donna Dixon
Telma Hopkins
Ann Jillian
Sam J. Jones
Andrew Stevens
Pernell Roberts (captain)
Mimi Kennedy
Lorenzo Lamas
Jared Martin
Donna Mills
Tim Reid
Charlene Tilton
Berlinda Tolbert
Gabe Kaplan (captain)
Maud Adams
Melissa Gilbert
Mark Harmon
Randi Oakes
Cristina Raines
James B. Sikking
Fred Willard

text: Battle of the Network Stars XII (May 5, 1982)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC
CBS (winner)
NBC

Howard Cosell
Randi Oakes
William Shatner (captain)
Douglas Barr
Joan Collins
Lydia Cornell
John Davidson
Telma Hopkins
John James
Heather Thomas
Pernell Roberts (captain)
Catherine Bach
Danielle Brisebois
Audrey Landers
Brian Stokes Mitchell
Joan Van Ark
Robert Walden
Tom Wopat
Daniel J. Travanti (captain)
Debbie Allen
Mark Harmon
Nancy McKeon
Joe Piscopo
Cristina Raines
Lynn Redgrave
Bruce Weitz

text: Battle of the Network Stars XIII (Oct. 1, 1982)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC (winner)
CBS
NBC

Howard Cosell
Debbie Allen
William Shatner (captain)
Stephen Collins
Helen Hunt
John James
Heather Locklear
Kathy Maisnik
Heather Thomas
Demond Wilson
Kevin Dobson (captain)
Bruce Boxleitner
Delta Burke
Byron Cherry
Christopher Norris
Jameson Parker
Penny Peyser
Joan Van Ark
Daniel J. Travanti (captain)
Dean Butler
Tina Gayle
Melissa Gilbert
Ricky Schroder
Leigh Taylor-Young
Betty Thomas
Michael Warren

text: Battle of the Network Stars XIV (May 4, 1983)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC (winner)
CBS
NBC

Howard Cosell
Morgan Fairchild
John James (captain)
Scott Baio
Rachel Dennison
Lisa Eilbacher
Heather Locklear
Randi Oakes
Geoffrey Scott
Adrian Zmed
Tom Wopat (captain)
John Beck
Danielle Brisebois
Audrey Landers
Denise Miller
William R. Moses
Tracy Nelson
Ted Shackelford
Bruce Weitz (captain)
Peter Barton
David Birney
Meredith Baxter-Birney
Nancy McKeon
Cynthia Sikes
Mr. T
Betty Thomas

text: Battle of the Network Stars XV (Nov. 3, 1983)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC (winner)
CBS
NBC

Howard Cosell
Robert Conrad
Donna Mills
William Shatner (captain)
Shari Belafonte
Daniel Hugh Kelly
Heather Locklear
Ben Murphy
Geoffrey Scott
Heather Thomas
Jill Whelan
William Devane (captain)
Ana Alicia
Rosalind Chao
Charles Frank
William R. Moses
Martha Smith
Andrew Stevens
Joan Van Ark
Mr. T (captain)
Edward Albert
Teri Copley
Melinda Culea
Chad Everett
Charles Haid
Vicki Lawrence
Cynthia Sikes

text: Battle of the Network Stars XVI (May 3, 1984)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC
CBS (winner)
NBC

Howard Cosell
Scott Baio
Debby Boone
John James (captain)
Shari Belafonte
Pamela Bellwood
James Darren
C. Thomas Howell
Ted Lange
Heather Locklear
Shawn Weatherly
William Devane (captain)
Richard Dean Anderson
Abby Dalton
Sarah Douglas
William R. Moses
Douglas Sheehan
Charlene Tilton
Celia Weston
Flip Wilson (captain)
Ellen Bry
Kim Fields
Michael J. Fox
Charles Haid
Mark Harmon
Vicki Lawrence
Lisa Whelchel

text: Battle of the Network Stars XVII (Dec. 20, 1984)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC
CBS
NBC (winner)

Howard Cosell
Shari Belafonte
William Shatner (captain)
Douglas Barr
Mary Cadorette
Tony Danza
Tony Lo Bianco
Heather Locklear
Tracy Scoggins
Brenda Vaccaro
William Devane (captain)
Constance McCashin
Jennifer O'Neill
Tim Reid
Douglas Sheehan
Deborah Shelton
Parker Stevenson
Charlene Tilton
Mark Harmon (captain)
Jane Badler
Teri Copley
Kim Fields
Michael J. Fox
Stepfanie Kramer
James B. Sikking
Marc Singer

text: Battle of the Network Stars XVIII (May 23, 1985)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC
CBS
NBC (winner)

Joan Van Ark
Dick Van Dyke
Tony Danza (captain)
Deborah Adair
Mary Cadorette
Jack Coleman
Pat Klous
Ted McGinley
Emma Samms
Michael Spound
Lorenzo Lamas (captain)
Lucie Arnaz
Mary Frann
Jenilee Harrison
Doug McKeon
William R. Moses
Jennifer O'Neill
Dack Rambo
Bubba Smith (captain)
Lisa Bonet
Erin Gray
Kiel Martin
Nancy McKeon
Patricia McPherson
Ken Olin
Philip Michael Thomas

text: Battle of the Network Stars XIX (1988)[edit]

text:
Hosts
ABC Team (Winner)
CBS Team
NBC Team

Howard Cosell
Shari Belafonte
John Davidson (captain)
Rebeca Arthur
Allyce Beasley
Olivia d'Abo
Brian Robbins
Rob Stone
JoAnn Willette
Brian Wimmer
Lorenzo Lamas (captain)
Kristian Alfonso
Steve Kanaly
Daphne Reid
William Sanderson
Jack Scalia
Nicollette Sheridan
Charlene Tilton
Greg Evigan (captain)
Teri Copley
Clifton Davis
Deidre Hall
Dawnn Lewis
Blair Underwood
Malcolm-Jamal Warner
Tina Yothers

text: Battle of the Network Stars (20[b]) (2017)[edit]

text: For this edition, rather than the standard network vs. network format, fielding of the teams are based on the TV characters attributed to each celebrity—cops vs. TV sitcoms, White House vs. lawyers, TV moms & dads vs. TV kids, etc.[3]

text:
Hosts
Sideline Reporters
Blue Team
DeMarcus Ware (captain)
Red Team
Ronda Rousey (captain)
Air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

