document_title: Impeachment in the Philippines

question_text: what are the grounds of impeachment in the philippines

text: Impeachment in the Philippines

text: History[edit]

text: Third Republic[edit]

text: President Elpidio Quirino was rice to build public support in an election, illegally dismissing officials, using the military to intimidate the political opposition, and ordering the deportation of an American businessman who was in the custody of Congress in violation of the separation of governmental powers. A Congressional committee dismissed all the charges.

text: Fourth and Fifth Republic[edit]

text: President Ferdinand Marcos was accused by 56 lawmakers on 1985 of graft, economic plunder, unexplained wealth, granting monopolies to cronies, and other crimes. the following day the National Assembly committee dismissed the complaints after roughly five hours of discussions for continuing unsupported conclusions.

text: President Corazon Aquino was accused by lawmakers in 1988 of graft and violating the Constitution. The charges were rejected the following month due to lack of evidence.

text: President Joseph Estrada was accused of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust, and culpable violation of the Constitution during the impeachment of 2000, to determine the accusations, the House of Representatives choose 11 members to act as prosecutors with the Senate as the impeachment court and the senators as judges. On November 13, 2000, House Speaker Manny Villar sent the articles of impeachment to the Senate for trial.

text: The impeachment trial started on December 7, 2000 presided by Hilario Davide, Jr. but was aborted on January 16, 2001 after the House private prosecutors walked out from the impeachment proceedings, to protest against the perceived dictatorial tendency of the eleven senator-judges, who supported President Estrada. The walkout led to EDSA Revolution of 2001 and the downfall of President Estrada.

text: President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was accused in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 impeachment complaints for different imputations, specially attempting lying, cheating and stealing during 2004 presidential election against opposition candidate Fernando Poe, Jr.. However all impeachment cases were failed due to absence of one third vote from the members of Congress.

text: In 2017, impeachment complaints have been filed against both President Rodrigo Duterte and Vice President Leni Robredo.

text: Other government officials[edit]

text: Ombudsman Aniano Desierto was criticized by some for not aggressively investigating and prosecuting cases of corruption. The impeachment failed.

text: COMELEC commissioner Luzviminda Tangcanco was accused of graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust and culpable violation of the Constitution. She allegedly showed bias for the multi-billion-peso voters registration and information system (VRIS) project, deciding to undertake it despite the lack of funds.

text: Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. was accused of culpable violation of the Constitution, betrayal of the public trust and other high crimes.

text: COMELEC Chairman Benjamin Abalos was accused of ZTE national broadband network (NBN) deal and Hello Garci controversy but resigned eventually.

text: Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez was impeached on March 22, 2011 on charges of the office's underperformance and failure to act on several cases during then-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's administration. The first impeachment complaint against Gutierrez was filed in 2009, but was dismissed later in that year in a House dominated by Arroyo's Lakas Kampi CMD party.

text: In December 2011, 188 of the 285 members of the House of Representatives voted to transmit the 56-page Articles of Impeachment against Supreme Court Chief Justice Renato Corona.

text: COMELEC Chairman Andres D. Bautista had filed a resignation on October 11, 2017 but with effectivity date on December 31, 2017. But due to not stating immediate effectivity of the resignation, on the same day, the House of Representatives still voted to impeach the poll chief with 137 votes (more than 1/3 votes) from the House, overturning a justice committee resolution that earlier dismissed the complaint against him. Trial in the Senate is about to proceed.

text: As of October 11, 2017, only four officials had been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives, but only Supreme Court Chief Justice Renato Corona had been convicted, with one trial pending on Chairman of the Commission on Elections (Philippines) Andres D. Bautista

text: Public officials impeached[edit]

text:
#
Date of Impeachment
Accused
Office
Result

1

November 13, 2000

Joseph Estrada

President of the Philippines

Trial aborted on January 17, 2001; declared as resigned on January 20, 2001

2

March 22, 2011

Merceditas Gutierrez

Ombudsman of the Philippines

Resigned on April 29, 2011

3

December 12, 2011

Renato Corona

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines

Removed and disqualified on May 29, 2012

4

October 11, 2017

Andres D. Bautista

Chairman of the Commission on Elections (Philippines)

Passed resignation (effective December 31, 2017) on October 11, 2017
and impeached on the same day. Trial pending.

text: Impeachable officials[edit]

text:
President of the Philippines
Vice President of the Philippines
Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Members of the Constitutional Commissions:

Commission on Elections
Civil Service Commission
Commission on Audit

Ombudsman

tag: ol

text: Other officials can be removed from offices but not by impeachment: those under the executive department may be dismissed by the president; members of Congress can be expelled by two-thirds vote of the chamber the member is a part of; local elected officials can be removed from office through recall.

text: In the 1935 and 1973 constitutions, the President, the Vice President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, and the Auditor General were the impeachable officials.

text: Impeachable offenses[edit]

text: The Constitution limits the offenses to the following: culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public trust.

text: In the 1935 and 1973 constitution, betrayal of public trust was not an impeachable offense.

text: Culpable violation of the constitution[edit]

text: For purposes of impeachment, "culpable violation of the Constitution" is defined as "the deliberate and wrongful breach of the Constitution." Further, "Violation of the Constitution made unintentionally, in good faith, and mere mistakes in the proper construction of the Constitution, do not constitute an impeachable offense."

text: Treason[edit]

text: According to the Revised Penal Code, treason is defined as "Any Filipino citizen who levies war against the Philippines or adheres to her enemies, giving them aid or comfort within the Philippines or elsewhere."

text: Bribery[edit]

text: The Revised Penal Code defines bribery in two forms:

text:
Direct bribery is "committed by any public officer who shall agree to perform an act constituting a crime, in connection with the performance of this official duties, in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present received by such officer, personally or through the mediation of another."
Indirect bribery is "committed by a public officer when he accept gifts offered to him by reason of his office."

text: Graft and corruption[edit]

text: Any violation of the Republic Act No. 3019, or the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act is an impeachable offense.

text: Other high crimes or betrayal of public trust[edit]

text: In Francisco Jr. vs. Nagmamalasakit na mga Manananggol ng mga Manggagawang Pilipino, Inc., the Supreme Court purposely refused to define the meaning of "other high crimes or betrayal of public trust," saying that it is "a non-justiciable political question which is beyond the scope of its judicial power." However, the Court refuses to name which agency can define it; the Court impliedly gives the power to the House of Representatives, which initiates all cases of impeachment.

text: Impeaching officials[edit]

text:
Any citizen with an endorsement of a member of the House of Representative may file charges.
The House Committee on Justice will decide by majority vote if the complaint has substance.
The House Committee on Justice will decide by majority vote if the complaint is sufficient in form.
The House Committee on Justice will decide by majority vote if the complaint is sufficient in grounds.
The House Committee on Justice will decide by majority vote if there is probable cause in the complaint.
The House of Representatives will vote to impeach the official. A one-third vote is needed.

If the vote passes, the complaint will become the "Articles of Impeachment" and the House will appoint prosecutors who may or may not be members of the House.
If the vote fails in any part of the procedure, the official accused can't be filed for impeachment for one calendar year.

The Senate will then try to convict the impeached official. Conviction requires a two-thirds vote.
If convicted, there are two punishments the Senate can mete out:

Censure or a reprimand, or
Removal from office and prohibition to hold any governmental office

text: In the 1935 constitution, a two-thirds vote was needed to impeach an official by the House of Representatives, while a three-fourths vote in the Senate was required to convict.

text: Limits[edit]

text: The 1987 (current) constitution limits the number of impeachment complaints that can be filed against an official to one per year. There has been controversy over what counts as an impeachment complaint. While some argued that for a complaint to count against the limit it must be voted on, and others have proposed other interpretations, the House has decided that any complaint filed fulfills the quota regardless of how well-formed it is or who filed it. Therefore, supporters of a vulnerable official can file a weak, flawed, or unconstitutional complaint, thereby using up the quota and protecting that official from impeachment for that year.

text: There has also been debate about whether a year should be a calendar year, say 2006, or a full 12-month period. An example of how this limit works in practice are the attempts to impeach President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. While the Philippine impeachment procedures parallel the United States' impeachment procedures, the two procedures differ in two significant ways: the percentage needed to impeach and the numerical limit on impeachment procedures.

text: Notes[edit]

text: If the President of the Philippines is on trial, such as in 2001, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines shall preside but not vote.


document_title: American System (economic plan)

question_text: what was the main purpose of the american system

root

text: American System (economic plan)

text: History[edit]

text: A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System, was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams. The System ran counter to federalism and included:

tag: p

text:
Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government
Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue
Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks
Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales

tag: ul

text: Clay protested that the West, which opposed the tariff, should support it since urban factory workers would be consumers of western foods. In Clay’s view, the South (which also opposed high tariffs) should support them because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills. This last argument was the weak link. The South never strongly supported the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports.

text: Portions of the American System were enacted by the United States Congress. The Second Bank of the United States was rechartered in 1816 for 20 years. High tariffs were first suggested by Alexander Hamilton in his 1791 Report on Manufactures but were not approved by Congress until the Tariff of 1816. Tariffs were subsequently raised until they peaked in 1828 after the so-called Tariff of Abominations. After the Nullification Crisis in 1833, tariffs remained the same rate until the Civil War. However, the national system of internal improvements was never adequately funded; the failure to do so was due in part to sectional jealousies and constitutional squabbles about such expenditures.

text: The American System did not enjoy overall success, however; in 1830, President Jackson rejected a bill which would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky. Jackson's Maysville Road veto was due to both his personal conflict with Clay and his ideological objections.

text: Main points[edit]

text: The establishment of a protective tariff, a 20%–25% tax on imported goods, would protect a nation’s business from foreign competition. Congress passed a tariff in 1816 which made European goods more expensive and encouraged consumers to buy relatively cheap American-made goods.

text: The establishment of a national bank would promote a single currency, making trade easier, and issue what was called sovereign credit, i.e., credit issued by the national government, rather than borrowed from the private banking system. In 1816, Congress created the Second Bank of the United States.

text: The improvement of the country’s infrastructure, especially transportation systems, made trade easier and faster for everyone. Poor roads made transportation slow and costly.