Mike Greenberg
Joe Tessitore
Cari Champion
Cassidy Hubbarth
TV Sitcoms (1) (19)
Tom Arnold
Dave Coulier
Tracey Gold
AJ Michalka
Bronson Pinchot
TV Kids (1) (12)
Corbin Bleu
Kim Fields
Nolan Gould
Joey Lawrence
Lisa Whelchel
June 29, 2017 (2017-06-29)
101
4.141[4]

Variety (1) (10)
Joanna Krupa
Nick Lachey
Vanessa Lachey
Gilles Marini
Jack Osbourne
TV Sex Symbols (21)
Keegan Allen
Traci Bingham
Rosa Blasi
Brant Daugherty
Galen Gering
July 6, 2017 (2017-07-06)
103
3.059[5]

White House (16)
LaMonica Garrett
Joshua Malina
Marlee Matlin
Mary McCormack
Cornelius Smith Jr.
Lawyers (13)
Catherine Bell
Corbin Bernsen
Romi Dias
Matt McGorry
Elisabeth Rohm
July 13, 2017 (2017-07-13)
105
2.707[6]

Primetime Soaps (11)
Mischa Barton
Gabrielle Carteris
Josh Henderson
Donna Mills
Ian Ziering
ABC Stars (1) (19)
Shari Belafonte
Olivia d'Abo
Michael Fishman
Jason Hervey
Anson Williams
July 20, 2017 (2017-07-20)
102
2.587[7]

Cops (1) (19)
Erik Estrada
Kelly Hu
Lorenzo Lamas
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe
Larry Wilcox
TV Sitcoms (2) (11)
Leigh-Allyn Baker
Todd Bridges
Dave Foley
Willie Garson
Jenna von Oy
July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)
104
2.573[8]

TV Moms & Dads (19)
Greg Evigan
Lesley Fera
Jackee Harry
Chad Lowe
Ted McGinley
TV Kids (2) (12)
Jonathan Lipnicki
Jeremy Miller
Mackenzie Phillips
Jimmie Walker
Krista Marie Yu
August 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)
106
2.531[9]

Cops (2) (8)
Fred Dryer
Roma Maffia
Marisol Nichols
Ryan Paevey
Adrian Zmed
Sci-Fi Fantasy (21) (Winner)
Charisma Carpenter
Lou Ferrigno
Vinnie Jones
Kevin Sorbo
Jill Wagner
August 17, 2017 (2017-08-17)
110
2.319[10]

ABC Stars (2) (8)
Joely Fisher
Troy Gentile
Ted Lange
Denise Richards
Jill Whelan
Variety (2) (21) (Winner)
Adrienne Bailon
Lance Bass
Joey Fatone
Cameron Mathison
Kelly Osbourne
August 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)
109
2.053[11]

Famous TV Families (3)
Willie Aames
Danny Bonaduce
Beverley Mitchell
Charlene Tilton
Barry Williams
Doctors (32) (Winner)
Thomas Calabro
Taye Diggs
Deidre Hall
Benjamin Hollingsworth
Rachelle Lefevre
September 7, 2017 (2017-09-07)
107
2.979[12]

Troublemakers (20) (Winner)
Catherine Bach
John Barrowman
Julie Benz
Vivica A. Fox
Paul Johansson
TV Lifeguards (11)
David Chokachi
Nicole Eggert
Gena Lee Nolin
Brande Roderick
Parker Stevenson
September 7, 2017 (2017-09-07)
108
2.47[12]


document_title: Crooked House (film)

question_text: where was agatha christie s crooked house filmed

text: Crooked House (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The granddaughter of late business tycoon Aristide Leonides, Sophia Leonides, visits private investigator Charles Hayward in his office. Sophia hires Charles to investigate Aristide's death, for she believes he was murdered by a member of his sprawling and idiosyncratic family. Sophia notes that Leonides' regular insulin injection had been laced with eserine from his eye drops, the resulting chemicals in them causing him to die. Sophia believes this to have been a deliberate switch rather than accidental. Charles begrudgingly agrees to take on the case as a result of his feelings for Sophia as the two had enjoyed a brief love affair when they had met sometime prior in Cairo. Charles seeks the consent of Chief Inspector Taverner of Scotland Yard to look into the case, utilising his personal connection with Taverner, who had served with Charles's father, a decorated former Assistant Commissioner who was murdered.

text: Charles visits the Leonides estate and proceeds to interview the various members of the family, finding various motives from each. Charles begins with Lady Edith De Haviland, the sister of Leonides's first wife, who despised her brother-in-law and his callous attitude towards her grandchildren. Leonides's eldest son, Philip, hated his father for passing him over to run the family business and for refusing to take interest in a new play he'd written for his wife, Magda, a fading theatre actress. Philip and Magda provided Leonides with three grandchildren, namely Sophia and the precocious younger children Eustace and Josephine. Eustace takes a dislike to Charles and seeks to hamper him where possible whilst Josephine makes clear to Charles that she eavesdrops on everyone around the house, makes notes about their private lives and dislikes most of her family except for Edith and Sophia.

text: Charles subsequently finds that Leonides' younger son, Roger, the emotionally immature managing director of the family's flagship business, was reliant upon his father bailing out the business numerous times due to his poor management. The fact that Leonides was so willing to bail Roger out did not sit well with either Roger, due to his pride, or his domineering wife Clemency. Charles further finds that Leonides' second wife, Brenda, a much younger former Las Vegas casino dancer, is suspected by the rest of the family as having committed the murder. Evidence seems to back this up due to the facts that Brenda had been having an affair with Laurence Brown, the private tutor for the Leonides children, as well as that she administered the fatal dose of drugs to Leonides and that she stood to inherit the entirety of the Leonides estate due to him not having signed a will, meaning he died intestate and thus his estate passed to her.

text: Charles's investigations and questions are met with hostility by most of the family whilst Josephine cryptically hints at clues along the way, to Charles's irritation, as he finds her treating the investigation as a game to be tiresome. Events take a new, horrific turn when the ladder to Josephine's treehouse is sabotaged and she falls from the tree, being hospitalised as a result. Charles suspects that this was due to Josephine's habit of spying on the other family members and the killer thus wanting to silence her. In the aftermath, Charles's suspicions are heightened and even extend to Sophia after a new will is discovered in which Leonides had left his estate to her, with some arguing that Sophia hired Charles to investigate the murder due to their personal history, knowing he would never accuse her due to their romantic past.

text: After those developments, Taverner arrives in person to take charge of the case as he feels Charles' romantic history with Sophia does not make him objective enough to solve it. The discovery of love letters between Brenda and Laurence gives Taverner enough evidence to arrest them for Leonides' murder and the attempt on Josephine, to the delight of most of his family members who had always hated both. Charles, however, remains unconvinced that Brenda and Laurence are guilty, noting Brenda's childlike intelligence and Laurence's pacifist, left-wing views as making them unlikely candidates for being a murderer. Sophia and Edith seem to agree, with Sophia noting how the letters could have been forged and Edith paying for a top rate lawyer to represent Brenda and Laurence in court. In the meantime, however, Charles returns to London and only returns to the estate when Josephine's nanny dies after being poisoned by drinking a mug of hot chocolate that she had made for Josephine.

text: Charles implores Josephine to tell her who the killer is as he has worked out she knows their identity. Again, Josephine refuses to tell. After it is established that the nanny died of cyanide poisoning, Charles begins to suspect Edith as he knew she had been using cyanide to remove moles in the estate garden. His search of Edith's garden shed finds a bottle of cyanide as well as Josephine's missing notebook, complete with her notes on each member of the family. Edith drives out of the family estate with Josephine, having also left a note for Charles to find. Charles and Sophia take off in pursuit of Edith in a car chase to try and stop them. In the car, Sophia reads the note that Edith had left in which she confesses to the murder but Charles argues that he believes Edith is not the killer.

text: Sophia reads extracts from Josephine's notebook in which the child admits to murdering Leonides purely because he had refused to pay for her ballet lessons. The notebook further reveals that Josephine had also faked the attack on herself and had poisoned her nanny when the latter began to suspect Josephine. Lady Edith had worked out that Josephine was the killer and planted evidence and wrote the confession note to spare Josephine a life in psychiatric institutions and exonerate Brenda and Laurence. Edith had earlier been informed that she was dying of cancer and so decided to sacrifice herself to protect Josephine and the rest of the family. Edith realises that Charles and Sophia are pursuing her and so she drives her car over the clifftop of a quarry, killing herself and Josephine. The film ends as Charles comforts a shocked Sophia at the edge of the cliff.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Glenn Close as Lady Edith de Haviland
Terence Stamp as Chief Inspector Taverner
Max Irons as Charles Hayward
Stefanie Martini as Sophia Leonides
Julian Sands as Philip Leonides
Honor Kneafsey as Josephine Leonides
Christian McKay as Roger Leonides
Amanda Abbington as Clemency Leonides
Gillian Anderson as Magda Leonides
Christina Hendricks as Brenda Leonides
Preston Nyman as Eustace Leonides
John Heffernan as Laurence Brown
Jenny Galloway as Nanny
David Kirkbride as Sergeant Glover
Tina Gray as Miss Ackroyd
Roger Ashton-Griffiths as Mr Gaitskill
Andreas Karras as Iannois Agrodopolous
Gino Picciano as Aristide Leonides

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)

text: The mystery drama is based on Agatha Christie's novel of the same name. Principal photography began in September 2016.[2] Part of the filming was done at King's College London's Maughan Library. Other parts were filmed at Tyntesfield, near Bristol.[citation needed] Minley Manor near Fleet, Hampshire, was used as the location for the external shots of Crooked House.

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's original score is by Hugo de Chaire.[3]

text: Changes from source material[edit]

text: Whilst the film remains largely faithful to Christie's book, there were some changes, among them:

text:
Charles's father, Sir Arthur Hayward, is deceased. He is referred to as an Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard but was murdered. Chief Inspector Taverner assumes some of the qualities and the role played by Sir Arthur.
Charles and Sophia are no longer in a relationship. Their love affair beginning in Cairo ended when Sophia refused to introduce Charles to her family and after she found out he was spying on her for the Foreign Office due to their interest in Leonides's business affairs. The ending of the film is open-ended as to whether they will reconcile.
Nanny is poisoned by cyanide, not digitalis.
Lady Edith addresses her confession note to Charles instead of Taverner.
Lady Edith does not leave the second letter for Charles and Sophia outlining Josephine as the killer. Instead, Charles finds Josephine's notebook and that is used for Charles and Sophia as confirmation that Josephine is the killer.
The ages of Philip and Roger are switched around. Philip becomes the eldest son, this forming part of his motive to kill Aristide as he had been passed over to run the family business for his younger brother, Roger.
The story is set a decade later to 1950s London, as evidenced by one of the film's characters referencing the execution of the murderess Ruth Ellis in 1955.
Charles Hayward's automobile, a Bristol 405, was not introduced until 1955.
The conversation with the lawyer mentioned that will was signed in 1957.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10.[4] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[5]


document_title: Acrosome

question_text: the process by which the acrosome membranes of sperm break down is known as

text: Acrosome

text: The acrosome is an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the head in the spermatozoa (sperm cells) of many animals including humans. It is a cap-like structure derived from the Golgi apparatus. Acrosome formation is fully completed 5–10 years after testicular maturation.[citation needed] In Eutherian mammals the acrosome contains digestive enzymes (including hyaluronidase and acrosin).[1] These enzymes break down the outer membrane of the ovum, called the zona pellucida, allowing the haploid nucleus in the sperm cell to join with the haploid nucleus in the ovum.