text: This program became the leading tenet of the Whig Party of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. It was opposed by the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan prior to the Civil War, often on the grounds that the points of it were unconstitutional.

text: Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System was the Cumberland Road.

text: Henry Clay's "American System," devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812, remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government-sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry. This "System" consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands. Clay argued that a vigorously maintained system of sectional economic interdependence would eliminate the chance of renewed subservience to the free-trade, laissez-faire "British System."

text: Annual Message of 1815 (Seven Points)[edit]

text:
Funds for national defense
Frigates for the Navy
A standing army and federal control of the militia
Federal aid for building roads and canals
A protective tariff to encourage manufacturers
Re-establishing the National Bank
Federal assumption of some state debt


document_title: Honolulu

question_text: when did honolulu become the capital of hawaii

question_tokens: when did honolulu become the capital of hawaii

text: Honolulu

text: History[edit]

text: Evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century.[18] However, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu. The capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812.

text: In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor.[19] More foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia.

text: In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu. He and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital,[20] erecting buildings such as St. Andrew's Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, with descendants of American missionaries establishing major businesses in downtown Honolulu.[21]

text: Despite the turbulent history of the late 19th century and early 20th century, such as the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893, Hawaiʻi's subsequent annexation by the United States in 1898, followed by a large fire in 1900, and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Honolulu remained the capital, largest city, and main airport and seaport of the Hawaiian Islands.[22]

text: An economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007[update], 7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, with 62.3% entering at Honolulu International Airport.[23] Today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. The UK consulting firm Mercer, in a 2009 assessment "conducted to help governments and major companies place employees on international assignments", ranked Honolulu 29th worldwide in quality of living; the survey factored in political stability, personal freedom, sanitation, crime, housing, the natural environment, recreation, banking facilities, availability of consumer goods, education, and public services including transportation.[24]

text: Geography[edit]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the Urban Honolulu Census-designated place (CDP) has a total area of 68.4 square miles (177.2 km2). 60.5 square miles (156.7 km2) of it (88.44%) is land, and 7.9 square miles (20.5 km2) of it (11.56%) is water.[25]

text: Honolulu is the most remote major city in the world.[8] The closest location on the mainland to Honolulu is the Point Arena Lighthouse in California, at 2,045 nautical miles (3,787 km).[26] (Nautical vessels require some additional distance to circumnavigate Makapuʻu Point.) However, islands off the Mexican coast, and part of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska are slightly closer to Honolulu than the mainland.

text: Neighborhoods, boroughs, and districts[edit]

text:
Downtown Honolulu is the financial, commercial, and governmental center of Hawaii. On the waterfront is Aloha Tower, which for many years was the tallest building in Hawai'i. Currently the tallest building is the 438-foot (134 m) tall First Hawaiian Center, located on King and Bishop Streets. The downtown campus of Hawaii Pacific University is also located there.
The Arts District Honolulu in downtown/Chinatown is on the eastern edge of Chinatown. It is a 12-block area bounded by Bethel & Smith Streets and Nimitz Highway and Beretania Street – home to numerous arts and cultural institutions. It is located within the Chinatown Historic District, which includes the former Hotel Street Vice District.[27]
The Capitol District is the eastern part of Downtown Honolulu. It is the current and historic center of Hawaii's state government, incorporating the Hawaii State Capitol, ʻIolani Palace, Honolulu Hale (City Hall), State Library, and the statue of King Kamehameha I, along with numerous government buildings.
Kakaʻako is a light-industrial district between Downtown and Waikīkī that has seen a large-scale redevelopment effort in the past decade. It is home to two major shopping areas, Ward Warehouse and Ward Centre. The Howard Hughes Corporation plans to transform Ward Centers into Ward Village over the next decade. The John A. Burns School of Medicine, part of the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa, is also located there. A Memorial to the Ehime Maru Incident victims is built at the Kaka'ako Waterfront Park.
Ala Moana is a district between Kakaʻako and Waikīkī and the home of Ala Moana Center, the "World's largest open air shopping center" and the largest shopping mall in Hawaii.[28] Ala Moana Center boasts over 300 tenants and is a very popular location among tourists. Also in Ala Moana is the Honolulu Design Center and Ala Moana Beach Park, the second largest park in Honolulu.
Waikīkī is the tourist district of Honolulu, located between the Ala Wai Canal and the Pacific Ocean next to Diamond Head. Numerous hotels, shops, and nightlife opportunities are located along Kalakaua and Kuhio Avenues. It is a popular location for visitors and locals alike and attracts millions of visitors every year. A majority of the hotel rooms on Oahu are located in Waikīkī.
Manoa and Makiki are residential neighborhoods located in adjacent valleys just inland of downtown and Waikīkī. Manoa Valley is home to the main campus of the University of Hawaiʻi.
Nuʻuanu and Pauoa are upper-middle-class residential districts located inland of downtown Honolulu. The National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific is located in Punchbowl Crater fronting Pauoa Valley.
Palolo and Kaimuki are neighborhoods east of Manoa and Makiki, inland from Diamond Head. Palolo Valley parallels Manoa and is a residential neighborhood. Kaimuki is primarily a residential neighborhood with a commercial strip centered on Waialae Avenue running behind Diamond Head. Chaminade University is located in Kaimuki.
Waialae and Kahala are upper-class districts of Honolulu located directly east of Diamond Head, where there are many high-priced homes. Also found in these neighborhoods are the Waialae Country Club and the five-star Kahala Hotel & Resort.
East Honolulu includes the residential communities of ʻĀina Haina, Niu Valley, and Hawaiʻi Kai. These are considered upper-middle-class neighborhoods. The upscale gated communities of Waiʻalae ʻiki and Hawaiʻi Loa Ridge are also located here.
Kalihi and Palama are working-class neighborhoods with a number of government housing developments. Lower Kalihi, toward the ocean, is a light-industrial district.
Salt Lake and Aliamanu are (mostly) residential areas built in extinct tuff cones along the western end of the Honolulu District, not far from the Honolulu International Airport.
Moanalua is two neighborhoods and a valley at the western end of Honolulu, and home to Tripler Army Medical Center.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Honolulu experiences a tropical hot semi-arid climate (Köppen classification BSh), with a mostly dry summer season, due to a rain shadow effect.[29] Temperatures vary little throughout the months, with average high temperatures of 80–90 °F (27–32 °C) and average lows of 65–75 °F (18–24 °C) throughout the year. Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on an average 38 days annually,[30] with lows in the upper 50s °F (14–15 °C) occurring once or twice a year. The highest recorded temperature was 95 °F (35 °C) during a heat wave in September 1998. The highest recorded temperature in the state was also recorded later that day in Ni'ihau. The lowest recorded temperature was 52 °F (11 °C) on February 16, 1902, and January 20, 1969. With high temperatures and humidity there is a vast tropical influence on the climate, although rainfall falls short of that classification.

text: Annual average rainfall is 17.05 in (433 mm), which mainly occurs during the winter months of October through early April, with very little rainfall during the summer; similar to California's mediterranean climates. However, both seasons experience a similar number of rainy days. Light showers occur in summer while heavier rain falls during winter. Honolulu has an average of 278 sunny days and 90 rainy days per year.

text: Although the city is situated in the tropics, hurricanes are quite rare. The last recorded hurricane that hit the area was Category 4 Hurricane Iniki in 1992. Tornadoes are also uncommon and usually strike once every 15 years. Waterspouts off the coast are also uncommon, hitting about once every five years.[31]

text: Honolulu falls under the USDA 12a Plant Hardiness zone.[32]

text: The average temperature of the sea ranges from 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) in March to 26.9 °C (80.4 °F) in September.[33]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Honolulu International Airport (1981−2010 normals,[b] extremes 1877−present[c])

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
88
(31)
88
(31)
89
(32)
91
(33)
93
(34)
92
(33)
94
(34)
93
(34)
95
(35)
94
(34)
93
(34)
89
(32)
95
(35)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
84.3
(29.1)
84.4
(29.1)
85.4
(29.7)
86.6
(30.3)
88.7
(31.5)
89.5
(31.9)
90.7
(32.6)
91.3
(32.9)
91.7
(33.2)
90.5
(32.5)
87.6
(30.9)
85.2
(29.6)
92.1
(33.4)

Average high °F (°C)
80.1
(26.7)
80.2
(26.8)
81.2
(27.3)
82.7
(28.2)
84.6
(29.2)
87.0
(30.6)
87.9
(31.1)
88.7
(31.5)
88.6
(31.4)
86.7
(30.4)
83.9
(28.8)
81.2
(27.3)
84.4
(29.1)

Daily mean °F (°C)
73.2
(22.9)
73.1
(22.8)
74.5
(23.6)
76.1
(24.5)
77.8
(25.4)
80.2
(26.8)
81.2
(27.3)
81.9
(27.7)
81.5
(27.5)
80.0
(26.7)
77.6
(25.3)
74.8
(23.8)
77.66
(25.36)

Average low °F (°C)
66.3
(19.1)
66.1
(18.9)
67.7
(19.8)
69.4
(20.8)
70.9
(21.6)
73.4
(23)
74.5
(23.6)
75.1
(23.9)
74.4
(23.6)
73.4
(23)
71.4
(21.9)
68.3
(20.2)
70.9
(21.6)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
59.3
(15.2)
58.6
(14.8)
61.2
(16.2)
64.2
(17.9)
65.3
(18.5)
69.6
(20.9)
70.8
(21.6)
70.8
(21.6)
70.1
(21.2)
68.1
(20.1)
65.4
(18.6)
61.1
(16.2)
57.0
(13.9)

Record low °F (°C)
52
(11)
52
(11)
53
(12)
56
(13)
60
(16)
63
(17)
63
(17)
63
(17)
65
(18)
61
(16)
57
(14)
54
(12)
52
(11)

Average rainfall inches (mm)
2.31
(58.7)
1.99
(50.5)
2.02
(51.3)
0.63
(16)
0.62
(15.7)
0.26
(6.6)
0.51
(13)
0.56
(14.2)
0.70
(17.8)
1.84
(46.7)
2.42
(61.5)
3.24
(82.3)
17.10
(434.3)

Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 inch)
8.5
7.4
8.8
7.5
5.8
5.7
7.1
5.6
6.9
7.6
8.8
9.7
89.4

Average relative humidity (%)
73.3
70.8
68.8
67.3
66.1
64.4
64.6
64.1
65.5
67.5
70.4
72.4
67.93

Mean monthly sunshine hours
213.5
212.7
259.2
251.8
280.6
286.1
306.2
303.1
278.8
244.0
200.4
199.5
3,035.9

Percent possible sunshine
63
66
69
66
69
71
74
76
76
68
60
59
68.1

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[34][35][36]

tag: table

text:
Climate data for Honolulu

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Average sea temperature °F (°C)
76.5
(24.7)
75.9
(24.4)
75.7
(24.3)
76.9
(25.0)
77.9
(25.5)
78.7
(25.9)
78.9
(26.0)
79.5
(26.4)
80.4
(26.9)
79.8
(26.5)
78.5
(25.9)
77.0
(25.0)
78.0
(25.5)

Mean daily daylight hours
11.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
12.0
12.0
11.0
11.0
12.1

Average Ultraviolet index
7
9
11
11
11
11+
11+
11+
11
9
7
6
9.6

Source #1: seatemperature.org [37]

Source #2: Weather Atlas [38]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1890
22,907

—

1900
39,306

71.6%

1910
52,183

32.8%

1920
83,327

59.7%

1930
137,582

65.1%

1940
179,326

30.3%

1950
248,034

38.3%

1960
294,194

18.6%

1970
324,871

10.4%

1980
365,048

12.4%

1990
365,272

0.1%

2000
371,657

1.7%

2010
390,738

5.1%

Population 1890–2010.[10][39]

text: The population of Honolulu was 390,738 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Of those, 192,781 (49.3%) were male and 197,957 (50.7%) were female. The median age for males was 40.0 and 43.0 for females; the overall median age was 41.3. Approximately 84.7% of the total population was 16 years and over; 82.6% were 18 years and over, 78.8% were 21 years and over, 21.4% were 62 years and over, and 17.8% were 65 years and over.[10]

text: In terms of race and ethnicity, 54.8% were Asian, 17.9% were White, 1.5% were Black or African American, 0.2% were American Indian or Alaska Native, 8.4% were Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.8% were from "some other race", and 16.3% were from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 5.4% of the population.[10] In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Honolulu's population as 33.9% white and 53.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.[40]

text: Asian Americans represent the majority of Honolulu's population. The Asian ethnic groups are Japanese (19.9%), Filipinos (13.2%), Chinese (10.4%), Koreans (4.3%), Vietnamese (2.0%), Asian Indians (0.3%), Laotians (0.3%), Thais (0.2%), Cambodians (0.1%), and Indonesians (0.1%). People solely of Native Hawaiian ancestry made up 3.2% of the population. Samoan Americans made up 1.5% of the population, Marshallese people make up 0.5% of the city's population, and Tongan people comprise 0.3% of its population. People of Guamanian or Chamorro descent made up 0.2% of the population and numbered 841 residents.[10]

text: Honolulu's urban area was the fourth densest[8] in the United States according to the 2010 U.S. Census.

text: Economy[edit]

text: The largest city and airport in the Hawaiian Islands, Honolulu acts as a natural gateway to the islands' large tourism industry, which brings millions of visitors and contributes $10 billion annually to the local economy. Honolulu's location in the Pacific also makes it a large business and trading hub, particularly between the East and the West. Other important aspects of the city's economy include military defense, research and development, and manufacturing.[41]

text: Among the companies based in Honolulu are:

text:
Alexander & Baldwin
Bank of Hawaii
Central Pacific Bank
First Hawaiian Bank
Hawaii Medical Service Association
Hawaii Pacific Health
Hawaiian Electric Industries
Matson Navigation Company
The Queen's Health Systems

text: Hawaiian Airlines,[42] Island Air,[43] and Aloha Air Cargo are headquartered in the city.[44][45] Prior to its dissolution, Aloha Airlines was headquartered in the city.[46] At one time Mid-Pacific Airlines had its headquarters on the property of Honolulu International Airport.[47]

text: In 2009, Honolulu had a 4.5% increase in the average price of rent, maintaining it in the second most expensive rental market ranking among 210 U.S. metropolitan areas.[48]

text: Since no national bank chains have any branches in Hawai'i, many visitors and new residents use different banks. First Hawaiian Bank is the largest and oldest bank in Hawai'i and their headquarters are at the First Hawaiian Center, the tallest building in the State of Hawaii.

text: Cultural institutions[edit]

text: Natural museums[edit]

text: The Bishop Museum is the largest of Honolulu's museums. It is endowed with the state's largest collection of natural history specimens and the world's largest collection of Hawaiiana and Pacific culture artifacts.[49] The Honolulu Zoo is the main zoological institution in Hawai'i while the Waikiki Aquarium is a working marine biology laboratory. The Waikiki Aquarium is partnered with the University of Hawai'i and other universities worldwide. Established for appreciation and botany, Honolulu is home to several gardens: Foster Botanical Garden, Liliʻuokalani Botanical Garden, Walker Estate, among others.

text: Performing arts[edit]

text: Established in 1900, the Honolulu Symphony is the second oldest US symphony orchestra west of the Rocky Mountains. Other classical music ensembles include the Hawai'i Opera Theatre. Honolulu is also a center for Hawaiian music. The main music venues include the Hawaii Theatre, the Neal Blaisdell Center Concert Hall and Arena, and the Waikiki Shell.

text: Honolulu also includes several venues for live theater, including the Diamond Head Theatre.

text: Visual arts[edit]

text: Various institutions for the visual arts are located in Honolulu.

text: The Honolulu Museum of Art is endowed with the largest collection of Asian and Western art in Hawai'i. It also has the largest collection of Islamic art, housed at the Shangri La estate. Since the merger of the Honolulu Academy of Arts and The Contemporary Museum, Honolulu (now called the Honolulu Museum of Art Spalding House) in 2011, the museum is also the only contemporary art museum in the state. The contemporary collections are housed at main campus (Spalding House) in Makiki and a multi-level gallery in downtown Honolulu at the First Hawaiian Center. The museum hosts a film and video program dedicated to arthouse and world cinema in the museum's Doris Duke Theatre, named for the museum's historic patroness Doris Duke.[citation needed]

text: The Hawai'i State Art Museum (also downtown) boasts pieces by local artists as well as traditional Hawaiian art. The museum is administered by the Hawai'i State Foundation on Culture and the Arts.

text: Honolulu also annually holds the Hawai'i International Film Festival (HIFF). It showcases some of the best films from producers all across the Pacific Rim and is the largest "East meets West" style film festival of its sort in the United States.

text: Tourist attractions[edit]

text:
Ala Moana Center
Aloha Tower
Bishop Museum
Diamond Head
Hanauma Bay
Honolulu Museum of Art
Honolulu Zoo
ʻIolani Palace
Lyon Arboretum
National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific
USS Arizona Memorial
Waikiki Aquarium
Waikiki Beach
Waikiki Trolley
International Market Place
Kapiolani Park

text: Sports[edit]

text: Honolulu's tropical climate lends itself to year-round activities. In 2004, Men's Fitness magazine named Honolulu the fittest city in the United States.[50] Honolulu has three large road races:

text:
The Great Aloha Run is held annually on Presidents' Day.
The Honolulu Marathon, held annually on the second Sunday in December, draws more than 20,000 participants each year, about half to two thirds of them from Japan.
The Honolulu Triathlon is an Olympic distance triathlon event governed by USA Triathlon. Held annually in May since 2004, there is an absence of a sprint course.

text: Ironman Hawaii was first held in Honolulu. It was the first ever Ironman triathlon event and is also the world championship.

text: Fans of spectator sports in Honolulu generally support the football, volleyball, basketball, rugby union, rugby league and baseball programs of the University of Hawai'i at Manoa.[51] High school sporting events, especially football, are especially popular.

text: Honolulu has no professional sports teams. It was the home of the Hawai'i Islanders (Pacific Coast League, 1961–87), The Hawaiians (World Football League, 1974–75), Team Hawaii (North American Soccer League, 1977), and the Hawaiian Islanders (af2, 2002–04).

text: The NCAA football Hawaii Bowl is played in Honolulu. Honolulu has also hosted the NFL's annual Pro Bowl each February from 1980 to 2009. After the 2010 and 2015 games were played in Miami Gardens and Glendale, respectively, the Pro Bowl was once again in Honolulu from 2011 to 2014 with 2016 the most recent.[52][53] From 1993 to 2008, Honolulu hosted Hawaii Winter Baseball, featuring minor league players from Major League Baseball, Nippon Professional Baseball, Korea Baseball Organization, and independent leagues.

text: Venues[edit]

text: Venues for spectator sports in Honolulu include:

text:
Les Murakami Stadium at UH-Manoa (baseball)
Neal S. Blaisdell Center Arena (basketball)
Stan Sheriff Center at UH-Manoa (basketball and volleyball)

text: Aloha Stadium, a venue for American football and soccer, is located in Halawa near Pearl Harbor, just outside Honolulu.[54]

text: Government[edit]

text: Kirk Caldwell was elected mayor of Honolulu County on November 6, 2012, and began serving as the county's 14th mayor on January 2, 2013. The municipal offices of the City and County of Honolulu, including Honolulu Hale, the seat of the city and county, are located in the Capitol District, as are the Hawai'i state government buildings.[55]

text: The Capitol District is within the Honolulu census county division (CCD), the urban area commonly regarded as the "City" of Honolulu. The Honolulu CCD is located on the southeast coast of O'ahu between Makapuu and Halawa. The division boundary follows the Ko'olau crestline, so Makapuʻu Beach is in the Ko'olaupoko District. On the west, the division boundary follows Halawa Stream, then crosses Red Hill and runs just west of Aliamanu Crater, so that Aloha Stadium, Pearl Harbor (with the USS Arizona Memorial), and Hickam Air Force Base are actually all located in the island's Ewa CCD.[56]

text: The Hawai'i Department of Public Safety operates the O'ahu Community Correctional Center, the jail for the island of O'ahu, in Honolulu CCD.[57]

text: The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Honolulu. The main Honolulu Post Office is located by the international airport at 3600 Aolele Street.[58] Federal Detention Center, Honolulu, operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, is in the CDP.[59]

text: Foreign missions on the island[edit]

text: Several countries have consular facilities in Honolulu, due to its strategically important position in the mid-Pacific. They include consulates of Japan,[60] South Korea,[61] Philippines,[62] Federated States of Micronesia,[63] Australia,[64] and the Marshall Islands.[65]

text: Education[edit]