text: This shedding of the acrosome, or acrosome reaction, can be stimulated in vitro by substances a sperm cell may encounter naturally such as progesterone or follicular fluid, as well as the more commonly used calcium ionophore A23187.  This can be done to serve as a positive control when assessing the acrosome reaction of a sperm sample by flow cytometry[2] or fluorescence microscopy. This is usually done after staining with a fluoresceinated lectin such as FITC-PNA, FITC-PSA, FITC-ConA, or fluoresceinated antibody such as FITC-CD46.[3]

text: In the case of globozoospermia (sperm with round heads), the Golgi apparatus is not transformed into the acrosome, causing male infertility.[4]


document_title: African Footballer of the Year

question_text: who won the caf player of the year 2017

question_tokens: who won the caf player of the year 2017

text: African Footballer of the Year

text: Winners[edit]

text: France Football award (1970–1994)[edit]

text: The award by France Football magazine was awarded to the best African footballer between 1970 and 1994. The award was discontinued in 1995 after the European Footballer of the Year (Ballon d'Or) was opened to players of non-European nationality, the award being given to George Weah that year. It had already been replaced by an official award given out by the Confederation of African Football since 1992.

text:
Year
Rank
Player
Team
Points

1970
1st
 Salif Keïta
 Saint-Étienne
54

2nd
 Laurent Pokou
 ASEC Abidjan
28

 Ali Abo Greisha
 Ismaily

1971
1st
 Ibrahim Sunday
 Asante Kotoko
29

2nd
 Robert Mensah
 Asante Kotoko
15

3rd
 François Ndoumbé
 Canon Yaoundé
13

1972
1st
 Chérif Souleymane
 Hafia
21

2nd
 Bwanga Tshimen
 TP Mazembe
16

3rd
 Petit Sory
 Hafia
14

1973
1st
 Bwanga Tshimen
 TP Mazembe
49

2nd
 Kazadi Mwamba
 TP Mazembe
44

3rd
 Laurent Pokou
 ASEC Abidjan
41

1974
1st
 Paul Moukila
 CARA Brazzaville
57

2nd
 Lobilo Boba
 Vita Club
32

3rd
 Hassan Shehata
 Zamalek
28

1975
1st
 Ahmed Faras
 Mohammédia
28

2nd
 Roger Milla
 Tonnerre Yaoundé
24

 Mamadou Aliou Kéïta
 Hafia

1976
1st
 Roger Milla
 Tonnerre Yaoundé
33

2nd
 Papa Camara
 Hafia
32

3rd
 Ali Bencheikh
 MC Alger
27

1977
1st
 Tarak Dhiab
 Espérance Tunis
45

2nd
 Papa Camara
 Hafia
33

3rd
 Segun Odegbami
 Shooting Stars
29

1978
1st
 Karim Abdul Razak
 Asante Kotoko
58

2nd
 Ali Bencheikh
 MC Alger
33

3rd
 Thomas N'Kono
 Canon Yaoundé
29

1979
1st
 Thomas N'Kono
 Canon Yaoundé
55

2nd
 Adolf Armah
 Hearts of Oak
23

3rd
 Kerfalla Bangoura
 Horoya
15

1980
1st
 Jean Manga-Onguéné
 Canon Yaoundé
64

2nd
 Segun Odegbami
 Shooting Stars
41

3rd
 Théophile Abega
 Canon Yaoundé
18

1981
1st
 Lakhdar Belloumi
 GC Mascara
78

2nd
 Thomas N'Kono
 Canon Yaoundé
54

3rd
 Ali Fergani
 JS Kabylie
26

1982
1st
 Thomas N'Kono
 Espanyol
83

2nd
 Salah Assad
 Mulhouse
54

3rd
 Lakhdar Belloumi
 GC Mascara
36

1983
1st
 Mahmoud El Khatib
 Al Ahly
98

2nd
 Opoku Nti
 Asante Kotoko
89

3rd
 Rafiou Moutairou
 OC Agaza
19

1984
1st
 Théophile Abega
 Toulouse
124

2nd
 Joseph-Antoine Bell
 El Mokawloon
65

 Ibrahim Youssef
 Zamalek

1985
1st
 Mohamed Timoumi
 AS FAR
113

2nd
 Rabah Madjer
 Porto
45

3rd
 Ibrahim Youssef
 Zamalek
39

1986
1st
 Ezzaki Badou
 Mallorca
125

2nd
 Aziz Bouderbala
 Sion
88

3rd
 Roger Milla
 Montpellier
80

1987
1st
 Rabah Madjer
 Porto
130

2nd
 Youssouf Falikou Fofana
 Monaco
63

3rd
 François Omam-Biyik
 Laval
52

1988
1st
 Kalusha Bwalya
 Cercle Brugge
111

2nd
 Roger Milla
 Montpellier
68

3rd
 Youssouf Falikou Fofana
 Monaco
40

1989
1st
 George Weah
 Monaco
133

2nd
 Joseph-Antoine Bell
 Bordeaux
105

3rd
 Kalusha Bwalya
 PSV
49

1990
1st
 Roger Milla
 Saint-Pierroise
209

2nd
 Tahar Chérif El-Ouazzani
 Aydınspor
64

3rd
 Rabah Madjer
 Porto
60

 François Omam-Biyik
 Rennes

1991
1st
 Abedi Pele
 Marseille
152

2nd
 George Weah
 Monaco
106

3rd
 François Omam-Biyik
 Cannes
52

1992
1st
 Abedi Pele
 Marseille
198

2nd
 George Weah
 Paris Saint-Germain
161

3rd
 Tony Yeboah
 Eintracht Frankfurt
64

1993
1st
 Abedi Pele
 Marseille
119

2nd
 Tony Yeboah
 Eintracht Frankfurt
117

3rd
 Rashidi Yekini
 Vitória de Setúbal
104

1994
1st
 George Weah
 Paris Saint-Germain
148

2nd
 Emmanuel Amunike
 Sporting CP
133

3rd
 Daniel Amokachi
 Everton
99

text: CAF award (1992–present)[edit]

text:
Year
Rank
Player
Team
Points

1992
1st
 Abedi Pele
 Marseille
–

1993
1st
 Rashidi Yekini
 Vitória de Setúbal
–

1994
1st
 Emmanuel Amunike
 Sporting CP
48

2nd
 George Weah
 Paris Saint-Germain
44

 Rashidi Yekini
 Olympiacos

1995
1st
 George Weah
 Milan
–

2nd
 Emmanuel Amunike
 Sporting CP
–

3rd
 Daniel Amokachi
 Everton
–

1996
1st
 Nwankwo Kanu
 Internazionale
–

2nd
 George Weah
 Milan
–

3rd
 Daniel Amokachi
 Beşiktaş
–

1997
1st
 Victor Ikpeba
 Monaco
56

2nd
 Japhet N'Doram
 Monaco
40

3rd
 Taribo West
 Internazionale
35

1998
1st
 Mustapha Hadji
 Deportivo La Coruña
76

2nd
 Jay-Jay Okocha
 Paris Saint-Germain
74

3rd
 Sunday Oliseh
 Ajax
58

1999
1st
 Nwankwo Kanu
 Arsenal
46

2nd
 Samuel Kuffour
 Bayern Munich
44

3rd
 Ibrahima Bakayoko
 Marseille
42

2000
1st
 Patrick M'Boma
 Parma
123

2nd
 Lauren
 Mallorca
36

3rd
 Samuel Eto'o
 Mallorca
29

2001
1st
 El Hadji Diouf
 Lens
93

2nd
 Samuel Kuffour
 Bayern Munich
66

3rd
 Samuel Eto'o
 Mallorca
34

2002
1st
 El Hadji Diouf
 Liverpool
93

2nd
 Papa Bouba Diop
 Lens
46

3rd
 Mido
 Ajax
42

2003
1st
 Samuel Eto'o
 Mallorca
–

2nd
 Didier Drogba
 Marseille
–

3rd
 Jay-Jay Okocha
 Bolton Wanderers
–

2004
1st
 Samuel Eto'o
 Barcelona
116

2nd
 Didier Drogba
 Chelsea
90

3rd
 Jay-Jay Okocha
 Bolton Wanderers
68

2005
1st
 Samuel Eto'o
 Barcelona
108

2nd
 Didier Drogba
 Chelsea
106

3rd
 Michael Essien
 Chelsea
50

2006
1st
 Didier Drogba
 Chelsea
79

2nd
 Samuel Eto'o
 Barcelona
76

3rd
 Michael Essien
 Chelsea
36

2007
1st
 Frédéric Kanouté
 Sevilla
–

2nd
 Michael Essien
 Chelsea
–

3rd
 Didier Drogba
 Chelsea
–

2008
1st
 Emmanuel Adebayor
 Arsenal
74

2nd
 Mohamed Aboutrika
 Al-Ahly
53

3rd
 Michael Essien
 Chelsea
36

2009
1st
 Didier Drogba
 Chelsea
92

2nd
 Samuel Eto'o
 Internazionale
69

3rd
 Michael Essien
 Chelsea
43

2010
1st
 Samuel Eto'o
 Internazionale
–

2nd
 Asamoah Gyan
 Sunderland
–

3rd
 Didier Drogba
 Chelsea
–

2011
1st
 Yaya Touré
 Manchester City
–

2nd
 Seydou Keita
 Barcelona
–

3rd
 André Ayew
 Marseille
–

2012
1st
 Yaya Touré
 Manchester City
–

2nd
 Didier Drogba
 Shanghai Shenhua
–

3rd
 Alex Song
 Barcelona
–

2013
1st
 Yaya Touré
 Manchester City
373

2nd
 John Obi Mikel
 Chelsea
265

3rd
 Didier Drogba
 Galatasaray
236

2014
1st
 Yaya Touré
 Manchester City
175

2nd
 Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang
 Borussia Dortmund
120

3rd
 Vincent Enyeama
 Lille
105

2015
1st
 Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang
 Borussia Dortmund
143

2nd
 Yaya Touré
 Manchester City
136

3rd
 André Ayew
 Swansea City
112

2016
1st
 Riyad Mahrez
 Leicester City
361

2nd
 Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang
 Borussia Dortmund
313