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text: Colleges and universities in Honolulu include Honolulu Community College, Kapiolani Community College, the University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Chaminade University, and Hawai'i Pacific University.[45] UH Manoa houses the main offices of the University of Hawai'i System.[66]

text: Public primary and secondary schools[edit]

text: Hawaii Department of Education operates public schools in Honolulu. Public high schools within the CDP area include Wallace Rider Farrington, Kaiser, Kaimuki, Kalani, Moanalua, William McKinley, and Theodore Roosevelt.[45]

text: Private primary and secondary schools[edit]

text: Private schools include Academy of the Pacific, Damien Memorial School, Hawai'i Baptist Academy, Iolani School, Lutheran High School of Hawai'i, Kamehameha Schools, Maryknoll School, Mid-Pacific Institute, La Pietra, Punahou School, Sacred Hearts Academy, St. Andrew's Priory School, Saint Francis School, Saint Louis School, the Education Laboratory School, Saint Patrick School, Trinity Christian School, and Varsity International School.

text: Public libraries[edit]

text: Hawaii State Public Library System operates public libraries. The Hawai'i State Library in the CDP serves as the main library of the system,[67] while the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, also in the CDP area, serves handicapped and blind people.[68]

text: Branches in the CDP area include Aiea, Aina Haina, Ewa Beach, Hawai'i Kai, Kahuku, Kailua, Kaimuki, Kalihi-Palama, Kaneohe, Kapolei, Liliha, Manoa, McCully-Moiliili, Mililani, Moanalua, Wahiawa, Waialua, Waianae, Waikiki-Kapahulu, Waimanalo, and Waipahu.[69]

text: Weekend educational programs[edit]

text: The Hawai'i Japanese School – Rainbow Gakuen (ハワイレインボー学園 Hawai Rainbō Gakuen), a supplementary weekend Japanese school, holds its classes in Kaimuki Middle School in Honolulu and has its offices in another building in Honolulu.[70] The school serves overseas Japanese nationals.[71] In addition Honolulu has other weekend programs for the Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish languages.[72]

text: Media[edit]

text: Honolulu is served by one daily newspaper (the Honolulu Star-Advertiser), Honolulu Magazine, several radio stations and television stations, among other media. Local news agency and CNN-affiliate Hawai'i News Now broadcasts and is headquartered out of Honolulu.

text: Honolulu and the island of O'ahu has also been the location for many film and television projects, including Hawaii Five-0 and Lost.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Air[edit]

text: Located at the western end of the CDP, Daniel K. Inouye International Airport (HNL) is the principal aviation gateway to the state of Hawai'i. Kalaeloa Airport is primarily a commuter facility used by unscheduled air taxis, general aviation and transient and locally based military aircraft.

text: Highways[edit]

text: Honolulu has been ranked as having the nation's worst traffic congestion, beating former record holder Los Angeles. Drivers waste on average over 58 hours per year on congested roadways.[73] The following freeways, part of the Interstate Highway System serve Honolulu:

text:
Interstate H-1, which, coming into the city from the west, passes Hickam Air Force Base and Honolulu International Airport, runs just north of Downtown and continues eastward through Makiki and Kaimuki, ending at Waialae/Kahala. H-1 connects to Interstate H-2 from Wahiawa and Interstate H-3 from Kaneohe, west of the CDP.
 Interstate H-201—also known as the Moanalua Freeway and sometimes numbered as its former number, Hawaii State Rte. 78—connects two points along H-1: at Aloha Stadium and Fort Shafter. Close to H-1 and Aloha Stadium, H-201 has an exchange with the western terminus of Interstate H-3 to the windward side of Oahu (Kaneohe). This complex of connecting ramps, some directly between H-1 and H-3, is in Halawa.

text: Other major highways that link Honolulu CCD with other parts of the Island of Oahu are:

text:
Pali Highway, State Rte. 61, crosses north over the Koolau range via the Pali Tunnels to connect to Kailua and Kaneohe on the windward side of the Island.
Likelike Highway, State Rte. 63, also crosses the Koolau to Kaneohe via the Wilson Tunnels.
Kalanianaole Highway, State Rte. 72, runs eastward from Waialae/Kahala to Hawaii Kai and around the east end of the island to Waimanalo Beach.
Kamehameha Highway, State Rts. 80, 83, 99 and 830, runs westward from near Hickam Air Force Base to Aiea and beyond, eventually running through the center of the island and ending in Kaneohe.

text: Like most major American cities, the Honolulu metropolitan area experiences heavy traffic congestion during rush hours, especially to and from the western suburbs of Kapolei, 'Ewa Beach, Aiea, Pearl City, Waipahu, and Mililani.

text: There is a Hawai'i Electric Vehicle Demonstration Project (HEVDP).[74]

text: Public transport[edit]

text: Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation[edit]

text: In November 2010, voters approved a charter amendment to create a public transit authority to oversee the planning, construction, operation and future extensions to Honolulu's future rail system. The Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation (HART) currently includes a 10-member board of directors; three members appointed by the mayor, three members selected by the Honolulu City Council, and the city and state transportation directors.[75] The opening of the Honolulu Rail Transit is delayed until approximately 2018, as HART canceled the initial bids for the first nine stations and intends to rebid the work as three packages of three stations each, and allow more time for construction in the hope that increased competition on smaller contracts will drive down costs;[76] initial bids ranged from $294.5 million to $320.8 million, far surpassing HART's budget of $184 million.[77]

text: Bus[edit]

text: Established by former Mayor Frank F. Fasi as the replacement for the Honolulu Rapid Transit Company (HRT), Honolulu's TheBus system was honored in 1994–1995 and 2000–2001 by the American Public Transportation Association as "America's Best Transit System". TheBus operates 107 routes serving Honolulu and most major cities and towns on O'ahu. TheBus comprises a fleet of 531 buses, and is run by the non-profit corporation O'ahu Transit Services in conjunction with the city Department of Transportation Services. Honolulu is ranked 4th for highest per-capita use of mass transit in the United States.[78]

text: Rail[edit]

text: Currently, there is no urban rail transit system in Honolulu, although electric street railways were operated in Honolulu by the now-defunct Honolulu Rapid Transit Company prior to World War II. Predecessors to the Honolulu Rapid Transit Company were the Honolulu Rapid Transit and Land Company (began 1903) and Hawaiian Tramways (began 1888).[79]

text: The City and County of Honolulu is currently constructing a 20-mile (32 km) rail transit line that will connect Honolulu with cities and suburban areas near Pearl Harbor and in the Leeward and West Oahu regions. The Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project is aimed at alleviating traffic congestion for West O'ahu commuters while being integral in the westward expansion of the metropolitan area. The project, however, has been criticized by opponents of rail for its cost, delays, and potential environmental impacts, but the line is expected to have large ridership.

text: Bicycle sharing[edit]

text: Since June 28, 2017, PBSC operates Biki which is bicycle sharing program on O'ahu. Most Biki stations are located between Chinatown/Downtown and Diamondhead, however, some Biki stations are in Kailua.[80][81][82][83] The GoBiki.org website has a Biki stations map.

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Sister cities[edit]

text: Honolulu currently has 29 sister cities:[84]

text: National

text: San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1985

text: International

text:
Baguio, Philippines, 1995
 Baku, Azerbaijan, 1998
 Bombay (today: Mumbai), India, 1970
 Bruyères, France, 1960
 Candon, Philippines, 2015 [85]
 Caracas, Venezuela, 1990
 Cebu City, Philippines, 1990
 Chigasaki, Japan, 2014
 Funchal, Portugal, 1979
 Hainan, People's Republic of China, 1985
 Hiroshima, Japan, 1959
 Huế, Vietnam, 1995
 Incheon, South Korea, 2003
 Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Republic of China), 1962
 Kyzyl, Russia
 Laoag, Philippines, 1969
 Majuro, Marshall Islands, 2009
 Manila, Philippines, 1980
 Mombasa, Kenya, 2000
 Naha, Japan, 1960
 Rabat, Morocco, 2007
 Seoul, South Korea, 1973[86][87]
 Sintra, Portugal, 1998
 Tokyo, Japan, 1960
 Qinhuangdao, People's Republic of China, 2010
 Uwajima, Japan, 2004
 Vigan, Philippines, 2003
 Zhongshan, People's Republic of China, 1997


document_title: Lawsuit

question_text: who files the lawsuit in a criminal case

text: Lawsuit

text: Rules of procedure and complications[edit]

text: Rules of criminal or civil procedure govern the conduct of a lawsuit in the common law adversarial system of dispute resolution. Procedural rules are constrained and informed by separate statutory laws, case laws, and constitutional provisions that define the rights of the parties to a lawsuit (see especially due process), though the rules generally reflect this legal context on their face. The details of the procedure differ greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and often from court to court even within the same jurisdiction. These rules of the particular procedures are very important for litigants to know, because the litigants are the ones who dictate the timing and progression of the lawsuit. Litigants are responsible to obtain the suited result and the timing of reaching this result. Failure to comply with the procedural rules may result in serious limitations that can affect the ability of one to present claims or defenses at any subsequent trial, or even promote the dismissal of the lawsuit altogether.

text: Though the majority of lawsuits are settled before ever reaching a state of trial,[4] they can still be very complicated to litigate. This is particularly true in federal systems, where a federal court may be applying state law (e.g. the Erie doctrine, for example in the United States), or vice-versa. It is also possible for one state to apply the law of another in cases where additionally it may not be clear which level (or location) of court actually has jurisdiction over the claim or personal jurisdiction over the defendant, or whether the plaintiff has standing to participate in a lawsuit. About 98 percent of civil cases in the United States federal courts are resolved without a trial. Domestic courts are also often called upon to apply foreign law, or to act upon foreign defendants, over whom they may not even have the ability to even enforce a judgment if the defendant's assets are theoretically outside their reach.