3rd
 Sadio Mané
 Liverpool
186

2017
1st
 Mohamed Salah
 Liverpool
625

2nd
 Sadio Mané
 Liverpool
507

3rd
 Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang
 Borussia Dortmund
311

text: Wins By Country[edit]

text:
Nation
Winners
Runners-up
Third places

 Cameroon
11
8
11

 Ivory Coast
8
6
7

 Ghana
6
7
7

 Nigeria
5
6
7

 Morocco
4
1
0

 Algeria
3
4
5

 Liberia
3
4
–

 Egypt
2
2
4

 Mali
2
2
–

 Senegal
2
1
1

 Guinea
1
3
2

 DR Congo
1
3
–

 Gabon
1
2
1

 Zambia
1
–
1

 Togo
1
–
1

 Tunisia
1
–
–

 Congo
1
–
–

 Chad
–
1
–

text: Wins By Club[edit]

text:
Club
Winners
Runners-up
Third places

 Olympique Marseille
4
1
2

 Manchester City
4
1
–

 Chelsea
2
4
6

 AS Monaco
2
3
1

 Barcelona
2
2
1

 Asante Kotoko
2
2
–

 Canon Yaoundé
2
1
3

 RCD Mallorca
2
1
2

 Inter Milan
2
1
1

 Liverpool
2
1
1

 Arsenal
2
–
–

 Paris SG
1
3
–

 Hafia Conacry
1
2
2

 TP Mazembe
1
2
–

 Borussia Dortmund
1
2
–

 Sporting CP
1
2
–

 Al Ahly
1
1
1

 FC Porto
1
1
1

 Tonnerre Yaoundé
1
1
–

 RC Lens
1
1
–

 Milan
1
1
–

 Sporting CP
1
1
–

 GC Mascara
1
–
1

 Vitória de Setúbal
1
–
1

 Cercle Brugge
1
–
–

 CARA Brazzaville
1
–
–

 Leicester City
1
–
–

 AS Saint-Étienne
1
–
–

 Toulouse FC
1
–
–

 Parma
1
–
–

 FAR Rabat
1
–
–

 SCC Mohammédia
1
–
–

 JS Saint-Pierroise
1
–
–

 Deportivo de La Coruña
1
–
–

 Espanyol
1
–
–

 Sevilla
1
–
–

 Espérance ST
1
–
–

 Bayern Munich
–
2
–

 MC Alger
–
1
1

 ASEC Mimosas
–
1
1

 Montpellier
–
1
1

 Eintracht Frankfurt
–
1
1

 Shooting Stars
–
1
1

 Shanghai Shenhua
–
1
–

 Vita Club
–
1
–

 El Mokawloon
–
1
–

 Sunderland
–
1
–

 Girondins Bordeaux
–
1
–

 FC Mulhouse
–
1
–

 Hearts of Oak
–
1
–

 FC Sion
–
1
–

 Aydınspor
–
1
–

 JS Kabylie
–
–
2

 Bolton Wanderers
–
–
2

 Everton FC
–
–
2

 Ajax Amsterdam
–
–
2

 Ismaily SC
–
–
1

 Zamalek SC
–
1
2

 AS Cannes
–
–
1

 Stade Lavallois
–
–
1

 Lille OSC
–
–
1

 Stade Rennais
–
–
1

 Olympiacos
–
–
1

 Horoya AC
–
–
1

 PSV Eindhoven
–
–
1

 OC Agaza
–
–
1

 Beşiktaş
–
–
1

 Galatasaray
–
–
1

 Swansea City
–
–
1


document_title: Rice production in India

question_text: what is the rank of india in rice production

text: Rice production in India

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2014)

text: Rice production in India is an important part of the national economy[1]

text: India is one of the world's largest producers of rice and brown rice, accounting for 20% of all world rice production. Rice is India's pre-eminent crop, and is the staple food of the people of the eastern and southern parts of the country.[1] Production increased from 53.6 million tons in FY 1980 to 74.6 million tons in year 1990, a 39 percent increase over the decade. By year 1992, rice production had reached 181.9 kg, second in the world only to China with its 182 kg.[1] Since 1950 the increase has been more than 350 percent. Most of this increase was the result of an increase in yields; the number of hectares increased only 0 percent during this period. Yields increased from 1,336 kilograms per hectare in FY 1980 to 1,751 kilograms per hectare in FY 1990. The per-hectare yield increased more than 262 percent between 1950 and 1992.[1]

text: The country's rice production had declined to 89.14 million tonnes in 2009-10 crop year (July–June) from record 99.18 million tonnes in the previous year due to severe drought that affected almost half of the country. India could achieve a record rice production of 100 million tonnes in 2010-11 crop year on the back of better monsoon this year. The India's rice production reached to a record high of 104.32 million tonnes in 2011-2012 crop year (July–June).

text: Rice is one of the chief grains of India. Moreover, this country has the largest area under rice cultivation, as it is one of the principal food crops. It is in fact the dominant crop of the country. India is one of the leading producers of this crop. Rice is the basic food crop and being a tropical plant, it flourishes comfortably in hot and humid climate. Rice is mainly grown in rain fed areas that receive heavy annual rainfall. That is why it is fundamentally a kharif crop in India. It demands temperature of around 25 degree Celsius and above and rainfall of more than 100 cm. Rice is also grown through irrigation in those areas that receives comparatively less rainfall. Rice is the staple food of eastern and southern parts of India. In 2009-10, total rice production in India amounted to 89.13 million tonnes, which was much less than production of previous year, 99.18 million tonnes.

text: Rice can be cultivated by different methods based on the type of region. But in India, the traditional methods are still in use for harvesting rice. The fields are initially ploughed and then fertiliser is applied which typically consists of cow dung and then the field is smoothed. The seeds are transplanted by hand and then through proper irrigation, the seeds are cultivated. Rice grows on a variety of soils like silts, loams and gravels. It can also tolerate alkaline as well as acid soils. However, clayey loam is well suited to the raising of this crop. Actually the clayey soil can be easily converted into mud in which rice seedlings can be transplanted easily. Proper care has to be taken as this crop thrives if the soil remains wet and is under water during its growing years. Rice fields should be level and should have low mud walls for retaining water. In the plain areas, excess rainwater is allowed to inundate the rice fields and flow slowly. Rice raised in the well watered lowland areas is known as lowland or wet rice. In the hilly areas, slopes are cut into terraces for the cultivation of rice. Thus, the rice grown in the hilly areas is known as dry or upland rice. Interestingly, per hectare yield of upland rice is comparatively less than that of the wet rice.