text: Lawsuits can become additionally complicated as more parties become involved (see joinder). Within a "single" lawsuit, there can be any number of claims and defenses (all based on numerous laws) between any number of plaintiffs or defendants. Each of these participants can bring any number of cross claims and counterclaims against each other, and even bring additional parties into the suit on either side after it progresses. In reality however, courts typically have some power to sever claims and parties into separate actions if it is more efficient to do so. A court can do this if there is not a sufficient overlap of factual issues between the various associates, separating the issues into different lawsuits.

text: The official ruling of a lawsuit can be somewhat misleading because post-ruling outcomes are often not listed on the internet. For example, in the case of William J. Ralph Jr. v. Lind-Waldock & Company[5] (September 1999), one would assume that Mr. Ralph lost the case when in fact, upon review of the evidence, it as found that Mr. Ralph was correct in his assertion that improper activity took place on the part of Lind-Waldock, and Mr. Ralph settled with Lind-Waldock.[6]

text: Cases such as this illustrate the need for more comprehensive information than mere internet searches when researching legal decisions. While online searches are appropriate for many legal situations, they are not appropriate for all.

text: Procedure[edit]

text: The following is a generalized description of how a lawsuit may proceed in a common law jurisdiction:

text: Pleading[edit]

text: A lawsuit begins when a complaint or petition is filed with the court. This complaint should explicitly state that one or more plaintiffs seek(s) damages or equitable relief from one or more stated defendants, and also should identify the legal and factual bases for doing so. It is important that the "plaintiff selects the proper venue with the proper jurisdiction to bring his lawsuit." The clerk of a court signs or stamps the court seal upon a summons or citation, which is then served by the plaintiff upon the defendant, together with a copy of the complaint. This service notifies the defendants that they are being sued and that they are limited in the amount of time of a reply. The service provides a copy of the complaint in order to notify the defendants of the nature of the claims. Once the defendants are served with the summons and complaint, they are subject to a time limit to file an answer stating their defenses to the plaintiff's claims, which includes any challenges to the court's jurisdiction, and any counterclaims they wish to assert against the plaintiff.

text: In a handful of jurisdictions (notably, the U.S. state of New York) a lawsuit begins when one or more plaintiffs properly serve a summons and complaint upon the defendant(s). In such jurisdictions, nothing must be filed with the court until a dispute develops requiring actual judicial intervention. A complaint can be considered one of the more important steps in pleading during a civil case. This document states the actions that the plaintiff intends to take and also the factual and reasonable basis for the actions. This essentially sets the framework for the entire case and the claim that will be held noteworthy throughout the entire lawsuit.

text: If the defendant chooses to file an answer within the time permitted, the answer must address each of the plaintiffs' allegations. The defendant has three choices to make, which include either admitting to the allegation, denying it, or pleading a lack of sufficient information to admit or deny the allegation. Some jurisdictions, like California, still authorize general denials of each and every allegation in the complaint. At the time the defendant files an answer, the defendant also raises all "affirmative" defenses. The defendant may also assert counterclaims for damages or equitable relief against the plaintiff. For example, in the case of "compulsory counterclaims," the defendant must assert some form of counterclaim or risk having the counterclaim barred in any subsequent proceeding. In the case of making a counterclaim, the defendant is making a motion directed towards the plaintiff claiming that he/she was injured in some way or would like to sue the plaintiff. The plaintiff in this example would then receive some amount of time to make a reply to this counterclaim. The defendant may also file a "third party complaint", which is the defendant's privilege to join another party or parties in the action with the belief that those parties may be liable for some or all of the plaintiff's claimed damages. An answer from the defendant in response to the claims made against him/her, can also include additional facts or a so-called "excuse" for the plead. Filing an answer "joins the cause" and moves the case into the pre-trial phase.

text: Instead of filing an answer within the time specified in the summons, the defendant can choose to dispute the validity of the complaint by filing a demurrer (in the handful of jurisdictions where that is still allowed) or one or more "pre-answer motions," such as a motion to dismiss. It is important that the motion be filed within the time period specified in the summons for an answer. If all of the above motions are denied by the trial court, and the defendant loses on all appeals from such denials (if that option is available), and finally the defendant must file an answer.

text: Usually the pleadings are drafted by a lawyer, but in many courts persons can file papers and represent themselves, which is called appearing pro se. Many courts have a pro se clerk to assist people without lawyers.

text: Pretrial discovery[edit]

text: A pretrial discovery can be defined as "the formal process of exchanging information between the parties about the witnesses and evidence they’ll present at trial" and allows for the evidence of the trial to be presented to the parties before the initial trial begins.[7] The early stages of the lawsuit may involve initial disclosures of evidence by each party and discovery, which is the structured exchange of evidence and statements between the parties. Discovery is meant to eliminate surprises, clarify what the lawsuit is about, and also to make the parties decide if they should settle or drop frivolous claims and/or defenses. At this point the parties may also engage in pretrial motions to exclude or include particular legal or factual issues before trial.

text: There is also the ability of one to make an under oath statement during the pretrial, also known as a deposition. The deposition can be used in the trial or just in the pretrial, but this allows for both parties to be aware of the arguments or claims that are going to be made by the other party in the trial. It is notable that the depositions can be written or oral.[8]

text: At the close of discovery, the parties may either pick a jury and then have a trial by jury or the case may proceed as a bench trial. A bench trial is only heard by the judge if the parties waive a jury trial or if the right to a jury trial is not guaranteed for their particular claim (such as those under equity in the U.S.) or for any lawsuits within their jurisdiction.

text: Resolution[edit]

text: Usually, lawsuits end in a settlement, with an empirical analysis finding that less than 2% of cases end with a trial.[9] It is sometimes said that 95% of cases end in settlement; few jurisdictions report settlements, but empirical analysis suggests that the settlement rate varies by type of lawsuit, with torts settling around 90% of the time and overall civil cases settling 50% of the time; other cases end due to default judgment, lack of a valid claim, and other reasons.[9]

text: At trial, each person presents witnesses and the evidence collected is recorded. After this occurs, the judge or jury renders their decision. Generally speaking, the plaintiff has the burden of proof in making his claims, however, the defendant may have the burden of proof on other issues, such as affirmative defenses. The attorneys are held responsible in devising a trial strategy that ensures they meet the necessary elements of their case or (when the opposing party has the burden of proof) to ensure the opponent will not be able to meet his or her burden.

text: There are numerous motions that either party can file throughout the lawsuit to terminate it "prematurely"—before submission to the judge or jury for final consideration. These motions attempt to persuade the judge, through legal argument and sometimes accompanying evidence, that there is no reasonable way that the other party could legally win and therefore there is no sense in continuing with the trial. Motions for summary judgment, for example, can usually be brought before, after, or during the actual presentation of the case. Motions can also be brought after the close of a trial to undo a jury verdict contrary to law or against the weight of the evidence, or to convince the judge to change the decision or grant a new trial.

text: Also, at any time during this process from the filing of the complaint to the final judgment, the plaintiff may withdraw the complaint and end the whole matter, or the defendant may agree to a settlement. If the case settles, the parties might choose to enter into a stipulated judgment with the settlement agreement attached, or the plaintiff may simply file a voluntary dismissal, so that the settlement agreement is never entered into the court record.

text: The decisions that the jury makes are not put into effect until the judge makes a judgment, which is the approval to have this trial information be filed in public records. In a civil case, the judge is allowed at this time to make changes to the verdict that the jury came up with by either adding on or reducing the punishment. In criminal cases the situation is a little different, because in this case the judge does not have the authority to change the jury decision.

text: Appeal[edit]

text: After a final decision has been made, either party or both may appeal from the judgment if they believe there had been a procedural error made by the trial court. It isn't necessarily an automatic appeal after every judgment has been made, however, if there is a legal basis for the appeal, then one has the right to do so. The prevailing party may appeal, for example, if they wanted a larger award than was granted. The appellate court (which may be structured as an intermediate appellate court) and/or a higher court then affirms the judgment, declines to hear it (which effectively affirms it), reverses—or vacates and remands. This process would then involve sending the lawsuit back to the lower trial court to address an unresolved issue, or possibly request for a whole new trial. Some lawsuits go up and down the appeals ladder repeatedly before final resolution.

text: The appeal is a review for errors rather than a new trial, so the appellate court will defer to the discretion of the original trial court if an error is not clear. The initial step in making an appeal consists of the petitioner filing a notice of appeal and then sending in a brief, a written document stating reason for appeal, to the court. Decisions of the court can be made immediately after just reading the written brief, or there can also be oral arguments made by both parties involved in the appeal. The appellate court then makes the decision about what errors were made when the law was looked at more closely in the lower court. There were no errors made, the case would then end, but if the decision was reversed, the appellate court would then send the case back down to the lower court level. There, a new trial will be held and new information taken into account.

text: Some jurisdictions, notably the United States, but prevalent in many other countries, prevent parties from relitigating the facts on appeal, due to a history of unscrupulous lawyers deliberately reserving such issues in order to ambush each other in the appellate courts (the "invited error" problem). The idea is that it is more efficient to force all parties to fully litigate all relevant issues of fact before the trial court. Thus, a party who does not raise an issue of fact at the trial court level generally cannot raise it on appeal.

text: When the lawsuit is finally resolved, or the allotted time to appeal has expired, the matter is res judicata, meaning the plaintiff may not bring another action based on the same claim again. In addition, other parties who later attempt to re-litigate a matter already ruled on in a previous lawsuit will be estopped from doing so.

text: Enforcement[edit]

text: When a final judgment is entered, the plaintiff is usually barred under the doctrine of res judicata from relitigating any of the issues, even under different legal theories. Judgments are typically a monetary award. If the defendant fails to pay, the court has various powers to seize any of the defendant's assets located within its jurisdiction, such as:

text:
Writ of execution
Bank account garnishment
Liens
Wage garnishment

text: If all assets are located elsewhere, the plaintiff must file another suit in the appropriate court to seek enforcement of the other court's previous judgment. This can be a difficult task when crossing from a court in one state or nation to another, however, courts tend to grant each other respect when there is not a clear legal rule to the contrary. A defendant who has no assets in any jurisdiction is said to be "judgment-proof."[10] The term is generally a colloquialism to describe an impecunious defendant.

text: Indigent judgment-proof defendants are no longer imprisoned; debtor's prisons have been outlawed by statute, constitutional amendment, or international human rights treaties in the vast majority of common law jurisdictions.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: During the 18th and 19th centuries, it was common for lawyers to speak of bringing an "action" at law and a "suit" in equity. An example of that distinction survives today in the text of the Civil Rights Act of 1871. The fusion of common law and equity in England in the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875 led to the collapse of that distinction, so it became possible to speak of a "lawsuit." In the United States, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (1938) abolished the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity in federal practice, in favor of a single form referred to as a "civil action."

text: In England and Wales the term "claim" is far more common; the person initiating proceedings is called the claimant.

text: American terminology is slightly different, in that the term "claim" refers only to a particular count (or cause of action) in a lawsuit. Americans also use "claim" to describe a demand filed with an insurer or administrative agency. If the claim is denied, then the claimant (or policyholder or applicant) files a lawsuit with the courts and later participates in the lawsuit.

text: In medieval times, both "action" and "suit" had the approximate meaning of some kind of legal proceeding, but an action terminated when a judgment was rendered, while a suit also included the execution of the judgment.

text: Financing[edit]

text: Particularly in the United States, plaintiffs and defendants who lack financial resources for litigation or other attorney's fees may be able to obtain legal financing. Legal financing companies can provide a cash advance to litigants in return for a share of the ultimate settlement or award. If the case ultimately loses, the litigant does not have to pay any of the money funded back. Legal financing is different from a typical bank loan in that the legal financing company does not look at credit history or employment history. Litigants do not have to repay the cash advance with monthly payments, but do have to fill out an application so that the legal financing company can review the merits of the case.

text: Legal financing can be a practical means for litigants to obtain financing while they wait for a monetary settlement or an award in their personal injury, workers' compensation, or civil rights lawsuit. Often, plaintiffs who were injured or forced to leave their jobs still have mortgages, rent, medical expenses, or other bills to pay. Other times, litigants may simply need money to pay for the costs of litigation and attorneys' fees, and for this reason, many litigants turn to reputable legal financing companies to apply for a cash advance to help pay for bills.

text: Defendants, civil rights organizations, public interest organizations, and government public officials can all set up an account to pay for litigation costs and legal expenses. These legal defense funds can have large membership counts where the members contribute to the fund. Unlike legal financing from legal financing companies, legal defense funds provide a separate account for litigation rather than a one-time cash advancement, nevertheless, both are used for purposes of financing litigation and legal costs.

text: There was a study conducted in the Supreme Court Economic Review that shows why litigation financing can be practical and beneficial to the overall court system and lawsuits within the court. This study concluded that the new rules that were set for litigation financing actually did produce more settlements. Under conservative rules, there tended to be fewer settlements, however under the older rules they tended to be larger on average.[11]

text: Legal financing can become an issue in some cases, varying from case to case and person to person. It can be beneficial in many situations, however also detrimental in others.


document_title: Naples, Florida

question_text: how many golf courses are there in naples florida

text: Naples, Florida

text: History[edit]

text: The city of Naples was founded during the late 1880s by former Confederate general and Kentucky U.S. Senator John Stuart Williams and his partner, Louisville businessman Walter N. Haldeman, the publisher of the Louisville Courier-Journal. Throughout the 1870s and '80s, magazine and newspaper stories telling of the area's mild climate and abundant fish and game likened it to the sunny Italian peninsula. The name Naples caught on when promoters described the bay as "surpassing the bay in Naples, Italy". Major development was anticipated after the railroad reached Naples on January 7, 1927, and the Tamiami Trail linking Naples to Miami was completed in 1928, but did not begin until after the Great Depression and World War II. During the war the U.S. Army Air Forces built a small airfield and used it for training purposes; it is now the Naples Municipal Airport.

text: After a hurricane in 1945, fill was required to repair the damage. A local dredging company, Forrest Walker & Sons, created a lake north of 16th Avenue S, between Gordon Drive and Gulf Shore Boulevard. In 1949, Forrest Walker asked Mr. Rust to sell him the 296 acres (120 ha) from Jamaica Channel to today's 14th Avenue S. The Jamaica Channel was widened, one canal was dredged, and 14th Avenue S was created by March 1950; a new subdivision was named "Aqualane Shores"[8] at the opening party that same year. Additional channels were eventually added to the south of 14th Avenue S and are named alphabetically for local water birds. The first channel south of 14th Avenue S is Anhinga Channel, then Bittern Channel is south of 15th Avenue S, Crane Channel is south of 16th Avenue S, Duck Channel is south of 17th Avenue S, and Egret Channel is north of 21st Avenue S. From the channels there are coves named Flamingo, Gull, Heron, and Ibis, as well as the original Aqua Cove. These initial channels, canals, and coves were dredged and bulldozed from the mangrove swamps. Where shallow rock precluded digging, land was filled to create lots with navigable water.

text: The Aqualane Shores Association was incorporated as a non-profit corporation on February 3, 1966. It served lot owners in the area roughly bounded by the Bay of Naples to the east, Gordon Drive to the west, and the land between 14th Avenue and 21st Avenue S, as well as Marina Drive, Forrest Lane, and Southwinds Drive. Thirty years later, in 1996, a state-mandated city master plan renamed the area to the Aqualane Shores Neighborhood and extended its boundary west to the Gulf of Mexico, east to the Bay of Naples, and the area from 14th Avenue S all the way south to Jamaica Channel. The numerous canals and waterfront homes add a distinctive feature to the south portion of Naples and provide access to the Gulf of Mexico for many homeowners.

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1930
391

—

1940
1,253

220.5%

1950
1,465

16.9%

1960
4,656

217.8%

1970
12,042

158.6%

1980
17,581

46.0%

1990
19,508

11.0%

2000
20,981

7.6%

2010
19,539

−6.9%

Est. 2016
21,845
[3]
11.8%

U.S. Decennial Census[9]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of the census[4] of 2010, there were 19,537 people, 9,710 households, and 6,568 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,744.3 per square mile (673.2/km2). There were 16,957 housing units at an average density of 1,410.0 per square mile (544.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.1% White, 4.5% Black, 0.12% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.5% of the population.

text: There were 9,708 households out of which 10.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 20.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.38.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 10.9% under the age of 18, 2.3% from 18 to 24, 14.5% from 25 to 44, 30.0% from 45 to 64, and 42.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 61 years. For every 100 females there were 86.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.9 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $71,553, and the median income for a family was $102,262. Males had a median income of $86,092 versus $30,948 for females. The per capita income for the city was $61,141. About 3.1% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

text: Economy[edit]

text: The economy of Naples is based largely on tourism and was historically based on real estate development and agriculture. Due to its proximity to the Everglades and Ten Thousand Islands, Naples is also popular among ecotourists.

text: Companies based in Naples include Alavista Solutions, Beasley Broadcast Group and ASG Software Solutions, in addition to numerous small businesses. Due to the wealth present in Collier County, Naples is also home to many small non-profit organizations.

text: The surrounding Naples metro area is home to major private employers. Fortune 1000 company Health Management Associates, technology company NewsBank.

text: In 2009, Naples was ranked as one of 10 pricey cities worth its high cost.[10]

text: Geography and climate[edit]

text: Naples is located in southwest Florida at 26.139, −81.795 on U.S. Highway 41 between Miami to the east and Fort Myers to the north.

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.4 square miles (42.5 km2), of which 12.3 square miles (31.9 km2) is land and 4.1 square miles (10.7 km2), or 25.09%, is water.[2]

text: Naples experiences a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw), with hot and wet summers, and warm and dry winters. Naples reports more than 2900 hours of sunshine a year and more than 300 sunny days a year. Naples is normally frost free and the growing season is 365 days.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Naples, Florida (1981–2010 normals)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
88
(31)
89
(32)
91
(33)
95
(35)
96
(36)
99
(37)
100
(38)
97
(36)
98
(37)
96
(36)
93
(34)
88
(31)
100
(38)

Average high °F (°C)
74.7
(23.7)
77.7
(25.4)
80.4
(26.9)
83.9
(28.8)
88.7
(31.5)
91.3
(32.9)
92.7
(33.7)
93.1
(33.9)
91.6
(33.1)
88.0
(31.1)
82.6
(28.1)
77.7
(25.4)
85.3
(29.6)

Daily mean °F (°C)
64.4
(18)
66.5
(19.2)
69.4
(20.8)
73.1
(22.8)
78.2
(25.7)
82.0
(27.8)
83.1
(28.4)
83.5
(28.6)
82.6
(28.1)
78.2
(25.7)
72.3
(22.4)
66.8
(19.3)
75.0
(23.9)

Average low °F (°C)
53.1
(11.7)
55.3
(12.9)
58.3
(14.6)
62.2
(16.8)
67.6
(19.8)
71.6
(22)
73.5
(23.1)
74.2
(23.4)
73.6
(23.1)
68.5
(20.3)
61.9
(16.6)
55.9
(13.3)
64.7
(18.2)

Record low °F (°C)
26
(−3)
28
(−2)
33
(1)
39
(4)
51
(11)
58
(14)
60
(16)
63
(17)
63
(17)
46
(8)
31
(−1)
27
(−3)
26
(−3)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.06
(52.3)
2.32
(58.9)
2.25
(57.2)
2.29
(58.2)
3.35
(85.1)
8.89
(225.8)
9.18
(233.2)
9.02
(229.1)
8.66
(220)
3.82
(97)
2.09
(53.1)
1.71
(43.4)
55.64
(1,413.3)

Mean monthly sunshine hours
150.3
155.3
165.3
195.4
225.1
290.2
295.2
275.3
250.1
200.4
175.6
160.7
2,737.6