text: The regions cultivating this crop in India is distinguished as the western coastal strip, the eastern coastal strip, covering all the primary deltas, Assam plains and surrounding low hills, foothills and Terai region- along the Himalayas and states like West Bengal, Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh, eastern Madhya Pradesh, northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. India, being a land of eternal growing season, and the deltas of Kaveri River, Krishna River, Godavari River, Indravati River and Mahanadi River with a thick set-up of canal irrigation like Hirakud Dam and Indravati Dam, permits farmers to raise two, and in some pockets, even three crops a year. Irrigation has made even three crops a year possible. Irrigation has made it feasible even for Punjab and Haryana, known for their baked climate, to grow rice. They even export their excess to other states. Punjab and Haryana grow prized rice for export purposes. The hilly terraced fields from Kashmir to Assam are idyllically suited for rice farming, with age-old hill irrigational conveniences. High yielding kinds, enhanced planting methods, promised irrigation water supply and mounting use of fertilizers have together led to beneficial and quick results. It is the rain fed area that cuts down average yields per hectare.

text: In some of the states like West Bengal, Assam and Orissa two crops of rice are raised in a year. Winter season in the north western India are extremely cold for rice. Rice is considered as the master crop of coastal India and in some regions of the eastern India where during the summer monsoon rainy season both high temperature and heavy rainfall provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of rice. Almost all parts of India are suitable for raising rice during the summer season provided that the water is available. Thus, rice is also raised even in those parts of western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana where low level areas are waterlogged during the summer monsoon rainy season.

text: Winter rice crop is a long duration crop and summer rice crop is a short duration crop. At some places in the eastern and southern parts of India, rice crop of short duration is followed by the rice crop of long duration. Winter rice crop is raised preferably in low-lying areas that remain flooded mainly during the rainy season. Autumn rice is raised in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Summer, autumn and winter rice crops are raised in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Orissa. Summer rice crop is raised on a small scale and on a small area. However, winter rice crop is actually the leading rice crop accounting for a major portion of the total Hectare under rice in all seasons in the country. Moreover, in the last few years, several steps in order to augment yield per hectare were taken up very seriously at all levels. Wheat is a rabbi crop in this country. India ranks fourth in the production of wheat in the world. Favorable Geographical Condition for Wheat Cultivation: In India, wheat is a winter crop. Wheat requires a moderate cool climate with moderate rain. In India, it is grown in winter. It needs temperature 10 degree C to 15 degree C for its cultivation. It thrives well in an average temperature of 16-degree C. Warm and sunny weather is essential at the time of ripening. Wheat requires a rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm during the growing season. Too much rain is injurious to the plant. On irrigated lands, a rainfall of 40 cm to 50 cm is sufficient. Light rainfall and cloudiness before the grain ripens increase the productivity. Alluvial level plains are ideal for wheat cultivation. Slightly rolling plains are also suitable. Plains should be well drained so that water cannot stand there. Wheat requires fertile alluvial soil. Clay loamy soils or even black cotton soils are suitable. Soil should retain moisture. A certain amount of lime in the soil is beneficial. Labor factors are not as important in the wheat cultivation as in the case of rice. However, labor is essential for the cultivation. The other requirements of wheat cultivation include (i) irrigation, (ii) high yielding varieties of seeds and (iii) the same way


document_title: Salah times

question_text: how many times a day is the muslim call to prayer

text: Salah times

text: Five daily prayers[edit]

text: The five daily prayers are obligatory (fard) and they are performed at times determined essentially by the position of the Sun in the sky. Hence, salah times vary at different locations on the Earth.

text: Fajr (dawn)[edit]

text: Fajr begins at subh saadiq -- true dawn or the beginning of twilight, when the morning light appears across the full width of the sky -- and ends at sunrise.

text: Zuhr (midday)[edit]

text: The Zuhr or Dhuhr prayer starts after the sun passes its zenith, and lasts almost 20 min (approx) before Asr [clarification needed]. It's better to say the salah in between 2 hours after the Azan has been announced from Mosque.[according to whom?][clarification needed]

text: Shia (Jafari madhab) differs regarding end of zuhr time. Per all major Jafari jusrists, end of dhuhr time is about 10 minutes before sunset, the time that belongs exclusively to asr prayer. Dhuhr and asr time overlaps, apart from first 5 minutes of dhuhr, which is exclusively delegated for it. Asr prayer cannot be offered before zuhr in the zuhr time.

text: Asr (afternoon)[edit]

text: The Asr prayer starts when the shadow of an object is the same length as the object itself (or, according to Hanafi fiqh[citation needed] , twice its length) plus the shadow length at zuhr, and lasts till sunset. Asr can be split into two sections; the preferred time is before the sun starts to turn orange, while the time of necessity is from when the sun turns orange until sunset.

text: Shia (Jafari madhab) differs regarding start of asr time. Per all major Jafari jusrists[citation needed], start of asr time is about 5 minutes after the time of sun passing through zenith, that time belongs exclusively to dhuhr prayer. Time for dhuhr and asr prayers overlap, but the zuhr prayer must be offered before asr, except the time about 10 minutes before sunset, which is delegated exclusively to asr. In the case that the mentioned time is reached, asr prayer should be offered first (ada - on time) and dhuhr (kada - make up, late) prayer should be offered after asr.