Source: NOAA[11][12]

text: Education[edit]

text: Naples is served[13] by the District School Board of Collier County and various private institutions including the following:

text:
Elementary schools

Calusa Park Elementary School (public)
Golden Gate Elementary School (public)
Golden Terrace Elementary School (public)
Lely Elementary School (public)
Laurel Oak Elementary School(public)
Shadowlawn Elementary School (public)
Sea Gate Elementary School (public)
St. Elizabeth Seton School (private)
Royal Palm Academy (private)
Lake Park Elementary School (public)
Naples Park Elementary School (public)
Vineyards Elementary School (public)
Big Cypress Elementary School (public)
Veterans Memorial Elementary School (public)
Manatee Elementary School ( public)
Tommie Barfield Elementary (public)
Parkside Elementary (public)

Middle schools

St. Elizabeth Seton School (private)
East Naples Middle School (public)
Oakridge Middle School (public)
Gulfview Middle School (public)
Pine Ridge Middle School (public)
Golden Gate Middle School (public)
Manatee Middle School (public)
Cypress Palm Middle School (public)
Corkscrew Middle School (public)
North Naples Middle School (public)
Marco Island Charter Middle School (private)
Royal Palm Academy (private)

High schools

Naples High School (City of Naples, public)
Barron G. Collier High School (public)
Gulf Coast High School (public)
St. John Neumann High School (private)
Golden Gate High School (public)
Lely High School(public)
Palmetto Ridge High School (public)
Community School of Naples (private)
Seacrest Country Day School (private)
Lorenzo Technical High School/Colleague (public)

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text: While no colleges are based within the city limits, Ave Maria School of Law's campus[14] is in the Vineyards Development in North Naples, and Florida Gulf Coast University near Estero operates continuing education classes from their Naples Center campus.[15] Southwest Florida is home to several other institutions including:

text:
Ave Maria University (35 miles northeast of Naples)
Florida SouthWestern State College (7 miles east of Naples and across Southwest Florida)
Hodges University (10 miles northeast of Naples and in Fort Myers)

text: With over 800 alumni living in Naples, the Ohio State University once established the nation's biggest alumni club in the early 2000s (outside of their hometown of Columbus, Ohio). This is most likely due in large part to the overwhelming number of Midwesterners who have relocated to Naples.[16]

text: Public transportation[edit]

text: Naples is served by several bus routes operated by the Collier Area Transit. Service runs seven days a week.[17]

text: Healthcare[edit]

text: The region is served by the NCH Healthcare System, which currently has 681 beds between two hospitals, and Physician's Regional Healthcare System, which has two hospitals and currently 201 beds and is owned by the Health Management Associates, headquartered at 5811 Pelican Bay Blvd in North Naples. In addition to the two hospitals, the company operates six clinics in Naples.[18]

text: Healthcare Network of Southwest Florida (HCN) was founded in 1977 to serve migrant farmworkers and their families in Immokalee. It now provides care to over 41,000 residents of Collier County through 20 practices, including internal medicine, family practice, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, behavioral health[19] and dental care.[20]

text: Area attractions[edit]

text: Tourism is a major industry for the city. The Naples area is home to several major land reserves, including the Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, Everglades National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge, Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge, and Picayune Strand State Forest. The Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary is known not only for its 11,000 acres (45 km2) of landscape and wildlife, but for a two and a half-mile long boardwalk winding through the sanctuary.[21] The Naples area is also home to the Naples Zoo at Caribbean Gardens, which dates back to 1919.[22]

text: The city is served by the Naples Municipal Airport.

text: Downtown Naples is home to The Naples Players, the 5th Avenue South, and 3rd Street South shopping districts, which feature a variety of antique shops. Gallery Row is a concentration among the numerous art galleries spread throughout the downtown area. The Village on Venetian Bay is an upscale open-air shopping district on the Gulf coast. Located directly off of Tamiami Trail are the Waterside Shops, an upscale open-air center. Near downtown on Naples Bay and the Gordon River is the shopping district of Tin City. This open-air shopping center specializes in antiques and handmade local novelties. Also, near downtown is Big Cypress Market Place with over 100 diverse vendors. Naples hosts The Oliver Group Champions Cup of the Outback Champions Tennis Series each year. Naples is also the home of swamp buggy races, held three times each year at the Florida Sports Park.

text: The Naples Half Marathon is a half marathon held every year in Naples since 1989,[23] with record participation in 2013 of 2,038 runners. The race has been called one of the best half-marathons in the United States by Runner's World magazine.[24]

text: Performing arts and culture[edit]

text: Naples is home to The Naples Players, Naples Shakespeare Festival (and sister company Marco Island Shakespeare Festival)[25], Opera Naples, and the Equity Theatre Companies Theatre Zone and Gulfshore Playhouse[26]. The Naples Philharmonic and the Baker Museum are located at Artis—Naples, which also serves as the educational campus for the Naples Philharmonic Youth Orchestra and Philharmonic Youth Chorus.[27] The Holocaust Museum and Education Center of Southwest Florida educates about 155,000 students each year both in its facility and with a locally traveling exhibit.

text: Beaches, parks, and recreation areas[edit]

text: The beach on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico is more than 10 miles (16 km) long and is known for its cleanliness and pristine white sand. In 2005, Naples was voted the best beach in America by the Travel Channel.[28]

text: Naples area beaches include:

text:
Delnor-Wiggins Pass State Park
Clam Pass Beach Park
Naples Municipal Beach & Fishing Pier (Naples Pier)
Vanderbilt Beach
North Gulfshore Boulevard Beach
Lowdermilk Beach Park

text: With more than 80 championship golf courses in the Naples area, Naples is the self-titled "Golf Capital of the World", claiming to have more holes per capita than any other community.

text: In December 2009, Florida Governor Charlie Crist met with Chicago Cubs president Crane Kenney, chairman Tom Ricketts and other team officials about possibly moving the Cubs' spring training and minor league facilities from Mesa, Arizona, to Naples.[29]

text: Points of interest[edit]

text:
Keewaydin Club
The Naples Players
The Conservancy of Southwest Florida
Naples Botanical Garden
Theatre Zone Equity Theatre Company
Palm Cottage
Naples Depot
Gulfshore Playhouse, an Equity Theatre Company
The Naples Preserve
Freedom Park
Ron Uribe
Naples Zoo
Artis—Naples
Bayshore Arts District

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Buzz Aldrin, astronaut, author
Barry Alvarez, athletics director, University of Wisconsin–Madison[30]
Bill Bain, management consultant, founder of Bain & Company
Larry Bird, former NBA basketball player, coach, executive (Park Shore home for sale)[31]
Matt Birk, former NFL player, two-time All-Pro, six-time Pro Bowl selection, and once Super Bowl champion; Currently Director of Football Development for the NFL
Neal Boortz, radio host, commentator, lawyer, and best-selling author
Ben Bova, author of over 100 science fiction and non-fiction books
Mary Carillo, former professional tennis player, now a sportscaster
Robin Cook, author
Mike Ditka, former NFL player, television commentator, and coach[32]
Keith Eloi, NFL player
Janet Evanovich, author
Mary Joe Fernández, professional tennis player
Dan Gable, Olympic gold medal wrestler
Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft
Dick Gephardt, former Majority Leader of the US House of Representatives (Pelican Bay)
Sean Hannity, syndicated talk show host, author and conservative political commentator
Garnet Hathaway, Professional ice hockey player
Don Healy, former NFL player
Sterling Hitchcock, former MLB pitcher
Carlos Hyde, current NFL running back (San Francisco 49ers)
Earnest Graham, former NFL running back (Tampa Bay Buccaneers)
Ulysses Jaen, Director & Law Professor
Shahid Khan - Pakistani-American billionaire, [33][34] owner of the Jacksonville Jaguars, Fulham F.C. and Flex-N-Gate.[35]
Alex Lifeson, guitarist for Canadian rock band Rush
Mark Mangino, former head football coach at University of Kansas
Fred McCrary, American football player.
Rocco Mediate, professional golfer
Larry Merlo, CEO of CVS Health
Tom Monaghan, founder of Domino's Pizza, former owner of Detroit Tigers, founder of Ave Maria College, US Marine
Earl Morrall, former NFL quarterback (Baltimore Colts, Miami Dolphins)
Rocky Patel, owner Rocky Patel Cigar Co.
Paddy Reilly, Irish singer most famous for his recording of The Fields of Athenry
Chris Resop, current MLB pitcher (Pirates, Marlins, Angels, Braves)
John Schnatter, better known as "Papa John", founder, chairman, and current CO-CEO of Papa John's International[36]
Rick Scott, incumbent Governor of Florida (2011– )
Bob Seger, rock and roll singer-songwriter and musician
Judith Sheindlin, better known to the public as Judge Judy, author and television personality (Pelican Bay)
Donna Summer, entertainer; died at her home in Naples in 2012
Peter Thomas, narrator of television programs
Donald Trump, President of the United States
Barbara Walters, broadcast journalist, author, and television personality
Dave Wannstedt, former head coach of Chicago Bears and University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team
Donald E. Washkewicz, CEO of Parker Hannifin
Terrance Williams, missing person
Jesse Witten, tennis pro
Abby Wambach, former professional soccer player, Olympic gold medalist, World Cup champion
Lazaro Arbos, American Idol season 12 finalist


document_title: Drake & Josh

question_text: when did the first episode of drake and josh air

text: Drake & Josh

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series is focused on a pair of stepbrothers who have opposite personalities. Drake Parker is a popular but immature aspiring musician idolized by his schoolmates and able to court a countless array of girls with ease, whereas Josh Nichols is smart and responsible, but has trouble with dating and popularity. Drake and Josh live in San Diego, California, with Josh's awkward father, Walter; Drake's loving mother Audrey; and manipulative and conniving younger sister Megan. The two boys are often involved in comedic misadventures and obstacles while also handling an array of teenage situations. Over the course of the series, both Josh and Drake change and their relationship develops: Josh loses weight and becomes more popular, while Drake matures and becomes more caring towards other people, especially his stepbrother, whom he eventually calls his "brother" instead of "stepbrother."

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Actors/actresses

Characters

Appearances in other shows created by Dan Schneider

Drake Bell

Drake Parker

Bell makes a cameo appearance on iCarly as Drake Parker, was a guest star on Zoey 101 for "Spring Fling" and guest starred on Victorious, and was on All That. He was also a cast member on The Amanda Show along with Josh Peck and Nancy Sullivan.