text: Maghrib (sunset)[edit]

text: The Maghrib prayer begins when the sun sets, and lasts till the red light has left the sky in the west.

text: Isha (night)[edit]

text: The Isha'a or isha prayer starts when the red light is gone from the western sky, and lasts until the rise of the "white light" (fajr sadiq) in the east. The preferred time for Isha is before midnight, meaning halfway between sunset and sunrise.

text: Time calculation[edit]

text: To calculate prayer times two astronomical measures are necessary, the declination of the sun and the difference between clock time and sundial clock. This difference being the result of the eccentricity of the earth's orbit and the inclination of its axis, it is called the Equation of time. The declination of the sun is the angle between sun's rays and the equator plan.[1]

text: In addition to the above measures, to calculate prayer times for a specific location we need its spherical coordinates.[2]

text:
In the following

T

Z

{\displaystyle T_{Z}}

 is the time zone, and

T

E

{\displaystyle T_{E}}

 the time equation value.

L
n
g

{\displaystyle Lng}

 and

L

{\displaystyle L}

 are the Longitude and the Latitude of the considered point, respectively.

D

{\displaystyle D}

 denotes the Declination of the Sun for a given date.

text:
An other important equation gives the time difference between when the sun hits its highest point in the sky (Dhuhr time) and any other angle

α

{\displaystyle \alpha }

, as follow:

T
(
α
)
=

1
15

arccos

(

−
sin

(
α
)
−
sin

(
L
)
∗
sin

(
D
)

cos

(
L
)
∗
cos

(
D
)

)

{\displaystyle T(\alpha )={1 \over 15}\arccos \left({-\sin(\alpha )-\sin(L)*\sin(D) \over \cos(L)*\cos(D)}\right)}

text:
Midday (Dhuhr) time is easily obtained. When the sun reaches the mid sky, time is given by:

T

D
h
u
h
r

=
12
+

T

Z

−
(
L
n
g

/

15
+

T

E

)

{\displaystyle T_{Dhuhr}=12+T_{Z}-(Lng/15+T_{E})}

Sunrise (Chorok) and Sunset (Maghreb) time are given by

T
(
0.833
)

{\displaystyle T(0.833)}

, in fact it is the astronomical sunset/sunrise that occurs for

α
=
0

{\displaystyle \alpha =0}

. 0.833 is a slight correction that gives the actual time. So

T

C
h
o
r
o
k

=

T

D
h
u
h
r

−
T
(
0.833
)

{\displaystyle T_{Chorok}=T_{Dhuhr}-T(0.833)}

 and

T

S
u
n
s
e
t

=

T

D
h
u
h
r

+
T
(
0.833
)

{\displaystyle T_{Sunset}=T_{Dhuhr}+T(0.833)}

.

text:
If we consider the elevation of the point we should add another correction to the constant

0.0347
×

h

{\displaystyle 0.0347\times {\sqrt {h}}}

.

text:
For Fajr and Isha many conventions about the angle

α

{\displaystyle \alpha }

 exist. It is of 17 and 18 degrees respectively for Fadjr and Isha prayers according to the Muslim World League.
For Asr time according to the majority of Muslim schools, including Shafi'i, Maliki, Ja'fari, and Hanbali, it is when the length of an object shadows became equal to its length plus the length of its shadow at noon. The Hanafi schools states that the time of Asr is when an object's shadow reaches two times the length of the object itself, plus the length of its shadow at noon. The time the shadow of an object reaches

T

{\displaystyle T}

 times its length is given by the equation:

A
(
T
)
=

1
15

arccos

(

sin

(
arccot

(
t
+
tan

(
L
−
D
)
)
)
−
sin

(
L
)
∗
sin

(
D
)

cos

(
L
)
∗
cos

(
D
)

)

{\displaystyle A(T)={1 \over 15}\arccos \left({\sin(\operatorname {arccot} (t+\tan(L-D)))-\sin(L)*\sin(D) \over \cos(L)*\cos(D)}\right)}

.
It is called for the Maghrib prayer when the sun is completely folded behind the horizon, plus 3 minutes by precaution.

text: Technological advances have allowed for products such as software-enhanced azan clocks that use a combination of GPS and microchips to calculate these formulas. This allows Muslims to live further away from mosques than previously possible, as they no longer need to rely solely on a muezzin in order to keep an accurate prayer schedule.[3]

text: Friday prayer[edit]

text: The Friday prayer replaces the dhuhr prayer performed on the other six days of the week. The precise time for this congregational prayer varies with the mosque, but in all cases it must be performed after dhuhr and before asr times. If one is unable to join the congregation, then they must pray the dhuhr prayer instead. This salah is compulsory to be done with ja'maat for men. Women have the option to perform Jumm'ah in the mosque or to pray zuhr.

text: Other salah[edit]

text: Eid prayers[edit]

text: Eid-ul-Adhaa and Eid-ul-Fitr

text: Taraweeh[edit]

text: Also known as Salat Qiyam Allayl,[4] this Salat is considered a Nafilah (not Fard) and is performed during the month of Ramadan. The prayer is performed after Isha (night) prayer, usually in congregation. Eight to twenty Rakaat are typically performed, however, a short rest is taken after every four Rakat.

text: Salatul Janazah[edit]

text: Salat-e-Janaza or Namaze Janaza ( Funeral prayer )

text: The Muslims of the community gather to offer their collective prayers for the forgiveness of the dead. This prayer has been generally termed as the Namaze Janaza.The prayer is offered in a particular way with extra (four)Takbirs but there is no Ruku ( bowing ) and Sijdah (prostrating) It becomes obligatory for every Muslim adult male to perform the funeral prayer upon the death of any Muslim, however when it is performed by the few it will not be obligation for all. Women also can attend the prayer.