Josh Peck

Josh Nichols

Peck was a cast member on The Amanda Show along with Drake Bell and Nancy Sullivan during the second and third seasons, and had a cameo appearance on Victorious in "Wok Star" as himself.

Nancy Sullivan

Audrey Parker Nichols

Sullivan was a cast member of The Amanda Show along with Drake Bell and Josh Peck; she was also Mr. Bender's wife on Zoey 101.

Jonathan Goldstein

Walter Nichols

Walter is the father of Josh who married Drake’s mother.

Miranda Cosgrove

Megan Parker

Cosgrove was the star of iCarly, and she also appeared as Paige Howard on Zoey 101.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Actors/actresses

Characters

Appearances in other shows created by Dan Schneider

Alec Medlock

Craig Ramirez

Medlock appears in iCarly at Webicon, and was a host of All That in 2005

Scott Halberstadt

Eric Blonowitz

Halberstadt appears in iCarly at Webicon.

Allison Scagliotti

Mindy Crenshaw

Scagliotti appears in Zoey 101 as Stacy in the episode "Backpack".

Yvette Nicole Brown

Helen Dubois

Brown appears in one episode of Victorious as Helen Dubois, the new principal of Hollywood Arts and during an un-credited cameo in iCarly as an art student. She also appears in Game Shakers with her own talk show.

Jerry Trainor

Crazy Steve

Trainor appears in iCarly as Spencer Shay, reuniting with Miranda as Carly Shay. He also made a cameo appareance as Spencer Shay on Victorious and made a cameo voice-over in Sam and Cat where the signature Premiere vest was shown in the episode "#SuperPsycho"

Jake Farrow

Gavin Mitchell

Farrow appears in iCarly at Webicon and voices Rex in Victorious, as confirmed by co-star Ariana Grande.

Julia Duffy

Mrs. Hayfer

Cathy Shim

Leah

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired16January 11, 2004 (2004-01-11)February 22, 2004 (2004-02-22)214March 14, 2004 (2004-03-14)November 28, 2004 (2004-11-28)317April 2, 2005 (2005-04-02)April 8, 2006 (2006-04-08)419September 24, 2006 (2006-09-24)September 16, 2007 (2007-09-16)Films2 filmsJanuary 6, 2006 (2006-01-06)December 5, 2008 (2008-12-05)

text: Films[edit]

text: Drake & Josh Go Hollywood (2006)[edit]

text: The boys are left at home in San Diego after Audrey and Walter go on a ten-day cruise. Drake and Josh are told to take Megan to the airport so she can visit her friend in Denver, Colorado, but they accidentally send her on a flight to Los Angeles. Drake and Josh go to Hollywood to get Megan back, end up stopping a multibillion-dollar heist, and booking a guest-spot for Drake on TRL. The TV film aired on January 6, 2006; according to TV Guide, it was the highest rated program on all of cable during its opening week. It currently holds a 78% on Rotten Tomatoes.[2]

text: Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh (2008)[edit]

text: A new Drake & Josh TV film tentatively entitled "Drake & Josh: Best Christmas Ever" began production in July 2008, and premiered on December 5, 2008. The title was later changed to "Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh". Creator Dan Schneider returned as executive producer, with Marjorie Cohn and Lauren Levine co-executive producing. Michael Grossman directed the feature. The film centers around the boys who are working as Santa's helpers in a mall when Drake promises a little girl that her foster family will have "The Best Christmas Ever"—and then try to fulfill that promise while a grumpy police officer interferes. While the boys are not enjoying their time, Audrey and Walter are feeling worse on their vacation because they have to stay in a hut while in a hurricane.[3]

text: The TV film was broadcast in HD format, unlike the previous TV film Drake & Josh Go Hollywood. It also featured Henry Winkler and MMA fighter Kimbo Slice.

text: The premiere of Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh broke the record of most viewers for the premiere of a Nickelodeon film with 9.10 million viewers, a title previously held by iGo to Japan.

text: Despite the strong ratings, the film is the lower-reviewed of the two Drake & Josh films, currently holding a 70% on Rotten Tomatoes.[4]

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: United States:

text:
TEENick (2004–09) / Nickelodeon (2004–14)
The N (2008–09) / TeenNick (2010–present)
Nicktoons (2011–17)
MTV2 (2016)

text: United Kingdom:

text:
Nickelodeon (2004–present)
Nicktoons (2010–12)

text: Canada:

text:
YTV (2004–10)
Nickelodeon (2009–16)

text: Australia and New Zealand:

text: Nickelodeon (2004–present)

text: Latin America:

text: Nickelodeon (2004–16)

text: Brazil:

text: Nickelodeon (2004–16)

text: Africa:

text: Nickelodeon (2004–13)

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Title

Region 1

Region 4

Contains

Drake & Josh: Vol. 1 Suddenly Brothers (VHS release included)

February 15, 2005

2009

Season 1 episodes: Pilot, Dune Buggy, Two Idiots and a Baby, First CrushNever-before-seen outtakes

Drake & Josh Go Hollywood (VHS release included)

January 31, 2006

2010

The TV filmBloopers2 bonus episodes: Helen's Surgery & Mindy's Back"I Found a Way" Music video

Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Winners Collection

2007

N/A

Season 4 episode: Who's Got Game?

The Best of Drake & Josh: Seasons 1 & 2

August 21, 2008

January 4, 2016

Season 1 episodes: Pilot, Dune Buggy, Two Idiots and a Baby, First Crush, GrammySeason 2 episodes: The Bet, Movie Job, Football, Pool Shark, Smart Girl, Little Diva, Number 1 Fan, Mean Teacher, Drew & Jerry, Honor Council

The Best of Drake & Josh: Seasons 3 & 4

August 29, 2008

N/A

Season 3 episodes: Alien Invasion, Little Sibling, Megan's New Teacher, Foam Finger, We're Married?, Paging Dr. Drake, Theater Thug, Girl PowerSeason 4 episodes: Dance Contest, Treehouse, Helicopter, Megan's Revenge, The Great Doheny, The Storm

Drake & Josh: Parceiros No Crime (Partners in Crime)

N/A

2011

Season 2 episodes: Smart Girl, Football, Little Diva, The Gary Grill, Pool Shark, Honour Council  Note: The DVD was only released in Latin America and Brazil; thus, it features English, Latin American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese audio tracks, and English, Spanish and Portugal subtitle tracks

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2018)

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Drake & Josh became one of Nickelodeon's top-rated shows,[citation needed] often being listed as one of the most successful in terms of ratings along with other live action Nickelodeon productions.[5] It became well known over its run, and proved to be popular with younger viewers.[6] According to creator Dan Schneider, Drake & Josh had its highest ratings in its final season, and ended due to a collective decision from the creative forces behind the show.[7]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Name

Notes

"Found a Way"

The opening theme song of the TV series by Drake Bell. Music video directed by Joey Boukadakis.[8]

Drake & Josh

The Drake & Josh soundtrack from the TV series.

"Makes Me Happy"

From the episode Drake & Josh: Really Big Shrimp by Drake Bell.

"Jingle Bells"

From the TV film Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh by Drake Bell.

"Christmas Wrapping"

From the TV film Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh by Miranda Cosgrove.

"Lithium Flower"

by Scott Matthews

text: Video games[edit]

text: Two video games based on Drake & Josh have been released on the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS. Both of them were published by THQ and released in the same year.

text:
Game

Publisher

Platform

North American release date

Drake & Josh

THQ

Game Boy Advance

March 15, 2007

Drake & Josh: Talent Showdown

THQ

Nintendo DS

July 30, 2007

text: Books[edit]

text: A book series based on Drake & Josh has been published by children's publisher Scholastic since 2006. The books are generally based upon content from the TV series and essentially novelize two episodes of material, with one being a novelization of TV film. The books are written by author Laurie McElroy.

text:
Book

Author

Info

"Blues Brothers"

Laurie McElroy

Based on the episodes "Blues Brothers" and "Number 1 Fan"

"Sibling Revelry"

Laurie McElroy

Based on the episodes "The Bet" and "Peruvian Puff Pepper"

"Drake & Josh Go Hollywood"

Laurie McElroy

Based on the TV film Drake & Josh Go Hollywood

"Kid Trouble"

Laurie McElroy

Based on the episodes "Megan's New Teacher" and "Little Sibling"

"Alien Invasion"

Laurie McElroy

Based on the episodes "Alien Invasion" and "The Demonator"

"Surprise!"

Laurie McElroy

Based on the episodes "Josh Runs into Oprah" and "Vicious Tiberius"

"Josh Is Done"

Laurie McElroy

Based on the episodes "Josh Is Done" and "I Love Sushi"

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient

Result

2005

2005 Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Show

Drake & Josh

Nominated[9][10]

2006

2006 Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Show

Drake & Josh

Won[11]

Favorite TV Actor

Drake Bell

Won[11]

2006 Australian Kids' Choice Awards

Fave TV Show

Drake & Josh

Nominated[12]

2007

2007 Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Show

Drake & Josh

Nominated[13][14]

Favorite TV Actor

Drake Bell

Won[14]

2007 UK Kids' Choice Awards

Best TV Show

Drake & Josh

Won[15]

Best TV Actor

Drake Bell

Nominated[15]

2007 Australian Kids' Choice Awards

Fave Nick Show

Drake & Josh

Won[16]

Young Artist Awards

Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Supporting Young Actress

Miranda Cosgrove

Nominated[17]

Casting Society of America

Best Casting - Children's TV Programming

Krisha Bullock

Nominated[18]

2008

2008 Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Show

Drake & Josh

Won[19]

Favorite TV Actor

Drake Bell

Won[19]

Josh Peck

Nominated[20]

2008 UK Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Kids' TV Show

Drake & Josh

Won[21]

Favorite Male TV Star

Josh Peck

Won[21]

2008 Australian Kids' Choice Awards

Fave Comedy Show

Drake & Josh

Won[22]

Fave International TV Star

Drake Bell

Nominated[22][23]

2009

2009 Australian Kids' Choice Awards

Fave Comedy Show

Drake & Josh

Nominated[24]

Fave International TV Star

Drake Bell

Won[24]

2010

2010 Australian Kids' Choice Awards

Big Kid Award

Drake Bell

Won[25]

Kids Choice Awards Mexico

Favorite International Character Male

Drake Bell

Won[26]